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Table 02: Table of Authorities

AuthorityEnacting DocumentDateApplicable Text
African Union African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights 1986
  • Article 3, § 1: "Every individual shall be equal before the law."
  • Article 3, § 2: "Every individual shall be entitled to equal protection of the law."
  • Article 9, § 1: "Every individual shall have the right to receive information."
  • Article 9, § 2: "Every individual shall have the right to express and disseminate his opinions within the law. "
Caribbean Community Charter of Civil Society for the Caribbean Community 1997
  • Article 5, § 1: "All persons shall be equal before the law, be entitled to the equal protection of the law and to a fair and impartial hearing within a reasonable time."
  • Article 8, § 1: "Every person shall have the right to the enjoyment of freedom of expression including the right to:
    • (a) hold opinions and to receive and communicate ideas and information without interference and freely to send or receive communications by correspondence or other means;
    • (b) seek, distribute or disseminate to other persons and the public information, opinions, and ideas in any form whatever."
  • Article 17, § 1: "The States shall adopt and implement all appropriate measures to ensure good governance which is just, open and accountable."
East African Community TREATY FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY 1999 et. seq.
  • Article 7 § 2: "The Partner States undertake to abide by the principles of good governance, including adherence to the principles of democracy, the rule of law, social justice and the maintenance of universally accepted standards of human rights."
  • Article 81, § 2: "The Partner States also recognise the significance of standardisation, quality assurance, metrology and testing in the enhancement of the standard of living, reduction of unnecessary variety of products, the facilitation of interchangeability of products, the promotion of trade and investment, consumer protection, the enhancement of savings in public and private purchasing, improved productivity, the facilitation of information exchange, the promotion of health as well as the protection of life, property, and the environment."
European Union Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 1950 et. seq.
  • Preamble: "As the governments of European countries which are like-minded and have a common heritage of political traditions, ideals, freedom and the rule of law."
  • Article 7: "No punishment without law. No one shall be held guilty of any criminal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a criminal offence under national or international law at the time when it was committed."
  • Article 9(2): "Freedom to manifest one's religion or beliefs shall be subject only to such limitations as are prescribed by law and are necessary in a democratic society in the interests of public safety, for the protection of public order, health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others."
  • Article 10: "Everyone has the right to freedom of expression. This right shall include freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas without interference by public authority and regardless of frontiers."
  • Article 14: "The enjoyment of the rights and freedoms set forth in this Convention shall be secured without discrimination on any ground such as sex, race, colour, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, association with a national minority, property, birth or other status."
European Union Consolidated Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union 2009
  • Article 15, Section 1: "In order to promote good governance and ensure the participation of civil society, the Union’s institutions, bodies, offices and agencies shall conduct their work as openly as possible"
  • Article 15, Section 3: "Any citizen of the Union, and any natural or legal person residing or having its registered office in a Member State, shall have a right of access to documents of the Union’s institutions, bodies, offices and agencies, whatever their medium."
European Union The Treaty of Amsterdam 1997
  • Article 1, Paragraph 8: "The Union is founded on the principles of liberty, democracy, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, and the rule of law, principles which are common to the Member States."
European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union 2000
  • Article 42: "Right of access to documents. Any citizen of the Union, and any natural or legal person residing or having its registered office in a Member State, has a right of access to European Parliament, Council and Commission documents."
India Constitution of India 1950
  • Article 14: "The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws"
  • Article 19(1)(a): "All citizens shall have the right to freedom of speech and expression."
  • Article 51A: "It shall be the duty of every citizen of India to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions."
Right to Information Act of 2005
Jamaica Access to Information Act 2002
  • Article 2: The objects of this Act are to reinforce and give further effect to certain fundamental principles underlying the system of constitutional democracy, namely— (a) governmental accountability; (b) transparency; and (c) public participation in national decision-making, by granting to the public a general right of access to official documents held by public authorities."
Japan Jushichijo Kenpo (The 17-Article Constituion of Prince Shokotu) 604
  • Article 5: "Deal impartially with the legal complaints which are submitted to you. If the man who is to decide suits at law makes gain his motive, and hears cases with a view to receiving bribes, then the suits of the rich man will be like a stone flung into water, meeting no resistance, while the complaints of the poor will be like water thrown upon a stone. In these circumstances the poor man will not know where to go, nor will he behave as he should."
Japan Constitution of Japan 1946
  • Preamble: "Government is a sacred trust of the people, the authority for which is derived from the people, the powers of which are exercised by the representatives of the people, and the benefits of which are enjoyed by the people. This is a universal principle of mankind upon which this Constitution is founded. We reject and revoke all constitutions, laws, ordinances, and rescripts in conflict herewith. "
  • Article 14: "All of the people are equal under the law and there shall be no discrimination in political, economic or social relations because of race, creed, sex, social status or family origin."
  • Article 19: " Freedom of thought and conscience shall not be violated."
Malaysia Constitution of Malaysia 1957
  • Article 5.1: "No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty save in accordance with law."
  • Article 8.1: "All persons are equal before the law and entitled to the equal protection of the law."
New Zealand New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990
  • Article 13: "Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience, religion, and belief, including the right to adopt and to hold opinions without interference."
  • Article 14: "Everyone has the right to freedom of expression, including the freedom to seek, receive, and impart information and opinions of any kind in any form."
  • Article 27a: "Every person has the right to the observance of the principles of natural justice by any tribunal or other public authority which has the power to make a determination in respect of that person's rights, obligations, or interests protected or recognised by law."
Philippines Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines 1987
  • Article 2, § 1: "The Philippines is a democratic and republican State. Sovereignty resides in the people and all government authority emanates from them."
  • Article 2, § 28: "Section 28. Subject to reasonable conditions prescribed by law, the State adopts and implements a policy of full public disclosure of all its transactions involving public interest."
  • Article 3, § 1: "No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws."
  • Article 3, § 4: "No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, or of the press."
  • Article 3, § 7: "The right of the people to information on matters of public concern shall be recognized."
Republic of South Africa Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 1996
  • Article 8(1): "The Bill of Rights applies to all law, and binds the legislature, the executive, the judiciary and all organs of state. "
  • Article 9(1): "Everyone is equal before the law and has the right to equal protection and benefit of the law. "
  • Article 15(1): "Everyone has the right to freedom of conscience, religion, thought, belief and opinion."
  • Article 16(1)(b): "Everyone has the right to freedom of expression, which includes freedom to receive or impart information or ideas."
United Kingdom and New Zealand Magna Carta 1215 et. seq.
  • Article 29: "To no one will we sell, to no one will we deny or delay, right or justice."
New Zealand Legislation Currently in Force
UK Legislation Currently in Force
United Kingdom Human Rights Act of 1998 1998
  • Schedule 1, Article 7: "No punishment without law. No one shall be held guilty of any criminal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a criminal offence under national or international law at the time when it was committed."
  • Schedule 1, Article 9(2): "Freedom to manifest one's religion or beliefs shall be subject only to such limitations as are prescribed by law and are necessary in a democratic society in the interests of public safety, for the protection of public order, health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others."
  • Schedule 1, Article 10: "Everyone has the right to freedom of expression. This right shall include freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas without interference by public authority and regardless of frontiers."
  • Schedule 1, Article 14: "The enjoyment of the rights and freedoms set forth in this Convention shall be secured without discrimination on any ground such as sex, race, colour, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, association with a national minority, property, birth or other status."
United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948
  • Preamble: "Human rights should be protected by the rule of law."
  • Article 7: "All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law."
  • Article 19: "Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers."
  • Article 21: "The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government."
United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966
  • Preamble: "Recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world."
  • Article 18: "Freedom to manifest one's religion or beliefs may be subject only to such limitations as are prescribed by law and are necessary to protect public safety, order, health, or morals or the fundamental rights and freedoms of others. "
  • Article 26: "All persons are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to the equal protection of the law."
United States of America U.S. Constitution 1787
  • Amendment 1: "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech."
  • Amendment 5: "No person shall be ... deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law."
  • Amendment 14: "Nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws."