FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU CUTLER, HG HOOGSTEEN, K LITTRELL, RH ARISON, BH AF CUTLER, HG HOOGSTEEN, K LITTRELL, RH ARISON, BH TI EPOXYEXSEROHILONE, A NOVEL METABOLITE FROM NIGROSPORA-SPHAERICA SO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article AB Fermentation of Nigrospora sphaerica on shredded wheat medium generated the novel metabolite, epoxyexserohilone, a congener of the known phytotoxin, exserohilone. Single crystal X-ray diffraction determined the structure and absolute stereochemistry of this metabolite which had the molecular formula C20H22N2O6S2, melting point 190-192-degrees-C, and an EI-MS identical with its congener exserohilone. The metabolite did not exhibit biological activity in an etiolated wheat coleoptile bioassay, neither was it active against Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria. C1 MERCK SHARP & DOHME LTD,DEPT BIOPHYS CHEM,RAHWAY,NJ 07065. COASTAL PLAIN CONSULTING,TIFTON,GA 31794. MERCK SHARP & DOHME LTD,DEPT ANIM METAB,RAHWAY,NJ 07065. RP CUTLER, HG (reprint author), USDA ARS,RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR,POB 5677,ATHENS,GA 30613, USA. NR 8 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 4 PU JAPAN SOC BIOSCI BIOTECHN AGROCHEM PI TOKYO PA JAPAN ACAD SOC CTR BLDG, 2-4-6 YAYOI BUNKYO-KU, TOKYO 113, JAPAN SN 0002-1369 J9 AGR BIOL CHEM TOKYO PD AUG PY 1991 VL 55 IS 8 BP 2037 EP 2042 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Agriculture; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA GD694 UT WOS:A1991GD69400014 ER PT J AU LIN, JT STAFFORD, AE STEFFENS, GL AF LIN, JT STAFFORD, AE STEFFENS, GL TI IDENTIFICATION OF ENDOGENOUS GIBBERELLINS IN IMMATURE APPLE SEEDS SO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Note C1 USDA,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP LIN, JT (reprint author), USDA,WESTERN REG RES CTR,ALBANY,CA 94710, USA. NR 20 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 1 PU JAPAN SOC BIOSCI BIOTECHN AGROCHEM PI TOKYO PA JAPAN ACAD SOC CTR BLDG, 2-4-6 YAYOI BUNKYO-KU, TOKYO 113, JAPAN SN 0002-1369 J9 AGR BIOL CHEM TOKYO PD AUG PY 1991 VL 55 IS 8 BP 2183 EP 2185 PG 3 WC Agronomy; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Agriculture; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA GD694 UT WOS:A1991GD69400046 ER PT J AU SILVA, JM AF SILVA, JM TI OH NO, MOSQUITOS SO AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH LA English DT Editorial Material RP SILVA, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AGRICULTURE RESEARCH SERV PI WASHINGTON PA US DEPT AGRICULTURE, WASHINGTON, DC 20250 SN 0002-161X J9 AGR RES PD AUG PY 1991 VL 39 IS 8 BP 2 EP 2 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA GB918 UT WOS:A1991GB91800001 ER PT J AU SILVA, JM AF SILVA, JM TI SLAPPING THE MOSQUITO - SCIENTIFICALLY SO AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article RP SILVA, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AGRICULTURE RESEARCH SERV PI WASHINGTON PA US DEPT AGRICULTURE, WASHINGTON, DC 20250 SN 0002-161X J9 AGR RES PD AUG PY 1991 VL 39 IS 8 BP 4 EP 8 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA GB918 UT WOS:A1991GB91800002 ER PT J AU COOKE, L AF COOKE, L TI LEARNING WHAT PEST-EATERS HAD FOR LUNCH SO AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article RP COOKE, L (reprint author), USDA ARS,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AGRICULTURE RESEARCH SERV PI WASHINGTON PA US DEPT AGRICULTURE, WASHINGTON, DC 20250 SN 0002-161X J9 AGR RES PD AUG PY 1991 VL 39 IS 8 BP 9 EP 9 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA GB918 UT WOS:A1991GB91800003 ER PT J AU MAZZOLA, V AF MAZZOLA, V TI LIFESAVING DRUGS COULD BE GENETICALLY PRODUCED SO AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article RP MAZZOLA, V (reprint author), USDA ARS,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AGRICULTURE RESEARCH SERV PI WASHINGTON PA US DEPT AGRICULTURE, WASHINGTON, DC 20250 SN 0002-161X J9 AGR RES PD AUG PY 1991 VL 39 IS 8 BP 10 EP 11 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA GB918 UT WOS:A1991GB91800004 ER PT J AU CORLISS, J AF CORLISS, J TI SHEEP BREEDING GAINS FROM FROZEN SPERM TECHNOLOGY SO AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article RP CORLISS, J (reprint author), USDA ARS,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AGRICULTURE RESEARCH SERV PI WASHINGTON PA US DEPT AGRICULTURE, WASHINGTON, DC 20250 SN 0002-161X J9 AGR RES PD AUG PY 1991 VL 39 IS 8 BP 12 EP 14 PG 3 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA GB918 UT WOS:A1991GB91800005 ER PT J AU SENFT, D AF SENFT, D TI HIGH HOPES FOR SEEDING GUAYULE SO AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article RP SENFT, D (reprint author), USDA ARS,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AGRICULTURE RESEARCH SERV PI WASHINGTON PA US DEPT AGRICULTURE, WASHINGTON, DC 20250 SN 0002-161X J9 AGR RES PD AUG PY 1991 VL 39 IS 8 BP 15 EP 15 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA GB918 UT WOS:A1991GB91800006 ER PT J AU GERRIETTS, M AF GERRIETTS, M TI APPLES WITHOUT BRUISES SO AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article RP GERRIETTS, M (reprint author), USDA ARS,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AGRICULTURE RESEARCH SERV PI WASHINGTON PA US DEPT AGRICULTURE, WASHINGTON, DC 20250 SN 0002-161X J9 AGR RES PD AUG PY 1991 VL 39 IS 8 BP 16 EP 17 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA GB918 UT WOS:A1991GB91800007 ER PT J AU HARDIN, B AF HARDIN, B TI NATURAL ENEMIES GANG UP ON CORN PESTS SO AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article RP HARDIN, B (reprint author), USDA ARS,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AGRICULTURE RESEARCH SERV PI WASHINGTON PA US DEPT AGRICULTURE, WASHINGTON, DC 20250 SN 0002-161X J9 AGR RES PD AUG PY 1991 VL 39 IS 8 BP 18 EP 20 PG 3 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA GB918 UT WOS:A1991GB91800008 ER PT J AU SENFT, D AF SENFT, D TI THWARTING ONE OF COTTONS NEMESES SO AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article RP SENFT, D (reprint author), USDA ARS,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AGRICULTURE RESEARCH SERV PI WASHINGTON PA US DEPT AGRICULTURE, WASHINGTON, DC 20250 SN 0002-161X J9 AGR RES PD AUG PY 1991 VL 39 IS 8 BP 21 EP 22 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA GB918 UT WOS:A1991GB91800009 ER PT J AU BOSISIO, M AF BOSISIO, M TI TRAPPING BUGS WITH A PVC PIPE SO AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article RP BOSISIO, M (reprint author), USDA ARS,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AGRICULTURE RESEARCH SERV PI WASHINGTON PA US DEPT AGRICULTURE, WASHINGTON, DC 20250 SN 0002-161X J9 AGR RES PD AUG PY 1991 VL 39 IS 8 BP 23 EP 23 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA GB918 UT WOS:A1991GB91800010 ER PT J AU CORLISS, J AF CORLISS, J TI IRRIGATION TUBING DOES DOUBLE DUTY SO AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article RP CORLISS, J (reprint author), USDA ARS,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AGRICULTURE RESEARCH SERV PI WASHINGTON PA US DEPT AGRICULTURE, WASHINGTON, DC 20250 SN 0002-161X J9 AGR RES PD AUG PY 1991 VL 39 IS 8 BP 24 EP 24 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA GB918 UT WOS:A1991GB91800011 ER PT J AU CORLISS, J AF CORLISS, J TI GRASP AT STRAWS, IRRIGATORS ARE ADVISED SO AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH LA English DT Note RP CORLISS, J (reprint author), USDA ARS,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AGRICULTURE RESEARCH SERV PI WASHINGTON PA US DEPT AGRICULTURE, WASHINGTON, DC 20250 SN 0002-161X J9 AGR RES PD AUG PY 1991 VL 39 IS 8 BP 25 EP 25 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA GB918 UT WOS:A1991GB91800013 ER PT J AU GERRIETTS, M AF GERRIETTS, M TI OFF TO MARKET - A STRESSFUL AFFAIR SO AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH LA English DT Note RP GERRIETTS, M (reprint author), USDA ARS,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AGRICULTURE RESEARCH SERV PI WASHINGTON PA US DEPT AGRICULTURE, WASHINGTON, DC 20250 SN 0002-161X J9 AGR RES PD AUG PY 1991 VL 39 IS 8 BP 25 EP 25 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA GB918 UT WOS:A1991GB91800014 ER PT J AU WOOD, M AF WOOD, M TI NO MORE SOGGY SANDWICHES SO AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH LA English DT Note RP WOOD, M (reprint author), USDA ARS,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AGRICULTURE RESEARCH SERV PI WASHINGTON PA US DEPT AGRICULTURE, WASHINGTON, DC 20250 SN 0002-161X J9 AGR RES PD AUG PY 1991 VL 39 IS 8 BP 25 EP 25 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA GB918 UT WOS:A1991GB91800012 ER PT J AU CORLISS, J AF CORLISS, J TI BLOCKING INSECT IMMUNE-RESPONSE SO AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH LA English DT Note RP CORLISS, J (reprint author), USDA ARS,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AGRICULTURE RESEARCH SERV PI WASHINGTON PA US DEPT AGRICULTURE, WASHINGTON, DC 20250 SN 0002-161X J9 AGR RES PD AUG PY 1991 VL 39 IS 8 BP 26 EP 26 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA GB918 UT WOS:A1991GB91800015 ER PT J AU WOOD, M AF WOOD, M TI MILK DOESNT BLOCK CEREALS IRON SO AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH LA English DT Note RP WOOD, M (reprint author), USDA ARS,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AGRICULTURE RESEARCH SERV PI WASHINGTON PA US DEPT AGRICULTURE, WASHINGTON, DC 20250 SN 0002-161X J9 AGR RES PD AUG PY 1991 VL 39 IS 8 BP 26 EP 26 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA GB918 UT WOS:A1991GB91800016 ER PT J AU SILVA, J AF SILVA, J TI ALTERED BIOCONTROL PROVES EFFECTIVE AGAINST DAMPING-OFF DISEASE SO AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH LA English DT Note RP SILVA, J (reprint author), USDA ARS,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AGRICULTURE RESEARCH SERV PI WASHINGTON PA US DEPT AGRICULTURE, WASHINGTON, DC 20250 SN 0002-161X J9 AGR RES PD AUG PY 1991 VL 39 IS 8 BP 27 EP 27 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA GB918 UT WOS:A1991GB91800017 ER PT J AU SENFT, D AF SENFT, D TI HONEY-BEES UNDERGO TEMPER TEST, REVEALS AFRICANIZED ONES SO AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL LA English DT Editorial Material RP SENFT, D (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU DADANT & SONS INC PI HAMILTON PA AMER BEE JOURNAL, HAMILTON, IL 62341 SN 0002-7626 J9 AM BEE J JI Am. Bee J. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 131 IS 8 BP 524 EP 524 PG 1 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA FZ484 UT WOS:A1991FZ48400022 ER PT J AU HUANG, KS AF HUANG, KS TI FACTOR DEMANDS IN THE UNITED-STATES FOOD-MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE CONDITIONAL FACTOR DEMANDS; ELASTICITY OF SUBSTITUTION ID ELASTICITIES; SUBSTITUTION; AGRICULTURE AB This paper analyzes the demand for labor, capital, and energy in the U.S. food-manufacturing industry using Allen and Morishima elasticities of substitution. The demand for capital is more elastic than for labor and energy, and these production factors are substitutable, especially between capital and labor. RP HUANG, KS (reprint author), USDA,ECON RES SERV,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 15 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI AMES PA 1110 BUCKEYE AVE, AMES, IA 50010-8063 SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 73 IS 3 BP 615 EP 620 DI 10.2307/1242814 PG 6 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA GB734 UT WOS:A1991GB73400006 ER PT J AU MCDONALD, BJ AF MCDONALD, BJ TI RESTRUCTURING THE GATT SYSTEM - JACKSON,JH SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Book Review RP MCDONALD, BJ (reprint author), USDA,ECON RES RES LABS,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI AMES PA 1110 BUCKEYE AVE, AMES, IA 50010-8063 SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 73 IS 3 BP 671 EP 672 PG 2 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA GB734 UT WOS:A1991GB73400063 ER PT J AU VANDEMAN, A SADOULET, E DEJANVRY, A AF VANDEMAN, A SADOULET, E DEJANVRY, A TI LABOR CONTRACTING AND A THEORY OF CONTRACT CHOICE IN CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURE SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE AGRICULTURAL LABOR; CONTRACT THEORY; LABOR CONTRACTING; SAMPLE SELECTION BIAS ID UNEMPLOYMENT AB We present a model of labor contracts, where seasonality, the sensitivity of output to labor quality and work intensity, and the relative advantages of labor contractors in recruitment and growers in supervision of seasonal farm workers determine the choice of employment contract. Differences in the optimal means of extracting work result in lower wages paid under labor contracting than direct hiring. We derive and estimate the probability of labor contracting and wages as functions of worker and job characteristics using data on California farm workers and employers. From estimated expected wages, our results indicate that successful unionization or reducing the flow of undocumented workers into California agriculture both would reduce contracting and increase wages. C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT AGR & RESOURCE ECON,BERKELEY,CA 94720. RP VANDEMAN, A (reprint author), USDA,ECON RES SERV,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 16 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI AMES PA 1110 BUCKEYE AVE, AMES, IA 50010-8063 SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 73 IS 3 BP 681 EP 692 DI 10.2307/1242820 PG 12 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA GB734 UT WOS:A1991GB73400012 ER PT J AU BLISARD, WN BLAYLOCK, JR AF BLISARD, WN BLAYLOCK, JR TI CONSTRUCTION OF TRUE COST OF FOOD INDEXES FROM ESTIMATED ENGEL CURVES SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE ENGEL CURVES; TRUE COST-OF-LIVING INDEX AB This paper applies a technique to derive true cost-of-living indexes from the estimation of a simple system of piglog Engel curves. This technique allows a maximum amount of commodity disaggregation, and the indexes show the impact of inflation on households with different expenditure levels and demographic characteristics. Results indicate that the consumer price index (CPI) underestimated the cost of food over the 1980-85 period. The CPI more accurately reflects the cost of food for nonwhite households with low or average food expenditures. RP BLISARD, WN (reprint author), USDA,ECON RES SERV,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 6 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI AMES PA 1110 BUCKEYE AVE, AMES, IA 50010-8063 SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 73 IS 3 BP 775 EP 783 DI 10.2307/1242830 PG 9 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA GB734 UT WOS:A1991GB73400022 ER PT J AU KNAPP, KC KONYAR, K AF KNAPP, KC KONYAR, K TI PERENNIAL CROP SUPPLY RESPONSE - A KALMAN FILTER APPROACH SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE KALMAN FILTER; PERENNIAL CROPS; STATE SPACE MODELS; SUPPLY AB A state-space model for perennial crop supply response is developed. New plantings and removals depend on the existing age structure of the crop and expected values for future prices and other exogenous variables. Acreage in individual age categories evolves depending upon existing acreage, new plantings, and removals. The Kalman filter and an iterative parameter search provide maximum-likelihood estimates of the unknown parameters and age group acreages from observed data on total acreage and production. An empirical application for alfalfa shows that existing acreage has differential impacts on new plantings and removals depending upon age. C1 USDA,WASHINGTON,DC 20250. RP KNAPP, KC (reprint author), UNIV CALIF RIVERSIDE,RESOURCE ECON,RIVERSIDE,CA 92521, USA. NR 17 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI AMES PA 1110 BUCKEYE AVE, AMES, IA 50010-8063 SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 73 IS 3 BP 841 EP 849 DI 10.2307/1242836 PG 9 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA GB734 UT WOS:A1991GB73400028 ER PT J AU HELLERSTEIN, DM AF HELLERSTEIN, DM TI USING COUNT DATA MODELS IN TRAVEL COST-ANALYSIS WITH AGGREGATE DATA SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE BOUNDARY WATERS CANOE AREA; COUNT DATA; NEGATIVE BINOMIAL; POISSON; TRAVEL COST ID SPECIFICATION; PATENTS AB In order to control for censoring and the integer nature of trip demand, the use of count data models in travel cost analysis is attractive. Two such models, the Poisson and negative binomial, are discussed. Robust estimation techniques that loosen potentially stringent distributional assumptions are also reviewed. For illustrative purposes, several count data models are used to estimate a county-level travel cost model using permit data from the Boundary Waters Canoe Area. RP HELLERSTEIN, DM (reprint author), USDA,ECON RES RES LABS,DIV RESOURCES & TECHNOL,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 24 TC 86 Z9 87 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI AMES PA 1110 BUCKEYE AVE, AMES, IA 50010-8063 SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 73 IS 3 BP 860 EP 866 DI 10.2307/1242838 PG 7 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA GB734 UT WOS:A1991GB73400030 ER PT J AU FRISVOLD, GB AF FRISVOLD, GB TI EMERGING ISSUES IN THE ALLOCATION OF PUBLIC AGRICULTURAL-RESEARCH FUNDS SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article ID MULTISTAGE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS; RESEARCH GAINS; MARKET RP FRISVOLD, GB (reprint author), USDA,ECON RES RES LABS,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI AMES PA 1110 BUCKEYE AVE, AMES, IA 50010-8063 SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 73 IS 3 BP 877 EP 881 PG 5 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA GB734 UT WOS:A1991GB73400034 ER PT J AU ANDERSON, M LARSON, BA AF ANDERSON, M LARSON, BA TI INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY-TRANSFER - PRIVATE CHANNELS AND PUBLIC-WELFARE SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article ID MARKET RP ANDERSON, M (reprint author), USDA,DIV RESOURCE & TECHNOL,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI AMES PA 1110 BUCKEYE AVE, AMES, IA 50010-8063 SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 73 IS 3 BP 892 EP 897 DI 10.2307/1242846 PG 6 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA GB734 UT WOS:A1991GB73400037 ER PT J AU REILLY, J CONWAY, R AF REILLY, J CONWAY, R TI TECHNOLOGY POLICY AND AGRICULTURE - DISCUSSION SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Discussion RP REILLY, J (reprint author), USDA,ECON RES RES LABS,DIV RESOURCE & TECHNOL,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI AMES PA 1110 BUCKEYE AVE, AMES, IA 50010-8063 SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 73 IS 3 BP 898 EP 900 DI 10.2307/1242847 PG 3 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA GB734 UT WOS:A1991GB73400038 ER PT J AU SUMNER, DA AF SUMNER, DA TI THE 1990 FARM BILL AND THE URUGUAY ROUND - DISCUSSION SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Discussion C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT AGR & RESOURCE ECON,RALEIGH,NC 27695. RP SUMNER, DA (reprint author), USDA,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI AMES PA 1110 BUCKEYE AVE, AMES, IA 50010-8063 SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 73 IS 3 BP 924 EP 925 DI 10.2307/1242855 PG 2 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA GB734 UT WOS:A1991GB73400046 ER PT J AU ROBERTS, T SMALLWOOD, D AF ROBERTS, T SMALLWOOD, D TI DATA NEEDS TO ADDRESS ECONOMIC-ISSUES IN FOOD SAFETY SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; FOODBORNE DISEASE; COSTS RP ROBERTS, T (reprint author), USDA,ECON RES RES LABS,FOOD POLICY RES SECT,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 34 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI AMES PA 1110 BUCKEYE AVE, AMES, IA 50010-8063 SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 73 IS 3 BP 933 EP 942 DI 10.2307/1242857 PG 10 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA GB734 UT WOS:A1991GB73400048 ER PT J AU ERVIN, DE AF ERVIN, DE TI DATA NEEDS TO ASSESS ENVIRONMENTAL-QUALITY ISSUES RELATED TO AGRICULTURAL AND RURAL-AREAS - DISCUSSION SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Discussion RP ERVIN, DE (reprint author), USDA,ECON RES RES LABS,DIV RESOURCE & TECHNOL,RESOURCE POLICY BRANCH,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI AMES PA 1110 BUCKEYE AVE, AMES, IA 50010-8063 SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 73 IS 3 BP 943 EP 944 DI 10.2307/1242858 PG 2 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA GB734 UT WOS:A1991GB73400049 ER PT J AU VOCKE, G AF VOCKE, G TI INVESTMENTS TO TRANSFER POULTRY PRODUCTION TO DEVELOPING-COUNTRIES SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article RP VOCKE, G (reprint author), USDA,ECON RES RES LABS,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI AMES PA 1110 BUCKEYE AVE, AMES, IA 50010-8063 SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 73 IS 3 BP 951 EP 954 DI 10.2307/1242861 PG 4 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA GB734 UT WOS:A1991GB73400052 ER PT J AU DALRYMPLE, DG AF DALRYMPLE, DG TI HUNGER AND PUBLIC ACTION - DREZE,J, SEN,A SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Book Review C1 US AGCY INT DEV,WASHINGTON,DC 20523. RP DALRYMPLE, DG (reprint author), USDA,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI AMES PA 1110 BUCKEYE AVE, AMES, IA 50010-8063 SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 73 IS 3 BP 967 EP 968 DI 10.2307/1242866 PG 2 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA GB734 UT WOS:A1991GB73400057 ER PT J AU MERTZ, W TSUI, JC JUDD, JT REISER, S HALLFRISCH, J MORRIS, ER STEELE, PD LASHLEY, E AF MERTZ, W TSUI, JC JUDD, JT REISER, S HALLFRISCH, J MORRIS, ER STEELE, PD LASHLEY, E TI WHAT ARE PEOPLE REALLY EATING - THE RELATION BETWEEN ENERGY-INTAKE DERIVED FROM ESTIMATED DIET RECORDS AND INTAKE DETERMINED TO MAINTAIN BODY-WEIGHT SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE DIET RECORDS; ENERGY NEEDS; FOOD INTAKE ENERGY REQUIREMENTS; DIETARY INTAKE; NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT ID FOOD-INTAKE; EXPENDITURE AB Two hundred sixty-six free-living human volunteers, 21-64 y old, were trained by dietitians to record daily their food intake for at least 7 d. Subsequently, they were fed diets of conventional foods adjusted in amounts to maintain their body weight for greater-than-or-equal-to 45 d. Comparing their estimated energy intake with the intake determined to maintain weight yielded mean differences of 2365 and 1792 kJ (565 and 428 kcal) in men and women, respectively, representing an underreporting of 18%. Twenty-two individuals (8%) overestimated and 29 (11%) were accurate to within 419 kJ (100 kcal) of their maintenance requirement. The remaining 215 individuals (81%) reported their habitual intake at 2930 +/- 1586 kJ (700 +/- 379 kcal) below that subsequently determined as their maintenance requirement. These findings suggest caution in the interpretation of food-consumption data. RP MERTZ, W (reprint author), USDA,BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,ROOM 223,BLDG 308,BARC-E,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 35 TC 283 Z9 283 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER SOC CLIN NUTRITION INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-2310, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 54 IS 2 BP 291 EP 295 PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA FZ469 UT WOS:A1991FZ46900001 PM 1858692 ER PT J AU BURRI, BJ DOUGHERTY, RM KELLEY, DS IACONO, JM AF BURRI, BJ DOUGHERTY, RM KELLEY, DS IACONO, JM TI PLATELET-AGGREGATION IN HUMANS IS AFFECTED BY REPLACEMENT OF DIETARY LINOLEIC-ACID WITH OLEIC-ACID SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE PLATELET AGGREGATION; LINOLEIC ACID; OLEIC ACID; SATURATED FATTY ACIDS ID LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; VITAMIN-E; FATTY-ACIDS; PLASMA; LIPIDS; SERUM; OIL AB The effect of concentrations of linoleic acid (LA) on platelet aggregation was measured in seven healthy adult males. Subjects were randomly divided into two groups; these groups were fed natural food diets of identical composition except that one was high in LA (11.5% of energy) and low in oleic acid (OA) (7.4% of energy), the other was low in LA (4.5% of energy) and high in OA (15.7% of energy). The thresholds of ADP-and collagen-induced platelet aggregation were increased significantly by the high LA diet even though the intake of total fat and saturated fatty acids did not differ in these diets. RP BURRI, BJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,POB 29997,PRESIDIO,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94129, USA. NR 41 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CLIN NUTRITION INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-2310, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 54 IS 2 BP 359 EP 362 PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA FZ469 UT WOS:A1991FZ46900012 PM 1858699 ER PT J AU SCHANLER, RJ ABRAMS, SA SHENG, HP AF SCHANLER, RJ ABRAMS, SA SHENG, HP TI CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS DEFICIENCIES AFFECT MINERAL DISTRIBUTION IN NEONATAL MINIATURE PIGLETS SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE BODY MINERAL COMPOSITION; CALCIUM; PHOSPHORUS; MINIATURE PIGLET; PRETERM INFANT; MINERAL DEFICIENCY ID BIRTH-WEIGHT INFANTS; ALKALINE-PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY; BONE MINERALIZATION; COMMERCIAL FORMULA; BODY-COMPOSITION; HUMAN-MILK; PIGS; BALANCE; FORMER; GROWTH AB Current efforts to monitor the mineral status of preterm infants fed human milk may not provide sufficient information on the distribution of body minerals. To investigate the body distribution of calcium and phosphorus during various degrees of mineral deficiency, neonatal miniature piglets were raised for 2 wk on diets differing only in calcium and phosphorus. Groups A, B, and C were fed 100%, 60%, and 20%, respectively, of the recommended amounts of calcium and phosphorus that, when adjusted for rates of growth, approximated the range of dietary intakes of preterm infants. Group C manifested biochemical and body-composition evidence of mineral deficiency when compared with group A: lower serum phosphorus; higher serum alkaline phosphatase activity; less fat-free tissue, calcium, and phosphorus in tibiae, vertebrae, and whole carcasses. Neonatal miniature piglets are useful for studying mineral deposition during mineral deficiency in preterm infants. C1 BAYLOR UNIV,DEPT PEDIAT,NEONATOL SECT,HOUSTON,TX 77030. TEXAS CHILDRENS HOSP,HOUSTON,TX 77030. RP SCHANLER, RJ (reprint author), BAYLOR UNIV,USDA ARS,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,1100 BATES ST,HOUSTON,TX 77030, USA. OI Abrams, Steven/0000-0003-4972-9233 NR 33 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC CLIN NUTRITION INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-2310, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 54 IS 2 BP 420 EP 424 PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA FZ469 UT WOS:A1991FZ46900021 PM 1858706 ER PT J AU HEYMSFIELD, SB WAKI, M KEHAYIAS, J LICHTMAN, S DILMANIAN, FA KAMEN, Y WANG, J PIERSON, RN AF HEYMSFIELD, SB WAKI, M KEHAYIAS, J LICHTMAN, S DILMANIAN, FA KAMEN, Y WANG, J PIERSON, RN TI CHEMICAL AND ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF HUMANS INVIVO USING IMPROVED BODY-COMPOSITION MODELS SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE NEUTRON-ACTIVATION ANALYSIS; NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT ID NEUTRON-ACTIVATION; FAT AB Six chemical compartments [water, protein, mineral (osseus and cellular), glycogen, and fat] consisting of 11 elements (N, C, Ca, Na, Cl, K, H, P, O, S, and Mg) comprise greater-than-or-equal-to 99% of body weight in living humans. The combination of three neutron-activation systems, whole body K-40 counting, and (H2O)-H-3 dilution at Brookhaven National Laboratory now potentially makes it possible to quantify greater-than-or-equal-to 96% of the chemical and elemental determinants of body weight in vivo. The aims of the present study were 1) to develop 6- and 11-compartment chemical and elemental models, respectively, and 2) to evaluate these models in a group of 20 healthy adults. Results demonstrated that body weight estimated from either chemical or elemental components was highly correlated with (both r = 0.97, P < 0.001) and on average differed by < 4% from actual body weight. The compartmental results obtained using the chemical model were also evaluated by comparing calculated and actual body density (D(b)) estimated by under-water weighing. Calculated D(b) [1.041 +/- 0.017 (SD) g/ml] agreed closely and was highly correlated with actual D(b) (1.039 +/- 0.018 g/ml; r = 0.82; P < 0.001). Hence a near-complete chemical and elemental analysis of living human subjects is now possible and, with potential future refinements, represents an important opportunity to quantify the effects of gender, aging, and ethnic status on body composition. C1 BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB,MED PHYS GRP,UPTON,NY 11973. TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. RP HEYMSFIELD, SB (reprint author), COLUMBIA UNIV,ST LUKES ROOSEVELT HOSP,COLL PHYS & SURG,OBES RES CTR,DEPT MED,NEW YORK,NY 10025, USA. FU NIDDK NIH HHS [P01-DK-42818] NR 36 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0002-9513 J9 AM J PHYSIOL JI Am. J. Physiol. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 261 IS 2 BP E190 EP E198 PN 1 PG 9 WC Physiology SC Physiology GA GC251 UT WOS:A1991GC25100029 PM 1872381 ER PT J AU SALGAR, SK PAAPE, MJ ALSTONMILLS, B MILLER, RH AF SALGAR, SK PAAPE, MJ ALSTONMILLS, B MILLER, RH TI FLOW CYTOMETRIC STUDY OF OXIDATIVE BURST ACTIVITY IN BOVINE NEUTROPHILS SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES; PRODUCT FORMATION; CHEMI-LUMINESCENCE; PHAGOCYTOSIS; BLOOD; QUANTITATION; RELEASE; COWS; MILK AB A flow cytometric procedure was evaluated to measure the oxidative burst activity (hydrogen peroxide formation) of bovine neutrophils. The method involves measuring the oxidation of intracellular dichlorofluorescin to fluorescent dichlorofluorescein (DCF). Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) was used to perturb the neutrophil plasma membrane. The sources of variation introduced into the DCF assay were also examined. The sources of variation were attributable to the isolation of neutrophils from blood, variation between duplicate assays and duplicate flow cytometric determinations of oxidative product formation, variation in neutrophil oxidative product formation among cows, and the variation (over repeated daily and weekly neutrophil isolations) in neutrophil oxidative product formation. A final objective was to determine effects of dexamethasone on oxidative product formation, and whether differences existed between blood and mammary neutrophils in oxidative product formation. There was an increasing trend in the formation of DCF with increasing time of incubation and with increasing PMA concentration. Increasing the concentration of PMA decreased lag time and increased the rate of oxidative product formation. The increase in DCF formation was statistically significant up to a PMA concentration of 10 ng/ml. This concentration was considered optimal for bovine neutrophils. Examination of the sources of variation indicated that (i) the neutrophil isolation technique was a major source of variation (17.2 to 28.4% of the total variation), and that more than one neutrophil isolation within a cow would be required to obtain an accurate estimation of DCF formation in neutrophils; (ii) duplicate assays and duplicate readings on the flow cytometer accounted for < 0.05% of the total variation and would not be necessary when performing the DCF assay; (iii) large variation (62.4 to 70.8%) existed among cows in neutrophil oxidative product formation, indicating that any treatment being compared should be done either within or preferably repeated across a large number of cows; and (iv) the variation over repeated daily (0.3%), but not weekly (19.6%) determinations of neutrophil oxidative product formation, were small enough to allow for the evaluation of major physiologic and environmental effects. Intramuscular administration of dexamethasone (50-mu-g/kg of body weight) resulted in an approximate 80% decrease in neutrophil oxidative product formation. Oxidative product formation was 75% less for neutrophils isolated from mammary secretions when compared with neutrophils from blood. These results indicated that the DCF procedure was responsive to factors known to interfere with oxidative metabolism of bovine neutrophils. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,MILK SECRET & MASTITIS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP SALGAR, SK (reprint author), UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT ANIM SCI,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742, USA. NR 25 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 52 IS 8 BP 1201 EP 1207 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA FZ010 UT WOS:A1991FZ01000002 PM 1928900 ER PT J AU PURDY, CW FOSTER, GS AF PURDY, CW FOSTER, GS TI COMPARISON OF 4 IMMUNE VARIABLES AND PULMONARY-LESIONS OF GOATS WITH INTRAPULMONARY EXPOSURE AND SUBSEQUENT INTRATHORACIC CHALLENGE EXPOSURE WITH PASTEURELLA-HAEMOLYTICA SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID BOVINE PNEUMONIC PASTEURELLOSIS; SERUM SUSCEPTIBILITY; RESISTANCE; CALVES; ANTIBODIES; MULTOCIDA; CATTLE AB A comparison of immune variables following lung sensitization with live Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1 (Ph1)-impregnated agar beads was done in 2 separate trials. The Ph1 immune variables studied were blood bactericidal activity, serum bacteriolysis, total classical complement, and indirect hemagglutination antibody. Each trial had 16 male weanling goats: 6 controls and 10 principals. In trial 1, each goat was surgically catheterized through the trachea, then the material was deposited in a bronchus. The controls received only agar beads and the principals received agar beads impregnated with live Ph1. These goats were studied for 32 days, euthanatized, and necropsied. In trial 2, the controls were each transthoracically injected with agar beads into the left lung and the principals were similarly injected with agar beads impregnated with live Ph1. These goats were studied for 35 days, then challenge exposed transthoracically by injection of Ph1 in saline solution (1.2 X 10(7) CFU/ml) into the right lung. Four days later, they were euthanatized and necropsied. The volume of lung consolidated tissue was an excellent measure of Ph1 immunity. Principal goats generated solid protective immunity to subsequent challenge exposure because minimal or no lung consolidation was observed, whereas large volumes of lung consolidation were seen in the controls. The principal goats in trial 1 gave a weak serum indirect hemagglutination Ph1 antibody response, which was attributed to the bronchial method of depositing the Ph1. The corresponding response of the control group remained negative. The Ph1 agar beads (1 x 10(6) CFU in 0.5 ml) protected the bacteria from immediate phagocytosis and lysis as indicated by the induced pneumonic deaths of 2 principals 5 days later. Also, live Ph1 were isolated on day 32 during necropsy of respiratory tracts of 3 principals. At necropsy, no Ph1 isolates were found in the controls. Bacteriolytic activity was not induced against Ph1 in either control or principal groups in this trial. In trial 2, the indirect hemagglutination Ph1 antibody response of the controls remained unchanged throughout the study, but antibody titers of the principals increase to a geometric mean of 1:250 seven days after lung injection (1 x 10(5) CFU in 0.5 ml). Serum bacteriolytic titers on day 0 indicated that both principals and controls could be subgrouped to high or low subgroups on the basis of their bacteriolytic activity. The bacteriolytic activities of the controls remained unchanged during the experiment, and neither control subgroup was protected from Ph1 challenge exposure. Bacteriolytic activities of the high and low principal subgroups responded differently to Ph1 agar bead lung injection, but both principal subgroups were protected from lung challenge exposure. The low principal subgroup generated high titers of indirect hemagglutination Ph1 antibody, whereas, the high principal subgroup generated lower antibody titers. Total complement, serum bacteriolytic, and blood bactericidal profiles were similar in the principal group with high bacteriolytic activity. The immune factors that protected 2 principal subgroups did not appear to be associated with Ph1 serum bacteriolysis. RP PURDY, CW (reprint author), USDA ARS,CONSERVAT & PROD RES LAB,PO DRAWER 10,BUSHLAND,TX 79012, USA. NR 24 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 52 IS 8 BP 1214 EP 1220 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA FZ010 UT WOS:A1991FZ01000004 PM 1928902 ER PT J AU DUBEY, JP URBAN, JF DAVIS, SW AF DUBEY, JP URBAN, JF DAVIS, SW TI PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY TO TOXOPLASMOSIS IN PIGS VACCINATED WITH A NONPERSISTENT STRAIN OF TOXOPLASMA-GONDII SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID TEMPERATURE; MICE AB The RH strain of Toxoplasma gondii is highly virulent; 1 infective organism is uniformly lethal for mice. Three pigs inoculated SC with 10(3) tachyzoites of the RH strain developed fever, but otherwise remained normal, and T gondii was not demonstrated in their tissues by bioassay into mice. To determine whether vaccination with the RH strain could induce protective immunity to oral challenge with T gondii oocysts, 12 pigs were divided into 3 groups (A, B, C) of 4 pigs each. Pigs in groups A and B were inoculated IM with 10(6) tachyzoites of the RH strain and 4 pigs in group C served as uninoculated controls. Except for fever, the pigs remained clinically normal after inoculation with the RH strain and T gondii was not found by bioassay in mice of tissues from 4 pigs euthanatized 64 days after inoculation. Pigs in groups B and C were challenge-inoculated orally with 10(4) (4 pigs) or 10(5) (4 pigs) T gondii oocysts 72 days after vaccination with the RH strain. The previously uninoculated pigs developed fever, anorexia, and diarrhea from 3 to 8 days after the oocyst challenge. One of the 2 pigs given 10(5) oocysts became moribund because of toxoplasmosis and was euthanatized 9 days after inoculation. Pigs vaccinated with the RH strain remained free of clinical signs after challenge with oocysts. Results of the bioassays indicated that fewer tissue cysts developed in the RH strain-vaccinated pigs than in the previously uninoculated control pigs. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,HELMINTH DIS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP DUBEY, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,ZOONOT DIS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. OI Urban, Joseph/0000-0002-1590-8869 NR 10 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 52 IS 8 BP 1316 EP 1319 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA FZ010 UT WOS:A1991FZ01000024 PM 1928915 ER PT J AU KENISON, DC ELSASSER, TH FAYER, R AF KENISON, DC ELSASSER, TH FAYER, R TI TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR AS A POTENTIAL MEDIATOR OF ACUTE METABOLIC AND HORMONAL RESPONSES TO ENDOTOXEMIA IN CALVES SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI ENDOTOXIN; HUMAN MONONUCLEAR-CELLS; ENDOGENOUS PRODUCTION; PITUITARY-CELLS; CANCER-PATIENTS; CACHECTIN; SECRETION; INTERLEUKIN-1; SHEEP; MICE AB The effects of coliform endotoxin (E) and recombinant bovine tumor necrosis factor a (TNF) were compared with respect to clinical signs of disease and changes in plasma metabolite and pituitary and pancreatic hormone concentrations in calves. In addition, changes in plasma TNF concentration during each challenge exposure were quantitated by use of radioimmunoassay. Healthy Holstein bull calves with mean body weight of 90 kg were each given, in order, on different days, saline solution (5.0 ml, IV, day 1, n = 4), E (type 055:B5, 1.0-mu-g/kg of body weight IV, day 2, n = 4) and TNF (5.0-mu-g/kg IV, day 9, n = 3). Jugular venous blood samples, rectal temperature reading, and PCV were obtained at hourly intervals before (2 hours) and after challenge exposure. The PCV increased (P < 0.05) after E and TNF administrations for the first 5 hours, then returned to normal in calves given E, but decreased and remained low in calves given TNF through 24 hours. Plasma triglyceride and nonesterified free fatty acids concentrations were increased through 10 hours (P < 0.05) after E administration, whereas triglyceride and nonesterified free fatty acids concentrations were not significantly affected by TNF administration. Increase in blood glucose concentration at 1 hour after administration of E and TNF was followed by prolonged hypoglycemia that lasted through 6 hours. Changes in plasma insulin concentration paralleled the observed changes in glucose concentration, initially increased at 2 hours after E and TNF (P < 0.05) administrations, but then tended to decrease below control values thereafter. Plasma growth hormone and luteinizing hormone concentrations decreased after E and TNF administrations to almost nondetectable values through 4 hours after dosing, returning to normal values by 8 hours. The data indicate similarities in physiologic response of calves to E and TNF and suggest a role for acute production of TNF as a mediator of E responses. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,RUMINANT NUTR LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,ZOONOT DIS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 45 TC 68 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 52 IS 8 BP 1320 EP 1326 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA FZ010 UT WOS:A1991FZ01000025 PM 1928916 ER PT J AU PAVEK, JJ CORSINI, DL LOVE, SL HANE, DC HOLM, DG IRITANI, WM JAMES, SR MARTIN, MW MOSLEY, AR OJALA, JC STANGER, CE THORNTON, RE AF PAVEK, JJ CORSINI, DL LOVE, SL HANE, DC HOLM, DG IRITANI, WM JAMES, SR MARTIN, MW MOSLEY, AR OJALA, JC STANGER, CE THORNTON, RE TI FRONTIER RUSSET - A NEW POTATO VARIETY FOR EARLY FRESH AND PROCESSING USE WITH RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM DRY ROT SO AMERICAN POTATO JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE TUBER YIELD; POTATO QUALITY; FRENCH FRIES; VITAMIN-C; V-WILT; DISEASE RESISTANCE AB Frontier Russet, a new, medium-early potato variety, was jointly released to growers by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Experiment Stations of Idaho, Oregon, Washington, and Colorado on April 9, 1990. It was tested in irrigated yield trials since 1979. Frontier Russet produces a moderately high yield of high quality, oblong to long, cylindrical, russet-skinned tubers. The tubers are well suited for baking and for processing into french fries at harvest. Frontier Russet is resistant to Fusarium dry rot and more resistant to Verticillium wilt than other early russets. C1 USDA ARS,ABERDEEN,ID 83210. UNIV IDAHO,R&E CTR,ABERDEEN,ID 83210. HERMISTON AGR R&E CTR,HERMISTON,OR 97838. COLORADO STATE UNIV,CENTER,CO 81125. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,PULLMAN,WA 99164. CENT OREGON EXPT STN,REDMOND,OR 97756. USDA ARS,IAREC,PROSSER,WA 99350. OREGON STATE UNIV,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. UNIV IDAHO,IDAHO FALLS,ID 83402. MALHEUR EXPT STN,ONTARIO,OR 97914. NR 6 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU POTATO ASSN AMER PI ORONO PA UNIV MAINE 114 DEERING HALL, ORONO, ME 04469 SN 0003-0589 J9 AM POTATO J JI Am. Potato J. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 68 IS 8 BP 525 EP 532 DI 10.1007/BF02853769 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA GD550 UT WOS:A1991GD55000004 ER PT J AU LOVE, SL PAVEK, JJ AF LOVE, SL PAVEK, JJ TI RELATIONSHIP OF CLONAL MEAN TO THE UNIFORMITY AND STABILITY OF TUBER SPECIFIC-GRAVITY IN POTATOES SO AMERICAN POTATO JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE SOLANUM-TUBEROSUM; DRY MATTER; POTATO PROCESSING; POTATO BREEDING AB Regression analysis of plot mean and plot standard deviation for specific gravity of tubers from 190 unreplicated 12-hill breeding plots, was used to study the relationship of mean and within-plot uniformity. Using two data sets from the Western Regional Potato Variety Trial, regression analysis of clone mean for specific gravity within a location on overall location mean was used to study the relationship of mean and inter-location stability. A highly significant (p < 0.01) but very weak (r2 = 0.04) positive coefficient of determination existed between plot means and plot standard deviations. No relationship was found for mean specific gravity of clones and their stability across different environments. The results suggest that selection of high specific gravity combined with uniformity and/or stability is a feasible goal for breeding programs. C1 USDA ARS,ABERDEEN,ID 83210. ABERDEEN RES & EXTENS CTR,ABERDEEN,ID 83210. RP LOVE, SL (reprint author), UNIV IDAHO,ABERDEEN,ID 83210, USA. NR 15 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU POTATO ASSN AMER PI ORONO PA UNIV MAINE 114 DEERING HALL, ORONO, ME 04469 SN 0003-0589 J9 AM POTATO J JI Am. Potato J. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 68 IS 8 BP 543 EP 550 DI 10.1007/BF02853771 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA GD550 UT WOS:A1991GD55000006 ER PT J AU SINGSIT, C HANNEMAN, RE AF SINGSIT, C HANNEMAN, RE TI HAPLOID INDUCTION IN MEXICAN POLYPLOID SPECIES AND COLCHICINE-DOUBLED DERIVATIVES SO AMERICAN POTATO JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE HAPLOID; EBN; POLLINATOR; PSEUDOGAMOUS PARTHENOGENESIS; SOLANUM ID FERTILIZATION; CROSSES AB Haploids (tetraploids and triploids) were obtained from crosses between colchicine-doubled octaploid and natural hexaploid Mexican potato species and the Gp. Phureja clone 1.22 as the pollinator, but none were obtained from crosses of natural 4x(2EBN) Mexican species with 2x(1EBN) pollinators. The manipulation of ploidy and Endosperm Balance Number (EBN) of tetraploid Mexican potato species was useful in explaining the occurrence of pseudogamous parthenogenetic haploid production. The pollinator effect, EBN, and maternal influence are important characters to consider in searching for haploid-inducing pollinators among 2x(2EBN) as well as 2x(1EBN) potato species. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,USDA ARS,DEPT HORT,MADISON,WI 53706. RP SINGSIT, C (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT HORT,MADISON,WI 53706, USA. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU POTATO ASSN AMER PI ORONO PA UNIV MAINE 114 DEERING HALL, ORONO, ME 04469 SN 0003-0589 J9 AM POTATO J JI Am. Potato J. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 68 IS 8 BP 551 EP 556 DI 10.1007/BF02853772 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA GD550 UT WOS:A1991GD55000007 ER PT J AU GALLANT, DJ IRVING, DW AF GALLANT, DJ IRVING, DW TI NEW APPLICATIONS - FLUORESCENCE IMAGE-ANALYSIS SO ANALUSIS LA French DT Article ID SCANNING LASER MICROSCOPY; QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT; VISIBLE FAT; MEAT; BEEF C1 USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,ST ALBANY,CA 94710. RP GALLANT, DJ (reprint author), INRA,LTAN MESURES PHYS,BP 527,F-44026 NANTES 03,FRANCE. NR 36 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES ELSEVIER PI PARIS CEDEX 15 PA 141 RUE JAVEL, 75747 PARIS CEDEX 15, FRANCE SN 0365-4877 J9 ANALUSIS JI Analusis PD AUG-SEP PY 1991 VL 19 IS 7 BP M25 EP & PG 0 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA GH367 UT WOS:A1991GH36700006 ER PT J AU JOHNSON, WE FENDINGER, NJ PLIMMER, JR AF JOHNSON, WE FENDINGER, NJ PLIMMER, JR TI SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION OF PESTICIDES FROM WATER - POSSIBLE INTERFERENCES FROM DISSOLVED ORGANIC MATERIAL SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION; CONTAMINATION; ENRICHMENT; ACID AB A multiresidue analysis for trifluralin, simazine, atrazine, propazine, diazinon, parathion-methyl, alachlor, malathion, parathion, chlorpyrifos, pendimethalin, methidathion, and DEF in water that utilizes liquid-solid extraction (LSE) with octadecyl-bonded silica cartridges (C18BSCs) followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometric analysis was developed. Recoveries of most pesticides were greater than 80% with C18BSCs from fortified water at concentration levels from about 1 to 500 ppb. Recoveries with C18BSCs, from an optically adjusted humic acid solution (10 ppm dissolved organic carbon) made to simulate a natural water with a high dissolved organic content, ranged from 29 to 153% and in general were lower than recoveries obtained from pure water. C-14-Labeled diazinon and parathion were recovered from the humic acid solution at levels of 57 and 68%, respectively, with C18BSCs; the remainder of the labeled pesticides was found in the cartridge eluents. Partition coefficients with humic acid were calculated based on recovery of C-14-labeled pesticides from the C18BSCs. RP JOHNSON, WE (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,ENVIRONM CHEM LAB,INST NAT RESOURCES,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 18 TC 169 Z9 172 U1 3 U2 14 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD AUG 1 PY 1991 VL 63 IS 15 BP 1510 EP 1513 DI 10.1021/ac00015a003 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA FY568 UT WOS:A1991FY56800005 PM 1952081 ER PT J AU MAZZOLA, M COOK, RJ AF MAZZOLA, M COOK, RJ TI EFFECTS OF FUNGAL ROOT PATHOGENS ON THE POPULATION-DYNAMICS OF BIOCONTROL STRAINS OF FLUORESCENT PSEUDOMONADS IN THE WHEAT RHIZOSPHERE SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GRAMINIS VAR TRITICI; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL AGENT; TAKE-ALL; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; INCREASED-GROWTH; SEED TREATMENTS; WINTER-WHEAT; COLONIZATION; SOIL; PYTHIUM AB The influences of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (which causes take-all of wheat), Rhizoctonia solani AG-8 (which causes rhizoctonia root rot of wheat), Pythium irregulare, P. aristosporum, and P. ultimum var. sporagiiferum (which cause pythium root rot of wheat) on the population dynamics of Pseudomonas fluorescens 2-79 and Q72a-80 (bicontrol strains active against take-all and pythium root rot of wheat, respectively) in the wheat rhizosphere were examined. Root infection by either G. graminis var. tritici or R. solani resulted in populations of both bacterial strains that were equal to or significantly larger than their respective populations maintained on roots in the absence of these pathogens. In contrast, the population of strain 2-79 was significantly smaller on roots in the presence of any of the three Pythium species than on noninfected roots and was often below the limits of detection (50 CFU/cm of root) on Pythium-infected roots after 40 days of plant growth. In the presence of either P. aristosporum or P. ultimum var. sporangiiferum, the decline in the population of Q72a-80 was similar to that observed on noninfected roots; however, the population of this strain declined more rapidly on roots infected by P. irregulare than on noninfected roots. Application of metalaxyl (which is selectively inhibitory to Pythium spp.) to soil naturally infestated with Pythium spp. resulted in significantly larger rhizosphere populations of the introduced bacteria over time than on plants grown in the same soil without metalaxyl. It is apparent that root infections by fungal pathogens may either enhance or depress the population of fluorescent pseudomonads introduced for their control, with different strains of pseudomonads reacting differentially to different genera and species of the root pathogens. C1 USDA ARS,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,PULLMAN,WA 99164. USDA ARS,BIOL CONTROL RES UNIT,PULLMAN,WA 99164. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,PULLMAN,WA 99164. NR 50 TC 54 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 57 IS 8 BP 2171 EP 2178 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA FZ250 UT WOS:A1991FZ25000011 PM 16348532 ER PT J AU BUYER, JS DELORENZO, V NEILANDS, JB AF BUYER, JS DELORENZO, V NEILANDS, JB TI PRODUCTION OF THE SIDEROPHORE AEROBACTIN BY A HALOPHILIC PSEUDOMONAD SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI K-12; IRON ASSIMILATION SYSTEM; PLASMID COLV-K30; ENTEROBACTER-CLOACAE; RECEPTOR PROTEIN; GENES; TRANSPORT; VIRULENCE; OPERON; SEQUENCES AB A bacterial strain, isolated from a cyanobacterial culture, was identified as Pseudomonas sp. strain X40. Under iron-limiting conditions, the Pseudomonas sp. produced aerobactin, a dihydroxamate siderophore previously found only in the family Enterobacteriaceae. Aerobactin was identified by electrophoretic mobility, spectrophotometric titration, proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, acid hydrolysis, and biological activity. Aerobactin was used as a siderophore in the Pseudomonas sp. and Escherichia coli. Two iron-repressed outer membrane proteins were observed in the Pseudomonas sp., neither of which had electrophoretic mobility identical to that of the aerobactin outer membrane receptor protein from E. coli. DNA hybridization assays showed no hybridization to the aerobactin genes from the E. coli plasmid pColV, indicating that the genetic determinants for aerobactin production by Pseudomonas strain X40 differ substantially from those found in the archetypic enteric plasmid pColV-K30. C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,BERKELEY,CA 94720. RP BUYER, JS (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR E,SOIL MICROBIAL SYST LAB,BLDG 318,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. OI de Lorenzo, Victor/0000-0002-6041-2731 FU FIC NIH HHS [1F05TWO3577-01-B1-5]; NIEHS NIH HHS [ES05361-02]; PHS HHS [A104156] NR 43 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 57 IS 8 BP 2246 EP 2250 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA FZ250 UT WOS:A1991FZ25000023 PM 1768095 ER PT J AU MEYER, RJ AF MEYER, RJ TI MITOCHONDRIAL DNAS AND PLASMIDS AS TAXONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS IN TRICHODERMA-VIRIDE SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NEUROSPORA-CRASSA; INDEPENDENT TRANSFER; AGARICUS; ARMILLARIA; EVOLUTION; PATTERNS; PYTHIUM; CLONING; BIOLOGY AB Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was purified from 12 isolates of the Trichoderma viride aggregate and found to be, on the average, 32.7 kb in size. Plasmids were present in the mtDNA preparations from 8 of 12 strains of T. viride examined. Plasmids in four of the strains produced ladderlike banding patterns on gels, and these plasmids were studied in detail. The ladderlike patterns were produced by single molecules that were supercoiled to various degrees. Plasmids from two of the strains do not have homology with the mtDNA but do have a limited amount of homology with each other. No phenotype could be associated with the presence of a plasmid. Restriction endonuclease digestion of the mtDNAs produced patterns in which the presence or absence of certain fragments correlated with the classification of the strains into T. viride group I or II. Phenetic cluster analysis and parsimony analysis of the fragment patterns produced groups that corresponded to T. viride groups I and II. The fragment patterns were very diverse, with nearly all strains having a unique pattern. However, two strains of T. viride group I from widely different geographical locations did have identical restriction patterns for all the enzymes used in this study. This result indicates that it may not be possible to use mtDNA restriction patterns alone to identify Trichoderma strains. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST PLANT SCI,SYSTEMAT BOT & MYCOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 34 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 57 IS 8 BP 2269 EP 2276 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA FZ250 UT WOS:A1991FZ25000027 PM 1768099 ER PT J AU BORNEMAN, WS LJUNGDAHL, LG HARTLEY, RD AKIN, DE AF BORNEMAN, WS LJUNGDAHL, LG HARTLEY, RD AKIN, DE TI ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF P-COUMAROYL ESTERASE FROM THE ANAEROBIC FUNGUS NEOCALLIMASTIX STRAIN-MC-2 SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CELL-WALLS; RUMEN; DEGRADATION; ACID; STREPTOMYCES; PURIFICATION; PROTEINS; SHEEP; ASSAY; RANGE AB An extracellular p-coumaroyl esterase produced by the anaerobic fungus Neocallimastix strain MC-2 released p-coumaroyl groups from O-[5-O-((E)-p-coumaroyl)-alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl]-(1 --> 3)-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 --> 4)-D-xylopyranose (PAXX). The esterase was purified 121-fold from culture medium in successive steps involving ultrafiltration, column chromatography on S-Sepharose and hydroxylapatite, isoelectric focusing, and gel filtration. The native enzyme had an apparent mass of 11 kDa under nondenaturing conditions and a mass of 5.8 kDa under denaturing conditions, suggesting that the enzyme may exist as a dimer. The isoelectric point was 4.7, and the pH optimum was 7.2. The purified esterase had 100 times more activity towards PAXX than towards the analogous feruloyl ester (FAXX). The apparent K(m) and V(max) of the purified p-coumaroyl esterase for PAXX at pH 7.2 and 40-degrees-C were 19.4-mu-M and 5.1-mu-mol min-1 mg-1, respectively. p-Coumaroyl tetrasaccharides isolated from plant cell walls were hydrolyzed at rates similar to that for PAXX, whereas a dimer of PAXX was hydrolyzed at a rate 20-fold lower, yielding 4,4'-dihydroxy-alpha-truxillic acid as an end product. Ethyl and methyl p-coumarates were hydrolyzed at very slow rates, if at all. The purified esterase released p-coumaroyl groups from finely, but not coarsely, ground plant cell walls, and this activity was enhanced by the addition of xylanase and other cell wall-degrading enzymes. C1 UNIV GEORGIA, DEPT BIOCHEM, CTR BIOL RESOURCE RECOVERY, ATHENS, GA 30602 USA. RP USDA ARS, RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR, ATHENS, GA 30613 USA. NR 31 TC 70 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 EI 1098-5336 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 57 IS 8 BP 2337 EP 2344 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA FZ250 UT WOS:A1991FZ25000038 PM 1768103 ER PT J AU NELSON, PE PLATTNER, RD SHACKELFORD, DD DESJARDINS, AE AF NELSON, PE PLATTNER, RD SHACKELFORD, DD DESJARDINS, AE TI PRODUCTION OF FUMONISINS BY FUSARIUM-MONILIFORME STRAINS FROM VARIOUS SUBSTRATES AND GEOGRAPHIC AREAS SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Note ID LEUKOENCEPHALOMALACIA; MYCOTOXINS AB Strains of Fusarium moniliforme from different geographic areas and from corn and other substrates were tested for the ability to produce fumonisins in culture. The test results indicate that the potential exists for production of fumonisins by such strains in agricultural commodities and other substrates in widespread geographic areas. C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,PEORIA,IL 61604. RP NELSON, PE (reprint author), PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,FUSARIUM RES CTR,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802, USA. NR 15 TC 164 Z9 170 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 57 IS 8 BP 2410 EP 2412 PG 3 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA FZ250 UT WOS:A1991FZ25000051 PM 1768112 ER PT J AU ZERINGUE, HJ AF ZERINGUE, HJ TI EFFECT OF C-6 TO C-9 ALKENALS ON AFLATOXIN PRODUCTION IN CORN, COTTONSEED, AND PEANUTS SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Note ID LEAF-DERIVED VOLATILES; ASPERGILLUS-FLAVUS AB The effect on aflatoxin production in Aspergillus flavus-inoculated corn, cottonseed, and peanuts in static culture in the presence of gaseous phase C6 to C-9 alkenals was investigated. Alflatoxin B1 production was stimulated in corn at the lowest alkenal concentration (1-mu-l level) tested. Aflatoxin B1 was completely eliminated at the highest alkenal concentrations (20-mu-l level) tested in both treated corn and cottonseed cultures. RP ZERINGUE, HJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,POB 19687,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179, USA. NR 10 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 57 IS 8 BP 2433 EP 2434 PG 2 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA FZ250 UT WOS:A1991FZ25000057 PM 1768117 ER PT J AU TEGENE, A AF TEGENE, A TI TRADE-FLOWS, RELATIVE PRICES, AND EFFECTIVE EXCHANGE-RATES - A VAR ON ETHIOPIAN DATA SO APPLIED ECONOMICS LA English DT Article ID COUNTRIES RP TEGENE, A (reprint author), USDA,ECON RES SERV,DIV RESOURCES & TECHNOL,1301 NEW YORK AVE NW,WASHINGTON,DC 20005, USA. NR 15 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU ROUTLEDGE PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON, ENGLAND EC4P 4EE SN 0003-6846 J9 APPL ECON JI Appl. Econ. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 23 IS 8 BP 1369 EP 1376 DI 10.1080/00036849100000059 PG 8 WC Economics SC Business & Economics GA GB578 UT WOS:A1991GB57800012 ER PT J AU MULLANEY, EJ GIBSON, DM ULLAH, AHJ AF MULLANEY, EJ GIBSON, DM ULLAH, AHJ TI POSITIVE IDENTIFICATION OF A LAMBDA-GT11 CLONE CONTAINING A REGION OF FUNGAL PHYTASE GENE BY IMMUNOPROBE AND SEQUENCE VERIFICATION SO APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ASPERGILLUS-FICUUM; EXTRACELLULAR PHYTASE; PURIFICATION; DNA AB As the initial step in a project to provide a more cost-effective source of the phytase enzyme, this paper reports on the use of a polyclonal antibody raised to phytase purified from an isolate of Aspergillus niger (A. ficuum) to screen an A. niger lambda gt11 expression library and the use of amino acid sequencing to identify a clone containing part of the fungal phytase gene. The described use of amino acid sequence fragments to verify the cloning of a gene has potential applications in other cloning projects. C1 CORNELL UNIV,USDA ARS,N ATLANTIC AREA,ITHACA,NY 14853. RP MULLANEY, EJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,1100 ROBERT E LEE BLVD,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70124, USA. NR 13 TC 29 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0175-7598 J9 APPL MICROBIOL BIOT JI Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 35 IS 5 BP 611 EP 614 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA GA871 UT WOS:A1991GA87100011 PM 1369340 ER PT J AU JOHNSEN, PB DUPREE, HK AF JOHNSEN, PB DUPREE, HK TI INFLUENCE OF FEED INGREDIENTS ON THE FLAVOR QUALITY OF FARM-RAISED CATFISH SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article ID CHANNEL CATFISH; GROWTH AB Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) were reared in the laboratory from fry to 75 g on a purified diet. Fish were grown from 75 g to 150 g on 21 experimental diets to examine the influence of commonly used feed ingredients on the flavor quality of the fish. Feed components, at levels used in commercial feeds, were substituted individually in semi-purified diets. A trained sensory panel evaluated the flavor of the experimental fish using quantitative sensory techniques. While the trained panelists could discriminate among some diets on the basis of particular flavor attributes, untrained laboratory personnel representing the average consumer were not able to discern differences. The significance of the findings for the farm-raised catfish industry is that the practice of least-cost formulation for feeds may be followed without concern that the flavor quality of the fish will be affected adversely. C1 US DEPT INTERIOR,FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,FISH FARMING EXPTL LAB,STUTTGART,AR 72160. RP JOHNSEN, PB (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,POB 19687,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179, USA. NR 13 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD AUG 1 PY 1991 VL 96 IS 2 BP 139 EP 150 DI 10.1016/0044-8486(91)90145-W PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA FZ672 UT WOS:A1991FZ67200004 ER PT J AU DEJONG, DW AF DEJONG, DW TI TOBACCO LEAF PROTEIN .1. AN EVALUATION OF THE USE OF PUTATIVE CHEMICAL GROWTH ENHANCERS FOR TOBACCO LEAF PROTEIN-PRODUCTION SO BEITRAGE ZUR TABAKFORSCHUNG INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID POTENTIAL FOOD SOURCE; SMOKE MATERIAL; PLANTS AB Effects of foliar applications of long-chain fatty compounds on production of leaf protein from tobacco genotypes were evaluated. Triacontanol, purported to be a growth stimulant, had minimal effects on most experimental parameters. A propriety product, AgroLizer(TM), appeared to exert greater influence but results were inconclusive. Chemical treatments interacted with environmental conditions and tobacco genotype. Acid precipitation of the green fraction resulted in a pellet that could be easily removed by low speed centrifugation but produced a white fraction with lower protein percentage than heat precipitation of the green fraction. Triacontanol delayed flowering and extended vegetative growth in some genotypes. Increased cured leaf yields of flue-cured and Maryland type tobaccos were consistent but not statistically significant. An important finding was discovery of a genotype, T.I. 401, that produced high amounts of extractable leaf protein regardless of growth stage. This variety became the object of a follow-up investigation. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,TOBACCO LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP DEJONG, DW (reprint author), USDA ARS,CROPS RES LAB,OXFORD,NC 27565, USA. NR 26 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU BEITRAGE TABAKFORSCHUNG INT PI BONN 3 PA VERBAND CIGARETTENINDUSTR KONIGSWINTERER STRASSE 550, W-5300 BONN 3, GERMANY SN 0173-783X J9 BEITR TABAKFORSCH PD AUG PY 1991 VL 15 IS 1 BP 33 EP 41 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Chemistry, Analytical; Toxicology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Toxicology GA GX391 UT WOS:A1991GX39100004 ER PT J AU DEJONG, DW PITTARELLI, G AF DEJONG, DW PITTARELLI, G TI TOBACCO LEAF PROTEIN .2. GENETIC AND FRACTIONATION APPROACHES TO IMPROVING TOBACCO LEAF PROTEIN-PRODUCTION SO BEITRAGE ZUR TABAKFORSCHUNG INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article AB Tobacco variety T.I. 401 was evaluated for seasonal leaf protein yields and crossbred with other genotypes to determine whether leaf protein yield was a genetically transmissible trait. Relatively high leaf protein yields associated with later maturity were observed in preliminary trials but additional crossbreeding and selection is deemed necessary to achieve stable integration of improved leaf protein yields and desirable agronomic performance. Chromatographic and electrophoretic analyses demonstrated that high leaf protein yield of T.I. 401 was not associated with a particular protein fraction but rather was a general phenomenon affecting all major protein classes. Besides examining genetic factors for improving leaf protein yields, two mechanical improvements in leaf protein fractionation technology were introduced into the process. A mild acidification step (to pH 5.5) with a subsequent moderate heat treatment (50-degrees-C) resulted in a green coagulum which was readily removed by brief low speed centrifugation without substantial loss of the fraction containing soluble protein which precipitates as a white pellet when heated to 80-degrees-C. Hollow-fiber membrane technology was also investigated as a means of producing a purified concentrate with high levels of undegraded protein. The membrane system tested was relatively efficient and greatly improved the quality of the protein product. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,TOBACCO LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP DEJONG, DW (reprint author), USDA ARS,CROPS RES LAB,OXFORD,NC 27565, USA. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU BEITRAGE TABAKFORSCHUNG INT PI BONN 3 PA VERBAND CIGARETTENINDUSTR KONIGSWINTERER STRASSE 550, W-5300 BONN 3, GERMANY SN 0173-783X J9 BEITR TABAKFORSCH PD AUG PY 1991 VL 15 IS 1 BP 43 EP 52 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Chemistry, Analytical; Toxicology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Toxicology GA GX391 UT WOS:A1991GX39100005 ER PT J AU BELL, PF CHEN, Y POTTS, WE CHANEY, RL ANGLE, JS AF BELL, PF CHEN, Y POTTS, WE CHANEY, RL ANGLE, JS TI A REEVALUATION OF THE FE(II), CA(II), ZN(II), AND PROTON FORMATION-CONSTANTS OF 4,7-DIPHENYL-1,10-PHENANTHROLINEDISULFONATE SO BIOLOGICAL TRACE ELEMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE CORRESPONDING SOLUTIONS; METAL BIOAVAILABILITY, EFFECT OF COPPER ION ACTIVITY ON, METHOD OF; 1,10-PHENANTHROLINE; STABILITY CONSTANTS ID COMPLEXES; STABILITY AB The compound 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthrolinedisulfonic acid (BPDS) has been found to be very useful in studying Fe uptake by plants, because it forms a large charged complex that is not absorbed. The quantity of BPDS bound to metals in hydroponic solutions can be estimated from calculations using formation constants of BPDS complexes. These formation constants were used in an earlier experiment to predict the availability of Cu to corn plants. In the experiment, bioassays indicated that Cu was not as phytoavailable in the BPDS-added solutions as predicted by chemical equilibrium calculations. To determine sources of error in this prediction, metal and proton BPDS formation constants were reevaluated at 25-degrees-C and 0.10M ionic strength. The CaBPDS formation constant was determined by direct measurement of CaBPDS3 formation and was shown to be approximately 1.0; a value much less than that reported before. Formation constants for the HBPDS, H(BPDS)2, and H(BPDS)3 beta-1, beta-2, and beta-3 complexes were, respectively, 5.05 +/- 0.044, 7.44 +/- 0.019, and 9.33 +/- 0.28. The BPDS sulfonic acid group pKs were < 1.0, not 2.8 as has been reported. The FeBPDS3 complex determined by ligand competition with EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetate) was 20.24 +/- 0.08. Copper and Zn constants were determined using the method of corresponding solutions. The CuBPDS, CuBPDS2, and CuBPDS3 beta-1, beta-2, and beta-3 constants were, respectively, 9.76 +/- 0.08, 15.9, and 20.9. The ZnBPDS, ZnBPDS2, and ZnBPDS3 beta-1, beta-2, and beta-3 constants were, respectively, 6.43 +/- 0.07, 10.7 +/- 5.4, and 17.3 +/- 0.8. Results indicated that BPDS affinity to metals was similar to that of its parent compound, phenanthroline, and that errors in published formation constants caused erroneous predictions of Cu phytoavailability used in an earlier experiment. C1 UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT AGRON,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. HEBREW UNIV JERUSALEM,SEAGRAM CTR SOIL & WATER SCI,IL-76100 REHOVOT,ISRAEL. UNIV MARYLAND,USDA ARS,STAT CONSULTING SERV,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,SOIL MICROBIAL SYST LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 32 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 4 PU HUMANA PRESS INC PI TOTOWA PA 999 RIVERVIEW DRIVE SUITE 208, TOTOWA, NJ 07512 SN 0163-4984 J9 BIOL TRACE ELEM RES JI Biol. Trace Elem. Res. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 30 IS 2 BP 125 EP 144 DI 10.1007/BF02990349 PG 20 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA GD767 UT WOS:A1991GD76700004 PM 1723885 ER PT J AU BAYMAN, P COTTY, PJ AF BAYMAN, P COTTY, PJ TI VEGETATIVE COMPATIBILITY AND GENETIC DIVERSITY IN THE ASPERGILLUS-FLAVUS POPULATION OF A SINGLE FIELD SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE LA English DT Article DE ASPERGILLUS-FLAVUS; VEGETATIVE COMPATIBILITY; NIT-; IMPERFECT FUNGI ID FUSARIUM-OXYSPORUM; HETEROKARYON INCOMPATIBILITY; CRYPHONECTRIA-PARASITICA; STRAINS; PATHOGENICITY; CONNECTICUT; VARIABILITY; AFLATOXIN; MUTANTS; ISOZYME AB Aspergillus flavus was isolated from soil from a single Arizona cotton field in 1987, 1988, and 1989. Isolates from infected cotton bolls were collected from the same field in 1988. Isolates were assigned to vegetative compatibility groups via complementation tests between nitrate-nonutilizing mutants. Sixty-one of 105 isolates composed 13 vegetative compatibility groups; the remaining 44 isolates could not be assigned to groups. Forty-three isolates from other fields in Arizona composed 21 groups, 6 of which were also found in the test field. Distribution of vegetative compatibility groups in and outside the field was significantly different, based on a G-test. One vegetative compatibility group included 20% of all isolates from the test field, but was not found elsewhere. It was common in the test field in 1987 and 1988, but was not found in 1989. Boll and soil populations from 1988 were not significantly different. Single infected boll locules and 25-g soil samples often contained A. flavus individuals from more than one group. These results suggest that although many vegetative compatibility groups are widely distributed, a single field may have a unique population profile that changes significantly from year to year. C1 USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179. NR 36 TC 103 Z9 111 U1 0 U2 7 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4026 J9 CAN J BOT JI Can. J. Bot.-Rev. Can. Bot. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 69 IS 8 BP 1707 EP 1711 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA GL098 UT WOS:A1991GL09800010 ER PT J AU GRIFFIN, GJ SMITH, HC DIETZ, A ELKINS, JR AF GRIFFIN, GJ SMITH, HC DIETZ, A ELKINS, JR TI IMPORTANCE OF HARDWOOD COMPETITION TO AMERICAN CHESTNUT SURVIVAL, GROWTH, AND BLIGHT DEVELOPMENT IN FOREST CLEARCUTS SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE LA English DT Article DE CHESTNUT BLIGHT; HYPOVIRULENCE; BIOCONTROL; FOREST COMPETITION AB Ten years after clear-cutting forest stands in Virginia and West Virginia, competing hardwoods around American chestnut trees were either periodically cut (managed) or not cut (control or unmanaged). Blight epidemics occurred in all clear-cut plots prior to their establishment in 1984. For the control plots, the number of chestnut sprout clusters (group of stems sprouting from a single stump) with blighted live stems had decreased by 1989, but between 1985 and 1988 there was a general increase in blighted chestnut stems for the managed clearcut plots. The number of apparent superficial cankers increased in two of three managed plots between 1986 and 1989. Survival of chestnut clusters was high in managed plots between 1985 and 1989, but decreased in one control plot to zero by 1988. Mean diameters at breast height of measurable chestnut stems (> 0.8 cm) declined or remained constant in control plots, but generally increased in managed plots after initial declines. Similar but greater responses were observed in a plantation of American chestnut. Unmanaged clearcuts with a high survival of chestnut clusters had low stand basal areas for competing hardwoods, and vice versa. A mesic site favored American chestnut growth and apparent superficial cankers in the absence of competing hardwoods. C1 US FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,PARSONS,WV 26287. AMER CHESTNUT COOPERATORS FDN,TROUTVILLE,VA 24175. CONCORD COLL,DEPT CHEM,ATHENS,WV 24712. RP GRIFFIN, GJ (reprint author), VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST & STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL PHYSIOL & WEED SCI,BLACKSBURG,VA 24061, USA. RI Liu, Yi-Chun/H-5463-2012 NR 10 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4026 J9 CAN J BOT JI Can. J. Bot.-Rev. Can. Bot. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 69 IS 8 BP 1804 EP 1809 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA GL098 UT WOS:A1991GL09800023 ER PT J AU MURRAY, MD COBLE, D CURTIS, RO AF MURRAY, MD COBLE, D CURTIS, RO TI HEIGHT GROWTH OF YOUNG PACIFIC SILVER FIR AND NOBLE FIR ESTABLISHED ON CLEARCUTS IN THE PACIFIC SILVER FIR ZONE OF WESTERN WASHINGTON SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article AB Stem analyses were done on young (20-30 years at breast height) Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis (Dougl.) Forbes) and noble fir (Abies procera Rehd.) trees established after clear-cut harvesting of old stands in the Pacific silver fir zone of western Washington. Early height-growth patterns and heights attained at 20 years breast-height age were compared with existing data and curves derived from old stands, and among plant associations and elevations. Early growth of Pacific silver fir and noble fir on recent clearcuts was more rapid than would be expected on the basis of existing data derived from old trees. We hypothesize that the more rapid growth of recently established stands represents the combined result of several factors, including less competition, possible climatic change, exclusion of poorer sites from the new sample, and bias associated with past shifts in competitive status of the old trees used to construct height-growth curves from stem analyses. Early height growth (to a breast-height age of 20) is strongly associated with elevation and with plant association groupings. C1 UNIV WASHINGTON,COLL FOREST RESOURCES,SEATTLE,WA 98195. RP MURRAY, MD (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,OLYMPIA,WA 98502, USA. NR 13 TC 6 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 21 IS 8 BP 1213 EP 1221 DI 10.1139/x91-170 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA GB814 UT WOS:A1991GB81400008 ER PT J AU AMMON, V VANN, S MCCRACKEN, F AF AMMON, V VANN, S MCCRACKEN, F TI INCIDENCE OF ANTHRACNOSE AND TWIG CANKER IN 2 MISSISSIPPI SYCAMORE PLANTATIONS SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID PENETRATION; PLATANI; LEAVES; MODE AB One lowland and one upland sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.) plantation containing trees from eight sycamore seed sources were sampled for the incidence (occurrence and abundance) of causal organisms of sycamore anthracnose and sycamore twig canker during four growing seasons. Considerable variation in incidence of sycamore anthracnose, caused by Apiognomonia veneta (Sacc. & Speg.) Hohn., was detected among seed sources at both locations. There were no significant differences among seed sources in the incidence of sycamore twig canker, caused by Diaporthe arctii (Lasch) Nitschke, at either plantation. Incidence of both pathogens was higher in the lowland plantation than in the upland plantation. C1 US FOREST SERV,SO HARDWOODS LAB,STONEVILLE,MS 38776. RP AMMON, V (reprint author), MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL & WEED SCI,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762, USA. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 21 IS 8 BP 1253 EP 1256 DI 10.1139/x91-174 PG 4 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA GB814 UT WOS:A1991GB81400012 ER PT J AU RITTERS, KH OHMANN, LF GRIGAL, DF AF RITTERS, KH OHMANN, LF GRIGAL, DF TI WOODY TISSUE-ANALYSIS USING AN ELEMENT RATIO TECHNIQUE (DRIS) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID TREE RINGS; ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; DIAGNOSIS; NITROGEN; PATTERNS; DECLINE; SULFUR; STATES AB The Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) was used to describe the variation of 12 elements in woody tree tissue of balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.), sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.), and aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) across Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan, United States. DRIS indices of elemental balance for the growth decades 1956-1965 and 1966-1975 were compared with standards developed from the growth decade 1976-1985. The DRIS analysis indicated that older wood of most species was relatively depleted of N, P, K, S, Fe, Cu, and Al. In at least one of the five species, however, K, S, Cu, or Al was relatively more abundant in older than in younger wood. The older wood of all species was relatively enriched in Ca, Mg, Mn, B, and Zn. Sulfur in older wood became relatively more enriched from west to east across a gradient of wet sulfate deposition; the trend was strongest for hardwood species. These results support the potential use of DRIS for monitoring stoichiometry of tissue from woody increment cores as an indicator of environmental stresses such as air pollution. C1 US FOREST SERV,N CENT FOREST EXPT STN,GRAND RAPIDS,MN 55744. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT SOIL SCI,ST PAUL,MN 55108. RP RITTERS, KH (reprint author), MATECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709, USA. NR 32 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 21 IS 8 BP 1270 EP 1277 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA GB814 UT WOS:A1991GB81400015 ER PT J AU CASSIER, P SERRANT, P GARCIA, R COUDOUEL, N ANDRE, M GUILLAUMIN, D PORCHERON, P OBERLANDER, H AF CASSIER, P SERRANT, P GARCIA, R COUDOUEL, N ANDRE, M GUILLAUMIN, D PORCHERON, P OBERLANDER, H TI MORPHOLOGICAL AND CYTOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF THE EFFECTS OF ECDYSTEROIDS IN A LEPIDOPTERAN CELL-LINE (IAL-PID2) SO CELL AND TISSUE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; LECTIN-GOLD PARTICLES; CYTOLOGY; GLYCOPROTEINS; IMAGINAL DISKS; TISSUE CULTURE; PLODIA-INTERPUNCTELLA (INSECTA) ID DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; SURFACE PROPERTIES; CHITIN SYNTHESIS; CULTURED-CELLS; 20-HYDROXYECDYSONE; GLYCOPROTEIN; TUNICAMYCIN; INDUCTION; HORMONE AB The Indian meal-moth cell line, IAL-PID2, established from larval wing discs was examined from the 250th to the 300th passages. The cultured cells retain various structural and functional qualities of epidermal cells. Under hormone-free conditions PID2 cells grow as a monolayer of round or spindle-shaped cells. They appear as weakly active epidermal cells. The endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus are poorly developed and secretory activity is reduced. Culture conditions resulted in considerable cellular expansions, abundance of storage products (glycogen, lipids), and hypertrophy of the lysosomal system. The PID2 cell line retains the ability to respond to ecdysteroids; 20-hydroxyecdysone treatment (2 x 10(-6) M) triggered morphogenetic and secretory processes. Cells formed pseudoepithelial aggregates interconnected and linked by desmosome-like structures. The hormone-stimulated cells are involved in the biosynthesis of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-rich glycoproteins. The glycosylation sites were located, by use of WGA-gold particles, on cellular expansions and all along the plasma membrane. The possible significance of these glycoproteins is discussed. C1 USDA ARS,INSECT ATTRACTANTS BEHAV & BASIC BIOL RES LAB,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604. RP CASSIER, P (reprint author), UNIV PARIS 06,105 BLVD RASPAIL,F-75006 PARIS,FRANCE. NR 37 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0302-766X J9 CELL TISSUE RES JI Cell Tissue Res. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 265 IS 2 BP 361 EP 369 DI 10.1007/BF00398084 PG 9 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA FY552 UT WOS:A1991FY55200017 ER PT J AU GLASS, RL AF GLASS, RL TI EFFECT OF HERBICIDES ON PHASE-TRANSITIONS OF DIPALMITOYL PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE VESICLES SO CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS OF LIPIDS LA English DT Note DE PHENOXY HERBICIDES; PHASE PROPERTIES; PHOSPHOLIPID VESICLES; PARTITION COEFFICIENTS; MEMBRANE LIPIDS ID LIPOSOMES AB The gel to liquid-crystalline phase transition of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) vesicles was monitored with a light-scattering technique in the presence and absence of herbicides. The phase transition temperature for pure DPPC was determined as 41.6-degrees-C. 2-Methoxy-3,6-dichlorobenzoic acid (dicamba), 2-methoxy-3,6-dichlorophenylacetic acid (methoxy fenac), 2,4,5-T, (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2,4,5-T), (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2,4-D), 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) propionic acid (silvex), and 4(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) butyric acid (2,4-DB) caused a depression in the phase transition temperature (-DELTA-T), whose values increased in the following order: 0.6, 3.0, 3.8, 4.6, 7.6 and 9.6-degrees-C, respectively. A linear relation was observed between the -DELTA-T values and log K (partition coefficient) values for the tested herbicides. This suggested that the perturbation induced in the membrane bilayers by the herbicides was related to the lipid solubilities of the herbicides. RP GLASS, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,WEED SCI LAB,RM 308,BLDG 001,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 13 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0009-3084 J9 CHEM PHYS LIPIDS JI Chem. Phys. Lipids PD AUG PY 1991 VL 59 IS 1 BP 91 EP 95 DI 10.1016/0009-3084(91)90067-L PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA GE477 UT WOS:A1991GE47700011 ER PT J AU GOLDBERG, S FORSTER, HS HEICK, EL AF GOLDBERG, S FORSTER, HS HEICK, EL TI FLOCCULATION OF ILLITE KAOLINITE AND ILLITE MONTMORILLONITE MIXTURES AS AFFECTED BY SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO AND PH SO CLAYS AND CLAY MINERALS LA English DT Article DE FLOCCULATION VALUE; CRITICAL COAGULATION CONCENTRATION; DISPERSION; AGGREGATION ID SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; ELECTROLYTE CONCENTRATION; EXCHANGEABLE SODIUM; IRON-OXIDES; CLAY TYPE; SOILS; DISPERSION; ALUMINUM; BEHAVIOR AB The effect of electrolyte concentration, exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), and pH on the flocculation-dispersion behavior of 50/50 mixtures of reference illite with reference kaolinite or reference montmorillonite was investigated. The clays were Na- or Ca-saturated and freeze-dried before use. Critical coagulation concentrations (CCCs) were investigated in the range of pH 5.9 to 9.6, percent Na-clay 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 and SAR 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, and infinity. CCC values increased with increasing ESP, increasing SAR, and increasing pH. The pH dependence of illite/kaolinite was greater than that of illite/montmorillonite especially at high ESP and SAR. The presence of illite did not play a dominant role in determining flocculation-dispersion behavior of the 50/50 clay mixtures. The CCCs of illite/kaolinite resembled reference illite more than reference kaolinite for SAR 0 to SAR 60. Illite/montmorillonite exhibited CCCs more similar to reference illite than reference montmorillonite at SAR 40 and SAR 60. At the agriculturally desirable ESP and SAR values of 0 to 15, all the 2:1 clays and 2:1 clay mixtures demonstrated similar CCC values. RP GOLDBERG, S (reprint author), USDA ARS,US SALIN LAB,4500 GLENWOOD DR,RIVERSIDE,CA 92501, USA. NR 16 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 3 U2 11 PU CLAY MINERALS SOCIETY PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 4416, BOULDER, CO 80306 SN 0009-8604 J9 CLAY CLAY MINER JI Clay Clay Min. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 39 IS 4 BP 375 EP 380 DI 10.1346/CCMN.1991.0390406 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mineralogy; Soil Science SC Chemistry; Geology; Mineralogy; Agriculture GA GG365 UT WOS:A1991GG36500006 ER PT J AU MENDOZA, GA SPROUSE, W LUPPOLD, WG ARAMAN, P MEIMBAN, RJ AF MENDOZA, GA SPROUSE, W LUPPOLD, WG ARAMAN, P MEIMBAN, RJ TI AN INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT SUPPORT AND PRODUCTION CONTROL-SYSTEM FOR HARDWOOD FOREST PRODUCTS SO COMPUTERS IN INDUSTRY LA English DT Article DE AGRICULTURE; SIMULATION; SAWMILL; FORESTRY; COMPUTER APPLICATIONS; MANAGEMENT SUPPORT; SPREADSHEET; LOTUS 1-2-3 ID LOG BUCKING; ALLOCATION AB Spreadsheet and simulation models are tools which enable users to analyze a large number of variables affecting harwood material utilization and profit in a systematic fashion. This paper describes two spreadsheet models, SEASaw and SEAIn, and a hardwood sawmill simulator. SEASaw is designed to estimate the amount of conversion from timber to lumber, while SEAIn is a log inventory module. The two spreadsheet modules are currently being interfaced and linked to an integrated system which will be optimized under the same spreadsheet environment. The simulator has the capability to describe in real time, the system performance of a hardwood sawmill under any specified operating conditions. C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT FORESTRY,URBANA,IL 61801. USA,CONSTRUCT ENGN RES LAB,CHAMPAIGN,IL. SE FOREST EXPT STN,BLACKSBURG,VA. NE FOREST EXPT STN,PRINCETON,WV. NR 28 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-3615 J9 COMPUT IND JI Comput. Ind. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 16 IS 4 BP 343 EP 351 DI 10.1016/0166-3615(91)90074-J PG 9 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Computer Science GA GC031 UT WOS:A1991GC03100003 ER PT J AU SAKAI, HF NOON, BR AF SAKAI, HF NOON, BR TI NEST-SITE CHARACTERISTICS OF HAMMOND AND PACIFIC-SLOPE FLYCATCHERS IN NORTHWESTERN CALIFORNIA SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE HAMMOND FLYCATCHER; PACIFIC-SLOPE FLYCATCHER; EMPIDONAX-HAMMONDII; E-DIFFICILIS; NEST-SITE SELECTION; DOUGLAS-FIR FOREST; NORTHWESTERN CALIFORNIA; OLD-GROWTH FOREST ID MIXED-CONIFEROUS FOREST; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; BREEDING BIRDS AB Thirty nests of Hammond's (Empidonax hammondii) and 88 nests of Pacific-slope (E. difficilis) Flycatchers were located in different-aged Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)/tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus) dominated forests at 12 study sites in northwestern California during the breeding seasons of 1984, 1985, 1987, and 1988. In contrast to Pacific-slope Flycatchers, Hammond's used nest trees that averaged two to three times taller; placed nests three times higher and farther from the tree bole; used only live trees; placed nests only on small- to medium-diameter branches; situated nests in areas with higher foliage cover; and favored nest placement on the northeast and southwest sides of trees. Attributes of nesting habitat also differed between species among different stand development stages. Hammond's Flycatchers in old-growth and mature forests chose nest sites with more open canopy than that found at random sites. Pacific-slope Flycatchers in old-growth and mature forests nested at sites with a lower mid-canopy bole height. In young stands, Pacific-slope Flycatchers selected nest sites with large Douglas-firs and Pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesii) trees, higher shrub cover, and fewer medium-size Douglas-fir trees. Hammond's Flycatchers were not found in younger stands. We speculate that if old-growth Douglas-fir/tanoak forests are greatly reduced or eliminated in northwestern California, the density of breeding Hammond's Flycatcher will decrease substantially. However, Pacific-slope Flycatchers would probably be less affected by conversion of old-growth forests to younger-aged classes. RP SAKAI, HF (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC SW FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,REDWOOD SCI LAB,1700 BAYVIEW DR,ARCATA,CA 95521, USA. NR 37 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD AUG PY 1991 VL 93 IS 3 BP 563 EP 574 DI 10.2307/1368188 PG 12 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA GG626 UT WOS:A1991GG62600010 ER PT J AU MASON, JR NUECHTERLEIN, G LINZ, G DOLBEER, RA OTIS, DL AF MASON, JR NUECHTERLEIN, G LINZ, G DOLBEER, RA OTIS, DL TI OIL CONCENTRATION DIFFERENCES AMONG SUNFLOWER ACHENES AND FEEDING PREFERENCES OF RED-WINGED BLACKBIRDS SO CROP PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE BLACKBIRD; DEPREDATION; RED-WING; SUNFLOWER; VARIETAL RESISTANCE ID PEAR CULTIVARS; DAMAGE; RESISTANCE AB The effect of differences in oil concentration among sunflower achenes on consumption preferences exhibited by red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) were investigated. Male birds were given 2-cup tests between samples of intact (experiment 1) or hulled (experiment 2) seeds with various oil contents. The results showed that birds could discriminate among achenes when differences in oil concentration were as little as 5% (g/g). High-oil achenes were preferred. When hulls were removed, discrimination was significantly impaired. Oil differences among sunflower varieties and/or morphological characters associated with oil content (e.g. hull thickness) probably influence bird depredation. C1 UNIV N DAKOTA,DEPT BIOL,FARGO,ND 58105. UNIV N DAKOTA,USDA,ANIM & PLANT ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,FARGO,ND 58105. USDA,ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,PLUM BOOK STN,SANDUSKY,OH 44870. USDA,ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,DENVER WILDLIFE RES CTR,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. RP MASON, JR (reprint author), MONELL CHEM SENSES CTR,USDA,ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,3500 MARKET ST,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104, USA. NR 26 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0261-2194 J9 CROP PROT JI Crop Prot. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 10 IS 4 BP 299 EP 304 DI 10.1016/0261-2194(91)90009-G PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA FZ738 UT WOS:A1991FZ73800009 ER PT J AU YELENOSKY, G AF YELENOSKY, G TI SUPERCOOLING AND FREEZING IN THE MAIN STEM OF VALENCIA ORANGE TREES SO CRYOBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ICE NUCLEATION; PLANT-TISSUES; CITRUS; WATER RP YELENOSKY, G (reprint author), USDA ARS,2120 CAMDEN RD,ORLANDO,FL 32803, USA. NR 28 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0011-2240 J9 CRYOBIOLOGY JI Cryobiology PD AUG PY 1991 VL 28 IS 4 BP 382 EP 390 DI 10.1016/0011-2240(91)90045-P PG 9 WC Biology; Physiology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Physiology GA FY166 UT WOS:A1991FY16600009 ER PT J AU TAYLOR, A JACQUES, PF NADLER, D MORROW, F SULSKY, SI SHEPARD, D AF TAYLOR, A JACQUES, PF NADLER, D MORROW, F SULSKY, SI SHEPARD, D TI RELATIONSHIP IN HUMANS BETWEEN ASCORBIC-ACID CONSUMPTION AND LEVELS OF TOTAL AND REDUCED ASCORBIC-ACID IN LENS, AQUEOUS-HUMOR, AND PLASMA SO CURRENT EYE RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID VITAMIN-C; NUTRITIONAL-STATUS; CATARACT FORMATION; SULFHYDRYL-GROUPS; SENILE CATARACT; DIETARY-INTAKE; GUINEA-PIG; PROTEINS; DAMAGE; EYE AB The relationships between plasma, aqueous humor and lens ascorbic acid levels are examined in 131 samples from 127 patients. Mean ascorbate intake for nonsupplemented individuals was 148 mg/day or over two times the recommended daily allowance. A subset of 44 patients participated in a trial to assess the impact Of vitamin C supplementation of 2 grams per day on aqueous and lens ascorbic acid levels. Such supplementation significantly increased both total and reduced ascorbic acid levels in Plasma and aqueous and total ascorbic acid in the lens. Correlation coefficients relating total and reduced ascorbic acid levels in the three tissues ranged from 0.42 to 0.19 (p < 0.05 for all correlation coefficients). Over 60% of the ascorbate was present in the reduced form in plasma and aqueous, and about 50% of the lens ascorbate was in the reduced form. C1 SEWICKLEY PA VALLEY HOSP, SEWICKLEY, PA USA. RP TUFTS UNIV, USDA, HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING, EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM & NUTR EVALUAT, BOSTON, MA 02111 USA. NR 28 TC 76 Z9 77 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0271-3683 EI 1460-2202 J9 CURR EYE RES JI Curr. Eye Res. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 10 IS 8 BP 751 EP 759 DI 10.3109/02713689109013869 PG 9 WC Ophthalmology SC Ophthalmology GA GC485 UT WOS:A1991GC48500007 PM 1914507 ER PT J AU LISLE, TE IKEDA, H ISEYA, F AF LISLE, TE IKEDA, H ISEYA, F TI FORMATION OF STATIONARY ALTERNATE BARS IN A STEEP CHANNEL WITH MIXED-SIZE SEDIMENT - A FLUME EXPERIMENT SO EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS LA English DT Article DE ALTERNATE BARS; BEDLOAD TRANSPORT; SEDIMENT SORTING; FLUME EXPERIMENT ID GRAVEL BED STREAMS; TRANSPORT; LOAD AB Alternate bars were formed by sediment transport in a flume with Froude-modelled flow and relative roughness characteristic of gravel-boulder channels with steep slopes. The flume (0.3 m wide x 7.5 m long) was filled with a sand-gravel mixture, which was also fed into the top of the flume at a constant rate under constant discharge. Channel slope was set at 0.03. Initially, coarse particles accumulated on incipient bar heads near one side of the flume and diverted flow and bedload transport across the flume toward a pool scoured against the opposite flume wall downstream. Sorting in the pool directed coarse particles onto the next bar head downstream. Alternate sequences of pools and coarse bar heads were thereby linked down the entire flume by interactions of sediment sorting, flow, and channel morphology. During episodes of bar construction, unsorted bedload invaded interior bar surfaces and was deposited. Persistent deposition of coarse particles on bar heads prevented downstream migration of bars by inhibiting bar-head erosion and bedload transport over bars. Likely factors leading to bar-head stabilization in modelled gravel-bed channels are coarse mixed-size sediment, steep channel gradients, and shallow depths. C1 UNIV TSUKUBA,ENVIRONM RES CTR,SAKURA,IBARAKI 305,JAPAN. RP LISLE, TE (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC SW RES STN,ARCATA,CA 95521, USA. NR 25 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 12 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0197-9337 J9 EARTH SURF PROCESSES JI Earth Surf. Process. Landf. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 16 IS 5 BP 463 EP 469 DI 10.1002/esp.3290160507 PG 7 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA FX198 UT WOS:A1991FX19800006 ER PT J AU SHELLY, TE BUCHMANN, SL VILLALOBOS, EM OROURKE, MK AF SHELLY, TE BUCHMANN, SL VILLALOBOS, EM OROURKE, MK TI COLONY ERGONOMICS FOR A DESERT-DWELLING BUMBLEBEE SPECIES (HYMENOPTERA, APIDAE) SO ECOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE BUMBLEBEE; BOMBUS; COLONY ERGONOMICS; FORAGING BEHAVIOR ID FLOWER HANDLING EFFICIENCY; TEMPERATURE REGULATION; BEES; NECTAR; PATTERNS; COMPETITION; ENERGETICS AB 1. Data on worker traffic, size and concentration of nectar loads, and size and composition of pollen loads were collected for a colony of Bombus pennsylvanicus sonorus Say in the Chihuahuan Desert in Arizona, U.S.A. 2. Foraging activity increased through the morning to a peak level in early afternoon and then declined steadily thereafter. Pollen collection occurred primarily in the morning, whereas nectar was harvested throughout the day. Nectar loads decreased in size but increased in sugar concentration during the day. 3. Following field observations, we excavated the nest and counted the numbers of immatures and adults present and measured the honey and pollen reserves. A total of 150 workers were present, and we estimate that the colony would have produced 174 queens and 192 males. Food reserves appeared small: pollen and honey stored in the nest represented only 18% and 35%, respectively, of the daily input. 4. These results are compared to ergonomic data collected for B.vosnesenskii in the only other similar study. C1 USDA ARS,CARL HAYDEN BEE RES CTR,TUCSON,AZ. UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT GEOSCI,TUCSON,AZ 85721. RP SHELLY, TE (reprint author), UNIV WESTERN AUSTRALIA,DEPT ZOOL,NEDLANDS,WA 6009,AUSTRALIA. NR 26 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0307-6946 J9 ECOL ENTOMOL JI Ecol. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 16 IS 3 BP 361 EP 370 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2311.1991.tb00228.x PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA FY631 UT WOS:A1991FY63100012 ER PT J AU RADKE, JK SHAFFER, MJ KROLL, KS SAPONARA, J AF RADKE, JK SHAFFER, MJ KROLL, KS SAPONARA, J TI APPLICATION OF THE NITROGEN-TILLAGE-RESIDUE-MANAGEMENT (NTRM) MODEL FOR CORN GROWN IN LOW-INPUT AND CONVENTIONAL AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article ID SOIL AB Unlike many conventional agricultural systems, low-input management techniques minimize the use of nutrients and pesticides produced off the farm. This study evaluates the performance of the NTRM model in simulating low-input and conventionally managed field corn (Zea mays L.) grown in a comparative cropping systems experiment initiated in 1981 on a site in southeastern Pennsylvania, USA. NTRM is a comprehensive model that requires data on weather, soil properties, management, and crop characteristics. For our study, it predicted daily soil water, nitrogen, and temperature with depth; daily biomass and leaf area; and final grain yield. Conventionally grown corn in 1985 was used for yield calibration of the model; other data collected in 1985, 1986, and 1987 provided validation. Early model runs gave accurate soil temperature predictions but poor soil water predictions compared to field measurements. Model simulations suggested an underground water source later verified at the field site. A modification of NTRM resulted in greatly improved soil water predictions. Simulation of a hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.) plowdown showed the need for more detailed submodels of residue incorporation and decomposition. NTRM generally provided accurate estimates of harvest biomass, grain yield, and soil NO3-N levels throughout the season. On-going model additions, such as crop-weed interactions and intercropping, will enhance NTRM as a model for simulating low-input systems. C1 USDA ARS,RODALE RES CTR,KUTZTOWN,PA 19530. USDA ARS,CROPS RES LAB,FT COLLINS,CO 80526. NR 11 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 55 IS 3-4 BP 241 EP 255 DI 10.1016/0304-3800(91)90089-J PG 15 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA GF190 UT WOS:A1991GF19000005 ER PT J AU TURCHIN, P AF TURCHIN, P TI TRANSLATING FORAGING MOVEMENTS IN HETEROGENEOUS ENVIRONMENTS INTO THE SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION OF FORAGERS SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE CONSUMER RESOURCE INTERACTIONS; CORRELATED RANDOM WALK; DIFFUSION; DISPERSAL; ENVIRONMENTAL HETEROGENEITY; MODEL; MOVEMENT; RESIDENCE INDEX; SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION ID HOST-PLANT DENSITY; ANIMAL ORIENTATION; EUPHYDRYAS-ANICIA; RANDOM-WALK; CONSEQUENCES; AGGREGATION; BUTTERFLIES; POPULATION; SEARCH; MODELS AB The relationship between movement and population dynamics in heterogeneous environments has been approached from two directions: theoretical analyses using diffusion models and empirical studies that often employ computer simulations. In this paper I am proposing a unified framework for studying individual movements that brings both of these approaches together. The proposed framework is based on the "diffusion-approximation" procedure developed by Patlak (1953a, b), which translates a probabilistic description of the pattern of individual movements (such as provided by simulation models) into a partial differential model describing the population redistribution in a patchy habitat. My first goal in this paper was to make Patlak's work accessible to ecologists interested in realistic movement models. Secondly, making some simplifying assumptions I solved Patlak's model to obtain the equilibrium distribution of organisms among patches in a heterogeneous environment. This led me to a definition of "residence index." The residence index of a patch is estimated by observing and recording movement trajectories of organisms within the patch. The pattern of variation in the residence index among different kinds of patches specifies the predicted equilibrium densities of organisms in each patch. I assessed the utility of the above approach by using data on movement tracks of Euphydryas anicia females to calculate butterfly residence indices in host-plant patches vs. nonhost environment. The predicted distribution of butterflies among host and nonhost areas differed by only 16% from the actual distribution, as documented by an independent data set. I also applied the model to data from three studies on insect movement and spatial distribution. The accuracy of model predictions varied from adequate to excellent. Finally, I argue that Patlak's model and its residence-index extension provides a general, and at the same time realistic, framework for quantifying individual movements, and for relating movement patterns to spatial population dynamics. Although this approach, as developed here, is explicitly concerned only with population redistribution within an area, birth/death or immigration/emigration terms can be added in a straightforward manner. Thus, this framework can be very useful in studies of consumer-resource (e.g., predator-prey or herbivore-host) spatial dynamics, since movement behaviors of consumers searching for prey, and prey attempting to avoid consumers, are known to be important in affecting the outcome of such population interactions. RP TURCHIN, P (reprint author), SO FOREST EXPT STN,2500 SHREVEPORT HIGHWAY,PINEVILLE,LA 71360, USA. NR 37 TC 235 Z9 238 U1 6 U2 69 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD AUG PY 1991 VL 72 IS 4 BP 1253 EP 1266 DI 10.2307/1941099 PG 14 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA GB185 UT WOS:A1991GB18500010 ER PT J AU BOYD, R URI, ND AF BOYD, R URI, ND TI THE COST OF IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF THE ENVIRONMENT SO ENVIRONMENT AND PLANNING A LA English DT Article ID DISCHARGE PERMITS; AIR-POLLUTION; COMPLEMENTARITY AB The analysis in this paper is directed at comparing the relative effectiveness of two different methods of meeting the Bush Administration's goals outlined in the Clean Air Plan. The analytical vehicle used in the analysis consists of a computable general equilibrium model composed of twelve producing sectors, thirteen consuming sectors, six household categories classified by income, a foreign secttor, and a government. First, it is formed that irrespective of what type of strategy is followed to improve environmental quality, both output and consumption decline as does household utility. Hence, there is a quantifiable trade-off between economic activity (economic growth) and the quality of the environment. Beyond this, the aggregate loss in production and economic welfare (measured by consumption expenditures and utility) is less under a policy which stresses reliance on alternative fuels (brought about by taxation) than through one that requires the installation of pollution-abatement devices (that is, regulation). C1 USDA,ECON RES SERV,DIV RESOURCES & TECHNOL,WASHINGTON,DC 20005. RP BOYD, R (reprint author), OHIO UNIV,DEPT ECON,ATHENS,OH 45701, USA. NR 53 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 5 PU PION LTD PI LONDON PA 207 BRONDESBURY PARK, LONDON, ENGLAND NW2 5JN SN 0308-518X J9 ENVIRON PLANN A JI Environ. Plan. A PD AUG PY 1991 VL 23 IS 8 BP 1163 EP 1182 DI 10.1068/a231163 PG 20 WC Environmental Studies; Geography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geography GA GE969 UT WOS:A1991GE96900008 ER PT J AU TURCHIN, P ODENDAAL, FJ RAUSHER, MD AF TURCHIN, P ODENDAAL, FJ RAUSHER, MD TI QUANTIFYING INSECT MOVEMENT IN THE FIELD SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material DE INSECTA; EUPHYDRYAS-EDITHA; MOVEMENTS; HILLTOPPING ID BATTUS-PHILENOR BUTTERFLIES; EUPHYDRYAS-ANICIA; CHECKERSPOT BUTTERFLIES; HILLTOPPING BEHAVIOR; POPULATION STRUCTURE; TERRITORIAL DEFENSE; L LEPIDOPTERA; SEARCH; MALES; HYMENOPTERA AB We describe a method of quantifying insect paths in the field for use in ecological and behavioral studies. First, we discuss how continuous and curvilinear paths traced by moving insects can be approximated with a series of connected straight lines. Next we describe our procedure for following insects under field conditions and for recording their behaviors (and the timing of behavioral events) with a hand-held TRS-80 computer. We discuss how successive positions of a followed insect can be recorded by triangulation and then translated into spatial coordinates. Finally, we illustrate the method with a study of individual movements in a hilltopping butterfly, Euphydryas editha Boisduval. C1 DUKE UNIV,DEPT ZOOL,DURHAM,NC 27706. RP TURCHIN, P (reprint author), SO FOREST EXPT STN,2500 SHREVEPORT HWY,PINEVILLE,LA 71360, USA. NR 51 TC 80 Z9 81 U1 2 U2 25 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 20 IS 4 BP 955 EP 963 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA GC042 UT WOS:A1991GC04200002 ER PT J AU FOSTER, JE OHM, HW PATTERSON, FL TAYLOR, PL AF FOSTER, JE OHM, HW PATTERSON, FL TAYLOR, PL TI EFFECTIVENESS OF DEPLOYING SINGLE GENE RESISTANCES IN WHEAT FOR CONTROLLING DAMAGE BY THE HESSIAN FLY (DIPTERA, CECIDOMYIIDAE) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material DE INSECTA; MAYETIOLA-DESTRUCTOR; HOST PLANT RESISTANCE; BIOLOGICAL CONTROL ID DURUM-WHEAT; GERMPLASM AB Discussions and simulation models have been used by others to develop strategies for deploying genes in wheat (Triticum spp.) for resistance to the Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say). Effects of deploying genes one at a time in sequence and redeploying a gene after a 10-yr absence from the commercial crop in Indiana during 1955-1989 are presented. Three genes, H3, H6, and H5, were deployed in 1955, 1962, and 1971, respectively, and H6 was redeployed in 1981. A reduction in infestation levels of Hessian fly occurred for 6-8 yr after each deployment. Redeployment of H6, after a 10-yr absence in commercial use, was highly effective. Other methods of deploying resistance genes in conjunction with cultural practices should be considered for control of Hessian fly. When considering the pyramiding of genes for resistance, one must evaluate the time required to develop new productive cultivars. Efficient methods to determine that all of the pyramided genes are present in a line are important for the successful use of pyramided genes. Wheat cultivars are seldom grown for more than 8-10 yr, but the same pyramided genes might be used in subsequent cultivars. C1 PURDUE UNIV,DEPT ENTOMOL,USDA ARS,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. PURDUE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,USDA ARS,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. NR 31 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 20 IS 4 BP 964 EP 969 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA GC042 UT WOS:A1991GC04200003 ER PT J AU HARRIS, EJ CAREY, JR KRAINACKER, DA LEE, CYL AF HARRIS, EJ CAREY, JR KRAINACKER, DA LEE, CYL TI LIFE-HISTORY OF CERATITIS-CAPITATA (DIPTERA, TEPHRITIDAE) REARED FROM MOCK ORANGE IN HAWAII SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE INSECTA; CERATITIS-CAPITATA; DEVELOPMENT; MURRAYA-PANICULATA ID MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT-FLY; LABORATORY STRAINS; PROPENSITY; COFFEE; FLIES; HOST; SIZE; OAHU AB The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), was reared at three larval densities in ripe mock orange, Murraya paniculata (L.), obtained from five locations in the field. Larvae and preadult survival decreased with increase in larval density. C. capitata field infestation rates varied between locations from 0.5 to 148.4 larvae/kg of fruit. More Dacus dorsalis Hendel were reared from field collected fruits than C. capitata. The weight of mock orange fruit varied between locations from 0.31 to 4.0 g/fruit. Survival and reproduction parameters are discussed in relation to availability of fruit in the field. We conclude that the availability of ripe mock orange fruit in the field ultimately influences the number of fruit flies that survive to the next generation. RP HARRIS, EJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,TROP FRUIT & VEGETABLE RES LAB,HONOLULU,HI 96804, USA. NR 16 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 20 IS 4 BP 1048 EP 1052 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA GC042 UT WOS:A1991GC04200014 ER PT J AU PETERSEN, JJ PAWSON, BM AF PETERSEN, JJ PAWSON, BM TI EARLY SEASON INTRODUCTION, POPULATION INCREASE, AND MOVEMENT OF THE FILTH FLY PARASITE MUSCIDIFURAX-ZARAPTOR (HYMENOPTERA, PTEROMALIDAE) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE INSECTA; MUSCIDIFURAX-ZARAPTOR; BIOLOGICAL CONTROL; FILTH FLIES ID EASTERN NEBRASKA; OPEN SILAGE; DIPTERA; FLIES AB The pteromalid wasp Muscidifurax zaraptor Kogan & Legner, a solitary pupal parasite of house flies and stable flies, was released in May adjacent to three populations of freeze-killed house fly pupae. Additional populations of freeze killed pupae were placed 5, 10, and 15 m from the three release locations in the four cardinal directions. After 4 wk, levels of parasitism ranged from 40 to 49% 15 m from the release point at all three locations. Hosts placed out 2 wk after the parasites were placed in the field were heavily parasitized after 1 wk of exposure, suggesting that parasites were still moving from the release point or that the parasites were remaining at the sites of host exposure. Hosts placed out 4 wk after the releases had lower levels of parasitism than those exposed in weeks 0 and 2; this suggests that some of the parasites had left the area or had died. High levels of parasitism in hosts placed out in week 6 were attributed to parasitism by progeny of parasites initially released. The study suggests that M. zaraptor readily searches at least 15 m from a release point and parasitizes available hosts when encountered, and that when released in the center of a pen, movement away from release point is essentially uniform, at least over short distances. RP PETERSEN, JJ (reprint author), UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT ENTOMOL,USDA ARS,MIDWEST LIVESTOCK INSECTS RES UNIT,LINCOLN,NE 68583, USA. NR 10 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 20 IS 4 BP 1155 EP 1159 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA GC042 UT WOS:A1991GC04200030 ER PT J AU ELLSBURY, MM AF ELLSBURY, MM TI DEVELOPMENT OF THE IMMATURE STAGES OF THE CLOVER STEM BORER (COLEOPTERA, LANGURIIDAE) AT CONSTANT TEMPERATURES SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE INSECTA; FORAGE LEGUMES; CLOVERS; TRIFOLIUM-SPP ID MODEL AB Clover stem borers, Languria mozardi Latreille, were reared at constant temperatures ranging from 12-degrees to 39-degrees-C on artificial diet. Development times were inversely proportional to temperature between 12 and 35-degrees-C and increased above 35-degrees-C. The duration of preimaginal development (egg to adult) varied from 90.5 d at 15-degrees-C to 20.9 d at 35-degrees-C. The optimal temperature for development was about 30-degrees-C. Parameter values were reported for the Weibull distribution fitted to mean normalized development times (r2 = 0.993-0.998) and for a biophysical model fitted to development rates of each stage (r2 = 0.991-0.999). A six parameter model with high- and low-temperature inhibition was derived for the egg stage. Four parameter models with high-temperature inhibition were proposed for development rates of the larvae and pupae. The predictions of these models, combined with estimates of oviposition rates, should facilitate development of efficient sampling protocol for all stages of clover stem borers. RP ELLSBURY, MM (reprint author), USDA ARS,CROP SCI RES LAB,FORAGE RES UNIT,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762, USA. NR 15 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 20 IS 4 BP 1181 EP 1186 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA GC042 UT WOS:A1991GC04200035 ER PT J AU BONG, CFJ SIKOROWSKI, PP DAVIS, FM AF BONG, CFJ SIKOROWSKI, PP DAVIS, FM TI EFFECTS OF A RESISTANT MAIZE GENOTYPE AND CYTOPLASMIC POLYHEDROSIS-VIRUS ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CORN-EARWORM (LEPIDOPTERA, NOCTUIDAE) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE INSECTA; HELICOVERPA-ZEA; CYTOPLASMIC POLYHEDROSIS VIRUS; RESISTANT MAIZE ID SPODOPTERA-FRUGIPERDA LEPIDOPTERA; LARVAE; SUPPRESSION; PLANT; SILKS AB The effects of a maize, Zea mays L., genotype, 'Zapalote Chico' 2451#(P)(C3), resistant to the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), alone and in combination with cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (CPV) on the growth and development of corn earworm were investigated. Corn earworm fed 'Zapalote Chico' silks incorporated into a laboratory diet were significantly smaller, had higher mortality, and required longer to complete each developmental stage when compared to those on control diet. CPV significantly reduced corn earworm larval and adult weights, prolonged larval developmental period, and adversely affected percentages of pupation and adult emergence. 'Zapalote Chico' and CPV interacted synergistically with respect to pupal and adult weights and antagonistically with respect to larval weight. Nevertheless, adults from treatment combinations of CPV and silk weighed up to 41% less than those of control diet. 'Zapalote Chico' and CPV were independent in action with respect to percent larval survival, percent pupation and percent adult emergence of corn earworm. The effects of silk and CPV on developmental times were most severe for the larval stage. Larval period was prolonged 5.3 d when larvae were fed 'Zapalote Chico' alone; but, in combination with CPV (which increased larval period by 1.6 d), duration of larval stage was synergistically prolonged 10.8 d (mean larval period, 23.8 d) when compared to that of the control diet. Pupal period in the treatment with combined silk and CPV was 13.2 d, which was significantly longer than the 11.8 d on control diet. The mean developmental period from neonate to adult for corn earworm fed silk was 30.3 d; but it synergistically increased to 37.4 d when CPV was given together with 'Zapalote Chico', as compared to 24.8 d in the control. The potential use of maize resistance and CPV in the integrated pest management of corn earworm is discussed. C1 USDA ARS,CROP SCI RES LAB,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762. RP BONG, CFJ (reprint author), MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIV,DEPT ENTOMOL,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762, USA. NR 22 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 20 IS 4 BP 1200 EP 1206 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA GC042 UT WOS:A1991GC04200038 ER PT J AU LUKASKI, HC HALL, CB SIDERS, WA AF LUKASKI, HC HALL, CB SIDERS, WA TI ALTERED METABOLIC RESPONSE OF IRON-DEFICIENT WOMEN DURING GRADED, MAXIMAL EXERCISE SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY AND OCCUPATIONAL PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE OXYGEN UPTAKE; LACTATE; IRON STATUS ID SKELETAL-MUSCLE; RAT; CAPACITY; ANEMIA; BIOENERGETICS; ABSORPTION; REPLETION; ZINC; ACID AB Metabolic responses during a standardized, progressive, maximal work capacity test on a cycle ergometer were studied in 11 women, mean age 28 (SEM 2) years, at admission to the study, after their body iron stores were depleted by diet, phlebotomy and menstruation for about 80 days and after iron repletion by diet for about 100 days, including daily iron supplementation (0.9 mmol iron as ferrous sulfate) for the last 14 days of repletion. Iron depletion was characterized by a decline (P < 0.05) in hemoglobin, ferritin and body iron balance. Iron repletion, including supplementation, increased (P < 0.05) hemoglobin, ferritin and iron balance. No changes were observed in cardiovascular and ventilatory responses or peak oxygen uptake. Iron depletion was associated with a reduced (P < 0.05) rate of oxygen utilization, total oxygen uptake and aerobic energy expenditure, and elevated (P < 0.05) peak respiratory exchange ratio and post-exercise concentration of lactate. Reduction of body iron stores without overt anemia affects exercise metabolism by reducing total aerobic energy production and increasing glycolytic metabolism. RP LUKASKI, HC (reprint author), USDA ARS,GRAND FORKS HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,GRAND FORKS,ND 58202, USA. NR 32 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0301-5548 J9 EUR J APPL PHYSIOL O JI Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 63 IS 2 BP 140 EP 145 DI 10.1007/BF00235184 PG 6 WC Physiology; Sport Sciences SC Physiology; Sport Sciences GA GD644 UT WOS:A1991GD64400012 PM 1748105 ER PT J AU ANDERSON, RA BRYDEN, NA POLANSKY, MM THORP, JW AF ANDERSON, RA BRYDEN, NA POLANSKY, MM THORP, JW TI EFFECTS OF CARBOHYDRATE LOADING AND UNDERWATER EXERCISE ON CIRCULATING CORTISOL, INSULIN AND URINARY LOSSES OF CHROMIUM AND ZINC SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY AND OCCUPATIONAL PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE TRACE ELEMENTS; EXERCISE CAPACITY; TRACE METAL LOSSES; IMMERSION EXERCISE ID MUSCLE GLYCOGEN; EXCRETION; SERUM; DIET; GLUCOSE; COPPER AB The effects of carbohydrate loading on relative stress responses of eight male subjects performing intermittent leg exercise at 80% maximum oxygen consumption during headout immersion in 25-degrees-C water were tested. Carbohydrate loading increased the number of work cycles completed, with less physical stress compared with that completed following the control diet period. Pre-exercise serum cortisol values were similar on both diets prior to exercise but following exercise control values were greater (1152, 94 vs 858, 77 nmol l-1; mean, SEM). Chromium losses, which have been shown to correlate with stress, were lower during the carbohydrate loading period, 8.6, 1.3 vs 12.4, 2.0 ng h-1, and were correlated with post-exercise serum cortisol. Urinary zinc losses were also lower during carbohydrate loading, while urinary losses of potassium, magnesium and calcium remained constant. Insulin values decreased similarly following exercise in both groups and were not altered by carbohydrate loading. These data demonstrate that carbohydrate loading increases immersion exercise output with less stress as determined by serum cortisol and urinary chromium losses. C1 USN,INST MED RES,BETHESDA,MD 20889. RP ANDERSON, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,VITAMIN & MINERAL NUTR LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 30 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 3 U2 4 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0301-5548 J9 EUR J APPL PHYSIOL O JI Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 63 IS 2 BP 146 EP 150 DI 10.1007/BF00235185 PG 5 WC Physiology; Sport Sciences SC Physiology; Sport Sciences GA GD644 UT WOS:A1991GD64400013 PM 1748106 ER PT J AU FREDERICK, JR WOOLLEY, JT HESKETH, JD PETERS, DB AF FREDERICK, JR WOOLLEY, JT HESKETH, JD PETERS, DB TI SEED YIELD AND AGRONOMIC TRAITS OF OLD AND MODERN SOYBEAN CULTIVARS UNDER IRRIGATION AND SOIL WATER-DEFICIT SO FIELD CROPS RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID REPRODUCTIVE ONTOGENY; COMPONENT RESPONSES; STAGES R1; GENOTYPES; STRESS; IMPROVEMENT; GROWTH; R6 AB An understanding of how soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars of diverse yield potential respond to soil water-deficit would be valuable to soybean breeders in planning future selections. Our objectives were to evaluate differences in seed yield and agronomic trait performance under irrigation and soil water-deficit of soybean cultivars that vary in seed-yield potential. Two older, lower-yielding ('Manchu' and 'Dunfield') and two modern, higher-yielding ('Williams 82' and 'Clark 63') cultivars were drought-stressed between first flowering and harvest maturity in 1984 and 1985 on a Flanagan (Aquic Argiudoll) silt loam soil at Urbana, Illinois. Averaged over years, seed yields of Williams 82 and Clark 63 were 31 and 9% higher than those of Manchu and Dunfield under irrigation and drought stress, respectively. Relative to the irrigated conditions, the smaller seed-yield differences between the old and modern cultivars under drought stress resulted from smaller differences in pod number per branch. The old and modern cultivars did not differ in their apparent harvest index, plant number, branch number per plant, seed number per pod, and seed weight responses to soil water treatment. Leaf-area index of Williams 82 changed the most, and Manchu the least, in relation to soil water. Leaf-area duration in the lower portion of the crop canopy was increased by drought stress to a similar extent for each cultivar, while the period of reproductive development was shortened by severe soil water-deficit more for Manchu and Dunfield than for the modern cultivars. The results of this study show greater seed-yield increases with irrigation for Williams 82 and Clark 63 than for the older cultivars which were a function of a greater number of pods and increased vegetative biomass. C1 USDA ARS,URBANA,IL 61801. RP FREDERICK, JR (reprint author), PEE DEE RES & EDUC CTR,ROUTE 1,BOX 531,FLORENCE,SC 29501, USA. NR 20 TC 33 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4290 J9 FIELD CROP RES JI Field Crop. Res. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 27 IS 1-2 BP 71 EP 82 DI 10.1016/0378-4290(91)90023-O PG 12 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA GC427 UT WOS:A1991GC42700006 ER PT J AU CALDWELL, KA GROSJEAN, OK HENIKA, PR FRIEDMAN, M AF CALDWELL, KA GROSJEAN, OK HENIKA, PR FRIEDMAN, M TI HEPATIC ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE INDUCTION BY POTATO GLYCOALKALOIDS IN RATS SO FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYAMINE-BIOSYNTHETIC ENZYMES; SOLANUM-TUBEROSUM; MOUSE EPIDERMIS; TOXICITY; GROWTH AB The induction of hepatic ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity in rat livers by the potato glycoalkaloids alpha-solanine, alpha-chaconine, and their aglycone solanidine, has been studied. Ip administration of alpha-solanine at 7.5, 15 and 30 mg/kg body weight produced markedly elevated enzyme activity at 4 hr after treatment, with a linear dose response. The increase was four-fold at the lowest dose administered to 12-fold at the highest. ODC activity was measured at 1,2,3,4,5,6,8 and 24 hr after alpha-solanine was given. A statistically significant increase in enzyme activity was evident at 3 hr after treatment; maximal activity occurred at 5 hr and was approximately 12 times greater than the dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) control level. Elevated activities persisted for several hours, decreasing to about one-third of the maximal level at 8 hr. The relative effects of alpha-solanine, alpha-chaconine and solanidine on ODC activities were studied at 4 hr using an equimolar dose of 17 mM/kg body weight. ODC activity induced by alpha-chaconine was higher than that induced by alpha-solanine; the latter activity was two-thirds that of the former. The aglycone solanidine did not induce any increase in activity compared with the DMSO control. ODC activity with dexamethasone, a glucocorticoid, at 4 mg/kg body weight, followed a pattern similar to that of alpha-solanine. However, maximal activity occurred slightly earlier at 4 hr after treatment. The results show that the extent of induced ODC activity depends on the structure of the potato alkaloid. C1 USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,FOOD SAFETY RES UNIT,ALBANY,CA 94710. OI Friedman, Mendel/0000-0003-2582-7517 NR 28 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0278-6915 J9 FOOD CHEM TOXICOL JI Food Chem. Toxicol. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 29 IS 8 BP 531 EP 535 DI 10.1016/0278-6915(91)90045-9 PG 5 WC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology SC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology GA GG565 UT WOS:A1991GG56500003 PM 1894219 ER PT J AU FRIEDMAN, M RAYBURN, JR BANTLE, JA AF FRIEDMAN, M RAYBURN, JR BANTLE, JA TI DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICOLOGY OF POTATO ALKALOIDS IN THE FROG EMBRYO TERATOGENESIS ASSAY XENOPUS (FETAX) SO FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID METABOLIC-ACTIVATION SYSTEM; NEURAL-TUBE DEFECTS; JIMSON WEED DATURA; GLYCOALKALOIDS; TOXICITY; VALIDATION; SOLANINE; INVITRO AB Potatoes frequently contain growth inhibitors and toxic compounds including digestive enzyme inhibitors, lectins and glycoalkaloids. The literature suggests that Solanum alkaloids have the ability to induce neurological damage such as spina bifida and other malformations. As part of a programme of improvement in the safety of potatoes using molecular plant genetics and parallel food safety evaluation, we evaluated the effect of several potato glycoalkaloids and aglycones in the frog embryo teratogenesis assay-Xenopus (FETAX) with and without metabolic activation by Aroclor 1254-induced rat liver microsomes. The data suggest that the glycoalkaloid alpha-chaconine is teratogenic and more embryotoxic than alpha-solanine, in terms of the median lethal concentration (LC50) after 96 hr of exposure, the concentration inducing gross terata in 50% of the surviving frog embryos (96-hr EC50, malformation), and the minimum concentration needed to inhibit the growth of the embryos. Since these two compounds differ only in the nature of the carbohydrate side chain attached to the 3-OH group of solanidine, the side chain appears to be an important factor in governing teratogenicity. The aglycones demissidine, solanidine and solasodine were less toxic than the glycosides alpha-chaconine and alpha-solanine. The in vitro teratogenesis assay should be useful for: (a) predicting the teratogenic potential of Solanaceae alkaloids, glycoalkaloids and related natural products; and (b) facilitating experimental approaches to suppress plant genes and enzymes that control the biosynthesis of the most toxic compounds. C1 OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV,DEPT ZOOL,STILLWATER,OK 74078. RP FRIEDMAN, M (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,FOOD SAFETY RES UNIT,800 BUCHANAN ST,ALBANY,CA 94710, USA. OI Friedman, Mendel/0000-0003-2582-7517 NR 50 TC 75 Z9 78 U1 0 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0278-6915 J9 FOOD CHEM TOXICOL JI Food Chem. Toxicol. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 29 IS 8 BP 537 EP 547 DI 10.1016/0278-6915(91)90046-A PG 11 WC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology SC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology GA GG565 UT WOS:A1991GG56500004 PM 1894220 ER PT J AU MITCHELL, JE BARTLING, PNS AF MITCHELL, JE BARTLING, PNS TI COMPARISON OF LINEAR AND NONLINEAR OVERSTORY-UNDERSTORY MODELS FOR PONDEROSA PINE SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article AB Linear and nonlinear regression models of total understory biomass in relation to overstory canopy cover and several abiotic site factors were tested using data from 31 ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl.) sites along the Front Range of Colorado and Wyoming. At the forest level, site factors were insignificant in explaining understory biomass. Canopy cover, however, was a significant predictor. The relationship between canopy cover (X) and grass production (Y) was best expressed by the nonlinear model, Y = A/B(X). Total understory production could be predicted with equal precision using simple linear and nonlinear regressions with canopy cover. In this case, the simple linear model captured the interaction of the nonlinear grass response and a suspected quadratic relationship between shrub production and overstory cover as well as any other model. C1 COLORADO STATE UNIV,AGR RES SERV,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. RP MITCHELL, JE (reprint author), ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,FT COLLINS,CO 80526, USA. NR 22 TC 16 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 42 IS 3-4 BP 195 EP 204 DI 10.1016/0378-1127(91)90024-P PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA GE371 UT WOS:A1991GE37100003 ER PT J AU HUA, XM CORDELL, CE STAMBAUGH, WJ AF HUA, XM CORDELL, CE STAMBAUGH, WJ TI SYNTHESIS OF PISOLITHUS-TINCTORIUS ECTOMYCORRHIZAE AND GROWTH-RESPONSES ON SOME COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT CHINESE TREE SPECIES SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID PINE-SEEDLINGS; INOCULATION AB Seedlings of seven commercially important Chinese tree species were grown with spore and vegetative inoculum of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius (Pt) in two separate greenhouse container studies. Ectomycorrhizal root development (Pt index 80+) was excellent on four pine species that received vegetative Pt inoculum. Spore pellet inoculum was considerably less effective (Pt index less than five) on these species. Two additional conifer and one hardwood species formed no ectomycorrhizae. Growth responses (seedling height, root-collar diameter, and oven-dry weight) to vegetative inoculum, spore pellet, and uninoculated treatments were measured. C1 DUKE UNIV,SCH FORESTRY & ENVIRONM SCI,DURHAM,NC 27706. US FOREST SERV,ASHEVILLE,NC 28802. RP HUA, XM (reprint author), CHINESE ACAD FORESTRY,FORESTRY RES INST,BEIJING,PEOPLES R CHINA. NR 22 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 42 IS 3-4 BP 283 EP 292 DI 10.1016/0378-1127(91)90030-Y PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA GE371 UT WOS:A1991GE37100009 ER PT J AU CHOJNACKY, DC AF CHOJNACKY, DC TI GROWTH PREDICTION FOR ARIZONA MESQUITE (PROSOPIS-VELUTINA) WOODLANDS SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID TREE AB A whole-stand growth model for mesquite (Prosopis velutina Woot.) is built on data sampled from 47 locations throughout southern Arizona, USA. Growth predictions of volume and basal area can be made from stand measurements: basal area, stems per stand, trees per stand, and average stand height. Model applications and limitations are discussed. The methodology used could be applied to other dry woodlands throughout the world. RP CHOJNACKY, DC (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,INTERMT RES STN,507 25TH ST,OGDEN,UT 84401, USA. NR 29 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 42 IS 3-4 BP 293 EP 310 DI 10.1016/0378-1127(91)90031-P PG 18 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA GE371 UT WOS:A1991GE37100010 ER PT J AU MILLER, RE HAZARD, JW YOUNG, DC AF MILLER, RE HAZARD, JW YOUNG, DC TI EFFECTS OF FOLIAR SPRAY AND PRILL APPLICATIONS OF NITROGEN-FERTILIZER ON 4 MIXED-CONIFER STANDS SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE PSEUDOTSUGA-MENZIESII; TSUGA-HETEROPHYLLA; UREA; FOREST FERTILIZATION AB Concentrated urea-ammonium nitrate solution (32% N) and urea prill (46% N) were applied by helicopter at dosages of 56, 112, 224, and 448 kg N/ha before and during the growing season to four 40- to 70-year-old mixed stands of Pseudotsuga menziesii and Tsuga heterophylla. Stand growth was measured repeatedly in the next 10 years. Applying 112 kg N/ha or more to these poor-site stands increased gross and net volume growth; volume growth was related linearly to N dosage of both prill and spray. Gains from prill apparently exceeded those from spray, but a subsampling of plots indicated that actual dosages, especially of spray, were less than target dosages. At the target dosage of 224 kg N/ha, 10-year gains in gross growth averaged 34.0 m3/ha (30%) and 8.0 m3/ha (7%) after prill and spray, respectively. Although fertilization accelerated tree losses, cumulative volume of dead trees was less than 15% of gross volume growth. Season of fertilization seemed to have no effect on efficiency of either prill or spray, but suspected differences between actual and target dosages may have influenced this comparison. This concentrated N solution at dosages up to about 224 kg N/ha caused little or no increase in foliar or tip damage. Doubling this conventional dosage and applying in the growing season, however, increased visible damage and may have decreased gains in volume growth. Helicopter application of both fertilizers made this investigation resemble operational fertilization, but this increased application error and uncertainty about interpretation of results. C1 UNOCAL SCI & TECHNOL DIV,BREA,CA 92621. US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,PORTLAND,OR 97208. RP MILLER, RE (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,OLYMPIA,WA 98502, USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 37 IS 3 BP 741 EP 754 PG 14 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA GC127 UT WOS:A1991GC12700001 ER PT J AU WATERS, WE DEMARS, CJ COBB, FW AF WATERS, WE DEMARS, CJ COBB, FW TI ANALYSIS OF EARLY MORTALITY OF DOUGLAS-FIR SEEDLINGS IN POSTHARVEST PLANTINGS IN NORTHWESTERN CALIFORNIA SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE LIFE TABLE ANALYSIS; TREND ANALYSIS; PLANTING; INSECTS; DISEASE AB A life table study was conducted of injury and mortality of Douglas-fir seedlings in 44 plantations on public and private lands in Humboldt and Del Norte Counties, CA. Field examinations were made three times each year for the first 3 years following planting. Apparent and real mortalities were compiled in fife table format for nine time intervals. Seedling mortality per time interval in the different ownerships varied from 0 to 35.0% in real percentage terms, and totalled 14.0 to 70.7%. Highest mean mortality occurred in intervals 2 and 3 (late spring to fall, first year). Trend analyses, using a curvilinear regression model, showed significant differences in rates of mortality among ownerships. The performance of containerized and bareroot seedlings was very similar. Primary conclusions from the life table analyses, using a two-step modeling process, were (1) variations and covariations in mortality associated with intervals 2 and 3 were most important in determining total variation in survival in the 3-year period; intervals 1, 4, 7, and 9 also were critical in some instances; (2) planting- and weather-related factors were most important in intervals 14; disease, insects, and animals, alone and jointly, were more important in the second and third years; (3) substantial covariations in mortality among the time intervals indicated carryover effects; covariations among certain categories of causal factors indicated strong positive or negative interactions that either added to or dampened the direct effects of these factors. C1 US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC SW FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,BERKELEY,CA. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,BERKELEY,CA 94720. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT ENTOMOL SCI,BERKELEY,CA 94720. RP WATERS, WE (reprint author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT FORESTRY & RESOURCE MANAGEMENT,BERKELEY,CA 94720, USA. NR 19 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 37 IS 3 BP 802 EP 826 PG 25 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA GC127 UT WOS:A1991GC12700005 ER PT J AU JOUVE, N MCINTYRE, CL GUSTAFSON, JP AF JOUVE, N MCINTYRE, CL GUSTAFSON, JP TI CHROMOSOME PREPARATIONS FROM PROTOPLASTS - INSITU HYBRIDIZATION BANDING-PATTERN OF A DISPERSED DNA-SEQUENCE IN RYE (SECALE-CEREALE L) SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE BIOTIN LABELING; DISPERSED SEQUENCES; RYE ID C-BANDED KARYOTYPES; PLANT CHROMOSOMES; WHEAT CHROMOSOMES; HYBRIDS; GENE; HETEROCHROMATIN; BARLEY; IDENTIFICATION; CYTOGENETICS; RESISTANCE AB The utilization of genome-specific DNA sequences coupled with in situ hybridization for chromosome karyotyping in wheat, rye, and triticale has been of limited value because of the presence of cellular and cytoplasmic debris. The use of protoplasts, thus eliminating cellular debris, has been shown to improve the level of detection of low-copy and unique DNA sequences in cereals. Therefore, the use of protoplasts could represent an appropriate tool to improve the results of karyotyping cereal chromosomes with genome-specific DNA sequences. This paper describes the results on the comparative application of protoplasts and squash preparations in the analysis of physical mapping of a dispersed DNA sequence (pSc119.1) to rye chromosomes by in situ hybridization. Individual chromosomes of rye were not distinguishable by their hybridization patterns to pSc119.1 when squash preparations were used. These showed an undefined distribution of the DNA probe that covered apparently the entire length of each rye chromosome. However, considerable improvement was observed for the differential distribution of the pSc119.1 DNA sequence in protoplast preparations. The karyotypic banding pattern of pSc119.1 showed a better banding pattern than can be observed using the C-banding technique. Therefore, the use of protoplasts hybridized with dispersed DNA markers could be of more value in monitoring chromosome karyotypes than existing cytological techniques. C1 UNIV MISSOURI,DEPT AGRON,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. USDA ARS,PLANT GENET RES UNIT,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. RP JOUVE, N (reprint author), UNIV ALCALA DE HENARES,DEPT BIOL CELULAR & GENET,APDO 20,ALCALA DE HENARES,SPAIN. RI McIntyre, Cathrine/F-5782-2011; Jouve, Nicolas/F-1274-2016 OI Jouve, Nicolas/0000-0003-0348-0268 NR 39 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD AUG PY 1991 VL 34 IS 4 BP 524 EP 527 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA GC219 UT WOS:A1991GC21900005 ER PT J AU SHERMAN, RA VOIGT, PW BURSON, BL DEWALD, CL AF SHERMAN, RA VOIGT, PW BURSON, BL DEWALD, CL TI APOMIXIS IN DIPLOID X TRIPLOID TRIPSACUM-DACTYLOIDES HYBRIDS SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE EASTERN GAMA-GRASS; CHROMOSOME NUMBER; FERTILITY; MODE OF REPRODUCTION; GERM PLASM ID EASTERN GAMAGRASS AB Apomixis can hinder plant improvement if sexual or apomictic germ plasm of the appropriate ploidy level, required for effective manipulation of apomixis, is not available. To develop needed germ plasm and increase knowledge of apomixis in Tripsacum dactyloides, diploid (2n = 2x = 36) sexual plants were crossed with a highly apomictic triploid (2n = 3x = 54) accession in an attempt to transfer apomixis from a polyploid to the diploid level. The fertility of most hybrids was very low, 69% had 10% or less seed set. A selected subset of 48 hybrids, including most of the more fertile plants, was studied cytologically. The chromosome number of these hybrids ranged from 2n = 36 to 2n = 54. All but 3 of 46 of the 48 hybrids showed indications of apomictic development. Those with near-diploid chromosome numbers were primarily sexual. Highly apomictic hybrids, based on percent diplosporous ovules, had 43 or more chromosomes. Fertility of these hybrids was not related to chromosome number. Fertility of sexual to moderately apomictic plants was reduced as chromosome number increased. Apomixis in T. dactyloides is facultative. Backcrosses are needed to develop germ plasm with a high level of apomixis and near-diploid chromosome numbers. C1 USDA ARS,GRASSLAND SOIL & WATER RES LAB,808 E BLACKLAND RD,TEMPLE,TX 76502. USDA ARS,SO PLAINS RANGE RES STN,WOODWARD,OK 73801. NR 17 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD AUG PY 1991 VL 34 IS 4 BP 528 EP 532 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA GC219 UT WOS:A1991GC21900006 ER PT J AU KINDIGER, B BECKETT, JB COE, EH AF KINDIGER, B BECKETT, JB COE, EH TI DIFFERENTIAL-EFFECTS OF SPECIFIC CHROMOSOMAL DEFICIENCIES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MAIZE POLLEN GRAIN SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE POLLEN; GAMETOPHYTE; DELETION; B-A TRANSLOCATIONS ID GENE-EXPRESSION; B-CHROMOSOME; TRANSLOCATIONS; MICROSPOROGENESIS; LOCI; ZEA AB A study was made of the differential effects of specific chromosomal deficiencies on the development of the maize pollen grain. Twenty-six B-A translocations involving 17 of the 20 chromosome arms were used to produce hypoploid plants in which one half of the microspores had a predictable chromosomal deletion. Breakpoints of the translocations were proximally located in most cases, although some were more distal. Deficient and normal male gametophytes from these hypoploids were studied cytologically to characterize developmental changes. Generally, loss of part of a chromosome arm caused abnormal microspore development, a slowing of the normal mitotic or developmental processes in the male gametophyte, or a termination of development. Slowing of development was observed as early as the quartet stage in deficient microspores from TB-1Sb and TB-9Sd hypoploids, while in others the developmental delay occurred later, mostly during the first pollen mitosis. The abnormal or blocked development associated with other deficiencies began as early as the quartet stage in deficient microspores of TB-1 La hypoploids and as late as the first mitotic telophase in those of TB-6Lb, TB-6Lc, TB-9La, and TB-9Lc. The developmental modifications induced by the diverse deficiencies are dependent on the particular segment lost, demonstrating that components of normal microspore development identified in this study are controlled by genes located in specific parts of the genome. C1 USDA ARS,PLANT GENET RES UNIT,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. SOGETAL INC,HAYWARD,CA 94545. WILSON HYBRIDS INC,HARLAN,IA 51537. UNIV MISSOURI,DEPT AGRON,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. OI Kindiger, Bryan/0000-0002-2938-3653 NR 49 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD AUG PY 1991 VL 34 IS 4 BP 579 EP 594 PG 16 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA GC219 UT WOS:A1991GC21900014 ER PT J AU KINDIGER, B CURTIS, C BECKETT, JB AF KINDIGER, B CURTIS, C BECKETT, JB TI ADJACENT-II SEGREGATION PRODUCTS IN B-A TRANSLOCATIONS OF MAIZE SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE ZEA-MAYS; ADJACENT SEGREGATION; B-CHROMOSOMES; TRANSLOCATION ID DOSAGE SERIES; CHROMOSOME AB In maize (Zea mays L.), meiotic events in B-A translocations that cause the A chromosome to move to one pole and the A-B and B-A chromosomes to move to the opposite pole result in the production of balanced, functional microspores and megaspores. Meiotic events that allow other combinations of chromosomes to proceed to the two poles (A A-B and A B-A) lead to the production of both duplicate (A A-B) and deficient (B-A) spores. Microspores and often megaspores that are deficient for a segment of the A chromosome are expected to abort. Duplication-bearing gametes usually function through the egg but are less able to compete with the normal gametes in the pollen. Cytological data, and genetic data from pollen, kernel, and seedling counts, were used to identify the production of A A-B gametes by B-A translocation heterozygotes and hyperploids. Adjacent II segregation of the A and A-B chromosomes of B-A heterozygotes and hyperploids has been detected in stocks of several different B-A translocations. Some B-A translocations exhibited a frequency of adjacent 11 segregation as high as 23%. C1 UNIV CALIF RIVERSIDE,DEPT BOT & PLANT SCI,RIVERSIDE,CA 92521. USDA ARS,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. UNIV MISSOURI,DEPT AGRON,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. RP KINDIGER, B (reprint author), SOGETAL INC,WILSON HYBRIDS,POB 391,HARLAN,IA 51537, USA. OI Kindiger, Bryan/0000-0002-2938-3653 NR 26 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD AUG PY 1991 VL 34 IS 4 BP 595 EP 602 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA GC219 UT WOS:A1991GC21900015 ER PT J AU KIRK, TK IBACH, R MOZUCH, MD CONNER, AH HIGHLEY, TL AF KIRK, TK IBACH, R MOZUCH, MD CONNER, AH HIGHLEY, TL TI CHARACTERISTICS OF COTTON CELLULOSE DEPOLYMERIZED BY A BROWN-ROT FUNGUS, BY ACID, OR BY CHEMICAL OXIDANTS SO HOLZFORSCHUNG LA English DT Article DE BROWN-ROT FUNGI; CELLULOSE MOLECULAR WEIGHT; FENTON REAGENT; PERIODATE OXIDATION; FE-2+ + H2O2 OXIDATION; WOOD DECAY; POSTIA-PLACENTA ID DEGRADATION; WOOD; IRON AB Wood decay fungi of the brown-rot type destroy the strength of wood before significant weight loss occurs. This is due to extensive depolymerization of the cellulose. Evidence indicates that enzymes cannot gain access to the cellulose in wood and that the depolymerizing agent might be oxidative. Our objectives here were to gain information about the nature of the agent by characterizing pure cellulose that had been depolymerized by a brown-rot fungus (BR) and to compare its characteristics with those of cellulose depolymerized by acid (A), by Fenton's reagent (Fe2+ + H2O2) (F), or by periodic acid/bromine/water (P). All four types of depolymerized cellulose exhibited molecular size characteristics indicating that depolymerization was due to cleavages within the noncrystalline regions. Carbonyl contents of the samples were similar, from 1.4 to 1.9 per cellulose molecule. Carboxyl contents were 0.44, 0.00, 0.24, and 7.38 per molecule for samples BR, A, F, and P, respectively; uronic acids were absent except for a trace in sample P. On complete acid hydrolysis the samples gave the expected amounts of glucose, except for sample P, which contained nonglucosyl moieties that did not contain carbonyl or carboxyl groups detected by our analytical procedures. With the glucose in the acid hydrolysates we found glyceric, erythronic, ararbonic, and gluconic acids in samples BR and F, and erythronic acid in sample of P. Our results indicate that the brown-rotted cellulose resembles sample F more than samples A or P. RP KIRK, TK (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,ONE GIFFORD PINCHOT DR,MADISON,WI 53705, USA. NR 32 TC 69 Z9 70 U1 2 U2 14 PU WALTER DE GRUYTER & CO PI BERLIN PA GENTHINER STRASSE 13, D-10785 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0018-3830 J9 HOLZFORSCHUNG JI Holzforschung PD AUG PY 1991 VL 45 IS 4 BP 239 EP 244 DI 10.1515/hfsg.1991.45.4.239 PG 6 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA GD438 UT WOS:A1991GD43800001 ER PT J AU BRUCE, A KING, B HIGHLEY, TL AF BRUCE, A KING, B HIGHLEY, TL TI DECAY RESISTANCE OF WOOD REMOVED FROM POLES BIOLOGICALLY TREATED WITH TRICHODERMA SO HOLZFORSCHUNG LA English DT Article DE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL; RESIDUAL PROTECTION; DISTRIBUTION POLES; DECAY RESISTANCE; SOIL BLOCK; SOUTHERN YELLOW PINE; TRICHODERMA ID IMMUNIZING COMMENSAL FUNGI AB Wood blocks removed from a distribution pole previously treated with a biological control product (Binab FYT pellets) were exposed in soil block tests to selected basidiomycetes. The blocks were removed from regions of poles where Trichoderma colonization had been confirmed by extensive sampling and computer mapping of microbial inhabitants. The results indicate that material from pole interiors colonized by Trichoderma is able to resist decay by Lentinus lepideus and Antrodia carbonica. Any decay prevention was lost however when the wood was steam sterilized prior to exposure to the basidiomycetes. The implications of the results for the use of biological control of internal decay in creosoted poles are discussed. C1 USDA,FOREST PROD LAB,MADISON,WI 53705. RP BRUCE, A (reprint author), DUNDEE INST TECHNOL,BELL ST,DUNDEE DD1 1HG,SCOTLAND. NR 19 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 5 PU WALTER DE GRUYTER & CO PI BERLIN PA GENTHINER STRASSE 13, D-10785 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0018-3830 J9 HOLZFORSCHUNG JI Holzforschung PD AUG PY 1991 VL 45 IS 4 BP 307 EP 311 DI 10.1515/hfsg.1991.45.4.307 PG 5 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA GD438 UT WOS:A1991GD43800013 ER PT J AU CURRY, EA AF CURRY, EA TI CANOPY DEVELOPMENT IN MODEL SYSTEMS - MEASUREMENT, MODIFICATION, MODELING - HELD AT THE 86TH ASHS ANNUAL-MEETING TULSA, OK, 1 AUG 1989 - INTRODUCTION SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material RP CURRY, EA (reprint author), USDA ARS,TREE FRUIT RES LAB,WENATCHEE,WA 98801, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD AUG PY 1991 VL 26 IS 8 BP 988 EP 988 PG 1 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA GC220 UT WOS:A1991GC22000010 ER PT J AU CURRY, EA AF CURRY, EA TI SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material RP CURRY, EA (reprint author), USDA ARS,TREE FRUIT RES LAB,WENATCHEE,WA 98801, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD AUG PY 1991 VL 26 IS 8 BP 1017 EP 1017 PG 1 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA GC220 UT WOS:A1991GC22000017 ER PT J AU SCORZA, R AF SCORZA, R TI GENE-TRANSFER FOR THE GENETIC-IMPROVEMENT OF PERENNIAL FRUIT AND NUT CROPS SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT COLLOQUIUM AT THE 86TH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN SOC FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE - CANOPY DEVELOPMENT IN MODEL SYSTEMS : MEASUREMENT, MODIFICATION, MODELING CY AUG 01, 1989 CL TULSA, OK SP AMER SOC HORT SCI ID TRANSGENIC TOMATO PLANTS; AGROBACTERIUM-RHIZOGENES; BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS; TOBACCO PLANTS; TRANSFORMATION; COTYLEDONS; VECTOR; GROWTH RP SCORZA, R (reprint author), USDA,AGR RES STN,APPALACHIAN FRUIT RES STN,45 WILTSHIRE RD,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430, USA. NR 34 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD AUG PY 1991 VL 26 IS 8 BP 1033 EP 1035 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA GC220 UT WOS:A1991GC22000022 ER PT J AU MICHLER, CH AF MICHLER, CH TI BIOTECHNOLOGY OF WOODY ENVIRONMENTAL CROPS SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT COLLOQUIUM AT THE 86TH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN SOC FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE - CANOPY DEVELOPMENT IN MODEL SYSTEMS : MEASUREMENT, MODIFICATION, MODELING CY AUG 01, 1989 CL TULSA, OK SP AMER SOC HORT SCI ID SOMACLONAL VARIATION; PICEA-GLAUCA; PROTOPLASTS; EXPRESSION; RESISTANCE; CULTURES; POPULUS; GENE RP MICHLER, CH (reprint author), USDA,FOREST SERV,N CENT FOREST EXPT STN,FORESTRY SCI LAB,POB 898,RHINELANDER,WI 54501, USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD AUG PY 1991 VL 26 IS 8 BP 1042 EP 1044 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA GC220 UT WOS:A1991GC22000024 ER PT J AU SNYDER, RG SIMON, JE REINERT, RA SIMINI, M WILCOX, GE AF SNYDER, RG SIMON, JE REINERT, RA SIMINI, M WILCOX, GE TI EFFECTS OF AIR-QUALITY ON GROWTH, YIELD, AND QUALITY OF WATERMELON SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE OZONE; SULFUR DIOXIDE; AIR POLLUTION; ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS; CUCURBITS; CITRULLUS-LANATUS ID OZONE-INDUCED INJURY; FIELD AB Watermelon, Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum & Nakai cv. Sugar Baby, were grown in the field as a fall crop in open-top chambers (OTC) in southwestern Indiana with either charcoal-filtered (CF) or nonfiltered (NF) air. Ozone and sulfur dioxide were continuously monitored in OTC and ambient air. There was a significant decrease in marketable yield by weight (19.9%, P = 0.05), percentage of marketable fruit by number (20.8%, P = 0.10), and total yield by weight (21.5%, P = 0.05) from plants grown in the NF air treatment compared with those grown in CF air. Ozone-induced foliar injury was significantly greater on plants grown under NF conditions. Ambient concentrations of O3 in southwestern Indiana caused foliar injury (P = 0.10) and significant yield loss to a fall crop of watermelons. C1 PURDUE UNIV,DEPT HORT,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,AIR QUAL RES PROGRAM,RALEIGH,NC 27650. NR 9 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD AUG PY 1991 VL 26 IS 8 BP 1045 EP 1047 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA GC220 UT WOS:A1991GC22000025 ER PT J AU FERY, RL SCHALK, JM AF FERY, RL SCHALK, JM TI RESISTANCE IN PEPPER (CAPSICUM-ANNUUM-L) TO WESTERN FLOWER THRIPS [FRANKLINIELLA-OCCIDENTALIS (PERGANDE)] SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE INSECT RESISTANCE; INSECT TOLERANCE; VEGETABLE BREEDING AB A replicated greenhouse study was conducted to confirm the availability of resistance to western flower thrips in pepper germplasm. Host-plant resistance ratings confirmed earlier observations that there is a considerable amount of variability within pepper germplasm for reaction to F. occidentalis. Plants of 'Keystone Resistant Giant', 'Yolo Wonder L', 'Mississippi Nemaheart', 'Sweet Banana', and 'California Wonder' were resistant to the insect and exhibited only mild symptoms of damage. Plants of 'Carolina Cayenne', 'Santaka', and 'Bohemian Chili', however, exhibited the symptoms of severe thrips damage, i.e., poorly expanded, deformed, and distorted leaves; greatly shortened internodes; and severe chlorosis. The resistance to F. occidentalis in pepper appears to be due to tolerance mechanisms, not antixenosis (nonpreference) or antibiosis mechanisms. Thrips-resistant cultivars could be used as a cornerstone in an integrated pest management program for greenhouse pepper production. RP FERY, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS,VEG LAB,2875 SAVANNAH HIGHWAY,CHARLESTON,SC 29414, USA. NR 6 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD AUG PY 1991 VL 26 IS 8 BP 1073 EP 1074 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA GC220 UT WOS:A1991GC22000035 ER PT J AU THOMPSON, TE YOUNG, EF PETERSEN, HD GRAUKE, LJ OBARR, RD SANDERLIN, RS AF THOMPSON, TE YOUNG, EF PETERSEN, HD GRAUKE, LJ OBARR, RD SANDERLIN, RS TI HOUMA PECAN SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Note DE CARYA-ILLINOENSIS; CULTIVAR; VARIETY C1 LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,CTR AGR,LOUISIANA AGR EXPT STN,PECAN RES STN,SHREVEPORT,LA 71135. RP THOMPSON, TE (reprint author), USDA,PECAN GENET & BREEDING STN,ROUTE 2,BOX 133,SOMERVILLE,TX 77879, USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD AUG PY 1991 VL 26 IS 8 BP 1096 EP 1097 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA GC220 UT WOS:A1991GC22000054 ER PT J AU THOMPSON, TE YOUNG, EF PETERSEN, HD AF THOMPSON, TE YOUNG, EF PETERSEN, HD TI OSAGE PECAN SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Note DE CARYA-ILLINOENSIS; CULTIVAR; VARIETY RP THOMPSON, TE (reprint author), USDA ARS,PECAN GENET & BREEDING STN,ROUTE 2,BOX 133,SOMERVILLE,TX 77879, USA. NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD AUG PY 1991 VL 26 IS 8 BP 1098 EP 1099 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA GC220 UT WOS:A1991GC22000055 ER PT J AU THOMPSON, TE YOUNG, EF PETERSEN, HD GRAUKE, LJ WORLEY, RE OBARR, RD SANDERLIN, RS AF THOMPSON, TE YOUNG, EF PETERSEN, HD GRAUKE, LJ WORLEY, RE OBARR, RD SANDERLIN, RS TI OCONEE PECAN SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Note DE CARYA-ILLINOENSIS; CULTIVAR; VARIETY C1 UNIV GEORGIA,COASTAL PLAINS EXPT STN,TIFTON,GA 31793. LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,CTR AGR,LOUISIANA AGR EXPT STN,PECAN RES STN,SHREVEPORT,LA 71135. RP THOMPSON, TE (reprint author), USDA ARS,PECAN GENET & BREEDING STN,ROUTE 2,BOX 133,SOMERVILLE,TX 77879, USA. NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD AUG PY 1991 VL 26 IS 8 BP 1099 EP 1100 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA GC220 UT WOS:A1991GC22000056 ER PT J AU EVERETT, KDE ANDERSEN, AA PLAUNT, M HATCH, TP AF EVERETT, KDE ANDERSEN, AA PLAUNT, M HATCH, TP TI CLONING AND SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS OF THE MAJOR OUTER-MEMBRANE PROTEIN GENE OF CHLAMYDIA-PSITTACI 6BC SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Note ID SP STRAIN TWAR; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; TRACHOMATIS; IDENTIFICATION; DOMAINS AB The gene encoding the major outer membrane protein (MOMP) of the psittacine Chlamydia psittaci strain 6BC was cloned and sequenced. N-terminal protein sequencing of the mature MOMP indicated that it is posttranslationally processed at a site identical to the site previously identified in the MOMP of Chlamydia trachomatis L2. The nucleotide sequence of the C. psittaci 6BC MOMP gene was found to be 67 to 68% identical to those of human C. trachomatis strains, 73% identical to that of Chlamydia pneumoniae IOL-207, 79% identical to that of the C. psittaci guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis strain, GPIC, and 83% identical to that of the C. psittaci ovine abortion strain S26/3. In contrast, the 6BC sequence was found to be greater than 99% identical to the sequences reported for two strains of C. psittaci, A22/M and Cal-10 meningopneumonitis, believed to be of nonpsittacine avian origin. Monoclonal antibody analysis confirmed the nonpsittacine avian origin of A22/M but identified the Cal-10 strain from which the MOMP gene was previously sequenced as a psittacine strain. These results confirm that psittacine and nonpsittacine avian strains of C. psittaci are closely related and distinct from the mammalian guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis and ovine abortion strains of C. psittaci. C1 UNIV TENNESSEE,CTR HLTH SCI,DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,MEMPHIS,TN 38163. USDA,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,AMES,IA 50010. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI-19570] NR 29 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 59 IS 8 BP 2853 EP 2855 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA FY331 UT WOS:A1991FY33100051 PM 1856001 ER PT J AU ADAMS, TS GERST, JW AF ADAMS, TS GERST, JW TI THE EFFECT OF PULSE-FEEDING A PROTEIN-DIET ON OVARIAN MATURATION, VITELLOGENIN LEVELS, AND ECDYSTEROID TITER IN HOUSEFLIES, MUSCA-DOMESTICA, MAINTAINED ON SUCROSE SO INVERTEBRATE REPRODUCTION & DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE ANAUTOGENY; DIET; ECDYSONE; 20-HYDROXYECDYSONE; OOGENESIS; HPLC; RIA ID DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; JUVENILE-HORMONE; PHORMIA-TERRAENOVAE; ADULT MOSQUITO; 20-HYDROXYECDYSONE; HEMOLYMPH; VITELLIN; OOGENESIS; NUTRITION; SECRETION AB When Musca domestica females were maintained on sugar, most did not develop their ovarian follicles past stage 4. However, a 4 h pulse feeding of protein diet to these flies stimulated ovarian maturation and increased haemolymph ecdysteroid and vitellogenin levels. Ecdysteroid levels were significantly higher than in the sugar-fed flies within 8 h of protein feeding, reaching a peak of 36 pg/ul at 28 h, and then decreased to starting levels by 52 h. The higher ecdysteroid concentrations were found in samples from houseflies that had stage 5 and 6 ovaries. Decreasing levels of ecdysteroid were associated with flies that had ovarian stages of 7 through 9. Diet influenced the concentration of specific ecdysteroids in the haemolymph. Pulse feeding protein increased the concentration of RIA-positive material that co-migrated on HPLC with ecdysone by 13 fold, but had not effect on the concentration of the material that co-migrated with 20-hydroxyecdysone. The concentrations of polar materials and RIA-positive materials co-migrating with 20,26-dihydroxyecdysone and makisterone A, also increased after protein feeding. Vitellogenin levels were significantly higher than the controls by 12 h after protein feeding, reached a peak of 16 ug/ul at 20 h and then decreased to control levels by 52 h. Significant ovarian development was noticed by 8 h after protein feeding and required 114 h for completion. C1 N DAKOTA STATE UNIV,DEPT ZOOL,FARGO,ND 58105. RP ADAMS, TS (reprint author), USDA ARS,BIOSCI RES LAB,FARGO,ND 58105, USA. NR 40 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 10 PU INT SCIENCE SERVICES/BALABAN PUBLISHERS PI REHOVOT PA PO BOX 2039, REHOVOT, ISRAEL SN 0168-8170 J9 INVERTEBR REPROD DEV JI Invertebr. Reprod. Dev. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 20 IS 1 BP 49 EP 57 DI 10.1080/07924259.1991.9672177 PG 9 WC Reproductive Biology; Zoology SC Reproductive Biology; Zoology GA GA186 UT WOS:A1991GA18600004 ER PT J AU LOEB, MJ AF LOEB, MJ TI DEVELOPMENT OF ISOLATED SPERMDUCTS FROM HELIOTHIS-VIRESCENS (LEPIDOPTERA) INVITRO SO INVERTEBRATE REPRODUCTION & DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE INSECT REPRODUCTION; ECDYSTEROID; GENITAL TRACT ID FIBROBLAST GROWTH-FACTOR; MAMESTRA-BRASSICAE; CABBAGE ARMYWORM; TOBACCO BUDWORM; NOCTUIDAE; TESTIS; ECDYSTEROIDS; SPERMIDUCT; INSECT; CELLS AB Spermducts from post-diapausing Heliothis virescens pupae developed to enlarged contractile capsules in vitro in the presence of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20HE) when naturally conjoined to the testes. However, isolated spermducts did not develop in 20HE unless co-cultured with testis sheath or fat body tissue. Aqueous extracts of testis sheath or fat body which had been maintained in 20HE media for 24 hours prior to extraction, promoted similar development in isolated spermducts in vitro. RP LOEB, MJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INSECT NEUROBIOL & HORMONE LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 23 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT SCIENCE SERVICES/BALABAN PUBLISHERS PI REHOVOT PA PO BOX 2039, REHOVOT, ISRAEL SN 0168-8170 J9 INVERTEBR REPROD DEV JI Invertebr. Reprod. Dev. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 20 IS 1 BP 67 EP 73 DI 10.1080/07924259.1991.9672179 PG 7 WC Reproductive Biology; Zoology SC Reproductive Biology; Zoology GA GA186 UT WOS:A1991GA18600006 ER PT J AU BOHAC, JR AF BOHAC, JR TI A MODIFIED METHOD TO PURIFY PATATIN FROM POTATO-TUBERS SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID LIPID ACYL HYDROLASE; ESTERASE-ACTIVITY; PROTEIN; ACCUMULATION; GLYCOPROTEIN; PURIFICATION; EXPRESSION; CULTIVARS; STORAGE; PLANTS AB Patatin is a major potato tuber storage protein of approximately 40 kDa that exhibits esterase activity. A purification protocol was developed which involved the following: precipitation of the crude enzyme from potato extracts in stepwise extraction with 40-70% ammonium sulfate followed by chromatography of the most active fractions on Bio-Gel P-100 and of salt gradient fractions on DEAE-Sephacel and Con A-Sepharose. p-Nitrophenyl acetate (PNP acetate) and PNP laurate were used to determine the specific activity after each purification step. Enzymatic rates were linear during the assays and were much higher when PNP laurate was used as a substrate. Assay results revealed a 21-fold increase in specific activity of patatin from the crude extract compared to the extract from the Con A column. Preparative SDS-PAGE of the final extract revealed the low molecular weight bands had been eliminated from the Con A fraction. RP BOHAC, JR (reprint author), USDA,ARS,US VEGETABLE LAB,CHARLESTON,SC 29414, USA. NR 30 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 39 IS 8 BP 1411 EP 1415 DI 10.1021/jf00008a011 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA GC087 UT WOS:A1991GC08700011 ER PT J AU MOSHONAS, MG SHAW, PE CARTER, RD AF MOSHONAS, MG SHAW, PE CARTER, RD TI AMBERSWEET ORANGE HYBRID - COMPOSITIONAL EVIDENCE FOR VARIETY CLASSIFICATION SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ESSENCE; FLAVOR; COMPONENTS; OILS AB The Ambersweet orange is a new orange hybrid that ripens in October and has good juice color. For the citrus-processing industry to be able to take full advantage of Ambersweet, its variety classification as an orange has to be established. Compositional analyses of volatile flavor and aroma constituents of Ambersweet fruit products were compared with those of similar products from the parent fruits, orange, tangerine, and grapefruit. All 21 constituents identified in Ambersweet fresh juice were identical with those in fresh orange juice with no appreciable quantitative differences. All 30 constituents identified in Ambersweet aqueous juice essence were identical with those in aqueous orange essence with no appreciable quantitative differences. Selected components of Ambersweet peel and essence oils important to flavor were found to be identical with those in orange peel and essence oils with no significant quantitative differences. Analogous compositional comparisons of these Ambersweet products with those of tangerine, Orlando tangelo, and grapefruit showed major qualitative and quantitative differences in all products analyzed. C1 FLORIDA DEPT CITRUS,CTR CITRUS RES & EDUC,LAKE ALFRED,FL 33850. RP MOSHONAS, MG (reprint author), USDA,ARS,US CITRUS & SUBTROP PROD LAB,POB 1909,WINTER HAVEN,FL 33883, USA. NR 18 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 39 IS 8 BP 1416 EP 1421 DI 10.1021/jf00008a012 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA GC087 UT WOS:A1991GC08700012 ER PT J AU RALPH, J HATFIELD, RD AF RALPH, J HATFIELD, RD TI PYROLYSIS-GC-MS CHARACTERIZATION OF FORAGE MATERIALS SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS-SPECTROMETRY; CAPILLARY GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; MILLED WOOD LIGNIN; PLANT-CELL-WALLS; PHENOLIC CONSTITUENTS; BEECH WOOD; FERULIC ACID; CURIE-POINT; IDENTIFICATION; FRACTIONS AB Pyrolysis-GC-MS pyrograms from a series of alfalfa preparations, a grass, an angiosperm wood, a cellulose, and an arabinoxylan were obtained under pyrolytic conditions optimal for aromatic components of plant cell walls. Approximately 130 pyrolytic fragments have been identified by a combination of mass spectral interpretation, comparison with literature data, and, where possible, confirmation with authentic compounds. Several new fragments not previously noted in pyrograms have been conclusively assigned including both guaiacyl- and syringylpropyne and a range of alcohols. Diagnostic peaks from arabinose and xylose components of forages were found, along with markers for protein. Pyrolysis-GC-MS was particularly valuable for screening and differentiating p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid derivatives in tissues. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN, DEPT FORESTRY, MADISON, WI 53706 USA. UNIV WISCONSIN, DEPT AGRON, MADISON, WI 53706 USA. RP USDA, ARS, DAIRY FORAGE RES CTR, 1925 LINDEN DR W, MADISON, WI 53706 USA. NR 50 TC 390 Z9 397 U1 3 U2 55 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 EI 1520-5118 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 39 IS 8 BP 1426 EP 1437 DI 10.1021/jf00008a014 PG 12 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA GC087 UT WOS:A1991GC08700014 ER PT J AU ABBOTT, TP NAKAMURA, LK BUCHHOLZ, G WOLF, WJ PALMER, DM GASDORF, HJ NELSEN, TC KLEIMAN, R AF ABBOTT, TP NAKAMURA, LK BUCHHOLZ, G WOLF, WJ PALMER, DM GASDORF, HJ NELSEN, TC KLEIMAN, R TI PROCESSES FOR MAKING ANIMAL FEED AND PROTEIN ISOLATES FROM JOJOBA MEAL SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID DETOXIFICATION; WAX AB Hexane-extracted jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis, Link.) seed yields meal that contains 25-30% crude protein (N x 6.25) and the antinutritional factors (ANF) simmondsin, simmondsin 2'-ferulate, 5-demethylsimmondsin, and 4,5-didemethylsimmondsin. The ANF were water-extracted or degraded enzymatically or microbiologically and resulting meals fed to mice. At levels up to 20% of the diet, meals treated with ammonia or sodium hydroxide showed no toxicity and supported growth equal to that of the control diet, whereas microbiologically treated or ammonia plus steam treated meals supported a lower growth rate at 10 and 20% substitution. ANF-degrading enzymes inherent in the meal were inactivated in the steam-sparging recovery of hexane after 10 min of steaming when the meal reached 93-degrees-C, but they were still active after 5 min when the meal was processed at 66-degrees-C. The water extraction and inherent enzyme processes were scaled up to 4- and 15-kg batches. Proteins were extracted from the meal with 0.1% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt or 1% ascorbic acid in water and separated by membranes to give white water-soluble protein isolates. RP ABBOTT, TP (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 28 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 39 IS 8 BP 1488 EP 1493 DI 10.1021/jf00008a024 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA GC087 UT WOS:A1991GC08700024 ER PT J AU PHILLIPS, WA HOLLOWAY, JW COLEMAN, SW AF PHILLIPS, WA HOLLOWAY, JW COLEMAN, SW TI EFFECT OF PREWEANING AND POSTWEANING MANAGEMENT-SYSTEM ON THE PERFORMANCE ON BRAHMAN CROSSBRED FEEDER CALVES SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE RANGELANDS; WHEAT; FEEDLOTS; CARCASSES; ZEBU; GROWTH RATE ID COMPENSATORY GROWTH; CATTLE PRODUCTION; BEEF-CATTLE; STEERS; NUTRITION; CARCASS; PROTEIN; PASTURE; TRANSIT; LEVEL AB During a 3-yr period (1986 through 1988), 117 calves (57 steers and 60 heifers) from the same genetic base and reared under four distinct preweaning management systems were weaned in the fall and transported from Uvalde, TX to El Reno, OK (800 km). Weaning weight and transportation shrink varied more from year to year than among preweaning treatments. Postweaning performance was not affected by preweaning treatment. After a 28- to 32-d receiving period the calves were blocked by sex and previous preweaning treatment, then randomly assigned within block to graze winter wheat forage (WHEAT) or dormant tall-grass native range (GRASS). The WHEAT group gained more (P < .01) weight than the GRASS group during the winter (November to March), but when both groups were allowed to graze spring wheat pasture (March to June) the GRASS group gained more (P < .01) weight than the WHEAT calves. During the subsequent finishing phase the GRASS calves were more (P < .01) efficient than the WHEAT calves in converting DM to gain. Because cattle were slaughtered at the same degree of finish, no differences were noted in carcass characteristics among the pre- or postweaning treatments. Feeder calves exposed to a restrictive period of growth during the postweaning period gained weight more rapidly in a subsequent forage-based stockering system and were more efficient in a grain-based finishing system than nonrestricted calves. C1 TEXAS AGR EXPTL STN,UVALDE,TX 78801. RP PHILLIPS, WA (reprint author), USDA ARS,FORAGE & LIVEST RES LAB,POB 1199,EL RENO,OK 73036, USA. NR 24 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 69 IS 8 BP 3102 EP 3111 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA GB887 UT WOS:A1991GB88700003 PM 1894546 ER PT J AU JENKINS, TG KAPS, M CUNDIFF, LV FERRELL, CL AF JENKINS, TG KAPS, M CUNDIFF, LV FERRELL, CL TI EVALUATION OF BETWEEN-BREED AND WITHIN-BREED VARIATION IN MEASURES OF WEIGHT-AGE RELATIONSHIPS SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE BEEF CATTLE; GROWTH; MATURITY STAGE; CORRELATION; HERITABILITY ID BIOLOGICAL TYPES; GENETIC-ANALYSIS; WEANING TRAITS; CATTLE; HEREFORD; GROWTH; ANGUS; PUBERTY; HEIFERS; MATURE AB Variation between- and within-breeds was evaluated for accretion of weight from birth to 7 yr of age and hip height at 7 yr for 1,577 cows sired by Angus, Brahman, Brown Swiss, Charolais, Chianina, Gelbvieh, Hereford, Jersey, Limousin, Maine Anjou, Pinzgauer, Sahiwal, Simmental, South Devon, and Tarentaise and from either Angus or Hereford dams. Parameters from W(t) = A (1 - Be(-kt)) were estimated by nonlinear regressions and provided estimates of mature body weight (A) and rate of weight accretion relative to change in age (k) for each cow. Actual weight at birth, linear adjusted weights at 200, 365, and 500 d of age, ratios of these weights to mature weight, and height at the hip at 7 yr were analyzed. Beyond 20 mo, weights were adjusted to a constant condition score within breed of sire. Variance and covariance components were derived for breed (sigma-b2), sires within breed (sigma-s2), and progeny within sire (sigma-w2). For all traits, the sigma-b2 estimate of genetic variance ranged from two to four times greater than the variance component for sigma-s2. Between-breed heritabilities were .91 +/- .27 and .54 +/- .17 for A and k, respectively. Estimates of within-breed heritability for these two traits were .61 +/- .11 and .27 +/- .09. Estimates, both between- and within-breed, of the genetic correlation between A and k were moderate to large and negative; those between A and weights at 200, 365, and 500 d and height at maturity were large and positive. Selection for immediate change in measures of growth would be most effective among breeds. Sufficient direct genetic variation exists between breeds to enhance breed improvement of growth characters through breed substitution. Greater opportunity to alter the shape of the growth curve exists through selection for within-breed selection than through breed substitution. RP JENKINS, TG (reprint author), USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,POB 166,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. NR 27 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 69 IS 8 BP 3118 EP 3128 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA GB887 UT WOS:A1991GB88700005 PM 1894547 ER PT J AU GREEN, RD CUNDIFF, LV DICKERSON, GE JENKINS, TG AF GREEN, RD CUNDIFF, LV DICKERSON, GE JENKINS, TG TI OUTPUT INPUT DIFFERENCES AMONG NONPREGNANT, LACTATING BOS INDICUS-BOS-TAURUS AND BOS TAURUS-BOS-TAURUS F1 CROSS COWS SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE BEEF CATTLE; BREEDS; CROSSBREEDING; EFFICIENCY; LACTATION ID BIOLOGICAL TYPES; BEEF-PRODUCTION; ZEBU CATTLE; CYCLE-III; REQUIREMENTS; MATURE; BREED AB Nonpregnant F1 crossbred cows, progeny of either Hereford (H) or Angus (A) dams and sired by Brahman (Bm), Sahiwal (Sw), Pinzgauer (Pz), H, or A sires, were fed to maintain initial weight while rearing Charolais (C)-sired progeny for a period of 126 d in drylot commencing at about 48 d postpartum. Cow-calf pairs were assigned to equalize cow age, calf sex, and breed of cow's dam among three replicate pens of approximately 12 pairs each. Cows and calves were weighed every 2 wk and feed intake was adjusted to minimize change in cow weight. Metabolizable energy (ME) consumption for zero cow weight change was estimated by regression. Milk production was estimated by weigh-suckle-weigh at 58, 85, 125, and 170 d of lactation. Calf gain (GAIN, kg) relative to cow weight (CWT1, kg) was higher (P <.01) for calves from Bm-X (139.5/585) and Sw-X (132.2/534) than for calves from Pz-X (1 27.2/552) and HA-X (116.9/547) cows. Estimated mean daily production of milk was 7.40, 7.15, 7.28, and 6.37 kg for the Bm-X, Sw-X, Pz-X, and HA-X, respectively. Total cow ME intake (TME(cow)) for breed groups ranked (P < .05) with cow size and milk production, and calf creep-feed intake (FME(calf)) was inversely related to estimated milk intake. Proportion of total feed ME (TME(cow+calf) consumed by calves was higher (P < .05) for HA-X cows (18%) than for the others (14%). Total efficiency of calf gain in weight (GAIN/TME(cow+calf) was 11% greater (P < .05) for crossbred cows of Bos indicus x Bos taurus (Bm-X, Sw-X) than for Bos taurus X Bos taurus (Pz-X, HA-X) cows (35 vs 32 g/Mcal) in the 126-d lactation period. C1 USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,CLAY CTR,NE 68933. UNIV NEBRASKA,LINCOLN,NE 68583. NR 16 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 69 IS 8 BP 3156 EP 3166 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA GB887 UT WOS:A1991GB88700008 PM 1894550 ER PT J AU MACNEIL, MD BAILEY, DRC URICK, JJ GILBERT, RP REYNOLDS, WL AF MACNEIL, MD BAILEY, DRC URICK, JJ GILBERT, RP REYNOLDS, WL TI HERITABILITIES AND GENETIC CORRELATIONS FOR POSTWEANING GROWTH AND FEED-INTAKE OF BEEF BULLS AND STEERS SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE GENETIC PARAMETERS; BEEF CATTLE; SELECTION; EFFICIENCY; GROWTH ID CARCASS TRAITS; SELECTION; EFFICIENCY; CATTLE; PERFORMANCE; CONVERSION; INDEX; RATIO AB Data from studies conducted at Miles City, MT and Lethbridge, AB were pooled to evaluate genetic and environmental variation in feed intake (MEI), growth rate (ADG), MEI-to-gain ratio (M/G), final weight (FWT), and fat thickness (FAT). A total of 124 sires with an average of 4.25 progeny each were represented in the data. Restricted maximum likelihood methods were used to estimate within and between paternal half-sib estimates of variance and covariance. Heritabilities and genetic, phenotypic, and environmental correlations with inference to populations at 365 d of age were calculated from the estimates. Heritabilities were as follows: ADG, .38 +/- .16; MEI, .45 +/- .17; M/G, .26 +/- .15; FWT .25 +/- .15; and FAT .52 +/- .17. The genetic correlation of MEI with ADG was large (.73 +/- .13) and antagonistic to genetic improvement of M/G through selection for ADG. Efficient genetic improvement in M/G was found to depend on using either MEI or an indicator of composition of gain as selection criteria in addition to ADG. Selection to improve M/G using an index that included FWT and FAT, in addition to MEI and ADG, resulted in greater predicted response in ADG and lesser predicted response in MEI than the index of ADG and MEI alone. C1 AGR CANADA,LIVEST SCI SECT,LETHBRIDGE T1J 4B1,ALBERTA,CANADA. RP MACNEIL, MD (reprint author), USDA ARS,FT KEOGH LIVEST & RANGE RES STN,RT 1,BOX 2021,MILES CITY,MT 59301, USA. RI MacNeil, Michael/A-6772-2009 NR 24 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 69 IS 8 BP 3183 EP 3189 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA GB887 UT WOS:A1991GB88700011 PM 1894553 ER PT J AU GREGORY, KE CUNDIFF, LV KOCH, RM AF GREGORY, KE CUNDIFF, LV KOCH, RM TI BREED EFFECTS AND HETEROSIS IN ADVANCED GENERATIONS OF COMPOSITE POPULATIONS FOR GROWTH TRAITS IN BOTH SEXES OF BEEF-CATTLE SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE CATTLE; HETEROSIS; BREED DIFFERENCES; GROWTH RATE; SIZE ID HEREFORD; ANGUS AB Heterosis effects for birth weight, ADG from birth to weaning, 200-d weight, ADG from weaning to 368 d, 368-d weight, 368-d height, 368-d condition score, and 368-d muscling score (males only) were evaluated separately for each sex in F1, F2, and combined F3 and F4 generations in three composite beef cattle populations. Breed effects were evaluated for the nine parental breeds (i.e., Red Poll [R], Hereford [H], Angus [A], Limousin [L], Braunvieh UB], Pinzgauer [P], Gelbvieh [G], Simmental [S], and Charolais [C]) that contributed to the three composite populations (MARC I = 1/4 C, 1/4 B, 1/4 L, 1/8 H, 1/8 A; MARC II = 1/4 G, 1/4 S, 1/4 H, 1/4 A; and MARC III = 1/4 R, 1/4 P, 1/4 H, 1/4 A). Breed effects were significant for all traits evaluated. The large differences among breeds for growth and size traits in combined additive direct and additive maternal genetic effects (G(i) + G(m)) provide an opportunity to use genetic differences among breeds to achieve and maintain optimum additive genetic (breed) composition for growth and size traits to match cattle genetic resources to a wide range of production and marketing situations. Combined individual and maternal heterosis was significant in the Fl, F2, and combined F3 and F4 generations for each composite population and for the mean of the three composite populations in both sexes for most of the traits evaluated. In both sexes, heterosis retained in combined F3 and F4 generations was greater (P < .05) than expected based on retained heterozygosity for birth weight, ADG from weaning to 368 d, and for 368-d weight and did not differ (P > .05) from expectation for other traits. These results support the hypothesis that heterosis in cattle for traits related to growth and size is due to dominance effects of genes. C1 UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT ANIM SCI,LINCOLN,NE 68583. RP GREGORY, KE (reprint author), USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. NR 14 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 69 IS 8 BP 3202 EP 3212 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA GB887 UT WOS:A1991GB88700013 PM 1894555 ER PT J AU VANVLECK, LD GREGORY, KE ECHTERNKAMP, SE AF VANVLECK, LD GREGORY, KE ECHTERNKAMP, SE TI OVULATION RATE AND TWINNING RATE IN CATTLE - HERITABILITIES AND GENETIC CORRELATION SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE SELECTION; GENETIC CORRELATION; OVULATION RATE; TWINNING; CATTLE ID RESTRICTED MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD; ESTIMATING VARIANCE-COMPONENTS; EQUAL DESIGN MATRICES; ANIMAL-MODELS; SURVIVAL AB Repeated measures of ovulation rate on puberal heifers should be an effective way to select for increased twinning rate. A reliable estimate of the genetic correlation between ovulation and twinning rates is needed to implement such selection and to predict its efficiency. Restricted maximum likelihood was used to estimate genetic correlations from subsets of data collected from the twinning project at the Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center. The animal model included numerator relationships among the animals and fixed effects of year-season of measurement, age at measurement, and birth group. Genetic correlations between averages of ovulation rates for three, four, five, six, seven, and eight estrous cycles and the occurrence of twins were, respectively, .62, .76, 1.00, 1.00, 1.00, and .98 based on observations on 200 to 325 puberal heifers. Corresponding phenotypic correlations ranged from .06 to .26. Genetic correlations between ovulation rate in a single estrous cycle and occurrence of twins were .38, .98, and .98, respectively, for 323, 430, and 283 cows with ovulation rate measured after measurement of twinning, in the same season as measurement of twinning, and more than 1 yr before measurement of twinning. Phenotypic correlations were .00, .07, and .00. Genetic and phenotypic correlations among ovulation rates at six consecutive estrous cycles averaged, respectively, .66 and .12 for 610 heifers. Heritabilities for ovulation rates in individual cycles averaged .16. No evidence of negative environmental covariance between ovulation rates in adjacent cycles was found. These results support the approach of indirectly selecting for twinning rate by measuring ovulation rates in estrous cycles of puberal heifers. RP VANVLECK, LD (reprint author), USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. NR 14 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 69 IS 8 BP 3213 EP 3219 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA GB887 UT WOS:A1991GB88700014 PM 1894556 ER PT J AU ANDERSEN, MK FIELD, RA RILEY, ML MCCORMICK, RJ SNOWDER, GD BAILEY, DG AF ANDERSEN, MK FIELD, RA RILEY, ML MCCORMICK, RJ SNOWDER, GD BAILEY, DG TI EFFECTS OF AGE, CASTRATION, AND SEASON ON DIFFICULTY OF PELT REMOVAL IN LAMBS SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE LAMBS; PELTS; AGE; SEASONS; RAMS ID INTRAMUSCULAR COLLAGEN; SERUM HYDROXYPROLINE; MUSCLE GROWTH; TESTOSTERONE; RAM; WETHERS; SEX; LH AB Sixty-four white-faced rams and wethers were dressed with the aid of a commercial pelt puller. The effects of age, castration, and season on difficulty of pelt removal and pelt damage were evaluated. Lambs were divided into two age groups (5 and 12 mo) within gender (ram and wether) and season (spring and fall). A greater force (P < .05) was required to remove pelts from rams than from wethers in both 5- and 12-mo-old groups. Older lambs slaughtered in the fall required more force (P < .05) to remove their pelts than did those slaughtered in the spring, but differences by season did not exist for 5-mo-old Lambs. The difference between rams and wethers in percentage of live weight that was closely shorn pelt weight was not significant (P > .05). The area of grain crack in the flank expressed as a percentage of total area of the skin was lower (P < .05) for for skins from 5-mo-old lambs and ram lambs than it was for skins from 12-mo-old lambs and wether lambs, respectively. Factors involved in difficulty of pelt removal in ram lambs included crosscut shoulder weight, fat firmness, and carcass weight. Difficulty of pelt removal in wether lambs was best predicted by including crosscut shoulder weight and bodywall thickness in multiple regression equations. C1 USDA ARS,SHEEP EXP STN,DUBOIS,ID 83423. USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118. RP ANDERSEN, MK (reprint author), UNIV WYOMING,DEPT ANIM SCI,LARAMIE,WY 82071, USA. NR 22 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 69 IS 8 BP 3284 EP 3291 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA GB887 UT WOS:A1991GB88700022 PM 1894564 ER PT J AU LOUGH, DS SOLOMON, MB RUMSEY, TS ELSASSER, TH SLYTER, LL KAHL, S LYNCH, GP AF LOUGH, DS SOLOMON, MB RUMSEY, TS ELSASSER, TH SLYTER, LL KAHL, S LYNCH, GP TI EFFECTS OF DIETARY CANOLA SEED AND SOY LECITHIN IN HIGH-FORAGE DIETS ON PERFORMANCE, SERUM-LIPIDS, AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF GROWING RAM LAMBS SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE LAMBS; RAPESEED; PHOSPHOLIPIDS; SHEEP FEEDING; CARCASS COMPOSITION ID FATTY-ACID COMPOSITION; ELECTRICAL-STIMULATION; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; DAIRY-COWS; PALATABILITY; CHOLESTEROL; PROFILES; PLASMA; STEERS AB Phospholipids (soy lecithin) are important in the emulsification of lipids and may be able to escape the rumen and influence the absorption of fatty acids in the small intestine. The objectives of this study were to determine the influence of dietary canola seed (high in unsaturated fatty acids) and soy lecithin in high-forage diets on performance, serum lipid metabolites, and carcass characteristics of growing ram lambs. Forty-three Hampshire- or Suffolk-sired ram lambs were weaned at 60 d of age (average 23.6 kg BW) and assigned to a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of the following treatments (% of DM): 1) basal diet (control = BAS); 2) BAS with 6% whole canola seed (CS); 3) BAS with 4.9% deoiled soy lecithin (SL); and 4) BAS with 6% CS and 4.8% SL (CSSL). The BAS diet consisted of 70% forage and 30% concentrate and contained 15% CP and 2.2 Mcal of ME/kg. Lambs had ad libitum access to their diet to an average final BW of 52.1 kg. Lambs were bled by jugular venipuncture on d 0, at 4-wk intervals, and 1 d before slaughter. Dry matter intake was not affected by treatment; however, energy intake (Mcal of ME/d) was greater (P < .01) for lambs fed SL. Feeding SL and (or) CS to growing ram lambs increased (P < .02) serum lipid concentrations. Carcasses from lambs fed SL were fatter, as evidenced by greater dressing percentage and subcutaneous fat thickness. Feeding CS to growing lambs had little effect on performance and carcass characteristics compared with feeding SL, which resulted in greater energy intake and fatter carcasses. Feeding CS, SL, or CSSL in combination with the basal diet to growing ram lambs had no effect on carcass characteristics that may be useful in producing red meat products that meet current human dietary guidelines. C1 UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT ANIM SCI,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. RP LOUGH, DS (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST PROD QUAL & DEV,MEAT SCI RES LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 23 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 69 IS 8 BP 3292 EP 3298 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA GB887 UT WOS:A1991GB88700023 PM 1894565 ER PT J AU DROUILLARD, JS KLOPFENSTEIN, TJ BRITTON, RA BAUER, ML GRAMLICH, SM WESTER, TJ FERRELL, CL AF DROUILLARD, JS KLOPFENSTEIN, TJ BRITTON, RA BAUER, ML GRAMLICH, SM WESTER, TJ FERRELL, CL TI GROWTH, BODY-COMPOSITION, AND VISCERAL ORGAN MASS AND METABOLISM IN LAMBS DURING AND AFTER METABOLIZABLE PROTEIN OR NET ENERGY RESTRICTIONS SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE SHEEP; PROTEINS; ENERGY; GROWTH; RESTRICTED FEEDING; COMPENSATION ID FASTING HEAT-PRODUCTION; SHEEP; NUTRITION AB Three trials were conducted to assess effects of metabolizable protein and NE deficiencies on changes in body composition, organ mass and metabolism, and animal growth performance during restriction and realimentation. Growth of lambs was restricted to achieve no change in BW for periods of 5 to 6 wk by limiting intake of metabolizable protein or NE. In Trial 1, changes in body composition and visceral organ mass and metabolism during restriction were compared to unrestricted controls using 36 lambs. Trial 2 was designed to investigate changes in growth, body composition, and visceral organs during restriction and realimentation periods using 44 lambs. Trial 3 was limited to evaluation of differences in performance and carcass characteristics of previously restricted and unrestricted ram lambs (15 total). Results of Trial 1 indicated that liver weights were decreased with nutrient restrictions. Body protein mass was conserved in energy-restricted (ER) lambs and lost in protein-restricted (PR) lambs. Fat was mobilized at similar rates for PR and ER lambs. In Trial 2, liver and intestinal weights, as well as in vitro oxygen consumption by liver slices, were decreased with nutrient restrictions. The reductions persisted after 2 wk of realimentation, yet no compensatory growth was observed. Feed intakes were increased gradually during the first 2 wk of realimentation. Composition of gain during the realimentation period was similar to that of unrestricted lambs. In Trial 3, neither gain nor feed efficiency during realimentation was enhanced as a result of previous nutrient deficiencies. Absence of compensatory growth in Trial 3 is possibly attributable to differences in gastrointestinal fill. Lambs subjected to short-term PR and ER seem to have similar recuperative capacity. C1 USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,CLAY CTR,NE 68933. RP DROUILLARD, JS (reprint author), UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT ANIM SCI,LINCOLN,NE 68583, USA. NR 22 TC 80 Z9 85 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 69 IS 8 BP 3357 EP 3375 PG 19 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA GB887 UT WOS:A1991GB88700031 PM 1894573 ER PT J AU HEILMAN, WE TAKLE, ES AF HEILMAN, WE TAKLE, ES TI NUMERICAL-SIMULATION OF THE NOCTURNAL TURBULENCE CHARACTERISTICS OVER RATTLESNAKE MOUNTAIN SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID DRAINAGE FLOW; SLOPE FLOWS; KATABATIC WINDS; BOUNDARY-LAYER; CLOSURE-MODEL; VALLEY; TEMPERATURE; PREDICTION; TRANSPORT; COLORADO AB A two-dimensional second-order turbulence-closure model based on Mellor-Yamada level 3 is used to examine the nocturnal turbulence characteristics over Rattlesnake Mountain in Washington. Simulations of mean horizontal velocities and potential temperatures agree well with data. The equations for the components of the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) show that anisotropy contributes in ways that are counter to our intuition developed from mean flow considerations: shear production under stable conditions forces the suppression of the vertical component proportion of total TKE, while potential-temperature variance under stable conditions leads to a positive (countergradient) contribution to the heat flux that increases the vertical component proportion of total TKE. This paper provides a qualitative analysis of simulated turbulence fields, which indicates significant variation over the windward and leeward slopes. From the simulation results, turbulence anisotropy is seen to develop in the katabatic flow region where vertical wind shears and atmospheric stability are large. An enhancement of the vertical component proportion of the total TKE takes place over the leeward slope as the downslope distance increases. The countergradient portion of the turbulent heat flux plays an important role in producing regions of anisotropy. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL, DEPT GEOL & ATMOSPHER SCI, AMES, IA 50011 USA. RP US FOREST SERV, N CENT FOREST EXPT STN, 14075 HARRISON RD, E LANSING, MI 48823 USA. NR 36 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 30 IS 8 BP 1106 EP 1116 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(1991)030<1106:NSOTNT>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA GB987 UT WOS:A1991GB98700006 ER PT J AU FRONTERA, WR HUGHES, VA LUTZ, KJ EVANS, WJ AF FRONTERA, WR HUGHES, VA LUTZ, KJ EVANS, WJ TI A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY OF MUSCLE STRENGTH AND MASS IN 45-YEAR-OLD TO 78-YR-OLD MEN AND WOMEN SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE AGING; ISOKINETIC MUSCLE STRENGTH; FAT-FREE MASS; MUSCLE MASS; GENDER ID COMPUTED-TOMOGRAPHY; QUADRICEPS MUSCLES; 70-YEAR-OLD MEN; AGE; YOUNG; SIZE; ANKLE; OLD AB The isokinetic strength of the elbow and knee extensors and flexors was measured in 200 healthy 45- to 78-yr-old men and women to examine the relationship between muscle strength, age, and body composition. Peak torque was measured at 60 and 240-degrees/s in the knee and at 60 and 180-degrees/s in the elbow by use of a Cybex II isokinetic dynamometer. Fat-free mass (FFM) was estimated by hydrostatic weighing in all subjects, and muscle mass (MM) was determined in 141 subjects from urinary creatine excretion. FFM and MM were significantly lower (P < 0.001) in the oldest group. Strength of all muscle groups at both testing speeds was significantly (P < 0.006) lower (range 15.5-26.7%) in the 65- to 78- than in the 45- to 54-yr-old men and women. When strength was adjusted for FFM or MM, the age-related differences were not significant in all muscle groups except the knee extensors tested at 240-degrees/s. Absolute strength of the women ranged from 42.2 to 62.8% that of men. When strength was expressed per kilogram of MM, these gender differences were smaller and/or not present. These data suggest that MM is a major determinant of the age- and gender-related differences in skeletal muscle strength. Furthermore, this finding is, to a large extent, independent of muscle location (upper vs. lower extremities) and function (extension vs. flexion). C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,HUMAN PHYSIOL LAB,BOSTON,MA 02111. NR 38 TC 567 Z9 583 U1 8 U2 41 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 8750-7587 J9 J APPL PHYSIOL JI J. Appl. Physiol. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 71 IS 2 BP 644 EP 650 PG 7 WC Physiology; Sport Sciences SC Physiology; Sport Sciences GA GA420 UT WOS:A1991GA42000036 PM 1938738 ER PT J AU FIELDING, RA MEREDITH, CN OREILLY, KP FRONTERA, WR CANNON, JG EVANS, WJ AF FIELDING, RA MEREDITH, CN OREILLY, KP FRONTERA, WR CANNON, JG EVANS, WJ TI ENHANCED PROTEIN BREAKDOWN AFTER ECCENTRIC EXERCISE IN YOUNG AND OLDER MEN SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE AGING; PROTEOLYSIS; MUSCLE INJURY; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ID SKELETAL-MUSCLE; HUMANS; UREA; CREATININE; EXCRETION; CHROMATOGRAPHY; CATABOLISM; INFUSION; TURNOVER; LEUCINE AB The effects of eccentric exercise on whole body protein metabolism were compared in five young untrained [age 24 +/- 1 yr, maximal O2 uptake (Vo2max) = 49 +/- 6 ml.kg-1.min-1] and five older untrained men (age 61 +/- 1 yr, Vo2max = 34 +/- 2 ml.kg-1.min-1). They performed 45 min of eccentric exercise on a cycle ergometer at a power output equivalent to 80% Vo2max (182 +/- 18 W). Beginning 5 days before exercise and continuing for at least 10 days after exercise, they consumed a eucaloric diet providing 1.5 g.kg-1.day-1 of protein. Leucine metabolism in the fed state was measured before, immediately after, and 10 days after exercise, with intravenous L-[1-C-13]leucine as a tracer (0.115-mu-mol.kg-1.min-1). Leucine flux increased 9% immediately after exercise (P < 0.011) and remained elevated 10 days later, with no effect of age. Leucine oxidation increased 19% immediately after exercise and remained 15% above baseline 10 days after exercise (P < 0.0001), with no effect of age. In the young men, urinary excretion of 3-methylhistidine per gram of creatinine did not increase until 10 days postexercise (P < 0.05), but in the older men, it increased 5 days after exercise and remained high through 10 days postexercise (P < 0.05), averaging 37% higher than in the young men. These data suggest that eccentric exercise produces a similar increase in whole body protein breakdown in older and young men, but myofibrillar proteolysis may contribute more to whole body protein breakdown in the older group. C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,HUMAN PHYSIOL LAB,711 WASHINGTON ST,BOSTON,MA 02111. FU NIAMS NIH HHS [AR-39595] NR 34 TC 60 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 8750-7587 J9 J APPL PHYSIOL JI J. Appl. Physiol. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 71 IS 2 BP 674 EP 679 PG 6 WC Physiology; Sport Sciences SC Physiology; Sport Sciences GA GA420 UT WOS:A1991GA42000040 PM 1938741 ER PT J AU TINGLE, FC MITCHELL, ER AF TINGLE, FC MITCHELL, ER TI EFFECT OF OVIPOSITION DETERRENTS FROM ELDERBERRY ON BEHAVIORAL-RESPONSES BY HELIOTHIS-VIRESCENS TO HOST-PLANT VOLATILES IN FLIGHT TUNNEL SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE PLANT ATTRACTANT; PLANT-INSECT INTERACTION; PLANT EXTRACTS; COTTON; TOBACCO; ELDERBERRY; HELIOTHIS-VIRESCENS; LEPIDOPTERA; NOCTUIDAE ID F LEPIDOPTERA; NOCTUIDAE; GROUNDCHERRY; FEMALES AB In flight-tunnel assays, mated female Heliothis virescens (F.) moths responded by positive anemotaxis to volatiles from extracts of two host plants (cotton and tobacco), but they did not fly to an extract from elderberry (Sambucus simpsonii Rehd.), a nonhost that contains an oviposition deterrent for H. virescens. When the elderberry extract was mixed with extract from either cotton or tobacco, the flight response by moths to volatiles emanating from the extract blends was reduced significantly at most doses when compared to the positive response to extracts from either host alone. The number of landings (including brief contacts) and landings that resulted in oviposition on the substrates treated with extract blends also were reduced significantly in most tests. RP TINGLE, FC (reprint author), USDA ARS,INSECT ATTRACTANTS BEHAV & BAS BIOL RES LAB,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604, USA. NR 16 TC 12 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 3 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 17 IS 8 BP 1621 EP 1631 DI 10.1007/BF00984693 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA GC331 UT WOS:A1991GC33100010 PM 24257885 ER PT J AU HERMS, DA HAACK, RA AYRES, BD AF HERMS, DA HAACK, RA AYRES, BD TI VARIATION IN SEMIOCHEMICAL-MEDIATED PREY-PREDATOR INTERACTION - IPS-PINI (SCOLYTIDAE) AND THANASIMUS-DUBIUS (CLERIDAE) (REPRINTED FROM JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOL, VOL 17, MARCH, PG 515-524, 1991 SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Reprint DE IPS-PINI; THANASIMUS-DUBIUS; COLEOPTERA; SCOLYTIDAE; CLERIDAE; BARK BEETLE; IPSDIENOL; AGGREGATION PHEROMONE; KAIROMONE; COEVOLUTION; MASS-TRAPPING; INTRASPECIFIC VARIATION; PREY-PREDATOR INTERACTION ID BARK BEETLE PHEROMONE; COLEOPTERA-SCOLYTIDAE; TYPOGRAPHUS; COEVOLUTION; IPSDIENOL AB The bark beetle Ips pini (Say) displays variation in its response to and production of enantiomeric blends of its pheromone ipsdienol. One of the principal predators of Ips pini is Thanasimus dubius (F.), which uses ipsdienol as a kairomone for prey location. During 1988 and 1989, in Wisconsin and Michigan, the response of both species to a range of enantiomeric blends of ipsdienol was investigated. Blends tested had the following ratios of the (S)-(+) to (R)-(-) enantiomers: 3%:97%, 25%:75%, 50%:50%, 75%:25%, and 97%:3%. Either 75% (+):25% (-) or 50% (+):50% (-) ipsdienol captured the most Ips pini in both years at both sites. The 25% (+):75% (-) blend also caught more Ips pini than the control during both years at both sites. All blends tested were attractive to Thanasimus dubius in both years at both locations. Blend preferences of both species were variable and labile at both sites. Response patterns of both species in Wisconsin were different from those in Michigan each year. Furthermore, response patterns of both species to the ipsdienol blends changed from 1988 to 1989 at both locations. A genetic component to this variation would permit predator-prey coevolution, as well as the development of resistance by Ips pini to management strategies based on mass-trapping with single blends. C1 US FOREST SERV,N CENT FOREST EXPT STN,E LANSING,MI 48823. WOODS RUN FOREST PROD,COLFAX,WI 54730. RP HERMS, DA (reprint author), DOW GARDENS,1018 W MAIN ST,MIDLAND,MI 48640, USA. NR 26 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 5 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 17 IS 8 BP 1705 EP 1714 DI 10.1007/BF00984698 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA GC331 UT WOS:A1991GC33100015 PM 24257890 ER PT J AU KOCHANSKY, J AF KOCHANSKY, J TI LIQUID-SYSTEMS WITH MORE THAN 2 IMMISCIBLE PHASES SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL EDUCATION LA English DT Article RP KOCHANSKY, J (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INSECT HORMONE LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-9584 J9 J CHEM EDUC JI J. Chem. Educ. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 68 IS 8 BP 655 EP 656 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Education, Scientific Disciplines SC Chemistry; Education & Educational Research GA GG373 UT WOS:A1991GG37300016 ER PT J AU HELLER, SR AF HELLER, SR TI PRINTER FONTS - BITSTREAM FACELIFT AND HP-TYPE DIRECTOR-2.0 SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL INFORMATION AND COMPUTER SCIENCES LA English DT Article RP HELLER, SR (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BLDG 005,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0095-2338 J9 J CHEM INF COMP SCI JI J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 31 IS 3 BP 429 EP 430 DI 10.1021/ci00003a601 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Chemistry; Computer Science GA GB980 UT WOS:A1991GB98000012 ER PT J AU HELLER, SR AF HELLER, SR TI THE BEILSTEIN CURRENT FACTS IN CHEMISTRY CD ROM SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL INFORMATION AND COMPUTER SCIENCES LA English DT Article RP HELLER, SR (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BLDG 005,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0095-2338 J9 J CHEM INF COMP SCI JI J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 31 IS 3 BP 430 EP 432 DI 10.1021/ci00003a602 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Chemistry; Computer Science GA GB980 UT WOS:A1991GB98000013 ER PT J AU HELLER, SR AF HELLER, SR TI NIST STRUCTURES AND PROPERTIES DATABASE AND ESTIMATION PROGRAM SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL INFORMATION AND COMPUTER SCIENCES LA English DT Article RP HELLER, SR (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BLDG 005,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0095-2338 J9 J CHEM INF COMP SCI JI J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 31 IS 3 BP 432 EP 434 DI 10.1021/ci00003a603 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Chemistry; Computer Science GA GB980 UT WOS:A1991GB98000014 ER PT J AU HELLER, SR AF HELLER, SR TI SEIKO SMART LABEL PRINTER SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL INFORMATION AND COMPUTER SCIENCES LA English DT Article RP HELLER, SR (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BLDG 005,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0095-2338 J9 J CHEM INF COMP SCI JI J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 31 IS 3 BP 435 EP 435 DI 10.1021/ci00003a604 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Chemistry; Computer Science GA GB980 UT WOS:A1991GB98000015 ER PT J AU HELLER, SR AF HELLER, SR TI THE PC VERSION OF THE MASS-SPECTROMETRY BULLETIN SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL INFORMATION AND COMPUTER SCIENCES LA English DT Article RP HELLER, SR (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BLDG 005,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0095-2338 J9 J CHEM INF COMP SCI JI J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 31 IS 3 BP 435 EP 437 DI 10.1021/ci00003a604 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Chemistry; Computer Science GA GB980 UT WOS:A1991GB98000016 ER PT J AU GOLDBERG, S AF GOLDBERG, S TI SENSITIVITY OF SURFACE COMPLEXATION MODELING TO THE SURFACE SITE DENSITY PARAMETER SO JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID OXIDE-WATER INTERFACE; PRESSURE-JUMP TECHNIQUE; ADSORPTION-DESORPTION; PHOSPHATE ADSORPTION; HYDROUS GAMMA-AL2O3; ANION ADSORPTION; CHEMICAL-MODEL; ORGANIC-ACIDS; ALPHA-FEOOH; GOETHITE RP GOLDBERG, S (reprint author), USDA ARS,SALINITY LAB,4500 GLENWOOD DR,RIVERSIDE,CA 92501, USA. NR 34 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0021-9797 J9 J COLLOID INTERF SCI JI J. Colloid Interface Sci. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 145 IS 1 BP 1 EP 9 DI 10.1016/0021-9797(91)90095-P PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA FX296 UT WOS:A1991FX29600001 ER PT J AU WING, RE CARR, ME TRIMNELL, D DOANE, WM AF WING, RE CARR, ME TRIMNELL, D DOANE, WM TI COMPARISON OF STEAM INJECTION COOKING VERSUS TWIN-SCREW EXTRUSION OF PEARL CORNSTARCH FOR ENCAPSULATION OF CHLOROACETANILIDE HERBICIDES SO JOURNAL OF CONTROLLED RELEASE LA English DT Article DE TWIN-SCREW EXTRUDER; STEAM INJECTION COOKING; ENCAPSULATION AB Liquid chloroacetanilide herbicides were encapsulated more effectively in a 30 mm twin-screw extruder at 35% starch solids than in a steam injection cooking/Sigma blade mixing process. Excellent mixing in the twin-screw extruder allowed the use of a starch level of 65% and provided for more efficient encapsulation. Extruder prepared products had smaller cells of active agent (via SEM), decreased swellability and slower release of active agent into water than steam injection cooked samples. Using liquid metolachlor, swellability of extruded products increased and encapsulation decreased as starch solids were increased from 35% to 65%. After alachlor had been melted at 50-degrees-C, injected, and the product extruded, it solidified in the starch matrix and was more effectively encapsulated than metolachlor. Increasing the concentration of active ingredient in the encapsulated product from 10 to 20% decreased swellability, rate of release into water and encapsulation efficiency. When a 57 mm twin-screw extruder was used to scale up the process for continuous production, encapsulation improved if the water content of the extrudates was reduced to below 10% before grinding. RP WING, RE (reprint author), USDA ARS,NO REG RES CTR,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 0 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-3659 J9 J CONTROL RELEASE JI J. Control. Release PD AUG PY 1991 VL 16 IS 3 BP 267 EP 278 DI 10.1016/0168-3659(91)90003-V PG 12 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Chemistry; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA GB151 UT WOS:A1991GB15100003 ER PT J AU MOZERSKY, SM FARRELL, HM BARFORD, RA AF MOZERSKY, SM FARRELL, HM BARFORD, RA TI THE EFFECTS OF SUCROSE AND LACTOSE ON THE SIZES OF CASEIN MICELLES RECONSTITUTED FROM BOVINE CASEINS SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE MICELLES; CASEIN; LACTOSE; FIELD FLOW FRACTIONATION ID FIELD-FLOW FRACTIONATION; LIGHT-SCATTERING; PROTEINS; MILK AB The mass distributions of reconstituted bovine casein micelles formed, in various media, with four preparations of whole casein were determined by sedimentation field flow fractionation. Two of the casein preparations were made from the milk of a single Jersey cow, the other two from the milks of Holstein cows, one being from a single cow, and the other from a herd. All media contained CaCl2, KCl, and piperazine-N,N'-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid) (PIPES) buffer, pH 6.75. Most of the experiments were conducted in a medium containing either no sugar, .3 M sucrose, or .3 M lactose. Micelle formation was initiated by adding an equal volume of buffered CaCl2 to a solution of bovine sodium caseinate in a medium whose composition was identical except that it was free of Ca+2. After 24 h at room temperature, the distribution of apparent micellar protein mass (M(Prot), grams of protein per mole micelles) was determined by sedimentation field flow fractionation. The values of apparent micellar protein mass at the maximum of the micelle peak were in the range 10(9) to 10(10) for the Jersey casein preparations and 10(10) and 10(11) for the Holstein casein preparations. Lactose (.3 M) reduced the apparent micellar protein mass at the peak maximum by 45 to 90%, depending on the preparation. Sucrose reduced the apparent micellar protein mass at the peak maximum for one of the Jersey preparations but increased it somewhat for the Holstein casein from the herd. The results suggest that lactose may affect the micelle size in milk and in products containing casein isolates of milk. We know of no other evidence suggestive of such an effect of lactose. In view of the known positive correlation between increased micelle size and decreased heat stability, the effects of sucrose and lactose on micelle size should be considered when making milk products such as concentrated sterilized milks and sweetened condensed milk. RP MOZERSKY, SM (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 30 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSN PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 74 IS 8 BP 2382 EP 2393 DI 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78412-9 PG 12 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA FZ998 UT WOS:A1991FZ99800002 ER PT J AU BERLINER, LJ MEINHOLTZ, DC HIRAI, Y MUSCI, G THOMPSON, MP AF BERLINER, LJ MEINHOLTZ, DC HIRAI, Y MUSCI, G THOMPSON, MP TI FUNCTIONAL IMPLICATIONS RESULTING FROM DISRUPTION OF THE CALCIUM-BINDING LOOP IN BOVINE ALPHA-LACTALBUMIN SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE CALCIUM-BINDING LOOP DISRUPTION; FUNCTIONALITY; ALPHA-LACTALBUMIN ID RESOLUTION; LYSOZYME; FLUORESCENCE; PROTEIN; SITE; ZINC; NMR AB The strong calcium-binding site of alpha-lactalbumin comprises the carboxylate side chains of aspartic acid 82, 87, and 88 and the carbonyl oxygens of residues 79 and 84. A single methionine residue was selectively modified by controlled CNBr cleavage to yield homoserine at position 90. The CNBr-cleaved alpha-lactalbumin lost the ability to bind calcium strongly as monitored by intrinsic fluorescence, electrophoretic mobility, atomic absorption, and x-ray fluorescence. Remarkably, the modified protein was still competent in lactose biosynthesis, although activity was reduced to 1/40th that of the native form of the protein. Although the strong calcium-binding site was destroyed as a result of the cleavage of the calcium-binding loop, a secondary calcium site was retained that directly affects a rate enhancement of lactose biosynthesis when saturated, resulting in approximately a two- to threefold increase in rate at 1mM CaCl2 with an activation equilibrium constant of 350 +/- 40-mu-M. C1 NIPPON MED COLL,DEPT BIOCHEM,TOKYO 113,JAPAN. UNIV ROME LA SAPIENZA,DEPT BIOCHEM SCI,I-00185 ROME,ITALY. USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118. RP BERLINER, LJ (reprint author), OHIO STATE UNIV,DEPT CHEM,120 W 18TH AVE,COLUMBUS,OH 43210, USA. RI Musci, Giovanni/H-2862-2012 OI Musci, Giovanni/0000-0002-5196-709X FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM 40778] NR 21 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSN PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 74 IS 8 BP 2394 EP 2402 DI 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78413-0 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA FZ998 UT WOS:A1991FZ99800003 PM 1918521 ER PT J AU KEHRLI, ME GOFF, JP STEVENS, MG BOONE, TC AF KEHRLI, ME GOFF, JP STEVENS, MG BOONE, TC TI EFFECTS OF GRANULOCYTE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR ADMINISTRATION TO PERIPARTURIENT COWS ON NEUTROPHILS AND BACTERIAL SHEDDING SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE MASTITIS; HEMATOLOGY; CYTOKINE ID STAPHYLOCOCCUS-AUREUS MASTITIS; LACTATING DAIRY-COWS; PERIPHERAL-BLOOD; POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES; LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION; PERINATAL-PERIOD; DRY PERIOD; HYPOCALCEMIA; CHEMOTAXIS; ACTIVATION AB Administration of recombinant bovine granulocyte colony stimulatory factor to periparturient dairy cows was evaluated as a method to prevent periparturient immunosuppression. Eleven of 21 cows were experimentally infected with Staphylococcus aureus in one mammary quarter prior to the study. Cows were randomly assigned to four groups in a 2 x 2 factorial design to evaluate the effects of placebo or recombinant bovine granulocyte colony stimulatory factor administration on chronic, subclinically infected and uninfected cows during the periparturient period. Blood neutrophils were isolated and evaluated for phagocytic activities 5 wk before expected parturition through 7 wk postpartum. Administration of recombinant bovine granulocyte colony stimulatory factor (5-mu-g/kg body weight or placebo subcutaneously beginning 14 d prepartum through 10 d postpartum) resulted in a prepartum and postpartum leukocytosis of 35,600/mu-l and 53,500/mu-l, respectively. This was attributed to a mature neutrophilia of 24,010/mu-l during prepartum and 38,080/mu-l during postpartum treatment periods (pretreatment baseline = 2330/mu-l). Mononuclear cell counts averaged 7610/mu-l during prepartum and 9830/mu-l during postpartum treatment periods (baseline = 3450/mu-l). Neutrophil random and directed migration were reduced during recombinant bovine granulocyte colony stimulatory factor treatment compared with placebo or baseline levels. Ingestion of bacteria and cytotoxicity by neutrophils was increased during recombinant bovine granulocyte colony stimulatory factor therapy compared with placebo or baseline levels. Shedding of S. aureus in lacteal secretions was unaffected by recombinant bovine granulocyte colony stimulatory factor treatment. In summary, administration of recombinant bovine granulocyte colony stimulatory factory increased the number and functional activity of neutrophils and prevented some aspects of periparturient immunosuppression in dairy cows. C1 USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,BRUCELLOSIS RES LAB,AMES,IA 50010. RP KEHRLI, ME (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,METAB DIS & IMMUNOL LAB,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 32 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSN PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 74 IS 8 BP 2448 EP 2458 DI 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78420-8 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA FZ998 UT WOS:A1991FZ99800010 PM 1717528 ER PT J AU STABEL, JR REINHARDT, TA NONNECKE, BJ AF STABEL, JR REINHARDT, TA NONNECKE, BJ TI EFFECT OF SELENIUM AND REDUCING AGENTS ON INVITRO IMMUNOGLOBULIN-M SYNTHESIS BY BOVINE LYMPHOCYTES SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE SELENIUM; REDUCING AGENTS; IMMUNOGLOBULIN-M; LYMPHOCYTES ID VITAMIN-E; INTERLEUKIN-2 PRODUCTION; ANTIBODY-SYNTHESIS; DIETARY SELENIUM; IMMUNE-RESPONSE; CELLS; MERCAPTOETHANOL; ENHANCEMENT; THIOLS; VITRO AB A series of experiments was conducted to evaluate the effects of inorganic and organic forms of Se with or without reducing agents on in vitro IgM production by bovine lymphocytes. Peripheral mononuclear cells were isolated from nonlactating Jersey cows fed a diet with adequate Se. Cells were stimulated with pokeweed mitogen and, in addition, were cultured with various Se compounds at a concentration of 100 ng Se/ml. Mercaptoethanol (50-mu-M) and glutathione (1 mM) were included in cultures of cells stimulated by pokeweed mitogen with and without inorganic Se. Sodium selenite was less effective than selenomethionine and selenocystine in augmenting pokeweed mitogen-induced Ig synthesis. The addition of mercaptoethanol to pokeweed mitogen-stimulated control cultures enhanced in vitro IgM production, whereas the addition of glutathione had a negligible effect, but addition of either in combination with sodium selenite dramatically depressed IgM production. These results suggest that Se in inorganic or organic forms enhances B-cell function in vitro. RP STABEL, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,AMES,IA 50010, USA. RI Reinhardt, Timothy/A-7536-2009 OI Reinhardt, Timothy/0000-0001-5552-2509 NR 25 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSN PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 74 IS 8 BP 2501 EP 2506 DI 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78427-0 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA FZ998 UT WOS:A1991FZ99800017 PM 1918529 ER PT J AU FRANKLIN, ST YOUNG, JW NONNECKE, BJ AF FRANKLIN, ST YOUNG, JW NONNECKE, BJ TI EFFECTS OF KETONES, ACETATE, BUTYRATE, AND GLUCOSE ON BOVINE LYMPHOCYTE-PROLIFERATION SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE LYMPHOCYTES; KETONES; GLUCOSE ID FAT COW SYNDROME; MITOGENIC RESPONSE; DAIRY-COWS; LIVER; BODIES; MILK AB Blood leukocytes from age-matched heifers were used to determine effects of ketones, acetate, butyrate, and glucose on in vitro lymphocyte proliferation. Lymphocytes stimulated with concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin-P, or pokeweed mitogen were cultured in the presence or absence of beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, acetone, acetate, butyrate, and glucose. Only supraphysiological levels of beta-hydroxybutyrate inhibited proliferation in cultures of mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes, whereas mixtures of beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate at levels seen in severe ketosis stimulated concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin-P-driven proliferation. Because acetoacetate was a lithium salt, lithium chloride served as a negative control. Results suggest the enhanced proliferation by cultures containing lithium acetoacetate was due to lithium, not acetoacetate. Butyrate (at concentrations greater than seen in bovine plasma) and acetate at normal levels inhibited proliferation. Concanavalin A-and pokeweed-mitogen-driven proliferation was greater in cultures containing lower glucose levels, but acetate added to cultures containing low glucose inhibited concanavalin A-stimulated proliferation. Proliferation by pokeweed mitogen-stimulated cultures containing acetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetoacetate was suppressed at the lower concentrations of glucose tested. In conclusion, ketones, butyrate, and glucose at concentrations occurring in vivo had minimal effects on bovine lymphocyte proliferation in vitro. Levels of acetate associated with ketosis suppressed lymphocyte function and may alter immune responsiveness in vivo. C1 USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,AMES,IA 50010. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT ANIM SCI,NUTR PHYSIOL GRP,AMES,IA 50011. NR 21 TC 53 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSN PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 74 IS 8 BP 2507 EP 2514 DI 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78428-2 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA FZ998 UT WOS:A1991FZ99800018 PM 1918530 ER PT J AU FALDET, MA VOSS, VL BRODERICK, GA SATTER, LD AF FALDET, MA VOSS, VL BRODERICK, GA SATTER, LD TI CHEMICAL, INVITRO, AND INSITU EVALUATION OF HEAT-TREATED SOYBEAN PROTEINS SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE RUMEN DEGRADATION; ROASTED SOYBEANS; AVAILABLE LYSINE ID LACTATING DAIRY-COWS; RUMINAL DEGRADATION; WHOLE SOYBEANS; RUMEN; DISAPPEARANCE; COTTONSEED; MEAL AB The effect on protein degradability of roasting soybeans and soybean meal and holding them at elevated temperatures for 0, .5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3 h was assessed using in vitro, in situ, and chemical techniques. Ruminal in vitro degradation rates decreased with initial roasting for both soybeans and soybean meal from .165 to .065 h-1 and .155 to .092 h-1, respectively. Roasting and holding for 3 h resulted in the lowest degradation rates, .037 and .029 h-1 for soybeans and soybean meal, respectively. In situ degradation rates decreased from .174 to .090 h-1 and from .069 to .012 h-1, respectively, for soybeans and soybean meal roasted and held 3 h. There were no increases in ADIN with heat processing of soybeans. However, ADIN increased from 2.3 to 4.1% when soybean meal was roasted and held 3 h. In contrast, nutritionally available lysine decreased dramatically during holding with a loss after 3 h of 22% for soybeans and 17% for soybean meal. Roasting and holding significantly increased estimated postruminally available lysine (g/kg DM) of soybeans from 6.5 to 10.5 (0 h) and 11.2 (mean, .5 to 3 h) and of soybean meal from 7.6 to 10.5 (0 h) and 14.2 (mean, .5 to 3 h). Holding soybeans and soybean meal at an elevated temperature resulted in a more thorough and extensive heat treatment than typically is obtained in commercial processing. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,USDA ARS,US DAIRY FORAGE RES CTR,MADISON,WI 53706. UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT DAIRY SCI,MADISON,WI 53706. NR 26 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSN PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 74 IS 8 BP 2548 EP 2554 DI 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78432-4 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA FZ998 UT WOS:A1991FZ99800022 ER PT J AU ANDREW, SM TYRRELL, HF REYNOLDS, CK ERDMAN, RA AF ANDREW, SM TYRRELL, HF REYNOLDS, CK ERDMAN, RA TI NET ENERGY FOR LACTATION OF CALCIUM SALTS OF LONG-CHAIN FATTY-ACIDS FOR COWS FED SILAGE-BASED DIETS SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE NET ENERGY LACTATION; CALCIUM SOAPS; DAIRY COWS ID DAIRY-COWS; RUMINAL FERMENTATION; FEED-INTAKE; MILK; RATIONS; METABOLITES; BLOOD AB The NE(L) of calcium salts of longchain fatty acids from palm oil was determined in mature Holstein cows. Twelve lactating (fed for ad libitum intake) and six nonlactating (restricted to near maintenance intake) Holstein cows were fed 0 or 2.95% fat supplement in diets formulated to contain 16 or 20% CP in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments in a single reversal design within protein level. The fat supplement was substituted for ground corn and minerals. Two 6-d total collection balance trials were conducted during which cows were in open circuit respiration chambers. Intake of OM was lower for lactating cows fed the fat supplement (18.1 vs. 19.1 kg/d), but energy intake did not differ (93.2 Mcal/d). Total long-chain fatty acid intake was increased from 477 to 820 g/d with fat feeding. Apparent digestibility of long-chain fatty acids was increased 11.1 percentage units with increased dietary CP for lactating cows with no difference in fatty acid digestibility for the dry cows. Milk yield was higher (34.3 vs. 32.0 kg/d) with fat feeding, but milk energy yield did not differ (22.6 Mcal/d). The NE(L) of the fat supplement was estimated from the incremental differences in energy values within cows, assuming NE(L) of corn replaced by fat to be 1.96 Mcal/kg DM, and was determined to be 6.52 Mcal/kg DM (SE = 1.74). The efficiency of the use of metabolizable energy for lactation from dietary fat was 77.2%. The energy in calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids is utilized efficiently for lactation in mature cows. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,RUMINANT NUTR LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT ANIM SCI,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. RI Erdman, Richard/F-6195-2010 OI Erdman, Richard/0000-0001-6954-4282 NR 34 TC 53 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSN PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 74 IS 8 BP 2588 EP 2600 DI 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78437-3 PG 13 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA FZ998 UT WOS:A1991FZ99800027 PM 1655843 ER PT J AU TESSMANN, NJ DHIMAN, TR KLEINMANS, J RADLOFF, HD SATTER, LD AF TESSMANN, NJ DHIMAN, TR KLEINMANS, J RADLOFF, HD SATTER, LD TI RECOMBINANT BOVINE SOMATOTROPIN WITH LACTATING COWS FED DIETS DIFFERING IN ENERGY DENSITY SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE FORAGE; GRAIN; MILK ID EXOGENOUS GROWTH-HORMONE; YIELDING DAIRY-COWS; MILK-PRODUCTION; PERFORMANCE; METABOLISM; RESPONSES AB Sixty-four Holstein cows (32 primiparous) were assigned randomly at parturition to one of two diets differing in forage:grain ratio and were further assigned to either control or treatment with recombinant bST. A full lactation study was conducted. Total mixed rations consisted of alfalfa silage, high moisture ear corn, soybean meal, and vitamin and mineral supplements. Percentages of forage in the diet (dry basis) for the high and medium energy diets were wk 1 to 12, 38.2 and 58.2; wk 13 to 26, 48.2 and 68.2; and wk 27 to 44, 68.2 and 88.2. Injection of a saline placebo or 20.6 mg/d per cow of bST started at wk 13 and stopped at wk 43 of lactation. Administration of bST increased 305-d milk yield by 19.9 and 18.3% for multiparous cows fed high and medium grain diets and by 13.0 and 5.9% for primiparous cows fed the same diets. Body weight gain during lactation tended to be lower for cows treated with bST, and body condition scores were significantly lower for those treated with bST and fed the medium energy diets. Daily injection of bST did not change concentrations of glucose or urea in blood or beta-hydroxybutyrate in plasma. Multiparous cows had a transitory increase in plasma FFA concentration immediately after bST treatment started. Milk composition, health, and reproductive parameters observed were not adversely affected by bST administration. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT DAIRY SCI,MADISON,WI 53706. RP TESSMANN, NJ (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN,USDA ARS,US DAIRY FORAGE RES CTR,MADISON,WI 53706, USA. NR 28 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSN PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 74 IS 8 BP 2633 EP 2644 DI 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78442-7 PG 12 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA FZ998 UT WOS:A1991FZ99800032 PM 1918538 ER PT J AU REEVES, JB BLOSSER, TH BALDE, AT GLENN, BP VANDERSALL, J AF REEVES, JB BLOSSER, TH BALDE, AT GLENN, BP VANDERSALL, J TI NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF FORAGE SAMPLES DIGESTED INSITU (NYLON BAG) SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE INSITU; NEAR INFRARED REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY; NYLON BAG ID REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY; DRY-MATTER; DEGRADATION; PROTEIN; SILAGE AB The objective was to investigate the feasibility of using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy to determine the composition of samples generated in situ. Five alfalfa and five orchardgrass hays of differing maturities were incubated for 0, 6, 24, 48, and 72 h (Experiment 1) or for 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, and 96 h (Experiment 2) in rumen-fistulated, lactating cows, using nylon bags. After washing to remove rumen contents, samples were analyzed using a nonrotating circular cell in a scanning monochromator. All samples then were dried at 55-degrees-C and analyzed for CP and ADF by wet chemistry and rescanned in the dry state. The degrees of DM digestion of the original sample was calculated from duplicate bags. Results for spectral analysis of dried samples (Experiment 1), with one-half the samples for validation, were typical of results found for dry forages. The results for scanning wet samples were less accurate than for dry ones. Analysis of samples from Experiment 2 by equations developed in Experiment 1 often resulted in extremely large biases, but these were corrected by including six samples of each forage from Experiment 2 in the calibration set (from Experiment 1) and redeveloping the equations. Although it is possible to use near infrared reflectance spectroscopy to determine the composition of wet samples generated in situ, results are more accurate if the samples are scanned after drying. RP REEVES, JB (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,RUMINANT NUTR LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 13 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSN PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 74 IS 8 BP 2664 EP 2673 DI 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78444-0 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA FZ998 UT WOS:A1991FZ99800034 PM 1918540 ER PT J AU DHIMAN, TR KLEINMANS, J TESSMANN, NJ RADLOFF, HD VANEVERT, P SATTER, LD AF DHIMAN, TR KLEINMANS, J TESSMANN, NJ RADLOFF, HD VANEVERT, P SATTER, LD TI EFFECT OF DIETARY FORAGE - GRAIN RATIO ON BLOOD-CONSTITUENTS IN DAIRY-COWS SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE GLUCOSE; UREA; BETA-HYDROXYBUTYRATE; PLASMA FREE FATTY ACIDS ID GLUCOSE-METABOLISM; MILK-PRODUCTION; PREGNANCY; LACTATION; NITROGEN; INSULIN; GROWTH AB Forty-nine primiparous and 44 multiparous lactating Holstein cows were used to study the effect of five dietary forage: grain ratios on blood constituents. Blood samples were collected in wk 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 16 of lactation and were analyzed for glucose, urea, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and FFA. Increasing the percentage of forage in the diet decreased blood glucose concentration. Glucose levels were low at the beginning of lactation and increased as DMI increased. Increasing percentage of forage in the diet did not affect blood urea concentration. Increasing forage in the diet from 38.2 to 98.2% increased beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations threefold during the first 4 wk of lactation in both primiparous and multiparous cows. The concentration of plasma FFA was higher in all the treatments at the beginning of lactation and decreased as lactation advanced. Dietary forage:grain ratio did not affect plasma FFA. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT DAIRY SCI,MADISON,WI 53706. RP DHIMAN, TR (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN,USDA ARS,US DAIRY FORAGE RES CTR,MADISON,WI 53706, USA. NR 25 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSN PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 74 IS 8 BP 2691 EP 2695 DI 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78447-6 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA FZ998 UT WOS:A1991FZ99800037 PM 1918542 ER PT J AU TESSMANN, NJ RADLOFF, HD KLEINMANS, J DHIMAN, TR SATTER, LD AF TESSMANN, NJ RADLOFF, HD KLEINMANS, J DHIMAN, TR SATTER, LD TI MILK-PRODUCTION RESPONSE TO DIETARY FORAGE - GRAIN RATIO SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE ALFALFA; COW; LACTATION ID DAIRY-COWS; VARIABLE FORAGE; EARLY LACTATION; CONCENTRATE; FEED; CONSTANT; ROUGHAGE; STAGE AB Forty-four multiparous and 49 primiparous Holstein cows were assigned randomly at parturition to one of five diets differing in forage:grain ratio and studied for the entire lactation for effects of diet on milk production and milk composition, body condition, BW gain, health, and reproductive performance. Total mixed rations fed once daily consisted of alfalfa silage, high moisture ear corn, soybean meal, vitamins, and minerals. Percentages of forage in the diet (dry basis) for treatments 1 to 5 were postpartum wk 1 to 12 (38.2, 48.2, 58.2, 68.2, and 98.2); wk 13 to 26 (48.2, 58.2, 68.2, 88.2, and 98.2); and wk 27 to 44 (68.2, 78.2, 88.2, 98.2, and 98.2). Milk production (3.5% FCM in 305 d) was 8295, 8659, 7563, 6849, and 6000 kg for multiparous cows in treatments 1 to 5, respectively, and 7334, 7177, 6976, 6014, and 4750 kg for primiparous cows. Primiparous cows had decreased milk protein, BW gain, DMI and gross feed efficiency as forage increased in the diet. Multiparous cows in treatment 1 had depressed milk fat and lower DMI and gross feed efficiency compared with other treatments. Body condition scores tended to be lower as forage increased in the diet with both age groups. Increased forage in the diet did not cause any adverse effects on health and reproductive performance in either age group. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT DAIRY SCI,MADISON,WI 53706. RP TESSMANN, NJ (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN,USDA ARS,US DAIRY FORAGE RES CTR,MADISON,WI 53706, USA. NR 29 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSN PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 74 IS 8 BP 2696 EP 2707 DI 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78448-8 PG 12 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA FZ998 UT WOS:A1991FZ99800038 PM 1918543 ER PT J AU VANRADEN, PM WIGGANS, GR AF VANRADEN, PM WIGGANS, GR TI DERIVATION, CALCULATION, AND USE OF NATIONAL ANIMAL-MODEL INFORMATION SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE ANIMAL MODEL; GENETIC EVALUATION; RELIABILITY AB New terms and definitions were developed to explain national USDA genetic evaluations computed by an animal model. An animal's PTA combines information from its own records and records of all its relatives through a weighted average of 1) average of parents' evaluations, 2) half of its yield deviation, and 3) average across progeny of twice progeny evaluation minus mate's evaluation. Yield deviation is a weighted average of a cow's lactation yields minus solutions for management group, herd-sire, and permanent environmental effects. Bulls do not have yield deviations; however, a weighted average of daughter yield deviations adjusted for mates' merit can provide a useful, unregressed measure of daughter performance. Reliability is the squared correlation of predicted and true transmitting ability. An animal's parents, own records, and progeny each contribute amounts of information measured in daughter equivalents. Reliability of USDA evaluations then is computed as (total daughter equivalents)/(total daughter equivalents + 14). RP VANRADEN, PM (reprint author), USDA,ANIM IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 9 TC 229 Z9 230 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSN PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 74 IS 8 BP 2737 EP 2746 DI 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78453-1 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA FZ998 UT WOS:A1991FZ99800043 PM 1918547 ER PT J AU FIRKO, MJ KING, EG AF FIRKO, MJ KING, EG TI PYRETHROID RESISTANCE IN THE TOBACCO BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA, NOCTUIDAE) STERILE HYBRID STRAIN SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE INSECTA; HYBRIDIZATION; SELECTION; CYPERMETHRIN ID HELIOTHIS-VIRESCENS LEPIDOPTERA; STATES-VIRGIN-ISLANDS; ST-CROIX; BACKCROSS INSECTS; GENETIC-CONTROL; RELEASE; CYPERMETHRIN; POPULATIONS; MISSISSIPPI; INHERITANCE AB A sterile backcross tobacco budworm strain (TBW-BC) of Heliothis virescens (F.) was developed before extensive use of pyrethroid insecticides. Although this strain has been maintained free of pyrethroid insecticides, most tobacco budworm populations have been exposed to pyrethroids and have demonstrated enhanced tolerance. Our estimated LD50 (cypermethrin) for third instars was significantly lower than tobacco budworm from Mississippi. Thus, the TBW-BC strain could be at a disadvantage if exposed to pyrethroids after release. We developed a lineage of TBW-BC strain that is resistant to cypermethrin by repeatedly backcrossing TBW-BC females to resistant tobacco budworm males and selecting for tolerance. Resistant TBW-BC strain (R-TBW-BC) (LD50, 638-mu-g per larva) should survive field applications that would kill most wild tobacco budworm. Backcross mortalities were consistent with polygenic inheritance, but not with monogenic inheritance. Release of R-TBW-BC strain cannot change tolerance in wild tobacco budworm, because introduced resistance alleles will be carried only by individuals that also carry the sterility trait. Resistance of sterile insects would be diluted by outcrossing to wild tobacco budworm, but sterile insects should remain significantly more tolerant than fertile insects for at least two generations. Use of R-TBW-BC strain could reduce costs in sterile-release programs. RP FIRKO, MJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,SUBTROP AGR RES LAB,WESLACO,TX 78596, USA. NR 28 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 84 IS 4 BP 1140 EP 1144 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA GA816 UT WOS:A1991GA81600004 ER PT J AU BULL, DL PRYOR, NW AF BULL, DL PRYOR, NW TI INTERACTIONS OF CARBARYL WITH SUSCEPTIBLE AND MULTIRESISTANT HOUSE-FLIES (DIPTERA, MUSCIDAE) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE INSECTA; HOUSE FLY; CARBARYL RESISTANCE; RESISTANCE MECHANISMS ID RESISTANCE; ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE; INSECTICIDES; PERMETHRIN AB The in vivo and in vitro fate of [C-14]carbaryl was compared in adult male and female house flies from an insecticide-susceptible (S) strain and a resistant (R) strain with multiple resistance to different classes of insecticides. Cuticular penetration of topically applied carbaryl (0.01-mu-g/insect) was very rapid and rates were essentially the same among males and females of both strains. Rates of penetration were dramatically reduced as the concentration of applied carbaryl was increased over a range of 0.01-5.0-mu-g/insect. In vivo and in vitro tests demonstrated that the R strain had an enhanced capability for the metabolic degradation of carbaryl. In evaluations of topical toxicity and in vitro metabolic degradation, coadministration of the metabolic synergists piperonyl butoxide (a microsomal oxidase inhibitor) and S,S,S-tributyl phosphorothioate (DEF, an esterase inhibitor) with carbaryl provided conclusive evidence that microsomal oxidases were the major factor in enhanced metabolism and that hydrolytic enzymes had only a minor effect. Studies of the in vitro inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity by carbaryl demonstrated that there was no difference between males and females of a given strain and that the R strain AChE was considerably less sensitive to inhibition. These tests also indicated that homogenates of brains from the R strain contained more than one form of AChE with different sensitivities to the inhibitor. This information and results of toxicity tests with other insecticides suggest that the R strain is not homozygous in its resistance to carbaryl. RP BULL, DL (reprint author), USDA ARS,FOOD ANIM PROTECT RES LAB,ROUTE 5,BOX 810,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845, USA. NR 16 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 84 IS 4 BP 1145 EP 1153 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA GA816 UT WOS:A1991GA81600005 PM 1842792 ER PT J AU SHAVER, TN BROWN, HE BARD, JW HOLLER, TC HENDRICKS, DE AF SHAVER, TN BROWN, HE BARD, JW HOLLER, TC HENDRICKS, DE TI FIELD EVALUATIONS OF PHEROMONE-BAITED TRAPS FOR MONITORING MEXICAN RICE BORER (LEPIDOPTERA, PYRALIDAE) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE INSECTA; EOREUMA-LOFTINI; PHEROMONES; TRAPS ID EOREUMA-LOFTINI LEPIDOPTERA; DESIGN AB The Universal Moth Trap (Unitrap) caught more male Mexican rice borers, Eoreuma loftini (Dyar), than 13 other trap types. Traps placed 5 m within sugarcane fields captured significantly more male Mexican rice borers than traps at the edge of the field or 5 m outside the field. Traps at the edge of the field captured significantly more insects than traps placed 5 m outside the field. There were no significant differences in trap captures when Unitraps were placed 5 m inside the field at heights of 46, 102, or 158 cm aboveground, but captures were less in traps placed 214 cm aboveground. With Pherocon IC traps placed 5 m inside the field, there were no significant differences in trap captures of male Mexican rice borers at any of the four heights. RP SHAVER, TN (reprint author), USDA ARS,PEST MANAGEMENT RES UNIT,COLLEGE STN,TX 77840, USA. NR 9 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 84 IS 4 BP 1216 EP 1219 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA GA816 UT WOS:A1991GA81600016 ER PT J AU MORENO, DS SANCHEZ, M ROBACKER, DC WORLEY, J AF MORENO, DS SANCHEZ, M ROBACKER, DC WORLEY, J TI MATING COMPETITIVENESS OF IRRADIATED MEXICAN FRUIT-FLY (DIPTERA, TEPHRITIDAE) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE INSECTA; MEXICAN FRUIT FLY; MATING COMPETITION ID FLIES DIPTERA; SEXUAL COMPETITIVENESS; GAMMA-IRRADIATION; STERILITY; NITROGEN; ABILITY; PUPAE AB Laboratory and field cage studies were conducted with two laboratory cultures (one almost-equal-to 34 yr old and the other 2 yr old). Each culture was divided into irradiated and unirradiated groups and tested in competition against the feral Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens Loew. The feral fly was collected from its native host Sargentia gregii S. Wats. Unirradiated laboratory-reared flies were very competitive with feral flies. In caged full-grown trees, sterile males from the old culture were one-third as successful and those from the 2-yr-old culture were one-fifth as successful in mating as the feral flies. Irradiation also slowed the mating response of laboratory-reared males as compared with unirradiated males, but the slow response put the flies in phase with the mating period of the feral flies. Of 865 captured pairs, 63% were on leaves. Of 241 captured pairs of flies that had mated within each group type, we recorded 77% of them in the peripheral half of the tree bisected by the NE cardinal point. Irradiated males from the old laboratory culture produced 65% as much pheromone as unirradiated males. Only 6% of irradiated females from the same culture responded to a male-produced pheromone extract as compared with unirradiated females. RP MORENO, DS (reprint author), USDA ARS,SUBTROP AGR RES LAB,2301 S INT BLVD,WESLACO,TX 78596, USA. NR 21 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 84 IS 4 BP 1227 EP 1234 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA GA816 UT WOS:A1991GA81600018 ER PT J AU HENNEBERRY, TJ CLAYTON, TE AF HENNEBERRY, TJ CLAYTON, TE TI TOBACCO BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA, NOCTUIDAE) - TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON MATING, OVIPOSITION, EGG VIABILITY, AND MOTH LONGEVITY SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE INSECTA; TOBACCO BUDWORM; TEMPERATURE; REPRODUCTION ID HELIOTHIS-VIRESCENS LEPIDOPTERA; CONSTANT TEMPERATURE AB Tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), pupae and moths were exposed to various temperatures in laboratory studies. Moths did not mate or oviposit at temperatures of 10-degrees-C and mating frequency was reduced at 37.8-degrees-C. Oviposition was higher at 21.1 and 26.7-degrees-C than at other temperatures tested. Also, the percentages of egg hatch were dramatically reduced at 32.2-degrees and 37.8-degrees-C. Moth longevity decreased with increasing temperature. Mating, oviposition, and egg hatch were not affected when pupae were exposed to 10.0-18.3-degrees-C for 1-20 d. However, mating frequency was reduced in relation to lower temperature and duration of exposure. Conversely, mating percentages, oviposition, and egg hatch were reduced in relation to increasing temperatures (26.7-35-degrees-C) and duration of exposure. Outcrosses of male moths from pupae exposed to 15.6-degrees-C for 10 d resulted in reduced egg viability. Egg hatch was reduced as a result of outcross of male or female moths from pupae exposed to 35-degrees-C for as little as 3 d when paired with moths of the opposite sex from pupae held to emergence at 26.7-degrees-C. RP HENNEBERRY, TJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN COTTON RES LAB,4135 E BROADWAY,PHOENIX,AZ 85040, USA. NR 12 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 84 IS 4 BP 1242 EP 1246 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA GA816 UT WOS:A1991GA81600020 ER PT J AU HOGSETTE, JA PRICHARD, DL RUFF, JP AF HOGSETTE, JA PRICHARD, DL RUFF, JP TI ECONOMIC-EFFECTS OF HORN FLY (DIPTERA, MUSCIDAE) POPULATIONS ON BEEF-CATTLE EXPOSED TO 3 PESTICIDE TREATMENT REGIMES SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE INSECTA; HAEMATOBIA-IRRITANS; CONTROL; ECONOMICS ID IMPREGNATED EAR TAGS; CALF WEIGHT GAINS; FLIES DIPTERA; FENVALERATE; PERMETHRIN; RESISTANCE; COWS; CALVES AB Horn flies could not be maintained below 50 per animal with sprays or dusts during a 21-wk study. However, weights of cows and calves and condition scores of cows were not influenced by suppression of Haematobia irritans (L.) populations. Results show that cattle in northwest Florida can tolerate average populations of greater-than-or-equal-to 200 flies for 70 d with no adverse economic effects. Spray treatments providing the best fly control were Lintox-D and Ra-Vap. The most economical products for use were Del-Tox, Lintox-D, and Ra-Vap. RP HOGSETTE, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS,MED & VET ENTOMOL RES LAB,POB 14565,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604, USA. NR 30 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 84 IS 4 BP 1270 EP 1274 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA GA816 UT WOS:A1991GA81600026 PM 1842800 ER PT J AU HARTSELL, PL VAIL, PV TEBBETS, JS NELSON, HD AF HARTSELL, PL VAIL, PV TEBBETS, JS NELSON, HD TI METHYL-BROMIDE QUARANTINE TREATMENT FOR CODLING MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA, TORTRICIDAE) IN UNSHELLED WALNUTS SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE INSECTA; CYDIA-POMONELLA; METHYL BROMIDE FUMIGATION; UNSHELLED WALNUTS ID DOSAGE RESPONSE; FRUIT-FLY; FUMIGATION; OLETHREUTIDAE; CHERRIES; LARVAE AB Unshelled walnuts were artifically infested with diapausing fifth-instar codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), and fumigated with 56 g/m3 methyl bromide for 4 h at 15.6-degrees-C under a reduced pressure of 100 mm Hg. When 34,959 were treated, 1 larva survived, indicating a survival rate of 2.91 larvae/100,000 treated. The upper 95% CL for this survival rate was 13.8 larvae/100,000 treated. When larval survival rates of methyl bromide fumigation tests of a normally applied domestic treatment were combined with survival rates from quarantine vacuum fumigation tests, the 95% CL survival rates were less-than-or-equal-to 0.4 larva/100,000 treated. No significant differences were found in mortality of larvae among the four walnut cultivars tested, nor was variation in the size of walnuts of each cultivar a significant factor. Because whole walnuts sorbed 79.6% of the methyl bromide applied, a relatively high rate of methyl bromide was required to obtain an efficacious treatment. The treatment was accepted by the Japanese Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in 1986. RP HARTSELL, PL (reprint author), USDA,ARS,HORT CROPS RES LAB,COMMOD PROTECT & QUARANTINE INSECT RES UNIT,FRESNO,CA 93727, USA. NR 18 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 84 IS 4 BP 1289 EP 1293 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA GA816 UT WOS:A1991GA81600029 ER PT J AU HARTSELL, PL TEBBETS, JC VAIL, PV AF HARTSELL, PL TEBBETS, JC VAIL, PV TI METHYL-BROMIDE RESIDUES AND DESORPTION RATES FROM UNSHELLED WALNUTS FUMIGATED WITH A QUARANTINE TREATMENT FOR CODLING MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA, TORTRICIDAE) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE INSECTA; METHYL BROMIDE; RESIDUES; UNSHELLED WALNUTS AB California walnuts were fumigated unshelled with a quarantine treatment to control codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.). The treatment was done with 56 g/m3 methyl bromide for 4 h at 15.6-degrees-C and a chamber pressure of 100 mm Hg. There were no significant differences in organic or inorganic bromide residues regardless of walnut cultivar or size. Inorganic residues were below the established tolerance level of 200 pmm. The 'Eureka' cultivar, although not significantly different in its desorption rate of residual methyl bromide, had higher organic residues than the other cultivars tested. Residue levels in treated nut meats showed no significant change in inorganic bromide content over a 25-d period. Accumulated inorganic bromide residues in nut meats fumigated once or twice with a domestic methyl bromide schedule (56 g/m3 for 24 h at 15.6-degrees-C) to control field infestation and stored-product insects followed by fumigation with the quarantine treatment did not exceed the established tolerance level. Residual methyl bromide in treated nut meats stored unshelled at 1.7 or 10-degrees-C was less-than-or-equal-to 10 ppb after 70 or 53 d, respectively, whereas those stored at 21 or 32-degrees-C had less-than-or-equal-to 10 ppb after 20 or 14 d, respectively. RP HARTSELL, PL (reprint author), USDA,ARS,HORT CROPS RES LAB,COMMOD PROTECT & QUARANTINE INSECT RES UNIT,FRESNO,CA 93727, USA. NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 84 IS 4 BP 1294 EP 1297 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA GA816 UT WOS:A1991GA81600030 ER PT J AU JANG, EB AF JANG, EB TI THERMAL DEATH KINETICS AND HEAT TOLERANCE IN EARLY AND LATE 3RD INSTARS OF THE ORIENTAL FRUIT-FLY (DIPTERA, TEPHRITIDAE) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE INSECTA; DACUS-DORSALIS; HEAT INACTIVATION; THERMAL DEATH KINETICS ID HOT-WATER IMMERSION; FLIES DIPTERA; QUARANTINE TREATMENTS; PAPAYAS; SURVIVAL AB The kinetics of thermal death for early and late third instars of the oriental fruit fly Dacus dorsalis (Hendel) were determined at temperatures between 43 and 48-degrees-C and from 0 to 70 min using a hot water immersion technique. Both developmental stages exhibited nonlogarithmic death (survivorship) curves that were characterized by an initial lag in mortality followed by an increasing death rate with time at a given temperature. Based on Q10 values, popping (late) third instars appeared more resistant to heat than feeding (early) third instars. Arrhenius plots of larval death rates (k) indicated parallel slopes. The plots were different from Arrhenius plots of eggs and first instars reported in an earlier study. Comparison of the times necessary to achieve a predicted mortality using either thermal death rate analysis or probit analysis were similar to actual survivorship data at the high mortality level, suggesting that either could be used to estimate time-temperature-mortality for development of heat-based quarantine treatments. This information is discussed with respect to susceptibility of D. dorsalis larvae to heat and use of predictive models for disinfestation studies. RP JANG, EB (reprint author), USDA ARS,TROP FRUIT & VEGETABLE RES LAB,POB 4459,HILO,HI 96720, USA. NR 18 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 84 IS 4 BP 1298 EP 1303 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA GA816 UT WOS:A1991GA81600031 ER PT J AU ARMSTRONG, JW AF ARMSTRONG, JW TI SHARWIL AVOCADO - QUARANTINE SECURITY AGAINST FRUIT-FLY (DIPTERA, TEPHRITIDAE) INFESTATION IN HAWAII SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE INSECTA; AVOCADOS; FRUIT FLIES; QUARANTINE ID DACUS-LATIFRONS DIPTERA; DEMOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS; RHAGOLETIS-POMONELLA; CERATITIS-CAPITATA; LIFE-HISTORY; MELON FLY; KAUAI; OVIPOSITOR; ISLANDS; ABUNDANCE AB Laboratory studies with 'Sharwil' avocados at 3, 12, or 24 h after harvest showed that the cultivar was not susceptible to infestation by Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann); melon fly, Dacus cucurbitae Coquillett; or oriental fruit fly, D. dorsalis Hendel for up to 12 h after harvest if the fruits were harvested with stems attached. Similar studies also showed that 'Sharwil' avocados were not a host for D. latifrons (Hendel). Packinghouse inspections during the 1984-1985 and 1986-1987 harvest seasons indicated no fruit fly infestations in 114,112 individually inspected 'Sharwil' avocados, including 3,438 avocados culled for detached stems or damage to the fruit surface. Based on these data, USDA allowed the export of 'Sharwil' avocados to Alaska during the 1987-1990 harvest seasons. No fruit fly infestation was reported from 53,979 kg of 'Sharwil' avocados exported to Alaska. No larval infestations were found in 1,232 'Sharwil' avocados sampled during 1987-1988 from an orchard where oriental fruit flies were observed ovipositing into the fruit. During the 1988-1989 harvest season at the same orchard, 2,439 'Sharwil' avocados were culled for fruit fly ovipunctures (oviposition wounds), disease, surface blemishes and damage, and miscellaneous defects. Less than 4.1% of 1,206 oviposition sites contained dead eggs. No live eggs or larval infestations were found in 426, 539, or 401 fruits culled for ovipunctures, disease, or for miscellaneous defects, respectively. One infested avocado was found in 1,073 fruits culled for surface damage. These studies confirmed that the 'Sharwil' avocado is not a host for Mediterranean fruit fly, melon fly, or oriental fruit fly infestations when the fruit is attached to the tree, or when fruits are harvested with stem attached and brought to a fly-free packinghouse within 12 h after harvest, culled to remove damaged fruits, and packed in fly-proof boxes. When these regulatory procedures are used to ensure quarantine security, 'Sharwil' avocados can be exported from Hawaii without danger of spreading fruit flies. RP ARMSTRONG, JW (reprint author), USDA ARS PWA,TROP FRUIT & VEGETABLE RES LAB,POB 4459,HILO,HI 96720, USA. NR 25 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 84 IS 4 BP 1308 EP 1315 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA GA816 UT WOS:A1991GA81600033 ER PT J AU TOBA, HH MOFFITT, HR AF TOBA, HH MOFFITT, HR TI CONTROLLED-ATMOSPHERE COLD-STORAGE AS A QUARANTINE TREATMENT FOR NONDIAPAUSING CODLING MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA, TORTRICIDAE) LARVAE IN APPLES SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE INSECTA; CYDIA-POMONELLA; QUARANTINE TREATMENT; POSTHARVEST CONTROL ID OLETHREUTIDAE AB Nondiapausing larvae of Cydia pomonella (L.) in immature apples were held in commercial controlled-atmosphere cold storage at 0 +/- 0.28-degrees-C, 95-100% RH, and atmospheric components of 1.5-2.0% O2, < 1% CO2, with the remainder being mainly N2. Based on adult emergence, survival decreased from 73% at 0 wk to 0% after a 13-wk exposure. A large-scale test of infested apples held in controlled-atmosphere cold storage for 13 wk resulted in no adult emergence from an estimated 142,021 immature larvae, including an estimated 40,389 fifth instars, the most tolerant stage. No live larvae or pupae were found when infested apples were sampled after treatment. Because codling moth eggs are also susceptible to low temperatures, controlled-atmosphere cold storage for a minimum of 13 wk is a potential quarantine treatment for codling moth eggs and larvae in apples. RP TOBA, HH (reprint author), USDA ARS,FRUIT & VEGETABLE INSECT RES,YAKIMA,WA 98902, USA. NR 13 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 84 IS 4 BP 1316 EP 1319 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA GA816 UT WOS:A1991GA81600034 ER PT J AU WEBB, RE RIDGWAY, RL THORPE, KW TATMAN, KM WIEBER, AM VENABLES, L AF WEBB, RE RIDGWAY, RL THORPE, KW TATMAN, KM WIEBER, AM VENABLES, L TI DEVELOPMENT OF A SPECIALIZED GYPSY-MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA, LYMANTRIIDAE) MANAGEMENT PROGRAM FOR SUBURBAN PARKS SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE INSECTA; GYPSY MOTH; BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS; DIFLUBENZURON ID BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS; POPULATIONS; DENSITY; SIZE AB A specialized gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), management program was designed for use in urban-suburban parks and other wooded public lands. A guide based on number and size of egg masses, host susceptibility, and previous defoliation was developed to assist in making treatment decisions. One or two applications of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (subspecies kurstaki) (40 billion international units per ha) or one application of diflubenzuron (Dimilin) were applied at 28 g (AI)/ha with the goal of preventing > 30% defoliation in any part of a management unit. Land managers selected the control material used. The trial program was implemented in six management units including one county park in 1988, and four parks and the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center (BARC) in 1989. B. thuringiensis was applied once to 993 ha of park land and 812 ha at BARC; diflubenzuron was applied once to 176 ha at BARC. B. thuringiensis was applied twice to 220 ha of park land and 233 ha at BARC. Average corrected larval mortality based upon counts made before and after treatment were 69.0% and 85.7%, respectively, for one or two applications of B. thuringiensis and 93% for one application of diflubenzuron. Although no defoliation > 30% occurred on lands receiving two applications of B. thuringiensis or one application of diflubenzuron, such defoliation occurred on 1.0% of the untreated land and 4.2% of the area treated with one application of B. thuringiensis, probably because of sampling error and inadequate spray coverage. RP WEBB, RE (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BLDG 402 BARC,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 36 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 84 IS 4 BP 1320 EP 1328 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA GA816 UT WOS:A1991GA81600035 ER PT J AU LANDOLT, PJ LENCZEWSKI, B HEATH, RR AF LANDOLT, PJ LENCZEWSKI, B HEATH, RR TI LURE AND TOXICANT SYSTEM FOR THE CABBAGE-LOOPER (LEPIDOPTERA, NOCTUIDAE) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE INSECTA; TRICHOPLUSIA-NI; ATTRACTANTS; TOXICANTS AB A lure and toxicant system for killing cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), moths was developed based on moth attraction to and feeding at flowers. Unmated females were attracted to the floral compound phenylacetaldehyde formulated for release at 20-4,000 ng/h. Attracted moths were stimulated to feed at bait stations loaded with sugar solutions when placed near phenylacetaldehyde dispensers. All feeding moths were killed when 0.2% methomyl was added to the sucrose solutions. A combination phenylacetaldehyde-sucrose-methomyl dispenser tested in a field cage resulted in 61% mortality of female moths and 44% of male moths released. RP LANDOLT, PJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,INSECT ATTRACTANTS BEHAV & BASIC BIOL RES LAB,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604, USA. NR 10 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 84 IS 4 BP 1344 EP 1347 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA GA816 UT WOS:A1991GA81600039 ER PT J AU EGLI, MA LARSON, RJ HRUSCHKA, WR VANCE, CP AF EGLI, MA LARSON, RJ HRUSCHKA, WR VANCE, CP TI SYNTHESIS OF NODULINS AND NODULE-ENHANCED POLYPEPTIDES BY PLANT GENE-CONTROLLED INEFFECTIVE ALFALFA NODULES SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE MEDICAGO; N-2-FIXATION; LEGHEMOGLOBIN; GLUTAMINE SYNTHETASE; GENE EXPRESSION ID GLUTAMINE-SYNTHETASE GENES; ROOT-NODULES; MEDICAGO-SATIVA; LEGHEMOGLOBIN GENES; EXPRESSION; NODULATION; PROTEINS; FIXATION AB Root nodule development and function are accompanied by synthesis of numerous plant gene-encoded, nodule-specific (nodulin) and nodule-enhanced proteins. While bacterially-induced ineffective nodules have proven important in understanding nodulin synthesis, comparable information is lacking for plant gene-controlled ineffective nodules. Here, we compare synthesis of nodulins and nodule-enhanced proteins, including leghaemoglobin (Lb) and glutamine synthetase (GS), between effective alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. cv. Saranac) and two types of single gene recessive plant mutants (in1Sa: early-senescing nodules and in3-3811: tumour-like nodules). Most nodulins were synthesized (in vitro) by nodule mRNA from in1Sa plants but at reduced amounts as compared to effective nodules. By contrast, in3-3811 nodules synthesized primarily a 30 kD nodulin. The proportion of acidic to basic Lbs was higher in young (day 7) non-N2-fixing 'Saranac' nodules than in mature (day 38) effective nodules. All Lbs were detected in mature in1Sa nodules but the ratio of acidic to basic Lb in vitro polypeptides resembled day 7 non-N2-fixing 'Saranac' nodules. Amounts of nodule-enhanced GS polypeptide were reduced in mature ineffective in1Sa and in3-3811 nodules as compared to 'Saranac'. Amounts of Lb and GS mRNAs in both 'Saranac' and in1Sa increased during nodule development and decreased upon defoliation. Although in1Sa nodules contained less Lb and GS mRNA than did 'Saranac' nodules, differences between mRNA content were not as pronounced as differences in Lb and GS protein. These data suggest that expression of Lb and GS in in1Sa nodules is regulated by both transcriptional and post-transcriptional events. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT AGRON & PLANT GENET,1991 BUFORD CIRCLE,ST PAUL,MN 55108. UNIV MINNESOTA,USDA ARS,DEPT AGRON & PLANT GENET,PLANT SCI RES UNIT,ST PAUL,MN 55108. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INSTRUMENTAT RES LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 31 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS UNITED KINGDOM PI OXFORD PA WALTON ST JOURNALS DEPT, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0022-0957 J9 J EXP BOT JI J. Exp. Bot. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 42 IS 241 BP 969 EP 977 DI 10.1093/jxb/42.8.969 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA FZ749 UT WOS:A1991FZ74900002 ER PT J AU AUNG, LH HOUCK, LG NORMAN, SM AF AUNG, LH HOUCK, LG NORMAN, SM TI THE ABSCISIC-ACID CONTENT OF CITRUS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO LEMON SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE ABSCISIC ACID; CITRUS SPECIES; REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS; DEVELOPMENT ID FRUIT AB Free and conjugated abscisic acid (ABA) in the fruit peel of four species of citrus and their distribution in the various reproductive organs of Citrus limon L. cv. Eureka during ontogeny were determined by an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The different citrus species varied in free ABA (3-8-mu-g g-1 dry wt.) and conjugated ABA (10-39-mu-g g-1 dry wt.). In general, the amount of conjugated ABA was 4-fold that of free ABA. In the lemon flower, the combined style and stigma tissues contained the predominant (> 65%) amount of both free and conjugated ABA. During fruit development, free and conjugated ABA of the different tissues showed dynamic changes. In the vesicles, free ABA showed progressive increases with development and reached a high level at maturity whereas the conjugated ABA showed a corresponding decrease with fruit development. Free ABA in the seed increased with fruit development. The content of ABA in citrus fruit was significantly correlated (y = 8.06 + 2.81 ln x; r2 = 0.84**) with the weight of the fruit. C1 USDA ARS,FRUIT & VEGETABLE CHEM LAB,PASADENA,CA 91106. RP AUNG, LH (reprint author), USDA ARS,HORT CROPS RES LAB,2021 S PEACH AVE,FRESNO,CA 93727, USA. NR 19 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 3 U2 6 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS UNITED KINGDOM PI OXFORD PA WALTON ST JOURNALS DEPT, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0022-0957 J9 J EXP BOT JI J. Exp. Bot. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 42 IS 241 BP 1083 EP 1088 DI 10.1093/jxb/42.8.1083 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA FZ749 UT WOS:A1991FZ74900015 ER PT J AU BROWN, RL COTTY, PJ CLEVELAND, TE AF BROWN, RL COTTY, PJ CLEVELAND, TE TI REDUCTION IN AFLATOXIN CONTENT OF MAIZE BY ATOXIGENIC STRAINS OF ASPERGILLUS-FLAVUS SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID CORN; CONTAMINATION; INTERFERENCE; COMPETITION; COTTONSEED; INFECTION; PLANTS AB In field plot experiments, an atoxigenic strain of Aspergillus flavus interfered with preharvest aflatoxin contamination of corn when applied either simultaneously with or one day prior to a toxigenic strain. The atoxigenic strain reduced preharvest aflatoxin contamination 80 to 95%. The atoxigenic strain was also effective in reducing postharvest aflatoxin contamination caused by both an introduced toxigenic strain and by strains resident on the kernels. The results suggest that atoxigenic strains of A. flavus may have potential use as biological control agents directed at reducing both preharvest and postharvest aflatoxin contamination of corn. RP BROWN, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179, USA. NR 20 TC 89 Z9 94 U1 3 U2 7 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2838 SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 54 IS 8 BP 623 EP 626 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA GA378 UT WOS:A1991GA37800011 ER PT J AU LU, JY STEVENS, C KHAN, VA KABWE, M WILSON, CL AF LU, JY STEVENS, C KHAN, VA KABWE, M WILSON, CL TI THE EFFECT OF ULTRAVIOLET-IRRADIATION ON SHELF-LIFE AND RIPENING OF PEACHES AND APPLES SO JOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY LA English DT Article AB "Loring" and "Elberta" peaches and "Golden Delicious" apples were irradiated with UV (254nm) to doses of 0.84 X 10(4) to 40 X 10(4) erg/mm2 then stored. "Loring" were stored 10 days and "Elberta" 20 days at 12-degrees-C. "Golden Delicious" were stored 30 days at 20-25-degrees-C in a dark room. Fruit were examined and differences in percentage rot and in physical-chemical properties determined. Percentage rot decreased with increasing UV dose. Fruit were firmer, pH and soluble solids lower and acidity higher for UV-treated than for nontreated peaches; pH was lower and acidity and ascorbic acid higher in UV treated than in nontreated apples. Percentage weight loss was less for UV-treated apples. The results indicated that UV treatment not only reduced storage rots but also delayed ripening of peaches and apples. C1 USDA ARS,N ATLANTIC AREA,APPALACHIAN FRUIT EXPT STN,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430. RP LU, JY (reprint author), TUSKEGEE UNIV,GEORGE WASHINGTON CARVER AGR EXPT STN,TUSKEGEE,AL 36088, USA. NR 0 TC 35 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 3 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 SN 0146-9428 J9 J FOOD QUALITY JI J. Food Qual. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 14 IS 4 BP 299 EP 305 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4557.1991.tb00070.x PG 7 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA GE882 UT WOS:A1991GE88200003 ER PT J AU HORVAT, RJ CHAPMAN, GW PAYNE, JA AF HORVAT, RJ CHAPMAN, GW PAYNE, JA TI IDENTIFICATION OF VOLATILE COMPOUNDS FROM RIPE MAYHAW FRUIT (CRATAEGUS-OPACA, C-AESTIVALIS, AND C-RUFULA) SO JOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY LA English DT Article AB Steam volatile fractions obtained from three commercial mayhaw cultivars and two native selections were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Twenty-four compounds were identified. The nine major components, which comprised 70-80% of the volatile fraction, were hexanal, butyl acetate, (E)-2-hexenal, butyl butyrate, linalool, butyl hexanoate, methyl octanoate, pentyl hexanoate, and hexyl hexanoate. Minor constituents included eight esters, four terpenes, two benzenoid compounds and (E)-2-hexenol. C1 SOUTHEASTERN FRUIT & TREE NUT RES LAB,BYRON,GA 31008. RP HORVAT, RJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR,FOOD QUAL EVALUAT RES UNIT,POB 5677,ATHENS,GA 30613, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 SN 0146-9428 J9 J FOOD QUALITY JI J. Food Qual. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 14 IS 4 BP 307 EP 312 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4557.1991.tb00071.x PG 6 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA GE882 UT WOS:A1991GE88200004 ER PT J AU PERKINSVEAZIE, PM COLLINS, JK AF PERKINSVEAZIE, PM COLLINS, JK TI COLOR CHANGES IN WAXED TURNIPS DURING STORAGE SO JOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY LA English DT Article AB Turnip (Brassica campestris, L. var. rapifera) roots were stored unwaxed and waxed with a water-miscible, carnauba-based wax in vented plastic bags or in cardboard produce boxes for 6 weeks. Packaging turnips in plastic bags reduced weight loss during storage more effectively than waxing or storing in boxes. The purple color of the turnips faded regardless of package used; waxing temporarily darkened and intensified the purple color. The white or cream portion of the roots was not affected by waxing but became light tan when roots were stored in boxes. The chroma of the white portion increased during storage regardless of package or wax treatment. These results indicate that the external purple color of the turnip root was unstable during storage and this color loss was independent of weight loss. C1 OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV,WES WATKINS AGR RES & EXTENS CTR,DEPT FOOD NUTR & INST ADM,LANE,OK 74555. RP PERKINSVEAZIE, PM (reprint author), USDA ARS,S CENT AGR RES LAB,LANE,OK 74555, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 SN 0146-9428 J9 J FOOD QUALITY JI J. Food Qual. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 14 IS 4 BP 313 EP 319 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4557.1991.tb00072.x PG 7 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA GE882 UT WOS:A1991GE88200005 ER PT J AU WEST, T AF WEST, T TI BIG GAME, WILDLIFE, AND CONSERVATION SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article RP WEST, T (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,WASHINGTON,DC, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 89 IS 8 BP 22 EP 22 PG 1 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA FZ823 UT WOS:A1991FZ82300012 ER PT J AU BESSLER, DA COVEY, T AF BESSLER, DA COVEY, T TI COINTEGRATION - SOME RESULTS ON UNITED-STATES CATTLE PRICES SO JOURNAL OF FUTURES MARKETS LA English DT Article ID LIVE BEEF-CATTLE; FUTURES MARKET; CASH; CAUSALITY; COMMODITY C1 USDA,ECON RES SERV,WASHINGTON,DC 20250. RP BESSLER, DA (reprint author), TEXAS A&M UNIV SYST,AGR ECON,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843, USA. RI Bessler, David/A-9226-2009 NR 36 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 2 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0270-7314 J9 J FUTURES MARKETS JI J. Futures Mark. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 11 IS 4 BP 461 EP 474 DI 10.1002/fut.3990110406 PG 14 WC Business, Finance SC Business & Economics GA FZ623 UT WOS:A1991FZ62300005 ER PT J AU MISHRA, MD HAMMOND, RW OWENS, RA SMITH, DR DIENER, TO AF MISHRA, MD HAMMOND, RW OWENS, RA SMITH, DR DIENER, TO TI INDIAN BUNCHY TOP DISEASE OF TOMATO PLANTS IS CAUSED BY A DISTINCT STRAIN OF CITRUS EXOCORTIS VIROID SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; SECONDARY STRUCTURE; APICAL STUNT; PATHOGENICITY AB A viroid has been isolated from tomato plants affected by Indian bunchy top disease of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). In dot blot hybridization assays with P-32-labelled cRNA probes specific for the detection of various viroids, the Indian viriod was shown to be most closely related to the citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd). Sequence determination showed that the viroid consists of 372 nucleotides and confirmed its close relationship with CEVd. The viroid, for which we propose the acronym CEVd-t, differs from the Australian CEVd strains A and B by 36 and 47 nucleotides, respectively, and from the Spanish grapevine isolate by 52 changes. A phylogenetic analysis confirmed the closest relationship with CEVd in all structural domains, except the pathogenicity and left-terminal domains, which are closely related to the corresponding domains of the potato spindle tuber and tomato apical stunt viroids, respectively. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,MICROBIOL & PLANT PATHOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. UNIV MARYLAND,CTR AGR BIOTECHNOL,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT BOT,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. INDIAN AGR RES INST,ADV CTR PLANT VIRUS EDUC & RES,NEW DELHI 110012,INDIA. NR 26 TC 18 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 3 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA HARVEST HOUSE 62 LONDON ROAD, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG1 5AS SN 0022-1317 J9 J GEN VIROL JI J. Gen. Virol. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 72 BP 1781 EP 1785 DI 10.1099/0022-1317-72-8-1781 PN 8 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA GA643 UT WOS:A1991GA64300002 PM 1875190 ER PT J AU LIU, JY AF LIU, JY TI DRYING OF POROUS MATERIALS IN A MEDIUM WITH VARIABLE POTENTIALS SO JOURNAL OF HEAT TRANSFER-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME LA English DT Article DE MASS TRANSFER; POROUS MEDIA; TRANSIENT AND UNSTEADY HEAT TRANSFER AB This paper presents an application of the Luikov system of heat and mass transfer equations in dimensionless form to predict the temperature and moisture distributions in a slab of capillary-porous material during drying. The heat and mass potentials of the external medium in the boundary conditions are assumed to vary linearly with time. The method of solution is illustrated by considering the drying of a slab of lumber. Numerical results based on the estimated thermophysical properties of spruce are presented. C1 US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,MADISON,WI 53705. NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 SN 0022-1481 J9 J HEAT TRANS-T ASME JI J. Heat Transf.-Trans. ASME PD AUG PY 1991 VL 113 IS 3 BP 757 EP 762 DI 10.1115/1.2910628 PG 6 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA HP760 UT WOS:A1991HP76000035 ER PT J AU SEDER, RA PLAUT, M BARBIERI, S URBAN, J FINKELMAN, FD PAUL, WE AF SEDER, RA PLAUT, M BARBIERI, S URBAN, J FINKELMAN, FD PAUL, WE TI PURIFIED FC-EPSILON-R+ BONE-MARROW AND SPLENIC NON-B, NON-T CELLS ARE HIGHLY ENRICHED IN THE CAPACITY TO PRODUCE IL-4 IN RESPONSE TO IMMOBILIZED IGE, IGG2A, OR IONOMYCIN SO JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID STIMULATORY FACTOR-I; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; MAST-CELLS; SURFACE-IMMUNOGLOBULIN; INTERLEUKIN-4; RECEPTOR; IDENTIFICATION; ANTIGEN; GROWTH; INVIVO AB Non-B, non-T cells from spleen and bone marrow cells produce IL-4 in response to cross-linkage of high affinity receptors for Fc-epsilon-R or Fc-gamma-RII, and to treatment with calcium ionophores. Cells bearing high affinity Fc-epsilon-R constituted 1 to 2% of non-B, non-T cells of spleen and of total bone marrow cells from naive donors. In mice whose immune systems had been polyclonally activated by injection with anti-IgD antibodies or had been infected with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis larvae, the frequency of Fc-epsilon-R+ cells in splenic non-B, non-T cells was also 1 to 2% but in bone marrow from anti-IgD-injected mice donors the frequency was approximately 5%. Cell sorting experiments revealed that all of the capacity to produce IL-4 in response to immobilized IgE or IgG2a or to ionomycin was found in the Fc-epsilon-R+ fraction. Among the Fc-epsilon-R+ spleen cells from naive donors, the frequency of IL-4-producing cells was 1/20 to 1/40 whereas in mice that had been injected with anti-IgD or infected with N. brasiliensis, the frequency of IL-4 producing cells in the Fc-epsilon-R+ population was approximately 1/5. C1 NIAID,IMMUNOL LAB,BLDG 10,ROOM 11N311,BETHESDA,MD 20892. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,JOHNS HOPKINS ASTHMA & ALLERGY CTR,BALTIMORE,MD 21224. UNIFORMED SERV UNIV HLTH SCI,F EDWARD HEBERT SCH MED,DEPT MED,BETHESDA,MD 20814. NIAID,BIOL RESOURCES BRANCH,BETHESDA,MD 20892. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,HELMINTH DIS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI 21328, AI 27906] NR 34 TC 58 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC IMMUNOLOGISTS PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-1767 J9 J IMMUNOL JI J. Immunol. PD AUG 1 PY 1991 VL 147 IS 3 BP 903 EP 909 PG 7 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA FY292 UT WOS:A1991FY29200023 PM 1830602 ER PT J AU BELONGIA, EA MACDONALD, KL PARHAM, GL WHITE, KE KORLATH, JA LOBATO, MN STRAND, SM CASALE, KA OSTERHOLM, MT AF BELONGIA, EA MACDONALD, KL PARHAM, GL WHITE, KE KORLATH, JA LOBATO, MN STRAND, SM CASALE, KA OSTERHOLM, MT TI AN OUTBREAK OF ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7 COLITIS ASSOCIATED WITH CONSUMPTION OF PRECOOKED MEAT PATTIES SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID HEMOLYTIC UREMIC SYNDROME; HEMORRHAGIC COLITIS; INFECTIONS; 0157-H7; EPIDEMIOLOGY; PATHOGEN; DIARRHEA; SEROTYPE AB An outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 hemorrhagic colitis at a Minnesota junior high school in October 1988 comprised 32 cases among 1562 students (attack rate, 2.0%). Four children were hospitalized; none developed hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Case children were more likely than controls to have eaten heat-processed meat patties (odds ratio, 6.2; 95% confidence interval, 2.0-20.1; P < .001) in the school cafeteria on a specific day. The minimum estimated attack rate among students who ate these patties was 8%. The patties should have been sufficiently cooked by the manufacturer to destroy enteric pathogens before they were frozen and distributed. E. coli were cultured from frozen patties that were manufactured at the same plant on the same dates as the implicated patties, but serotype O157:H7 was not isolated. Heat-processed meat patties may serve as vehicles for E. coli O157:H7 infection, and currently there are no federal or state regulatory standards to ensure the safety of these products. C1 MINNESOTA DEPT HLTH,ACUTE DIS EPIDEMIOL SECT,717 SE DELAWARE ST,BOX 9441,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55440. CTR DIS CONTROL,DIV FIELD SERV,ATLANTA,GA 30333. ANOKA CTY COMMUNITY HLTH & SOCIAL SERV,ANOKA,MN. USDA,FOOD SAFETY & INSPECT SECT,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 28 TC 100 Z9 103 U1 2 U2 6 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 164 IS 2 BP 338 EP 343 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA FY100 UT WOS:A1991FY10000016 PM 1856483 ER PT J AU COOK, HW BYERS, DM PALMER, FBS SPENCE, MW RAKOFF, H DUVAL, SM EMKEN, EA AF COOK, HW BYERS, DM PALMER, FBS SPENCE, MW RAKOFF, H DUVAL, SM EMKEN, EA TI ALTERNATE PATHWAYS IN THE DESATURATION AND CHAIN ELONGATION OF LINOLENIC ACID, 18-3(N-3), IN CULTURED GLIOMA-CELLS SO JOURNAL OF LIPID RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE ESSENTIAL FATTY ACID METABOLISM; DEUTERATED FATTY ACIDS ID UNSATURATED FATTY-ACIDS; NEURO-BLASTOMA CELLS; DEVELOPING RAT-BRAIN; POSITIONAL DISTRIBUTION; PLASMA-MEMBRANES; IN-VITRO; METABOLISM; CONVERSION; ISOMERS; TRANS AB Cultured C6 glioma cells rapidly incorporate and metabolize the essential fatty acids, 18:2(n-6) and 18:3(n-3), to 20- and 22-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids. Using several deuterated fatty acid substrates we have obtained data that suggest alternate pathways, one possibly involving DELTA-8-desaturation, may exist in glioma cells for formation of 20:5(n-3) and 22:6(n-3) from 18:3(n-3). With 18:3(n-3)-6,6,7,7-d4 practically no 18:4(n-3)-6,7-d2 or 20:4(n-3)-8,9-d2 was detected whereas 20:3(n-3)-8,8,9,9-d4 accounted for 3.4% and DELTA-5,11,14,17-20:48, 8,9,9-d4 for 21.1% of the total deuterated fatty acids recovered in phospholipids after a 16 h incubation; 20:5(n-3)-8,9-d2, 22:5(n-3)-10,11-d2, and 22:6(n-3)-10,11-d2 accounted for 42.4%, 13.2%, and 2.8% of deuterated acyl chains, respectively. When added exogenously, 20:3-8,8,9,9,-d4 was extensively converted to DELTA-5,11,14,17-20:4(n-3)-8,8,9,9-d4 (45%) and 20:5(n-3)-8,9-d2 (24%); a small amount (4%) of 18:3(n-3)-d4 also was detected. Both 20:4(n-3)-8,9-d2 and 18:4(n-3)-12,13,15,l6-d4 were also converted to 20:5(n-3) and 22:6(n-3) with 8 and 0% of the respective original deuterated substrate remaining after 16 h. A possible pathway for 18:3(n-3) metabolism in glioma cells is described whereby an initial chain elongation step is followed by successive DELTA-5 and DELTA-8 desaturation reactions resulting in 20:5(n-3) formation and accounting for the ordered removal of deuterium atoms. Alternatively, extremely effective retroconversion may occur to chain shorten 20:3(n-3)-d4 to 18:3(n-3)-d4 followed by rapid conversion through the classical desaturation and chain elongation sequence. The relative contribution of these possibilities cannot be quantitated with labeled isomers currently available. Whether these alternate routes of polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism have physiological significance in other cell types or tissues, or may relate to the nutritional state, such as essential fatty acid deficiency, remains unresolved but such possibilities for 20:5(n-3) formation should be considered particularly when the classical pathway may be impaired. C1 DALHOUSIE UNIV,DEPT BIOCHEM,HALIFAX B3H 4H7,NS,CANADA. DALHOUSIE UNIV,ATLANTIC RES CTR MENTAL RETARDAT,HALIFAX B3H 4H7,NS,CANADA. USDA ARS,NO REG RES CTR,PEORIA,IL 61604. RP COOK, HW (reprint author), DALHOUSIE UNIV,DEPT PEDIAT,HALIFAX B3H 4H7,NS,CANADA. NR 45 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 2 PU LIPID RESEARCH INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0022-2275 J9 J LIPID RES JI J. Lipid Res. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 32 IS 8 BP 1265 EP 1273 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA GC372 UT WOS:A1991GC37200003 PM 1770309 ER PT J AU ROBBINS, CT HAGERMAN, AE AUSTIN, PJ MCARTHUR, C HANLEY, TA AF ROBBINS, CT HAGERMAN, AE AUSTIN, PJ MCARTHUR, C HANLEY, TA TI VARIATION IN MAMMALIAN PHYSIOLOGICAL-RESPONSES TO A CONDENSED TANNIN AND ITS ECOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article ID PROLINE-RICH PROTEINS; DEFENDING PLANTS; PHENOLICS; PROCYANIDINS; INDUCTION; DIGESTION; RUMINANTS; REDUCTION; GROWTH; ACID AB Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), domestic sheep (Ovis aries), and American black bears (Ursus americanus) were fed quebracho (Schinopsis sp.) tannin to determine the contribution of salivary proteins to nitrogen- and fiber-digestive efficiencies and tannin metabolism. These values were compared to previously published values for laboratory rats (Rattus rattus) and prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster). Mule deer, black bears, and laboratory rats consuming this condensed tannin produced tannin-binding salivary proteins that reduced fecal-nitrogen losses per unit of ingested tannin and reduced tannin metabolism relative to domestic sheep and prairie voles. Digestibility of the plant fiber was reduced significantly by tannins in domestic sheep, but not in mule deer. Although virtually all ingested tannin (98.3 +/- 5.0%) was recovered in feces of mule deer and black bears, ca. 25% was not recovered in feces of domestic sheep and presumably was metabolized. The defensive role of tannins as digestion inhibitors or toxins is dependent upon the molecular characteristics of the tannin interacting with the physiological capability of the animal. Results from one plant-mammal interaction cannot be used to interpret others without an understanding of the characteristics of the tannins and the physiology, ecology, and evolution of the animal. C1 US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,FORESTRY SCI LAB,JUNEAU,AK 99802. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT ZOOL,PULLMAN,WA 99164. MIAMI UNIV,DEPT CHEM,OXFORD,OH 45056. RP ROBBINS, CT (reprint author), WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT NAT RESOURCE SCI,PULLMAN,WA 99164, USA. RI McArthur, Clare/A-3637-2011 OI McArthur, Clare/0000-0002-7867-414X NR 33 TC 181 Z9 193 U1 4 U2 35 PU AMER SOC MAMMALOGISTS PI PROVO PA BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV, DEPT OF ZOOLOGY, PROVO, UT 84602 SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 72 IS 3 BP 480 EP 486 DI 10.2307/1382130 PG 7 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA GB706 UT WOS:A1991GB70600005 ER PT J AU DIETRICH, MA TRUAX, RE FRENCH, DD LEA, DF STEAR, MJ NEWMAN, MJ AF DIETRICH, MA TRUAX, RE FRENCH, DD LEA, DF STEAR, MJ NEWMAN, MJ TI MEASUREMENT OF ANTIBODY-BINDING TO INTACT BACTERIA USING FLOW CYTOMETRIC TECHNIQUES SO JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Article DE ANTIBODY MEASUREMENT; BRUCELLA-ABORTUS; FLOW CYTOMETRY ID LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; BRUCELLA-ABORTUS; IMMUNOASSAY; MILK; POPULATIONS; LEGIONELLA AB Laboratory based assays are used routinely to measure antibody binding to bacteria or their subunits and have become extremely important to the study of immune responses to these pathogens. We have developed a two-color fluorescence flow cytometric assay to measure the binding of bovine antibodies to intact Brucella abortus. Intact, irradiated B. abortus organisms, strain 19, were incubated with bovine plasma from B. abortus strain 19 vaccinated cattle. Bacteria with bound bovine immunoglobulin were labeled using an FITC conjugated anti-bovine immunoglobulin antiserum (green fluorescence), fixed to stabilize the antibody binding and to permeabilize the bacterial cell wall and then treated with propidium iodide (red fluorescence) to label the bacterial DNA. Dual labeled bacteria were analyzed with a flow cytometer using red fluorescence to identify bacteria from sample debris and green fluorescence to measure antibody binding. The advantages of such an assay are that intact bacteria can be used, labeling procedures are simple and readily automated and data represents the measurement of antibodies bound to a large number of individual bacteria which are used to determine the total antibody binding estimate. This assay was used to measure specific antibody levels using a single dilution of test plasma and was subject to less interest variation than an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. C1 LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,SCH VET MED,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803. LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,DEPT VET SCI,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803. USDA,MEAT ANIM RES FACIL,CLAY CTR,NE 68933. NR 20 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-7012 J9 J MICROBIOL METH JI J. Microbiol. Methods PD AUG PY 1991 VL 13 IS 4 BP 281 EP 291 DI 10.1016/0167-7012(91)90065-X PG 11 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology GA GE476 UT WOS:A1991GE47600005 ER PT J AU ZIMOWSKA, G SILHACEK, DL SHAAYA, E SHIRK, PD AF ZIMOWSKA, G SILHACEK, DL SHAAYA, E SHIRK, PD TI IMMUNO-FLUORESCENT ANALYSIS OF FOLLICULAR-GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN WHOLE OVARIES OF THE INDIANMEAL MOTH SO JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PLODIA-INTERPUNCTELLA; BOMBYX-MORI; MEAL MOTH; VITELLOGENESIS; IDENTIFICATION; ECDYSTEROIDS; MATURATION; FOLLICLES; SILKWORM AB The differentiation and growth of ovaries was analyzed using immuno-fluorescence microscopy and then correlated with the changes in the external morphology of female pupae during metamorphosis of the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner). Fourteen developmental points coincident with a daily change in the light:dark cycle were chosen for observation to describe the progress of cuticular, ovarian, and follicular development during metamorphosis. Follicular structure was examined in whole mounts of ovaries using an immuno-fluorescent labelling technique. The growth of oocytes and nurse cell cap in terminal follicles was measured throughout ovarian development. A rapid incrase in the relative size of the nurse cells began during the fourth scotophase and continued until the beginning of the sixth scotophase. Following the sixth scotophase, the relative size of the nurse cells decreased until they disintegrated prior to choriogenesis. Oocytes began to grow rapidly during the fifth scotophase, coincident with the initiation of vitellogenesis, and continued to grow until choriogenesis was initiated just after adult eclosion. The rate of follicular growth was related to the position of the follicle in the ovariole; the closer to the terminal position, the greater the rate of growth. Thus, at adult eclosion, each ovariole contained a linear array of follicles in progressive stages of development with the terminal follicles ready to begin choriogenesis. C1 AGR RES ORG,VOLCANI CTR,IL-50250 BET DAGAN,ISRAEL. UNIV WARSAW,DEPT INVERTEBRATE PHYSIOL,PL-02089 WARSAW,POLAND. RP ZIMOWSKA, G (reprint author), USDA ARS,INSECT ATTRACTANTS BEHAV & BASIC BIOL RES LAB,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604, USA. NR 33 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0362-2525 J9 J MORPHOL JI J. Morphol. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 209 IS 2 BP 215 EP 228 DI 10.1002/jmor.1052090208 PG 14 WC Anatomy & Morphology SC Anatomy & Morphology GA GC071 UT WOS:A1991GC07100007 ER PT J AU RONNENBERG, AG GROSS, KL HARTMAN, WJ MEYDANI, SN PRIOR, RL AF RONNENBERG, AG GROSS, KL HARTMAN, WJ MEYDANI, SN PRIOR, RL TI DIETARY ARGININE SUPPLEMENTATION DOES NOT ENHANCE LYMPHOCYTE-PROLIFERATION OR INTERLEUKIN-2 PRODUCTION IN YOUNG AND AGED RATS SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE AGING; ARGININE; T-CELL PROLIFERATION RATS; INTERLEUKIN-2; IMMUNE SYSTEM ID CELL GROWTH-FACTOR; INJURED RATS; IMMUNE; EXPRESSION; RESPONSIVENESS; MECHANISM; DECLINE; HUMANS; ACID; MICE AB Recent studies indicate that supplemental arginine may enhance in vitro lymphocyte mitogenesis. To determine whether dietary arginine could reverse age-associated losses in immune functions, we fed purified amino acid diets to young (2-mo-old) and aged (24-mo-old) Fischer 344 rats. Rats receiving control (1.12% arginine) or supplemented (3% arginine) diets were pair fed to intakes of deficient (0% arginine) rats. Another group was fed the supplemented diet ad libitum. On d 15, responses of splenocytes to phytohemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (Con A), and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) were lower (P < 0.01), but interleukin-2 (IL-2) production was higher (P < 0.05) in aged rats than in young rats. At mitogen doses producing maximal stimulation, supplemental arginine did not enhance PHA-, Con A- or PWM-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation; PWM responses at sub-maximal doses were higher in pair-fed supplemented rats than in control or ad libitum supplemented rats (P < 0.05). Arginine supplements did not increase thymus weights or IL-2 production above controls. In another experiment, weanling rats received control and supplemented diets in amounts equal to the intake of deficient rats for an average of 37 d. Splenocytes were cultured with mitogens at various arginine levels. No diet effect was observed. Mitogenesis was maximal when media arginine approximated normal plasma levels. Our results suggest that supplemental arginine has little effect on lymphocyte proliferation or IL-2 production in healthy young and aged rats. C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA ARS,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. NR 29 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 121 IS 8 BP 1270 EP 1278 PG 9 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA FY431 UT WOS:A1991FY43100018 PM 1861175 ER PT J AU DUBEY, JP LEIGHTY, JC BEAL, VC ANDERSON, WR ANDREWS, CD THULLIEZ, P AF DUBEY, JP LEIGHTY, JC BEAL, VC ANDERSON, WR ANDREWS, CD THULLIEZ, P TI NATIONAL SEROPREVALENCE OF TOXOPLASMA-GONDII IN PIGS SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Serum samples from 11,842 commercial pigs killed in 1983-1984 throughout the United States were tested for anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies by the agglutination test in dilutions of 1:25, 1:50, and 1:500. Anti-T. gondii antibodies were found in 23.9% of pigs. At dilutions of 1:25, 1:50, and 1:500, 13.5%, 6.9%, and 3.5% were serologically positive, respectively. The prevalence of anti-T. gondii antibodies was higher in breeder pigs (42%) than in market pigs (23%). These results indicate that anti-T. gondii antibodies are widespread in the national swine herd. RP DUBEY, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,ZOONOT DIS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 11 TC 61 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 77 IS 4 BP 517 EP 521 DI 10.2307/3283154 PG 5 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA GA261 UT WOS:A1991GA26100003 PM 1865258 ER PT J AU DUBEY, JP SPEER, CA AF DUBEY, JP SPEER, CA TI SARCOCYSTIS-CANIS N-SP (APICOMPLEXA, SARCOCYSTIDAE), THE ETIOLOGIC AGENT OF GENERALIZED COCCIDIOSIS IN DOGS SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NEOSPORA-CANINUM; BRADYZOITES; CRUZI AB Sarcocystis canis n. sp. is proposed for the protozoon associated with encephalitis, hepatitis, and generalized coccidiosis in dogs. Only asexual stages are known in macrophages, neurons, dermal, and other cells of the body. The parasite is located free in the host cell cytoplasm without a parasitophorus vacuole; schizonts divide by endopolygeny. Schizonts are 5-25 x 4-20-mu-m and contain 6-40 merozoites. Merozoites are approximately 5-7-mu-m x 1-mu-m and do not contain rhoptries. The parasite is PAS-negative and reacts with Sarcocystis cruzi antiserum but not with Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, or Caryospora bigenetica antisera in an immunohistochemical test. RP DUBEY, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,ZOONOT DIS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 17 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 77 IS 4 BP 522 EP 527 DI 10.2307/3283155 PG 6 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA GA261 UT WOS:A1991GA26100004 PM 1907653 ER PT J AU BARR, SC BROWN, CC DENNIS, VA KLEI, TR AF BARR, SC BROWN, CC DENNIS, VA KLEI, TR TI THE LESIONS AND PREVALENCE OF TRYPANOSOMA-CRUZI IN OPOSSUMS AND ARMADILLOS FROM SOUTHERN LOUISIANA SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Note AB The prevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi in 48 opossums and 98 armadillos from southern Louisiana was studied. Sixteen opossums (33.3%) and 1 armadillo (1.1%) were positive for T. cruzi by blood culture. Hearts from 45 opossums and the tissues from the 1 blood culture-positive armadillo were available for histopathological examination. Although histopathology revealed T. cruzi pseudocysts in 6 opossums, 2 were not positive on blood culture. Therefore, 18 opossums (37.5%) were positive for T. cruzi. Twenty-two of 45 opossums had histological evidence of myocarditis. No lesion typical of infection with T. cruzi was observed in the armadillo tissues. These results substantiate that the opossum is a current reservoir host of T. cruzi infection in southern Louisiana and that armadillos may be of relatively minor importance. C1 USDA,ANIM & PLANT INSPECT SERV,PLUM ISL,NY 11944. TULANE UNIV,DELTA REG PRIMATE RES CTR,COVINGTON,LA 70433. LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,DEPT VET SCI,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803. RP BARR, SC (reprint author), CORNELL UNIV,NEW YORK STATE COLL AGR & LIFE SCI,SCH VET MED,DEPT CLIN SCI,ITHACA,NY 14853, USA. NR 10 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 77 IS 4 BP 624 EP 627 DI 10.2307/3283170 PG 4 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA GA261 UT WOS:A1991GA26100019 PM 1907654 ER PT J AU GULYA, TJ SACKSTON, WE VIRANYI, F MASIREVIC, S RASHID, KY AF GULYA, TJ SACKSTON, WE VIRANYI, F MASIREVIC, S RASHID, KY TI NEW RACES OF THE SUNFLOWER DOWNY MILDEW PATHOGEN (PLASMOPARA-HALSTEDII) IN EUROPE AND NORTH AND SOUTH-AMERICA SO JOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY-PHYTOPATHOLOGISCHE ZEITSCHRIFT LA English DT Article AB Collections of the causal agent of sunflower downy mildew (Plasmopara balstedii) (PH) from several European and North and South American countries were used to inoculate a series of sunflower inbred lines to differentiate races. Race 3 was identified from Argentina; race 4 from France, Hungary, and Bulgaria; race 6 from Canada and France; and race 7 from Argentina. This is the first report of race 3 in South America and of race 4 in Europe, and is the first identification of races 6 and 7. Reactions of USDA lines RHA-274, RHA-325, and DM-2 differentiate races 2, 6, and 7, with RHA-274 resistant to all three. Thirty-three commercial hybrids from 11 countries were tested; 70 % were resistant to race 2, only 27 % had resistance to race 6, and none were resistant to race 4. Surveys to determine the relative proportions of the various races within each country are needed to assess their potential impact. The USDA lines HA-335, HA-336, HA-337, HA-338, HA-339, RHA-340, HA-R4, and HA-R5 are resistant to all seven mildew races and could be utilized for the production of PH resistant hybrids. For the short term, it appears that seed treatment with metalaxyl may be the most effective control. C1 MCGILL UNIV,MACDONALD COLL,DEPT PLANT SCI,ST ANNE BELLEVUE H9X 1CO,QUEBEC,CANADA. AGR CANADA,RES STN,MORDEN ROJ 1JO,MANITOBA,CANADA. HUNGARIAN ACAD SCI,INST PLANT PROTECT,H-1525 BUDAPEST,HUNGARY. INST FIELD & VEGETABLE CROPS,YU-21000 NOVI SAD,YUGOSLAVIA. RP GULYA, TJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,NO CROP SCI LAB,POB 5677,FARGO,ND 58105, USA. NR 18 TC 53 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0931-1785 J9 J PHYTOPATHOL JI J. Phytopathol.-Phytopathol. Z. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 132 IS 4 BP 303 EP 311 DI 10.1111/j.1439-0434.1991.tb00125.x PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA GE233 UT WOS:A1991GE23300005 ER PT J AU BATRESCEREZO, R DUPONT, J GARCIA, PA KIES, C MATHIAS, MM AF BATRESCEREZO, R DUPONT, J GARCIA, PA KIES, C MATHIAS, MM TI STUDIES OF WOMEN EATING DIETS WITH DIFFERENT FATTY-ACID COMPOSITION .3. FATTY-ACIDS AND PROSTAGLANDIN SYNTHESIS BY PLATELETS AND CULTURED HUMAN ENDOTHELIAL-CELLS SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE DIETARY LINOLEATE; LIPOPROTEINS; LIPID METABOLISM; STEROID METABOLISM ID SMOOTH-MUSCLE CELLS; HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; ARACHIDONIC-ACID; PROSTACYCLIN PRODUCTION; PLASMA LIPOPROTEINS; RABBIT AORTA; METABOLISM; BLOOD; BIOSYNTHESIS; THROMBOXANE AB The aim of this study was to determine how plasma fatty acids (FA) of subjects eating either a diet designed to match the US diet consumed in 1974 in fat content and composition in accord with the HANES I survey (US74) or a diet modified to meet the US Dietary Goal Recommendations (MOD) are altered, and how the changes affect platelet thromboxane (TXB2) synthesis, and prostacyclin (PGI2) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis by cultured human endothelial cells. Following a period of recorded self-selected diets, 10 women ate the US74 diet for 4 weeks, changing to the MOD diet for the next 4 weeks (sequence 1), and 10 ate the MOD diet followed by the US74 diet (sequence 2). Plasma triglycerides, free FA, platelet FA composition, and red blood cell phospholipids responded to the change from self-selected to controlled diets, but differences in responses were not seen between US74 and MOD diets. Red blood cell total FA did not respond to dietary changes. Under collagen but not thrombin stimulation, platelet TXB2 synthesis was correlated with platelet arachidonate concentration but not serum cholesterol. Endothelial cells were isolated from umbilical cord veins and incubated for 72 hours with a 200% medium of the women's plasma. In sequence 1 (high saturated FA to high polyunsaturated fatty acids), but not in 2 (reverse order), plasma from subjects eating the MOD diet decreased (p < 0.05) basal and thrombin-stimulated PGI2 and PGE2 synthesis by the cells. These cells had a higher content of linoleic acid than cells from subjects eating the US74 diet. Thus, our study suggests that an increase in the intake of linoleic acid from 4.8 to 7.6 en% decreases PGI2 and PGE2 synthesis by human endothelial cells, and supplementation of the diet with linoleic acid has a longer period of effectiveness than its decrease in the diet. C1 NUTR SCI CONSULTING, FT COLLINS, CO USA. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL, DEPT FOOD SCI & HUMAN NUTR, AMES, IA 50011 USA. UNIV NEBRASKA, DEPT HUMAN NUTR & FOOD SERV MANAGEMENT, LINCOLN, NE 68588 USA. USDA, COOPERAT STATE RES SERV, WASHINGTON, DC 20250 USA. NR 45 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER COLL NUTRITION PI NEW YORK PA C/O HOSP. JOINT DIS. 301 E. 17TH ST., NEW YORK, NY 10003 SN 0731-5724 J9 J AM COLL NUTR JI J. Am. Coll. Nutr. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 10 IS 4 BP 327 EP 339 PG 13 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA FX311 UT WOS:A1991FX31100007 PM 1894889 ER PT J AU KOMANOWSKY, M AF KOMANOWSKY, M TI THERMAL-STABILITY OF HIDE AND LEATHER AT DIFFERENT MOISTURE CONTENTS SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID COLLAGEN AB Differential scanning calorimetry was used to determine the phase transition of hide and chrome-tanned leather at different moisture contents. In both products phase transition occurs over a wide temperature range and is irreversible. The melting temperature of hide increases progressively from about 66-degrees-C at 200% moisture content to 221-degrees-C at approximately 0% moisture content, while the melting temperature of chrome leather remains almost constant at about 105-degrees-C down to about 30% moisture content and then increases sharply to 204-degrees-C at about 0% moisture content. It is significant, however, that at all moisture contents below 30%, the melting temperature of hide is higher than that of chrome leather and (according to published research data) higher than that of vegetable-tanned and formaldehyde-tanned leathers. The feasibility of adapting present commercial shoe-manufacturing technology to the utilization of non-chrome leathers is discussed in light of the research findings obtained. RP KOMANOWSKY, M (reprint author), USDA,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 13 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSN PI CINCINNATI PA ROOM 5 CAMPUS STATION-14 TANNER RES LAB, CINCINNATI, OH 45221 SN 0002-9726 J9 J AM LEATHER CHEM AS JI J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 86 IS 8 BP 269 EP 280 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA GY141 UT WOS:A1991GY14100001 ER PT J AU BURG, DA KLEIMAN, R AF BURG, DA KLEIMAN, R TI PREPARATION OF MEADOWFOAM DIMER ACIDS AND DIMER ESTERS, AND THEIR USE AS LUBRICANTS SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE DIMER ACIDS; DIMER ESTERS; DIMERIZATION; LIMNANTHES; LUBRICANTS; MEADOWFOAM ID OIL AB Meadowfoam dimer acids have been prepared in a thermal clay-catalyzed reaction. Reaction conditions have been optimized, and yields of 44% were obtained with 2% water and 6-8% of an acid-washed montmorillonite clay, based on the meadowfoam fatty acids. Purity of the distilled dimer acids was 79-89% with most of the remaining 11-22% being residual mono- and tribasic acids. Dimethyl, di-(2-ethylhexyl), and di-n-butyl meadowfoam dimer ester derivatives were also prepared. Color, viscosity, and wear-preventive characteristics of the meadowfoam dimer acids and dimer ester derivatives were compared to those of commercial dimer acids and dimer esters. The viscosity of the meadowfoam dimer acids is similar to that of Empol(R) 1010, which is also derived from a highly monounsaturated fatty acid source. Viscosities of the meadowfoam dimer esters were also comparable to those of commercial dimer esters. Wear prevention characteristics, as determined by the four-ball test method, of the meadowfoam dimer acids and dimer esters were similar to those of the commercial products. In one case, the di-n-butyl esters, the meadowfoam derivative showed a significantly smaller wear scar than that shown by the di-n-butyl derivative of Unidyme(R) 14. C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604. NR 16 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 68 IS 8 BP 600 EP 603 DI 10.1007/BF02660161 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA GB368 UT WOS:A1991GB36800012 ER PT J AU PANIGRAHY, B SENNE, DA AF PANIGRAHY, B SENNE, DA TI DISEASES OF MYNAHS SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Review ID EXCESSIVE IRON STORAGE; LEUCOPSAR-ROTHSCHILDI; UNITED-STATES; BIRDS; HEPATOPATHY RP PANIGRAHY, B (reprint author), USDA,NATL VET SERV LABS,ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 28 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD AUG 1 PY 1991 VL 199 IS 3 BP 378 EP 381 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA FZ032 UT WOS:A1991FZ03200027 PM 1917649 ER PT J AU URI, ND BOYD, R AF URI, ND BOYD, R TI THE IMPACT OF A DEVALUATION OF THE UNITED-STATES DOLLAR ON THE EXPORTS OF UNITED-STATES AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES SO JOURNAL OF WORLD TRADE LA English DT Article ID MODELS; PRICE C1 OHIO STATE UNIV,DEPT ECON,COLUMBUS,OH 43210. RP URI, ND (reprint author), USDA,DIV RESOURCES & TECHNOL,ECON RES SERV,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 58 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WERNER PUBL CO LTD PI GENEVA 11 PA PO BOX 5134, 1211 GENEVA 11, SWITZERLAND SN 1011-6702 J9 J WORLD TRADE JI J. World Trade PD AUG PY 1991 VL 25 IS 4 BP 5 EP 26 PG 22 WC Economics; International Relations; Law SC Business & Economics; International Relations; Government & Law GA GE135 UT WOS:A1991GE13500001 ER PT J AU BLEAM, WF PFEFFER, PE GOLDBERG, S TAYLOR, RW DUDLEY, R AF BLEAM, WF PFEFFER, PE GOLDBERG, S TAYLOR, RW DUDLEY, R TI A P-31 SOLID-STATE NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE STUDY OF PHOSPHATE ADSORPTION AT THE BOEHMITE AQUEOUS-SOLUTION INTERFACE SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID REFLECTANCE INFRARED-SPECTRA; CHARGE MINERAL SURFACE; HYDROUS OXIDES; CALCIUM-PHOSPHATE; NMR; GOETHITE; ALUMINUM; SPECTROSCOPY; ANIONS; PROTON AB Results from P-31 solid-state NMR experiments provide direct evidence for the hydrolysis of phosphate molecules adsorbed on the surface of boehmite (gamma-AlOOH). Much of the phosphate surface-excess molecules are in chemical environments that are highly sensitive to solution pH, and the phosphate molecules are held relatively immobile. This chemical environment is believed to be inner-sphere surface complexes. The results of "interrupted-decoupling" P-31{H-1} cross-polarization, magic-angle-spinning NMR experiments are used to discriminate protonated surface phosphate species from those that are fully deprotonated. The pH at which surface phosphates become deprotonated lies somewhere between 9 and 11. This transition pH is an NMR observable which can be predicted by surface-complexation models. C1 USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118. USDA ARS,US SALIN LAB,RIVERSIDE,CA 92502. ALABAMA A&M UNIV,NORMAL,AL 35762. RP BLEAM, WF (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN,MADISON,WI 53706, USA. NR 69 TC 71 Z9 72 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD AUG PY 1991 VL 7 IS 8 BP 1702 EP 1712 DI 10.1021/la00056a023 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA GC040 UT WOS:A1991GC04000023 ER PT J AU SALT, TA XU, SH PATTERSON, GW ADLER, JH AF SALT, TA XU, SH PATTERSON, GW ADLER, JH TI DIVERSITY OF STEROL BIOSYNTHETIC CAPACITY IN THE CARYOPHYLLIDAE SO LIPIDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT SYMP AT THE 1990 ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOC : PLANT AND FUNGAL STEROLS : BIOSYNTHESIS, METABOLISM AND FUNCTION CY APR, 1990 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC ID CO-OCCURRENCE; DELTA-5-STEROLS; DELTA-7-STEROLS; BIOCHEMISTRY; DOMINANCE; PLANTS; OILS AB The order Caryophyllales, along with its two associated orders, the Polygonales and Plumbaginales, comprise the angiosperm subclass Caryophyllidae. We have now characterized the sterol composition of 231 members of this subclass. This includes 210 species and 21 cultivars in 108 genera within the 14 families of these three orders. From these data, clear differences in biosynthetic capability and putative relationships between taxa have been established. Members of the two monofamilial orders (Polygonales and Plumbaginales) contain DELTA-5-sterols in ratios typical of "main line" angiosperms. Members of families in the Caryophyllales contain DELTA-5-sterols, or DELTA-7-sterols or mixtures of DELTA-5- and DELTA-7-sterols. In the majority of species where DELTA-7-sterols are the dominant sterols produced, trace amounts to almost equal amounts of DELTA-5-sterols are also present. Replicate samples of many of these species have shown that the ratio of DELTA-5-sterol to DELTA-7-sterol in these species is stable over time and/or location. From these data, it appears that the conversion of DELTA-7-sterols to DELTA-5-sterols is highly regulated in the majority of species within this order. In these families, similarities in sterol composition correlate well with taxonomic relatedness. Relationships between these taxa with respect to biosynthetic capability can now be postulated. C1 UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT BOT,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. MICHIGAN TECHNOL UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,HOUGHTON,MI 49931. RP SALT, TA (reprint author), USDA,PLANT VARIETY PROTECT OFF,10301 BALTIMORE BLVD,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 41 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0024-4201 J9 LIPIDS JI Lipids PD AUG PY 1991 VL 26 IS 8 BP 604 EP 613 DI 10.1007/BF02536424 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA GB766 UT WOS:A1991GB76600006 ER PT J AU SVOBODA, JA FELDLAUFER, MF AF SVOBODA, JA FELDLAUFER, MF TI NEUTRAL STEROL-METABOLISM IN INSECTS SO LIPIDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT SYMP AT THE 1990 ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOC : PLANT AND FUNGAL STEROLS : BIOSYNTHESIS, METABOLISM AND FUNCTION CY APR, 1990 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC ID MEXICAN BEAN BEETLE; MAKISTERONE-A; HONEY BEE; FUCOSTEROL EPOXIDE; APIS-MELLIFERA; DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; TENEBRIO-MOLITOR; BETA-SITOSTEROL; BOMBYX-MORI; CONVERSION AB Since they are unable to biosynthesize sterols, many phytophagous and omnivorous insects satisfy their cholesterol requirement by side chain dealkylation of the C-24 alkyl group of dietary C28 and C29 phytosterols. However, not all insects that can dealkylate the phytosterol side chain produce cholesterol. In addition, certain insects, e.g., some Hymenoptera, Hemiptera, and Diptera, are unable to dealkylate the sterol side chain. Although C27 ecdysteroids (molting hormones), which are biosynthesized from cholesterol, are the major ecdysteroids in most insects, many of those species that are unable to dealkylate phytosterols utilize campesterol as a precursor for the C28 ecdysteroid makisterone A. The considerable diversity of steroid utilization between certain insect species makes it difficult to generalize about insect steroid biochemistry. The ability to disrupt certain unique aspects of steroid utilization and metabolism in insects might be exploited for developing new insect control technology. RP SVOBODA, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INSECT HORMONE LAB,BLDG 467,BARC E,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 45 TC 37 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0024-4201 J9 LIPIDS JI Lipids PD AUG PY 1991 VL 26 IS 8 BP 614 EP 618 DI 10.1007/BF02536425 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA GB766 UT WOS:A1991GB76600007 ER PT J AU CHITWOOD, DJ LUSBY, WR AF CHITWOOD, DJ LUSBY, WR TI METABOLISM OF PLANT STEROLS BY NEMATODES SO LIPIDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT SYMP AT THE 1990 ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOC : PLANT AND FUNGAL STEROLS : BIOSYNTHESIS, METABOLISM AND FUNCTION CY APR, 1990 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC ID CAENORHABDITIS-ELEGANS; PANAGRELLUS-REDIVIVUS; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; INHIBITORS; 4-ALPHA-METHYLSTEROLS; METHYLATION; CORN; EGGS AB Parasitic nematodes do not biosynthesize sterols de novo and therefore possess a nutritional requirement for sterol, which must be obtained from their hosts. Consequently, the metabolism of phytosterols by plant-parasitic nematodes is an important process with potential for selective exploitation. The sterol compositions of several species of plant-parasitic nematodes were determined by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and compared with the sterol compositions of their hosts. Saturation of the phytosterol nucleus was the major metabolic transformation performed by the root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne arenaria and M. incognita and the corn root lesion nematode, Pratylenchus agilis. In addition to saturation, the corn cyst nematode, Heterodera zeae, dealkylated its host sterols at C-24. Because free-living nematodes can be cultured in sterol-defined artificial medium, they have been successfully used as model organisms for investigation of sterol metabolism in plant-parasitic nematodes. Major pathways of phytosterol metabolism in Caenorhabditis elegans, Turbatrix aceti and Panagrellus redivivus included C-24 dealkylation and 4-alpha-methylation (a pathway unique to nematodes). C. elegans and T. aceti introduced double bonds at C-7, and T. aceti and P. redivivus saturated the sterol nucleus similarly to the plant-parasitic species examined. Several azasteroids and long-chain dimethylalkylamines inhibited growth and development of C. elegans and also the DELTA-24-sterol reductase enzyme system involved in the nematode C-24 dealkylation pathway. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INSECT NEUROBIOL & HORMONE LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP CHITWOOD, DJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,NEMATOL LAB,BLDG 467,BARC E,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 40 TC 48 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0024-4201 J9 LIPIDS JI Lipids PD AUG PY 1991 VL 26 IS 8 BP 619 EP 627 DI 10.1007/BF02536426 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA GB766 UT WOS:A1991GB76600008 PM 1779708 ER PT J AU NES, WD WONG, RY GRIFFIN, JF DUAX, WL AF NES, WD WONG, RY GRIFFIN, JF DUAX, WL TI ON THE STRUCTURE, BIOSYNTHESIS, FUNCTION AND PHYLOGENY OF ISOARBORINOL AND MOTIOL SO LIPIDS LA English DT Article ID CYCLIZATION; TRITERPENOIDS; EQUIVALENTS; PRECURSORS; HOPANOIDS; MECHANISM; SQUALENE AB The solid-state conformations of the C-3 acetates of two isomeric hopanoids - 1, isoarborinol (D:C-friedo-3-beta,5-gamma,8-alpha,10-beta,14-alpha, 17-beta,18-?? alpha, 21-beta) and 2, motiol (D:C-friedo-B1:A1-neogammacer-7(8)-en-3-beta-ol?? [3-beta,5-alpha,9-alpha,10-beta,13-alpha,14-beta,17-alpha,?? 18-beta,21-alpha])-have been determined by X-ray crystallography. The data show that whereas both molecules are planar, 1 orients into a chair-halfchair-chair-chair-halfchair conformation while 2 orients into a chair-sofa-twist-half-chair-halfchair conformation. To explain the biogenesis of 1 and 2 from squalene oxide, a step-wise mechanism is proposed which proceeds through the protosteroid cation (for 1) and dammarenyl cation (for 2). After ring enlargement from the corresponding 13(17)bond followed by concerted 1,2-migrations and loss of the 11-beta-H and 7-beta-H as protons, respectively, a 9,11-double bond (in 1) and a 7,8-double bond (in 2) is introduced into the nucleus. The mechanism is discussed in relation to the classical view of a non-stop cyclization process where, for example, squalene oxide folds in a chair-chair-chair-chair-boat conformation to give a cyclized product (motiol) presumably with the same conformational disposition as the cyclizing material. The three-dimensional geometry of 1 and 2 was found to be structurally dissimilar from sterols. For instance, 1 and 2 are shorter and volumetrically smaller molecules than cholesterol, and this may explain their diminished importance as membrane inserts compared with sterols in eukaryote evolution. C1 USDA,WESTERN REG RES CTR,ALBANY,CA 94710. MED FDN BUFFALO INC,BUFFALO,NY 14203. RP NES, WD (reprint author), RICHARD B RUSSELL RES CTR,MICROBIAL PROD RES UNIT,ATHENS,GA 30613, USA. NR 34 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0024-4201 J9 LIPIDS JI Lipids PD AUG PY 1991 VL 26 IS 8 BP 649 EP 655 DI 10.1007/BF02536430 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA GB766 UT WOS:A1991GB76600012 ER PT J AU GLADU, PK PATTERSON, GW WIKFORS, GH LUSBY, WR AF GLADU, PK PATTERSON, GW WIKFORS, GH LUSBY, WR TI FREE AND COMBINED STEROLS OF PAVLOVA-GYRANS SO LIPIDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT SYMP AT THE 1990 ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOC : PLANT AND FUNGAL STEROLS : BIOSYNTHESIS, METABOLISM AND FUNCTION CY APR, 1990 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC ID NMR-SPECTRA; ALGAE; PRYMNESIOPHYCEAE; IDENTIFICATION; PHYTOPLANKTON; PHYTOSTEROLS; FAMILIES; LIPIDS; WATER; C-24 AB Pavlova gyrans, a unicellular alga of interest as food for oysters, was cultured axenically and examined for sterol composition. Desmethyl monohydroxy sterols, which are frequently seen in algae, made up 40% of the total sterols and were observed primarily in the free sterol fraction. The principal sterols of this group were 5-ergostenol, poriferasterol, and clionasterol, as well as some poriferast-22-enol and poriferastanol. Several "methyl" sterols with unusual structures made up 27% of the total sterols. The principal "methyl sterols" were 4-alpha-methyl ergostanol, 4-alpha-methyl poriferastanol, and 4-alpha-methyl poriferast-22-enol. Methyl sterols were found primarily in the ester fraction. Also observed was a new class of dihydroxysterols composing 33% of the total sterols. These sterols are structurally related to the methyl and desmethyl sterols of Pavlova but contain an extra nuclear hydroxyl which can be acetylated when present on a desmethyl sterol, but which is nonreactive with acetic anhydride in 4-alpha-methyl sterols. None of these sterols were observed in ester form but are concentrated in the acid-hydrolyzable, bound fraction. The unique nature of these sterols suggests potential taxonomic utility. C1 UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT BOT,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. NOAA,NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERV,NE FISHERIES CTR,MILFORD LAB,MILFORD,CT 06460. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INSECT PHYSIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 31 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0024-4201 J9 LIPIDS JI Lipids PD AUG PY 1991 VL 26 IS 8 BP 656 EP 659 DI 10.1007/BF02536431 PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA GB766 UT WOS:A1991GB76600013 ER PT J AU RIDPATH, JF BOLIN, SR AF RIDPATH, JF BOLIN, SR TI HYBRIDIZATION ANALYSIS OF GENOMIC VARIABILITY AMONG ISOLATES OF BOVINE VIRAL DIARRHEA VIRUS USING CDNA PROBES SO MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR PROBES LA English DT Article DE BVDV; GENOME; HOMOLOGY; RNA; HYBRIDIZATION ID MUCOSAL DISEASE VIRUS; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; MOLECULAR-CLONING; CYTOPATHOGENIC STRAINS; DNA; HOMOLOGY; PROTEINS; RNA; NEUTRALIZATION; EVOLUTION RP RIDPATH, JF (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,VIROL CATTLE RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 40 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0890-8508 J9 MOL CELL PROBE JI Mol. Cell. Probes PD AUG PY 1991 VL 5 IS 4 BP 291 EP 298 DI 10.1016/0890-8508(91)90052-L PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Cell Biology GA FX883 UT WOS:A1991FX88300007 PM 1665207 ER PT J AU LANDAUELLIS, D ANGERMULLER, S SHOEMAKER, R GRESSHOFF, PM AF LANDAUELLIS, D ANGERMULLER, S SHOEMAKER, R GRESSHOFF, PM TI THE GENETIC-LOCUS CONTROLLING SUPERNODULATION IN SOYBEAN (GLYCINE-MAX L) CO-SEGREGATES TIGHTLY WITH A CLONED MOLECULAR MARKER SO MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE SOYBEAN; SYMBIOSIS; NITROGEN FIXATION; RFLP; PLANT GENOME ID PISUM-SATIVUM-L; L MERR; NODULATION MUTANTS; SYMBIOSIS; NUMBER; SHOOT; SOJA AB The genetic locus (nts) controlling nitrate-tolerant nodulation, supernodulation, and diminished autoregulation of nodulation of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merill) was mapped tightly to the pA-132 molecular marker using a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) detected by subclone pUTG-132a. The nts (nitrate-tolerant symbiotic) locus of soybean was previously detected after its inactivation by chemical mutagenesis. Mutant plant lines were characterized by abundant nodulation (supernodulation) and tolerance to the inhibitory effects of nitrate on nodule cell proliferation and nitrogen fixation. The large number of RFLPs between G. max line nts382 (homozygous for the recessive nts allel) and the more primitive soybean G. soja (PI468.397) allowed the detection of co-segregation of several diagnostic markers with the supernodulation locus in F2 families. We located the nts locus on the tentative RFLP linkag group E about 10 cM distal to pA-36 and directly next to marker pA-132. This very close linkage of the molecular marker and the nts locus may allow the application of this clone as a diagnostic probe in breeding programs as well as an entry point for the isolation of the nts gene. C1 UNIV TENNESSEE,PLANT MOLEC GENET & CTR LEGUME RES,KNOXVILLE,TN 37901. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,USDA ARS,AMES,IA 50011. NR 37 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0026-8925 J9 MOL GEN GENET JI Mol. Gen. Genet. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 228 IS 1-2 BP 221 EP 226 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA GB744 UT WOS:A1991GB74400030 PM 1679527 ER PT J AU WERNER, LL TORRES, JV LEUNG, CY KWANG, HS MALLEY, A BENJAMINI, E AF WERNER, LL TORRES, JV LEUNG, CY KWANG, HS MALLEY, A BENJAMINI, E TI IMMUNOBIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF A RECOMBINANT SIMIAN RETROVIRUS-1 ENVELOPE PROTEIN AND A NEUTRALIZING MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY DIRECTED AGAINST IT SO MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID IMMUNE-DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME; PFIZER MONKEY VIRUS; RHESUS-MONKEYS; ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; SYNTHETIC PEPTIDES; SYNDROME SAIDS; MACAQUES; AIDS AB We previously reported that an area encompassing amino acids 147-162 of the envelope region of the simian (type D) retrovirus serotype 1 (SRV-1) constitutes an antigenic site for the binding of murine and rhesus neutralizing antibodies. Neutralizing antibodies to SRV-2 are directed to a different area, encompassing residues 96-102 of SRV-2. This paper presents data on the activity of an SRV-1 recombinant envelope protein (rEP) and of monoclonal hybridoma cell line, C11B8, produced from murine spleen cells immunized with SRV-1 rEP. Purified monoclonal antibodies from C11B8, bind to the SRV-1 rEP and to both SRV-1 and SRV-2. However, the monoclonal antibody exhibits strain specificity in the capacity to neutralize SRV-1 infection in vitro. Thus, C11B8 neutralizes SRV-1 infection but fails to neutralize four other known serotypes of the virus. C11B8 also binds to an SRV-1 synthetic peptide representing residues 142-167, which encompasses the previously defined antigenic site of recognition for neutralizing antibodies to SRV-1. This paper also contains evidence that the SRV-1 rEP construct binds the site of SRV-1 attachment to the cell receptor. This is indicated by the ability of SRV-1 rEP to compete with SRV-1 (but not with SRV-2) and inhibit its infectivity in vitro. In addition, SRV-1 rEP inhibits the neutralizing activity of C11B8 against SRV-1 infection in vitro. SRV-1 rEP has no inhibitory effect on rhesus neutralizing antibodies to SRV-2. Taken together, the above findings indicate that immunity conferred at the level of neutralizing antibodies during SRV infection is strain-specific and involves the recognition of envelope sequences unique to each strain. C1 UNIV CALIF DAVIS,SCH MED,DEPT MED MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,DAVIS,CA 95616. UNIV CALIF DAVIS,SCH VET MED,DEPT CLIN PATHOL,DAVIS,CA 95616. USDA ARS,MEAT ANIM RES CTR,CLAY CTR,NE 68933. OREGON REG PRIMATE RES CTR,BEAVERTON,OR 97006. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI20573, AI27027] NR 35 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0161-5890 J9 MOL IMMUNOL JI Mol. Immunol. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 28 IS 8 BP 819 EP 826 DI 10.1016/0161-5890(91)90045-L PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Immunology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Immunology GA GA788 UT WOS:A1991GA78800003 PM 1715026 ER PT J AU WARMBRODT, RD VANDERWOUDE, WJ HITZ, WD AF WARMBRODT, RD VANDERWOUDE, WJ HITZ, WD TI STUDIES ON THE LOCALIZATION OF A PROTEIN, IMMUNOLOGICALLY SIMILAR TO A 62-KILODALTON SUCROSE-BINDING PROTEIN ISOLATED FROM DEVELOPING SOYBEAN COTYLEDONS, IN THE SHOOT AND ROOT OF SPINACH SO NEW PHYTOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE SPINACH (SPINACIA OLERACEA); SUCROSE-BINDING PROTEIN; PHLOEM; SIEVE TUBES; IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY ID PLASMODESMATAL FREQUENCY; PLASMA-MEMBRANE; LEAVES; ULTRASTRUCTURE; LEAF; CELLS AB Previous work, using antisera developed against a 62 kDa sucrose-binding protein isolated from developing soybean cotyledons, resulted in the identification of an immunologically similar protein on the sieve-tube plasma membranes of the small minor veins of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L. var. Bloomsdale Dark Green). These studies have been expanded to determine the extent of the immunologically similar protein throughout the shoot and root of the mature spinach plant. Indirect immunogold labelling of resin-embedded leaf and stem tissues resulted in the specific localization of colloidal gold on the plasma membrane of mature sieve tubes in the major veins and large minor veins of the lamina as well as sieve tubes of the petiole and stem. The amount of label associated with the petiole and stem sieve tubes was less than in the sieve tubes of the lamina. In all cases, the label was evenly distributed along the plasma membrane and, except for a small amount of background label on the cell walls, was not associated with any other cellular component including organelles, membranes or membrane systems. Other cell types of the vascular and ground tissues were also essentially free of label. Control sections treated with non-immune rabbit IgG were free of label. Sections of root tissue treated with the 62 kDa antisera contained immunolabel on the plasma membrane of the sieve tubes and, in addition, the plasma membrane of various parenchymatic elements including companion cells and vascular parenchyma cells. In both root and shoot tissues, the plasma membrane of sieve tubes considered to be structurally and physiologically immature did not contain label. These results are discussed in relation to the apoplastic and symplastic transport of solutes in source and sink tissues. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,CLIMATE STRESS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. DUPONT CO,CENT RES & DEV DEPT EXPTL STN,WILMINGTON,DE 19898. NR 25 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 SN 0028-646X J9 NEW PHYTOL JI New Phytol. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 118 IS 4 BP 501 EP 511 DI 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1991.tb00989.x PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA GE076 UT WOS:A1991GE07600001 ER PT J AU BECARD, G DONER, LW ROLIN, DB DOUDS, DD PFEFFER, PE AF BECARD, G DONER, LW ROLIN, DB DOUDS, DD PFEFFER, PE TI IDENTIFICATION AND QUANTIFICATION OF TREHALOSE IN VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI BY INVIVO C-13 NMR AND HPLC ANALYSES SO NEW PHYTOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZA; TREHALOSE, SPORE; C-13 NMR; HPLC ID ECTOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGI; CARBOHYDRATE; RESONANCE; SPORES; ROOTS AB Natural abundance in vivo C-13 NMR spectra were obtained from spores of three species of VA mycorrhizal fungi: Glomus intraradix Schenck & Smith, Glomus etunicatum Becker & Gerdemann and Gigaspora margarita Becker & Hall. The presence of trehalose was established in the spectra of Gl. etunicatum and Gi. margarita. HPLC analyses supported these observations and indicated that Gl. intraradix spores also contained small amounts of trehalose, not readily detectable by C-13 NMR. Trehalose constituted between 0.06% and 1.6% (w/w) of the spore dry weight, depending on the species. Only trace amounts of other sugars, including glycerol, were detected. An in vivo NMR time course experiment indicated that trehalose was readily utilized during spore germination. RP BECARD, G (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 23 TC 51 Z9 53 U1 2 U2 7 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 SN 0028-646X J9 NEW PHYTOL JI New Phytol. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 118 IS 4 BP 547 EP 552 DI 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1991.tb00994.x PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA GE076 UT WOS:A1991GE07600006 ER PT J AU CHRISTIANSEN, EC PICKFORD, SG AF CHRISTIANSEN, EC PICKFORD, SG TI NATURAL ABATEMENT OF FIRE HAZARD IN DOUGLAS-FIR BLOWDOWN AND THINNING FUELBEDS SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT GEORGE FAHNESTOCK MEMORIAL FIRE SCIENCE SYMP AT THE 1990 ANNUAL MEETING OF THE NORTHWEST SCIENTIFIC ASSOC CY MAY, 1990 CL CORVALLIS, OR SP NW SCI ASSOC AB Chronosequences of fuelbeds resulting from precommercial thinning and blowdown in Douglas-fir were measured using standard fuel inventory techniques. Non-linear least squares regressions were fitted to the resulting data. Results confirmed that precommercial thinning slash loses half its original loading and depth within two years. By comparison with published results, the same change in similar fuelbeds in ponderosa pine takes 15 years. Foliage retention on twigs and branches was nil after one year compared to ponderosa pine which retained fifty percent or more of its foliage for at least three years. Changes in blowdown fuels mirror those in slash, except that more material is present initially. Fine fuels (less than three inches in diameter) fall to background levels within two to four years. Large fuels persist longer and decay more slowly but eventually melt away. Sound logs become rotten after about 80 years. Findings of this study corroborate similar findings by others, namely that fire hazard in precommercial thinning slash is satisfactorily abated after three years; abatement is similar in blowdown but fuel depth and large fuel loadings decrease more slowly. RP CHRISTIANSEN, EC (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,COLVILLE NATL FOREST,COLVILLE,WA 99114, USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645910, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 65 IS 4 BP 141 EP 148 PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA GH267 UT WOS:A1991GH26700002 ER PT J AU FRANDSEN, WH AF FRANDSEN, WH TI BURNING RATE OF SMOLDERING PEAT SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT GEORGE FAHNESTOCK MEMORIAL FIRE SCIENCE SYMP AT THE 1990 ANNUAL MEETING OF THE NORTHWEST SCIENTIFIC ASSOC CY MAY, 1990 CL CORVALLIS, OR SP NW SCI ASSOC AB Smoldering ground fires spread slowly (about 3 cm h-1) and can raise mineral soil temperatures above 300-degrees-C for several hours with peak temperatures near 600-degrees-C, resulting in decomposition of organic material and the death of soil organisms. Smoldering ground fire has potential for reigniting surface fire long after the main front has passed. The rate of smoldering was examined with Canadian sphagnum peat moss as a representative fuel. The time to burn a known amount of organic mass was monitored for different organic bulk densities and moisture and inorganic contents. Organic bulk densities were comparable to the field and ranged from 90 to 180kg m-3. Moisture and inorganic contents were expressed as mass ratios relative to the organic mass and covered the range of sustained smoldering combustion. Moisture ratios, R(M), ran up to 0.8 and inorganic ratios, R(I), up to 4.0. The burning rate is independent of the organic bulk density. A universal burning rate, the unit area burn rate (UBR), was obtained by normalizing the burning rate to the area of the burning surface. It is expressed as follows: UBR = 0.27-0.097 R(M) - 0.033(R(I)-D) g cm-2 h-1, where D = R(I) if R(I) < 1.0, and D = 1.0 if R(I) greater-than-or-equal-to 1.0. RP FRANDSEN, WH (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,INTERMOUNTAIN FIRE SCI LAB,MISSOULA,MT 59807, USA. NR 0 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 8 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645910, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 65 IS 4 BP 166 EP 172 PG 7 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA GH267 UT WOS:A1991GH26700005 ER PT J AU APGAR, J EVERETT, GA AF APGAR, J EVERETT, GA TI THE GUINEA-PIG AS A MODEL FOR EFFECTS OF MATERNAL NUTRITION ON PREGNANCY OUTCOME SO NUTRITION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE PURIFIED DIET; PREMATURE DELIVERY; ABORTION; INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION; PLASMA ZINC; HEMATOCRIT ID CONVERTING-ENZYME; ZINC; REPRODUCTION; DIET AB The guinea pig has several characteristics which make it a useful model for the effects of nutrition on reproduction, but the nutrient requirements of the pregnant guinea pig have received little study. Since, in our experience, diets that support good growth in young animals may not be adequate for pregnancy, we compared the outcome of pregnancy in guinea pigs fed a purified diet (Cas) with that of animals fed a commercial "natural foods" diet (Com). To determine the effects of decreased feed intake which frequently accompanies nutritional deficiencies, the diets were fed either ad libitum (AL) throughout pregnancy or at a restricted level (Rl) during the last half. Feed restriction was increased from 20 to 50% to mimic the effect of an animal's becoming increasingly deficient. Females fed the two diets did not differ in weight gain during pregnancy, number per litter, or birth weight of the pups. ComAL had a larger percentage of young born alive than did CasAL and better survival of the young. All CasRl and two-thirds of ComRl delivered one to two weeks before term. Comparison of the purified diet with other purified diets and with the Recommended Nutrient Allowances suggested that while adding arginine and additional calcium to the diet might help females with reduced feed intake, some other factor is probably responsible for the differences in survival of neonates of ad libitum-fed females. Nonetheless, the purified diet can be used satisfactorily for studies of the effects of maternal nutrition on pregnancy outcome. RP APGAR, J (reprint author), USDA ARS,US PLANT SOIL & NUTR LAB,ITHACA,NY 14853, USA. NR 30 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0271-5317 J9 NUTR RES JI Nutr. Res. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 11 IS 8 BP 929 EP 939 DI 10.1016/S0271-5317(05)80620-7 PG 11 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA GF392 UT WOS:A1991GF39200009 ER PT J AU LEVANDER, OA AGER, AL MORRIS, VC MAY, RG AF LEVANDER, OA AGER, AL MORRIS, VC MAY, RG TI PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF GROUND FLAXSEED OR ETHYL LINOLENATE IN A VITAMIN-E-DEFICIENT DIET AGAINST MURINE MALARIA SO NUTRITION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE MALARIA; PLASMODIUM-YOELII; VITAMIN-E; FLAXSEED; LINSEED OIL; LINOLENIC ACID ID PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM; FISH OIL; MICE; DEFORMABILITY; QINGHAOSU; YOELII AB Vitamin E-deficient diets containing 5 to 20% ground flaxseed or 2.75% ethyl linolenate protected mice against the malarial parasite Plasmodium yoelii as shown by decreased parasitemia and enhanced survival. Although the biochemical mechanism of these dietary effects is not established, the high intake of linolenic acid coupled with the oxidant stress generated by the parasite presumably destabilize the red blood cell of the vitamin E-deficient host leading to premature erythrocyte lysis and destruction of the parasite. Continued investigation into the response of the malarial parasite to dietary pro-oxidant stress may provide leads to new approaches in the control of this disease. C1 UNIV MIAMI,SCH MED,CTR TROP PARASIT DIS,DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,MIAMI,FL 33101. RP LEVANDER, OA (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,VITAMIN & MINERAL NUTR LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 28 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0271-5317 J9 NUTR RES JI Nutr. Res. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 11 IS 8 BP 941 EP 948 DI 10.1016/S0271-5317(05)80621-9 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA GF392 UT WOS:A1991GF39200010 ER PT J AU MARSHALL, HF ROSS, LF CONKERTON, EJ CHAPITAL, DC KVIEN, CK AF MARSHALL, HF ROSS, LF CONKERTON, EJ CHAPITAL, DC KVIEN, CK TI EFFECT OF DINICONAZOLE ON THE FREE AMINO-ACIDS AND CARBOHYDRATES OF PEANUT, ARACHIS-HYPOGAEA L SO OLEAGINEUX LA English DT Article DE PEANUTS; GROUNDNUTS; DINICONAZOLE; FLAVOR; CARBOHYDRATES; FREE AMINO ACIDS AB Diniconazole [(E)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-1-penten-3-ol], a systemic fungicide, has been shown to decrease vine growth and increase yields of Florunner peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). In 1984 and 1985, test plots of peanut plants, grown in Plains, GA, were treated with diniconazole. Peanuts from untreated and treated plants were analyzed for carbohydrate and free amino acid content. These compounds are associated with the development of typical/atypical flavor of roasted peanuts. In 1984, no significant differences were noted in either the carbohydrate or free amino acid content between peanuts from treated and untreated plants. In 1985, there appeared to be an increase in the stachyose and sucrose content of peanuts from treated plants, but the raffinose, glucose, fructose and free amino acid contents of peanuts from treated plants were similar to that of untreated plants. The monosaccharides are more involved than sucrose in the formation of browning reaction products with free amino acids, during roasting. Therefore, lack of change in these compounds would indicate that the beneficial effect of diniconazole on peanut plant growth patterns is not accompanied by any adverse effects on flavor precursor compounds in peanuts. RP MARSHALL, HF (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,POB 19687,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CIRAD-CP OLEAGINEUX PI MONTPELLIERCEDEX PA B P 5035, 34032 MONTPELLIERCEDEX, FRANCE SN 0030-2082 J9 OLEAGINEUX PD AUG-SEP PY 1991 VL 46 IS 8-9 BP 329 EP 332 PG 4 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA GM120 UT WOS:A1991GM12000003 ER PT J AU REDINBAUGH, MG CAMPBELL, WH AF REDINBAUGH, MG CAMPBELL, WH TI HIGHER-PLANT RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL NITRATE SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Review DE GENE EXPRESSION; NITRATE ASSIMILATION; NITRATE REDUCTASE; NITRATE TRANSPORT; NITRITE REDUCTASE; ROOT MORPHOLOGY; ROOT RESPIRATION ID REDUCTASE MESSENGER-RNA; SEMINAL ROOT SYSTEM; NITRITE REDUCTASE; PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS; MAIZE ROOTS; CARBOHYDRATE-METABOLISM; SQUASH COTYLEDONS; BARLEY SEEDLINGS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; CDNA CLONES AB Nitrate is the most common N source used by higher plants and is the 'substrate inducer' of nitrate and nitrite reductase activities. However, environmental nitrate also has other effects on higher plants, which include the induction of a high affinity nitrate transport system, changes in root morphology, and increased root respiration. Nitrate induces nitrate and nitrite reductase activities by altering gene expression, mainly by enhancing transcription of the respective genes. We have begun to view these responses of higher plant tissues to environmental nitrate in the context of a model for signal transduction. In our model, nitrate is a signal for developmental changes in the physiology of the plant, which are expressed in a hierarchy. The primary responses include induction of genes for nitrate and nitrite reductases, nitrate uptake and translocation systems, and DNA regulatory proteins required for expression of the secondary response gene systems. The secondary responses include more complex phenomena such as proliferation of the root system, enhancement of respiration and other changes in the physiology of the plant. C1 USDA ARS,CROPS RES LAB,OXFORD,NC 27585. MICHIGAN TECHNOL UNIV,PHYTOTECHNOL RES CTR,HOUGHTON,MI 49931. MICHIGAN TECHNOL UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,HOUGHTON,MI 49931. RP REDINBAUGH, MG (reprint author), N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP SCI,RALEIGH,NC 27695, USA. NR 77 TC 133 Z9 140 U1 0 U2 13 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 82 IS 4 BP 640 EP 650 DI 10.1034/j.1399-3054.1991.820423.x PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA GD791 UT WOS:A1991GD79100023 ER PT J AU CANTONE, FA DUNKLE, LD AF CANTONE, FA DUNKLE, LD TI REVERSIBLE EFFECTS OF INHIBITORY DIFFUSATES FROM MAIZE INOCULATED WITH COCHLIOBOLUS-CARBONUM SO PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HELMINTHOSPORIUM-CARBONUM; MYCOSPHAERELLA-PINODES; CORN LEAVES; SUPPRESSION; RESISTANCE; PISATIN; FUNGUS; TOXIN C1 PURDUE UNIV,USDA ARS,DEPT BOT & PLANT PATHOL,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. NR 19 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0885-5765 J9 PHYSIOL MOL PLANT P JI Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 39 IS 2 BP 111 EP 122 DI 10.1016/0885-5765(91)90022-A PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA GN939 UT WOS:A1991GN93900003 ER PT J AU GLAZENER, JA ORLANDI, EW HARMON, GL BAKER, CJ AF GLAZENER, JA ORLANDI, EW HARMON, GL BAKER, CJ TI AN IMPROVED METHOD FOR MONITORING ACTIVE OXYGEN IN BACTERIA-TREATED SUSPENSION CELLS USING LUMINOL-DEPENDENT CHEMILUMINESCENCE SO PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INDUCED HYPERSENSITIVE REACTION; INDUCED CHEMI-LUMINESCENCE; PHYTOPHTHORA-INFESTANS; SUPEROXIDE ANION; K+/H+ EXCHANGE; TOBACCO; PEROXIDASE; GENERATION; SYRINGAE; ABILITY RP GLAZENER, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,MICROBIOL & PLANT PATHOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 17 TC 55 Z9 57 U1 2 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0885-5765 J9 PHYSIOL MOL PLANT P JI Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 39 IS 2 BP 123 EP 133 DI 10.1016/0885-5765(91)90023-B PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA GN939 UT WOS:A1991GN93900004 ER PT J AU ALVAREZ, AM BENEDICT, AA MIZUMOTO, CY POLLARD, LW CIVEROLO, EL AF ALVAREZ, AM BENEDICT, AA MIZUMOTO, CY POLLARD, LW CIVEROLO, EL TI ANALYSIS OF XANTHOMONAS-CAMPESTRIS PV CITRI AND X-C-CITRUMELO WITH MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SPHERE IMMUNOLOGICAL PROBES; POLYACRYLAMIDE GELS; STRAINS; FLORIDA; IDENTIFICATION; NURSERIES; PROTEINS; BACTERIA AB A monoclonal antibody (MAb), designated A1, reacted with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) epitopes of all tested strains of Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri isolated from the Asiatic form of citrus bacterial canker (CBC-A), with X. campestris strains pathogenic on ti (Cordyline terminalis), and with some Florida citrus nursery strains associated with citrus bacterial spot (CBS) disease. The A1 MAb did not react with strains associated with other forms of citrus canker (B, C, or D). Except for weak reactions with X. c. manihotis, MAb A1 did not react with 130 other Xanthomonas pathovars and species or with 89 strains of other genera. In contrast, the titers of a rabbit-anti-CBC-A antiserum with several other X. campestris pathovars were as high as titers with some CBC-A strains. A second MAb, A2, reacted only with a flagellar epitope associated with CP1 bacteriophage-sensitive CBC-A strains. The CBC-B strains appeared to be antigenically heterogenous, because no MAb was produced that reacted with all CBC-B strains; however, the CBC-B strains were grouped by reactions to three MAbs specific for LPS epitopes. One CBC-B MAb, B2, indicated a close antigenic relationship between strains in groups B, C, and D. Another MAb, C1, specific for CBC-C strain XC70 reacted with a heat-sensitive epitope associated with a molecule partially sensitive to proteolytic enzymes. MAbs (T1 and T2) specific for weakly virulent strains isolated in Mexico from Citrus aurantifolia (Mexican lime) did not react with any other strains from citrus. CBS strains from Florida were serologically heterogeneous but distinct from strains associated with CBC. Most of the strongly aggressive CBS strains reacted with a MAb (CBS1) generated to a strongly aggressive strain, whereas most moderately and weakly aggressive strains reacted with MAb Xct generated to a X. campestris pathogen of ti. Moderately to weakly aggressive CBS strains reacted with MAb A1, but those strains also reacted with MAb Xct, whereas CBC-A strains did not. The LPS banding patterns of CBC-A strains were similar to each other, with major bands at an average M(r) of 80,000, and were distinguished from the LPS patterns of A1-positive CBS, ti, and X. c. manihotis strains (major bands at an average M(r) of 60,000). C1 UNIV HAWAII,DEPT MICROBIOL,HONOLULU,HI 96822. USDA,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP ALVAREZ, AM (reprint author), UNIV HAWAII,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,HONOLULU,HI 96822, USA. NR 30 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD AUG PY 1991 VL 81 IS 8 BP 857 EP 865 DI 10.1094/Phyto-81-857 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA FZ697 UT WOS:A1991FZ69700008 ER PT J AU ALLEN, EA HOCH, HC STAVELY, JR STEADMAN, JR AF ALLEN, EA HOCH, HC STAVELY, JR STEADMAN, JR TI UNIFORMITY AMONG RACES OF UROMYCES-APPENDICULATUS IN RESPONSE TO TOPOGRAPHIC SIGNALING FOR APPRESSORIUM FORMATION SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RESISTANCE; BEANS AB Forty pathogenic races of Uromyces appendiculatus from diverse origins were tested for thigmotropic sensing of surface topography in the formation of appressoria. Defined topographic signals (ridges) ranging from 0 to 1.24-mu-m high were tested. All races responded similarly, with minimal levels of appressorium formation occurring on ridges less than 0.18-mu-m high and greater than 1.24-mu-m high. Development of appressoria occurred optimally (> 80%) on ridges 0.4-0.8-mu-m high. The uniform response for appressorium formation on the different topographies was observed among test races and among repeated tests of a standard race. The similarity in response for appressorium development among these bean rust races has implications for development of thigmotropic-based race nonspecific resistance. C1 CORNELL UNIV,NEW YORK STATE AGR EXPT STN,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,GENEVA,NY 14456. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,LINCOLN,NE 68583. NR 13 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD AUG PY 1991 VL 81 IS 8 BP 883 EP 887 DI 10.1094/Phyto-81-883 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA FZ697 UT WOS:A1991FZ69700012 ER PT J AU PORTER, DM WRIGHT, FS TABER, RA SMITH, DH AF PORTER, DM WRIGHT, FS TABER, RA SMITH, DH TI COLONIZATION OF PEANUT SEED BY CYLINDROCLADIUM-CROTALARIAE SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE SEED TRANSMISSION; SEED TREATMENT ID MICROSCLEROTIA AB Cylindrocladium crotalariae, the causal agent of Cylindrocladium black rot (CBR) of peanut (Arachis hypogaea), was isolated at a much higher frequency from peanut seed (retained by a screen 6.4 x 25.4 mm) shortly after curing than 7 mo after initial isolation assay, when the frequency decreased approximately 87%. The frequency of C. crotalariae in seed of the cultivars Florigiant, VA 81B, and NC 6 was 15.4, 23.4, and 21.8%, respectively, before storage, and 1.6, 4.0, and 5.6%, respectively, after storage at ambient conditions for 7 mo in an unheated building. Under similar disease pressure, seed of NC 8C, a peanut cultivar with resistance to C. crotalariae, was colonized less frequently than seed of cultivars Florigiant, VA 81B, and NC 6. Seed colonization was directly correlated to incidence of CBR in the field. Seed colonization increased as disease incidence increased. Significant difference were noted among cultivars of Florigiant, VA 81B, and NC 6 in the isolation frequency of C. crotalariae. Colonization by C. crotalariae was similar in seed stored at ambient and refrigerated (5 C) conditions. The fungus was not isolated from peanut seed treated with seed protectants. Hyphae of C. crotalariae ramified both intracellularly and intercellularly throughout the testae of discolored seed. In seed with dark brown testae, hyphae were observed in the cotyledonary tissues. C1 TEXAS A&M UNIV SYST,TEXAS AGR EXPT STN,DEPT PLANT PATHOL & MICROBIOL,COLLEGE STN,TX 77995. RP PORTER, DM (reprint author), USDA ARS,TIDEWATER AGR EXPT STN,SUFFOLK,VA 23437, USA. NR 14 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD AUG PY 1991 VL 81 IS 8 BP 896 EP 900 DI 10.1094/Phyto-81-896 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA FZ697 UT WOS:A1991FZ69700015 ER PT J AU YAO, CL MAGILL, CW FREDERIKSEN, RA BONDE, MR WANG, Y WU, PS AF YAO, CL MAGILL, CW FREDERIKSEN, RA BONDE, MR WANG, Y WU, PS TI DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF PERONOSCLEROSPORA-SACCHARI IN MAIZE BY DNA HYBRIDIZATION SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE DNA PROBE; DOWNY MILDEW DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION; FUNGAL GENETICS; MAIZE DISEASE ID DOWNY MILDEW; PHYTOPHTHORA-PARASITICA; SORGHI; PHILIPPINENSIS; SPORULATION; PROBE AB The causal organism of an incidence of maize downy mildew in Southern China proved difficult to classify by standard techniques. The pathogen, subsequently identified as Peronosclerospora sacchari, was detected by DNA hybridization in endosperm, pericarp, and pedicel tissues, but not in embryos of infected maize seeds. Plasmid pCLY83, which had been selected from a P. maydis DNA library, served as the probe. No evidence for hybridization was detected between the probe and DNAs extracted from ten common seedborne fungi of maize: Colletotrichum graminicola, Acremonium strictum, Curvularia lunata, Fusarium moniliforme, Bipolaris maydis, Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia sp., Rhizopus sp., Penicillium sp., and Alternaria sp. Hybridization was also not detected with DNAs isolated from plant tissues infected with Sclerospora graminicola or Sclerophthora macrospora. The hybridizing DNA of the corn pathogen from China was readily distinguished from P. sorghi and P. maydis by differences in EcoRI, PvuI, BamHI and HindIII restriction patterns. RFLP patterns on blots of DNA from the plants showing symptoms of downy mildew in this case were the same as those for P. philippinensis and P. sacchari, now believed to be conspecific. C1 USDA ARS,FOREIGN DIS WEED RES UNIT,FT DETRICK,MD 21701. PLANT QUARANTINE INST,BEIJING 100026,PEOPLES R CHINA. RP YAO, CL (reprint author), TEXAS A&M UNIV SYST,DEPT PLANT PATHOL & MICROBIOL,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843, USA. NR 26 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD AUG PY 1991 VL 81 IS 8 BP 901 EP 905 DI 10.1094/Phyto-81-901 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA FZ697 UT WOS:A1991FZ69700016 ER PT J AU PAULITZ, TC LOPER, JE AF PAULITZ, TC LOPER, JE TI LACK OF A ROLE FOR FLUORESCENT SIDEROPHORE PRODUCTION IN THE BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL OF PYTHIUM DAMPING-OFF OF CUCUMBER BY A STRAIN OF PSEUDOMONAS-PUTIDA SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA; FUSARIUM-WILT; CHLAMYDOSPORE GERMINATION; SOIL SUPPRESSIVENESS; PLANT-PATHOGENS; VAR TRITICI; IRON; ULTIMUM; BIOCONTROL; WHEAT AB Hyphal growth but not sporangial germination of Pythium ultimum was inhibited by the synthetic iron chelating compound ethylenediamine (di-o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid) (EDDHA) on water agar and by strain N1R of Pseudomonas putida on King's medium B. Eight prototrophic derivatives of N1R (deficient in fluorescent siderophore [pyoverdine] biosynthesis [Pvd-]) were obtained by Tn5 mutagenesis. Pvd- derivatives did not inhibit hyphal growth of P. ultimum on King's medium B, but protected cucumber seedlings from Pythium damping-off in three different agriculture soils at levels statistically indistinguishable from the parental strain, N1R. Therefore, pyoverdine production by strain N1R was not critical to biocontrol of Pythium damping-off of cucumber under the conditions of this study. C1 USDA ARS,HORT CROPS RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97330. OI Paulitz, Timothy/0000-0002-8885-3803 NR 43 TC 43 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD AUG PY 1991 VL 81 IS 8 BP 930 EP 935 DI 10.1094/Phyto-81-930 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA FZ697 UT WOS:A1991FZ69700021 ER PT J AU KEYSER, JD AF KEYSER, JD TI A THING TO TIE ON THE HALTER - AN ADDITION TO THE PLAINS ROCK ART LEXICON SO PLAINS ANTHROPOLOGIST LA English DT Note RP KEYSER, JD (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,RECREAT,PACIFIC NW REG,POB 3623,319 SW PINE ST,PORTLAND,OR 97208, USA. NR 13 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLAINS ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOC PI LINCOLN PA 410 WEDGEWOOD DRIVE, LINCOLN, NE 68510 SN 0032-0447 J9 PLAINS ANTHROPOL JI Plains Anthropol. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 36 IS 136 BP 261 EP 267 PG 7 WC Anthropology SC Anthropology GA GC767 UT WOS:A1991GC76700005 ER PT J AU CUEVAS, E BROWN, S LUGO, AE AF CUEVAS, E BROWN, S LUGO, AE TI ABOVEGROUND AND BELOWGROUND ORGANIC-MATTER STORAGE AND PRODUCTION IN A TROPICAL PINE PLANTATION AND A PAIRED BROADLEAF SECONDARY FOREST SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE BIOMASS; LITTER FALL; LITTER STANDING STOCK; ORGANIC MATTER BUDGET; PINUS-CARIBAEA PLANTATIONS; ROOT BIOMASS; ROOT PRODUCTION; SECONDARY FORESTS; SOIL ORGANIC MATTER ID NUTRIENT DYNAMICS; BIOMASS; CARBON; SOILS AB The distribution of tree biomass and the allocation of organic matter production were measured in an 11-yr-old Pinus caribaea plantation and a paired broadleaf secondary forest growing under the same climatic conditions. The pine plantation had significantly more mass aboveground than the secondary forest (94.9 vs 35.6 t ha-1 for biomass and 10.5 vs 5.0 t ha-1 for litter), whereas the secondary forest had significantly more fine roots (less-than-or-equal-to 2 mm diameter) than the pine plantation (10.5 and 1.0 t ha-1, respectively). Standing stock of dead fine roots was higher than aboveground litter in the secondary forest. In contrast, aboveground litter in pine was more than ten times higher than the dead root fraction. Both pine and secondary forests had similar total organic matter productions (19.2 and 19.4 t ha-1 yr-1, respectively) but structural allocation of that production was significantly different between the two forests; 44% of total production was allocated belowground in the secondary forest, whereas 94% was allocated aboveground in pine. The growth strategies represented by fast growth and large structural allocation aboveground, as for pine, and almost half the production allocated belowground, as for the secondary forest, illustrate equally successful, but contrasting growth strategies under the same climate, regardless of soil characteristics. The patterns of accumulation of organic matter in the soil profile indicated contrasting nutrient immobilization and mineralization sites and sources for soil organic matter formation. C1 US FOREST SERV,INST TROP FORESTRY,SO FOREST EXPT STN,RIO PIEDRAS,PR 00928. UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT FORESTRY,URBANA,IL 61801. NR 27 TC 96 Z9 109 U1 2 U2 14 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD AUG PY 1991 VL 135 IS 2 BP 257 EP 268 DI 10.1007/BF00010914 PG 12 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA FZ931 UT WOS:A1991FZ93100013 ER PT J AU BREGITZER, P BUSHNELL, WR RINES, HW SOMERS, DA AF BREGITZER, P BUSHNELL, WR RINES, HW SOMERS, DA TI CALLUS FORMATION AND PLANT-REGENERATION FROM SOMATIC EMBRYOS OF OAT (AVENA-SATIVA L) SO PLANT CELL REPORTS LA English DT Article ID MAIZE CELLS; CULTURES; GENES AB Globular-stage somatic embryos were isolated by vortexing friable, embryogenic callus of oat (Avena sativa L.) followed by fractionation based on size. Somatic embryos were most frequently found in the 300-380-mu-m size fraction. Friable, embryogenic callus was reinitiated from 55% of isolated somatic embryos. Fertile plants were regenerated from 22% of isolated somatic embryos. Reinitiation of callus from somatic embryos and growth of friable, embryogenic callus was inhibited by the selective agents G418 and methotrexate. These results suggest that somatic embryos isolated from friable, embryogenic callus of oat may be useful totipotent targets for particle acceleration-mediated transformation. C1 USDA ARS,ST PAUL,MN. UNIV MINNESOTA,ST PAUL,MN 55108. RP BREGITZER, P (reprint author), USDA ARS,PACIFIC W AREA,POB 307,ABERDEEN,ID 83210, USA. NR 11 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0721-7714 J9 PLANT CELL REP JI Plant Cell Reports PD AUG PY 1991 VL 10 IS 5 BP 243 EP 246 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA GC352 UT WOS:A1991GC35200007 PM 24221588 ER PT J AU IRVINE, JE BENDA, GTA LEGENDRE, BL MACHADO, GR AF IRVINE, JE BENDA, GTA LEGENDRE, BL MACHADO, GR TI THE FREQUENCY OF MARKER CHANGES IN SUGARCANE PLANTS REGENERATED FROM CALLUS-CULTURE .2. EVIDENCE FOR VEGETATIVE AND GENETIC TRANSMISSION, EPIGENETIC EFFECTS AND CHIMERAL DISRUPTION SO PLANT CELL TISSUE AND ORGAN CULTURE LA English DT Article DE CHIMERA; CALLUS CULTURE; EPIGENETIC; MARKER REMISSION; SACCHARUM SPP; SUGARCANE ID SOMACLONAL VARIATION; TISSUE; IMPROVEMENT AB This study investigates the frequency of apparent and permanent expression of marker change following two types of tissue culture, conventional callus and direct regeneration cultures, and for two markers it relates this frequency to that following breeding. Each clone was used for only one marker. After conventional callus culture, plants of the sugarcane clone Arundoid B, a clone having a growth habit with shortened internodes and leaves, were freed of this marker at a rate of 1 in 172 plants. Marker remission in a second clone with a leaf blotch was enhanced in the presence of a mutagen. Callus culture alone gave a remission rate of 1/280 plants, while treatment of callus with ethyl methanesulfonate gave a remission rate of 1/42 plants. Of two markers subjected to vegetative and sexual transmission, the first, a leaf marker, was stable in callus culture with no remissions; crossing with non-marker parents produced progeny with 54% lacking the marker. The second, a stalk marker (multibud), showed epigenetic effects during two generations of vegetative propagation; plants lacking the multibud marker produced vegetative progeny in which the marker reappeared. Nine crosses to nonmarker parents produced progeny of which an average of 29% had the marker. The use of stalk chimeras as markers demonstrated that passage through conventional callus or direct regeneration culture resulted in the loss of the donor phenotype in all plants regenerated. Phenotypic variation in plants derived from callus culture appears to arise from several sources; chimeral segregants, epigenetic transients, and mutational variants. C1 CTR TECNOL COPERSUCAR,PIRACICABA,SP,BRAZIL. USDA,SUGARCANE RES UNIT,HOUMA,LA 70361. NR 21 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6857 J9 PLANT CELL TISS ORG JI Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 26 IS 2 BP 115 EP 125 DI 10.1007/BF00036115 PG 11 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA FY922 UT WOS:A1991FY92200009 ER PT J AU OWENS, LD WOZNIAK, CA AF OWENS, LD WOZNIAK, CA TI MEASUREMENT AND EFFECTS OF GEL MATRIC POTENTIAL AND EXPRESSIBILITY ON PRODUCTION OF MORPHOGENIC CALLUS BY CULTURED SUGAR-BEET LEAF-DISKS SO PLANT CELL TISSUE AND ORGAN CULTURE LA English DT Article DE BETA-VULGARIS; GEL EXPRESSIBILITY; MATRIC POTENTIAL; MORPHOGENIC POTENTIAL; REGENERATION POTENTIAL ID SHOOT FORMATION; GELLING AGENT; INVITRO; VITRIFICATION; AGAR; INDUCTION; GROWTH AB During studies to optimize production of morphogenic callus from cultured leaf discs of sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) large differences were observed associated with the gelling agent employed. Water availability, as determined mainly by gel matric potential, was found to be the dominant factor. A simple method was devised to measure the relative matric potential of different gels. A precisely moistened filter-paper disc was placed on the gel surface, allowed to equilibrate, removed and weighed. The relative gain or loss of water from the paper disc was a measure of the matric potential of the gel and varied with both gel type and concentration. Leaf disc expansion and production of callus-derived embryos and shoots were shown to be directly proportional to gel matric potential. Water availability may also be affected by the ease with which liquid is expressed from gels in response to localized pressure caused by explant expansion and contortion. This property, called gel expressibility, was easily measured with a weight and capillary pipette and shown also to vary with gel type and concentration. Validity of the technique for measuring relative matric potential was verified physiologically by culturing leaf discs on filter-paper overlays to eliminate expressibility differences among gels. Additionally, comparison of leaf disc growth on uncovered gel surfaces versus filter-paper overlays demonstrated the contribution of liquid expression to overall water availability. Expression of liquid by explants on uncovered gel surfaces greatly enhanced the production of morphogenic callus. RP OWENS, LD (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,PLANT MOLEC BIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 19 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6857 J9 PLANT CELL TISS ORG JI Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 26 IS 2 BP 127 EP 133 DI 10.1007/BF00036116 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA FY922 UT WOS:A1991FY92200010 ER PT J AU MARCHETTI, MA BOLLICH, CN AF MARCHETTI, MA BOLLICH, CN TI QUANTIFICATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SHEATH BLIGHT SEVERITY AND YIELD LOSS IN RICE SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article AB Breeding rice with resistance to sheath blight is difficult, because the resistance is expressed quantitatively, and the relationship between symptom expression and disease-induced yield losses is not clear. A 5-yr study to quantify this relationship showed a high correlation between a disease index (DI) and percent yield loss, r2 = 0.74. The DI is calculated from visual estimates of the percent harvest area at prescribed disease severity levels. DIs across seven cultivars and 5 yr ranged from 1.7 to the maximum 9. A regression line is described by y (loss) = -1.8 + 5.1 x (DI). Evaluation of breeding lines for sheath blight resistance is based upon symptom expression. Two F7 lines, selected solely on disease symptoms, from progeny of resistant x-susceptible crosses showed superior sheath blight resistance as regards effects of disease on yield. RP MARCHETTI, MA (reprint author), TEXAS A&M UNIV SYST,USDA,ARS,CTR AGR RES & EXTENS,BEAUMONT,TX 77713, USA. NR 8 TC 54 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 75 IS 8 BP 773 EP 775 PG 3 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA FX730 UT WOS:A1991FX73000004 ER PT J AU TKACZ, BM BAKER, FA AF TKACZ, BM BAKER, FA TI SURVIVAL OF INONOTUS-TOMENTOSUS IN SPRUCE STUMPS AFTER LOGGING SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article AB Survival of Inonotus tomentosus was investigated by isolating the fungus from excavated stumps of blue spruce (Picea pungens) and Engelmann spruce (P. engelmannii) that had been harvested 9, 13, or 20 yr previously in southern Utah. The fungus was isolated from 62, 100, and 75% of 9-, 13-, and 20-yr-old stumps, respectively. The diameter of the smallest roots that yielded I. tomentosus ranged from 1.3 cm (9-yr-old stumps) to 2.5 cm (13- and 20-yr-old stumps). The maximum distances that I. tomentosus was found from the stumps were 3.4, 6.1, and 5.5 m for 9-, 13-, and 20-yr-old stumps, respectively. Isolates of I. tomentosus from stumps of all ages killed artificially inoculated Engelmann spruce seedlings. C1 UTAH STATE UNIV,DEPT FOREST RESOURCES,LOGAN,UT 84322. RP TKACZ, BM (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,SW REG,FOREST PEST MANAGEMENT,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86004, USA. NR 7 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 75 IS 8 BP 788 EP 790 PG 3 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA FX730 UT WOS:A1991FX73000008 ER PT J AU SHARPE, RR REILLY, CC ZEHR, EI AF SHARPE, RR REILLY, CC ZEHR, EI TI EVALUATION OF TRUNK-INSULATING WRAPS ON CAMBIUM TEMPERATURE-FLUCTUATIONS AND PEACH-TREE SHORT LIFE DEVELOPMENT SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID SOIL FUMIGATION; PRUNING DATE; SITE AB Four trunk-insulating wraps in four orchards were used to evaluate cambium temperature fluctuations on peach tree short life (PTSL) development. A clear plastic bubble material trapped solar radiation, increased cambium temperatures, and resulted in cambial browning, sour sap odor, and tree death similar to PTSL. Insulation materials that reduced temperature fluctuations did not affect minimum cambium night temperatures but did decrease maximum day temperatures compared with noninsulated checks. Armiflex foam, normally used to insulate water pipes, and Reflectix, polyethylene plastic bubbles with aluminum foil bonded to both sides, were the most effective insulation materials. None of the materials consistently decreased the percentage of PTSL. If cambium temperature fluctuations contribute to PTSL development, more effective insulation materials are required to decrease the incidence of PTSL. C1 CLEMSON UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL & PHYSIOL,CLEMSON,SC 29631. RP SHARPE, RR (reprint author), USDA ARS,POB 87,BYRON,GA 31008, USA. NR 23 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 75 IS 8 BP 803 EP 806 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA FX730 UT WOS:A1991FX73000012 ER PT J AU LEATH, S BRUCKNER, PL AF LEATH, S BRUCKNER, PL TI REACTION OF WINTER OAT GERM PLASM TO AN EPIDEMIC OF OAT POWDERY MILDEW SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID ADULT PLANT RESISTANCE; SP AVENAE AB In the spring of 1989, an epidemic of oat powdery mildew occurred naturally in four randomized blocks near Tifton, Georgia, in which 31 winter oat lines had been planted in the fall of 1988. Plots were rated on 14 and 18 April for percentage of foliage covered with mildew and for infection type (0-4 scale). Differences existed among cultivars on both assessment dates. Severity levels increased from a mean of 29.2 to 32.9% between assessment dates, and all cultivars showed symptoms; oat lines ranged from 7.5 to 59.4% in severity and from 1.4 to 4.0 in infection type. The same cultivars were tested in a growth chamber with a pure culture of Blumeria graminis f. sp. avenae recovered from oat cultivar Brooks to determine if they could be effectively screened as seedlings under controlled conditions. Seedling reaction means ranged from 2.3 to 7.0 on a 0-9 scale of powdery mildew severity and from 1.8 to 3.8 on a 0-4 scale for infection type. Severity and infection type data were correlated in both field (r = 0.84, P < 0.01) and controlled environments (r = 0.50-0.67, P < 0.01). Severities in the field and growth chamber also were correlated (r = 0.37-0.46, P < 0.05). Based on all data, the most resistant lines were AR-111-2, AR-02848, AR-820B-669, and GA-T81-1251. The lines PA 8014-608, PA 7915-1342, and TAMO 386 were the most susceptible. Several lines that may express adult plant resistance showed large differences between field and greenhouse evaluations; NK Coker 86-10, NK Coker 716, and Simpson showed high levels of resistance only in the field. This may be due to the existence of a mixture of pathogen phenotypes in the Southeast, despite the fact that no cleistothecia were observed in North Carolina or Georgia, making evaluation with a single isolate undesirable. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,USDA ARS,COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STN,TIFTON,GA 31793. RP LEATH, S (reprint author), N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,RALEIGH,NC 27695, USA. NR 12 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 75 IS 8 BP 807 EP 809 PG 3 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA FX730 UT WOS:A1991FX73000013 ER PT J AU PUSEY, PL AF PUSEY, PL TI INFLUENCE OF PRUNUS NECROTIC RINGSPOT VIRUS ON GROWTH, PRODUCTIVITY, AND LONGEVITY OF PEACH-TREES SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; BOTRYOSPHAERIA-DOTHIDEA; SHORT LIFE; ORCHARDS; GUMMOSIS; DISEASE; GEORGIA; SPREAD; CROPS; FRUIT AB Peach trees in experimental plantings at Byron and Fort Valley, GA, were assayed for Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV) each year for 3 yr. Three orchards consisted of two peach cultivars (Redhaven and either Loring or Redskin) on seven or eight peach seedling rootstocks, whereas a fourth orchard consisted of only Redhaven scion on Lovell and Siberian C rootstocks. PNRSV was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using antiserum prepared against PNRSV-G. Initially, when the orchards were 5-9 yr old, incidence of positive tests ranged from 26 to 63%. The average annual increase in positive assays for these orchards ranged from 3.6 to 17.4%. Trees that tested positive for the virus tended to have a smaller trunk circumference than those that tested negative, but statistical differences in growth during 3 yr were detected in only one orchard. Bark splitting was associated with positive tests in three out of eight cases in which data were collected. Yield of infected trees was reduced by 8.2-47.3% (P less-than-or-equal-to 0.05) in three out of nine cases, and fruit maturity was affected depending on rootstock. Defoliation, flower bud density, flower and leaf emergence, fruit size, and peach tree gummosis caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea were generally not affected by the virus. Although PNRSV has been suspected as a possible factor in the development of peach tree short life, no relationship was found between PNRSV and factors associated with peach tree short life such as cambial browning or bacterial canker caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. Furthermore, PNRSV did not contribute to tree mortality, which in all orchards was the highest (7.1-30.8%) for Redhaven trees. Interactions between virus and rootstock were frequently detected, indicating that the use of virus-free propagation material in rootstock evaluation programs is important. C1 FT VALLEY STATE UNIV,AGR RES STN,FT VALLEY,GA 31030. RP PUSEY, PL (reprint author), USDA ARS,SE FRUIT & TREE NUT RES LAB,POB 87,BYRON,GA 31008, USA. NR 34 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 75 IS 8 BP 847 EP 851 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA FX730 UT WOS:A1991FX73000022 ER PT J AU COHEN, S DUFFUS, JE LIU, HY PERRY, R AF COHEN, S DUFFUS, JE LIU, HY PERRY, R TI INDUCTION OF SILVERLEAF OF SQUASH BY BEMISIA WHITEFLY FROM CALIFORNIA DESERT WHITEFLY POPULATIONS SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Note C1 USDA ARS,US AGR RES STN,SALINAS,CA 93905. RP COHEN, S (reprint author), VOLCANI INST AGR RES,BET DAGAN,ISRAEL. NR 2 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 75 IS 8 BP 862 EP 862 PG 1 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA FX730 UT WOS:A1991FX73000027 ER PT J AU RUSSO, VM PATTERSON, CL AF RUSSO, VM PATTERSON, CL TI OCCURRENCE OF FUSARIUM STALK ROT ON A SUPERSWEET CORN CULTIVAR IN OKLAHOMA SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Note C1 OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV,WES WATKINS AGR RES & EXTENS CTR,LANE,OK 74555. RP RUSSO, VM (reprint author), USDA ARS,S CENT AGR RES LAB,POB 159,LANE,OK 74555, USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 75 IS 8 BP 862 EP 862 PG 1 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA FX730 UT WOS:A1991FX73000028 ER PT J AU PATAKY, JK CARSON, ML AF PATAKY, JK CARSON, ML TI RACE 23N OF EXSEROHILUM-TURCICUM IN FLORIDA SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Note C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,RALEIGH,NC 27695. ILLINOIS FDN SEEDS INC,CHAMPAIGN,IL 61820. RP PATAKY, JK (reprint author), UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,URBANA,IL 61801, USA. NR 1 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 75 IS 8 BP 863 EP 863 PG 1 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA FX730 UT WOS:A1991FX73000035 ER PT J AU ORTIZLOPEZ, A ORT, DR BOYER, JS AF ORTIZLOPEZ, A ORT, DR BOYER, JS TI PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION IN ATTACHED LEAVES OF HELIANTHUS-ANNUUS AT LOW WATER POTENTIALS SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HIGH SOLUTE CONCENTRATIONS; OSMOTIC-STRESS; INTACT CHLOROPLASTS; MEMBRANE ENERGIZATION; STROMA ENZYMES; CARBON-DIOXIDE; ABSCISIC-ACID; LEAF SLICES; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; LIGHT AB The in situ response of photophosphorylation and coupling factor activity to low leaf water potential (psi-L) was investigated using kinetic spectroscopy to measure the flash-induced electrochromic absorption change in attached sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. cv IS894) leaves. The electrochromic change is caused by the formation of an electric potential across the thylakoid membrane associated with proton uptake. Since depolarization of the thylakoid membrane following flash excitation is normally dominated by proton efflux through the coupling factor during ATP formation, this measurement can provide direct information about the catalytic activity of the coupling factor. Under low psi-L conditions in which a clear nonstomatal limitation of net photosynthesis could be demonstrated, we found a strong inhibition of coupling factor activity in dark-adapted leaves which was probably caused by an increase in the energetic threshold for the activation of the enzyme at low psi-L. While this result supported earlier in vitro findings, we further discovered that the light-dependent reduction of coupling factor reversed any observable effect of low psi-L on the energetics of activation or on photophosphorylation competence. Furthermore, coupling factor was reduced, even in severely droughted sunflower, almost immediately upon illumination. Based on these measurements, we conclude that the nonstomatal limitation of photosynthesis observed by us and others in droughted plants cannot be explained by impaired coupling factor activity. C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,USDA ARS,PHOTOSYNTH RES UNIT,URBANA,IL 61801. UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT PLANT BIOL,URBANA,IL 61801. UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT AGRON,URBANA,IL 61801. UNIV DELAWARE,COLL MARINE STUDIES,LEWES,DE 19958. NR 35 TC 37 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 96 IS 4 BP 1018 EP 1025 DI 10.1104/pp.96.4.1018 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA GD656 UT WOS:A1991GD65600004 PM 16668292 ER PT J AU PAMMENTER, NW VERTUCCI, CW BERJAK, P AF PAMMENTER, NW VERTUCCI, CW BERJAK, P TI HOMEOHYDROUS (RECALCITRANT) SEEDS - DEHYDRATION, THE STATE OF WATER AND VIABILITY CHARACTERISTICS IN LANDOLPHIA-KIRKII SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DESICCATION-SENSITIVITY; AVICENNIA-MARINA; MEMBRANES; STORAGE; TISSUES AB Differential scanning calorimetry was used to study the relationships among drying rate, desiccation sensitivity, and the properties of water in homeohydrous (recalcitrant) seeds of Landolphia kirkii. Slow drying of intact seeds to axis moisture contents of approximately 0.9 to 0.7 gram/gram caused lethal damage, whereas very rapid (flash) drying of excised embryonic axes permitted removal of water to approximately 0.3 gram/gram. The amount of nonfreezable water in embryonic axes (0.28 gram H2O/gram dry mass) did not change with drying rate and was similar to that of desiccation-tolerant seeds. These results suggest that the amount of nonfreezable water per se is not an important factor in desiccation sensitivity. However, flash drying that removed all freezable water damaged embryonic axes. Differences between desiccation-sensitive and -tolerant seeds occur at two levels: (a) tolerant seeds naturally lose freezable water, and sensitive seeds can lose this water without obvious damage only if it is removed very rapidly; (b) tolerant seeds can withstand the loss of a substantial proportion of nonfreezable water, whereas sensitive seeds are damaged if nonfreezable water is removed. C1 UNIV NATAL,DEPT BIOL,PLANT CELL BIOL RES GRP,DURBAN 4001,SOUTH AFRICA. USDA ARS,NATL SEED STORAGE LAB,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. RI Pammenter, Norman/E-9357-2010; Berjak, Patricia/E-9362-2010 NR 15 TC 95 Z9 105 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 96 IS 4 BP 1093 EP 1098 DI 10.1104/pp.96.4.1093 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA GD656 UT WOS:A1991GD65600015 PM 16668303 ER PT J AU BRAUER, D LOPER, M SCHUBERT, C TU, SI AF BRAUER, D LOPER, M SCHUBERT, C TU, SI TI EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON THE COUPLED ACTIVITIES OF THE VANADATE-SENSITIVE PROTON PUMP FROM MAIZE ROOT MICROSOMES SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PLASMA-MEMBRANE; H+-ATPASE; SARCOPLASMIC-RETICULUM; TRANSLOCATING ATPASES; CORN ROOTS; TONOPLAST; INHIBITION; TRANSPORT; DEPENDENCE; VESICLES AB The mechanism by which proton transport is coupled to ATP hydrolysis by vanadate-sensitive pumps is poorly understood. The effects of temperature on the activities of the vanadate-sensitive ATPase from maize (Zea mays) roots were assessed to provide insight into the coupling mechanism. The initial rate of proton transport had a bell-shaped dependence on temperature with an optimal range between 20 and 30-degrees-C. However, the rate of vanadate-sensitive ATP hydrolysis increased as the temperature was raised from 4 to 43-degrees-C. The differential sensitivity of proton transport to temperatures above 30-degrees-C was also observed when the ATPase was reconstituted into dioleoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles. Inhibition of proton transport with temperatures above 30-degrees-C was associated with higher rates of proton leakage from the membranes. In addition, proton transport was more inhibited than ATP hydrolysis at temperatures below 10-degrees-C. Reduced rates of proton transport at lower temperatures were not associated with higher rate of proton conductivity across the membranes. Therefore, the preferential inhibition of proton transport at temperatures below 10-degrees-C may reflect an effect of temperature on the coupling between proton transport and ATP hydrolysis within the vanadate-sensitive ATPase. RP BRAUER, D (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,PLANT & SOIL BIOPHYS RES UNIT,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 20 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 96 IS 4 BP 1114 EP 1117 DI 10.1104/pp.96.4.1114 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA GD656 UT WOS:A1991GD65600018 PM 16668306 ER PT J AU PRESSEY, R AF PRESSEY, R TI OXIDIZED OLIGOGALACTURONIDES ACTIVATE THE OXIDATION OF INDOLEACETIC-ACID BY PEROXIDASE SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HOST-PATHOGEN INTERACTIONS; CELL-WALL; TOMATO; OLIGOSACCHARINS; PHYTOALEXINS; FRAGMENTS AB Partial hydrolysis of polygalacturonic acid with a purified alpha-1,4-endopolygalacturonase yielded oligogalacturonides and trace amounts of a series of modified oligogalacturonides. Three of the minor products were isolated and identified as oxidized oligogalacturonides possessing termini of galactaric acid. Oxidation of indole-3-acetic acid by peroxidases was activated by oxidized oligogalacturonides but not by normal analogs. RP PRESSEY, R (reprint author), USDA ARS,RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR,POB 5677,ATHENS,GA 30613, USA. NR 14 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 96 IS 4 BP 1167 EP 1170 DI 10.1104/pp.96.4.1167 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA GD656 UT WOS:A1991GD65600027 PM 16668315 ER PT J AU CHO, MJ HARPER, JE AF CHO, MJ HARPER, JE TI ROOT ISOFLAVONOID RESPONSE TO GRAFTING BETWEEN WILD-TYPE AND NODULATION-MUTANT SOYBEAN PLANTS SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GLYCINE-MAX L; L MERR; SUPERNODULATION; SUPPRESSION; INFECTIONS; JAPONICUM; SYSTEM; SHOOT AB It was previously reported that the hypernodulating soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) mutants, derived from the cultivar Williams, had higher root concentration of isoflavonoid compounds (daidzein, genistein, and coumestrol) than did Williams at 9 to 12 days after inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum. These compounds are known inducers of nod genes in B. japonicum and may be involved in subsequent nodule development. The current study involving reciprocal grafts between NOD1-3 (hypernodulating mutant) and Williams showed that root isoflavonoid concentration and content was more than twofold greater when the shoot genotype was NOD1-3. When grafted, NOD1-3 shoots also induced hypernodulation on roots of both Williams and NOD1-3, while Williams shoots induced normal nodulation on both root genotypes. This shoot control of hypernodulation may be causally related to differential root isoflavonoid levels, which are also controlled by the shoot. In contrast, the nonnodulating characteristic of the NN5 mutant was strictly root controlled, based on reciprocal grafts. Delayed inoculation (7 days after planting) resulted in greater nodule numbers on both NOD1-3 and Williams, compared with a seed inoculation treatment. The nodulation pattern of grafted plants was independent of whether the shoot portion was derived from inoculated seed or uninoculated seed, when grafted at day 7 onto seedling roots derived from inoculated seed. This observation, coupled with the fact that no difference existed in nodule number of NOD1-3 and Williams until after 9 days from seed inoculation, indicated that if isoflavonoids play a role in differential nodulation of the hypernodulating mutant and the wild type, the effect is on advanced stages of nodule ontogeny, possibly related to autoregulation, rather than on initial infection stages. C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT AGRON,1201 W GREGORY,URBANA,IL 61801. UNIV ILLINOIS,USDA ARS,PLANT PHYSIOL & GENET RES UNIT,URBANA,IL 61801. NR 22 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 96 IS 4 BP 1277 EP 1282 DI 10.1104/pp.96.4.1277 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA GD656 UT WOS:A1991GD65600043 PM 16668330 ER PT J AU LI, ZC BUSH, DR AF LI, ZC BUSH, DR TI DELTA-PH-DEPENDENT AMINO-ACID-TRANSPORT INTO PLASMA-MEMBRANE VESICLES ISOLATED FROM SUGAR-BEET (BETA-VULGARIS L) LEAVES .2. EVIDENCE FOR MULTIPLE ALIPHATIC, NEUTRAL AMINO-ACID SYMPORTS SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AFFINITIES; KINETICS; SYSTEMS; CELLS AB Proton-coupled aliphatic, neutral amino acid transport was investigated in plasma membrane vesicles isolated from sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L., cv Great Western) leaves. Two neutral amino acid symport systems were resolved based on inter-amino acid transport competition and on large variations in the specific activity of each porter in different species. Competitive inhibition was observed for transport competition between alanine, methionine, glutamine, and leucine (the alanine group) and between isoleucine, valine, and threonine (the isoleucine group). The apparent K(m) and K(i) values were similar for transport competition among amino acids within the alanine group. In contrast, the kinetics of transport competition between these two groups of amino acids did not fit a simple competitive model. Furthermore, members of the isoleucine group were weak transport antagonists of the alanine group. These results are consistent with two independent neutral amino acid porters. In support of that conclusion, the ratio of the specific activity of alanine transport versus isoleucine transport varied from two- to 13-fold in plasma membrane vesicles isolated from different plant species. This ratio would be expected to remain relatively stable if these amino acids were moving through a single transport system and, indeed, the ratio of alanine to glutamine transport varied less than twofold. Analysis of the predicted structure of the aliphatic, neutral amino acids in solution shows that isoleucine, valine, and threonine contain a branched methyl or hydroxyl group at the beta-carbon position that places a dense electron cloud close to the alpha-amino group. This does not occur for the unbranched amino acids or those that branch further away, e.g. leucine. We hypothesize that this structural feature of isoleucine, valine, and threonine results in unfavorable steric interactions with the alanine transport system that limits their flux through this porter. Hydrophobicity and hydrated volumes did not account for the observed differences in transport specificity. C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,USDA ARS,PHOTOSYNTH RES UNIT,URBANA,IL 61801. UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT PLANT BIOL,URBANA,IL 61801. NR 19 TC 38 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 96 IS 4 BP 1338 EP 1344 DI 10.1104/pp.96.4.1338 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA GD656 UT WOS:A1991GD65600052 PM 16668339 ER PT J AU PETERSON, DM FORDE, J WILLIAMSON, M ROHDE, W KREIS, M AF PETERSON, DM FORDE, J WILLIAMSON, M ROHDE, W KREIS, M TI NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE OF A CHYMOTRYPSIN INHIBITOR-2 GENE OF BARLEY (HORDEUM-VULGARE L) SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Note ID PROTEIN GENES; EXPRESSION; LOCALIZATION; ELEMENTS; TOBACCO; GRAINS; TISSUE; MAIZE; WHEAT C1 AFRC,INST ARABLE CROPS RES,ROTHAMSTED EXPTL STN,DEPT BIOCHEM & PHYSIOL,HARPENDEN AL5 2JQ,HERTS,ENGLAND. USDA ARS,CEREAL CROPS RES UNIT,MADISON,WI 53705. MAX PLANCK INST,COLOGNE 30,GERMANY. NR 9 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 96 IS 4 BP 1389 EP 1390 DI 10.1104/pp.96.4.1389 PG 2 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA GD656 UT WOS:A1991GD65600063 PM 16668350 ER PT J AU SMITH, EJ FADLY, AM LEVIN, I CRITTENDEN, LB AF SMITH, EJ FADLY, AM LEVIN, I CRITTENDEN, LB TI THE INFLUENCE OF EV6 ON THE IMMUNE-RESPONSE TO AVIAN-LEUKOSIS VIRUS-INFECTION IN RAPID-FEATHERING PROGENY OF SLOW-FEATHERING AND RAPID-FEATHERING DAMS SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE CONGENITAL TRANSMISSION; HOMOZYGOUS RESISTANCE; FEATHERING GENES; AVIAN LEUKOSIS VIRUS; TUMORS ID ENDOGENOUS VIRAL GENES; EGG-PRODUCTION; CONGENITAL TRANSMISSION; WHITE LEGHORNS; MAREKS-DISEASE; LOCI EV6; SUSCEPTIBILITY; RESISTANCE; CHICKENS; EV21 AB Endogenous virus (EV) locus ev6 encodes only virus envelope glycoprotein. The influence of ev6 on the immune response to contact infection with hatchmates infected with avian leukosis virus (ALV) was compared in replicate hatches. The ALV Subgroup E-resistant, rapid-feathering (RF) female chickens produced by slow-feathering (SF) and RF dams with and without ev6 were exposed at hatch to hatchmates infected with ALV Subgroup A (Strain RPL-40). The RPL-40 viremia, shedding, and virus neutralizing antibodies were measured among pullets from two hatches at 22 wk of age. Although significant (P < .05) differences between hatches in the immune response to contact infection were noted among ev6+ pullets, significantly fewer ev6+ pullets seroconverted than their ev6- hatchmates. At 22 wk of age, significantly more lymphomas were also found among ev6+ pullets than among ev6- hatchmates. In flocks wherein both parents and progeny were homozygous resistant to Subgroup E virus, there was no detrimental maternal effect on RF progeny from SF dams that carried ev21. These results also confirm that selection for genetic cellular resistance to Subgroup E ALV infection eliminates congenital transmission of EV21. RP SMITH, EJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,AVIAN DIS & ONCOL LAB,3606 E MT HOPE RD,E LANSING,MI 48823, USA. NR 19 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSN INC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61802 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 70 IS 8 BP 1673 EP 1678 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA FZ113 UT WOS:A1991FZ11300003 PM 1656418 ER PT J AU ROBEL, EJ AF ROBEL, EJ TI THE VALUE OF SUPPLEMENTAL BIOTIN FOR INCREASING HATCHABILITY OF TURKEY EGGS SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE EMBRYONIC MORTALITY RATE; EGG CONTENTS; BIOTIN; HATCHABILITY; TURKEYS AB Two experiments were conducted with Large White Turkey hens in individual cages to determine the value of supplemental biotin for increasing hatchability. No differences were observed for 7-day embryo deaths between treatments in both experiments. In the last two-thirds of the production cycle in both experiments, eggs from hens fed 520-mu-g and 623-mu-g/kg had the fewest embryonic deaths during Days 7 to 28 of incubation. Concentrations of biotin in egg albumin increased with incremental dietary biotin levels, but egg yolk concentrations were stable. About 38-mu-g of biotin per egg (82 g) produced highest embryo survival. Regression analysis, based on average percentage hatchability at the treatment levels for both experiments, revealed no hatchability response for Period 1 (first third of production cycle) from biotin. However, the dietary biotin level for hatchability increased with maternal age, which ranged from 500 to 800-mu-g/kg for Periods 2 (second third of production cycle) and 3 (last third of production cycle), respectively. RP ROBEL, EJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,AVIAN PHYSIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 34 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSN INC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61802 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 70 IS 8 BP 1716 EP 1722 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA FZ113 UT WOS:A1991FZ11300010 PM 1924091 ER PT J AU MARUYAMA, K KANEMAKI, N AF MARUYAMA, K KANEMAKI, N TI MYOSIN ISOFORM EXPRESSION IN SKELETAL-MUSCLES OF TURKEYS AT VARIOUS AGES SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE TURKEY; MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT; MYOFIBRILLAR PROTEINS; MYOSIN HEAVY CHAIN ISOFORM; GENE EXPRESSION ID HEAVY-CHAIN EXPRESSION; BODY PROTEIN-TURNOVER; SLOW-TWITCH MUSCLES; LAYER-TYPE CHICKENS; FIBER TYPES; RAT MUSCLE; POSTNATAL-DEVELOPMENT; GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; BROILER-TYPE; TRANSITIONS AB The appearance of myosin isoforms in skeletal muscles of turkey embryos, poults, and toms was studied, using monoclonal antibodies raised against myosin isoforms in chicken fast-twitch muscle (Pectoralis). The myosin extract was prepared by repeated salt extraction-precipitation. The reactivity of monoclonal antibodies with turkey myosin isoforms was tested by an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay using alkaline phosphatase-conjugated antibody and detection by color development with p-nitrophenyl phosphate. Detection was also effected by protein slot blotting using peroxidase-conjugated antibody and color development with 3,3'-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride. The monoclonal antibody AB8 was found to be specific for the adult myosin isoform, present in Pectoralis muscle of 14-day-old and adult turkeys and adult chickens. Subsequent peptide mapping also indicated that the adult myosin isoform of turkey Pectoralis muscle was nearly identical to the adult isoform from chickens. The monoclonal antibody 2E9 reacted with the myosin extract only from poults at ages of 7 days and 14 days posthatch, indicating that 2E9 is specific for the neonatal myosin isoform. The reactivity of 2E9 was noted with the muscle of the mixed fiber type (the thigh muscle group) as well as with the fast-twitch muscle (Pectoralis). Monoclonal antibodies EB 165 and AG6 were found to react with the myosin extract from all ages tested. Based on the reactivity with monoclonal antibodies, it was concluded that myosin in turkey muscles existed as at least three discrete isoforms that were expressed sequentially in the course of muscle development. RP MARUYAMA, K (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,AVIAN PHYSIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [S07 RR07026] NR 30 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSN INC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61802 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 70 IS 8 BP 1748 EP 1757 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA FZ113 UT WOS:A1991FZ11300014 PM 1924093 ER PT J AU KUBENA, LF HUFF, WE HARVEY, RB YERSIN, AG ELISSALDE, MH WITZEL, DA GIROIR, LE PHILLIPS, TD PETERSEN, HD AF KUBENA, LF HUFF, WE HARVEY, RB YERSIN, AG ELISSALDE, MH WITZEL, DA GIROIR, LE PHILLIPS, TD PETERSEN, HD TI EFFECTS OF A HYDRATED SODIUM CALCIUM ALUMINOSILICATE ON GROWING TURKEY POULTS DURING AFLATOXICOSIS SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE AFLATOXIN; TURKEY POULTS; HYDRATED SODIUM CALCIUM ALUMINOSILICATE; BODY WEIGHT; ORGAN WEIGHT ID ACTIVATED-CHARCOAL; BROILER-CHICKENS; T-2 TOXIN; AFLATOXIN-B1; TOXICOSIS; TOXICITY; DIETS; SWINE; FEED; RATS AB Effects of adding .5% of a hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS) to diets containing 1 or .5 mg aflatoxin (AF)/kg were determined in male turkey poults from 1 day to 3 wk of age. Body weight gains were significantly reduced by 51 and 19% in turkey poults fed 1 and .5 mg AF/kg, respectively; efficiency of feed utilization was not affected. There were no deaths in poults fed .5 mg AF/kg; however, the mortality rate was 88% in poults fed 1 mg AF/kg. The addition of .5% dietary HSCAS resulted in a 68% decrease in mortality to 28% for the 3-wk experimental period. Treatment-related changes in relative organ weights, hematological values, serum biochemical values, and enzyme activities were observed. The HSCAS in the absence of AF did not alter any of the parameters measured. The HSCAS diminished the adverse effects of AF on body weight gains, most relative organ weights, hematological values, serum biochemical values, and enzyme activities associated with .5 mg AF/kg, but not 1 mg AF/kg. These findings indicate that HSCAS may diminish many of the adverse effects of AF in an AF-sensitive species, the turkey. RP KUBENA, LF (reprint author), USDA ARS,FOOD ANIM PROTECT RES LAB,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845, USA. NR 36 TC 80 Z9 80 U1 0 U2 3 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSN INC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61802 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 70 IS 8 BP 1823 EP 1830 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA FZ113 UT WOS:A1991FZ11300023 PM 1656420 ER PT J AU GEBHARDTHENRICH, SG MARKS, HL AF GEBHARDTHENRICH, SG MARKS, HL TI RESEARCH NOTE - THE EFFECTS OF SWITCHING MALES AMONG CAGED FEMALES ON EGG-PRODUCTION AND HATCHABILITY IN JAPANESE-QUAIL SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE JAPANESE QUAIL; MATING SYSTEM; HATCHABILITY; EGG PRODUCTION; HALF-SIB DESIGN ID 4-WEEK BODY-WEIGHT; NUTRITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS; SELECTION AB For a half-sib mating design each male was switched among four females that were kept in separate cages once a day, so that each female was paired with a male every 4th day. Control males were permanently paired with one female each. There was some evidence that the mating system involving switching of males among females decreased egg production and hatchability by about 9 and 16%, respectively. The present study argues, however, that the slight decrease in hatchability, which was only present in some males, does not prevent the application of this method for half-sib breeding designs to estimate heritabilities. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,USDA ARS,SE POULTRY RES LAB,ATHENS,GA 30602. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSN INC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61802 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 70 IS 8 BP 1845 EP 1847 PG 3 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA FZ113 UT WOS:A1991FZ11300028 ER PT J AU BANCI, L BERTINI, I TURANO, P TIEN, M KIRK, TK AF BANCI, L BERTINI, I TURANO, P TIEN, M KIRK, TK TI PROTON NMR INVESTIGATION INTO THE BASIS FOR THE RELATIVELY HIGH REDOX POTENTIAL OF LIGNIN PEROXIDASE SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE HORSERADISH PEROXIDASE; CYTOCHROME-C PEROXIDASE; LIGNIN BIODEGRADATION; PHANEROCHAETE-CHRYSOSPORIUM ID CYTOCHROME-C PEROXIDASE; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; BASIDIOMYCETE PHANEROCHAETE-CHRYSOSPORIUM; HYPERFINE-SHIFTED RESONANCES; SPIN HORSERADISH-PEROXIDASE; HEME ACTIVE-SITE; MOLECULAR-STRUCTURE; RESTING STATE; EXTRACELLULAR PEROXIDASES; SPECTRAL CHARACTERIZATION AB Lignin peroxidase shares several structural features with the well-studied horseradish peroxidase and cytochrome c peroxidase but carries a higher redox potential. Here the heme domain of lignin peroxidase and the lignin peroxidase cyanide adduct was examined by H-1 NMR spectroscopy, including nuclear Overhauser effect and two-dimensional measurements, and the findings were compared with those for horseradish peroxidase and cytochrome c peroxidase. Structural information was obtained on the orientation of the heme vinyl and propionate groups and the proximal and distal histidines. The shifts of the epsilon-1 proton of the proximal histidine were found to be empirically related to the Fe3+/Fe2+ redox potentials. C1 PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT MOLEC & CELL BIOL,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802. US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,INST MICROBIAL & BIOCHEM TECHNOL,MADISON,WI 53705. RP BANCI, L (reprint author), UNIV FLORENCE,DEPT CHEM,I-50121 FLORENCE,ITALY. RI Turano, Paola/F-9089-2011 OI Turano, Paola/0000-0002-7683-8614 NR 54 TC 96 Z9 96 U1 0 U2 4 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 88 IS 16 BP 6956 EP 6960 DI 10.1073/pnas.88.16.6956 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA GB701 UT WOS:A1991GB70100012 PM 11607206 ER PT J AU HUANG, PL PARKS, JE ROTTMANN, WH THEOLOGIS, A AF HUANG, PL PARKS, JE ROTTMANN, WH THEOLOGIS, A TI 2 GENES ENCODING 1-AMINOCYCLOPROPANE-1-CARBOXYLATE SYNTHASE IN ZUCCHINI (CUCURBITA-PEPO) ARE CLUSTERED AND SIMILAR BUT DIFFERENTIALLY REGULATED SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE ETHYLENE BIOSYNTHESIS; GENE STRUCTURE; AMINOTRANSFERASES; AUXIN; WOUNDING; CYCLOHEXIMIDE ID INDUCED ETHYLENE PRODUCTION; PLANT DEFENSE GENES; MESSENGER-RNAS; WOUND ETHYLENE; SEQUENCES; CLONING; ACID; BIOSYNTHESIS; TISSUE; ENZYME AB A 17-kilobase (kb) region of the zucchini (Cucurbita pepo) genome has been sequenced and contains two genes, CP-ACC1A and CP-ACC1B, encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (ACC synthase; S-adenosyl-L-methionine methylthioadenosine-lyase, EC 4.4.1.14). The genes are transcribed convergently and are separated by a 5.7-kb intergenic region. Their coding regions are interrupted by four introns located in identical positions. While the DNA identity in their coding regions is 97%, their 5' and 3' flanking regions are highly divergent. Transcription of CP-ACC1A is rapidly induced by wounding in fruit and etiolated hypocotyls and by indoleacetic acid (IAA)/benzyladenine/LiCl only in fruit tissue. Conditions that induce CP-ACC1B expression have not been found. Protein synthesis inhibition derepresses the expression of CP-ACC1A and other unidentified ACC synthase genes, suggesting that they may be under negative control. The amino acid sequences deduced from the nucleotide sequences of the genes are 493 and 494 residues long with 95% identity. The most notable feature of the amino acid sequence is the presence of 11 of the 12 invariant amino acid residues involved in the binding of the substrate and pyridoxal-5'-phosphate in various aminotransferases. We conclude that ACC synthase is encoded by a multigene family of which certain members are differentially induced by auxin in a tissue-specific manner. Furthermore, ACC synthase, a pyridoxal-containing enzyme, may have an evolutionary relationship with the superfamily of aminotransferases. C1 USDA ARS,CTR PLANT GENE EXPRESS,800 BUCHANAN ST,ALBANY,CA 94710. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT PLANT BIOL,BERKELEY,CA 94720. FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM-35447] NR 41 TC 110 Z9 118 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 88 IS 16 BP 7021 EP 7025 DI 10.1073/pnas.88.16.7021 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA GB701 UT WOS:A1991GB70100025 PM 1871117 ER PT J AU BLANK, RR FOSBERG, MA AF BLANK, RR FOSBERG, MA TI DURIPANS OF THE OWYHEE PLATEAU REGION OF IDAHO - GENESIS OF OPAL AND SEPIOLITE SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SILICA; PALYGORSKITE; MINERALOGY; DIAGENESIS AB Mineralogical and micromorphic techniques were used to investigate secondary minerals that occur in duripans (Durargids and Durixeralfs) on the Owyhee Plateau region of southwestern Idaho. Opaline silica and sepiolite were the principal secondary minerals found. Opaline silica exhibited three morphogenetic forms. Clearopal, consisting of opal-A with included calcite and unknown crystallites, occurred throughout the duripan, principally as pseudomorphic replacements after calcite pendants. Dirty-opal, a gray, semitransparent and nearly x-ray amorphous material, was found in highly altered cores of complex pedogenic concretions. Some opaline silica occurred in a web-like arrangement intimately mixed with calcite and was located in the matrix among loess agglomerates, in the laminar cap and in loess pedotubules. The opal in this microgranular calcite-silica was opal-A with included quartz and appeared to form, in part, by silica supplied in situ from alteration of primary aluminosilicate minerals. Transmission electron microscopic examination of colloidal silica revealed the presence of two types of coatings. Gray-gel was visually homogeneous and semielectron opaque whereas mottled-gel was less electron opaque and contained many, minute, more electron opaque spheroids. The reorganization of these gels seems to control the formation of opaline silica spheres. In addition, most opaline silica spheres exhibited bubble-like substructures heretofore unrecognized. The presence of poorly crystalline sepiolite was indicated by x-ray diffraction. Imaged with the transmission electron microscope, the sepiolite exhibited a hierarchical structure. At the highest scale of magnification, laths with a cross-sectional area of 13 by 23 nm were evident. The laths were organized in bundles. The most visually distinctive bundles were 950 by 1200 nm in length and lacked gel-like coatings. Other bundles were less distinct, more curvilinear, and exhibited less parallel orientation or mesh-like arrangements. These laths and fibers were from 250 to 375 nm in length, coated wtih structurally amorphous material resembling the grey-gel, and surficially sprinkled with opaline silica spheres and spherical units of mottled-gel. In the duripans studied, sepiolite was largely limited to pedogenic concretions in which it occurred as acicular crystals that radiated outward from concretionary laminae of opaline silica. This finding and the association of opal spheres with sepiolite laths suggest that some sepiolite forms via the addition of Mg to opal. C1 UNIV IDAHO,COLL AGR,DEPT PLANT SOILS & ENTOMOL SCI,MOSCOW,ID 83843. RP BLANK, RR (reprint author), USDA ARS,LANDSCAPE ECOL RANGELANDS UNIV,920 VALLEY RD,RENO,NV 89512, USA. NR 62 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 3 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 152 IS 2 BP 116 EP 133 DI 10.1097/00010694-199108000-00008 PG 18 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA GD621 UT WOS:A1991GD62100008 ER PT J AU MCGOVERN, JN WEGNER, TH AF MCGOVERN, JN WEGNER, TH TI PAPERMAKING PROPERTIES OF ASPEN ULTRAHIGH-YIELD MECHANICAL PULPS SO TAPPI JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; MECHANICAL PULPING; OPTICAL PROPERTIES; PULPING; REFINING; STRENGTH; SULFONATION ID WOOD; HPLC AB Eleven types of aspen ultra-high-yield (90% and above) mechanical pulps were evaluated for their chemical compositions (including sulfur), handsheet strength, and optical properties, fiber length indices, and fiberizing energies. The pulping processes were stone groundwood, pressurized stone groundwood, refiner mechanical, thermomechanical, chemimechanical (alkaline sulfite), chemithermomechanical, bleached chemithermomechanical, peroxide chemimechanical, steam explosion, and biomechanical. Data were obtained from USDA Forest Service reports and other literature. Pulps made using chemical pretreatments of the chips gave considerably higher bandsheet strength properties than those produced from the groundwood types. This difference was not explained by chemical compositions. Chemical composition changed little, except for sulfonation of those pulps pretreated with sulfur-containing compounds. The light-scattering coefficients and fiberizing energies were reduced in the pulps from chemically pretreated pulps. The biomechanical pulps showed lignin loss with improved handsheet strength properties. C1 US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,MADISON,WI 53705. RP MCGOVERN, JN (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN,MADISON,WI 53706, USA. NR 7 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU TECH ASSN PULP PAPER IND INC PI NORCROSS PA 15 TECHNOLOGY PARK SOUTH, NORCROSS, GA 30092 SN 0734-1415 J9 TAPPI J JI TAPPI J. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 74 IS 8 BP 157 EP 161 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Materials Science GA FZ446 UT WOS:A1991FZ44600021 ER PT J AU LORRAINE, H AF LORRAINE, H TI THE CALIFORNIA 1980 MEDFLY ERADICATION PROGRAM - AN ANALYSIS OF DECISION-MAKING UNDER NONROUTINE CONDITIONS SO TECHNOLOGICAL FORECASTING AND SOCIAL CHANGE LA English DT Article ID MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT-FLIES; QUALITY AB This discussion of the 1980 Medfly Program in San Jose, California, addresses the problems decision makers encountered when they tried to translate theory into action under nonroutine conditions. The participants viewed the medfly problem from three perspectives which are termed in this study rational-technical, organizational, and cognitive. Each perspective supplied decision makers with rules of thumb and assumptions that served to focus attention and, at the same time, to blind them to information that turned out to be crucial under nonroutine conditions. In the context of controversy and public scrutiny, decision makers faced incentives that encouraged them to maintain a routine problem definition and to inhibit cross-cueing between the perspectives. The perspectives were applied sequentially instead of interactively during the problem-solving process, each filtering out a different set of information. As a result, decision makers were sometimes unable to determine important areas of uncertainty, identify and interpret feedback messages, and respond adaptively. These limitations handicapped their ability to translate the sterile insect technique theory into program activities and to assemble an organization capable of faithfully implementing tasks and routines. RP LORRAINE, H (reprint author), USDA,ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,S&T,AMER EMBASSY,GUATEMALA APO,MIAMI,FL 34024, USA. NR 65 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0040-1625 J9 TECHNOL FORECAST SOC JI Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 40 IS 1 BP 1 EP 32 DI 10.1016/0040-1625(91)90065-N PG 32 WC Business; Planning & Development SC Business & Economics; Public Administration GA GC308 UT WOS:A1991GC30800001 ER PT J AU GODBEY, LC TAYLOR, RA BROWN, RS AF GODBEY, LC TAYLOR, RA BROWN, RS TI DEVELOPMENT OF A COMPUTERIZED METHOD TO MEASURE COTTON TENACITY AT DIFFERENT EXTENSION RATES SO TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Published research has indicated that cotton strength increases as the specimen loading rate increases when measured by Stelometer and Pressley methods. This report describes an instrument designed to test 1/8 gauge bundles at constant rates of extension from 0.05 to 50 cm/min. A computer analyzes voltage signals from force and displacement transducers. Pressley jaws hold the fiber bundles, and a Stelometer vice is used to load them in the jaws. Specimens are selected with a mechanized sampling and combing procedure. The method provides measurements of strength, elongation, modulus, and two forms of toughness. RP GODBEY, LC (reprint author), USDA ARS,COTTON QUAL RES STN,CLEMSON,SC 29631, USA. NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU TEXTILE RESEARCH INST PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 625, PRINCETON, NJ 08540 SN 0040-5175 J9 TEXT RES J JI Text. Res. J. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 61 IS 8 BP 452 EP 460 DI 10.1177/004051759106100804 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Textiles SC Materials Science GA GA118 UT WOS:A1991GA11800004 ER PT J AU MARTINOD, S MAURER, RR SIEGENTHALER, B GERBER, C HANSEN, PJ AF MARTINOD, S MAURER, RR SIEGENTHALER, B GERBER, C HANSEN, PJ TI THE EFFECTS OF RECOMBINANT BOVINE INTERFERON-ALPHA ON FERTILITY IN EWES SO THERIOGENOLOGY LA English DT Article DE INTERFERON; FERTILITY; EWE; EMBRYO TRANSFER ID OVINE TROPHOBLAST PROTEIN-1; MATERNAL RECOGNITION; PREGNANCY; BINDING; CATTLE AB Recombinant bovine interferon-alpha-I 1 (rBoIFN-alpha) may be useful for enhancing fertility in sheep because it has extensive sequence homology with ovine trophoblast protein-1. To test the effectiveness of rBoIFN-alpha, several experiments were performed in which bred females were given intramuscular injections of rBoIFN-alpha around the time of maintenance of the corpus luteum. Treatment with rBoIFN-alpha enhanced the fertility of ewes that were bred via natural service or embryo transfer of whole or demi-embryos. Interferon treatment was successful in enhancing lambing rate if injections were given twice daily from Days 11 to 18, 12 to 14, 12 to 15 or 12 to 16. Overall, the lambing rate for ewes bred via natural service was 94/126 (74.6%) for control ewes and 101/126 (80.2%) for rBoIFN-alpha treated ewes. Litter size was not affected by treatment. Interferon treatment was not successful in increasing the lambing rate if given as a single injection on Day 12 or as a series of once-daily injections from Days 11 to 16. These results demonstrate that rBoIFN-alpha can increase the lambing rate in ewes. C1 USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,CLAY CTR,NE 68933. CIBA GEIGY SA,CTR RECH AGR,CH-1566 ST AUBIN,SWITZERLAND. NR 18 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN PI WOBURN PA 225 WILDWOOD AVE #UNITB PO BOX 4500, WOBURN, MA 01801-2084 SN 0093-691X J9 THERIOGENOLOGY JI Theriogenology PD AUG PY 1991 VL 36 IS 2 BP 231 EP 239 DI 10.1016/0093-691X(91)90382-N PG 9 WC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA FZ649 UT WOS:A1991FZ64900008 PM 16726996 ER PT J AU LIEBHOLD, AM ELKINTON, JS AF LIEBHOLD, AM ELKINTON, JS TI GYPSY-MOTH DYNAMICS SO TRENDS IN ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION LA English DT Letter C1 UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,DEPT ENTOMOL,AMHERST,MA 01003. RP LIEBHOLD, AM (reprint author), USDA,FOREST SERV,MORGANTOWN,WV 26505, USA. RI Liebhold, Andrew/C-1423-2008 OI Liebhold, Andrew/0000-0001-7427-6534 NR 0 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0169-5347 J9 TRENDS ECOL EVOL JI Trends Ecol. Evol. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 6 IS 8 BP 263 EP 264 DI 10.1016/0169-5347(91)90076-A PG 2 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA FX795 UT WOS:A1991FX79500011 PM 21232475 ER PT J AU TSANG, VCW PILCHER, JA WEI, Z BOYER, AE KAMANGOSOLLO, EIP RHOADS, ML MURRELL, KD SCHANTZ, PM GILMAN, RH AF TSANG, VCW PILCHER, JA WEI, Z BOYER, AE KAMANGOSOLLO, EIP RHOADS, ML MURRELL, KD SCHANTZ, PM GILMAN, RH TI EFFICACY OF THE IMMUNOBLOT ASSAY FOR CYSTICERCOSIS IN PIGS AND MODULATED EXPRESSION OF DISTINCT IGM/IGG ACTIVITIES TO TAENIA-SOLIUM ANTIGENS IN EXPERIMENTAL INFECTIONS SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TOXOPLASMA-GONDII ANTIGENS; ANTIBODIES; DIAGNOSIS; IGM AB A recently invented immunoblot assay for human cysticercosis was evaluated for efficacy in pigs. The test population consists of 45 pigs with parasitologically confirmed cysticercosis, 47 with heterologous infections, 45 SPF or concrete raised control animals. With this group of 137 animals the test performance was 100% sensitive and 100% specific. The antigen-specific responses of immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgG and IgM in four pigs infected with Taenia solium eggs derived from a human were quantified by immunoblot. Antigen-specific activities were observed as early as 1 week postinfection. The first antigen-specific isotypic response was IgM antibodies directed against a glycoprotein at 97 KD (GP97). This activity generally disappeared between the sixth and ninth week postinfection. Between Weeks 5 and 8, IgG activity rose as IgM activity fell. The IgG activity, however, was directed mostly towards GP50 and GP42 antigens. If the same response occurs in people with cysticercosis, identifying specific isotype activity may help to distinguish new infection from old. C1 UNIV NAIROBI,COLL AGR & VET SCI,DEPT PUBL HLTH,NAIROBI,KENYA. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,HELMINTH DIS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH HYG & PUBL HLTH,DEPT INT HLTH,BALTIMORE,MD 21205. RP TSANG, VCW (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL,CTR INFECT DIS,DIV PARASIT DIS,PARASIT DIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 14 TC 41 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 29 IS 1-2 BP 69 EP 78 DI 10.1016/0165-2427(91)90053-F PG 10 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA GB451 UT WOS:A1991GB45100006 PM 1949584 ER PT J AU SLAVICEK, JM AF SLAVICEK, JM TI TEMPORAL ANALYSIS AND SPATIAL-MAPPING OF LYMANTRIA-DISPAR NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS-VIRUS TRANSCRIPTS AND INVITRO TRANSLATION POLYPEPTIDES SO VIRUS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE LYMANTRIA DISPAR NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS VIRUS; GENE EXPRESSION; TRANSCRIPTION; TRANSLATION ID AUTOGRAPHA-CALIFORNICA; PLAQUE VARIANTS; INTRACELLULAR PROTEINS; STRUCTURAL PROTEINS; ALFALFA LOOPER; HYBRIDIZATION; SEQUENCE; ELECTROPHORESIS; IDENTIFICATION; BACULOVIRUS AB Genomic expression of the Lymantria dispar multinucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus (LdMNPV) was studied. Viral specific transcripts expressed in cell culture at various times from 2 through 72 h postinfection were identified and their genomic origins mapped through Northern analysis. Sixty-five distinct transcripts were identified in this analysis. Most viral transcripts were expressed late in infection, and originated from throughout the viral genome. Viral polypeptides expressed in infected 652Y cells were labeled with [S-35]methionine and identified by autoradiography after separation by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Viral protein synthesis was found to occur in a sequential manner. Four proteins were identified in the early phase of viral replication (4-12 h p.i.), 24 proteins in the intermediate phase (12-24 h p.i.), and 5 proteins during the late phase (> 24 h p.i.). Cytoplasmic RNAs were isolated from LdMNPV infected cells at 16, 24, and 48 h p.i., and used for hybrid selections with overlapping DNA fragments that covered the entire LdMNPV genome. The selected RNAs were translated in vitro, and 61 distinct viral polypeptides were identified and their genomic origins mapped. Temporal and spatial transcription and translation maps of the LdMNPV genome were generated with these data, and the expression pattern of the LdMNPV genome was compared to that of the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus. RP SLAVICEK, JM (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,359 MAIN RD,DELAWARE,OH 43015, USA. NR 30 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1702 J9 VIRUS RES JI Virus Res. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 20 IS 3 BP 223 EP 236 DI 10.1016/0168-1702(91)90077-9 PG 14 WC Virology SC Virology GA GD522 UT WOS:A1991GD52200002 PM 1685048 ER PT J AU ANGLE, JS CHANEY, RL AF ANGLE, JS CHANEY, RL TI HEAVY-METAL EFFECTS ON SOIL POPULATIONS AND HEAVY-METAL TOLERANCE OF RHIZOBIUM-MELILOTI, NODULATION, AND GROWTH OF ALFALFA SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT INTERNATIONAL CONF ON METALS IN SOILS, WATERS, PLANTS AND ANIMALS CY APR 30-MAY 03, 1990 CL ORLANDO, FL SP US DOE, SAVANNAH RIV OPERAT OFF ID NITROGEN-FIXATION; SEWAGE-SLUDGE; TRIFOLIUM-REPENS; CLOVER AB Effects of heavy metals on rhizobia and the symbiotic association with leguminous hosts are currently unclear. To investigate this problem, we examined Rhizobium meliloti (microsymbiont) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa) (macrosymbiont) collected from soils contaminated with varying concentrations of heavy metals (varying distances from a Zn smelter operating 90 yr.). Soil populations of R. meliloti were not correlated with metal concentrations in soil. The lowest rhizobial population was found in the soil with the highest extractable metal concentrations, but the highest populations were found in soil which was moderately contaminated. A greenhouse study in which alfalfa was grown in the same soils showed no significant trend for nodulation or nitrogenase activity of roots. Highest nodule number and nitrogenase activity were observed in those soils which had the lowest population of R. meliloti. When the heavy metal Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of individual isolates was examined, no correlation was found between the MIC and soil metal concentration (total, or water or 0.01 M Ca(NO3)2 extractable). These results indicate that even in highly contaminated soils, metal activity was not high enough to exert an antagonistic influence on the soil rhizobial population or the symbiotic association between alfalfa and R. meliloti. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,SOIL MICROBIAL SYST LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP ANGLE, JS (reprint author), UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT AGRON,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742, USA. NR 15 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 57-8 BP 597 EP 604 DI 10.1007/BF00282923 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA GP121 UT WOS:A1991GP12100062 ER PT J AU POUYAT, RV MCDONNELL, MJ AF POUYAT, RV MCDONNELL, MJ TI HEAVY-METAL ACCUMULATIONS IN FOREST SOILS ALONG AN URBAN-RURAL GRADIENT IN SOUTHEASTERN NEW-YORK, USA SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT INTERNATIONAL CONF ON METALS IN SOILS, WATERS, PLANTS AND ANIMALS CY APR 30-MAY 03, 1990 CL ORLANDO, FL SP US DOE, SAVANNAH RIV OPERAT OFF ID NORTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; FLOOR; LEAD; ECOSYSTEM; PATTERNS; COPPER; ZINC AB Heavy metal contents and concentrations of forest floor and mineral soil were determined in nine oak stands situated along an urban-rural gradient. Twelve composite soil and forest floor samples from each stand were analyzed for seven metal cations. Levels of Cu, Ni, and Pb corresponded with the gradient. The mean urban soil and forest floor Pb concentrations were four times those recorded in forests at the rural end of the gradient, whereas Cu and Ni were two times higher in urban sites. Forest floor metal contents provided an unreliable measure of deposition along the gradient. C1 NEW YORK BOT GARDEN,INST ECOSYST STUDIES,MARY FLAGLER CARY ARBORETUM,MILLBROOK,NY 12545. RP POUYAT, RV (reprint author), SUNY COLL ENVIRONM SCI & FORESTRY,USDA,FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,SYRACUSE,NY 13210, USA. OI McDonnell, Mark J./0000-0002-7937-6566 NR 23 TC 102 Z9 131 U1 2 U2 30 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 57-8 BP 797 EP 807 DI 10.1007/BF00282943 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA GP121 UT WOS:A1991GP12100082 ER PT J AU FRESQUEZ, PR AGUILAR, R FRANCIS, RE ALDON, EF AF FRESQUEZ, PR AGUILAR, R FRANCIS, RE ALDON, EF TI HEAVY-METAL UPTAKE BY BLUE GRAMA GROWING IN A DEGRADED SEMIARID SOIL AMENDED WITH SEWAGE-SLUDGE SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT INTERNATIONAL CONF ON METALS IN SOILS, WATERS, PLANTS AND ANIMALS CY APR 30-MAY 03, 1990 CL ORLANDO, FL SP US DOE, SAVANNAH RIV OPERAT OFF ID COMMUNITY; GRASSLAND; QUALITY; PLANTS AB Sewage sludge application to semiarid grassland may represent a beneficial means of utilizing this waste product for restoration of degraded sites. Consequently, dried municipal sewage sludge was applied at three rates (22.5, 45, and 90 Mg ha-1) to a degraded semiarid grassland soil in order to determine the effects of sludge amendments on forage productivity, soil heavy metal content, and metal uptake by blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis). Soil and plant properties in control and amended plots were measured after 1, 2, and 5 growing seasons. Soil nutrients increased linearly with increased sludge application in the first two growing seasons. Consequently, forage quality and total production of blue grama improved significantly over the unamended control as the tissue levels of N, P, K, and crude protein increased. Cadmium and Pb in the sludge-treated plots did not increase significantly over the control after 1 and 2 growing seasons. Levels of DTPA-extractable soil micronutrients (Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn) increased linearly with increased sludge application rate to soil concentrations recommended for adequate plant growth. Soil N, P, and K concentrations remained higher in the sludge-amended soils after 5 growing seasons, while Cu and Cd increased to slightly above desireable limits as the soil pH decreased to 7.4 and 7.0 in the 45 and 90 Mg ha-1 treatments, respectively. However, with the exception of Mn which remained within desirable limits, metal concentrations (including Cu and Cd) in blue grama tissue were not significantly different from the control treatment after five growing seasons. Based on soil and plant tissue metal concentrations, it appears that sludge applied at rates between 22.5 and 45 Mg ha-1 will maintain the most favorable nutrient levels coupled with significant improvements in forage production in this semiarid grassland environment. RP FRESQUEZ, PR (reprint author), USDA,FOREST SERV,ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87106, USA. NR 25 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 57-8 BP 903 EP 912 DI 10.1007/BF00282953 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA GP121 UT WOS:A1991GP12100092 ER PT J AU BROWN, TC DANIEL, TC AF BROWN, TC DANIEL, TC TI LANDSCAPE AESTHETICS OF RIPARIAN ENVIRONMENTS - RELATIONSHIP OF FLOW QUANTITY TO SCENIC QUALITY ALONG A WILD AND SCENIC RIVER SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID BEAUTY; STANDS AB The relationship between flow quantity and scenic quality was measured for a "wild and scenic" river in Colorado. Respondents' scenic beauty judgments of video sequences depicting the river at flow rates from 120 to 2650 cfs (3.40 to 75.0 m3/s) were scaled to an interval scale measure of perceived scenic beauty following psychophysical scaling procedures. Regressions of scenic beauty on variables describing flow and other site characteristics showed scenic beauty to increase as flow increased up to about 1100-1500 cfs (31-42 m3/s) and then fall as flow continued to increase. Optimum flows for scenic beauty typically occur for two short periods each year, during the ascending and descending portions of the annual late spring peak runoff season. Flow explained from 10 to 25% of the variance in scenic beauty, depending on how much emphasis the scenic beauty judgment format tended to place on flow. C1 UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT PSYCHOL,TUCSON,AZ 85721. RP BROWN, TC (reprint author), ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,240 W PROSPECT RD,FT COLLINS,CO 80526, USA. NR 29 TC 33 Z9 40 U1 3 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 27 IS 8 BP 1787 EP 1795 DI 10.1029/91WR00975 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA FZ856 UT WOS:A1991FZ85600001 ER PT J AU HARTLEY, DM ALONSO, CV AF HARTLEY, DM ALONSO, CV TI NUMERICAL STUDY OF THE MAXIMUM BOUNDARY SHEAR-STRESS INDUCED BY RAINDROP IMPACT SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB The magnitude, position, and timing of the instantaneous maximum boundary shear stress caused by a raindrop on a shallow pool of water are investigated using a series of computer simulation experiments in which the Navier-Stokes equations are solved numerically. A dimensional analysis defines a set of parameters involving fluid properties and initial conditions relevant to the problem. Numerical simulations are performed over ranges of these parameters using a generic, two-dimensional, incompressible, free surface flow model. Results of the simulations are summarized in simple algebraic relationships which serve to clarify the relative importance of the parameters. The algebraic relationships also serve as an efficient substitute for the numerical model in the estimation of the magnitude, position, and timing of the maximum boundary shear stress. Laboratory measurements of water-droplet-induced shear stress are used to demonstrate the validity of the algebraic relationships. RP HARTLEY, DM (reprint author), USDA ARS, 301 S HOWES, POB E, FT COLLINS, CO 80522 USA. NR 23 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 EI 1944-7973 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 27 IS 8 BP 1819 EP 1826 DI 10.1029/91WR01219 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA FZ856 UT WOS:A1991FZ85600004 ER PT J AU YATES, SR AF YATES, SR TI AN ANALYTICAL SOLUTION FOR ONE-DIMENSIONAL TRANSPORT IN HETEROGENEOUS POROUS-MEDIA - REPLY SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Note RP YATES, SR (reprint author), UNIV CALIF RIVERSIDE,USDA ARS,DEPT SOIL & ENVIRONM SCI,RIVERSIDE,CA 92521, USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD AUG PY 1991 VL 27 IS 8 BP 2165 EP 2165 DI 10.1029/91WR01390 PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA FZ856 UT WOS:A1991FZ85600041 ER PT J AU GARDNER, HW AF GARDNER, HW TI RECENT INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE LIPOXYGENASE PATHWAY OF PLANTS SO BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA LA English DT Review DE LIPOXYGENASE PATHWAY; HYDROPEROXIDE PRODUCT; PLANT ENZYME; ENZYME PATHWAY; FATTY ACID HYDROPEROXIDE ID MUSHROOMS PSALLIOTA-BISPORA; UNSATURATED FATTY-ACIDS; RICE BLAST DISEASE; ENZYMATIC CLEAVAGE REACTION; HYDROPEROXIDE-DEPENDENT OXYGENASE; NATIVE SOYBEAN LIPOXYGENASE-1; SATIVUM SEED LIPOXYGENASE; CORAL PLEXAURA-HOMOMALLA; CELLS CULTURED INVITRO; ALLENE OXIDE CYCLASE AB The plant lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway is in many respects the equivalent of the 'arachidonic acid cascade' in animals. The LOX-catalyzed dioxygenation of the plant fatty acids, linoleic and linolenic acids, is followed by metabolism of the resulting fatty acid hydroperoxides by other enzymes. Although the physiological functions of the end-products do not appear to be fully defined at this time, hormonal and anti-fungal activities have been reported. RP GARDNER, HW (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES SEED BIOSYNTH RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 175 TC 465 Z9 480 U1 2 U2 31 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0006-3002 J9 BIOCHIM BIOPHYS ACTA PD JUL 30 PY 1991 VL 1084 IS 3 BP 221 EP 239 DI 10.1016/0005-2760(91)90063-N PG 19 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA GC281 UT WOS:A1991GC28100002 PM 1909580 ER PT J AU VANDERHOEK, JY SCHOENE, NW PHAM, PPT AF VANDERHOEK, JY SCHOENE, NW PHAM, PPT TI INHIBITORY POTENCIES OF FISH OIL HYDROXY FATTY-ACIDS ON CELLULAR LIPOXYGENASES AND PLATELET-AGGREGATION SO BIOCHEMICAL PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Note ID RAT PLATELETS; 15-LIPOXYGENASE; 5-LIPOXYGENASE; LEUKOCYTE; PRODUCTS; PATHWAY C1 GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIV,SCH MED & HLTH SCI,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOL,WASHINGTON,DC 20037. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,LIPID NUTR LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [5R01 HL39168] NR 20 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0006-2952 J9 BIOCHEM PHARMACOL JI Biochem. Pharmacol. PD JUL 25 PY 1991 VL 42 IS 4 BP 959 EP 962 DI 10.1016/0006-2952(91)90062-A PG 4 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA GA786 UT WOS:A1991GA78600036 PM 1831021 ER PT J AU MYERS, GE CHRISTIANSEN, AW GEIMER, RL FOLLENSBEE, RA KOUTSKY, JA AF MYERS, GE CHRISTIANSEN, AW GEIMER, RL FOLLENSBEE, RA KOUTSKY, JA TI PHENOL FORMALDEHYDE RESIN CURING AND BONDING IN STEAM-INJECTION PRESSING .1. RESIN SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION, AND CURE BEHAVIOR SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID NUCLEAR MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; CHROMATOGRAPHY; DECONVOLUTION; SPECTROMETRY; SEPARATION AB Two different phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resole resins are serving as models in a study aimed at establishing the effects of moisture, temperature, pressure, and time on resin cure and bonding during the pressing of wood flakeboard. This phase of the program had two goals: first, to characterize the two resins in terms of their structure and chemistry during synthesis, aging, and cure-using viscosity measurement, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA); second, to make a preliminary evaluation of the utility of DSC, FTIR, and DMA for measuring the degree of resin cure. The two resins differed significantly in relative amounts of hydroxymethyl groups and methylene linkages (NMR), in molecular weight and its distribution (GPC), and in reaction rate (as measured by viscosity, DSC, FTIR, or DMA). The degree of cure developed during constant heating rate DSC scans was calculated for a series of maximum DSC temperatures from both the loss in hydroxymethyl groups (FTIR) and the decrease in available exothermic heat (DSC). Agreement between the two methods was quite good, considering the inherent difficulties in quantifying infrared data. For comparison, the degree of cure developed during constant heating rate DMA scans was calculated for a series of maximum DMA temperatures from both the increase in storage modulus (DMA) and the decrease in exothermic heat (DSC after rewetting). Samples that apparently achieved complete cure in the DMA still exhibited significant residual cure potential in the DSC. We attribute the lower apparent cure in the DMA to loss of moisture from samples during the DMA scan, with consequent loss in plasticization and molecular mobility. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,MADISON,WI 53706. RP MYERS, GE (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,1 GIFFORD PINCHOT DR,MADISON,WI 53705, USA. NR 27 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 14 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0021-8995 J9 J APPL POLYM SCI JI J. Appl. Polym. Sci. PD JUL 20 PY 1991 VL 43 IS 2 BP 237 EP 250 DI 10.1002/app.1991.070430203 PG 14 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA FT150 UT WOS:A1991FT15000003 ER PT J AU KURANTZ, MJ MAXWELL, RJ KWOCZAK, R TAYLOR, F AF KURANTZ, MJ MAXWELL, RJ KWOCZAK, R TAYLOR, F TI RAPID AND SENSITIVE METHOD FOR THE QUANTITATION OF NONPOLAR LIPIDS BY HIGH-PERFORMANCE THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY AND FLUORODENSITOMETRY SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID SILICA-GEL; LIPASE AB Non-polar lipids were separated by high-performance thin-layer chromatography on silica gel plates and detected by use of a new reagent that induced fluorescence in the separated components. Developed thin-layer plates are dipped into a solution of sulfuric acid-ethanol-hexane (1:35:64, v/v), heated and the lipid classes are quantified by fluorescence densitometry. This technique allowed detection of certain standard lipids at the 5-ng level, is well suited for the rapid and efficient analysis of large numbers of samples and offers distinct advantages over other in situ fluorescence inducing methods. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of the non-polar lipids that occur in enzymatically hydrolyzed beef tallow. RP KURANTZ, MJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 19 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR PD JUL 19 PY 1991 VL 549 IS 1-2 BP 387 EP 399 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(00)91449-3 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA FZ550 UT WOS:A1991FZ55000035 ER PT J AU RINDERER, TE STELZER, JA OLDROYD, BP BUCO, SM RUBINK, WL AF RINDERER, TE STELZER, JA OLDROYD, BP BUCO, SM RUBINK, WL TI HYBRIDIZATION BETWEEN EUROPEAN AND AFRICANIZED HONEY-BEES IN THE NEOTROPICAL YUCATAN PENINSULA SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID APIS-MELLIFERA L; MORPHOMETRIC DIFFERENCES; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; HYMENOPTERA; APIDAE; PARASITISM; STRESS AB A population genetic analysis of honey bees of the Mexican neotropical Yucatan peninsula shows that the range expansion of Africanized bees there has involved extensive introgressive hybridization with European bees. Yucatan honey bee populations now include many colonies with intermediate morphologies. Genotypes of mitochondria have disassociated from historically correlated Africanized or European morphology, producing diverse phenotypic associations. This suggests that the size of resident European populations may be important in explaining previously reported asymmetrical hybridization. Evidence of natural hybridization is encouraging for the use of genetic management to mitigate the effects of Africanized bees in the United States. C1 STAT RESOURCES,BATON ROUGE,LA 70808. USDA ARS,HONEY BEE RES LAB,WESLACO,TX 78596. RP RINDERER, TE (reprint author), USDA ARS,HONEY BEE BREEDING GENET & PHYSIOL RES LAB,1157 BEN HUR RD,BATON ROUGE,LA 70820, USA. NR 31 TC 82 Z9 84 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JUL 19 PY 1991 VL 253 IS 5017 BP 309 EP 311 DI 10.1126/science.253.5017.309 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA FX224 UT WOS:A1991FX22400038 PM 17794698 ER PT J AU DEGRAAF, RM HEALY, WM BROOKS, RT AF DEGRAAF, RM HEALY, WM BROOKS, RT TI EFFECTS OF THINNING AND DEER BROWSING ON BREEDING BIRDS IN NEW-ENGLAND OAK WOODLANDS SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID VEGETATION STRUCTURE; COMMUNITY; DIVERSITY; FOREST AB Over a 3-year period we compared the effects of forest thinning and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) browsing intensity on breeding birds in central Massachusetts oak (Quercus spp.) forests across 12 stands with dominant trees having a diameter at breast height greater than 27.9 cm. Unthinned stands with few deer had moderately dense woody understories and moderate ground cover; unthinned stands with many deer had sparse woody understories and little ground cover. Thinned stands with few deer had dense, tall woody understories and moderate ground cover; thinned stands with many deer had sparse woody understories and lush ground cover. Understory changes associated with high deer densities were apparently offset by effects of thinning so that thinned stands supported more breeding bird species. We recorded 65 species of birds; 28 occurred in all treatment classes. Thinned stands contained significantly (P < 0.05) more bird species than did unthinned stands. Of species that occurred more than once, nine occurred only in thinned stands, one occurred only in uncut stands, and another only in stands with 13-23 deer km-2. Occurrences of six species differed significantly (P < 0.05) by deer browsing intensity or thinning. Numbers of omnivores and ground gleaners (both species and individuals) were greater in thinned stands. Numbers of canopy gleaners were greater in stands with 1-3 deer km-2. RP DEGRAAF, RM (reprint author), UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,US FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,AMHERST,MA 01003, USA. RI Clark, Stacy/I-3410-2015 NR 31 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD JUL 16 PY 1991 VL 41 IS 3-4 BP 179 EP 191 DI 10.1016/0378-1127(91)90102-2 PG 13 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA FZ999 UT WOS:A1991FZ99900002 ER PT J AU VOSE, JM ALLEN, HL AF VOSE, JM ALLEN, HL TI QUANTITY AND TIMING OF NEEDLEFALL IN N AND P FERTILIZED LOBLOLLY-PINE STANDS SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID LEAF-AREA; SOUTH-CAROLINA; NITROGEN; DYNAMICS; PLANTATIONS; LITTERFALL; PATTERNS; CANOPY; GROWTH; FALL AB Needlefall quantity and timing were examined for 1.5 years on three loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stands from a nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilization field study. Needlefall biomass increased following N fertilization on the two N-deficient stands. Needlefall biomass increased by as much as 75% (from 2088 to 3660 kg ha-1 year-1) on one of these stands, but on average increases were about 30%. On a high N quality stand, there was no needlefall biomass response to N fertilization. Phosphorus had no effect on needlefall biomass in any of the three stands. Across all stands, needlefall biomass was unrelated to stocking (as measured by basal area), but significantly correlated (r2 = 0.53; P < 0.05) with foliar percent N. We hypothesized accelerated needlefall as a result of moisture stress during very dry periods in 1985 and 1986, particularly on plots which increased foliar biomass (and hence needlefall biomass) after N fertilization. Needlefall timing was affected by N fertilization on all stands, including a stand whose foliar biomass did not increase with N fertilization. In most cases, N fertilization resulted in an increased proportion of needlefall in early summer, and a decreased proportion of needlefall in late fall. This pattern suggests that other factors, such as shading or hormonal changes, may also be important in determining needlefall timing on fertilized stands. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,COLL FOREST RESOURCES,RALEIGH,NC 27695. RP VOSE, JM (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,COWEETA HYDROL LAB,999 COWEETA LAB RD,OTTO,NC 28763, USA. NR 25 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD JUL 16 PY 1991 VL 41 IS 3-4 BP 205 EP 219 DI 10.1016/0378-1127(91)90104-4 PG 15 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA FZ999 UT WOS:A1991FZ99900004 ER PT J AU ADAMS, PW FLINT, AL FREDRIKSEN, RL AF ADAMS, PW FLINT, AL FREDRIKSEN, RL TI LONG-TERM PATTERNS IN SOIL-MOISTURE AND REVEGETATION AFTER A CLEAR-CUT OF A DOUGLAS-FIR FOREST IN OREGON SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID WESTERN AB Soil moisture levels during 1960-1980 were compared for two areas within a 101 ha watershed in the Oregon Cascade Range. In winter 1962-1963, the old-growth Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) forest in one area was clearcut. The site was then lightly broadcast-burned in September 1963. An adjacent forested area was left undisturbed as a control. In summer 1963, the upper 120 cm of soil in the clearcut averaged over 10 cm more moisture than that in the forested control. By 1967 these surpluses in the clearcut had declined to become deficits of at least 2 cm less moisture than in the control. These deficits, which were presumably caused by a rapid increase in plant cover after the light slash burn, persisted in the upper 30 cm of soil throughout the rest of the study. The fluctuations in soil moisture in the treated area are extensive enough to influence forest regeneration and watershed hydrology. C1 US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. RP ADAMS, PW (reprint author), OREGON STATE UNIV,COLL FORESTRY,DEPT FOREST ENGN,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. NR 23 TC 42 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD JUL 16 PY 1991 VL 41 IS 3-4 BP 249 EP 263 DI 10.1016/0378-1127(91)90107-7 PG 15 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA FZ999 UT WOS:A1991FZ99900007 ER PT J AU ULLAH, AHJ CUMMINS, BJ DISCHINGER, HC AF ULLAH, AHJ CUMMINS, BJ DISCHINGER, HC TI CYCLOHEXANEDIONE MODIFICATION OF ARGININE AT THE ACTIVE-SITE OF ASPERGILLUS-FICUUM PHYTASE SO BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID PROSTATIC-ACID-PHOSPHATASE; EXTRACELLULAR PHYTASE; STRUCTURAL GENE; SEQUENCE; CLONING; IMMOBILIZATION; RESIDUES; PRODUCT; YEAST RP ULLAH, AHJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70124, USA. NR 25 TC 41 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0006-291X J9 BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO JI Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. PD JUL 15 PY 1991 VL 178 IS 1 BP 45 EP 53 DI 10.1016/0006-291X(91)91777-A PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA FW340 UT WOS:A1991FW34000007 PM 1648914 ER PT J AU ROY, D HACHEY, DL LIEHR, JG AF ROY, D HACHEY, DL LIEHR, JG TI DETERMINATION OF ESTRADIOL 2-HYDROXYLASE AND 4-HYDROXYLASE ACTIVITIES BY GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH ELECTRON-CAPTURE DETECTION SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY-BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article ID ESTROGEN 2-HYDROXYLASE; CATECHOL ESTROGENS; MONOOXYGENASE; DERIVATIVES; STEROIDS; TISSUE; BRAIN; LIVER AB A highly sensitive assay has been developed for measuring the rate of formation of 2-hydroxyestradiol and 4-hydroxyestradiol from estradiol by microsomal preparations. Catechol estrogens were converted to heptafluorobutyryl esters, which were separated by capillary column gas chromatography and quantified using electron-capture detection. 2-Hydroxyestradiol 17-acetate was used as an internal standard. The identity of catechol estrogen derivatives was verified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using negative-ion chemical ionization. Estrogens were identified by negative molecular ions and/or by characteristic fragments. This procedure permits quantification of catechol estrogens at the subpicogram level. The assay was validated by comparing estrogen 2- and 4-hydroxylase activities in microsomes from hamster and rat liver with values reported previously. C1 UNIV TEXAS,MED BRANCH,DEPT PHARMACOL & TOXICOL,GALVESTON,TX 77550. BAYLOR UNIV,DEPT PEDIAT,USDA ARS,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,HOUSTON,TX 77030. TEXAS CHILDRENS HOSP,HOUSTON,TX 77030. FU NCI NIH HHS [CA 43232] NR 23 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4347 J9 J CHROMATOGR-BIOMED JI J. Chromatogr.-Biomed. Appl. PD JUL 5 PY 1991 VL 567 IS 2 BP 309 EP 318 DI 10.1016/0378-4347(91)80137-2 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA FY044 UT WOS:A1991FY04400003 PM 1939464 ER PT J AU BURRI, BJ KUTNINK, MA NEIDLINGER, TR AF BURRI, BJ KUTNINK, MA NEIDLINGER, TR TI ASSAY OF HUMAN TRANSTHYRETIN-BOUND HOLO-RETINOL-BINDING PROTEIN WITH REVERSED-PHASE HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY-BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article ID VITAMIN-A; PLASMA; SERUM; MALNUTRITION; RBP AB We describe a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of vitamin A-transporting (holo) transthyretin-bound (TTR) retinol-binding protein (RBP) concentrations in serum or plasma. Holo-TTR-RBP and free retinol derived primarily from free RBP are consistently observed with this chromatographic method. Holo-TTR-RBP concentrations determined by this method are highly correlated to holo-TTR-RBP concentrations measured by chromatography. This method has the advantage of using less expensive columns and having peak areas which are more proportional to their true concentrations in plasma, as determined by comparison to purified protein spectrophotometry and radial immunodiffusion. The percentage of RBP circulating as holo-TTR-RBP decreased significantly as the total concentration of RBP or retinol increased. Because purified holo-TTR-RBP did not dissociate under these chromatographic conditions, this suggests that more vitamin A circulates as holo-free RBP or free retinol in the blood of people with high serum RBP. RP BURRI, BJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,BIOCHEM RES UNIT,POB 29997,PRESIDIO OF SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94129, USA. NR 16 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4347 J9 J CHROMATOGR-BIOMED JI J. Chromatogr.-Biomed. Appl. PD JUL 5 PY 1991 VL 567 IS 2 BP 369 EP 380 DI 10.1016/0378-4347(91)80143-Z PG 12 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA FY044 UT WOS:A1991FY04400009 PM 1939470 ER PT J AU TAYLOR, A JAHNGENHODGE, J HUANG, LL JACQUES, P AF TAYLOR, A JAHNGENHODGE, J HUANG, LL JACQUES, P TI AGING IN THE EYE LENS - ROLES FOR PROTEOLYSIS AND NUTRITION IN FORMATION OF CATARACT SO AGE LA English DT Article ID SENILE CATARACT; ENDOPEPTIDASE; PURIFICATION; RESTRICTION; PROTEINASE; OXYGEN; AGE; DEGRADATION; PITUITARY; PROTEASE AB Age-related eye lens opacification is one of the leading causes of blindness. Cataract afflicts a majority of persons over age 75, and costs associated with cataract treatment or extraction are the largest line-item in the Medicare budget. In the lesser-developed nations, the problem is more acute since cataract frequently occurs at younger ages, and there are insufficient numbers of ophthalmologists to perform lens extractions. In this paper, we examine causes of cataract and approaches to delay this debility. Lens proteins are damaged during aging, presumably by the light and oxygen to which they are exposed. In many cell types, damaged proteins are selectively and rapidly removed in part by cytoplasmic ATP- and ubiquitin-dependent systems. We hypothesized that the protein-editing capability exists in young lens tissue. However, upon aging, reduced proteolytic capability may be related to the accumulation of damaged proteins in cataracts. It is observed that lens tissue displays ATP-dependent proteolytic activity and ubiquitin-conjugating capability. Of the energy-dependent proteolytic capacity, 75% is dependent upon ubiquitin conjugation. Simulation of aging by Co-60-irradiation of the major lens proteins, alpha-crystallin (0,0.1, 0.6, 2.6 mol hydroxyl radical per mole alpha-crystallin) caused both aggregation and lysis. Both are observed in the aged lens. Rates of degradation of differentially modified crystallin by lens proteasome indicated enhanced levels of proteolysis, with increasing photooxidation of substrate. Antioxidant nutrients, such as ascorbate, are found in eye tissues in relation to levels in diet in guinea pigs and humans. Elevated dietary ascorbate confers protection against solar-light-induced damage to lens proteins and proteases and may delay cataracts in animals subject to various stresses. Recent epidemiological evidence also indicates that persons with higher ascorbate status have diminished risk of various forms of cataract. Restricting dietary calorie intake in rodents delays cataract progress, extends life, prolongs immune function, diminishes incidence of cancer, etc. However, these benefits are not associated with elevated plasma levels of ascorbate. C1 TUFTS UNIV, USDA, HUMAN NUTR AGING RES CTR, EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM, BOSTON, MA 02111 USA. RP TUFTS UNIV, USDA, HUMAN NUTR AGING RES CTR, NUTR & VIS RES LAB, BOSTON, MA 02111 USA. NR 38 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0161-9152 EI 1574-4647 J9 AGE JI Age PD JUL PY 1991 VL 14 IS 3 BP 65 EP 71 DI 10.1007/BF02434092 PG 7 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA GA450 UT WOS:A1991GA45000002 ER PT J AU DUGAS, WA FRITSCHEN, LJ GAY, LW HELD, AA MATTHIAS, AD REICOSKY, DC STEDUTO, P STEINER, JL AF DUGAS, WA FRITSCHEN, LJ GAY, LW HELD, AA MATTHIAS, AD REICOSKY, DC STEDUTO, P STEINER, JL TI BOWEN-RATIO, EDDY-CORRELATION, AND PORTABLE CHAMBER MEASUREMENTS OF SENSIBLE AND LATENT-HEAT FLUX OVER IRRIGATED SPRING WHEAT SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID WATER-VAPOR; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; COEFFICIENTS; EVAPORATION; SYSTEMS; ENERGY AB Measurements of the latent (LE) and sensible (H) heat flux density in the atmospheric boundary layer of irrigated crops have applications for understanding processes in agriculture and meteorology and for water management. The objective of this research was to compare measured Bowen ratios and calculated LE and H from four Bowen ratio systems (BR1-BR4) of different design with each other and with fluxes measured by three sets of eddy correlation instrumentation (H and LE) and a portable chamber (LE). Measurements were made on 9 and 10 April 1989 in an irrigated wheat field at the Maricopa Agricultural Center near Maricopa, Arizona. The Bowen ratio system designs varied in terms of temperature and humidity sensors and measurement arm movement. Bowen ratios were lower (more negative) on 9 April for all of the systems. The range of the four Bowen ratios was greatest in the early morning and late afternoon (+/- 0.1) and least around noon (+/- 0.02). Measured net radiation and soil heat flux density were constant in the Bowen ratio LE calculations. The range of daytime LE from the four systems on 9 April and from three on 10 April was 11% and 1% of the mean LE, respectively. The three eddy correlation H measurements were essentially equal to each other. The average eddy correlation H was 82% and 69% of Bowen ratio H on 9 and 10 April, respectively whilst the eddy correlation LE was 77% and 67% of Bowen ratio LE on the two days. On 9 and 10 April, portable chamber LE was greater than Bowen ratio LE during periods of southerly winds owing to the effect of advected energy to the southern field edge where chamber measurements were made. On 10 April, portable chamber LE was 125% of Bowen ratio LE. This study has shown that: (1) Bowen ratios from instrumentation of different designs were similar; (2) eddy correlation H from three systems were similar to each other and were slightly less than Bowen ratio H; (3) eddy correlation LE was consistently and significantly less than Bowen ratio LE; (4) measurements of portable chamber LE on the edge of a field were affected by surrounding conditions. C1 UNIV WASHINGTON, COLL FOREST RESOURCES, SEATTLE, WA 98195 USA. UNIV ARIZONA, SCH RENEWABLE NAT RESOURCES, TUCSON, AZ 85721 USA. UNIV CALIF DAVIS, DEPT LAND AIR & WATER RESOURCES, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA. UNIV ARIZONA, DEPT SOIL & WATER SCI, TUCSON, AZ 85721 USA. USDA ARS, N CENT SOIL CONSERVAT RES LAB, MORRIS, MN 56267 USA. USDA ARS, SO PLAINS AREA CONSERVAT & PROD RES LAB, BUSHLAND, TX 79012 USA. RP TEXAS AGR EXPTL STN, BLACKLAND RES CTR, 808 E BLACKLAND RD, TEMPLE, TX 76502 USA. RI Held, Andre/A-4672-2011 NR 38 TC 102 Z9 110 U1 2 U2 30 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 EI 1873-2240 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 56 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 20 DI 10.1016/0168-1923(91)90101-U PG 20 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA GB558 UT WOS:A1991GB55800001 ER PT J AU YANG, XS MADDEN, LV REICHARD, DL FOX, RD ELLIS, MA AF YANG, XS MADDEN, LV REICHARD, DL FOX, RD ELLIS, MA TI MOTION ANALYSIS OF DROP IMPACTION ON A STRAWBERRY SURFACE SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID SPLASH DISPERSAL; PHYTOPHTHORA-CACTORUM; SOIL DETACHMENT; RAINDROP IMPACT; FRUIT AB A drop-generating and videographic system was developed and used to study the processes of drop impaction on a strawberry surface. Uniform drops, 0.5 to 4 mm in diameter, were produced using a drop generator with either a piezoelectric crystal or a miniature metering pump. Drops were released from heights of 25, 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150 cm above a strawberry fruit target. Five impact angles, 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60-degrees from horizontal were tested for each size-height combination. Impact and splash events were recorded using a high resolution video camera. Splash droplets were also collected on water sensitive paper. Specialized computer software was used to calculate size, number, position, and velocity of incident drops and splash droplets. Diameter and release height of incident drops significantly affected number, mass, travel distance, velocity, splash angle and kinetic energy of splash droplets. Total mass and kinetic energy reflected by splash droplets were linearly related to the kinetic energy of incident drops on a log-log scale. The reflective factors of mass and kinetic energy (ratio of reflection to incidence), however, were found to increase with impact velocity at lower ranges of impact velocity and approached maximum constants of 0.68 and 0.09, respectively, as impact velocity increased. The reflection angle of the resultant trajectory vector was found to be close, and linearly related, to the incident angle. The initial velocity of individual droplets was significantly correlated to both splash angle and diameter. The Weibull cumulative distribution function provided an excellent fit to data of droplet diameter, velocity, kinetic energy, and travel distance. C1 USDA ARS,APPLICAT TECHNOL RES UNIT,WOOSTER,OH 44691. RP YANG, XS (reprint author), OHIO STATE UNIV,OHIO AGR RES & DEV CTR,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,WOOSTER,OH 44691, USA. NR 24 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 56 IS 1-2 BP 67 EP 92 DI 10.1016/0168-1923(91)90105-Y PG 26 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA GB558 UT WOS:A1991GB55800005 ER PT J AU HIEMSTRA, SW AF HIEMSTRA, SW TI PRODUCTION AND USES OF SUBJECT-MATTER RESEARCH IN FEDERAL SERVICE - OBSERVATIONS FROM RESEARCH ON FARMER MAC SO AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article AB Rapid institutional innovation in the 1980's has led to problems that exceed the scope of research normally assumed by individual researchers. During such periods of rapid change, subject-matter research may be particularly useful. This paper reviews research on the Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation (Farmer Mac) and examines its role in the policy debate. RP HIEMSTRA, SW (reprint author), USDA,ECON RES SERV,ROOM 821D,1301 NEW YORK AVE NW,WASHINGTON,DC 20005, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-5150 J9 AGR ECON JI Agric. Econ. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 5 IS 3 BP 237 EP 251 DI 10.1016/0169-5150(91)90046-N PG 15 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA GN801 UT WOS:A1991GN80100005 ER PT J AU KIM, J AF KIM, J TI USDA PLANT HUNTERS - BRING EM BACK ALIVE AND GROWING SO AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article RP KIM, J (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AGRICULTURE RESEARCH SERV PI WASHINGTON PA US DEPT AGRICULTURE, WASHINGTON, DC 20250 SN 0002-161X J9 AGR RES PD JUL PY 1991 VL 39 IS 7 BP 4 EP 12 PG 9 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA FX031 UT WOS:A1991FX03100002 ER PT J AU KIM, J AF KIM, J TI CHANGING THE LANDSCAPE SO AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article RP KIM, J (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AGRICULTURE RESEARCH SERV PI WASHINGTON PA US DEPT AGRICULTURE, WASHINGTON, DC 20250 SN 0002-161X J9 AGR RES PD JUL PY 1991 VL 39 IS 7 BP 13 EP 13 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA FX031 UT WOS:A1991FX03100003 ER PT J AU KONSTANT, DA AF KONSTANT, DA TI SPYING ON AN ELUSIVE VIRUS SO AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article RP KONSTANT, DA (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AGRICULTURE RESEARCH SERV PI WASHINGTON PA US DEPT AGRICULTURE, WASHINGTON, DC 20250 SN 0002-161X J9 AGR RES PD JUL PY 1991 VL 39 IS 7 BP 14 EP 16 PG 3 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA FX031 UT WOS:A1991FX03100004 ER PT J AU KONSTANT, DA AF KONSTANT, DA TI A UNIQUE EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIP SO AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article RP KONSTANT, DA (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AGRICULTURE RESEARCH SERV PI WASHINGTON PA US DEPT AGRICULTURE, WASHINGTON, DC 20250 SN 0002-161X J9 AGR RES PD JUL PY 1991 VL 39 IS 7 BP 16 EP 16 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA FX031 UT WOS:A1991FX03100005 ER PT J AU HARDIN, B AF HARDIN, B TI FINE DINING FOR THE LOATHSOME SCREWWORM SO AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article RP HARDIN, B (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. RI Taylor, David/G-6025-2014 OI Taylor, David/0000-0002-4378-4867 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AGRICULTURE RESEARCH SERV PI WASHINGTON PA US DEPT AGRICULTURE, WASHINGTON, DC 20250 SN 0002-161X J9 AGR RES PD JUL PY 1991 VL 39 IS 7 BP 17 EP 17 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA FX031 UT WOS:A1991FX03100006 ER PT J AU WOOD, M AF WOOD, M TI THE GREAT WHEATGRASS BAKE-OFF SO AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article RP WOOD, M (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AGRICULTURE RESEARCH SERV PI WASHINGTON PA US DEPT AGRICULTURE, WASHINGTON, DC 20250 SN 0002-161X J9 AGR RES PD JUL PY 1991 VL 39 IS 7 BP 18 EP 19 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA FX031 UT WOS:A1991FX03100007 ER PT J AU MCBRIDE, J AF MCBRIDE, J TI HOW SWEET IT ISNT SO AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article RP MCBRIDE, J (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AGRICULTURE RESEARCH SERV PI WASHINGTON PA US DEPT AGRICULTURE, WASHINGTON, DC 20250 SN 0002-161X J9 AGR RES PD JUL PY 1991 VL 39 IS 7 BP 20 EP 24 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA FX031 UT WOS:A1991FX03100008 ER PT J AU SENFT, D AF SENFT, D TI UPDATE FOR AN ANCIENT WATERING STRATEGY SO AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article RP SENFT, D (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AGRICULTURE RESEARCH SERV PI WASHINGTON PA US DEPT AGRICULTURE, WASHINGTON, DC 20250 SN 0002-161X J9 AGR RES PD JUL PY 1991 VL 39 IS 7 BP 25 EP 25 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA FX031 UT WOS:A1991FX03100009 ER PT J AU HAYS, M AF HAYS, M TI DANCES WITH GOATS SO AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article RP HAYS, M (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AGRICULTURE RESEARCH SERV PI WASHINGTON PA US DEPT AGRICULTURE, WASHINGTON, DC 20250 SN 0002-161X J9 AGR RES PD JUL PY 1991 VL 39 IS 7 BP 26 EP 27 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA FX031 UT WOS:A1991FX03100010 ER PT J AU MAZZOLA, V AF MAZZOLA, V TI A STEP FORWARD FOR EMBRYO CULTURE SO AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article RP MAZZOLA, V (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AGRICULTURE RESEARCH SERV PI WASHINGTON PA US DEPT AGRICULTURE, WASHINGTON, DC 20250 SN 0002-161X J9 AGR RES PD JUL PY 1991 VL 39 IS 7 BP 27 EP 27 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA FX031 UT WOS:A1991FX03100011 ER PT J AU MORGAN, JA KNIGHT, WG AF MORGAN, JA KNIGHT, WG TI GROWTH AND PHYSIOLOGICAL-RESPONSES OF GREENHOUSE-GROWN BLUE GRAMA TO ATRAZINE SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID FORAGE GRASSES; FERTILIZER; HERBICIDES; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; TOLERANCE; RANGELAND; NITROGEN; PROTEIN; QUALITY; YIELD AB Blue grama [Bouteloua gracilis (H.B.K.) Lag. ex Steud.] is an important native forage and the dominant C4 species on the short-grass prairie. Sublethal concentrations of the herbicide atrazine (6-chloro-N-ethyl-N'-[1-methylethyl]-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) have increased range production, tissue N, and drought survival of blue grama. The mechanisms(s) for these responses are not well understood. This experiment was conducted to evaluate C exchange rates, water use, and productivity of blue grama to variable concentrations of atrazine. Plants were grown from seed (Lovington cv.) in soil-packed, column-lysimeters. Treatment concentrations of 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg of atrazine per column were achieved by irrigating columns containing 8-wk old plants with solution atrazine and/or tap water. Nine days following the initial atrazine application, CO2 exchange rates of plants treated with intermediate and high rates of atrazine averaged 28-mu-mol plant-1 s-1, 43% lower than rates observed for control and low atrazine treatments. This depression, which persisted for 30 d, was due to inhibition of leaf photosynthetic capacity. As a result, aboveground productivity of the intermediate and high atrazine treatments was inhibited 28% compared to the control. Similar atrazine-induced reductions in evapotranspiration were noted. By the end of this period, chlorophyll concentrations of all atrazine-treated leaves had increased to an average 0.41 g m-2 compared to 0.33 g m-2 in control leaves. Shoot N concentrations were also affected by atrazine, averaging 23.3 g kg-1 in intermediate and high atrazine leaves and 14.9 g kg-1 in control leaves. Thirty-seven days after the initial atrazine application, all remaining plants were clipped to 5-cm height to begin a regrowth cycle. Twenty days after clipping, regrowth of low atrazine-treated plants was 22% greater than controls. During the initial (2 wk) regrowth period, both increased plant photosynthesis and increased evapotraspiration rates were observed, but only for the intermediate treatment plants. Over the final period studied (2-4 wk regrowth), no differences, compared to controls, were found for any parameters measured. No evidence for a direct stimulatory effect or hormonal-type mode of action was found for atrazine. C1 EARTH SCI GRP,FT COLLINS,CO 80525. RP MORGAN, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS,CROPS RES LAB,MOL CTR AVE,FT COLLINS,CO 80526, USA. NR 26 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 83 IS 4 BP 677 EP 683 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA GA443 UT WOS:A1991GA44300006 ER PT J AU PEDERSON, GA BRINK, GE AF PEDERSON, GA BRINK, GE TI PRODUCTIVITY AND QUALITY OF ANNUAL AND PERENNIAL CLOVER-TALL FESCUE MIXTURES SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID FORAGE AB Winter annual legumes seeded in perennial clover-tall fescue pastures could increase early spring herbage production without N fertilizer. This study determined the productivity and forage quality of 'Regal' white (Trifolium repens L.) and 'Kenland' red clover (T. pratense L.)/tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) mixtures grown with and without 'Yuchi' arrowleaf (T. vesiculosum Savi.), 'Tibbee' crimson (T. incarnatum L.), and 'Meterora' subterranean clover (T. subterraneum L. var. yanninicum [Katzn. & Morley] Zoh.). The experimental design was a split plot with four replicates. Whole plots were red, white, red + white, and no perennial clover. Subplots were arrowleaf, crimson, subterranean, and no annual clover. All species were broadcast seeded on a Catalpa silty clay (fine, montmorillonitic, thermic Fluvaquentic Hapludoll) at Mississippi State, MS, in October 1984. The annual clovers were reseeded in September 1985 and 1986. Arrowleaf and crimson clover competition resulted in 11% less total dry matter and 16% less clover yield compared to no annual clover in perennial clover plots during the first 2 yr of the study. The only yield advantage for perennial clover/tall fescue mixtures with arrowleaf or crimson clovers was in the third year when perennial clover stands declined (mainly due to dry weather conditions) and annual clover overseeding gave 114% greater clover yields. Subterranean clover had little effect on yield or forage quality when grown with perennial clovers. Crude protein and in vitro digestible dry matter concentrations were increased in early spring 1985 and 1987 by the addition of arrowleaf or crimson clovers to perennial clover plots. RP PEDERSON, GA (reprint author), USDA ARS,CROP SCI RES LAB,FORAGE RES UNIT,POB 5367,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762, USA. NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 83 IS 4 BP 694 EP 699 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA GA443 UT WOS:A1991GA44300009 ER PT J AU REDDY, VR BAKER, DN HODGES, HF AF REDDY, VR BAKER, DN HODGES, HF TI TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON COTTON CANOPY GROWTH, PHOTOSYNTHESIS, AND RESPIRATION SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SOYBEAN LEAVES; ASSIMILATE EXPORT; CARBON; DEMAND AB The ecological range of temperature conditions where cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is commercially grown frequently exceeds the temperature range of available data. To predict growth, development, and responses of the primary physiological processes to those conditions, data at both lower and higher temperatures are needed. Cotton plants were grown in naturally lit, temperature- and CO2- controlled chambers. Plants grown at near-optimum temperatures (30 and 35-degrees-C day temperature) fixed twice as much CO2 at high photosynthetically active radiation during the fruiting period as did plants growing at 20-degrees-C. Growth exhibited similar differences due to temperature during the boll-filling period. Plants with heavy fruiting load partitioned less to vegetative structures. Most plants grown at 35/25-degrees-C day/night temperatures and all those grown at 40/30-degrees-C had serious flower survival problems. No fruits were harvested from the plants grown in the 40/30-degrees-C chamber and only a few from those grown in the 35/25-degrees-C chamber. Gross photosynthesis, canopy light utilization efficiency, and canopy conductance were found to be highly variable from day to day. This variability should be considered by investigators measuring short-term CO2 exchange rates. Respiration rates of cotton plants were 45% higher during the first hour of dark than during the rest of the night. These data suggest that carbohydrate is more readily available for respiration during and immediately after the light period than later in the dark period. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,SYST RES LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 25 TC 53 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 83 IS 4 BP 699 EP 704 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA GA443 UT WOS:A1991GA44300010 ER PT J AU BOVEY, RW HUSSEY, MA AF BOVEY, RW HUSSEY, MA TI RESPONSE OF SELECTED FORAGE GRASSES TO HERBICIDES SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID KLEINGRASS; ESTABLISHMENT; BUFFELGRASS; TOLERANCE AB Early spring applications of herbicides were evaluated for weed control and phytotoxicity to kleingrass (Panicum coloratum L.) during establishment. In 1986, areas treated with MSMA (monosodium salt of methylarsonic acid) at 2.2 and 4.5 kg ha-1 or chlorsulfuron {2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) amino] carbonyl]benzenesulfonamide} at 0.018 and 0.035 kg ha-1 reduced weed yield to < 900 and increased kleingrass yield to > 9300 kg ha-1. Untreated areas produced 5400 and 4300 kg ha-1 of weeds and kleingrass, respectively. In 1988, kleingrass yields were increased only where weeds were removed by hand or MSMA. Bensulide {O,O-bis(1-methylethyl) S-[2-[(phenylsulfonyl) amino] ethyl] phosphoro-dithioate}, butylate [S-ethyl bis(2-methylpropyl)carbamothioate], siduron [N-(2-methylcyclohexyl)-N'-phenylurea], and sulfometuron {2-[[[[(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrimidinyl) amino] carbonyl] amino] sulfonyl] benzoic acid} were highly injurious to kleingrass. In 1989, no treatment increased kleingrass yields. In the greenhouse, 'Selection 75' kleingrass, common buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.), 'WW-Spar' and 'WW-Ironmaster' old world bluestem [Bothriochloa ischaemum (L.) Keng var. ischaemum (Hack.) Celarier and Harlan], 'Bell' rhodesgrass (Chloris gayana Kunth), 'Cowboy' laurisiagrass (Pennisetum orientale L.), 'Haskel' sideoats grama [Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr.], 'Lometa' Indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans L.), 'Alamo' switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), and 'Palar' Wilman lovegrass (Eragrostis superba Peyn.) were treated. Based on seedling weight, most grasses tolerated butylate, MSMA, 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], chlorsulfuron, and metsulfuron {2-[[[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]benzoic acid}. Buffelgrass, Indiangrass, and old world bluestem tolerated sulfometuron. Atrazine [6-chloro-N-ethyl-N'-(-methyl-ethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine] and propazine [6-chloro-N,N'-bis(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine] were sometimes injurious, but bensulide and siduron were highly injurious to most grasses. C1 TEXAS A&M UNIV SYST,DEPT RANGE SCI,PEST MANAGEMENT RES UNIT,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. TEXAS A&M UNIV SYST,DEPT SOIL & CROP SCI,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. RP BOVEY, RW (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO CROPS RES LAB,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 11 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 83 IS 4 BP 709 EP 713 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA GA443 UT WOS:A1991GA44300012 ER PT J AU MOWREY, DP MATCHES, AG AF MOWREY, DP MATCHES, AG TI PERSISTENCE OF SAINFOIN UNDER DIFFERENT GRAZING REGIMES SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciaefolia Scop.), a non-bloat inducing legume, is well adapted to the calcareous soils of the Southern Great Plains. Poor persistence under some managements has limited its use for grazing. Our objectives were to determine the effect of plant growth stage at defoliation and defoliation intensity on persistence of sainfoin. Nitrogen fertilized (100 kg N ha-1) 'Renumex' sainfoin was grown under irrigation on a Pullman clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Torretic Paleustoll) near Lubbock, TX. Light (L), medium (M), and heavy (H) grazing intensities were applied at the bud (B), flower (F), and seed shatter (S) stages of growth. Across growth stages, L, M, and H intensities averaged 52, 69, and 87% removal of pre-graze herbage mass, respectively. Over the 2 yr, sainfoin stands declined 20 and 43% when defoliated at the B and F stages under H defoliation intensity. Stands remained above 80% for the L and M intensities. Stands increased from reseeding in the S treatments by 35, 31, and 16% for the L, M, and H defoliations, respectively. Root concentrations of total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) began to decrease with the initiation of spring growth, reached their seasonal low in June, and then increased into late summer and autumn. Average TNC for H (130 g kg-1) was less than TNC in roots of L and M (155 g kg-1). Our findings indicate that sainfoin defoliated at the B or F stages of growth under L or M intensities of defoliation may have acceptable stand persistence when grown under irrigation in the Southern Great Plains. C1 TEXAS TECH UNIV,DEPT AGRON HORT & ENTOMOL,LUBBOCK,TX 79409. RP MOWREY, DP (reprint author), USDA ARS,FORAGE & LIVESTOCK RES LAB,EL RENO,OK 73036, USA. NR 13 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 83 IS 4 BP 714 EP 716 PG 3 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA GA443 UT WOS:A1991GA44300013 ER PT J AU WEIL, RR MCFADDEN, ME AF WEIL, RR MCFADDEN, ME TI FERTILITY AND WEED STRESS EFFECTS ON PERFORMANCE OF MAIZE SOYBEAN INTERCROP SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SORGHUM-PIGEONPEA; YIELD; ADVANTAGES; GROWTH AB Intercropped corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] may produce more total yield per hectare than either grown separately, ie., land equivalent ratio (LER) > 1. Low N fertility, limited moisture, and weed competition have each been reported to result in high land equivalent ratios. Thus it was hypothesized that intercropping advantages were greater under stress conditions. The objectives were to study the effects of soil fertility stress (F1 = low N-P-K, F2 = high N-P-K), weed competition stress (W1 = unweeded, W2 weeded), and four cropping systems (M2S, M1S, M2, S; where M2 = high density maize, M1 = low density maize, and S = soybean at normal density) on the performance of maize and soybean, and on the growth of weeds. 'Cargill 921' maize and 'Union' soybean were planted simultaneously in 1985 and 1986 in alternate rows spaced at 0.5 m on a typic Hapludult in Maryland. Land equivalent ratios and maize equivalent yields were calculated. Dry matter production was determined early in the season, and grain yield plus weed dry matter were determined at final harvest. LER values (mean of 1985 and 1986) ranged from 0.89 (W1F1M2S) to 1.18 (W2F1M1S). The LER data showed that at high fertility levels, weed stress increased the relative advantage of intercropping. In addition, when plots were weeded, LER increased from 0.96 to 1.13 under fertility stress. Maize equivalent yields were calculated from the relative prices of maize and soybeans. The highest maize equivalent yields in all cropping systems in both years occurred under optimal conditions (W2F2). C1 USDA SCS,MARLINTON,WV 24954. RP WEIL, RR (reprint author), UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT AGRON,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742, USA. NR 16 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 83 IS 4 BP 717 EP 721 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA GA443 UT WOS:A1991GA44300014 ER PT J AU RASMUSSEN, PE DOUGLAS, CL AF RASMUSSEN, PE DOUGLAS, CL TI EFFECT OF RILL EROSION DURING EARLY VEGETATIVE GROWTH ON WINTER-WHEAT YIELD SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB The long-term effect of soil erosion on lowering soil productivity is well documented, but little is known about how rill erosion occurring during the crop growing season affects yield. Rill erosion effects on winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth and yield were determined in six fields where rill erosion occurred during early vegetative growth. Soils were Walla Walla (coarse silty, mixed mesic Haploxeroll) or Athena (fine silty, mixed mesic Haploxeroll) silt loams at least 2 m deep. Rills were followed across landscape positions on slopes ranging from 1 to 15%. Rills paralleled rows in all six studies, and traversed rows in two of the six. Rill erosion reduced head density, dry matter yield, N uptake, and grain yield at all sites. The rill/non-rill (R/NR) grain yield ratio (per square meter) varied from 0.84 to 0.94. The R/NR yield ratio was not affected by slope steepness or aspect, but was weakly correlated with yield level (greater loss at higher yields) and landscape position (lower slope positions had larger rills and greater yield loss). The grain R/NR ratio decreased with increasing rill depth but was not affected by rill width. Soil loss measured with a rillmeter was correlated with rill depth. The estimated yield reduction per ha associated with average rill development (11.7 cm deep rills, 26.7 kg m-2 soil loss in rill area, and 10 rill transects ha-1) was between 0.9 and 1.2%. Assuming a 36 Mg ha-1 soil loss (the average for sloping Haploxeroll soils of the Pacific Northwest), the calculated yield reduction from winter wheat fields yielding 5.2 Mg ha-1 is 88 kg grain ha-1 (about $13 ha-1 for wheat valued at $0.147 kg-1). This erosion cost would encompass a significant percentage of the landscape with sloping topography and is additional to any costs associated with long-term loss of soil productivity. RP RASMUSSEN, PE (reprint author), USDA ARS,COLUMBIA PLATEAU CONS RES CTR,POB 370,PENDLETON,OR 97801, USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 83 IS 4 BP 729 EP 732 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA GA443 UT WOS:A1991GA44300016 ER PT J AU STALEY, TE STOUT, WL JUNG, GA AF STALEY, TE STOUT, WL JUNG, GA TI NITROGEN USE BY TALL FESCUE AND SWITCHGRASS ON ACIDIC SOILS OF VARYING WATER HOLDING CAPACITY SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID WARM-SEASON GRASSES; N-FERTILIZATION; USE EFFICIENCY; YIELD; FORAGE; QUALITY; BLUESTEM; AVAILABILITY; NITRATE; WINTER AB Increased use of bunchgrasses on acidic soils of the humid Northeastern USA requires more detailed knowledge on the fate of fertilizer N for economic and environmental reasons. A 3-yr field investigation using N-15-depleted fertilizer was undertaken to determine the effect of soil water holding capacity (WHC) on the use of soil and fertilizer N by cool-season (tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and warm-season (switchgrass, Panicum virgatum L.) forages. Three sites of varying soil depth provided WHC of 5, 15, and 25 cm. Fertilizer N was applied at 0, 90, and 180 kg ha-1 (split application for tall fescue). Three-year production averages for Cut 1 switchgrass (mid-July) were two- to three-fold greater than for tall fescue (mid-June) on all sites receiving N, and four-fold greater on the two shallower sites without N. Cut 2 (late-October) production was nearly equal for both species, with tall fescue averaging 50%, and switchgrass 10%, of Cut 1. Nitrogen concentration of both species generally increased with N rate but not with WHC. Total N uptake (TNU) increased with N rate for both cuts of tall fescue, but only for Cut 1 for switchgrass, on all sites. Percentage of TNU derived from fertilizer N ranged from 23 to 47% for tall fescue and 14 to 39% for switchgrass. Tall fescue and switchgrass recovered from 23 to 31% and 25 to 33%, respectively, of the fertilizer N applied to the two deeper sites. Only on the shallow Klinesville site at the 90 kg N level was there a significant difference in fertilizer-N recovery, where switchgrass recovered 31% compared to tall fescue at 19%. Although these results demonstrate relatively low recoveries by both species, the more efficient use of fertilizer N by switchgrass, both in terms of production and recovery, recommend its increased usage at low N rates in the Appalachian Region. C1 USDA ARS,US REG PASTURE RES LAB,UNIVERSITY PK,PA. RP STALEY, TE (reprint author), USDA ARS,APPALACHIAN SOIL & WATER CONSERVAT RES LAB,BECKLEY,WV 25802, USA. NR 24 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 83 IS 4 BP 732 EP 738 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA GA443 UT WOS:A1991GA44300017 ER PT J AU RADIN, JW MAUNEY, JR KERRIDGE, PC AF RADIN, JW MAUNEY, JR KERRIDGE, PC TI EFFECTS OF NITROGEN FERTILITY ON WATER POTENTIAL OF IRRIGATED COTTON SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CARBON EXCHANGE-RATES; ABSCISIC-ACID; STRESS; LEAVES; TRANSPIRATION; TRANSPORT; NUTRITION; RESPONSES; DEFICIENT; SEEDLINGS AB Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) grown in controlled environments responds to N deficiency with decreased hydraulic conductance and midday leaf water potential (psi-W). Experiments were initiated to determine whether N deficiency similarly affects plant water relations in the field. Cotton was grown for 4 yr with adequate N or a mild N deficiency. Nitrogen fertility had little effect on psi-W (determined with a pressure chamber) early in the season, but beginning in mid-season the psi-W of N-deficient plants was 0.2 to 0.4 MPa higher than that of the fertilized plants. This difference was seen both before N had affected leaf area, and after canopy closure had occurred at both N levels. Stomatal conductances and transpiration rates of recently matured sunlit leaves (determined by steady-state porometry) remained unaffected by N. This evidence indicates that N deficiency increased plant hydraulic conductance in the field, contrary to its effect in controlled environments. However, in regressions of rate on leaf psi-W from dawn to midday, N had no consistent effects on the slopes (a putative measure of hydraulic conductance). These discrepancies have not been resolved. Nonetheless, N deficiency clearly does not decrease hydraulic conductance of cotton in the field in Arizona as it does in controlled environments. C1 CSIRO,DIV TROP CROPS & PASTURES,ST LUCIA,QLD 4067,AUSTRALIA. RP RADIN, JW (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN COTTON RES LAB,PHOENIX,AZ 85040, USA. NR 24 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 83 IS 4 BP 739 EP 743 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA GA443 UT WOS:A1991GA44300018 ER PT J AU AASE, JK TANAKA, DL AF AASE, JK TANAKA, DL TI REFLECTANCES FROM 4 WHEAT RESIDUE COVER DENSITIES AS INFLUENCED BY 3 SOIL BACKGROUNDS SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CROP RESIDUES; VEGETATION AB It is important to know quantity of crop residue on the soil surface to maintain or to improve soil physical and chemical properties and to assess the soil's susceptibility to erosion. Our objective was to use remote sensing techniques to examine the potential for remotely differentiating among wheat residue quantities and bare soils. We used three soils of the northern Great Plains (Williams loam [fine-loamy, mixed Typic Argiboroll], Vanda Clay [fine-silty, mixed calcareous, frigid Ustic Torriorthents], and Lambert silt loam [fine-silty, mixed calcareous, frigid Typic Ustorthents]) that had either dry or wet surfaces and 0, 33, 66, and 100% wheat residue covering the soil surfaces. A portable spectroradiometer, and a hand-held four-band radiometer were used to measure spectral response and an infrared thermometer to measure surface temperatures. The infrared thermometer results allowed for differentiation among wet and dry surfaces and among residue quantities when the soil background was wet. Temperature differences between wet and dry surfaces became smaller as residue quantities increased and were near the same at 100% cover. Data obtained from the two radiometers were similar. Based on the type of measurements made in our study and indices calculated, the conclusions are that remotely sensed temperatures may be useful to assess surface soil residue covers when all soil backgrounds are wet. Linear combinations of n spectral bands in n-dimensional space were calculated to form spectral indices, referred to as n-space indices. The first n-space index probably holds the best promise for developing any type of relationship to determine amount of residue cover on an otherwise bare soil surface, albeit, it appears from the data that the usefulness of such a relationship would be limited to soils that are naturally dark colored or that are darkened by the effect of water. RP AASE, JK (reprint author), USDA ARS,POB 1109,SIDNEY,MT 59270, USA. NR 15 TC 55 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 83 IS 4 BP 753 EP 757 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA GA443 UT WOS:A1991GA44300020 ER PT J AU PEDERSEN, JF MOORE, KJ VANSANTEN, E AF PEDERSEN, JF MOORE, KJ VANSANTEN, E TI INTERPRETIVE ANALYSIS FOR FORAGE YIELD TRIAL DATA SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Note AB Forage cultivar evaluation is often done in small plots with multiple harvests throughout the growing season. Data is often summarized by presenting a yearly total yield for each cultivar in addition to the mean for each harvest date. Data summarization often becomes burdensome and difficult to interpret. Regressing yield against a growth index associated with harvest dates can be utilized to describe forage performance in a concise and easily interpreted format. Subsets of data from tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) yield trials conducted in Alabama and Kentucky were used to demonstrate the technique. The analysis involves regressing yield of a cultivar against an index calculated as the mean of all entries at a harvest date minus the grand mean. The resulting regression coefficient (b) describes cultivar yield response over several harvests and is indicative of performance under variable growth conditions. C1 AUBURN UNIV,DEPT AGRON & SOILS,AUBURN,AL 36849. RP PEDERSEN, JF (reprint author), USDA ARS,WHEAT SORGHUM & FORAGE RES UNIT,LINCOLN,NE 68583, USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 83 IS 4 BP 774 EP 776 PG 3 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA GA443 UT WOS:A1991GA44300024 ER PT J AU DANFORD, DE HUBBARD, VS COMBS, GF HALL, CA LARSEN, LA SCHNAKENBERG, DD AF DANFORD, DE HUBBARD, VS COMBS, GF HALL, CA LARSEN, LA SCHNAKENBERG, DD TI REPORT ON THE 4TH CONFERENCE FOR FEDERALLY SUPPORTED HUMAN-NUTRITION RESEARCH UNITS AND CENTERS SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Editorial Material AB The Fourth Conference for Federally Supported Human Nutrition Research Units and Centers, sponsored by the Interagency Committee on Human Nutrition Research, addressed two topics: nutrition and function, and nutrient interactions and toxicities. This article summarizes the conference's introductory remarks and the contents of the 34 papers presented. Future meetings of federally supported nutrition research units and centers will focus on other human nutrition research topics and will be held biennially. C1 NIDDK,NUTR SCI BRANCH,BETHESDA,MD 20892. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,NATL PROGRAM STAFF,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. DEPT VET AFFAIRS,NUTR LAB CLIN ASSESSMENT & RES,ALBANY,NY. US FDA,PROGRAM DEV,WASHINGTON,DC 20204. US DEPT DEF,OFF ASSISTANT SURG GEN RES & DEV,FALLS CHURCH,VA. RP DANFORD, DE (reprint author), NIDDK,DIV NUTR RES COORDINAT,BLDG 31,ROOM 4B63,BETHESDA,MD 20892, USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CLIN NUTRITION INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-2310, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 54 IS 1 BP 164 EP 168 PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA FU358 UT WOS:A1991FU35800027 PM 2058579 ER PT J AU DAWSONHUGHES, B AF DAWSONHUGHES, B TI CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTATION AND BONE LOSS - A REVIEW OF CONTROLLED CLINICAL-TRIALS SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT SYMP ON AN UPDATE ON CALCIUM : APPLICATIONS FOR THE 90S CY JAN 21-23, 1990 CL CHANTILLY, VA SP SMITHKLINE BEECHAM CONSUMER BRANDS DE BONE LOSS; CALCIUM; PERIMENOPAUSE; POSTMENOPAUSE ID DUAL-PHOTON-ABSORPTIOMETRY; POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; DIETARY CALCIUM; MINERAL CONTENT; SPINAL OSTEOPOROSIS; ACID SECRETION; FRACTURE RISK; LUMBAR SPINE; WHITE WOMEN; AGE AB The responsiveness of postmenopausal women to supplementation with calcium appears to depend on their menopausal age. In women who are within the first 5 y of menopause, bone loss from the radius is attenuated but not arrested by added calcium. The maximal effect appears to occur with supplement dosages of approximately 1000 mg elemental Ca/d. In contrast, the spine is unresponsive to supplementation with calcium even at higher doses in early postmenopausal women. In late postmenopausal women, bone loss from the radius is attenuated by increased calcium intake. Loss from the spine can be retarded by increasing calcium intake to the current recommended dietary allowance in older women with low usual calcium diets. The effect of supplementation with higher doses of calcium in this segment of the population is unknown. Finally, the effect of added calcium on hip density of postmenopausal women is not yet established. RP DAWSONHUGHES, B (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,USDA,CALCIUM & BONE METAB LAB,711 WASHINGTON ST,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. NR 66 TC 88 Z9 90 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CLIN NUTRITION INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-2310, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 54 IS 1 SU S BP S274 EP S280 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA FV935 UT WOS:A1991FV93500017 PM 2053573 ER PT J AU BJORKMAN, DJ MOORE, JG KLEIN, PD GRAHAM, DY AF BJORKMAN, DJ MOORE, JG KLEIN, PD GRAHAM, DY TI C-13 BICARBONATE BREATH TEST AS A MEASURE OF GASTRIC-EMPTYING SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY LA English DT Article ID DIGESTION; DISEASE; LIQUID; MEALS AB Radionuclide studies are widely used to estimate the gastric emptying rate of solids and liquids. Unfortunately, these methods carry the risk of radiation exposure and require expensive and complex equipment. Carbon-13, a stable, nonradioactive isotope, has been used successfully as a marker in the gastrointestinal tract for other purposes. A preliminary study using ingested NaH13CO3 and measuring 13CO2 breath excretion suggested that this test might be a simple, noninvasive, and inexpensive method for determining gastric emptying. To determine the efficacy of NaH13CO3 as a noninvasive marker for gastric emptying, the resulting 13CO2 breath excretion was determined simultaneously with standard radiolabeled meal measurements of gastric emptying of liquids and solids in 15 patients. 13CO2 breath excretion did not correlate with the gastric emptying of either solids or liquids, as determined by radio-nuclide techniques. These results suggest that NaH13CO3 is not a reliable indicator of gastric emptying. Factors other than gastric emptying may affect the rate of 13CO2 absorption and exhalation, rendering it unreliable as a measure of gastric emptying. C1 VET ADM MED CTR,GASTROENTEROL,SALT LAKE CITY,UT. BAYLOR UNIV,DEPT MED,HOUSTON,TX 77030. BAYLOR UNIV,USDA ARS,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,DEPT PEDIAT,HOUSTON,TX 77030. VET ADM MED CTR,DEPT GASTROENTEROL,HOUSTON,TX 77211. RP BJORKMAN, DJ (reprint author), UNIV UTAH,SCH MED,50 N MED DR,SALT LAKE CITY,UT 84132, USA. NR 12 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0002-9270 J9 AM J GASTROENTEROL JI Am. J. Gastroenterol. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 86 IS 7 BP 821 EP 823 PG 3 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA FV532 UT WOS:A1991FV53200006 PM 2058621 ER PT J AU SHAH, GM ROSS, EA SABO, A PICHON, M BHAGAVAN, H REYNOLDS, RD AF SHAH, GM ROSS, EA SABO, A PICHON, M BHAGAVAN, H REYNOLDS, RD TI ASCORBIC-ACID SUPPLEMENTS IN PATIENTS RECEIVING CHRONIC PERITONEAL-DIALYSIS SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF KIDNEY DISEASES LA English DT Article DE PERITONEAL DIALYSIS; ASCORBIC ACID; PYRIDOXINE ID REGULAR HEMODIALYSIS-PATIENTS; VITAMIN-C SUPPLEMENTATION; CHRONIC RENAL-FAILURE; PLASMA-LEVELS; HYPEROXALEMIA; WITHDRAWAL; DEPLETION; OXALOSIS; SCURVY C1 UNIV CALIF IRVINE,IRVINE,CA 92717. HOFFMANN LA ROCHE INC,NUTLEY,NJ 07110. USDA,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP SHAH, GM (reprint author), DEPT VET AFFAIRS MED CTR,NEPHROL SECT 111N,5901 E 7TH ST,LONG BEACH,CA 90822, USA. NR 35 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 SN 0272-6386 J9 AM J KIDNEY DIS JI Am. J. Kidney Dis. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 18 IS 1 BP 84 EP 90 PG 7 WC Urology & Nephrology SC Urology & Nephrology GA FW766 UT WOS:A1991FW76600013 PM 2063860 ER PT J AU BOLIN, SR LITTLEDIKE, ET RIDPATH, JF AF BOLIN, SR LITTLEDIKE, ET RIDPATH, JF TI SEROLOGIC DETECTION AND PRACTICAL CONSEQUENCES OF ANTIGENIC DIVERSITY AMONG BOVINE VIRAL DIARRHEA VIRUSES IN A VACCINATED HERD SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID MUCOSAL DISEASE VIRUS; CYTOPATHOGENIC STRAINS; MOLECULAR SPECIFICITY; NEUTRALIZING ACTIVITY; ANTIBODIES; CATTLE; BIOTYPES; PROTEINS; CALVES AB Samples of sera were obtained from 5,725 cows in a semiclosed herd. In each of the preceding 7 years, the herd was vaccinated against bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) with killed virus. Neutralizing antibody tests were done on all samples of sera, using cytopathic virus, BVD-TGAC virus, that was antigenically distinct from the vaccine virus. Most samples of sera had high titers of neutralizing antibodies against BVD-TGAC virus. In 48 samples of sera, neutralizing antibodies were not detected against BVD-TGAC virus, but were detected against the vaccine virus. Neutralizing antibodies against selected noncytopathic BVD viruses were not detected in several samples of serum that had neutralizing antibodies against the vaccine virus and BVD-TGAC virus. Noncytopathic BVD virus was isolated from sera obtained from 3 cows < 4 years old. Two cows were available for further testing, and persistent infection with BVD virus was confirmed in both cows. The BVD viruses isolated from those cows were not neutralized by several samples of sera. Immunoprecipitation of polypeptides induced by the vaccine virus was done with selected samples of serum. Two patterns of immuno-precipitated viral-induced polypeptides were identified. One pattern was consistent with exposure of cows with live virus. The other pattern was consistent with exposure of cows with only the killed virus vaccine. C1 ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,CLAY CTR,NE 68933. RP BOLIN, SR (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,POB 70,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 24 TC 76 Z9 77 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 52 IS 7 BP 1033 EP 1037 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA FU182 UT WOS:A1991FU18200010 PM 1654030 ER PT J AU MILLER, JM WHETSTONE, CA BELLO, LJ LAWRENCE, WC AF MILLER, JM WHETSTONE, CA BELLO, LJ LAWRENCE, WC TI DETERMINATION OF ABILITY OF A THYMIDINE KINASE-NEGATIVE DELETION MUTANT OF BOVINE HERPESVIRUS-1 TO CAUSE ABORTION IN CATTLE SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID PSEUDORABIES VIRUS; DEFICIENT MUTANTS; MAP LOCATION; GENE; DNA; RHINOTRACHEITIS; TYPE-1; VACCINATION; INFECTION; VIRULENCE AB The Cooper isolate of bovine herpesvirus-1, which causes abortion in cattle, was used to construct a thymidine kinase-negative (TK-) deletion mutant virus. Twelve heifers were inoculated IV at 25 to 29 weeks of pregnancy with either TK- or thymidine kinase-positive (TK+) Cooper virus. All heifers developed fevers of 1 to 2 C during the first week after inoculation. Temperatures of TK+ inoculates were slightly higher and remained above normal a few days longer than in TK- inoculates. Viremia was detected in 5 of 6 TK+ inoculates and in all 6 TK- inoculates. More virus isolations were made from nasal and vaginal swab specimens of TK+ inoculates than from swab specimens of TK- inoculates. All heifers developed virus neutralizing antibody within 14 days after inoculation and antibody titers were similar between the 2 groups. None of the TK- inoculated heifers aborted and their calves did not have neutralizing antibody at birth. Abortion occurred in 5 of 6 heifers given TK+ virus. All aborted fetuses were infected with bovine herpesvirus-1, as demonstrated by virus isolation or detection of viral antigen in fetal tissues. These results indicate that inactivation of the TK gene reduces abortifacient activity of bovine herpesvirus-1. C1 UNIV PENN,SCH VET MED,MICROBIOL LAB,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104. RP MILLER, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,VIROL CATTLE RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 35 TC 28 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 52 IS 7 BP 1038 EP 1043 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA FU182 UT WOS:A1991FU18200011 PM 1654031 ER PT J AU SMITH, WP AF SMITH, WP TI ONTOGENY AND ADAPTIVENESS OF TAIL-FLAGGING BEHAVIOR IN WHITE-TAILED DEER SO AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID PURSUIT-INVITATION SIGNALS; MAMMALS AB I observed white-tailed deer use two tactics to avoid predation: freeze behavior to avoid detection, and flight, during which deer frequently flagged their tails. Remaining motionless increased in use with increasing vegetative cover and occurred less often among larger groups. Tail flagging was observed in all age and sex groups, even neonates within hours after birth. The tendency to tail flag was greatest among fawns. As fawns became older, tail flagging decreased so that by 7 mo of age they tail flagged at a rate similar to that of yearlings and adults. Does tail flagged more often than bucks. For all deer, tail flagging increased as distance from escape cover increased. If deer fled while in cover, their tendency to tail flag increased with amount of vegetative cover. Single deer tail flagged more often than deer in groups. My observations suggest that white-tailed deer evaluate each encounter with a predator according to the nature of their immediate environment. My data do not support the hypothesis that tail flagging is directed at the predator. Instead, tail flagging appears to be an innate, conspecific signal that reduces predation through group cohesion. I suggest that the behavior evolved as part of continued and intense doe-fawn interactions. Fawns decrease the risk of predation by becoming a part of a group in flight; they benefit further by accompanying adults, who are more experienced deer. Tail-flagging behavior may have a secondary adaptive value as a general risk-free alarm signal. RP SMITH, WP (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,SO FOREST EXPT STN,SO HARDWOODS LAB,STONEVILLE,MS 38776, USA. NR 25 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 13 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0003-0147 J9 AM NAT JI Am. Nat. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 138 IS 1 BP 190 EP 200 DI 10.1086/285211 PG 11 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA GH473 UT WOS:A1991GH47300011 ER PT J AU BROWN, CR MOJTAHEDI, H SANTO, GS AF BROWN, CR MOJTAHEDI, H SANTO, GS TI RESISTANCE TO COLUMBIA ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE IN SOLANUM-SSP AND IN HYBRIDS OF S-HOUGASII WITH TETRAPOLOID CULTIVATED POTATO SO AMERICAN POTATO JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE GERMPLASM; INTERSPECIFIC; INTROGRESSION; MELOIDOGYNE-CHITWOODI; GENETICS; BREEDING ID MELOIDOGYNE-CHITWOODI; REPRODUCTIVE EFFICIENCY; ALFALFA; RACE-2; TESTS; HAPLA AB Several tuber-bearing Solanum species were screened for resistance to races 1 and 2 of Columbia root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne chitwoodi. Reproductive factor (R(f) = P(f)/P(i)) was assessed and used to infer host resistance. Several clonal selections in one Plant Introduction accession of Solanum hougasii showed high levels of resistance to both races. Crosses of S. hougasii with tetraploid breeding clones yielded 14 vigorous F1 hybrids. Three of these interspecific hybrids expressed non-host (R(f) < 0.1) responses to race 1 and poor host (0.1 < R(f) < 1.0) responses to race 2. Six hybrids were non-hosts to race 1 but good hosts (R(f) > 1.0) to race 2. Three hybrids were good hosts to both races, and one was a poor host to race 1 and non-host to race 2. The occurrence of resistance to both races in the F1 hybrids indicates success in the first step of introducing resistance to races 1 and 2 of M. chitwoodi to the cultivated potato gene pool. C1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,CTR IRRIGATED AGR RES & EXTENS,PROSSER,WA 99350. RP BROWN, CR (reprint author), USDA ARS,PROSSER,WA 99350, USA. NR 17 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 3 PU POTATO ASSN AMER PI ORONO PA UNIV MAINE 114 DEERING HALL, ORONO, ME 04469 SN 0003-0589 J9 AM POTATO J JI Am. Potato J. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 68 IS 7 BP 445 EP 452 DI 10.1007/BF02853782 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA FX428 UT WOS:A1991FX42800002 ER PT J AU HALSETH, DE SIECZKA, JB MOYER, DD GOTH, RW WEBB, RE WILSON, DR HAYNES, KG MEHLENBACHER, WC AF HALSETH, DE SIECZKA, JB MOYER, DD GOTH, RW WEBB, RE WILSON, DR HAYNES, KG MEHLENBACHER, WC TI CASTILE - A MULTIPLE-PURPOSE, HIGH YIELDING FULL-SEASON GOLDEN NEMATODE RESISTANT POTATO VARIETY SO AMERICAN POTATO JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE POTATO VARIETY; GOLDEN NEMATODE; MULTIPLE USE AB Castile is a golden nematode Race A (Globodera rostochiensis) resistant potato variety with the potential to produce high marketable yields of attractive tubers suitable for tablestock and processing. Tubers are oblong to long, slightly flattened with a smooth white skin and moderately shallow eyes. Vines of this variety are large, providing a dense canopy, and require a full growing season similar to that needed for Katahdin. Timely irrigation produces high marketable yields, stress conditions can limit yields. Specific gravity in New York State averages 0.005 above Katahdin and 0.009 below Atlantic. Tuber flesh is bright white. Baking and french fry quality is good. Chip color, when tubers are stored at 10 C for 120 days, is equivalent to Atlantic. Castile is resistant to corky ring spot, pinkeye, and moderately resistant to Fusarium rot. C1 SUFFOLK CTY COOPERAT EXTENS,RIVERHEAD,NY 11901. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST PLANT SCI,VEGETABLE LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. USDA ARS,INST PLANT SCI,VEGETABLE LAB,PRESQUE ISLE,ME 04769. RP HALSETH, DE (reprint author), CORNELL UNIV,DEPT FRUIT & VEGETABLE SCI,PLANT SCI BLDG,ITHACA,NY 14853, USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU POTATO ASSN AMER PI ORONO PA UNIV MAINE 114 DEERING HALL, ORONO, ME 04469 SN 0003-0589 J9 AM POTATO J JI Am. Potato J. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 68 IS 7 BP 453 EP 459 DI 10.1007/BF02853783 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA FX428 UT WOS:A1991FX42800003 ER PT J AU PAVEK, JJ CORSINI, DL LOVE, SL HANE, DC HOLM, DG MARTIN, MW MOSLEY, AR THORNTON, RE AF PAVEK, JJ CORSINI, DL LOVE, SL HANE, DC HOLM, DG MARTIN, MW MOSLEY, AR THORNTON, RE TI GEMCHIP - A NEW POTATO VARIETY WITH CHIPPING QUALITY AND VERTICILLIUM RESISTANCE FOR THE WESTERN UNITED-STATES SO AMERICAN POTATO JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE NEW POTATO VARIETY; POTATO CHIPS; TUBER YIELD; VERTICILLUM RESISTANCE AB Gemchip, a new potato chipping variety, was released jointly by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Experiment Stations of Idaho, Oregon, Washington, and Colorado on August 9, 1989. Gemchip was tested in irrigated yield and chipping trials in the Western U.S. since 1982. It outyielded Norchip by an average of 23% and Atlantic by 14%, and it chipped well both out of the field and out of storage. Gemchip is moderately late in maturity and resistant to Verticillium wilt. C1 HERMISTON AGR RES & EDUC CTR,HERMISTON,OR 97838. COLORADO STATE UNIV,SAN LUIS VALLEY STN,CENTER,CO 81125. USDA ARS,CIR IRRIGATED AGR RES & EXTENS,PROSSER,WA 99350. OREGON STATE UNIV,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,PULLMAN,WA 99164. RP PAVEK, JJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,ABERDEEN,ID 83210, USA. NR 1 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU POTATO ASSN AMER PI ORONO PA UNIV MAINE 114 DEERING HALL, ORONO, ME 04469 SN 0003-0589 J9 AM POTATO J JI Am. Potato J. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 68 IS 7 BP 461 EP 466 DI 10.1007/BF02853784 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA FX428 UT WOS:A1991FX42800004 ER PT J AU OLDROYD, BP RINDERER, TE BUCO, SM AF OLDROYD, BP RINDERER, TE BUCO, SM TI HONEY-BEES DANCE WITH THEIR SUPER-SISTERS SO ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR LA English DT Article ID APIS-MELLIFERA L; GENETIC DETERMINATION; SOCIAL HYMENOPTERA; COLONIES; POLYANDRY; DIVISION; LABOR; SPECIALISTS; RECOGNITION; SIZE C1 STAT RESOURCES,BATON ROUGE,LA 70808. RP OLDROYD, BP (reprint author), USDA ARS,HONEY BEE BREEDING GENET & PHYSIOL RES LAB,1157 BEN HUR RD,BATON ROUGE,LA 70820, USA. NR 26 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0003-3472 J9 ANIM BEHAV JI Anim. Behav. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 42 BP 121 EP 129 DI 10.1016/S0003-3472(05)80612-8 PN 1 PG 9 WC Behavioral Sciences; Zoology SC Behavioral Sciences; Zoology GA FY405 UT WOS:A1991FY40500013 ER PT J AU HIKAM, S MACKOWN, CT PONELEIT, CG HILDEBRAND, DF AF HIKAM, S MACKOWN, CT PONELEIT, CG HILDEBRAND, DF TI GROWTH AND N ACCUMULATION IN MAIZE AND WINGED BEAN AS AFFECTED BY N LEVEL AND INTERCROPPING SO ANNALS OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE ZEA-MAYS L; MAIZE; PSOPHOCARPUS-TETRAGONOLOBUS (L) DC; WINGED BEAN; INTERCROP; GROWTH; N ACCUMULATION; NITRATE; N2 FIXATION; N-15 ID NITROGEN; FIXATION; CULTIVARS; DILUTION; NITRATE; SYSTEMS; SORGHUM; COWPEA; CROPS C1 UNIV KENTUCKY,DEPT AGRON,LEXINGTON,KY 40546. UNIV KENTUCKY,USDA ARS,LEXINGTON,KY 40546. NR 29 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0305-7364 J9 ANN BOT-LONDON JI Ann. Bot. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 68 IS 1 BP 17 EP 22 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA FZ252 UT WOS:A1991FZ25200003 ER PT J AU HAGSTRUM, DW MILLIKEN, GA AF HAGSTRUM, DW MILLIKEN, GA TI MODELING DIFFERENCES IN INSECT DEVELOPMENTAL TIMES BETWEEN CONSTANT AND FLUCTUATING TEMPERATURES SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE INSECTA; DEGREE-DAY; DEVELOPMENTAL THRESHOLD; THERMOPERIOD ID ALTERNATING TEMPERATURES; DEMOGRAPHIC-STATISTICS; POPULATION-GROWTH; APHID HOMOPTERA; VARIABLE TEMPERATURE; IMMATURE DEVELOPMENT; PUPAL DEVELOPMENT; LIFE-TABLES; RATES; HYMENOPTERA AB Developmental time data collected at constant temperatures poorly predicted developmental times of red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), and 16 other species at fluctuating temperatures over a broad range of mean temperatures or amplitudes of fluctuating temperatures. Developmental times at constant temperatures tended to be shorter above 25-30-degrees-C temperature range and longer below this range, than at fluctuating temperatures with the same means. Differences between developmental times at constant temperatures and those at fluctuating temperatures also tended to increase with the amplitude of fluctuating temperatures. Different methods were compared for predicting insect developmental times at fluctuating temperatures. One method made predictions by integrating constant temperature developmental time data over the 24-h fluctuating temperature cycle. This adjusts for the nonlinear relationship between temperature and developmental time. After making this adjustment, predictions were > 40% closer on average to observed developmental times at fluctuating temperatures. With developmental time data collected at fluctuating temperatures, temperature-development equations can be fitted over a broader range of temperatures above and below those favorable for survival of insects at constant temperatures. When these equations were used to do integration, predictions of developmental times at fluctuating temperatures were even better, improving by almost-equal-to 70%. Improvement may be a result partially of consideration of both the means and amplitudes of fluctuating temperatures in predicting developmental times. These methods provide an alternative to degree-day accumulation method for prediction of developmental times at fluctuating temperatures in the field. RP HAGSTRUM, DW (reprint author), USDA ARS,N CENT REG,US GRAIN MKT RES LAB,MANHATTAN,KS 66502, USA. NR 54 TC 92 Z9 96 U1 2 U2 28 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 84 IS 4 BP 369 EP 379 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA FX666 UT WOS:A1991FX66600003 ER PT J AU BENNETT, CA BUCKINGHAM, GR AF BENNETT, CA BUCKINGHAM, GR TI LABORATORY BIOLOGIES OF BAGOUS-AFFINIS AND B-LAEVIGATUS (COLEOPTERA, CURCULIONIDAE) ATTACKING TUBERS OF HYDRILLA-VERTICILLATA (HYDROCHARITACEAE) SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE INSECTA; BAGOUS SPP; POTAMOGETON-PECTINATUS; BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AB Adults of Bagous affinis Hustache imported into quarantine from India fed on all parts of the submersed aquatic weed Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle that were exposed to air. The preferred oviposition site was moist, waterlogged wood, although eggs were also laid in soil and hydrilla stems. Mean fecundity was 231.7 eggs per female. A larvae usually developed in one tuber, but often tubers were attacked by more than one larva. Pupae were found inside tubers and in soil. Total developmental period at 27-degrees-C was 18-29 d, with a mean of 21.9 d. B. affinis was released in Florida in 1987. The biology of Bagous laevigatus O'Brien & Pajni was similar to that of B. affinis, but mean fecundity was only 70.4 eggs per female. In addition to developing on hydrilla tubers, larvae of this species readily developed on tubers of sago pondweed, Potamogeton pectinatus L. B. laevigatus was destroyed in quarantine. C1 USDA,ARS,FLORIDA BIOL CONTROL LAB,GAINESVILLE,FL 32602. RP BENNETT, CA (reprint author), UNIV FLORIDA,INST FOOD & AGR SCI,DEPT ENTOMOL & NEMATOL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611, USA. NR 16 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 84 IS 4 BP 420 EP 428 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA FX666 UT WOS:A1991FX66600008 ER PT J AU FUESTER, RW TAYLOR, PB AF FUESTER, RW TAYLOR, PB TI HOST INSTAR PREFERENCES AND DEVELOPMENTAL TIMES OF 2 ICHNEUMONID PARASITES OF THE GYPSY-MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA, LYMANTRIIDAE) SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE INSECTA; CASINARIA-ARJUNA; HYPOSOTER-LYMANTRIAE; BIOLOGY ID DISPAR LEPIDOPTERA; NATURAL ENEMIES; HYMENOPTERA; BRACONIDAE AB Laboratory observations were made on oviposition behavior, host suitability, rates of parasitization, sex ratio, and developmental times of two exotic ichneumonids, Casinaria arjuna Gupta & Maheshwary and Hyposoter lymantriae Cushman, using the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), as a host. C. arjuna ovipositional preferences were second > third = fourth > first instars. No significant preferences were noted in H. lymantriae. Older instars were not tested. Second instars were optimal for development of C. arjuna, whereas both second and third instars were optimal for H. lymantriae. In large cages, net parasitization was highest in second instars for C. arjuna, and second and third instars for H. lymantriae. The sex ratio (percentage females) of C. arjuna averaged 29% with no significant differences between host instars in which oviposition occurred; that for H. lymantriae averaged 27%; the highest mean (35%) was for second instars and the lowest (19%) for first instars. Developmental times for females of both species were similar, about 18 d from egg to adult at 25-degrees-C when oviposition occurred in second instars. Males of C. arjuna developed more rapidly than females. Both sexes of H. lymantriae had similar developmental times. RP FUESTER, RW (reprint author), USDA,ARS,BENEFICIAL INSECTS RES LAB,N ATLANTIC AREA,NEWARK,DE 19713, USA. NR 26 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 84 IS 4 BP 429 EP 435 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA FX666 UT WOS:A1991FX66600009 ER PT J AU GAGNE, RJ HATCHETT, JH LHALOUI, S ELBOUHSSINI, M AF GAGNE, RJ HATCHETT, JH LHALOUI, S ELBOUHSSINI, M TI HESSIAN FLY AND BARLEY STEM GALL MIDGE, 2 DIFFERENT SPECIES OF MAYETIOLA (DIPTERA, CECIDOMYIIDAE) IN MOROCCO SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE INSECTA; MAYETIOLA; HOST SPECIFICITY; TAXONOMY AB Field collections and anatomical studies of Mayetiola from wheat and barley in Morocco conclusively substantiate earlier reports that Mayetiola destructor (Say) is the species that infests wheat and that a different species occurs on barley. Mayetiola hordei Kieffer, a new senior synonym of Mayetiola mimeuri (Mesnil), is the species found on barley. M. destructor also infests barley in small numbers. The two species of Mayetiola can readily be distinguished by characters of the puparia, males, and females. In addition, infestation by hordei on barley causes distinct stem swellings, whereas infestation by destructor on wheat or barley does not. C1 INRA,ARIDOCULTURE RES CTR,SETTAT,MOROCCO. KANSAS STATE UNIV AGR & APPL SCI,DEPT ENTOMOL,USDA ARS,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. RP GAGNE, RJ (reprint author), US NAT MUSEUM,USDA,ARS,PSI,SYSTEMAT ENTOMOL LAB,NHB 168,WASHINGTON,DC 20560, USA. NR 16 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 84 IS 4 BP 436 EP 443 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA FX666 UT WOS:A1991FX66600010 ER PT J AU DEBOLT, JW AF DEBOLT, JW TI BEHAVIORAL AVOIDANCE OF ENCAPSULATION BY LEIOPHRON-UNIFORMIS (HYMENOPTERA, BRACONIDAE), A PARASITOID OF LYGUS SPP (HEMIPTERA, MIRIDAE) - RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HOST AGE, ENCAPSULATING ABILITY, AND HOST ACCEPTANCE SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE INSECTA; LEIOPHRON-UNIFORMIS; LYGUS-LINEOLARIS; INSECT IMMUNITY AB The acceptance of various-aged nymphs of Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) by Leiophron uniformis (Gahan) and the immune response of these nymphs toward the parasitoid were determined. Even the youngest nymphs tested (0-24 h old) showed some encapsulating ability (7.6%), which increased to > 70% encapsulation by nymphs 72-96 h old. Acceptance of nymphs less-than-or-equal-to 48-h old by the parasitoid females was high (74%) but dropped rapidly as the host ability to resist parasitization increased. RP DEBOLT, JW (reprint author), USDA,ARS,HONEY BEE & BIOL CONTROL INSECTS RES LAB,2000 E ALLEN RD,TUCSON,AZ 85719, USA. NR 17 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 84 IS 4 BP 444 EP 446 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA FX666 UT WOS:A1991FX66600011 ER PT J AU KURTZMAN, CP AF KURTZMAN, CP TI DNA RELATEDNESS AMONG SATURN-SPORED YEASTS ASSIGNED TO THE GENERA WILLIOPSIS AND PICHIA SO ANTONIE VAN LEEUWENHOEK INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GENERAL AND MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE DNA RELATEDNESS; PICHIA; SATURN-SPORED YEASTS; SPECIES FORMATION; WILLIOPSIS AB Saturn-spored species assigned to the genera Williopsis and Pichia were compared from extent of nuclear DNA complementarity. Of the Pichia spp., four were recognized as distinct taxa: P. dispora, P. saitoi, P. zaruensis and Pichia sp. nov. Among Williopsis spp., the following were accepted: W. californica, W. mucosa comb. nov., W. pratensis, W. saturnus var. saturnus, W. saturnus var. mrakii comb. nov., W. saturnus var. sargentensis comb. nov., W. saturnus var. subsufficiens comb. nov. and Williopsis sp. nov. The new Pichia and Williopsis species are described elsewhere. Moderate (36-68%) DNA relatedness was detected between the former Pichia sargentensis and varieties of W. saturnus again demonstrating that nitrate assimilation is not a reliable criterion for separating yeast species. RP KURTZMAN, CP (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,MICROBIAL PROPERTIES RES,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 22 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0003-6072 J9 ANTON LEEUW INT J G JI Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek PD JUL PY 1991 VL 60 IS 1 BP 13 EP 19 DI 10.1007/BF00580436 PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA GH510 UT WOS:A1991GH51000003 PM 1796803 ER PT J AU LIU, ZW KURTZMAN, CP AF LIU, ZW KURTZMAN, CP TI PHYLOGENETIC-RELATIONSHIPS AMONG SPECIES OF WILLIOPSIS AND SATURNOSPORA GEN-NOV AS DETERMINED FROM PARTIAL RIBOSOMAL-RNA SEQUENCES SO ANTONIE VAN LEEUWENHOEK INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GENERAL AND MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE PHYLOGENY; RIBOSOMAL RNA SEQUENCES; SATURNOSPORA; WILLIOPSIS ID RIBOSOMAL-RNA SEQUENCES; 18S AB Phylogenetic relationships among those yeast species that form saturn-shaped ascospores and which are assigned to the genera Williopsis and Pichia were estimated from their extent of nucleotide sequence divergence in three regions of ribosomal RNA. The Pichia species (P. dispora, P. saitoi, P. zaruensis and P. sp. nov.) are a closely clustered group only distantly related to Williopsis, and it is proposed that they be reassigned to Saturnospora gen. nov. The extent of divergence among Williopsis species (W. californica, W. mucosa, W. pratensis, W. saturnus and W. sp. nov.) is greater than that previously observed within other ascomycetous yeast genera. C1 CAAS,INST SOILS & FERTILIZERS,AGR CULTURE COLLECT CHINA,BEIJING 100081,PEOPLES R CHINA. RP LIU, ZW (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,MICROBIAL PROPERTIES RES,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 26 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0003-6072 J9 ANTON LEEUW INT J G JI Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek PD JUL PY 1991 VL 60 IS 1 BP 21 EP 30 DI 10.1007/BF00580437 PG 10 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA GH510 UT WOS:A1991GH51000004 PM 1796804 ER PT J AU KURTZMAN, CP AF KURTZMAN, CP TI SATURNOSPORA-AHEARNII, A NEW SALT-MARSH YEAST FROM LOUISIANA SO ANTONIE VAN LEEUWENHOEK INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GENERAL AND MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE NEW SATURN-SPORED YEAST; SATURNOSPORA AB Saturnospora ahearnii, a new, nonhyphal saturn-spored yeast, is described. The type strain (NRRL Y-7555, CBS 6121) of this species was isolated from the rhizosphere of marsh grass in Louisiana. Comparisons of nuclear DNA complementarity showed S. ahearnii to be closely related to S. saitoi, a species presently known only from Japan. RP KURTZMAN, CP (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,MICROBIAL PROPERTIES RES,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 7 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0003-6072 J9 ANTON LEEUW INT J G JI Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek PD JUL PY 1991 VL 60 IS 1 BP 31 EP 34 DI 10.1007/BF00580438 PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA GH510 UT WOS:A1991GH51000005 PM 1796805 ER PT J AU HA, YW STACK, RJ HESPELL, RB GORDON, SH BOTHAST, RJ AF HA, YW STACK, RJ HESPELL, RB GORDON, SH BOTHAST, RJ TI SOME CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES OF EXTRACELLULAR POLYSACCHARIDES PRODUCED BY BUTYRIVIBRIO-FIBRISOLVENS STRAINS SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RUMINAL BACTERIA; ACIDIC SUGAR; IDENTIFICATION; SPECTROSCOPY; RUMEN; SHEEP AB Most strains of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens are known to produce extracellular polysaccharides (EPs). However, the rheological and functional properties of these EPs have not been determined. Initially, 26 strains of Butyrivibrio were screened for EP yield and apparent viscosities of cell-free supernatants. Yields ranged from < 1.0 to 16.3 mg per 100 mg of glucose added to the culture. Viscosities ranged from 0.71 to 5.44 mPa . s. Five strains (CF2d, CF3, CF3a, CE51, and H10b) were chosen for further screening. The apparent viscosity of the EP from each of these strains decreased by only 50 to 60% when the shear rate was increased from 20 to 1,000 s-1. Strain CE51 produced the EP having the highest solution viscosity. A detailed comparison of shear dependency of the EP from strain CF3 with xanthan gum showed that this EP was less shear sensitive than xanthan gum and, at a shear rate of 1,000 s-1, more viscous. EPs from strains CF3 and H10b were soluble over a wide range of pH (1 to 13) in 80% (vol/vol) ethanol-water or in 1% (wt/vol) salt solutions. The pH of 1% EP solutions was between 4.5 and 5.5. Addition of acid increased solution viscosities, whereas addition of base decreased viscosity. EPs from strains CF3, CE51, and H10b displayed qualitatively similar infrared spectra. Calcium and sodium were the most abundant minerals in the three EPs. The amounts of magnesium, calcium, and iron varied considerably among the EPs, but the potassium contents remained relatively constant. C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,FERMENTAT BIOCHEM UNIT,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604. NR 26 TC 20 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 57 IS 7 BP 2016 EP 2020 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA FV547 UT WOS:A1991FV54700022 PM 1892390 ER PT J AU TEGENE, A AF TEGENE, A TI KALMAN FILTER AND THE DEMAND FOR CIGARETTES SO APPLIED ECONOMICS LA English DT Article ID REGRESSION RP TEGENE, A (reprint author), USDA,ECON RES SERV,DIV RESOURCE & TECHNOL,ROOM 408,1301 NEW YORK AVE,WASHINGTON,DC 20005, USA. NR 23 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 1 PU ROUTLEDGE PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON, ENGLAND EC4P 4EE SN 0003-6846 J9 APPL ECON JI Appl. Econ. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 23 IS 7 BP 1175 EP 1182 DI 10.1080/00036849100000155 PG 8 WC Economics SC Business & Economics GA FX610 UT WOS:A1991FX61000004 ER PT J AU POPP, JL KIRK, TK AF POPP, JL KIRK, TK TI OXIDATION OF METHOXYBENZENES BY MANGANESE PEROXIDASE AND BY MN3+ SO ARCHIVES OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS LA English DT Article ID PHANEROCHAETE-CHRYSOSPORIUM; LIGNIN PEROXIDASE; DEGRADATION; ALCOHOL C1 US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,INST MICROBIAL & BIOCHEM TECHNOL,ONE GIFFORD PINCHOT DR,MADISON,WI 53705. NR 20 TC 48 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0003-9861 J9 ARCH BIOCHEM BIOPHYS JI Arch. Biochem. Biophys. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 288 IS 1 BP 145 EP 148 DI 10.1016/0003-9861(91)90176-J PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA FQ165 UT WOS:A1991FQ16500020 PM 1898012 ER PT J AU MATSUOKA, LY WORTSMAN, J TANG, GW RUSSELL, RM PARKER, L GELFAND, R MEHTA, RG AF MATSUOKA, LY WORTSMAN, J TANG, GW RUSSELL, RM PARKER, L GELFAND, R MEHTA, RG TI ARE ENDOGENOUS RETINOIDS INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF ACNE SO ARCHIVES OF DERMATOLOGY LA English DT Letter C1 SO ILLINOIS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MED,SPRINGFIELD,IL 62708. TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. IIT,PATHOPHYSIOL LAB,CHICAGO,IL 60616. RP MATSUOKA, LY (reprint author), THOMAS JEFFERSON UNIV,JEFFERSON MED COLL,DEPT DERMATOL,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19107, USA. NR 6 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0003-987X J9 ARCH DERMATOL JI Arch. Dermatol. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 127 IS 7 BP 1072 EP 1073 DI 10.1001/archderm.127.7.1072 PG 2 WC Dermatology SC Dermatology GA FW298 UT WOS:A1991FW29800033 PM 1829604 ER PT J AU CAMPOS, H BAILEY, SM GUSSAK, LS SILES, X ORDOVAS, JM SCHAEFER, EJ AF CAMPOS, H BAILEY, SM GUSSAK, LS SILES, X ORDOVAS, JM SCHAEFER, EJ TI RELATIONS OF BODY HABITUS, FITNESS LEVEL, AND CARDIOVASCULAR RISK-FACTORS INCLUDING LIPOPROTEINS AND APOLIPOPROTEINS IN A RURAL AND URBAN COSTA RICAN POPULATION SO ARTERIOSCLEROSIS AND THROMBOSIS LA English DT Article DE BODY FAT DISTRIBUTION; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; BLOOD PRESSURE; GLUCOSE; PLASMA LIPOPROTEINS; TRIGLYCERIDES; CHOLESTEROL; APOLIPOPROTEINS; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN PARTICLE SIZE ID DEPENDENT DIABETES-MELLITUS; ADIPOSE-TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; CORONARY-ARTERY DISEASE; FAT DISTRIBUTION; SERUM-LIPIDS; PLASMA-LIPIDS; MEXICAN-AMERICANS; HEART-DISEASE; OBESITY AB Increased general and abdominal obesity has been independently associated with diabetes, increased risk of stroke, and coronary artery disease (CAD). It is more prevalent in developed countries and in urban areas of nonindustrialized nations than in less developed and rural areas. To evaluate the associations between general and abdominal obesity (as determined by total body fat, waist to hip ratio, umbilical to triceps ratio, and umbilical to subscapular ratio) with glucose, plasma lipoproteins, apolipoprotein (apo) A-I and B concentrations, and low density lipoprotein (LDL) particle size (LDL 1-7), we randomly selected 222 men and 243 women from rural and urban areas of Puriscal, Costa Rica. Abdominal obesity, as assessed by the waist to hip ratio, was independently and significantly associated with higher triglyceride levels (p < 0.01) and with lower high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (p < 0.05) in men and women and with higher glucose levels (p < 0.05) and smaller LDL particle size (p < 0.01) in women. Abdominal obesity, as assessed by the umbilical to subcapular ratio, was independently and significantly associated with higher total cholesterol (p < 0.005) and apo B (p < 0.01) levels. Umbilical to triceps ratio was positively associated with blood pressure in men. Urban men had increased general and abdominal obesity (p < 0.0001), number of cigarettes smoked per day (p < 0.0001), and diastolic blood pressure (p < 0.05) and had a decreased fitness level (p < 0.0001) as well as higher (p < 0.05) plasma glucose, triglyceride, and total cholesterol concentrations and lower (p < 0.05) apo A-I and HDL cholesterol levels compared with rural men. The differences between rural and urban women were not as striking. Urban women had increased general and abdominal obesity, glucose, and apo B levels (p < 0.05) and a decreased fitness level (p < 0.0001). Our data indicate that general and abdominal obesity, increased cigarette smoking, diastolic blood pressure, and decreased fitness level are more prevalent in an urban than in a rural area in Costa Rica, particularly in men. The higher prevalence of such risk factors in the urban area is associated with a more atherogenic plasma lipoprotein profile. C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,LIPID METAB LAB,BOSTON,MA 02111. TUFTS UNIV,DEPT SOCIOL & ANTHROPOL,MEDFORD,MA 02155. UNIV COSTA RICA,INST INVEST SALUD,SAN PEDRO,COSTA RICA. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 NR 71 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER HEART ASSOC PI DALLAS PA 7272 GREENVILLE AVENUE, DALLAS, TX 75231-4596 SN 1049-8834 J9 ARTERIOSCLER THROMB JI Arterioscler. Thromb. PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 11 IS 4 BP 1077 EP 1088 PG 12 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA FX248 UT WOS:A1991FX24800032 PM 2065029 ER PT J AU CAMPOS, H WILLETT, WC PETERSON, RM SILES, X BAILEY, SM WILSON, PWF POSNER, BM ORDOVAS, JM SCHAEFER, EJ AF CAMPOS, H WILLETT, WC PETERSON, RM SILES, X BAILEY, SM WILSON, PWF POSNER, BM ORDOVAS, JM SCHAEFER, EJ TI NUTRIENT INTAKE COMPARISONS BETWEEN FRAMINGHAM AND RURAL AND URBAN PURISCAL, COSTA-RICA - ASSOCIATIONS WITH LIPOPROTEINS, APOLIPOPROTEINS, AND LOW-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN PARTICLE-SIZE SO ARTERIOSCLEROSIS AND THROMBOSIS LA English DT Article DE DIETARY INTAKE; PLASMA LIPOPROTEINS; TRIGLYCERIDES; CHOLESTEROL; APOLIPOPROTEINS; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN PARTICLE SIZE; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; POPULATION COMPARISONS ID CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; SERUM-CHOLESTEROL RESPONSE; FOOD FREQUENCY QUESTIONNAIRE; DIETARY-CHOLESTEROL; PLASMA-LIPOPROTEINS; PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; HIGH-CARBOHYDRATE; ARTERY DISEASE; NORMAL HUMANS; PIMA-INDIANS AB To assess cross-cultural relations between dietary intake and plasma lipoproteins, we randomly selected 222 men and 243 women from the urban and rural areas of Puriscal, Costa Rica; related their dietary composition (assessed by a food-frequency questionnaire), fitness level, and body fat to plasma lipids, apolipoproteins, and low density lipoprotein (LDL) particle size; and compared these data with those from a subsample of 280 adults from the Framingham Offspring Study. Total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels were significantly (p < 0.0001) higher in Framingham (207 and 137 mg/dl, respectively) than in Puriscal (184 and 114 mg/dl, respectively) residents. Elevated triglyceride and apolipoprotein (apo) B levels (25% and 16% higher), low HDL cholesterol and apo A-I levels (12% and 29% lower), and smaller LDL particles (17%) were more frequent in Puriscal than in Framingham residents. Urban Puriscal residents had a significantly lower fitness level; increased body fat, total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels; decreased HDL cholesterol in men; and higher apo B levels in women compared with rural Puriscal residents. Body fat, animal fat, and saturated fat intakes were significantly correlated with total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and apo B levels in both men and women in Puriscal. Intakes of protein and animal fat were higher among urban (10.7% and 14.1%, respectively) compared with rural (8.9% and 9.9%, respectively) Puriscal residents and in Framingham (16.0% and 20.8%, respectively) compared with Puriscal residents. No significant difference were found in dietary cholesterol. Saturated fat (largely from palm oil in Puriscal) intakes were significantly different among the three groups: rural Puriscal, 10.7% of calories; urban Puriscal, 11.6%; and Framingham residents, 12.9%. These data indicate that the more atherogenic plasma lipid profile among urban compared with Puriscal residents was largely explained by increased adiposity, decreased fitness level, and higher saturated fatty acid intake. Puriscal residents consumed less animal fat and more carbohydrate than did Framingham residents, and these differences were associated with a 21% lower LDL cholesterol level, a 12% lower HDL cholesterol level, a 29% lower apo A-I level, a 25% higher triglyceride level, a 16% higher apo B level, and a 17% smaller LDL particle size. Some of these cross-cultural differences may be due to differences in ethnic background and physical activity as well. C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,LIPID METAB LAB,BOSTON,MA 02111. TUFTS UNIV,SCH NUTR,MEDFORD,MA 02155. HARVARD UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT EPIDEMIOL & NUTR,BOSTON,MA 02115. TUFTS UNIV,DEPT SOCIOL & ANTHROPOL,MEDFORD,MA 02155. UNIV COSTA RICA,INST INVEST SALUD,SAN PEDRO,COSTA RICA. NHLBI,FRAMINGHAM HEART STUDY,FRAMINGHAM,MA. BOSTON UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,BOSTON,MA 02215. BOSTON UNIV,SCH MED,BOSTON,MA 02118. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL-35243, HL-39144, HL-43919] NR 79 TC 83 Z9 83 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER HEART ASSOC PI DALLAS PA 7272 GREENVILLE AVENUE, DALLAS, TX 75231-4596 SN 1049-8834 J9 ARTERIOSCLER THROMB JI Arterioscler. Thromb. PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 11 IS 4 BP 1089 EP 1099 PG 11 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA FX248 UT WOS:A1991FX24800033 PM 2065030 ER PT J AU FADLY, AM SMITH, EJ AF FADLY, AM SMITH, EJ TI INFLUENCE OF MATERNAL ANTIBODY ON AVIAN-LEUKOSIS VIRUS-INFECTION IN WHITE LEGHORN CHICKENS HARBORING ENDOGENOUS VIRUS-21 (EV21) SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article ID SLOW-FEATHERING DAMS; LYMPHOID LEUKOSIS; CONGENITAL TRANSMISSION; CONTACT EXPOSURE; IMMUNE-RESPONSE; EGG-PRODUCTION; ALV INFECTION; LOCI EV6; PROGENY; STRAIN AB Slow-feathering (SF) white leghorn dams harboring the endogenous viral gene ev21, which encodes for complete endogenous virus-21 (EV21), and rapid-feathering (RF) dams lacking EV21 were immunized with a live field strain of avian leukosis virus (ALV) subgroup A. One group of SF dams and one group of RF dams were not immunized and were maintained to produce chicks lacking maternal ALV antibody. When the SF dams were crossed with line 15B1 males, the resulting male progeny were SF, EV21-positive, and the females were RF, lacking EV21 or congenitally infected with EV21. EV21-positive and -negative progeny of immunized and unimmunized SF and RF dams were exposed to ALV at hatching. Viremia, antibody development, cloacal shedding, and tumors in chickens lacking EV21 were compared with those in chickens with EV21. Congenital transmission of EV21 from SF dams to RF female chicks was significantly higher in immunized dams than in unimmunized dams. Maternal ALV antibody delayed infection with ALV and reduced viremia and cloacal shedding of virus in progeny. The effect of maternal antibody on ALV infection was much more pronounced in progeny lacking EV21 than in progeny harboring EV21. The data suggest that the development of ALV infection and tumors may be influenced by status of infection with EV21 and by the immune status of dams. RP FADLY, AM (reprint author), USDA ARS,AVIAN DIS & ONCOL LAB,3606 E MT HOPE RD,E LANSING,MI 48823, USA. NR 34 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD JUL-SEP PY 1991 VL 35 IS 3 BP 443 EP 451 DI 10.2307/1591206 PG 9 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA GD130 UT WOS:A1991GD13000002 PM 1659362 ER PT J AU LEE, LF WITTER, RL AF LEE, LF WITTER, RL TI HUMORAL IMMUNE-RESPONSES TO INACTIVATED OIL-EMULSIFIED MAREKS-DISEASE VACCINE SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article ID NEWCASTLE-DISEASE; VIRUS; HERPESVIRUS; IMMUNIZATION; ANTIGENS; TURKEYS; CELLS; PROTECTION; CHICKENS; ASSAY AB When inactivated Md11/75C vaccine was inoculated into 1-day-old chickens, it stimulated antibodies detectable by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (at a titer of 6400) and indirect fluorescent antibody test (at a titer of 640), but lacking virus-neutralizing activity. Chickens passively inoculated with these antibodies were protected against bursal atrophy, weight loss, and early mortality when challenged with the virulent Md5 strain of Marek's disease virus (MDV). That led to the conclusion that virus-neutralizing activity is not a prerequisite for protection. In another experiment, antibody titers of adult chickens previously primed by exposure to live turkey herpesvirus and MDV did not increase after immunization with inactivated oil-emulsion MDV vaccines. This result provides little hope that Marek's disease can be controlled in progeny chickens by maternal immunity derived from hyperimmunized parents. RP LEE, LF (reprint author), USDA ARS,AVIAN DIS & ONCOL LAB,3606 E MT HOPE RD,E LANSING,MI 48823, USA. NR 31 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD JUL-SEP PY 1991 VL 35 IS 3 BP 452 EP 459 DI 10.2307/1591207 PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA GD130 UT WOS:A1991GD13000003 PM 1659363 ER PT J AU SILVA, RF BARNETT, JC AF SILVA, RF BARNETT, JC TI RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASE ANALYSIS OF MAREKS-DISEASE VIRUS-DNA - DIFFERENTIATION OF VIRAL STRAINS AND DETERMINATION OF PASSAGE HISTORY SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article ID VACCINE STRAINS; SERIAL PASSAGE; HERPESVIRUS; INVITRO; CELLS; POLYPEPTIDES; CHICKEN; TURKEY; IMMUNOPRECIPITATION; IDENTIFICATION AB The restriction endonuclease (RE) patterns of DNA from serotype 1 Marek's disease viruses (MDVs) are unique to serotype 1 viruses and can also be used to differentiate between low and high cell-culture-passaged viruses. We compared the RE patterns of DNA from seven serotype 2 and 3 MDVs before and after serial in vitro passage. Passage of four serotype 2 strains resulted in a variety of changes in the RE pattern. Individual strains within a serotype exhibited unique restriction patterns that allowed individual isolates to be differentiated. In a similar manner, the serotype 3 virus strains displayed RE pattern variations that were unique to each strain, as well as differences between low and high cell-culture passage. Our findings, together with earlier reports, suggest that the RE patterns of MDV DNA provide a simple and accurate method to: 1) differentiate between the three MDV serotypes, 2) differentiate between virus strains within a serotype, and 3) determine whether the viruses have been passaged extensively in cell culture. RP SILVA, RF (reprint author), USDA ARS,REG POULTRY RES SERV,3606 E MT HOPE RD,E LANSING,MI 48823, USA. NR 31 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD JUL-SEP PY 1991 VL 35 IS 3 BP 487 EP 495 DI 10.2307/1591212 PG 9 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA GD130 UT WOS:A1991GD13000008 PM 1659367 ER PT J AU KING, DJ AF KING, DJ TI EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT METHODS OF INACTIVATION OF NEWCASTLE-DISEASE VIRUS AND AVIAN INFLUENZA-VIRUS IN EGG FLUIDS AND SERUM SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article ID BETA-PROPIOLACTONE; ANTIGEN AB Viruses conveyed in shipments of eggs, viral diagnostic reagents, or avian serum samples are a potential hazard for susceptible poultry. Different methods of treatment of those materials to eliminate the hazard of virulent and avirulent strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) or avian influenza virus (AIV) were evaluated. The NDV strains tested were more thermostable than the AIV strains. The results suggest that standard pasteurization methods would not reliably inactivate the concentrations of NDV used, beta-Propiolactone (BPL) (greater-than-or-equal-to 0.025%) inactivated NDV or AIV in allantoic fluid, but higher concentrations were needed to inactivate virus diluted in serum. Hemagglutination (HA) of NDV and AIV and hemolysis (HL) activity of NDV were reduced or eliminated by 0.4% BPL. Formalin (greater-than-or-equal-to 0.04%) inactivated either virus but adversely affected HA and HL activity. NDV or AIV was inactivated by binary ethylenimine (BEI) (0.01 M) with no adverse effect on HA or HL. Heat (56 C) or BEI (0.01 M) had no apparent effect on hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) titers of NDV and AIV antisera, the effect of formalin (0.1%) was variable, and BPL (greater-than-or-equal-to 0.25%) depressed the HI titers of both antisera. The optimum method should achieve virus inactivation without harming the treated material. RP KING, DJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,SE POULTRY RES LAB,934 COLL STN RD,ATHENS,GA 30605, USA. NR 27 TC 57 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD JUL-SEP PY 1991 VL 35 IS 3 BP 505 EP 514 DI 10.2307/1591214 PG 10 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA GD130 UT WOS:A1991GD13000010 PM 1835374 ER PT J AU AUGUSTINE, PC DANFORTH, HD BARTA, JR AF AUGUSTINE, PC DANFORTH, HD BARTA, JR TI DEVELOPMENT OF PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY AGAINST EIMERIA-TENELLA AND E-ACERVULINA IN WHITE LEGHORN CHICKENS INOCULATED REPEATEDLY WITH HIGH-DOSES OF TURKEY COCCIDIA SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article ID SPOROZOITES; INVASION; ANTIGEN; BIRDS AB Repeated inoculation (immunization) of 2-week-old white leghorn chickens with 10(6) oocysts of the turkey coccidia Eimeria adenoeides or E. meleagrimitis partially protected chickens against moderate challenge with E. tenella or E. acervulina oocysts, but not with E. necatrix oocysts. After challenge, mean weight gains of the immunized chickens and the unchallenged controls did not differ significantly, but weight gains of unimmunized chickens were significantly lower. The mean feed-conversion ratio of the immunized challenged chickens was 3.14, as compared with 4.42 for unimmunized challenged control chickens. In general, immunization did not markedly reduce intestinal lesions. Repeated inoculation of chickens with the turkey coccidium E. gallopavonis failed to produce statistically significant protection against challenge with E. tenella, E. acervulina, or E. necatrix, as determined by weight gain, feed-conversion efficiency, and lesion scores. Antibody profiles of individual chickens did not correlate with protection. C1 UNIV GUELPH,ONTARIO VET COLL,DEPT PATHOL,GUELPH N1G 2W1,ONTARIO,CANADA. RP AUGUSTINE, PC (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI INST,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. OI Barta, John/0000-0001-6896-2271 NR 15 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD JUL-SEP PY 1991 VL 35 IS 3 BP 535 EP 541 DI 10.2307/1591217 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA GD130 UT WOS:A1991GD13000013 PM 1953577 ER PT J AU NAZERIAN, K LEE, LF PAYNE, WS AF NAZERIAN, K LEE, LF PAYNE, WS TI STRUCTURAL POLYPEPTIDES OF TYPE-II AVIAN ADENOVIRUSES ANALYZED BY MONOCLONAL AND POLYCLONAL ANTIBODIES SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article ID HEMORRHAGIC ENTERITIS VIRUS; LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; CELL-CULTURE; TURKEYS AB Polypeptides of hemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV) of turkeys and marble spleen disease virus (MSDV) of pheasants were analyzed by immune precipitation and immunoblot assays. A total of 11 polypeptides ranging in molecular weight from 14,000 to 97,000 were detected in lysates of HEV-infected turkey cells analyzed by immunoblot assay using a polyclonal antibody against HEV. Identical patterns were observed with preparations of MSDV. Five monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against HEV were chosen based on their virus neutralization activity and used for identification of neutralizing epitopes of these two viruses. Three MAbs precipitated a single 97,000-molecular-weight hexon polypeptide in an immune precipitation assay. RP NAZERIAN, K (reprint author), USDA ARS,AVIAN DIS & ONCOL LAB,3606 E MT HOPE RD,E LANSING,MI 48823, USA. NR 17 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD JUL-SEP PY 1991 VL 35 IS 3 BP 572 EP 578 DI 10.2307/1591222 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA GD130 UT WOS:A1991GD13000018 PM 1719952 ER PT J AU HOWERTH, EW RICH, G DUBEY, JP YOGASUNDRAM, K AF HOWERTH, EW RICH, G DUBEY, JP YOGASUNDRAM, K TI FATAL TOXOPLASMOSIS IN A RED LORY (EOS-BORNEA) SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article AB Toxoplasmosis was diagnosed in a 3-week-old red lory (Eos bornea). Grossly, there was hepatomegaly and pulmonary consolidation. The salient microscopic lesions were multifocal necrotizing mycocarditis, interstitial pneumonia with multifocal necrosis and vasculitis, and multifocal necrotizing hepatitis with periacinar hepatocellular necrosis. Toxoplasma gondii-like organisms were observed in lung, heart, and liver by light and electron microscopy. The organisms in tissues stained with anti- T. gondii serum using an immunohistochemical method. C1 W ESPLANADE VET CLIN,METAIRIE,LA 70002. LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,SCH VET MED,LOUISIANA VET MED DIAGNOST LAB,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803. LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,SCH VET MED,DEPT EPIDEMIOL & COMMUNITY HLTH,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR E,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 11 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD JUL-SEP PY 1991 VL 35 IS 3 BP 642 EP 646 DI 10.2307/1591235 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA GD130 UT WOS:A1991GD13000031 PM 1953590 ER PT J AU WISE, T MAURER, RR AF WISE, T MAURER, RR TI CHARACTERIZATION OF THYMOSIN ALPHA-1 AND BETA-4 DURING THE BOVINE ESTROUS PERIOD - EFFECTS OF ELEVATED ESTRADIOL AND PROGESTIN SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article ID HORMONE-RELEASING HORMONE; LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; THYMIC HORMONE; RAT THYMUS; IMMUNE-RESPONSE; CELLS-INVITRO; SEX STEROIDS; SECRETION; ESTROGEN; FEMALE AB At present, there is a renewed interest in thymic function and its secretions in relation to endocrine control and reproductive function. In an initial experiment, 60 crossbred heifers (18-20 mo) were detected in estrus and assigned to control or FSH superovulatory groups. On Days 7-14 of the subsequent estrous cycle, FSH was administered for 5 days and prostaglandin F2-alpha (PGF2-alpha) was administered at 48 and 60 h after the initial FSH injection. Control animals received only PGF2-alpha injections between Days 9 and 15 of the cycle. Blood samples were collected from all animals at the time of PGF2-alpha injection and every 12 h thereafter to 72 h post PGF2-alpha injection. In a subsequent experiment, 103 crossbred heifers (16-18 mo) were superovulated with FSH and synchronized to estrus with PGF2-alpha administered 60 h after the initial FSH injection. Twenty-eight of the heifers received Norgestomet implants 12 h prior to the initial PGF2-alpha injection to inhibit the LH surge. Blood samples were collected from animals at 12-h intervals until the PGF2-alpha injection and every 6 h thereafter until 108 h post PGF2-alpha treatment. Although thymosin beta-4 concentrations did change over the estrual period, no differences were noted between control and superovulatory animals in the initial experiment even though estradiol concentrations were increased tenfold from the FSH stimulated ovary. In the second experiment, thymosin beta-4 and alpha-1 increased as the estrual period progressed and decreased (p < 0.05) subsequent to the LH surge. Animals not exhibiting an LH surge during the estrual period had decreased thymosin alpha-1 concentrations. Animals receiving Norgestomet implants had decreased thymosin beta-4 concentrations (p < 0.05). Evidence supports progesterone having a regulatory effect on thymosin beta-4 concentration but no effect on thymosin alpha-1. Ovulatory increases in estradiol seem to have little influence on either thymosin. Thymosin changes during the estrual period indicate that other parameters influence alterations in thymosin concentrations, possibly gonadotropins. RP WISE, T (reprint author), USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,POB 166,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. NR 55 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 45 IS 1 BP 57 EP 63 DI 10.1095/biolreprod45.1.57 PG 7 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA FU095 UT WOS:A1991FU09500008 PM 1908714 ER PT J AU MARTIN, TL WILLIAMS, GL LUNSTRA, DD IRELAND, JJ AF MARTIN, TL WILLIAMS, GL LUNSTRA, DD IRELAND, JJ TI IMMUNONEUTRALIZATION OF INHIBIN MODIFIES HORMONE-SECRETION AND SPERM PRODUCTION IN BULLS SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article ID FOLLICLE-STIMULATING-HORMONE; PITUITARY-CELLS INVITRO; LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; TESTOSTERONE LEVELS; HOLSTEIN BULLS; ALPHA-SUBUNIT; TESTICULAR DEVELOPMENT; SEXUAL-MATURATION; BOVINE INHIBIN; FEMALE RATS AB The objective of this study was to examine the role of endogenous inhibin in the regulation of FSH, LH, and testosterone secretion and sperm production in bulls. Bulls were actively immunized against bovine inhibin alpha1-26 gly-tyr (bINH) conjugated to human alpha globulin (HAG) or HAG alone (controls) and emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant. Primary immunization was at 14 wk of age, followed by booster immunizations in Freund's incomplete adjuvant at 28, 30, and 34 wk of age. Ten days after each booster immunization, scrotal circumferences and body weights were measured, and blood was sampled for determination of bINH antibody titer. Ten days after the third booster, blood was sampled at 1-h intervals for 8 h to quantify serum concentrations of FSH, LH, and testosterone. After this blood sampling period, bulls were castrated and testicular sperm production was determined. Serum diluted 1:4 000 from bINH-immunized bulls bound 36%, 52%, and 53% of radioiodinated bINH after the first, second, and third boosters, respectively. Serum from controls bound less than 1% radioiodinated bINH. After the third booster, serum concentrations of FSH and testosterone were increased (p < 0.05) and LH concentrations were decreased (p < 0.001) in bINH-immunized bulls compared with controls. After the third booster, daily sperm production per gram of testicular parenchyma was increased (p < 0.05) in bINH-immunized bulls compared with controls. Scrotal circumferences and body weights were similar between treatment groups throughout the experiment. We concluded that inhibin has a role in regulation of secretion of gonadotropins and testosterone and testicular sperm production, but not testicular growth, in bulls. C1 MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT ANIM SCI,MOLEC REPROD ENDOCRINOL LAB,E LANSING,MI 48824. TEXAS AGR EXPTL STN,ANIM REPROD LAB,BEEVILLE,TX 78102. USDA,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,CLAY CTR,NE 68933. NR 41 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 45 IS 1 BP 73 EP 77 DI 10.1095/biolreprod45.1.73 PG 5 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA FU095 UT WOS:A1991FU09500010 PM 1715195 ER PT J AU ROBEL, EJ CHRISTENSEN, VL AF ROBEL, EJ CHRISTENSEN, VL TI INCREASING HATCHABILITY OF TURKEY EGGS BY INJECTING EGGS WITH PYRIDOXINE SO BRITISH POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB 1. In field trials, eggs from two flocks of Large White turkey hens were injected with about 0.2 ml saline solution containing 600-mu-g of pyridoxine hydrochloride in order to examine its effect on hatchability. 2. Also, in an aseptic laboratory trial, eggs from Large White turkey hens were injected with 0.2 ml of saline solution and 0.2 ml of saline solution containing 600-mu-g of pyridoxine hydrochloride. 3. In field trials, hatchability of pyridoxine-injected eggs was 4.6% higher (P < 0.05) than the control (non-injected) eggs. 4. In the aseptic laboratory trial, hatchability of pyridoxine-injected eggs was 4.2% higher (P < 0.05) than saline-injected and control (non-injected) eggs. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT POULTRY SCI,RALEIGH,NC 27695. RP ROBEL, EJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,AVIAN PHYSIOL LAB,LPSI,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 6 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU CARFAX PUBL CO PI ABINGDON PA PO BOX 25, ABINGDON, OXFORDSHIRE, ENGLAND OX14 3UE SN 0007-1668 J9 BRIT POULTRY SCI JI Br. Poult. Sci. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 32 IS 3 BP 509 EP 513 DI 10.1080/00071669108417375 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA FV469 UT WOS:A1991FV46900008 PM 1893263 ER PT J AU BAUSHER, MG AF BAUSHER, MG TI DECLINE OF CITRUS DUE TO PRESENCE OF LANDFILL GASES IN THE SOIL SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ETHYLENE RP BAUSHER, MG (reprint author), USDA ARS,2120 CAMDEN RD,ORLANDO,FL 32803, USA. NR 19 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 47 IS 1 BP 165 EP 172 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA FQ807 UT WOS:A1991FQ80700025 PM 1932859 ER PT J AU SCHWARTZ, MD SCUDDER, GGE AF SCHWARTZ, MD SCUDDER, GGE TI THE 1ST NEARCTIC RECORDS OF 2 HOLARCTIC SPECIES OF POLYMERUS HAHN, WITH REMARKS ON A MONOPHYLETIC SPECIES-GROUP (HETEROPTERA, MIRIDAE, MIRINAE) SO CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article AB These first North American records for Polymerus cognatus (Fieber) from across Canada and the northest United States, and P. vulneratus (Wolff) from northwest North America, indicate that the two species are naturally Holarctic. Diagnoses and dorsal habitus illustrations are provided to distinguish the taxa from other North American Polymerus species. An argument for considering P. balli Knight, P. cognatus, P. elegans (Reuter), P. flaviloris Knight, P. froeschneri Knight, and P. vulneratus a monophyletic species-group is presented. C1 UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA,DEPT ZOOL,VANCOUVER V6T 1W5,BC,CANADA. US NATL MUSEUM NAT HIST,USDA ARS,INST PLANT SCI,SYSTEMAT ENTOMOL LAB,WASHINGTON,DC 20560. RP SCHWARTZ, MD (reprint author), AGR CANADA,RES BRANCH,BIOSYSTEMAT RES CTR,CENT EXPTL FARM,OTTAWA K1A 0C6,ONTARIO,CANADA. NR 54 TC 2 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC CANADA PI OTTAWA PA 393 WINSTON AVE, OTTAWA ON K2A 1Y8, CANADA SN 0008-347X J9 CAN ENTOMOL JI Can. Entomol. PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 123 IS 4 BP 721 EP 743 PG 23 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA GJ792 UT WOS:A1991GJ79200001 ER PT J AU BELANT, JL ANDERSON, RK AF BELANT, JL ANDERSON, RK TI COMMON LOON, GAVIA-IMMER, BROOD HABITAT USE IN NORTHERN WISCONSIN SO CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE COMMON LOON; GAVIA-IMMER; BROOD HABITAT USE; IMPOUNDMENTS; WISCONSIN AB We investigated 23 Common Loon (Gavia immer) territories on a 5798-ha impoundment in northern Wisconsin during 1986 and 1987 to characterize brood habitat use. Total brood period: TBP (1-42 days post-hatch), areas: (x = 56.0 ha), and early brood period: EBP (1-14 days post-hatch), areas (x = 11.5 ha) were larger than reported elsewhere; while average between year spatial overlap of TBP areas (46%) was less. Mean water depth was significantly lower (P < 0.01) in EBP areas. Percent frequency of occurrence and composite stem density of vegetation was greater in EBP areas. Areas of greater vegetation density were used to rear broods during 1986. Annual water level fluctuations may cause loons to utilize suboptimal habitat. RP BELANT, JL (reprint author), USDA,DENVER WILDLIFE CTR,6100 COLUMBUS AVE,SANDUSKY,OH 44870, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS CLUB PI OTTAWA PA PO BOX 35069, WESTGATE PO, OTTAWA ON K1Z 1A2, CANADA SN 0008-3550 J9 CAN FIELD NAT JI Can. Field-Nat. PD JUL-SEP PY 1991 VL 105 IS 3 BP 372 EP 375 PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA HF035 UT WOS:A1991HF03500010 ER PT J AU BELANT, JL OLSON, JF AF BELANT, JL OLSON, JF TI CHICK FOSTERING BY COMMON LOONS, GAVIA-IMMER SO CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST LA English DT Note DE COMMON LOON; GAVIA-IMMER; FOSTERING; WISCONSIN AB An unsuccessful breeding pair of Common Loons (Gavia immer) successfully fostered an unrelated chick. RP BELANT, JL (reprint author), USDA,DENVER WILDLIFE CTR,6100 COLUMBUS AVE,SANDUSKY,OH 44870, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS CLUB PI OTTAWA PA PO BOX 35069, WESTGATE PO, OTTAWA ON K1Z 1A2, CANADA SN 0008-3550 J9 CAN FIELD NAT JI Can. Field-Nat. PD JUL-SEP PY 1991 VL 105 IS 3 BP 406 EP 407 PG 2 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA HF035 UT WOS:A1991HF03500023 ER PT J AU SEITZINGER, AH AF SEITZINGER, AH TI THE IMPACT OF THE UNITED-STATES WHEAT EXPORT ENHANCEMENT PROGRAM ON THE WORLD WHEAT MARKET - COMMENT SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS-REVUE CANADIENNE D ECONOMIE RURALE LA English DT Note ID ASYMPTOTIC PROPERTIES; RELATIVE PRICES; COINTEGRATION; MONEY; INTEGRATION; VECTORS RP SEITZINGER, AH (reprint author), USDA,ECON RES SERV,DIV AGR & TRADE ANAL,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU CANADIAN AGR ECON & FARM MANAGEMENT SOC PI OTTAWA PA 151 SLATER ST SUITE 907, OTTAWA ON K1P 5H4, CANADA SN 0008-3976 J9 CAN J AGR ECON JI Can. J. Agric. Econ.-Rev. Can. Econ. Rural. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 39 IS 2 BP 355 EP 356 DI 10.1111/j.1744-7976.1991.tb03577.x PG 2 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA GJ932 UT WOS:A1991GJ93200011 ER PT J AU SEITZINGER, AH AF SEITZINGER, AH TI THE IMPACT OF THE UNITED-STATES WHEAT EXPORT ENHANCEMENT PROGRAM ON THE WORLD WHEAT MARKET - COMMENT SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS-REVUE CANADIENNE D ECONOMIE RURALE LA English DT Note RP SEITZINGER, AH (reprint author), USDA,ECON RES SERV,DIV AGR & TRADE ANAL,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU CANADIAN AGR ECON & FARM MANAGEMENT SOC PI OTTAWA PA 151 SLATER ST SUITE 907, OTTAWA ON K1P 5H4, CANADA SN 0008-3976 J9 CAN J AGR ECON JI Can. J. Agric. Econ.-Rev. Can. Econ. Rural. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 39 IS 2 BP 355 EP 356 DI 10.1111/j.1744-7976.1991.tb03577.x PG 2 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA GJ932 UT WOS:A1991GJ93200012 ER PT J AU ABE, K ZIEMER, RR AF ABE, K ZIEMER, RR TI EFFECT OF TREE ROOTS ON A SHEAR ZONE - MODELING REINFORCED SHEAR-STRESS SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID RESISTANCE; SOIL AB Tree roots provide important soil reinforcement that improves the stability of hillslopes. After trees are cut and roots begin to decay, the frequency of slope failures can increase. To more fully understand the mechanics of how tree roots reinforce soil, fine sandy soil containing pine roots was placed in a large shear box in horizontal layers and sheared across a vertical plane. The shapes of the deformed roots in the sheared soil were explained satisfactorily by an equation that had been developed to model the deformed shape of artificial reinforcement elements, such as wood dowels, parachute cord, Bungy cord, and aluminum rods. Root deformation in sheared soil is influenced by the diameter and concentration of roots. A model is proposed that uses root strain to estimate the shear stress of soil reinforced by roots. The shear resistance measured from the shear tests compared quite well with the model simulation. C1 US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC SW RES STN,ARCATA,CA 95521. RP ABE, K (reprint author), FORESTRY & FOREST PROD RES INST,TSUKUBA,IBARAKI 305,JAPAN. NR 12 TC 58 Z9 67 U1 1 U2 8 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 21 IS 7 BP 1012 EP 1019 DI 10.1139/x91-139 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA HX879 UT WOS:A1991HX87900008 ER PT J AU WISNIEWSKI, LA BRANDON, DL MCKEAND, SE AMERSON, HV AF WISNIEWSKI, LA BRANDON, DL MCKEAND, SE AMERSON, HV TI THE EFFECT OF ROOT PRUNING ON THE MATURATION OF LOBLOLLY-PINE (PINUS-TAEDA) PLANTLETS, ROOTED HYPOCOTYLS, AND SEEDLINGS SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID CYTOKININS AB Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) tissue culture plantlets, seedlings, and rooted hypocotyls were subjected to three root-pruning treatments (control, half apices pruned, all apices pruned) to determine if pruning could alter the maturation state of the shoots, and if there was a correlative alteration of shoot cytokinin levels. Height, multiple characteristics of shoot morphology correlated with maturation, and root morphology were assessed. In comparisons with control plantlets, pruning significantly decreased plant height in half-pruned and all-pruned plantlets, needle length in all-pruned plantlets, terminal bud length and diameter in half-pruned and all-pruned plantlets, and needle dry weight in half-pruned plantlets. When these shoot morphological characteristics were regressed against height, the half-pruned plantlets appeared more juvenile than controls for both terminal bud length and diameter. All-pruned plantlets did not differ from controls. In comparisons of the three intact plant types, the plantlets were more mature than seedlings and rooted hypocotyls based on assessments of terminal bud length, terminal bud diameter, and needle length. However, in the half-pruned treatment these three characteristics did not differ among plantlets, seedlings, and hypocotyls, showing that they were equivalent for maturation status. Root pruning significantly increased the number of root apices for all plant types but did not increase plantlet or rooted hypocotyl cytokinin levels. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT FORESTRY,RALEIGH,NC 27695. USDA,WESTERN REG RES CTR,ALBANY,CA 94710. NR 18 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 21 IS 7 BP 1073 EP 1079 DI 10.1139/x91-147 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA HX879 UT WOS:A1991HX87900016 ER PT J AU BERRANG, P KARNOSKY, DF BENNETT, JP AF BERRANG, P KARNOSKY, DF BENNETT, JP TI NATURAL-SELECTION FOR OZONE TOLERANCE IN POPULUS-TREMULOIDES - AN EVALUATION OF NATIONWIDE TRENDS SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID NET PHOTOSYNTHESIS; SULFUR-DIOXIDE; AIR-POLLUTION; WHITE-PINE; DARK RESPIRATION; HYBRID POPLAR; GROWTH; SENSITIVITY; EXPOSURE; PROVENANCES AB Relative ozone sensitivity was evaluated among populations of Populus tremuloides Michx. from 15 locations, mostly in national parks, that spanned the United States. Seven to 15 clones were selected from each population, greenhouse grown, fumigated with 150 ppb ozone for 6 h, and evaluated for visible injury. Differences among populations were statistically significant, with the most tolerant populations being obtained from the West Coast, the northeast, and the industrialized portions of the Great Lakes. Populations sampled from areas that failed to achieve the National Ambient Air Quality Standard for ozone had significantly less injury than populations from areas that achieved this standard. There was a significant negative correlation between the amount of injury and maximum daily ozone averages at localities where the populations were collected. There were also significant correlations between the amount of injury and two climatic variables, annual precipitation and minimum temperature. Differences among clones within populations were highly significant, and clonal variance was negatively correlated with maximum daily ozone average for the area where the populations were collected. These findings support our hypothesis that ambient levels of ozone may be eliminating ozone-sensitive clones from natural populations of this species, but indicate that climatic variables play a role as well. C1 MICHIGAN TECHNOL UNIV,SCH FORESTRY & WOOD PROD,HOUGHTON,MI 49931. UNIV WISCONSIN,INST ENVIRONM STUDIES,NATL PK SERV,GREAT LAKES COOPERAT PARKS STUDY UNIT,MADISON,WI 53705. RP BERRANG, P (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,CTR FOREST ENVIRONM STUDIES,DRY BRANCH,GA 31020, USA. NR 38 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 5 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 21 IS 7 BP 1091 EP 1097 DI 10.1139/x91-150 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA HX879 UT WOS:A1991HX87900019 ER PT J AU THOMAS, CE PARRESOL, BR AF THOMAS, CE PARRESOL, BR TI SIMPLE, FLEXIBLE, TRIGONOMETRIC TAPER EQUATIONS SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Note AB There have been numerous approaches to modeling stem form in recent decades. The majority have concentrated on the simpler coniferous bole form and have become increasingly complex mathematical expressions. Use of trigonometric equations provides a simple expression of taper that is flexible enough to fit both coniferous and hardwood bole forms. As an illustration, we applied trigonometric taper equations to examples from thinned and unthinned slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii), willow oak (Quercus phellos L.), and sweet gum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.). Comparison of new trigonometric models with a segmented-polynomial approach developed in 1976 indicates that equations based on trigonometric functions perform equally well and have real advantages in terms of parsimony. RP THOMAS, CE (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,INST QUANTITAT STUDIES,SO FOREST EXPT STN,701 LOYOLA AVE,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70113, USA. NR 14 TC 37 Z9 44 U1 3 U2 7 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 21 IS 7 BP 1132 EP 1137 DI 10.1139/x91-157 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA HX879 UT WOS:A1991HX87900026 ER PT J AU VANDEUSEN, PC SNOW, GA AF VANDEUSEN, PC SNOW, GA TI PAIRED-TREE STUDY SUGGESTS 20-YEAR RECURRENT SLASH PINE BLIGHT SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Note AB In the late winter of 1988, pairs of slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) trees were chosen and marked on the Harrison Experimental Forest in Gulfport, Mississippi. One tree of each pair had a blight and the associated fungi Lophodermella cerina Darker on all mature needles, while the other tree had healthy needles. The blight recurred on the same study trees in 1989 and 1990. Analysis of tree cores shows that the blighted member of each pair has had less radial growth than the clean (nonblighted) pair member since about 1971, when a severe needle blight occurred throughout the slash pine region. It appears that the needle blight is causing growth loss and possibly a genetic narrowing of the slash pine resource. The evidence suggests that the most severe occurrence of the blight is near metropolitan areas of the Gulf Coast. C1 US FOREST SERV,SO FOREST EXPT STN,GULFPORT,MS 39503. RP VANDEUSEN, PC (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,SO FOREST EXPT STN,701 LOYOLA AVE,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70113, USA. NR 8 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 21 IS 7 BP 1145 EP 1147 PG 3 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA HX879 UT WOS:A1991HX87900029 ER PT J AU BRODERICK, GA BUXTON, DR AF BRODERICK, GA BUXTON, DR TI GENETIC-VARIATION IN ALFALFA FOR RUMINAL PROTEIN DEGRADABILITY SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE ALFALFA; MEDICAGO-SATIVA L; MEDICAGO-FALCATA L; RUMINAL PROTEIN ESCAPE ID RATES; RUMEN; DEGRADATION; PROTEOLYSIS; FORAGE AB Protein in alfalfa is extensively degraded in the rumen and is often wasted due to excessive ammonia formation. The objective of this study was to determine if there are genetic differences in ruminal degradability of alfalfa forage protein. Two replicates of field-grown forage were taken at each of two different cuttings from 22 alfalfa entries (Medicago spp.), including 19 of M. sativa plus three of M. falcata (total 88 samples). The forage was analyzed for acid detergent fiber (ADF), total N and acid detergent insoluble N (ADIN), and for degraded N at 0-h, potentially degradable protein, rate of protein degradation, and net protein escape (total escape minus ADIN) using a ruminal inhibitor in vitro system. There were no differences in ADF, total N or ADIN among the 22 alfalfa entries. Significant differences among entries were detected for the four parameters determined using the in vitro system: N degraded at 0-h (P < 0.002), degradable protein (P < 0.0025), degradation rate (P < 0.001), and net protein escape (P < 0.001). There were trends for the 19 entries of M. sativa to have larger degraded N fractions and smaller degradable protein fractions than the three entries of M. falcata. The 19 entries of M. sativa germplasm had degradation rates ranging from 0.21 to 0.25 h-1, whereas those for M. falcata averaged 0.18 h-1. Estimated net protein escapes from the rumen averaged 171 and 212 g kg-1 total nitrogen for M. sativa and M. falcata, respectively (24% greater for M. falcata). Estimated net protein escapes for the three M. falcata entries were greater than 18 of 19 M. sativa entries. The consistency of these differences suggests that conventional plant breeding techniques could be used to develop lines of alfalfa forage with improved protein utilization in ruminants. RP BRODERICK, GA (reprint author), USDA ARS,US DAIRY FORAGE RES CTR,1925 LINDEN DR W,MADISON,WI 53706, USA. NR 21 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 2 PU AGR INST CANADA PI OTTAWA PA SUITE 907 151 SLATER ST, OTTAWA ON K1P 5H4, CANADA SN 0008-4220 J9 CAN J PLANT SCI JI Can. J. Plant Sci. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 71 IS 3 BP 755 EP 760 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA GF573 UT WOS:A1991GF57300018 ER PT J AU KEAGY, PM SCHATZKI, TF AF KEAGY, PM SCHATZKI, TF TI EFFECT OF IMAGE-RESOLUTION ON INSECT DETECTION IN WHEAT RADIOGRAPHS SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID SITOPHILUS-GRANARIUS L; STORED WHEAT; GRAIN; INFESTATION; KERNELS; COLEOPTERA; QUALITY; WEEVIL AB Wheat kernels were exposed for three days to adults of three insect species (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky [maize weevil], Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) [lesser grain borer], and Sitotroga cerealella (Oliv.) [Angoumois grain moth]); the kernels were incubated and X-rayed to produce contact films at three- to four-day intervals. The objective was to develop specifications for automated grain-inspection systems and evaluate the effectiveness of current radiographic methods. X-ray images of infested and uninfested kernels were presented to four trained subjects as original films and digitized video images at four magnifications corresponding to 32.8, 65.6, 131.2, and 262.4-mu-m of film per pixel. Insect detection was a sigmoidal function of insect age. The age required for 50% detection varied linearly with log pixel size (mu-m of film per pixel). Visual detection from the original films was similar to that from the 65.6-mu-m/pixel resolution. Ages for equivalent detection increased from the maize weevil to the Angoumois grain moth to the lesser grain borer, reflecting the rate of maturation of the individual species. Development of an automated image-acquisition system equivalent to visual inspection will depend on the availability of an X-ray sensor that is 65-mu-m or smaller. RP KEAGY, PM (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,800 BUCHANAN ST,ALBANY,CA 94710, USA. NR 22 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 68 IS 4 BP 339 EP 343 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA GA553 UT WOS:A1991GA55300005 ER PT J AU WU, YV NELSEN, TC AF WU, YV NELSEN, TC TI A SIMPLE, RAPID METHOD TO MEASURE WHEAT HARDNESS BY GRINDING TIME AND SPEED REDUCTION IN A MICRO HAMMER-CUTTER MILL SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID KERNEL HARDNESS; REGISTRATION AB Wheat hardness can be simply and quickly measured by determining the time required to collect 17 ml of ground wheat from a 20-g sample in a commercial micro hammer-cutter mill at 3,600 rpm. Hard and soft wheats differ in grinding time and in the amount that the machine's speed is reduced. No correction was necessary for grinding time and speed reduction at moisture levels of 9.3-12.7%. RP WU, YV (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR UTILIZAT RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PASADENA,CA 91106, USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 68 IS 4 BP 343 EP 346 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA GA553 UT WOS:A1991GA55300006 ER PT J AU POMERANZ, Y HUANG, M RUBENTHALER, GL AF POMERANZ, Y HUANG, M RUBENTHALER, GL TI STEAMED BREAD .3. ROLE OF LIPIDS SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID CHINESE; FLOUR AB The effects on volume, compressibility (softness), and overall score of Chinese steamed bread of flour lipids, shortening and vegetable oils, and emulsifiers (hydroxylated lecithin, distilled monoglycerides, and ethoxylated monoglycerides [EMG]) added to an untreated and a petroleum ether defatted soft white wheat flour were determined. Defatting significantly reduced volume and softness of steamed bread. The control, defatted, and reconstituted flours showed a shortening response. Doubling the amount of added free lipids (from 0.86 to 1.72%) had no additional restoring effect beyond that from reconstituting the defatted flour to the original level of free lipids. Shortening at the 2% level provided the best steamed bread; replacing shortening by soybean or corn oil produced comparable breads. In defatted flour, 0.1% EMG and especially 0.2% hydroxylated lecithin, alone or in combination with 2% shortening, increased volume and improved softness; each was superior to shortening alone. Adding 0.1% EMG and especially 0.2% lecithin to defatted flour baked with 1 or 2% corn oil increased volume and softness of steamed bread. None of the combinations among lecithin, EMG, or distilled monoglycerides was superior to any of the single emulsifiers. C1 USDA ARS,WESTERN WHEAT QUAL LAB,PULLMAN,WA 99164. RP POMERANZ, Y (reprint author), WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT FOOD SCI & HUMAN NUTR,PULLMAN,WA 99164, USA. NR 16 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 68 IS 4 BP 353 EP 356 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA GA553 UT WOS:A1991GA55300009 ER PT J AU PAULIS, JW BIETZ, JA LAMBERT, RJ VILLEGAS, EM AF PAULIS, JW BIETZ, JA LAMBERT, RJ VILLEGAS, EM TI IDENTIFICATION OF MODIFIED HIGH-LYSINE MAIZE GENOTYPES BY REVERSED-PHASE HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID OPAQUE-2 MAIZE; ENDOSPERM; PROTEINS; ZEIN; EXTRACTION; EXPRESSION AB High-lysine opaque-2 (o2) lines of maize have floury endosperm textures. Maize breeders are developing modified o2 hybrids with hard, vitreous endosperm. Modified o2 kernels are similar in appearance to normal kernels. This article presents a rapid reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method to differentiate normal, o2, and modified o2 maize genotypes based on alcohol-soluble protein composition. Modified o2 endosperms contained more early eluting, high-proline, water-soluble, alcohol-soluble glutelin and less late-eluting zein than did nonmodified o2 or normal endosperms. The RP-HPLC method is potentially useful in maize breeding programs and commerce for determining modified o2 genotypes with increased lysine contents and hard endosperm texture. C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,URBANA,IL 61801. CTR INT MEJORAMIENTO MAIZE & TRIGO,MEXICO CITY,DF,MEXICO. RP PAULIS, JW (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,FOOD QUAL & SAFETY RES UNIT,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 21 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 68 IS 4 BP 361 EP 365 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA GA553 UT WOS:A1991GA55300011 ER PT J AU IRVING, DW PEAKE, JL BREDA, VA AF IRVING, DW PEAKE, JL BREDA, VA TI NUTRIENT DISTRIBUTION IN 5 PERENNIAL GRAIN SPECIES EXHIBITED BY LIGHT AND SCANNING ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID EASTERN GAMAGRASS; ENDOSPERM; RESERVES AB The anatomy and histochemistry of mature caryopses of five perennial grains (Agropyron intermedium, A. trichophorum, Secale montanum, Hordeum bulbosum, and Tripsacum dactyloides) were studied by fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy. All five grains contain starch granules and protein in the starchy endosperm. Protein bodies, which often contain phytin inclusions, are abundant in the aleurone and embryo. Lipid deposits are primarily located in the embryo and aleurone. Caryopses of A. intermedium, A. trichophorum, S. montanum, and H. bulbosum are similar morphologically, having two populations of starch granules as well as continuous protein matrix in starchy endosperm tissue. The aleurone of Agropyron spp., T dactyloides, and S. montanum are single celled in thickness. H. bulbosum has a multiple-layered aleurone (usually three cells thick). The caryopsis of T. dactyloides is nearly spherical, and the starchy endosperm contains spherical starch granules embedded in a matrix of small protein bodies. The embryo of T. dactyloides contains starch granules. RP IRVING, DW (reprint author), USDA,WESTERN REG RES CTR,800 BUCHANAN ST,ALBANY,CA 94710, USA. NR 48 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 68 IS 4 BP 376 EP 382 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA GA553 UT WOS:A1991GA55300015 ER PT J AU WARNER, DA GROVE, MJ KNUTSON, CA AF WARNER, DA GROVE, MJ KNUTSON, CA TI ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ALPHA-AMYLASES FROM ENDOSPERM OF GERMINATING MAIZE SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID BARLEY MALT; ALEURONE LAYERS; STARCH; SEEDS; WHEAT; INHIBITOR; KERNELS; FORMS; OATS AB Amylases from germinating maize (cv. B73) were fractionated by affinity chromatography, anion exchange chromatography, and chromatofocusing. Two groups of amylase enzymes were separated by affinity chromatography. About one half of the total amylase activity was bound on a cycloheptaamylose-Sepharose 6B column. Bound proteins were fractionated by anion exchange into four major alpha-amylase fractions, then further separated by chromatofocusing into eight fractions with apparent isoelectric point (pI) values ranging from 5.70 to 4.06. All affinity-bound fractions were confirmed as alpha-amylases by their action on beta-limit dextrin. The affinity-bound alpha-amylases with lowest and highest pI values produced reaction products from soluble starch containing large amounts of dextrins with degrees of polymerization (DP) 2 and 6, with lesser amounts of intermediate oligosaccharides. Intermediate pI fractions produced primarily DP2, large amounts of DP3-5, and little DP6. Enzymes not bound by cycloheptaamylose affinity chromatography were purified by hydroxylapatite chromatography, then resolved by chromatofocusing into four subgroups of alpha-amylase, plus beta-amylase. Among the affinity-unbound fractions, the lowest pI alpha-amylase had a unique action pattern, producing primarily DP7 and 8 oligosaccharides after exhaustive hydrolysis of soluble starch. RP WARNER, DA (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,SEED BIOSYNTH RES UNIT,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 37 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 68 IS 4 BP 383 EP 390 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA GA553 UT WOS:A1991GA55300016 ER PT J AU LOOKHART, GL JULIANO, BO WEBB, BD AF LOOKHART, GL JULIANO, BO WEBB, BD TI EFFECT OF SOLVENT-EXTRACTION, ENVIRONMENT, AND GENETIC BACKGROUND ON DIFFERENTIATING RICE BY REVERSED-PHASE HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID POLYACRYLAMIDE-GEL ELECTROPHORESIS; CULTIVAR IDENTIFICATION; ENDOSPERM; PROTEINS AB The effects of solvent (protein fraction) and location of growth (environmental) were studied on milled U.S. and non-U.S. rices extracted by four separate solvent systems: 60% 1-propanol, 70% ethanol, 60% 1-propanol plus 1% dithiothreitol, and 5% acetic acid. The high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) patterns of the alcohol extracts of five U.S. varieties (including short-, medium-, and long-grain rices) grown in five states showed minor but consistent differences depending on location of growth. HPLC patterns of 5% acetic acid extracts of the same varieties differed more than did the patterns of the alcohol extracts among locations for the U.S. varieties. Therefore, identifying varieties from different environments requires the use of alcohol extracts. HPLC patterns for the Philippine rice IR36 also showed environmental effects of extraction solvent similar to those for U.S. rices. Prolamin patterns of international rices of different genetic backgrounds differed. In 10 lines from the International Rice Research Institute, the prolamin HPLC patterns of progeny usually were similar to those of one parent. C1 INT RICE RES INST,DEPT CEREAL CHEM,MANILA 1099,PHILIPPINES. USDA ARS,RICE RES LAB,BEAUMONT,TX 77713. RP LOOKHART, GL (reprint author), USDA ARS,N CENT REG,US GRAIN MKT RES LAB,1515 COLL AVE,MANHATTAN,KS 66502, USA. NR 10 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 68 IS 4 BP 396 EP 400 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA GA553 UT WOS:A1991GA55300018 ER PT J AU HOSKINS, JD BUNGE, MM DUBEY, JP DUNCAN, DE AF HOSKINS, JD BUNGE, MM DUBEY, JP DUNCAN, DE TI DISSEMINATED INFECTION WITH NEOSPORA-CANINUM IN A 10-YEAR-OLD DOG SO CORNELL VETERINARIAN LA English DT Article DE NEOSPOROSIS; NEOSPORA-CANINUM; CANINE; MYOCARDITIS ID TRANSMISSION; DIAGNOSIS AB Naturally-occurring neosporosis with multiple organ involvement was identified in a 10-year-old neutered male Basset hound dog. Clinical signs were first noticed 3 weeks prior to referral and consisted of crouched stance and mild pelvic limb ataxia. Dexamethasone administration had provided transient improvement. On presentation to the teaching hospital, clinical signs included depression, pelvic limb ataxia, inability to stand without assistance, and pain on deep palpation of the cervical and lumbar vertebral column. Lesions were found in the myocardium, liver, spleen, adrenal glands, brain, and spinal cord. Tachyzoites of Neospora caninum were found in the myocardium and adrenal glands. Organisms stained with anti-Neospora caninum, but not to anti-Toxoplasma gondii serum in an immunohistochemical test. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,ZOONOT DIS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP HOSKINS, JD (reprint author), LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,SCH VET MED,DEPT VET CLIN SCI,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803, USA. NR 9 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU CORNELL VETERINARIAN INC PI ITHACA PA CORNELL UNIV, ITHACA, NY 14853 SN 0010-8901 J9 CORNELL VET PD JUL PY 1991 VL 81 IS 3 BP 329 EP 334 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA FT853 UT WOS:A1991FT85300012 PM 1879145 ER PT J AU QUESENBERRY, KH SMITH, RR TAYLOR, NL BALTENSPERGER, DD PARROTT, WA AF QUESENBERRY, KH SMITH, RR TAYLOR, NL BALTENSPERGER, DD PARROTT, WA TI GENETIC NOMENCLATURE IN CLOVERS AND SPECIAL PURPOSE LEGUMES .1. RED AND WHITE CLOVER SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Review ID REGISTRATION; INHERITANCE AB Clover and special-purpose legumes (not including alfalfa, Medicago sativa L.) constitute the primary genetic resource of legumes for grass-legume based pasture and hay systems. The group is diverse and contains species from the genera Trifolium, Lotus, Lespedeza, Vicia, and others. Although species in these genera have been the subject of research for at least six decades, no systematic scheme for genetic nomenclature has been adopted and a variety of conventions and gene symbols have been used. Absence of a centralized repository for genetic marker stocks has contributed to the loss of seed stocks of named genes. This paper (i) outlines a set of rules for uniform nomenclature and symbolization for the clovers and special purpose legumes, (ii) defines the membership of a permanent committee on gene symbolism and designates a central repository for named genes, and (iii) tabulates gene symbols published to date for red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and white clover (T. repens L.) and attempts to clarify cases of duplicate nomenclature with establishment of a list of recommended gene symbols. The inheritance and gene symbols are tabulated for 61 previously published red clover genes and 28 previously published white clover genes. The genetic behavior of 27 other traits in red clover for which gene symbols were not published is summarized. Gene nomenclature and symbols according to the rules outlined are proposed for 27 genes in red clover and 28 genes in white clover. Two linkage groups are described for white clover. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,USDA ARS,MADISON,WI 53706. UNIV KENTUCKY,DEPT AGRON,LEXINGTON,KY 40506. UNIV NEBRASKA,PANHANDLE RES & EXT CTR,SCOTTSBLUFF,NE 69361. UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT AGRON,ATHENS,GA 30601. RP QUESENBERRY, KH (reprint author), UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT AGRON,2183 MCCARTY HALL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611, USA. NR 59 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 3 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 31 IS 4 BP 861 EP 867 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA GA493 UT WOS:A1991GA49300001 ER PT J AU PEDERSON, GA AF PEDERSON, GA TI GENETIC NOMENCLATURE IN CLOVERS AND SPECIAL-PURPOSE LEGUMES .1. CRIMSON AND SUBTERRANEAN CLOVER SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Review ID INHERITANCE AB Crimson clover, Trifolium incarnatum L., and subterranean clover, T. subterraneum L., are important annual legumes used for winter grazing in the U.S. Southeast. There is no single report of the inheritance of qualitative characters in these two species. The objective of this paper was to compile the reported gene names and symbols for crimson and subterranean clover characters and to propose symbols for characters of each species in accordance with the Trifolium genetic nomenclature system. A new system for naming alleles of the leaf mark locus M in subterranean clover is also proposed. The inheritance and gene symbols are given for 16 characters in crimson clover and 34 characters in subterranean clover. These characters consist mostly of flower color and leaf variants in crimson clover and anthocyanin pigmentation, isoflavone, leaf marking, and seed color variants in subterranean clover. The inheritance is reported for three characters in crimson clover and four characters in subterranean clover that have not been assigned gene symbols. RP PEDERSON, GA (reprint author), USDA ARS,CROP SCI RES LAB,FORAGE RES UNIT,POB 5367,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762, USA. NR 28 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 31 IS 4 BP 867 EP 870 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA GA493 UT WOS:A1991GA49300002 ER PT J AU BEUSELINCK, PR MOSJIDIS, JA AF BEUSELINCK, PR MOSJIDIS, JA TI GENETIC NOMENCLATURE IN CLOVERS AND SPECIAL-PURPOSE LEGUMES .3. LOTUS, LESPEDEZA, KUMMEROWIA, AND VICIA SPP SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Review ID BIRDSFOOT-TREFOIL; CORNICULATUS; TANNIN; RESISTANCE; SERICEA AB A compilation and revision of gene symbols for four forage legume genera, Lotus, Kummerowia, Lespedeza, and Vicia are presented. These genera include annual and perennial species utilized for their high-quality herbage. The objective was to provide geneticists working with these legumes a single, uniform source of genetic nomenclature, including the assigned symbols for the identified genes of these genera. C1 AUBURN UNIV,DEPT AGRON & SOILS,AUBURN,AL 36849. RP BEUSELINCK, PR (reprint author), USDA,ARS,COLUMBIA,MO 65211, USA. NR 52 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 31 IS 4 BP 871 EP 874 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA GA493 UT WOS:A1991GA49300003 ER PT J AU WILSON, FD AF WILSON, FD TI COMBINING ABILITY FOR YIELD CHARACTERISTICS AND EARLINESS OF PINK BOLLWORM-RESISTANT COTTON SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID LEPIDOPTERA; GELECHIIDAE; PLANTS AB Some germplasm lines of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., that show resistance to pink bollworm (PBW), Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), also carry agronomic properties that could enhance derived germplasm. The objectives of this study were to determine (i) the agronomic performance of four germplasm lines having resistance to PBW, one having susceptibility, and the check cultivar, Stoneville 825 (ST 825); (ii) combining ability for lint yield, yield components, and earliness; (iii) F1 hybrid performance; (iv) the relative contributions of yield components to yield. Half-diallel analysis of the six parents and their 15 F1 hybrids, grown at Maricopa, AZ, for 2 yr, revealed significant year, general combining ability (GCA), and specific combining ability (SCA) effects for lint yield and bolls per plant, seeds per boll, lint weight per seed, and earliness (cumulative lint yield, as a percentage of total yield at the third of five harvests). Year X GCA and year X SCA were significant only for lint weight per seed. Only T39C-1-L-RES (a PBW-resistant germplasm line) equalled ST 825 in lint yield per plant, but it was later in maturity; both showed GCA effects for high yield and number of bolls. Stoneville 825 achieved its high yield by producing many relatively small bolls, while T39C-1-L-RES produced fewer but larger bolls. The T39C-1-L-RES X ST 825 F1 showed SCA effects for high yield, seeds per boll, and earliness. This F1 yielded 11% more total lint than ST 825 by countering 13% fewer bolls per plant with 25% more seeds per boll. It was also earlier than ST 825: it yielded 18% more lint by third harvest. RP WILSON, FD (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN COTTON RES LAB,4135 E BROADWAY,PHOENIX,AZ 85040, USA. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 31 IS 4 BP 922 EP 925 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA GA493 UT WOS:A1991GA49300014 ER PT J AU ALLAN, RE ROBERTS, DE AF ALLAN, RE ROBERTS, DE TI INHERITANCE OF REACTION TO STRAWBREAKER FOOT ROT IN 2 WHEAT POPULATIONS SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID WINTER-WHEAT; PSEUDOCERCOSPORELLA-HERPOTRICHOIDES; RESISTANCE; REGISTRATION; CULTIVARS AB Strawbreaker foot rot (Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides), the most important soilborne disease of fall-sown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in northwestern USA, can best be controlled by host resistance. 'Cerco' and VPM germplasm are important sources of resistance. This study was conducted to determine genetic control of their reaction to the fungus and devise breeding strategy to exploit their resistance. Intermediate to high heritability (h2) values (0.57 to 0.84) were obtained for lesion indices assessed on culms of mature plants of F2 derived F3, F4, and F5 progenies of the crosses VPM/'Moisson' 421 (resistant)//Sel.101 (susceptible) and VPM/Moisson 951 (resistant) parallel-to Cerco (moderately resistant). The cross between the VPM derivative and the susceptible parent concurred with other studies indicating that a single dominant gene controlled the expression of strawbreaker lesion index. The lesion index segregation patterns of the VPM/Moisson 951//Cerco cross revealed that the resistances of the two parents were genetically different. Some progeny may exceed VPM/Moisson 951 for resistance. Significant associations were measured between lesion index and six agronomic traits in one or more generations of both crosses, however, only percent lodging and a rating of strawbreaker symptoms had value as correlated responses with lesion index. A recommended approach would be to select for absence of lodging and strawbreaker symptoms in early generations among lines grown under strawbreaker conditions and limit scoring of lesions to advanced lines. RP ALLAN, RE (reprint author), USDA,ARS,DIS RES UNIT,PULLMAN,WA 99164, USA. NR 20 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 31 IS 4 BP 943 EP 947 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA GA493 UT WOS:A1991GA49300019 ER PT J AU EYHERABIDE, GH HALLAUER, AR AF EYHERABIDE, GH HALLAUER, AR TI RECIPROCAL FULL-SIB RECURRENT SELECTION IN MAIZE .1. DIRECT AND INDIRECT RESPONSES SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PERFORMANCE; POPULATIONS AB Interpopulation recurrent selection methods can be used for developing new heterotic patterns and enhancing those identified previously. The objective of this research was to estimate the direct and indirect responses to eight cycles of reciprocal full-sib recurrent selection in maize (Zea mays L.) populations BS10 and BS11. The populations and their crosses corresponding to Cycles 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 were evaluated at two levels of inbreeding (F = 0 and F = 0.5), and populations also were testcrossed to the respective Cycle 0 populations and unrelated inbred lines. Entries were evaluated in eight environments. Eight cycles of selection were effective for increasing grain yield of the population cross (6.5% cycle-1), BS10 (3.0% cycle-1), and BS11 (1.6% cycle-1). Standability, prolificacy, and grain moisture also were changed in the desired directions, and, in most instances, the responses were linear across cycles of selection. Direct responses were greater than indirect responses for grain yield and standability. The selected populations also performed better than did the unselected populations in crosses with unrelated testers. Changes in inbreeding depression and heterosis were associated with selection. Rates of direct and indirect responses for grain yield in the inbred populations tended to be greater than the rates of responses in the noninbred populations. Reciprocal full-sib selection increased the frequency of homozygotes for favorable alleles in the BS10 and BS11 populations, which would be improved sources of vigorous inbred lines with good general combining ability. Reciprocal full-sib selection seems to have increased the frequency of heterozygotes in the population crosses. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT AGRON,USDA ARS,AMES,IA 50011. INST NACL TECHNOL AGROPECUARIA,PERGAMINO,ARGENTINA. NR 18 TC 38 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 31 IS 4 BP 952 EP 959 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA GA493 UT WOS:A1991GA49300021 ER PT J AU DONG, H COX, TS SEARS, RG LOOKHART, GL AF DONG, H COX, TS SEARS, RG LOOKHART, GL TI HIGH-MOLECULAR-WEIGHT GLUTENIN GENES - EFFECTS ON QUALITY IN WHEAT SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SUBUNIT COMPOSITION; BREAD WHEAT; PROTEINS; CULTIVARS; BAKING AB To utilize electrophoretic variants of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) storage proteins as rapid screening criteria in selection of parents or progeny for end-use quality, breeders should know the relative effects of the alternate alleles at the storage-protein loci on which selection will act. The objective of this study was to determine the direct effects of high molecular weight (HMW) glutenin genes on quality in wheat, without the confounding effects of linkage disequilibrium. Genetic analyses of the direct effects of loci coding for glutenin subunits on mixing time, mixing tolerance, absorption, and protein concentration were conducted with 135 random wheat selections from a randomly mated population. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS-PAGE) was used to screen for HMW glutenin subunits. Significant differences were observed among alleles within loci for some of the quality traits measured. Some of the epistatic interactions also were significant, indicating that the effects of some subunits depend partly on which of the subunits coded by other genomes are present. The Subunit 5 + 10 combination at the Glu-D1 locus had the largest positive effects on dough mixing traits, and the 6 + 8 combination at Glu-B1 had large negative effects on most traits. Alleles at Glu-A1 had no significant effects on any traits. Glutenin-based selection for increased mixing time and tolerance gave lower predicted gains than phenotypic selection. C1 KANSAS STATE UNIV AGR & APPL SCI,USDA ARS,THROCKMORTON HALL,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. USDA,ARS US,GRAIN MKT RES LAB,MANHATTAN,KS 66502. KANSAS STATE UNIV AGR & APPL SCI,DEPT AGRON,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. NR 19 TC 36 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 31 IS 4 BP 974 EP 979 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA GA493 UT WOS:A1991GA49300025 ER PT J AU FISCUS, EL ALAM, ANMM HIRASAWA, T AF FISCUS, EL ALAM, ANMM HIRASAWA, T TI FRACTIONAL INTEGRATED STOMATAL OPENING TO CONTROL WATER-STRESS IN THE FIELD SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ABSCISIC-ACID ACCUMULATION; NITROGEN DEFICIENCY; COTTON PLANTS; CORN; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; CONDUCTANCE; COMPONENTS; YIELD AB The usefulness of totally automated irrigation control systems is well established. Mass-flow porometers can be used as the sensing and feedback elements to implement such a system for the experimental control of water stress in the field. This study was conducted to determine if consistent relationships could be established between the mass-flow readings and other water-related physiological parameters. A range of stress conditions were imposed on plots of corn (Zea mays L.) by the system during the 1986 and 1987 field seasons in Greeley, CO. Midday leaf xylem water potential, leaf diffusive conductance, and year-end grain yields were measured during both years. In 1987, additional measurements were made of the infrared canopy temperature for calculating the Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI), and individual kernel weights and numbers, to determine the components of the grain yield predictions observed in 1986. Reductions in the number of kernels produced per unit land area were associated with stress-induced delays of silking relative to pollen shed. Additional yield reductions in some treatments were attributable to reduced weight per kernel. Significant correlations were found between the mass-flow sensors and grain yield and CWSI. The relationship between grain yield and stomatal conductance was consistent over both years, suggesting that the cumulative mean conductance may be useful as a yield predictor. C1 COLORADO STATE UNIV,COOPERAT EXTENS SERV,COLORADO RIVER SALIN CONTROL PROJECT,DELTA,CO 81416. TOKYO UNIV AGR & TECHNOL,FAC AGR,FUCHU,TOKYO 183,JAPAN. RP FISCUS, EL (reprint author), N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,USDA-ARS,1509 VARSITY DR,RALEIGH,NC 27606, USA. RI HIRASAWA, Tadashi/G-1120-2013 OI HIRASAWA, Tadashi/0000-0002-9603-5405 NR 18 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 31 IS 4 BP 1001 EP 1008 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA GA493 UT WOS:A1991GA49300030 ER PT J AU LAMB, JFS HASKINS, FA GORZ, HJ VOGEL, KP AF LAMB, JFS HASKINS, FA GORZ, HJ VOGEL, KP TI SEED WEIGHT INFLUENCE ON SEEDLING HYDROCYANIC ACID POTENTIAL IN SORGHUM SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB Grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] typically produces larger seeds than sudangrass [S. bicolor, formerly S. sudanense (Piper) Stapf]; and grain sorghum seedlings are higher in hydrocyanic acid potential (HCN-p) than sudangrass seedlings. Previous studies have shown a seed-parent effect on seed weight and HCN-p in reciprocal F1 hybrids of sorghum X sudangrass. This study was conducted to determine whether the seed-parent effect on HCN-p could be attributed primarily to the difference in seed size between reciprocal sorghum X sudangrass hybrids. Large and small seeds of low-HCN-p sudangrass, high-HCN-p sorghum, and their reciprocal hybrids, were visually selected, individually weighed, and planted in growth chambers. Height, fresh weight, and HCN-p of the resulting 7-d-old shoots were measured. On average, the selected large seeds weighed almost-equal-to 1.6 times as much as the small seeds. Shoots from the large seeds were almost-equal-to 1.2 times as tall and 1.4 times as heavy as those from small seeds, and they contained almost-equal-to 1.3 times as much HCN per shoot as did shoots from small seeds. However, the HCN-p (mg kg-1 fresh wt.) of the shoots from large seeds was only slightly greater than that of shoots from small seeds (709 and 701 for first leaves of shoots, and 278 and 267 for shoot remainders from large and small seeds, respectively). Shoots from 5-d-old light-grown and etiolated seedlings also failed to show appreciable differences in HCN-p due to seed size. It was concluded that the seed-parent effect on shoot HCN-p in crosses of sorghum and sudangrass was not caused primarily by the seed-parent effect on seed weight. C1 NEBRASKA AGR RES DIV,USDA-ARS,LINCOLN,NE 68583. NEBRASKA AGR RES DIV,DEPT AGRON,LINCOLN,NE 68583. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 31 IS 4 BP 1014 EP 1016 PG 3 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA GA493 UT WOS:A1991GA49300032 ER PT J AU NOVICK, RG JONES, JE ANTHONY, WS AGUILLARD, W DICKSON, JI AF NOVICK, RG JONES, JE ANTHONY, WS AGUILLARD, W DICKSON, JI TI GENETIC TRAIT EFFECTS ON NONLINT TRASH OF COTTON SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB Genetic traits that reduce seed-cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) trash or improve cleanability should improve lint grade and preserve fiber quality. Our objective was to evaluate morphological traits that reduce trash and improve cleanability and grade. Twelve near-isolines involving four leaf shapes (normal, semi-okra, okra, and super-okra) in two genetic backgrounds (LA 213-613 and MD 65-11), two bract types (normal and frego), and two leaf-pubescence levels (hairy and semismooth) were grown for 2 yr at three locations in Louisiana. Seed-cotton was harvested with a spindle-picker and ginned on a miniature version of a commercial gin. Amount and type of trash was determined before and after (feeder apron) seed-cotton cleaning, and after zero, one, and two saw-type lint cleaners. Semismooth and super-okra leaf traits reduced motes by 25 and 15% and small-leaf trash at the feeder apron by 47 and 20%, respectively, compared with the check. They produced grades similar to the check with one less lint cleaner. Frego-bract isolines had less leaf and bract trash in lint than the normal-bract check at any level of lint cleaning. Use of genetic traits such as semismooth and super-okra, and to a lesser extent sub-okra and frego bract, can be used to reduce lint trash and improve cotton grade. Reductions in motes could help reduce the seed-coat fragment-white spot (dead fiber) problem in fabric dying. C1 LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,LOUISIANA AGR EXPT STN,CTR AGR,DEPT AGRON,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803. INST NACL TECNOL AGROPECUARA,S PENA EXPT STN,BALCARCE,ARGENTINA. USDA ARS,COTTON GINNING LAB,STONEVILLE,MS 38776. NR 24 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 31 IS 4 BP 1029 EP 1034 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA GA493 UT WOS:A1991GA49300035 ER PT J AU MANRIQUE, LA KINIRY, JR HODGES, T AXNESS, DS AF MANRIQUE, LA KINIRY, JR HODGES, T AXNESS, DS TI DRY-MATTER PRODUCTION AND RADIATION INTERCEPTION OF POTATO SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PHOTOSYNTHETICALLY ACTIVE RADIATION; LEAF-AREA INDEX; SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE; SOLAR-RADIATION; BIOMASS ACCUMULATION; CULTURAL-PRACTICES; CORN CANOPIES; GROWTH; YIELD; WHEAT AB The quantification of radiation-use efficiency (RUE), the amount of dry matter produced per unit of intercepted photosynthetically active radiation, is important for yield modeling and determination of yield potentials in different environments. This study was conducted to determine the mean RUE value of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and its stability across diverse environments. Radiation-use efficiency was computed with growth analysis data from a field experiment with four cultivars conducted in Hawaii at four elevations, from field experimentation in Washington and Oregon, and from field experiments described in the literature for seven other locations. Radiation-use efficiency values in Hawaii varied from 2.2 g MJ-1 at 91 m elevation to 2.8 g MJ-1 at 1097 m. Genotype means in Hawaii varied from 2.2 to 2.5 g MJ-1. Comparisons across locations indicated RUE was significantly related to mean daily temperature (r2 = 0.34, n = 12, P < 0.05), vapor pressure deficit (VPD) (r2 = 0.63, n = 12, P < 0.01), and mean total solar radiation (TSR) (r2 = 0.74, n = 11, P < 0.01). Inclusion of either a VPD effect or a solar radiation effect in models of potato growth should improve dry weight predictions. C1 USDA,ARS,GRASSLAND SOIL & WATER RES LAB,TEMPLE,TX 76502. USDA,ARS,CTR IRRIGAT AGR RES & EXTENS,PROSSER,WA 99350. OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT AGR ENGN,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. NR 38 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 8 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 31 IS 4 BP 1044 EP 1049 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA GA493 UT WOS:A1991GA49300038 ER PT J AU GRABBER, JH JUNG, GA HILL, RR AF GRABBER, JH JUNG, GA HILL, RR TI CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION OF PARENCHYMA AND SCLERENCHYMA CELL-WALLS ISOLATED FROM ORCHARDGRASS AND SWITCHGRASS SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID DRY-MATTER DIGESTIBILITY; FLACCIDGRASS PLANT-PARTS; INVITRO DISAPPEARANCE; LEAF CHARACTERISTICS; DIGESTION KINETICS; ITALIAN RYEGRASS; PHENOLIC-ACIDS; GRASS TILLER; COMPONENTS; MESOPHYLL AB The isolation and analysis of cell-wall types (CWT) such as parenchyma and sclerenchyma provide a means of understanding the complex chemistry of forage fiber. Our objective was to compare the composition of parenchyma and sclerenchyma cell walls of field-grown orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) harvested at four stages of plant maturity. Leaf blades, leaf sheaths, and stems were analyzed for fiber constituents. Parenchyma and sclerenchyma cell walls were mechanically isolated from plant parts and analyzed for neutral sugars, alkali-labile phenolic acids, and lignin. Neutral-detergent fiber (NDF), hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin concentrations differed (P < 0.05) between plant parts. Parenchyma cell walls differed widely in composition, with arabinose ranging from 25 to 81 g kg-1; xylose, 92 to 282 g kg-1; glucose, 410 to 634 g kg-1; p-coumaric acid, 1 to 19 g kg-1; ferulic acid, 2 to 10 g kg-1; and lignin, 38 to 104 g kg-1. Sclerenchyma cell walls were more uniform in composition, with arabinose ranging from 10 to 30 g kg-1; xylose, 204 to 330 g kg-1; glucose, 411 to 533 g kg-1; p-coumaric acid, 5 to 16 g kg-1; ferulic acid, 3 to 9 g kg-1; and lignin, 51 to 99 g kg-1. In most cases, the ratios of xylose to arabinose and p-coumaric acid to ferulic acid were lower (P < 0.05) in parenchyma compared with sclerenchyma, and in leaf blade or leaf sheath CWT compared with those of the stem. These results suggest that the chemistry of CWT is complex and that studies of heterogenous preparations such as NDF are confounded by the chemical diversity of CWT contained in forages. C1 USDA,ARS,US REG PASTURE RES LAB,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802. RP GRABBER, JH (reprint author), WH MINER AGR RES INST,CHAZY,NY 12921, USA. NR 34 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 10 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 31 IS 4 BP 1058 EP 1065 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA GA493 UT WOS:A1991GA49300041 ER PT J AU JUNG, HG RUSSELLE, MP AF JUNG, HG RUSSELLE, MP TI LIGHT-SOURCE AND NUTRIENT REGIME EFFECTS ON FIBER COMPOSITION AND DIGESTIBILITY OF FORAGES SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SULFUR FERTILIZATION; GRASS STEMS; CELL-WALLS; LIGNIN; DIGESTION; MATURITY; LEGUME; POLYSACCHARIDES; DEGRADABILITY; CONSTITUENTS AB The negative correlation between lignification of forage plant cell walls and digestibility has been confounded with growth stage, plant age, or comparison across species. Growth environment was manipulated to alter cell-wall development in forages to produce experimental materials of the same age for the study of cell-wall composition effects on digestibility of fiber. Birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) and orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) were grown in sand culture under fluorescent-incandescent or low pressure sodium (LPS) lamps. Nutrient solution treatments (total, high NH4+:NO3-, high NO3-:NH4+, and low S) were imposed on each forage in each light regime. Four-week regrowth of leaf and stem plant parts was harvested, lyophilized, and analyzed for detergent fiber components, cell-wall neutral sugars, uronic acids, esterified and etherified p-coumaric and ferulic acids, Klason lignin, and lignin nitrobenzene oxidation products. In vitro degradation by a rumen fluid inoculum of detergent fiber components after 48 h of fermentation was determined. Exposure to LPS lamps caused small changes in neutral sugar proportions of the forage cell walls, and in birdsfoot trefoil, plant parts composition of core and noncore lignin shifted. The LPS lamp treatment resulted in higher in vitro degradability of detergent fiber components in birdsfoot trefoil, but depressed degradability of orchardgrass fiber. Nutrient regime caused changes in cell-wall composition, but these were inconsistent and resulted in minor effects in fiber degradability. Detergent fiber analysis was less sensitive to treatment differences than individual component analysis, and gave different concentration estimates of the same cell-wall fractions. Explanation of the changes in cell-wall degradability was not possible based on the compositional data, but rather may require cell-wall structural analysis. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT ANIM SCI,ST PAUL,MN 55108. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT SOIL SCI,ST PAUL,MN 55108. RP JUNG, HG (reprint author), UNIV MINNESOTA,USDA ARS,US DAIRY FORAGE RES CTR CLUSTER,ST PAUL,MN 55108, USA. NR 34 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 5 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 31 IS 4 BP 1065 EP 1070 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA GA493 UT WOS:A1991GA49300042 ER PT J AU LIVINGSTON, DP GILDOW, FE AF LIVINGSTON, DP GILDOW, FE TI BARLEY YELLOW DWARF VIRUS EFFECTS ON FRUCTAN AND SUGAR CONCENTRATION IN WINTER OAT CROWNS SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Note ID METABOLISM AB Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) significantly alters carbohydrate metabolism in cereal leaf tissue. If carbohydrate accumulation in overwintering storage organs (crowns) is affected by the virus, winter survival and subsequent regrowth in spring could also be affected. To determine if BYDV alters carbohydrate accumulation patterns in winter oat (Avena sativa L.) crowns, 1-wk-old seedlings of two cultivars were infected with the PAV isolate of BYDV. After a 3-wk hardening period at 2-degrees-C, carbohydrates were extracted with ethanol/water and analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. No significant differences were observed in BYDV content of leaf tissue between the two oat cultivars based on enzyme immunoassay data. Infected plants had significantly (P < 0.05) less total carbohydrate in crowns. Fructan (except that with a degree of polymerization of 3) comprised a significantly lower (P < 0.01) percentage of total carbohydrate in infected plants, while the percentage of sucrose, glucose, and fructose was significantly (P < 0.01) higher in infected plants. Results suggest that BYDV infection may alter fructan metabolism, possibly by reducing substrate levels and/or by altering enzyme activity. C1 PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802. RP LIVINGSTON, DP (reprint author), USDA,ARS,US REG PASTURE RES LAB,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802, USA. NR 13 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 31 IS 4 BP 1081 EP 1082 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA GA493 UT WOS:A1991GA49300047 ER PT J AU WHITEHEAD, TR LEE, DA AF WHITEHEAD, TR LEE, DA TI CLONING AND COMPARISON OF XYLANASE GENES FROM RUMINAL AND COLONIC BACTEROIDES SPECIES SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI; FERMENTATION; SEQUENCES; BACTERIA; STRAINS AB The gene encoding xylanase activity in the ruminal bacterium Bacteroides ruminicola D31d was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli with the plasmid vector pUC18. The gene was isolated on a 4.7-kilobase pair partial PstI genomic DNA fragment. The xylanase activity expressed in E. coli was cell associated and could degrade both oatspelt xylan and Remazol Brilliant Blue-xylan. The xylanase did not have detectable activity against carboxymethylcellulose. Utilization of an endogenous promoter by E. coli was indicated by expression of xylanase activity after subcloning of the insert into pBR322 in opposite orientations. The B. ruminicola D31d xylanase gene was compared by Southern hybridization analyses with xylanase genes cloned from B. ruminocola 23 and B. ovatus V975, a human intestinal isolate. The D31d xylanase gene did not cross-hybridize with either of the other two genes. In addition, the 23 xylanase gene did not cross-hybridize with the other two genes according to the same technique. These results indicate that the three cloned genes do not share a high degree of genetic similarity, despite the similar enzymatic activities. This is the first study to compare cloned genes from ruminal and colonic Bacteroides species. RP WHITEHEAD, TR (reprint author), USDA ARS,NO REG RES CTR,FERMENTAT BIOCHEM RES UNIT,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. RI Whitehead, Terence/B-5235-2009 NR 20 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0343-8651 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 23 IS 1 BP 15 EP 19 DI 10.1007/BF02092303 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA FR915 UT WOS:A1991FR91500003 ER PT J AU ESTIENNE, MJ BARB, CR KESNER, JS KRAELING, RR RAMPACEK, GB AF ESTIENNE, MJ BARB, CR KESNER, JS KRAELING, RR RAMPACEK, GB TI LUTEINIZING-HORMONE SECRETION IN HYPOPHYSEAL STALK-TRANSECTED GILTS GIVEN HYDROCORTISONE ACETATE AND PULSATILE GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING-HORMONE SO DOMESTIC ANIMAL ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PITUITARY-CELLS INVITRO; FOLLICLE-STIMULATING-HORMONE; MARE SERUM GONADOTROPIN; MONKEY MACACA-MULATTA; ADRENAL AXIS; ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE; PROLACTIN SECRETION; PORCINE PLASMA; LH-SECRETION; CORTISOL AB The site within the hypothalamic-pituitary axis at which cortisol acts to inhibit luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion was investigated in female pigs. Six ovariectomized, hypophysial stalk-transected (HST) gilts were given 1-mu-g pulses of gonadotropin releasing-hormone (GnRH) iv every 45 min from day 0 to 12. On days 6-12, each of 3 gilts received either hydrocortisone acetate (HCA; 3.2 mg/kg body weight) or oil vehicle im at 12-hr intervals. Four ovariectomized, pituitary stalk-intact gilts served as controls and received HCA and pulses of 3.5% sodium citrate. Jugular blood was sampled daily and every 15 min for 5 hr on days 5 and 12. Treatment with HCA decreased serum LH concentrations and LH pulse frequency in stalk-intact animals. In contrast, serum LH concentrations, as well as the frequency and amplitude of LH pulses, were unaffected by HCA in HST gilts and were similar to those observed in oil-treated HST gilts. We suggest that chronically elevated concentrations of circulating cortisol inhibit LH secretion in pigs by acting at the level of the hypothalamus. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT ANIM & DAIRY SCI,LIVESTOCK POULTRY BLDG,ATHENS,GA 30602. USDA ARS,RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR,ANIM PHYSIOL RES UNIT,ATHENS,GA 30613. NR 40 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN PI WOBURN PA 225 WILDWOOD AVE #UNITB PO BOX 4500, WOBURN, MA 01801-2084 SN 0739-7240 J9 DOMEST ANIM ENDOCRIN JI Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 8 IS 3 BP 407 EP 414 DI 10.1016/0739-7240(91)90008-8 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Agriculture; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA GG316 UT WOS:A1991GG31600008 PM 1748000 ER PT J AU GUTHRIE, HD PURSEL, VG MILLER, KF BOLT, DJ PALMITER, RD BRINSTER, RL AF GUTHRIE, HD PURSEL, VG MILLER, KF BOLT, DJ PALMITER, RD BRINSTER, RL TI EFFECT OF BOVINE GROWTH-HORMONE GENE-EXPRESSION, SEX AND AGE ON PLASMA GONADOTROPINS, ESTRONE AND TESTOSTERONE IN PREPUBERAL PIGS SO DOMESTIC ANIMAL ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; GILTS; LH; PUBERTY; PROFILES AB Chronic supraphysiological blood levels of growth hormone (GH) may retard sexual maturation in swine. Pigs used in this study included four founder transgenic pigs (two gilts and two boars) expressing a mouse transferrin (TF) promoter fused to a bovine (b) GH structural gene, 13 second- or third- generation transgenic pigs (seven gilts and six boars) expressing a mouse metallothionein (MT) promoter fused to a bGH structural gene and 16 control littermates (eight gilts and eight boars). Blood plasma levels of LH, FSH, estrone and testosterone were measured to determine whether expression of bGH genes altered secretion of hormones between 80 and 180 days of age. Presence of a bGH gene was detected by hybridization of DNA in dot blots of tail biopsies. Expression of a bGH gene was detected by radioimmunoassay of plasma bGH. In four TFbGH founder transgenic pigs bGH ranged from 164 to 1948 ng/ml; in one MTbGH transgenic boar of line 3104 bGH was 1211 ng/ml; and in 12 pigs of line 3706 bGH ranged from 25 to 190 ng/ml. Expression of bGH in transgenic pigs lowered (P = .0192) plasma LH with no significant differences between sexes, had no significant effect on plasma FSH and lowered plasma estrone (P = .0001) and testosterone (P = .0269) in boars (but not gilts). Plasma estrone and testosterone were higher (P = .0001) in boars than in gilts. Plasma FSH was higher (P = .0001) in gilts than boars and decreased (P = .0001) with advancing age in gilts but not in boars. Results indicate that anovulation and decreased libido in transgenic gilts and boars may be related to decreased secretion of LH during sexual maturation. C1 UNIV WASHINGTON,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DEPT BIOCHEM,SEATTLE,WA 98195. UNIV PENN,SCH VET MED,REPROD PHYSIOL LAB,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104. RP GUTHRIE, HD (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,REPROD LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. FU NICHD NIH HHS [HD-19018, HD-09172] NR 28 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN PI WOBURN PA 225 WILDWOOD AVE #UNITB PO BOX 4500, WOBURN, MA 01801-2084 SN 0739-7240 J9 DOMEST ANIM ENDOCRIN JI Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 8 IS 3 BP 423 EP 429 DI 10.1016/0739-7240(91)90010-H PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Agriculture; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA GG316 UT WOS:A1991GG31600010 PM 1748001 ER PT J AU ROHAN, RM REXROAD, CE GUTHRIE, HD AF ROHAN, RM REXROAD, CE GUTHRIE, HD TI CHANGES IN THE CONCENTRATION OF MESSENGER-RNAS FOR THE INHIBIN SUBUNITS IN OVARIAN FOLLICLES AFTER ADMINISTRATION OF GONADOTROPINS TO PROGESTIN TREATED EWES SO DOMESTIC ANIMAL ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID IMMATURE FEMALE RATS; STIMULATING-HORMONE; ESTROUS-CYCLE; GRANULOSA-CELLS; FOLLICULAR DEVELOPMENT; LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; OVULATION RATE; BETA-SUBUNITS; SECRETION; SHEEP AB RNA was extracted from single or small groups of ovine ovarian follicles after treatment of ewes with FSH and/or LH. The content of mRNA for the alpha-inhibin and beta-A-inhibin subunits was analyzed by hybridization with specific cDNA probes. All ewes were treated with progestin vaginal pessaries to suppress spontaneous preovulatory follicle maturation and ewes were given three intramuscular injections of gonadotropins at 8-hr intervals starting 24 hr prior to collection of ovaries. In experiment I, both Schering-FSH and NIDDK-oFSH-17 (oFSH) significantly increased alpha- and beta-A-inhibin mRNA per ewe in 2-5 mm follicles and tended to increase alpha- and beta-A-inhibin mRNA in large (> 5 mm) follicles. In experiment II, oFSH and NIDDK-oLH-25 (oLH) were administered in a 2X2 factorial arrangement. Separate administration of oFSH or oLH increased (P < .05) the alpha-inhibin mRNA concentration in large follicles. alpha-inhibin mRNA concentration in 4-5 mm follicles was also increased by oFSH but was decreased by oLH. Concomitant treatment with oFSH and oLH did not change alpha-inhibin mRNA concentrations from those measured in oFSH treated ewes. In experiment II, beta-A mRNA concentrations followed a pattern similar to that of alpha-A mRNA, but the differences were not statistically significant. We conclude that, in the ewe, exogenous FSH increases the concentration of inhibin mRNA in the whole follicle. The ability of exogenous oLH to alter expression of the inhibin subunit genes may depend upon the stage of follicle maturation. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR E,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,REPROD LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. UNIV MARYLAND,SCH MED,DEPT OBSTET & GYNECOL,DIV REPROD ENDOCRINOL,BALTIMORE,MD 21201. NR 46 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN PI WOBURN PA 225 WILDWOOD AVE #UNITB PO BOX 4500, WOBURN, MA 01801-2084 SN 0739-7240 J9 DOMEST ANIM ENDOCRIN JI Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 8 IS 3 BP 445 EP 454 DI 10.1016/0739-7240(91)90013-A PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Agriculture; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA GG316 UT WOS:A1991GG31600013 PM 1748004 ER PT J AU SCHEERENS, JC RALOWICZ, AE MCGRIFF, TL BEE, KA NELSON, JM GATHMAN, AC AF SCHEERENS, JC RALOWICZ, AE MCGRIFF, TL BEE, KA NELSON, JM GATHMAN, AC TI PHENOTYPIC VARIATION OF AGRONOMIC TRAITS AMONG COYOTE GOURD ACCESSIONS AND THEIR PROGENY SO ECONOMIC BOTANY LA English DT Article DE COYOTE GOURD; CUCURBITA-DIGITATA; CROP DOMESTICATION; PUNICIC ACID; SEED OIL; SEED PROTEIN ID BUFFALO GOURD; CUCURBITA-FOETIDISSIMA; STARCH; ROOT; OIL AB As a prelude to domestication efforts, variation of agronomic traits was determined among accessions of the polytypic, xerophytic curcurbit, coyote gourd [Cucurbita digitata subsp. digitata (DIG), palmata (PAL), cylindrata (CYL), and cordata (COR)] and among and within their progeny. Oil content in 60 accession seed lots (xBAR = 27.8%, CV 21.4%) was more variable than protein content (xBAR = 33.1%, CV = 13.5%). Punicic acid (c,t,c-9, 11, 13-octadecatrienoic acid) levels in seed oils were also variable (xBAR = 12.0%, CV = 20.6%) among accession seed lots. Substantial differences among and within subspecies were noted in 40 progeny lines for fruit/plant (xBAR = 55.2, CV = 47.5%), seed wt/plant (xBAR = 0.89 kg, CV = 51.1%), seed wt/fruit (xBAR = 17.4 g, CV = 39.8%), seed no./fruit (xBAR = 356, CV = 30.8%), 100-seed wt (xBAR = 4.8 g, CV = 21.6%) and fruit diameter (xBAR = 77 mm, CV 4.8%). Correlations among parameters suggested selection for fruit/plant to be the most effective primary strategy for seed yield improvement, but among high fruit-yielders, selection for seed wt/fruit was also important. The two subspecies PAL and CYL exhibited superior seed wts/plant. CYL types matured high fruit-loads, but their fruits were smaller and contained a smaller number of lighter seed than PAL or PAL hybrids. In contrast, PAL and PAL hybrids displayed lower fruit-yields/plant but their fruits were larger and contained higher seed wts/fruit their CYL counterparts. Root wt/plant was also variable (xBAR = 1.55 kg, CV = 63.2%). Roots of DIG were larger and less branched than those of other subspecies. Proximate and liquid chromatographic analyses of selected accession seed lots and controlled crosses failed to reveal advantages for the inclusion of specific types in a breeding program for the development of high oil or high/low punicic acid lines. C1 UNIV ARIZONA,MARICOPA AGR CTR,MARICOPA,AZ 85239. SE MISSOURI STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL,CAPE GIRARDEAU,MO 63701. UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT PLANT SCI,TUCSON,AZ 85721. USDA ARS,APPAL FRUIT RES STN,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430. RP SCHEERENS, JC (reprint author), OHIO STATE UNIV,OHIO AGR RES & DEV CTR,DEPT HORT,WOOSTER,OH 44691, USA. NR 24 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 5 U2 6 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 SN 0013-0001 J9 ECON BOT JI Econ. Bot. PD JUL-SEP PY 1991 VL 45 IS 3 BP 365 EP 378 DI 10.1007/BF02887078 PG 14 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA GL533 UT WOS:A1991GL53300007 ER PT J AU PAKRASI, HB DECIECHI, P WHITMARSH, J AF PAKRASI, HB DECIECHI, P WHITMARSH, J TI SITE DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS OF THE HEME AXIAL LIGANDS OF CYTOCHROME-B559 AFFECTS THE STABILITY OF THE PHOTOSYSTEM-II COMPLEX SO EMBO JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY; CYTOCHROME-B559; PHOTOSYSTEM-II; SITE DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS; SYNECHOCYSTIS-6803 ID INSERTIONAL MUTAGENESIS; DELETION MUTAGENESIS; PLASTID CHROMOSOME; ELECTRON-TRANSPORT; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; MEMBRANE-PROTEIN; DNA; POLYPEPTIDE; SPINACH; GENES AB Cytochrome (cyt) b559, an integral membrane protein, is an essential component of the photosystem II (PSII) complex in the thylakoid membranes of oxygenic photosynthetic organisms. Cyt b559 has two subunits, alpha and beta, each with one predicted membrane spanning alpha-helical domain. The heme cofactor of this cytochrome is coordinated between two histidine residues. Each of the two subunit polypeptides of cyt b559 has one His residue. To investigate the influence of these His residues on the structure of cyt b559 and the PSII complex, we used a site directed mutagenesis approach to replace each His residue with a Leu residue. Introduction of these missense mutations in the transformable unicellular cyanobacterium, Synechocystis 6803, resulted in complete loss of PSII activity. Northern blot analysis showed that these mutations did not affect the stability of the polycistronic mRNA that encompasses both the psbE and the psbF genes, encoding the alpha and the beta-subunits, respectively. Moreover, both of the single His mutants showed the presence of the alpha-subunit which was 1.5 kd smaller than the same polypeptide in wild type cells. A secondary effect of such a structural change was that D1 and D2, two proteins that form the catalytic core (reaction center) of PSII, were also destabilized. Our results demonstrate that proper axial coordination of the heme cofactor in cyt b559 is important for the structural integrity of the reaction center of PSII. C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT PLANT BIOL,URBANA,IL 61801. UNIV ILLINOIS,DIV BIOPHYS,URBANA,IL 61801. USDA ARS,PHOTOSYNTH RES UNIT,URBANA,IL 61801. RP PAKRASI, HB (reprint author), WASHINGTON UNIV,DEPT BIOL,PLANT BIOL PROGRAM,CAMPUS BOX 1137,ST LOUIS,MO 63130, USA. NR 44 TC 78 Z9 82 U1 0 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS UNITED KINGDOM PI OXFORD PA WALTON ST JOURNALS DEPT, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0261-4189 J9 EMBO J JI Embo J. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 10 IS 7 BP 1619 EP 1627 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA FR684 UT WOS:A1991FR68400002 PM 1904816 ER PT J AU SHEN, SK DOWD, PF AF SHEN, SK DOWD, PF TI DETOXIFICATION SPECTRUM OF THE CIGARETTE BEETLE SYMBIONT SYMBIOTAPHRINA-KOCHII IN CULTURE SO ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA LA English DT Article DE XENOBIOTIC; LASIODERMA-SERRICORNE; PESTICIDE; PLANT ALLELOCHEMICAL; MYCOTOXIN; HYDROLASE; TRANSFERASE; MICROBIAL DEGRADATION ID METABOLISM; PHENOLS; ENZYMES; YEASTS AB The ability of cultures of the cigarette beetle symbiont, Symbiotaphrina kochii Jurzitza ex. W. Gams and v. Arx, to utilize toxins as carbon sources and produce detoxifying enzymes was tested. This yeast could apparently use many of the plant allelochemicals, meal toxins, mycotoxins, insecticides, and herbicides tested as carbon sources, suggesting the ability to detoxify these compounds. Detoxifying enzymes that were detected using representative substrates included aromatic ester hydrolase, glucosidase, phosphatase, and glutathione transferase. This yeast was also able to hydrolyze the organophosphorus insecticide parathion. Thus, this yeast appears to have broad-spectrum detoxifying capabilities. Either this strain of yeast, improved strains, or other microorganisms to which genetic material from this yeast has been transferred may be of use in decontaminating materials containing multiple toxins. C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,MYCOTOXIN RES UNIT,PEORIA,IL 61604. NR 40 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 14 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-8703 J9 ENTOMOL EXP APPL JI Entomol. Exp. Appl. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 60 IS 1 BP 51 EP 59 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA GC173 UT WOS:A1991GC17300008 ER PT J AU HATFIELD, JL BURKE, JJ AF HATFIELD, JL BURKE, JJ TI ENERGY EXCHANGE AND LEAF TEMPERATURE BEHAVIOR OF 3 PLANT-SPECIES SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article ID MAINTENANCE; COTTON AB Leaf temperature differences have been observed among species; however, no direct comparison has been made relative to species-specific thermal kinetic windows. To evaluate the leaf temperature response within the same environment, a field study was conducted on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), cucumber (Cucumis sativa L.) and bell pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.). Individual leaves were monitored for leaf temperature, transpiration, and leaf and aerodynamic resistances. An energy balance model was used to estimate the sensible and latent heat fluxes. Cotton exhibited a lower leaf temperature, lower leaf resistance, and higher transpiration than cucumber and pepper under the same environmental conditions. Mid-day leaf resistances for cotton, cucumber, and pepper were 17.5, 64.7, and 25.0 sec/m, respectively, while aerodynamic resistances for all species were between 10 and 17.5 sec/m. Leaf temperatures for this same interval were 26.2-degrees-C for cotton, 29.5-degrees-C for cucumber and 32.1-degrees-C for pepper. Transpiration rates maintained leaf temperatures within the predefined thermal kinetic window. We propose that a unique link exists between the biological and physical energy exchange mechanisms in which the leaf temperature is maintained within optimum limits for physiological function as indicated by enzyme kinetics. C1 USDA ARS,PLANT STRESS & WATER CONSERVAT,LUBBOCK,TX 79401. RP HATFIELD, JL (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL SOIL TILTH LAB,AMES,IA 50011, USA. NR 13 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0098-8472 J9 ENVIRON EXP BOT JI Environ. Exp. Bot. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 31 IS 3 BP 295 EP 302 DI 10.1016/0098-8472(91)90053-Q PG 8 WC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA GB342 UT WOS:A1991GB34200005 ER PT J AU DAVIS, SW DAFT, BN DUBEY, JP AF DAVIS, SW DAFT, BN DUBEY, JP TI SARCOCYSTIS-NEURONA CULTURED INVITRO FROM A HORSE WITH EQUINE PROTOZOAL MYELITIS SO EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL LA English DT Note C1 UNIV CALIF SAN BERNARDINO,VET DIAGNOST LAB SYST,SAN BERNARDINO,CA 92412. RP DAVIS, SW (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY,ZOONOT DIS LAB,BARC-E,BLDG 1040,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 6 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 1 PU EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL LTD PI NEWMARKET PA GRASEBY HOUSE, ENXING ROAD, NEWMARKET, SUFFOLK, ENGLAND CB8 0AU SN 0425-1644 J9 EQUINE VET J JI Equine Vet. J. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 23 IS 4 BP 315 EP 317 PG 3 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA FZ900 UT WOS:A1991FZ90000020 PM 1915236 ER PT J AU DEREN, CW SNYDER, GH MILLER, JD PORTER, PS AF DEREN, CW SNYDER, GH MILLER, JD PORTER, PS TI SCREENING FOR AND HERITABILITY OF FLOOD-TOLERANCE IN THE FLORIDA (CP) SUGARCANE BREEDING POPULATION SO EUPHYTICA LA English DT Article DE FLOODING; FLOOD-TOLERANCE; SACCHARUM; SUGARCANE; WATERLOGGING; HERITABILITY AB An experiment screening for flood-tolerance and estimating the heritability of flood-tolerance was conducted on 160 sugarcane clones in the Canal Point, Florida, USA sugarcane breeding population. Clones were grown in two environments, a drained control and a continuous, five-month flood. The test ran for two crop years, plant-cane and first ratoon. A wide range of production was observed, with some clones dying out after the first year. Several clones had two-year cane production in flood that was greater-than-or-equal-to 70% of their production in control. Heritabilities calculated by parent-offspring regression ranged from 0.29 to 0.51. C1 USDA,ARS,SUGARCANE FIELD STN,CANAL POINT,FL 33438. RP DEREN, CW (reprint author), UNIV FLORIDA,EVERGLADES RES & EDUC CTR,POB 8003,BELLE GLADE,FL 33430, USA. NR 21 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0014-2336 J9 EUPHYTICA JI Euphytica PD JUL PY 1991 VL 56 IS 2 BP 155 EP 160 DI 10.1007/BF00042059 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA GV915 UT WOS:A1991GV91500008 ER PT J AU LUPPOLD, WG THOMAS, RE AF LUPPOLD, WG THOMAS, RE TI REVISED ESTIMATES OF HARDWOOD LOG EXPORTS TO MAJOR EC AND PACIFIC RIM MARKETS SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB This study contrasts commonly published export statistics developed from U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census data against a new set of log export statistics developed from shipping manifests. The analysis found that historical and current Census estimates of hardwood log export volumes to Europe are inflated. Historic Census estimates of hardwood log exports to the Pacific Rim appear to be accurate but current estimates (since 1989) appear to be inflated. The prime causes of historic errors in export data were incorrect export documentation by shippers and problems with the computer program used to compile export statistics. The prime cause of hardwood log export errors since 1989 appears to be incorrect documentation by shippers. RP LUPPOLD, WG (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,ROUTE 2,BOX 562-B,PRINCETON,WV 24740, USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 41 IS 7-8 BP 35 EP 40 PG 6 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA GB532 UT WOS:A1991GB53200010 ER PT J AU SKOG, K DURBAK, I HOWARD, J SPELTER, H ADAMS, D HAYNES, R AF SKOG, K DURBAK, I HOWARD, J SPELTER, H ADAMS, D HAYNES, R TI POTENTIAL TIMBER MARKET IMPACT OF CURRENT WOOD UTILIZATION RESEARCH SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB As part of the USDA Forest Service 1989 timber assessment, an analysis has been conducted of the potential impact of seven areas of current Forest Service wood utilization research on timber and wood products markets. Prices, consumption, total annual value, and present (discounted) value were all studied. Research on pulp, paper, and paperboard processing has by far the greatest long-term potential for altering prices, harvest/consumption, and value. However, the effects would not be felt until after 2010. By 2040, pulp and paper research may lead to softwood pulpwood consumption and sawlog harvest that are respectively one-third lower and one-sixth higher than the base case projections. The result would be a decrease in the present harvest value of sawtimber-pulpwood by $2.4 billion (10(9)) (1982 $U.S.) at a discount rate of 10 percent. The effects of solid wood product research would occur sooner and would generally increase softwood sawtimber price. The effect on solid wood product prices and consumption levels would vary. Research on design and performance of wood structures may increase the value of timber and wood products the most. The present value of sawtimber harvest and of wood products sales, at a 10 percent discount rate, may increase $1.5 and $2.6 billion, respectively. C1 UNIV WASHINGTON,COLL FOREST RESOURCES,SEATTLE,WA 98195. US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,PORTLAND,OR 97208. RP SKOG, K (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,1 GIFFORD PINCHOT DR,MADISON,WI 53705, USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 41 IS 7-8 BP 44 EP 52 PG 9 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA GB532 UT WOS:A1991GB53200012 ER PT J AU MCLEOD, JA WHITE, MS IFJU, PA ARAMAN, PA AF MCLEOD, JA WHITE, MS IFJU, PA ARAMAN, PA TI FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF EASTERN HARDWOOD PALLET PARTS SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID STRENGTH; STIFFNESS; LUMBER AB Accurate estimates of the flexural properties of pallet parts are critical to the safe, yet efficient, design of wood pallets. To develop more accurate data for hardwood pallet parts, 840 stringers and 2,520 deckboards, representing 14 hardwood species, were sampled from 35 mills distributed throughout the Eastern United States. The parts were sorted by species, visually graded, and tested in bending to destruction. This article describes the methods used to conduct this research and presents summary statistics of the flexural properties for the species and sizes tested. The modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity of nominal 6-inch-wide deckboards is consistently greater than that of 4-inch material. The visual stress grading procedure used in this study can segregate pallet parts into strength and stiffness classes. These data will now be incorporated into the CAD procedure for pallets known as the Pallet Design System, which aids designers in selecting wood pallets for use in material handling. C1 US FOREST SERV, SE FOREST EXPT STN, BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 USA. RP MCLEOD, JA (reprint author), VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST & STATE UNIV, DEPT WOOD SCI & FOREST PROD, BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 USA. NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 41 IS 7-8 BP 56 EP 63 PG 8 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA GB532 UT WOS:A1991GB53200014 ER PT J AU CLARK, A AF CLARK, A TI SUGGESTED SOUTHERN PINE TREE-GRADING SYSTEMS FOR VENEER SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Increasing substitution of oriented strandboard (OSB) for pine plywood in sheathing applications will force southern pine plywood mills to produce more specialty products requiring a larger proportion of grade B and better veneer. If an effective system for grading southern pine trees for veneer can be devised and put into use, mill operators will be able to procure trees that yield larger proportions of high-grade veneer and to pay appropriate premiums for such trees. Tree-defect and veneer grade-yield data collected in the 1970s were used to develop and evaluate five experimental tree-grading systems. It was found that tree grades based on size and number of knots and branches correlate better with veneer grade yields than do grades based on number of clear faces. Grading the first three blocks in a tree rather than the first two increases the ability to select trees that yield a high proportion of grade B and better veneer. When the comparison is between no grading and grading based on size and number of branches in the first three blocks, the latter increases the ability to predict grade A veneer yield by 25 percent, grade B by 27 percent, grade C by 7 percent, and grade D by 10 percent (for grade 1 trees). RP CLARK, A (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,SE FOREST EXPT STN,FORESTRY SCI LAB,GREEN ST,ATHENS,GA 30602, USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 41 IS 7-8 BP 64 EP 69 PG 6 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA GB532 UT WOS:A1991GB53200015 ER PT J AU HAMMETT, AL CUBBAGE, FW LUPPOLD, WG AF HAMMETT, AL CUBBAGE, FW LUPPOLD, WG TI SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN HARDWOOD LUMBER MANUFACTURERS - CHARACTERISTICS OF EXPORTERS AND NONEXPORTERS SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID PRODUCERS; KENTUCKY; 1980S AB Hardwood lumber manufacturers located in seven Southern Appalachian states were surveyed to obtain an overview of business practices common to exporters and nonexporters. Those mills selling to international markets had greater production levels, larger lumber inventories, and sawed more of their product from higher lumber grades. Hardwood lumber producers that had not sold to international markets had smaller sales staffs, used less advertising, had fewer employees, and cut smaller percentages of red and white oak, which are species traditionally used for lumber exports. C1 NE FOREST EXPT STN, PRINCETON, WV 24740 USA. RP HAMMETT, AL (reprint author), UNIV GEORGIA, SCH FOREST RESOURCES, ATHENS, GA 30602 USA. NR 29 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 41 IS 7-8 BP 70 EP 76 PG 7 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA GB532 UT WOS:A1991GB53200016 ER PT J AU GALLETTA, GJ MAAS, JL AF GALLETTA, GJ MAAS, JL TI THE EARLIGLOW STRAWBERRY SO FRUIT VARIETIES JOURNAL LA English DT Article RP GALLETTA, GJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,FRUIT LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER POMOLOGICAL SOC PI UNIVERSITY PK PA 103 TYSON BUILDING, UNIVERSITY PK, PA 16802 SN 0091-3642 J9 FRUIT VARIETIES J JI Fruit Var. J. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 45 IS 3 BP 126 EP 127 PG 2 WC Agronomy; Horticulture SC Agriculture GA GB284 UT WOS:A1991GB28400001 ER PT J AU BRITTEBO, EB ERIKSSON, C FEIL, V BAKKE, J BRANDT, I AF BRITTEBO, EB ERIKSSON, C FEIL, V BAKKE, J BRANDT, I TI TOXICITY OF 2,6-DICHLOROTHIOBENZAMIDE (CHLORTHIAMID) AND 2,6-DICHLOROBENZAMIDE IN THE OLFACTORY NASAL-MUCOSA OF MICE SO FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NADPH-CYTOCHROME-P-450 REDUCTASE; RABBIT NASAL; CYTOCHROME-P-450; TISSUES; LOCALIZATION; MICROSOMES; INHALATION; EPITHELIUM; BINDING; RATS C1 USDA ARS,METAB & RADIAT RES LAB,FARGO,ND 58105. RP BRITTEBO, EB (reprint author), SWEDISH UNIV AGR SCI,FAC VET MED,DEPT PHARMACOL & TOXICOL,BOX 573,S-75123 UPPSALA,SWEDEN. RI Brittebo, Eva/F-5005-2016 OI Brittebo, Eva/0000-0002-7644-1967 NR 22 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0272-0590 J9 FUND APPL TOXICOL JI Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 17 IS 1 BP 92 EP 102 DI 10.1016/0272-0590(91)90242-V PG 11 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA FV600 UT WOS:A1991FV60000010 PM 1916084 ER PT J AU DENG, XW CASPAR, T QUAIL, PH AF DENG, XW CASPAR, T QUAIL, PH TI COP1 - A REGULATORY LOCUS INVOLVED IN LIGHT-CONTROLLED DEVELOPMENT AND GENE-EXPRESSION IN ARABIDOPSIS SO GENES & DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE ARABIDOPSIS; GENE EXPRESSION; LIGHT REGULATION; PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS ID A/B-BINDING PROTEIN; HIGHER-PLANTS; TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION; RIBULOSE-1,5-BISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE; THALIANA; PHYTOCHROME; PROMOTER; SEQUENCE; MUTANTS; PHOTOREGULATION AB Light signals from the environment are perceived by specific regulatory photoreceptors in plants and are transduced by unknown mechanisms to genes that control growth and development. We have identified a genetic locus in Arabidopsis thaliana, which appears to play a central role in this transduction process. Mutations in this locus, designated cop1 (constitutively photomorphogenic), result in dark-grown seedlings with the morphology of wild-type seedlings grown in the light. In addition, these mutations lead to constitutive expression of an array of normally light-regulated genes in dark-grown seedlings and in light-grown adult plants placed in darkness. Promoter-reporter fusion constructs of some of these genes are constitutively expressed in dark-grown transgenic cop1 seedlings, indicating that the aberrant behavior of these genes results primarily from aberrant modulation of their promoter activities in the mutant. In contrast, light control of seed germination and diurnal control of cab gene expression is normal in the cop1 mutants. Because these mutations are recessive, we conclude that in seedlings and adult plants, the wild-type cop1 gene product normally acts in darkness to repress the expression of genes involved in the photomorphogenic developmental pathway and to promote the expression of genes involved in the dark-adaptive developmental pathway, and that regulatory photoreceptors act to reverse this action upon exposure to light. However, photocontrol of seed germination and diurnal rhythms is apparently exerted via one or more separate pathways not involving the cop1 product. C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT PLANT BIOL,BERKELEY,CA 94720. RP DENG, XW (reprint author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,USDA,CTR PLANT GENE EXPRESS,ALBANY,CA 94710, USA. NR 43 TC 353 Z9 369 U1 3 U2 31 PU COLD SPRING HARBOR LAB PRESS PI PLAINVIEW PA 1 BUNGTOWN RD, PLAINVIEW, NY 11724 SN 0890-9369 J9 GENE DEV JI Genes Dev. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 5 IS 7 BP 1172 EP 1182 DI 10.1101/gad.5.7.1172 PG 11 WC Cell Biology; Developmental Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Cell Biology; Developmental Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA FV521 UT WOS:A1991FV52100006 PM 2065972 ER PT J AU LOBARTINI, JC TAN, KH ASMUSSEN, LE LEONARD, RA HIMMELSBACH, D GINGLE, AR AF LOBARTINI, JC TAN, KH ASMUSSEN, LE LEONARD, RA HIMMELSBACH, D GINGLE, AR TI CHEMICAL AND SPECTRAL DIFFERENCES IN HUMIC MATTER FROM SWAMPS, STREAMS AND SOILS IN THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES SO GEODERMA LA English DT Article ID SCANNING ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC-RESONANCE AB There are differing opinions about the characteristics of humic matter from streams and soils. This study was conducted to determine and compare the chemical properties of humic matter from the Okefenokee swamp, Satilla river, Ohoopee river, and surrounding soils in the Georgia Coastal Plain, USA. Humic (HA) and fulvic acid (FA) were isolated from water by XAD resin and conventional NaOH methods and from soil samples by the NaOH method. The humic fractions were analyzed for total acidity, COOH, C, H, and N contents. Liquid C-13 NMR and infrared analysis were performed to determine the structural composition. The humic matter isolated from swamp and river water using XAD resin comprised of 72% FA and 28% HA, and that isolated using NaOH comprised of 60-70% FA and 30-40% HA. In contrast, humic matter extracted from soils with NaOH was 80% HA and 15% FA. The C and H contents, and spectral characteristics of HA (or FA) isolated by the XAD resin method from the swamp and river waters were similar. However, integration of NMR spectra yielded data indicating that HA from the Okefenokee swamp was more aromatic than that from river water. The conventional NaOH method yielded HA (or FA) with lower C, H and N contents, and smaller total acidity than the resin method. HA isolated by NaOH extraction from Okefenokee swamp was less aromatic than HA extracted using XAD resin, and structural differences, which may have occurred as a result of NaOH extraction, were detected by infrared spectroscopy. The conclusion was made that the NaOH method was an equally valid method as the resin method. No conclusive evidence was obtained to support the hypothesis that soil HA was more aromatic than aquatic HA. A strong signal at 55.8 ppm in the NMR spectra of black water HA, attributed to -OCH3, implied the presence of a common source component incorporated in the humic molecule of black water and soils. C1 USDA ARS,SE WATER RES LAB,TIFTON,GA 31793. USDA ARS,RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR,ATHENS,GA 30613. UNIV GEORGIA,SCH PHARM,ATHENS,GA 30602. RP LOBARTINI, JC (reprint author), UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT AGRON,ATHENS,GA 30602, USA. NR 29 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0016-7061 J9 GEODERMA JI Geoderma PD JUL PY 1991 VL 49 IS 3-4 BP 241 EP 254 DI 10.1016/0016-7061(91)90078-8 PG 14 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA FW147 UT WOS:A1991FW14700004 ER PT J AU SOMMERFELD, RA MUSSELMAN, RC REUSS, JO MOSIER, AR AF SOMMERFELD, RA MUSSELMAN, RC REUSS, JO MOSIER, AR TI PRELIMINARY MEASUREMENTS OF CO2 IN MELTING SNOW SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CARBON-DIOXIDE; SOIL AB Measurements of CO2 near the snow-soil interface showed elevated concentrations up to 2120 ppmv. Concentrations greater than 1700 ppmv were observed 0.45 m above the snow-soil interface. The increase in CO2 concentrations in the snow coincided with the beginning of melt. Measurements of the pH and alkalinity of the meltwater from the base of the snowpack were consistent with the measured CO2 levels. Decreases in pH at constant alkalinity of up to 0.8 units were associated with the excess CO2. The origin of the excess CO2 is uncertain but may be related to litter decomposition. Elevated levels of CO2 near the snow-soil interface at the start of melt could have important effects on meltwater chemistry, especially since streams at this time flow under a covering of snow preventing equilibration with atmospheric CO2. C1 USDA ARS,FT COLLINS,CO 80522. RP SOMMERFELD, RA (reprint author), USDA,FOREST SERV,ROCKY MT EXPT STN,FT COLLINS,CO 80526, USA. NR 8 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 18 IS 7 BP 1225 EP 1228 DI 10.1029/91GL01502 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA FW155 UT WOS:A1991FW15500014 ER PT J AU FAUT, M AF FAUT, M TI MAGNETIC-RESONANCE-IMAGING - A NONDESTRUCTIVE ANALYTICAL TOOL FOR DEVELOPMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article RP FAUT, M (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,FRUIT LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD JUL PY 1991 VL 26 IS 7 BP 818 EP & PG 0 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA FX537 UT WOS:A1991FX53700001 ER PT J AU MCCREIGHT, JD AF MCCREIGHT, JD TI PERSPECTIVE IN GRAPHICS SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material RP MCCREIGHT, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS,AGR RES STN,1636 E ALISAL ST,SALINAS,CA 93905, USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD JUL PY 1991 VL 26 IS 7 BP 826 EP 826 PG 1 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA FX537 UT WOS:A1991FX53700003 ER PT J AU WHITTON, B HEALY, W ROH, M AF WHITTON, B HEALY, W ROH, M TI FLOWERING OF AESCHYNANTHUS-KORAL SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE LIPSTICK VINE; FACULTATIVE LONG-DAY PLANT; DAY-NEUTRAL; TEMPERATURE-PHOTOPERIOD INTERACTIONS ID SPECIOSUS AB Aeschynanthus 'Koral' plants were grown in photoperiods of 8 to 14 hours (8 hours of natural daylight plus 0 to 6 hours of incandescent light of 3-mu-mol.m-2.s-1) beginning January, March or June. The number of weeks to anthesis and the number of leaves on flowering shoots were not affected by photoperiod but differed based on when treatments commenced. Flowering was inhibited, regardless of photoperiod, when the daily temperature differential was larger than 10C. To study the interaction of photoperiod and temperature, Aeschynanthus 'Koral' plants were grown under photoperiods of 12 or 24 hours (daylight fluorescent lamps at 4.3 mol.m-2.day-1) at 18 or 24C. After 8 weeks, plants grown at 18C had fewer nodes before the first flower bud than plants grown at 24C. Aeschynanthus 'Koral' was day-neutral at 18C, but responded as a long-day plant at 24C. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,FLORIST & NURSERY CROPS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP WHITTON, B (reprint author), UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT HORT,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742, USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD JUL PY 1991 VL 26 IS 7 BP 858 EP 859 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA FX537 UT WOS:A1991FX53700014 ER PT J AU FAUST, M LIU, DH MILLARD, MM STUTTE, GW AF FAUST, M LIU, DH MILLARD, MM STUTTE, GW TI BOUND VERSUS FREE-WATER IN DORMANT APPLE BUDS - A THEORY FOR ENDODORMANCY SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE MALUS-DOMESTICA; CHILLING; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; THIDIAZURON ID NUCLEAR MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; THIDIAZURON AB Intact apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) buds were examined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI did not excite water in unchilled apple buds and could not image it. When chilling was satisfied, images were produced. We interpret this difference to mean that water is in bound and/or structured form in dormant apple leaf buds before the chilling requirement is satisfied. Conversion of bound to free water occurred equally in the low-chilling-requirement cultivar Anna and the high-chilling-requirement cultivar Northern Spy only after 600 and 4000 hours of chilling, respectively. It appears that processes involved in satisfying chilling requirement are also converting water in buds from bound to free form. Absence of free water in dormant buds during the winter signifies endodormancy, whereas when the water is in free form, buds are ecodormant. Thidiazuron, a dormancy-breaking agent, applied to partially chilled buds is instrumental in converting water to the free form within 24 hours. Summer-dormant buds contain free water, and they could be classified only as paradormant. Based on proton profiles, ecodormant and paradormant buds cannot be distinguished but endodormant buds can be readily identified. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,ENVIRONM CHEM LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT HORT,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. RP FAUST, M (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,FRUIT LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 10 TC 76 Z9 89 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD JUL PY 1991 VL 26 IS 7 BP 887 EP 890 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA FX537 UT WOS:A1991FX53700026 ER PT J AU STAUB, JE KNERR, LD WESTON, LA AF STAUB, JE KNERR, LD WESTON, LA TI EVALUATIONS AND CORRELATED RESPONSES FOR RESISTANCE TO CHLORAMBEN HERBICIDE IN CUCUMBER SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE CUCUMIS-SATIVUS; RECURRENT SELECTION; BREEDING AB The U.S. cucumber germplasm collection (753 accessions) and U.S. adapted processing cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) inbreds and hybrids were surveyed for response to 6.7 kg ae/ha of chloramben. Nine plant introductions (PI 165952, 173892, 179676, 275411, 277741, 279464, 279465, 436609, and 482464) were classified as tolerant to chloramben, based on percentage and rate of field emergence and seedling vigor. All adapted strains evaluated were susceptible to chloramben injury. The chloramben-tolerant accessions (C0) were subjected to two cycles of recurrent half-sib family selection that resulted in 11 C2 families. These families, a susceptible adapted line (WI 2870), and the resistant PI 436609 were evaluated in the field (6.7 kg ae/ha) and laboratory (0.0, 0.01, and 0.0001 M) for response to chloramben challenge. Significant (P = 0.05) differences between families were observed for percentage emergence and phytotoxicity ratings. Correlations between emergence and phytotoxicity ratings at two dates were low (r2 = -0.32 and -0.05). Significant (P = 0.05) interfamily differences were also recorded for percentage germination, hypocotyl length, primary root length, and number of lateral roots in the laboratory. Correlated responses between these growth variables were high (r2 = 0.78 to 0.84), but correlations between field and laboratory observations were low (r2 = -0.31 to 0.24). We hypothesize that the genetic response to chloramben challenge under laboratory conditions depends on the concentration of the chemical administered. Chemical name used: 3-amino-2, 5-dichlorobenzoic acid (chloramben). C1 UNIV KENTUCKY,DEPT HORT,LEXINGTON,KY 40546. RP STAUB, JE (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT HORT,USDA ARS,MADISON,WI 53706, USA. RI Weston, Leslie/M-4557-2015 OI Weston, Leslie/0000-0002-1029-7982 NR 16 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD JUL PY 1991 VL 26 IS 7 BP 905 EP 908 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA FX537 UT WOS:A1991FX53700033 ER PT J AU NIEDZ, RP BAUSHER, MG HEARN, CJ AF NIEDZ, RP BAUSHER, MG HEARN, CJ TI DETECTION OF CITRUS LEAF AND SEED GLYCOPROTEINS USING BIOTINYLATED LECTIN PROBES SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE CONCANAVALIN-A; SDS-PAGE; ELECTROBLOTTING ID ELECTROPHORESIS AB Citrus leaf and seed glycoproteins were detected after sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and electroblotting onto polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane when probed with biotinylated lectin at 1-mu-g.ml-1. Four lectins representing three carbohydrate-binding groups were used as probes. A preformed avidin-biotin-complex (ABC) was used to detect the glycoprotein-bound lectins and resulted in dark bands and little background staining. Concanavalin A (ConA) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) resulted in the darkest-staining bands. The four Citrus spp. and one related species studied had unique seed glycoprotein profiles when probed with ConA and WGA. This procedure might be useful in clarifying citrus taxonomy, providing genetic markers, and in physiological studies involving glycoproteins. RP NIEDZ, RP (reprint author), USDA ARS,HORT RES LAB,2120 CAMDEN RD,ORLANDO,FL 32803, USA. NR 15 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD JUL PY 1991 VL 26 IS 7 BP 910 EP 913 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA FX537 UT WOS:A1991FX53700035 ER PT J AU JONES, A DUKES, PD SCHALK, JM HAMILTON, MG AF JONES, A DUKES, PD SCHALK, JM HAMILTON, MG TI I/13 AND J/8 SWEET-POTATO MASS SELECTION POPULATIONS SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Note DE IPOMOEA-BATATAS; DISEASE RESISTANCE; INSECT RESISTANCE; VEGETABLE BREEDING ID RESISTANCE C1 CLEMSON UNIV,EDISTO RES & EDUC CTR,BLACKVILLE,SC 29817. RP JONES, A (reprint author), USDA ARS,US VEGETABLE LAB,CHARLESTON,SC 29414, USA. NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD JUL PY 1991 VL 26 IS 7 BP 929 EP 930 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA FX537 UT WOS:A1991FX53700046 ER PT J AU KORTH, MJ SCHNEIDER, RA MOSELEY, SL AF KORTH, MJ SCHNEIDER, RA MOSELEY, SL TI AN F41-K88-RELATED GENETIC DETERMINANT OF BOVINE SEPTICEMIC ESCHERICHIA-COLI MEDIATES EXPRESSION OF CS31A FIMBRIAE AND ADHERENCE TO EPITHELIAL-CELLS SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; K88; DIARRHEA; HOMOLOGY; PROTEINS; ADHESIN; ORGANIZATION; ASSOCIATION; ANTIGENS; ANIMALS AB A genetic determinant related to that encoding the F41 fimbrial adhesin was cloned from a bovine septicemic isolate of Escherichia coli. This determinant was found to mediate expression of morphologically distinct fimbriae in E. coli HB101. The gene encoding the fimbrial subunit protein was identified, and the nucleotide sequence was determined. Homology with the amino-terminal amino acid sequence of CS31A (J. Girardeau, M. Der Vartanian, J. Ollier, and M. Contrepois, Infect. Immun. 56:2180-2188, 1988) was observed, suggesting that this determinant encodes expression of the CS31A fimbrial antigen. The CS31A subunit gene was found to share extensive homology in its signal sequence to the subunit genes encoding the F41 and K88 adhesins. No apparent homology between the mature F41 and CS31A subunits was identified. However, substantial relatedness to the K88 fimbrial subunit was observed. Analysis of the protein products encoded by the CS31A, F41, and K88 determinants in maxicells established that despite extensive genetic similarities between the determinants, each encodes a distinct profile of proteins. E. coli HB101 harboring the cloned CS31A determinant was found to adhere to epithelial cells in a tissue culture assay, suggesting a role for CS31A in adherence. A CS31A-specific DNA hybridization probe detected homologous sequences among enterotoxigenic as well as septicemic E. coli isolates from calves. C1 UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT MICROBIOL,SEATTLE,WA 98195. USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,AMES,IA 50010. NR 35 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 59 IS 7 BP 2333 EP 2340 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA FT922 UT WOS:A1991FT92200017 PM 1675627 ER PT J AU KNOWLES, DP PERRYMAN, LE GOFF, WL MILLER, CD HARRINGTON, RD GORHAM, JR AF KNOWLES, DP PERRYMAN, LE GOFF, WL MILLER, CD HARRINGTON, RD GORHAM, JR TI A MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY DEFINES A GEOGRAPHICALLY CONSERVED SURFACE PROTEIN EPITOPE OF BABESIA-EQUI MEROZOITES SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID ANAPLASMA-MARGINALE; MESSENGER-RNA; ANTIGENS; MALARIA; BOVIS; TRANSLATION; MECHANISMS; VACCINE AB Babesiosis is a tick-borne hemoparasitic disease affecting horses worldwide. To investigate mechanisms of immunity to this parasite, the antibody response of infected horses to Babesia equi merozoite proteins was evaluated. Immunoprecipitation of B. equi merozoite antigens with sera from infected horses revealed 11 major proteins of 210, 144, 108, 88, 70, 56, 44, 36, 34, 28, and 25 kDa. Monoclonal antibody (MAb) 36/133.97, which binds to live merozoites, immunoprecipitated proteins of 44, 36, 34, and 28 kDa. When immunoprecipitations were performed with in vitro translation products of merozoite mRNA, MAb 36/133.97 immunoprecipitated proteins of 38, 28, 26, and 23 kDa which comigrated with proteins immunoprecipitated by sera from infected horses at 10(-3) to 10(-4) dilutions. In Western blot analysis, MAb 36/133.97 recognized proteins of 44, 36, 34, and 28 kDa, and a 28-kDa protein was identified by sera from infected horses at a dilution of 10(-4). MAb 36/133.97 bound to B. equi isolates from Florida and Europe. Furthermore, the binding of MAb 36/133.97 to merozoite proteins was inhibited by sera of infected horses from 19 countries. Collectively, these data indicate MAb 36/133.97 binds to a geographically conserved peptide epitope on multiple B. equi merozoite proteins, including a merozoite surface protein, and MAb 36/133.97 reacts with a B. equi protein immunodominant in infected horses. C1 USDA,ANIM PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,NATL VET SERV LAB,AMES,IA 50010. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT VET MICROBIOL & PATHOL,PULLMAN,WA 99164. RP KNOWLES, DP (reprint author), USDA ARS,ANIM DIS RES UNIT,PULLMAN,WA 99164, USA. NR 33 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 59 IS 7 BP 2412 EP 2417 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA FT922 UT WOS:A1991FT92200028 PM 1711016 ER PT J AU LIU, JY CHENG, S AF LIU, JY CHENG, S TI SOLUTIONS OF LUIKOV EQUATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS-TRANSFER IN CAPILLARY-POROUS BODIES SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER LA English DT Article AB This paper presents an analytical method to solve the Luikov system of linear partial differential equations subject to specified initial and boundary conditions. Luikov equations are the governing equations in analyzing heat and mass diffusion problems for capillary-porous bodies. However, an analytical method to obtain complete and satisfactory solutions of these equations is still lacking in the literature. The method of solution presented in this paper is illustrated by considering the transient distributions of temperature and moisture in a slab of wood during drying. Numerical results are obtained and compared with published finite element solutions and experimental data for spruce specimens. The method should have a general application to problems of heat and mass transfer in capillary-porous bodies. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT ENGN MECH,MADISON,WI 53706. RP LIU, JY (reprint author), USDA ARS,FOREST PROD LAB,MADISON,WI 53705, USA. NR 10 TC 33 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0017-9310 J9 INT J HEAT MASS TRAN JI Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 34 IS 7 BP 1747 EP 1754 DI 10.1016/0017-9310(91)90150-D PG 8 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Thermodynamics; Engineering; Mechanics GA FT896 UT WOS:A1991FT89600014 ER PT J AU LABEDA, DP LYONS, AJ AF LABEDA, DP LYONS, AJ TI THE STREPTOMYCES-VIOLACEUSNIGER CLUSTER IS HETEROGENEOUS IN DNA RELATEDNESS AMONG STRAINS - EMENDATION OF THE DESCRIPTIONS OF S-VIOLACEUSNIGER AND STREPTOMYCES-HYGROSCOPICUS SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ACID AB The taxonomic status of strains belonging to the Streptomyces violaceusniger phenotypic cluster, including eight S. violaceusniger strains, three Streptomyces hygroscopicus strains, and the type strains of Streptomyces sparsogenes and Streptomyces melanosporofaciens, was evaluated by using DNA relatedness data. The S. violaceusniger strains were separated into seven different DNA homology groups, including four single-member clusters, at a level of DNA relatedness of > 70%. S. hygroscopicus NRRL 2387T (T = type strain) clustered with the type strain of Streptomyces endus and several S. violaceusniger strains. The other strains of S. hygroscopicus, S. sparsogenes, and S. melanosporofaciens formed single-member homology groups. RP LABEDA, DP (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,MICROBIAL PROPERTIES RES,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 11 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0020-7713 J9 INT J SYST BACTERIOL JI Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 41 IS 3 BP 398 EP 401 PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA FW520 UT WOS:A1991FW52000011 ER PT J AU ANDERSEN, RA FLEMING, PD BURTON, HR HAMILTONKEMP, TR SUTTON, TG AF ANDERSEN, RA FLEMING, PD BURTON, HR HAMILTONKEMP, TR SUTTON, TG TI NITROSATED, ACYLATED, AND OXIDIZED PYRIDINE ALKALOIDS DURING STORAGE OF SMOKELESS TOBACCOS - EFFECTS OF MOISTURE, TEMPERATURE, AND THEIR INTERACTIONS SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID BURLEY TOBACCO; CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION; NITROSAMINES; SENESCENCE; PRODUCTS; NITRITE; SNUFF AB Each of three smokeless tobaccos was adjusted to two moisture levels before storage at two temperatures. Nitrosated, acylated, and oxidized alkaloids and nitrite in moist snuff and dry snuff generally accumulated at higher rates during storage up to 1 year at high moisture (ca. 50%) and high temperature (32-degrees-C) compared to the rates at low moisture (< 22%) and low temperature (24-degrees-C). Higher moisture compared to higher temperature resulted in larger increases of nitrosated and acylated alkaloid levels and nitrite. Putative parent alkaloids and nitrate in moist and dry snuffs generally decreased during storage intervals, especially under the high-moisture-high-temperature environments. Frequent interactions occurred between effects of moisture and temperature. Concentrations of parent, nitrosated and oxidized alkaloids, nitrite and nitrate in chewing tobacco did not differ during storage among treatments. The high sugar content of chewing tobacco may have inhibited change. C1 UNIV KENTUCKY,DEPT HORT,LEXINGTON,KY 40546. UNIV KENTUCKY,DEPT AGRON,LEXINGTON,KY 40546. RP ANDERSEN, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS,LEXINGTON,KY 40546, USA. NR 25 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 39 IS 7 BP 1280 EP 1287 DI 10.1021/jf00007a017 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA FX475 UT WOS:A1991FX47500017 ER PT J AU HEDIN, PA PHILLIPS, VA DYSART, RJ AF HEDIN, PA PHILLIPS, VA DYSART, RJ TI VOLATILE CONSTITUENTS FROM HONEYSUCKLE APHIDS, HYADAPHIS-TATARICAE, AND THE HONEYSUCKLE, LONICERA-SPP - SEARCH FOR ASSEMBLING PHEROMONES SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ALARM AB Volatile fractions of the honeysuckle aphid, Hyadaphis tataricae (Aizenberg), and honeysuckle (Lonicera spp.) leaves and flowers were analyzed by GLM-MS. The aphids contained (E)-beta-farnesene, a pheromone known from other aphids. The aphids also contained 18 hydrocarbons and 4 ethyl esters, none of which were present in the plant. It is suggested that the ethyl ester may aid in the assembling of the aphids and the attack on them by their predators, several coccinellid beetles. C1 USDA ARS,NO PLAINS SOIL & WATER RES CTR,SIDNEY,MT 59270. RP HEDIN, PA (reprint author), USDA ARS,CROP SCI RES LAB,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762, USA. NR 12 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 39 IS 7 BP 1304 EP 1306 DI 10.1021/jf00007a022 PG 3 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA FX475 UT WOS:A1991FX47500022 ER PT J AU KING, JR BENSCHOTER, CA AF KING, JR BENSCHOTER, CA TI COMPARATIVE METHYL-BROMIDE RESIDUES IN FLORIDA CITRUS - A BASIS FOR PROPOSING QUARANTINE TREATMENTS AGAINST THE CARIBBEAN FRUIT-FLY SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ANASTREPHA-SUSPENSA DIPTERA; TEPHRITIDAE; FUMIGATION; GRAPEFRUIT; STORAGE AB Grapefruit and six other citrus cultivars were fumigated with methyl bromide (MB) for 2 h at dosages of 24-48 g/m3. Grapefruit was included in the same chamber in the fumigation of each of the cultivars so a direct comparison of MB sorption could be made. Fruits fumigated with 24 g/m3 MB were stored at 15.6-degrees-C and residues determined each day for 5 days to determine the rate of residue loss. After 5 days, the residues were all < 5 mg/kg. Oranges, tangerines, and tangors sorbed 1.4-1.9 times more MB compared to grapefruit. On the basis of the assumption that the amount of residual MB found in fumigated citrus fruits is a measure of, and is proportional to, the level of exposure to MB during fumigation, we propose a schedule of 30 g/m3 for 2 h for oranges, tangors, and tangerines. This schedule should provide concentrations of MB comparable to the 40 g/m3 schedule currently used against Caribbean fruit flies infesting grapefruit. RP KING, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS,SUBTROP HORT RES STN,13601 OLD CUTLER RD,MIAMI,FL 33158, USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 39 IS 7 BP 1307 EP 1309 DI 10.1021/jf00007a023 PG 3 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA FX475 UT WOS:A1991FX47500023 ER PT J AU NEUCERE, JN CLEVELAND, TE DISCHINGER, C AF NEUCERE, JN CLEVELAND, TE DISCHINGER, C TI EXISTENCE OF CHITINASE ACTIVITY IN MATURE CORN KERNELS (ZEA-MAYS-L) SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ASPERGILLUS-FLAVUS; INDUCTION; TOBACCO AB Reducing infection by Aspergillus flavus group species that produce aflatoxins in corn is an area of intense interest. One speculation is that chitinase could be a resistance factor involved in inhibiting or reducing fungal growth. Mature kernels of yellow corn (A. flavus resistant) and white corn (A. flavus susceptible) were assayed for chitinase activity. Results showed higher activity in germ tissue than in the endosperm with disparity between the two varieties. The highest activity per quantity of protein was observed in the germ of white corn and in salt fractions from whole kernel corn precipitated with 20% ammonium sulfate. From gel permeation chromatography, major chitinase activity occurred in the fractions with molecular size ranging from 14 to 25 kDa. Isoelectric focusing on acrylamide gels showed major chitinase activity in protein zones at pH 3-4. These data provide evidence that the catalytic components exist in several isozyme forms that are acidic and highly associated in the native state. RP NEUCERE, JN (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,1100 ROBERT E LEE BLVD,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70124, USA. NR 15 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 39 IS 7 BP 1326 EP 1328 DI 10.1021/jf00007a026 PG 3 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA FX475 UT WOS:A1991FX47500026 ER PT J AU TENNES, BR ZAPP, HR ARMSTRONG, PR MARSHALL, DE AF TENNES, BR ZAPP, HR ARMSTRONG, PR MARSHALL, DE TI COMBINED IMPACT SENSING AND DATA ACQUISITION UNITS FOR STUDIES OF BRUISING DURING HANDLING OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH LA English DT Article C1 MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT ELECT ENGN,E LANSING,MI 48824. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT AGR ENGN,E LANSING,MI 48824. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,FVH,USDA ARS,DEPT AGR ENGN,E LANSING,MI 48824. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0021-8634 J9 J AGR ENG RES JI J. Agr. Eng. Res. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 49 IS 3 BP 189 EP 196 DI 10.1016/0021-8634(91)80038-G PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA FW741 UT WOS:A1991FW74100002 ER PT J AU HEPPERLY, PR AF HEPPERLY, PR TI SORGHUM RUST .3. LOSSES IN HYBRIDS UNDER SEMIARID CONDITIONS SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PUERTO RICO LA English DT Article AB During the summer of 1986, experiments were conducted under semi-arid conditions in Southwestern Puerto Rico to evaluate yield losses in grain sorghum inbred lines (TAM42B and SC307, moderately resistant and susceptible to rust, respectively) and forage sorghum hybrids (Haygrazer and FS25A, moderately and very susceptible to rust, respectively). A split plot design was used in which half of each plot was sprayed with triadimefon (0.5 kg/ha) at boot stage followed by an application of oxycarboxin (1.0 kg/ha) 2 weeks thereafter, and the other half was nontreated (control). In all sorghum entries, except TAM 428, yields increased significantly (P = 0.05) with fungicidal rust control over those of nontreated plots. When treated with triadimefon and oxycarboxin, FS25A, Haygrazer, and SC307 showed 23, 16, and 39% greater yield than respective nontreated plots. Rust control increased 100-seed weights over the nontreated controls by 19, 25, and 45% for the respective varieties. Nonsignificant increases in seed density (approximately 5%) were found in the fungicide treatment in all lines. TAM 428, which did not respond to rust control, had over 75% functioning leaf area at physiological maturity (PM). In FS25A, Haygrazer, and SC307, all of which had less than 70% functioning leaf area remaining at PM, yield increased with increasing levels of functioning leaf area after fungicide treatment (r = 0.62*). Use of an eradicant nonpersistent rust fungicide (triadimefon) followed by a persistant systemic rust fungicide (oxycarboxin) gave excellent sorghum rust control during the critical stages for sorghum seed development. One-time use of different classes of fungicides should reduce development of fungicide resistant rust populations. RP HEPPERLY, PR (reprint author), USDA ARS,SAA,TROP AGR RES STN,MAYAGUEZ,PR 00809, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU PUERTO RICO AGR EXP STA PI RIO PIEDRAS PA PUBLICATIONS SECTION VENEZUELA BRANCH, RIO PIEDRAS, PR 00927 SN 0041-994X J9 J AGR U PUERTO RICO JI J. Agric. Univ. P. R. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 75 IS 3 BP 233 EP 240 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA GR280 UT WOS:A1991GR28000005 ER PT J AU GOENAGA, R CHEW, V SINGH, U AF GOENAGA, R CHEW, V SINGH, U TI ESTIMATION OF LEAF-AREA IN 3 TANIER (XANTHOSOMA SPP) CULTIVARS GROWN IN PUERTO-RICO SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PUERTO RICO LA English DT Note RP GOENAGA, R (reprint author), USDA ARS,TROP AGR RES STN,MAYAGUEZ,PR 00709, USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU PUERTO RICO AGR EXP STA PI RIO PIEDRAS PA PUBLICATIONS SECTION VENEZUELA BRANCH, RIO PIEDRAS, PR 00927 SN 0041-994X J9 J AGR U PUERTO RICO JI J. Agric. Univ. P. R. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 75 IS 3 BP 313 EP 315 PG 3 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA GR280 UT WOS:A1991GR28000017 ER PT J AU GALLETTI, GC REEVES, JB AF GALLETTI, GC REEVES, JB TI PYROLYSIS-GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY OF LIGNOCELLULOSICS IN FORAGES AND BY-PRODUCTS SO JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL AND APPLIED PYROLYSIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9TH INTERNATIONAL CONF ON FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS, ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, PROCESSES AND APPLICATIONS OF PYROLYSIS CY JUN 11-15, 1990 CL NOORDWIJKERHOUT, NETHERLANDS DE FORAGES; LIGNOCELLULOSICS; PYROLYSIS GC MS; SODIUM CHLORITE ID LIGNIN AB Pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) was performed on 14 forages and by-products treated with sodium chlorite (NaClO2), vegetative wheat plant collected over the course of a growing season and lignins extracted with dioxane/water (C4H8O2/H2O), NaOH, aqueous HCl and HF, and H2SO4 from alfalfa stem, corn stalk, red oak leaf and wheat straw. The fingerprinting of the various feeds is discussed on the basis of a semi-quantitative analysis of the pyrograms, which also depicted a large decrease in aromatic products and the presence of chlorinated phenolics after treatment with NaClO2. Chemical analyses, however, indicated large amounts of lignin to still be present. Py-GC/MS analysis of isolated lignins showed significant differences among isolation methods and indicated a significant interaction with lignin source. Results also indicated that pyrolysis products of maturing wheat straw could be useful as markers of the lignification process during growth. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP GALLETTI, GC (reprint author), CNR,CTR STUDIO CONSERVAZ FORAGGI,VIA FILIPPO RE 8,I-40126 BOLOGNA,ITALY. NR 7 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2370 J9 J ANAL APPL PYROL JI J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis PD JUL PY 1991 VL 19 BP 203 EP 212 DI 10.1016/0165-2370(91)80044-9 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA GB702 UT WOS:A1991GB70200015 ER PT J AU GAMA, LT DICKERSON, GE YOUNG, LD LEYMASTER, KA AF GAMA, LT DICKERSON, GE YOUNG, LD LEYMASTER, KA TI EFFECTS OF BREED, HETEROSIS, AGE OF DAM, LITTER SIZE, AND BIRTH-WEIGHT ON LAMB MORTALITY SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE SHEEP BREEDS; MORTALITY; DIAGNOSIS; COMPONENTS; SYNTHETIC POPULATIONS; HETEROSIS ID PURE BREEDS; COMPOSITE LINES; REPRODUCTIVE EFFICIENCY; SHEEP; COMPONENTS; SURVIVAL; EWES; GROWTH; PRODUCTIVITY; FINNSHEEP AB Sources of individual plus maternal effects on lamb mortality were studied in data collected at the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center from 1980 to 1985 for paternal and maternal breeds lambing yearly and for maternal breeds lambing at 8-mo intervals. Records included 16,881 lambs born. Breeds included were Finnsheep (F), Dorset (D), Rambouillet (R), Suffolk (S), Targhee (T), Composite 1 (C1 = F/2, D/4, R/4), Composite 2 (C2 = F/2, S/4, T/4), and Composite 3 (C3 = Columbia/2, S/4, Hampshire/4). Traits analyzed were perinatal, postnatal, and total mortality to 60 d of age and postnatal respiratory, digestive, starvation, injury, and other or unknown causes of mortality. The least squares analyses included breed, year, sire within breed year, sex, linear and quadratic season and age of dam covariates (Model 1), plus litter size (Model 2), plus birth weight (Model 3), and significant two-way interactions. Age of dam, litter size, and birth weight all had important, often quadratic, effects that differed among breeds. Models 1, 2, and 3, respectively, reduced variation by 8, 10, and 16% for perinatal, 7, 8, and 12% for postnatal, and 9, 11, and 20% for total mortality. In Model 1, breed means ranged from 3.5 to 16.2% for perinatal, 7.2 to 21.1% for postnatal, and 16.7 to 32.8% for total mortality. Respiratory and starvation problems were major causes of postnatal mortality. Heterosis for lamb survival retained in composites was 9% for C1 and 18% for C2. Mortality was 1 to 5% higher for males than for females. At the same litter size and ratio of birth weight to mature size, the more prolific breeds were superior in lamb viability and had lower optimum birth weights. C1 USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,CLAY CTR,NE 68933. RP GAMA, LT (reprint author), UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT ANIM SCI,A218,LINCOLN,NE 68583, USA. OI Gama, Luis/0000-0003-3894-3488 NR 46 TC 62 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 69 IS 7 BP 2727 EP 2743 PG 17 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA FW983 UT WOS:A1991FW98300008 PM 1885385 ER PT J AU GAMA, LT DICKERSON, GE YOUNG, LD LEYMASTER, KA AF GAMA, LT DICKERSON, GE YOUNG, LD LEYMASTER, KA TI GENETIC AND PHENOTYPIC VARIATION IN SOURCES OF PREWEANING LAMB MORTALITY SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE SHEEP BREEDS; MORTALITY; COMPONENTS; VARIATION; HERITABILITY; CORRELATION ID SURVIVAL; BREEDS; SHEEP AB Information on causes of mortality to 8 wk weaning for 16,881 lambs of 10 line-breed groups by 594 sires born over a 5-yr period was analyzed by least squares procedures to estimate sire variance and covariance components within line and year-season. Heritability estimates were approximately 5% for total mortality in the binomial scale and near 10% when converted to a normal scale. Average heritability estimates in the binomial and normal scale were, respectively, 4 and 12% for perinatal and 3 and 7% for postnatal mortality. The heritability estimates for respiratory problems were inconsistent; binomial-scale estimates ranged from 0 to 7% in different populations. Regression adjustment for effects of variation in litter size and birth weight caused only minor changes in the heritability estimates. Comparison of covariances among half-sibs vs full-sibs indicated very large maternal effects on perinatal mortality but smaller and less consistent effects on sources of postnatal mortality. Phenotypic correlations among sources of mortality indicated a 26% greater influence of postnatal than perinatal mortality on variation in total mortality, but both the genetic and phenotypic correlations between those two components were slightly negative. These results suggest that the use of family and progeny test selection for transmitted effects on both perinatal and postnatal lamb viability should be effective. C1 USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,CLAY CTR,NE 68933. RP GAMA, LT (reprint author), UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT ANIM SCI,A218,LINCOLN,NE 68583, USA. OI Gama, Luis/0000-0003-3894-3488 NR 28 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 69 IS 7 BP 2744 EP 2753 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA FW983 UT WOS:A1991FW98300009 PM 1885386 ER PT J AU JENKINS, TG CUNDIFF, LV FERRELL, CL AF JENKINS, TG CUNDIFF, LV FERRELL, CL TI DIFFERENCES AMONG BREED CROSSES OF CATTLE IN THE CONVERSION OF FOOD-ENERGY TO CALF WEIGHT DURING THE PREWEANING INTERVAL SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE COWS; MILK PRODUCTION; MATURE WEIGHT; EFFICIENCY ID LIFE-CYCLE EFFICIENCY; CROSSBRED BEEF-CATTLE; BIOLOGICAL TYPES; MILK-YIELD; COWS; REQUIREMENTS; PROGENY; MATURE; ANGUS; MAINTENANCE AB The objective of this study was to determine whether F1 cows that differ in genetic potential for weight at maturity and milk yield vary in the conversion of food energy to calf weight gain. Food intakes and weight change data were recorded by pen for cows and calves from approximately 45 d postpartum. Cows assigned to the study were 7- to 9-yr-old F1s produced by top-crossing Angus, Hereford, Brown Swiss, Chianina, Gelbvieh, Maine Anjou, and Red Poll sires to either Angus or Hereford dams. Calves were sired by Simmentals. Experimental units were pens (10 to 12 cow/calf pairs); pen was replicated within breed of sire in each of 2 yr (n = 24). Calf weight gain and energy consumed by the dams differed among the F1s, as did the ratio of calf weight gain to energy consumed by the calf and cow. Angus or Hereford (35.8), Red Poll (35.7), or Maine Anjou (35.6) F1s produced more calf weight per unit of energy consumed (g/Mcal) by the cow and calf than Chianina (33.1) or Gelbvieh (33.7) F1 females; Brown Swiss cows were intermediate (34.3). Differences in food conversion efficiency exist among breed crosses. These differences seem to be associated with breed cross differences in genetic potential for milk yield and mature weight; an exception to this trend was the Maine Anjou. RP JENKINS, TG (reprint author), USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. NR 27 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 69 IS 7 BP 2762 EP 2769 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA FW983 UT WOS:A1991FW98300011 PM 1885388 ER PT J AU LONG, TE JOHNSON, RK KEELE, JW AF LONG, TE JOHNSON, RK KEELE, JW TI EFFECTS OF SELECTION OF DATA ON ESTIMATES OF BREEDING VALUES BY 3 METHODS FOR LITTER SIZE, BACKFAT, AND AVERAGE DAILY GAIN IN SWINE SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE PIGS; SELECTION INDEX; BLUP; SELECTION; GENETIC GAIN ID LIKELIHOOD; RECORDS AB Estimated breeding value was calculated based on individual phenotype (SP), an index of individual phenotype and full- and half-sib family averages (SI), or Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP). Traits considered were litter size (LS), backfat (BF), and ADG. Estimated breeding values were calculated using all data and after deletion of the poorest 5, 10, 15, or 20% of the records for BF and ADG, or 4.8, 8, 13, or 21% of the records for LS. When all data were used, expected genetic gain from BLUP was greater than for SP by 22, 7, and 31% and greater than for SI by 10, 4, and 21% for LS, BF, and ADG, respectively. Expected genetic gain was 4, 0, and 3% lower for LS, BF, and ADG, respectively, for selection on breeding values estimated by SI after the poorest 20% of the records were deleted compared with selection on estimates by SI using all the data. Genetic gain using BLUP on data with the poorest 20% of the records deleted was reduced by 5, 2, and 8% for LS, BF, and ADG, respectively, compared with genetic gain using BLUP on all the data. The advantage in genetic gain of BLUP, with 20% of the poorest records deleted, over SP was 15, 5, and 21% for LS, BF, and ADG, respectively. Although BLUP is affected to a greater degree by deletion of records than is SP or SI, selection of swine using BLUP on field data would improve response to selection over the use of SP or SI. C1 UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT ANIM SCI,LINCOLN,NE 68583. USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,CLAY CTR,NE 68933. NR 13 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 69 IS 7 BP 2787 EP 2794 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA FW983 UT WOS:A1991FW98300014 PM 1885391 ER PT J AU GREGORY, KE LUNSTRA, DD CUNDIFF, LV KOCH, RM AF GREGORY, KE LUNSTRA, DD CUNDIFF, LV KOCH, RM TI BREED EFFECTS AND HETEROSIS IN ADVANCED GENERATIONS OF COMPOSITE POPULATIONS FOR PUBERTY AND SCROTAL TRAITS OF BEEF-CATTLE SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE CATTLE; HETEROSIS; BREED DIFFERENCES; SIZE; PUBERTY; SCROTUM ID GROWTH AB Heterosis effects were evaluated in F1, F2, and F3 generations of females and in the F1, F2, and combined F3 and F4 generations of males in three composite populations of beef cattle. Traits included weight, height, and condition scores at different ages, percentage of females reaching puberty at 368, 410, and 452 d, adjusted age, and adjusted weight of females at puberty and scrotal circumference and paired testicular volume of males. Breed effects were evaluated for the nine parental breeds (Red Poll [R], Hereford [H], Angus [A], Limousin [L], Braunvieh [B], Pinzgauer [P], Gelbvieh [G], Simmental [S], and Charolais [C]) that contributed to the three composite populations (MARC I = 1/4 C, 1/4 B, 1/4 L, 1/8 H, 1/8 A; MARC II = 1/4 G, 1/4 S, 1/4 H, 1/4 A; and MARC III = 1/4 P, 1/4 H, 1/4 A). Breed effects were significant for all traits evaluated. Heterosis was significant for weight, height, and condition score at all ages and for most measures of puberty in each generation of each composite and for the mean of the three composite populations. Heterosis for age at puberty was largely independent of heterosis effects on 368-d weight. Heterosis was significant for scrotal circumference and paired testicular volume in each generation of each composite and for the mean of the three composite populations. Heterosis effects on scrotal measurements are mediated both through heterosis effects on growth rate and through factors that are independent of growth rate. Correlation coefficients among breed group means and correlations of breed rank for scrotal measurements with puberty traits of females were greater-than-or-equal-to .88 (P < .01) for all puberty traits except weight at puberty, which was not associated with scrotal measurements. There was close agreement in heterosis observed for most traits and expectation based on retained heterozygosity. These results support the hypothesis that heterosis in cattle for size, puberty, and scrotal measurement traits is due to dominance effects of genes. RP GREGORY, KE (reprint author), USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. NR 18 TC 48 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 69 IS 7 BP 2795 EP 2807 PG 13 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA FW983 UT WOS:A1991FW98300015 PM 1885392 ER PT J AU POMAR, C HARRIS, DL SAVOIE, P MINVIELLE, F AF POMAR, C HARRIS, DL SAVOIE, P MINVIELLE, F TI COMPUTER-SIMULATION MODEL OF SWINE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS .3. A DYNAMIC HERD SIMULATION-MODEL INCLUDING REPRODUCTION SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE HERD STRUCTURE; MODELS; SOWS; PIGS; REPRODUCTION; SIMULATION ID 1ST-LITTER SOWS; 1ST ESTRUS; PUBERTY ATTAINMENT; POSTWEANING ESTRUS; PRIMIPAROUS SOWS; ESTROUS ACTIVITY; ENERGY-INTAKE; FOOD-INTAKE; GILTS; PERFORMANCE AB A dynamic herd simulation model for a swine production unit has been developed. The model is discrete and stochastic and the appropriate random distributions have been defined from the literature or empirically estimated. Theoretical concepts and relationships presented previously are used to simulate growth and the overall life cycle of individual animals. Simulated animals are young pigs (from birth to slaughter age), gilts, and sows. Animal events are farrowing, weaning, mating, end-nursery (transfer from nursery to the growing-finishing facility), and slaughter and are processed individually using a next-event scheduling orientation package. Animals within the herd are culled for different health and reproductive reasons. Genetic parameters, diet composition, and herd management are input variables chosen by the user. The effects of nutrition, genetics, season, and other factors on several reproductive parameters are considered. Model evaluation is performed by studying the output of the model under specified herd situations. The herd model adequately simulates animal flow and dynamics of the herd. C1 UNIV LAVAL,DEPT ZOOTECH,QUEBEC CITY G1K 7P4,QUEBEC,CANADA. USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,CLAY CTR,NE 68933. RP POMAR, C (reprint author), AGR CANADA,RECH STN,CP 90,LENNOXVILLE J1M 1Z3,QUEBEC,CANADA. NR 58 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 69 IS 7 BP 2822 EP 2836 PG 15 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA FW983 UT WOS:A1991FW98300018 PM 1885394 ER PT J AU LEYMASTER, KA MERSMANN, HJ AF LEYMASTER, KA MERSMANN, HJ TI EFFECT OF LIMITED FEED-INTAKE ON GROWTH OF SUBCUTANEOUS ADIPOSE-TISSUE LAYERS AND ON CARCASS COMPOSITION IN SWINE SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE PIGS; FEED INTAKE; FOOD RESTRICTION; BACKFAT; SUBCUTANEOUS FAT; CARCASS COMPOSITION ID GROWING SWINE; BACKFAT; CELLULARITY; PIGS; FAT AB Little is known about the function of individual backfat layers in swine. Our ojective in this study was to evaluate differential growth of each backfat layer in pigs fed different amounts of the same diet. Relationships of growth of backfat layers to deposition of carcass protein and ether extract were also studied. Feed intake levels were ad libitum, 92.5% of ad libitum, and 85% of ad libitum for 36 barrows averaging 95 d of age and 37.8 kg of weight at the start of the study. Chemical composition of the carcass soft tissue was determined at the end of the 84-d study. Daily gain tended to decrease (P < .10) and conversion of feed to gain improved (P < .15) as feed intake decreased. The daily depositions (g/d) of protein and ether extract were 62.9 and 205 for the ad libitum group, 61.1 and 176 for the 92.5% intake group, and 59.3 and 153 for the 85% intake group, respectively. The compositional effect of limiting feed intake for 84 d was to produce less carcass soft tissue of greater lean content. Overall backfat depths were 31.5, 29.6, and 27.8 mm for the ad libitum, 92.5, and 85% intake groups, respectively. The outer backfat layer differed among groups; the 92.5 and 85% groups were thinner than the ad libitum group. Relative to the ad libitum group, the change in depth of the middle backfat layer was 86 and 75% for the 92.5 and 85% intake groups (P < .01). The inner backfat layer was not affected significantly by level of feed intake. Depths of the outer and middle layers and overall backfat depth were positively correlated with daily deposition of ether extract (P < .01) but insignificantly correlated with daily protein deposition. Changes in overall backfat depth due to level of feed intake were predominantly associated with the middle layer. C1 CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,HOUSTON,TX 77030. RP LEYMASTER, KA (reprint author), USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,POB 166,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. RI Wilkinson, Stuart/C-2802-2013 NR 24 TC 32 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 69 IS 7 BP 2837 EP 2843 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA FW983 UT WOS:A1991FW98300019 PM 1885395 ER PT J AU TOWNSEND, WE SNOOK, ME STUEDEMANN, JA WILSON, RL AF TOWNSEND, WE SNOOK, ME STUEDEMANN, JA WILSON, RL TI EFFECT OF LEVEL OF ENDOPHYTE INFECTION, NITROGEN-FERTILIZATION RATE, GRAZING PERIOD, AND PADDOCK EXCHANGE ON SOME CHEMICAL-PROPERTIES OF 4 BOVINE-TISSUES SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE STEERS; FESTUCA POISONING; FATTY ACIDS; FESTUCA GRASSES ID FATTY-ACID COMPOSITION; DRY COLUMN METHOD; TALL FESCUE; EPICHLOE-TYPHINA; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; STEERS; MUSCLE; CHOLESTEROL; COWS AB Three grazing experiments were conducted to determine the effect of level of endophyte infection, rate of N fertilization of tall fescue grass, grazing period, and paddock exchange on selected chemical properties of four bovine carcass tissues. Samples of semitendinosus and longissimus muscle and of subcutaneous and perinephric adipose tissue were excised from the left side of each carcass. In Exp. 1, percentage of stearic acid was higher (P < .05) and percentages of palmitoleic and oleic acid were lower (P < .05) in all tissues from steers grazed on LELN Au-Triumph fescue than in tissues from steers grazed on LELN KY-31 fescue. Grazing periods of 175 or 245 d or paddock exchange (Exp. 2) had no significant effect on proximate composition of semitendinosus and longissimus muscles; however, moisture content was higher (P < .05) in the semitendinosus muscle from steers grazed on 100% (100E) endophyte-infected KY-31 fescue. Forage treatment, grazing period, and paddock exchange (Exp. 2 and 3) had no significant effect on percentage of saturated fatty acids in the subcutaneous, semitendinosus, and longissimus tissue samples. In Exp. 2 and 3, percentages of saturated fatty acids were higher (P < .05) in subcutaneous and perinephric adipose tissue samples from steers grazed on 100E than in samples from steers grazed on zero endophyte (0E) fescue. In general, the results of Exp. 2 and 3 suggest that steers grazed on 100E KY-31 tall fescue grass convert more of the total fatty acids to saturated fatty acids than do steers grazed on 0E fescue, and, thus, this shift in metabolism could be a precursor to the condition known as "fat necrosis" that has been observed in cattle grazed on endophyte-infected tall fescue grass. C1 USDA ARS,RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR,BIOMETR UNIT,ATHENS,GA 30613. USDA ARS,RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR,TOBACCO SAFETY RES UNIT,ATHENS,GA 30613. USDA,ARS,SO PIEDMONT CONSERVAT RES CTR,WATKINSVILLE,GA 30677. RP TOWNSEND, WE (reprint author), USDA ARS,RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR,POULTRY PROC & MEAT QUAL RES UNIT,ATHENS,GA 30613, USA. NR 25 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 69 IS 7 BP 2871 EP 2882 PG 12 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA FW983 UT WOS:A1991FW98300023 PM 1653201 ER PT J AU REXROAD, CE MAYO, K BOLT, DJ ELSASSER, TH MILLER, KF BEHRINGER, RR PALMITER, RD BRINSTER, RL AF REXROAD, CE MAYO, K BOLT, DJ ELSASSER, TH MILLER, KF BEHRINGER, RR PALMITER, RD BRINSTER, RL TI TRANSFERRIN-DIRECTED AND ALBUMIN-DIRECTED EXPRESSION OF GROWTH-RELATED PEPTIDES IN TRANSGENIC SHEEP SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE TRANSGENICS; SHEEP; GENES; GROWTH; HORMONES; HYPOTHALAMIC RELEASING HORMONES ID HORMONE-RELEASING-FACTOR; FACTOR-I; GENE-TRANSFER; FUSION GENES; PLASMA-CONCENTRATIONS; SOMATOMEDIN-C; MICE; PROMOTER; MICROINJECTION; ANIMALS AB Chimeric genes containing either the mouse transferrin (Trf) enhancer/promoter fused to the structural sequences encoding bovine growth hormone (GH) or the mouse albumin (Alb) enhancer/promoter fused to the gene for human growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) were microinjected into sheep zygotes. A low percentage of resulting transgenic sheep chronically expressed the respective genes, resulting in elevated plasma concentrations of circulating GH or GRF, respectively. Growth hormone-releasing factor expression induced elevated plasma levels of endogenous GH production. In addition, elevated levels of circulating insulin-like growth factor-I were observed in the bovine GH-expressing Trf transgenic sheep. Growth of these founder transgenic sheep relative to controls were not enhanced. In part, this may be due to the development of the diabetic condition exhibited by both transgenic groups. These results demonstrate that the mouse Trf and Alb enhancer/promoters are active in sheep and suggest that alternate strategies for expressing growth-related genes may be required to modulate growth in sheep. RP REXROAD, CE (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,RUMINANT NUTR LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. FU NICHD NIH HHS [HD 19018] NR 30 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 69 IS 7 BP 2995 EP 3004 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA FW983 UT WOS:A1991FW98300037 PM 1715850 ER PT J AU SLYTER, LL RUMSEY, TS AF SLYTER, LL RUMSEY, TS TI EFFECT OF COLIFORM BACTERIA, FEED DEPRIVATION, AND PH ON RUMINAL D-LACTIC ACID PRODUCTION BY STEER OR CONTINUOUS-CULTURE MICROBIAL-POPULATIONS CHANGED FROM FORAGE TO CONCENTRATES SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE RUMINAL BACTERIA; COLIFORM BACTERIA; LACTATES; LACTOBACILLUS; INTESTINES; FECES ID RUMEN MICROORGANISMS; INVITRO; SHEEP; HEIFERS; INVIVO AB Fecal coliform bacteria were isolated from three herbivores (cattle, horse, and red panda) and shown to produce primarily the D-form of lactate, plus acetate and ethanol when grown anaerobically in 1.0% glucose broth. To evaluate coliform contribution to D-lactate acidosis in cattle, experiments involving a forage-adapted steer (fasted or normally fed) and four 500-ml fermentors were compared during 3 d of grain overload. In both systems, coliforms and D- and L-lactic acid production were greater from fasted than from normally fed steer inoculum. With fasted inoculum, coliform counts peaked (3 x 10(7)/ml at 7 h after initial engorgement) and receded to 10(3)/ml by the time D-lactate concentration peaked, indicating that bacteria other than coliform were responsible for the delayed peaking of D- (48 h) compared with L-lactate (24 h). Increases in lactobacilli more closely mimicked D-lactate increases than did changes in coliforms. The comparisons between the steer and fermentors showed many similar shifts in end-products and groups of bacteria, more so with the experiment initiated with fasted than with normal inoculum. With normal inoculum, VFA content and moles of butyrate/100 mol of VFA were greater in vitro than in vivo; VFA content presumably was larger because of VFA absorption in vivo. In a separate experiment, cultures initiated with identical inoculum and given the same amount of feed accumulated more lactate when pH was permitted to decrease to 5.0 than when pH was maintained at 5.5 for 6.0 or above, indicating the role buffers can have in controlling acidosis during diet change to concentrates. RP SLYTER, LL (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,RUMINANT LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 44 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 69 IS 7 BP 3055 EP 3066 PG 12 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA FW983 UT WOS:A1991FW98300043 PM 1885414 ER PT J AU MATTHEWS, KR OLIVER, SP GUIDRY, AJ AF MATTHEWS, KR OLIVER, SP GUIDRY, AJ TI ENCAPSULATION OF COAGULASE-NEGATIVE STAPHYLOCOCCI OF BOVINE ORIGIN SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SLIME PRODUCTION; AUREUS; MASTITIS; IDENTIFICATION; EXPRESSION; SURFACE; STRAIN; MILK AB Capsule expression was assessed in six coagulase-negative staphylococcal strains in serum-soft agar and by india ink and electron microscopy. Classification of strains as encapsulated by serum-soft agar and india ink methods differed. Staphylococcus chromogenes, Staph. hyicus, and Staph. simulans grew as diffuse colonies in serum-soft agar and unstained halos were detected in india ink preparations. Staphylococcus hominis and Staph. simulans grew as diffuse colonies in serum-soft agar but no unstained halo was seen in india ink preparations. Staphylococcus hyicus was the only strain that gave negative results with serum-soft agar and india ink assays. Conventional electron microscopy revealed the presence of capsular polysaccharides on the cell surface of Staph. chromogenes, Staph. hominis and Staph. hyicus. Conventional electron microscopic technique used to examine the surface of cells was detrimental to capsule structure. During dehydration the capsule collapsed and appeared as electron dense aggregates at the surface of cells. To confirm results of conventional electron microscopy and to visualize clearly the cell surface, encapsulated Staph. hyicus and unencapsulated Staph. simulans were observed after freeze-fracture and etching by scanning electron microscopy. The fibrous nature of capsular polysaccharies surrounding cells of Staph. hyicus were distinct and confirmed observation by conventional electron microscopy. A rapid transmission electron microscopic technique is described also for observation of capsule. Results of the rapid TEM method agreed with conventional TEM and SEM. The finding that coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from bovine milk are capable of capsule production may be important when investigating pathogenicity of these micro-organisms. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP MATTHEWS, KR (reprint author), UNIV TENNESSEE,INST AGR,DEPT ANIM SCI,109 MCCORD HALL,KNOXVILLE,TN 37901, USA. NR 24 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0021-8847 J9 J APPL BACTERIOL JI J. Appl. Bacteriol. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 71 IS 1 BP 38 EP 45 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA FU848 UT WOS:A1991FU84800005 PM 1716624 ER PT J AU ROSS, DG FOX, DG AF ROSS, DG FOX, DG TI EVALUATION OF AN AIR-POLLUTION ANALYSIS SYSTEM FOR COMPLEX TERRAIN SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID AMS WORKSHOP AB This paper describes results from a study to evaluate components of an operational air quality modeling system for complex terrain. In particular, the Cinder Cone Butte (CCB) "modeler's dataset" is used to evaluate the current technique for incorporating terrain influences and atmospheric stability into the system's 3D diagnostic wind-field model. The wind-field model is used in conjunction with a Gaussian puff model to compare predicted and observed tracer concentrations for different configurations, chosen to highlight the influence of the model's technique for incorporating terrain and atmospheric stability in the final flow field. A quantitative statistical basis, including the use of a bootstrap resampling procedure to estimate confidence limits for the performance measures, is used for the evaluation. The results show that the model's technique for incorporating terrain and atmospheric stability yields a significant improvement in predictive performance. Even when only routinely available input data are used, the performance is shown to be as good as that of models based directly on the CCB dataset itself. C1 USDA,ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,FT COLLINS,CO. RP ROSS, DG (reprint author), MONASH UNIV,CTR APPL MATH MODELLING,POB 197 CAULFIELD E,MELBOURNE,VIC 3145,AUSTRALIA. NR 21 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 30 IS 7 BP 909 EP 923 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(1991)030<0909:EOAAPA>2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA FX373 UT WOS:A1991FX37300001 ER PT J AU PINE, RT ANDERSON, LWJ AF PINE, RT ANDERSON, LWJ TI PLANT PREFERENCES OF TRIPLOID GRASS CARP SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC PLANT MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE BIOCONTROL; CTENOPHARYNGODON-IDELLA; GROSS ENERGY; KJELDAHL PROTEIN ID CTENOPHARYNGODON-IDELLA; FLOWING WATER; RATES; FISH AB Aquatic plants commonly found in irrigation ditches and farm ponds in northern California were presented to two year old triploid grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella Val.) to determine feeding preference. The experiment was conducted over a 5-month period beginning in June. Three species of plants were presented during each trial and plant species were overlapped. It was assumed that the rankings established in pairwise comparisons could be extrapolated to the entire group. Order of grass carp preference for aquatic plants was the following: American pondweed (Potamogeton nodosus Poir.) > dioecious hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata (L. f.) Royle > elodea (Elodea nuttallii Planch. > egeria (Egeria densa Planch.) > curlyleaf pondweed (P. crispus L.) > waterprimrose (Ludwigia peploides (HBK) Raven) > sago pondweed (P. pectinatus L.) > chara (Chara flexilis L.) > spikerush (Eleocharis acicularis L.) > parrot-feather (Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vellozo) Verdcourt) > Eurasian watermilfoil (M. spicatum L.) > waterhyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes Mart.). Coontail (Ceratophyllum demersum L.) was uprooted, floated to the surface, and was not eaten. Kjeldahl protein and gross energy of the plants were determined and not found to be correlated with preference. RP PINE, RT (reprint author), UNIV CALIF DAVIS,USDA ARS,DEPT BOT,DAVIS,CA 95616, USA. NR 15 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 10 PU AQUATIC PLANT MANAGEMENT SOC, INC PI CLERMONT PA PO BOX 121086, CLERMONT, FL 34712-1086 SN 0146-6623 J9 J AQUAT PLANT MANAGE JI J. Aquat. Plant Manage. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 29 BP 80 EP 82 PG 3 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA GF535 UT WOS:A1991GF53500004 ER PT J AU SENOCK, RS BARROW, JR GIBBENS, RP HERBEL, CH AF SENOCK, RS BARROW, JR GIBBENS, RP HERBEL, CH TI ECOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE POLYPLOID SHRUB ATRIPLEX-CANESCENS (CHENOPODIACEAE) GROWING INSITU IN THE NORTHERN CHIHUAHUAN DESERT SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article ID TALL FESCUE; RIBULOSE-1,5-BISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; LEAF; EXCHANGE; TRANSPIRATION; EXPRESSION; ANATOMY; ALFALFA; LEAVES C1 USDA ARS,JORNADA EXPTL RANGE,WASHINGTON,DC 20250. NEW MEXICO STATE UNIV,DEPT 3JER,LAS CRUCES,NM 88003. NR 41 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 21 IS 1 BP 45 EP 57 PG 13 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA FW366 UT WOS:A1991FW36600006 ER PT J AU KINSCHERF, TG COLEMAN, RH BARTA, TM WILLIS, DK AF KINSCHERF, TG COLEMAN, RH BARTA, TM WILLIS, DK TI CLONING AND EXPRESSION OF THE TABTOXIN BIOSYNTHETIC REGION FROM PSEUDOMONAS-SYRINGAE SO JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BETA-LACTAM; PV TABACI; GLUTAMINE-SYNTHETASE; SELF-PROTECTION; TOXIN; GENE; MONOBACTAMS; INHIBITION; PLASMIDS; GLYCINEA AB Pseudomonas syringae BR2, a causal agent of bean wildfire, was subjected to Tn5 mutagenesis in an effort to isolate mutants unable to produce the beta-lactam antibiotic tabtoxin. Three of the tabtoxin-minus (Tox-) mutants generated appeared to have physically linked Tn5 insertions and retained their resistance to the active toxin form, tabtoxinine-beta-lactam (T-beta-L). The wild-type DNA corresponding to the mutated region was cloned and found to restore the Tn5 mutants to toxin production. The use of cloned DNA from the region as hybridization probes revealed that the region is highly conserved among tabtoxin-producing pathovars of P. syringae and that the region deletes at a relatively high frequency (10(-3)/CFU) in BR2. The Tox- deletion mutants also lost resistance to tabtoxinine-beta-lactam. A cosmid designated pRTBL823 restored toxin production and resistance to BR2 deletion mutants. This cosmid also converted the tabtoxin-naive P. syringae epiphyte Cit7 to toxin production and resistance, indicating that pRTBL823 contains a complete set of biosynthetic and resistance genes. Tox- derivatives of BR2 did not produce disease symptoms on bean. Clones that restored toxin production to both insertion and deletion mutants also restored the ability to cause disease. However, tabtoxin-producing Cit7 derivatives remained nonpathogenic on bean and tobacco, suggesting that tabtoxin production alone is not sufficient to cause disease. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,MADISON,WI 53706. UNIV WISCONSIN,USDA ARS,PLANT DIS RESISTANCE UNIT,MADISON,WI 53706. NR 56 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0021-9193 J9 J BACTERIOL JI J. Bacteriol. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 173 IS 13 BP 4124 EP 4132 PG 9 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA FV039 UT WOS:A1991FV03900025 PM 1648077 ER PT J AU LIAO, CH AF LIAO, CH TI CLONING OF PECTATE LYASE GENE PEL FROM PSEUDOMONAS-FLUORESCENS AND DETECTION OF SEQUENCES HOMOLOGOUS TO PEL IN PSEUDOMONAS-VIRIDIFLAVA AND PSEUDOMONAS-PUTIDA SO JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SODIUM DODECYL-SULFATE; MOLECULAR-CLONING; POLYGALACTURONIC ACID; ERWINIA-CHRYSANTHEMI; PECTIC ENZYMES; CELL-WALLS; YERSINIA; ORGANIZATION; PURIFICATION; VEGETABLES AB Pectate lyase (PL) depolymerizes pectin and other polygalacturonates (PGAs) and is thought to play a role in bacterial invasion of plants. Production of PL by the soft-rotting pathogen Pseudomonas fluorescens CY091 is regulated by Ca2+. In the presence of Ca2+, this bacterium constitutively synthesizes PL in media containing glucose, glycerol, or PGA and excretes over 87% of total PL into culture fluids. In the absence of Ca2+, the organism fails to use PGA as a carbon source and produces very low levels of PL in media containing glucose or glycerol. Of the small amount of PL produced by the bacterium in Ca2+-deficient media, over 78% was detected within the cells, indicating that Ca2+ is critical not only for the production but also for the secretion of PL. The pel gene, encoding an alkaline PL (pI 10.0, M(r) 41,000) was cloned and located on the overlapping region of a 4.3-kb SalI and a 7.1-kb EcoRI fragment. The 7.1-kb EcoRI fragment appears to contain a promoter for pel gene expression. A 1.7-kb SalI-XhoI subfragment of the 4.3-kb SalI fragment was cloned into pUC18 to give pROTM2. Escherichia coli cells carrying pROTM2 produce 50 to 100 times more PL than do cells carrying other pectolytic constructs. Production of PL by E. coli(pROTM2) was not affected by carbon sources or by Ca2+. The pI and M(r) of PL from E. coli corresponded to values for its counterpart from P. fluorescens. A 0.7-kb BglII-ClaI fragment encoding the pel structural sequence was used to detect pel homologs in various species of fluorescent pseudomonads. Homologous sequences were observed in 10 of 11 strains of P. fluorescens, P. viridiflava, and P. putida. The pel gene in fluorescent pseudomonads is well conserved and may exist and remain repressed in certain strains or species which exhibit nonpectolytic phenotypes under laboratory conditions. RP LIAO, CH (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 46 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0021-9193 J9 J BACTERIOL JI J. Bacteriol. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 173 IS 14 BP 4386 EP 4393 PG 8 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA FX327 UT WOS:A1991FX32700018 PM 1906062 ER PT J AU JOERGER, RD WOLFINGER, ED BISHOP, PE AF JOERGER, RD WOLFINGER, ED BISHOP, PE TI THE GENE ENCODING DINITROGENASE REDUCTASE-2 IS REQUIRED FOR EXPRESSION OF THE 2ND ALTERNATIVE NITROGENASE FROM AZOTOBACTER-VINELANDII SO JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; STRUCTURAL GENES; MUTATIONAL ANALYSIS; FIXATION SYSTEMS; MUTAGENESIS; CLUSTER; NIFA; MOBILIZATION; MOLYBDENUM AB Under diazotrophic conditions in the absence of molybdenum (Mo) and vanadium (V), Azotobacter vinelandii reduces N2 to NH4+ by using nitrogenase 3 (encoded by anfHDGK). However, dinitrogenase reductase 2 (encoded by vnfH) is also expressed under these conditions even though this protein is a component of the V-containing alternative nitrogenase. Mutant strains that lack dinitrogenase reductase 2 (VnfH-) grow slower than the wild-type strain in N-free, Mo-, and V-deficient medium. In this medium, these strains synthesize dinitrogenase reductase 1 (a component of the Mo-containing nitrogenase encoded by nifH), even though this component is not normally synthesized in the absence of Mo. Strains that lack both dinitrogenase reductases 1 and 2 (NifH- VnfH-) are unable to grow diazotrophically in Mo- and V-deficient medium. In this medium, NifH- VnfH- strains containing an anfH-lacZ transcriptional fusion exhibited less than 3% of the beta-galactosidase activity observed in the wild type with the same fusion. Beta-Galactosidase activity expressed by VnfH- mutants containing the anfH-lacZ fusion ranged between 57 and 78% of that expressed by the wild type containing the same fusion. Thus, expression of dinitrogenase reductase 2 seems to be required for transcription of the anfHDGK operon, although, in VnfH- mutants, dinitrogenase reductase 1 appears to serve this function. Active dinitrogenase reductase 1 or 2 is probably required for this function since a nifM deletion mutant containing the anfH-lacZ fusion was unable to synthesize beta-galactosidase above background levels. An anfA deletion strain containing the anfH-lacZ fusion exhibited beta-galactosidase activity at 16% of that of the wild type containing the same fusion. However, in the presence of NH4+, the beta-galactosidase activity expressed by this strain more than doubled. This indicates that AnfA is required not only for normal levels of anfHDGK transcription but also for NH4+- and, to a lesser extent, Mo-mediated repression of this transcription. C1 USDA ARS,RALEIGH,NC 27695. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT MICROBIOL,RALEIGH,NC 27695. NR 33 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0021-9193 J9 J BACTERIOL JI J. Bacteriol. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 173 IS 14 BP 4440 EP 4446 PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA FX327 UT WOS:A1991FX32700025 PM 1906063 ER PT J AU LEWIS, WJ TUMLINSON, JH KRASNOFF, S AF LEWIS, WJ TUMLINSON, JH KRASNOFF, S TI CHEMICALLY MEDIATED ASSOCIATIVE LEARNING - AN IMPORTANT FUNCTION IN THE FORAGING BEHAVIOR OF MICROPLITIS-CROCEIPES (CRESSON) SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE MICROPLITIS-CROCEIPES; HYMENOPTERA; BRACONIDAE; PARASITOID; HOST-FINDING; BEHAVIOR; FECES ODORS; ATTRACTION; 13-METHYLHENTRIACONTANE; ASSOCIATIVE LEARNING ID AIRBORNE SEMIOCHEMICALS; HOST-SEEKING; HYMENOPTERA-BRACONIDAE; LEPIDOPTERA-NOCTUIDAE; FLIGHT BEHAVIOR; HELIOTHIS; LOCATION; PARASITE; PLANT AB When experienced by contact with feces from hosts feeding on cowpeas, laboratory-reared females of Microplitis croceipes, a larval parasitoid of Heliothis spp., orient and fly to odors of the same feces, whereas naive laboratory-reared females do not. Flight-tunnel studies revealed that associative learning occurs during female encounters with hosts and host products. When females antennate host feces, they learn to recognize the volatile odors associated with the feces. Females even can be conditioned to respond to novel and otherwise unattractive odors such as vanilla extract by exposure to these volatile substances in association with a water extract of the feces. They apparently link the volatile odors with a nonvolatile host-specific recognition chemical found in the feces. The antennating stimulant, 13-methylhentriacontane, was found to be a valuable ingredient, apparently as a facilitator of the initial antennation and subsequent linkage of the volatiles to the nonvolatile host recognition cue. C1 USDA ARS,INSECT ATTRACTANTS BEHAV & BASIC BIOL RES LAB,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604. BOYCE THOMPSON INST PLANT RES,ITHACA,NY 14853. RP LEWIS, WJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,INSECT BIOL & POPULAT MANAGEMENT RES LAB,POB 748,TIFTON,GA 31793, USA. RI Tumlinson, James/G-8358-2011 NR 16 TC 34 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 2 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 17 IS 7 BP 1309 EP 1325 DI 10.1007/BF00983764 PG 17 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA FX301 UT WOS:A1991FX30100002 PM 24257792 ER PT J AU MAGYAR, T RIMLER, RB AF MAGYAR, T RIMLER, RB TI DETECTION AND ENUMERATION OF TOXIN-PRODUCING PASTEURELLA-MULTOCIDA WITH A COLONY-BLOT ASSAY SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ATROPHIC RHINITIS; BORDETELLA-BRONCHISEPTICA; STRAINS; PIGS; SWINE; VIRULENCE AB Colonies of toxin-producing Pasteurella multocida were detected with peroxidase-labeled monoclonal antibodies by a membrane assay. Examination of the specificity of the assay with 29 P. multocida cultures representing various geographic origins, hosts, and serotypes indicated that the test was specific for toxin-producing strains. No cross-reactions were observed with Bordetella species that can be associated with P. multocida in producing diseases in animals. A single membrane could be used to assay several isolated strains for toxin production or to enumerate toxin-producing colonies in mixed cultures. Toxin-producing P. multocida colonies were detected in primary cultures; hence, the assay appears to have good potential for widespread application with clinical samples. C1 USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,AVIAN DIS RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010. HUNGARIAN ACAD SCI,VET MED RES INST,H-1581 BUDAPEST,HUNGARY. RI Magyar, Tibor/E-8693-2012 NR 27 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 29 IS 7 BP 1328 EP 1332 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA FT634 UT WOS:A1991FT63400011 PM 1885729 ER PT J AU CLARK, DH LAMB, RC AF CLARK, DH LAMB, RC TI NEAR-INFRARED REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY - A SURVEY OF WAVELENGTH SELECTION TO DETERMINE DRY-MATTER DIGESTIBILITY SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE LEGUMES; GRASSES; DIGESTIBILITY; SPECTRAL DATA ID CELLULASE DIGESTION; FORAGE QUALITY; PREDICTION; CALIBRATION; CATTLE AB This study examined the usage of wavelengths for determining DM digestibility by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Samples of legumes, grasses, and mixtures of forages and concentrates with known in vitro or in vivo DM digestibilities were scanned. The samples and analysis equations were from many different studies and locations. Wavelengths chosen for calibration equations in each study were obtained from published and unpublished reports. Frequency analysis was employed to determine which wavelengths were selected within specific forage types and across all forage types. Many of the wavelengths chosen to determine digestibility were 1600 to 1900 and 2200 to 2300 nm, regardless of forage type. The 1600- to 1700-nm region is associated with overtones of C-H, C-N, and N-H groups, which are related to fiber and protein, and the 2200- to 2300-nm area is associated primarily with C-H groups (fiber). There were slight differences in frequency of wavelength selection between legumes and grasses within these two predominant areas. Forage and concentrate mixtures utilized wavelengths in the 1500-nm area more than the other forage types. This area is associated with O-H and N-H groups (water, starch, and protein) in grains. Published wavelength data from near infrared reflectance spectroscopy determinations, combined with the frequency of wavelength occurrence for digestibility determinations, may help ascertain the relationship of plant chemistry measured by this method and digestion by animals. RP CLARK, DH (reprint author), USDA,LOGAN,UT 84322, USA. NR 24 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSN PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 74 IS 7 BP 2200 EP 2205 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA FX645 UT WOS:A1991FX64500021 ER PT J AU LYNCH, GP ELSASSER, TH JACKSON, C RUMSEY, TS CAMP, MJ AF LYNCH, GP ELSASSER, TH JACKSON, C RUMSEY, TS CAMP, MJ TI NITROGEN-METABOLISM OF LACTATING EWES FED RUMEN-PROTECTED METHIONINE AND LYSINE SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID LIMITING AMINO-ACIDS; LAMBS FED UREA; DAIRY-COWS; SOYBEAN-MEAL; MILK-PRODUCTION; PROTEIN; SUPPLEMENTATION; INFUSION; NEEDS AB Twenty multiparous, crossbred, blackfaced ewes and their newborn twin lambs were assigned to one of four dietary treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial experiment to examine the effects of increased supply of CP or a mixture of encapsulated methionine and lysine or both on the performance of ewes and their nursing twin lambs. Ewes were fed ad libitum amounts of either a 10.2% low CP diet or a 16.2% moderate CP diet with or without additional encapsulated amino acids. Nitrogen metabolism trials were conducted simultaneously on both ewes and lambs at wk 2, 4, and 8 of lactation. Analyses were conducted for blood urea N, plasma 3-hydroxybutyrate, lactate, NEFA, insulin, and amino acids (plasma, feed, and milk). Ewe DMI, BW, BW gain, and milk yield were not changed by dietary treatments. Balance of N and N digested were increased by moderate CP treatment. The portion of retained N used for milk synthesis was increased by low CP treatment. Methionine and total branched-chain amino acids were increased by encapsulated amino acids and by protein treatment. Gains in BW and N balance were increased in lambs nursing ewes fed protected amino acids. Increased growth of nursing lambs would be an important beneficial effect of supplementing diets of ewes with encapsulated methionine and lysine. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,STAT CONSULTING ANAL SERV,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP LYNCH, GP (reprint author), USDA,LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI INST,RUMINANT NUTR LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 27 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSN PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 74 IS 7 BP 2268 EP 2276 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA FX645 UT WOS:A1991FX64500027 PM 1910058 ER PT J AU ZARNECKI, A JAMROZIK, J NORMAN, HD AF ZARNECKI, A JAMROZIK, J NORMAN, HD TI COMPARISON OF 10 FRIESIAN STRAINS IN POLAND FOR YIELD TRAITS FROM 1ST 3 PARITIES SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE YIELD; FRIESIAN; POLAND AB Milk yield, fat yield, and fat percentage for the first three parities were compared for crosses of Friesian strains from Canada, Denmark, Israel, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden, the United Kingdom, the US, and West Germany with Polish black-and-white cattle. Mixed model multitrait BLUP solutions for milk yield ranked Holstein strains (US, Canada, and Israel) and New Zealand Friesians higher than European Friesian strains for all three parities. Largest difference for milk yield between highest ranking US strain and lowest ranking Polish strain was 1002 kg for first lactation. Rankings for fat yield were similar to those for milk yield. For all three parities, the New Zealand strain ranked highest for fat percentage and the US strain lowest. Although rankings were consistent across parities for all yield traits, differences between Holstein and Friesian strains decreased as parity increased. Holstein strains maintained their superiority for milk and fat yields for all three parities despite difficult environmental conditions and a feeding regimen worse than in their country of origin. C1 UNIV GUELPH,CTR GENET IMPROVEMENT LIVESTOCK,GUELPH N1G 2W1,ONTARIO,CANADA. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,ANIM IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP ZARNECKI, A (reprint author), HUGO KOLLATAJ ACAD AGR,DEPT GENET & ANIM BREEDING,PL-30059 KRAKOW,POLAND. RI Jamrozik, Janusz/A-5978-2008 NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSN PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 74 IS 7 BP 2303 EP 2308 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA FX645 UT WOS:A1991FX64500031 PM 1894819 ER PT J AU NORMAN, HD POWELL, RL WIGGANS, GR AF NORMAN, HD POWELL, RL WIGGANS, GR TI COMPARISON OF GENETIC EVALUATIONS FROM ANIMAL-MODEL AND MODIFIED CONTEMPORARY COMPARISON SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE ANIMAL MODEL; MODIFIED CONTEMPORARY COMPARISON; GENETIC EVALUATION AB Comparisons were made between characteristics of Modified Contemporary Comparison and animal model evaluations with data available for January 1989 USDA-DHIA genetic evaluations. The animal model system's requirement that cows have a valid first lactation record resulted in a decrease in cows and daughters included. New flexible comparison groups were slightly larger for small herds and much smaller for large herds, which resulted in overall smaller and more uniform-sized comparison groups. Determining the optimal method of defining management groups was not undertaken. Correlations between bull evaluations from the two procedures ranged from .92 to .95 across breeds. Increases in reliability over repeatability were substantial for bulls with limited daughter information and small for widely used bulls. Correlations between evaluations for cows born in 1985 were .92 to .96, whereas those for cows born in 1980 (old enough to have daughters affecting animal model evaluations) were lower (.90 to .93), as expected. Reliabilities for cows were .02 to .05 higher than repeatabilities. Cows with more daughters increased more in evaluation and accuracy between the two procedures and were genetically superior. Bulls and cows with more prior information, cows with higher past evaluations, and Holstein bulls with higher past evaluations tended to have larger increases in PTA. Genetic trend estimates were different for the animal model, which resulted in changes in evaluations of various magnitudes depending on breed, sex, and birth year of animal. RP NORMAN, HD (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,ANIM IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 10 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSN PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 74 IS 7 BP 2309 EP 2316 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA FX645 UT WOS:A1991FX64500032 PM 1894820 ER PT J AU NORMAN, HD WRIGHT, JR COVINGTON, CB BARTON, EP ERNSTROM, CA AF NORMAN, HD WRIGHT, JR COVINGTON, CB BARTON, EP ERNSTROM, CA TI POTENTIAL FOR SEGREGATING MILK - HERD DIFFERENCES IN MILK VALUE FOR FLUID AND 5 MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE MILK VALUE; HERD DIFFERENCE; MULTIPLE COMPONENT PRICING; END PRODUCT PRICING ID YIELD PRICING SYSTEM; COMPONENT AB Herd differences in value of milk for fluid use, nonfat dry milk, and Cheddar, Swiss, Mozzarella, and cottage cheeses were determined. Data were 1988 herd average records from the National Cooperative Dairy Herd Improvement Program that included milk, fat, and protein yields from 50,608 herds (3.8 million cows) that produced 28.8 billion kg of milk. Values of annual yield were calculated both on a per cow and total herd basis for fluid milk based on skim and milk fat pricing and for each of the five manufactured dairy products based on end product pricing. Mean value of annual yield was $1961 per cow and $145,700 per herd. Effect of milk pricing on yield value was similar among cheeses. Largest differences in yield value were between Cheddar cheese and fluid milk. Differences between herds in annual yield value for Cheddar cheese compared with skim and milk fat pricing ranged from -$297 to $123 per cow and from -$306,800 to $91,000 for total herd income. Within-county SD were 68 to 75% as large as overall SD, which suggests that milk segregation might be feasible with little additional hauling cost. C1 UTAH STATE UNIV,DEPT NUTR & FOOD SCI,LOGAN,UT 84322. RP NORMAN, HD (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,ANIM IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 20 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSN PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 74 IS 7 BP 2353 EP 2361 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA FX645 UT WOS:A1991FX64500037 ER PT J AU VASILATOSYOUNKEN, R ANDERSEN, BJ ROSEBROUGH, RW MCMURTRY, JP BACON, WL AF VASILATOSYOUNKEN, R ANDERSEN, BJ ROSEBROUGH, RW MCMURTRY, JP BACON, WL TI IDENTIFICATION OF CIRCULATING GROWTH HORMONE-BINDING PROTEINS IN DOMESTIC POULTRY - AN INITIAL CHARACTERIZATION SO JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RAT SERUM; RABBIT LIVER; HUMAN-PLASMA; RECEPTOR; AFFINITY; PURIFICATION; MOUSE; GH AB Multiple growth hormone (GH)-binding proteins (GHBPs) were identified in serum and plasma samples from domestic chickens and turkeys. Proteins were separated by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis on 10% acrylamide, 2.7% bis discontinuous gels under reducing conditions and electrotransferred to nitrocellulose paper. Western blots were incubated with I-125-labelled recombinant chicken GH (cGH) or bovine GH and GHBPs visualized by means of autoradiography. In fresh samples (< 2 h from collection to gel electrophoresis), multiple minor high M(r) bands were evident between approximately 72 000 and 175 000. Two major bands were observed at approximately 69 500 and 27 500. The latter is consistent with previous reports for the rat and mouse serum GHBPs based on nucleotide sequence analysis. The minor bands were essentially undetectable after storage at - 25-degrees-C for several months, and an additional major band at M(r) approximately 52 500 appeared. The M(r)-69 500 major protein contained N-linked carbohydrate, as determined by a reduction in molcular size by treatment with peptide N-glycosidase F. Binding of I-125-labelled GH was partially inhibited by co-incubation with 50-mu-g unlabelled pituitary-derived cGH/ml and excess unlabelled porcine GH as well as ovine prolactin, but not by bovine insulin. Non-specific binding of I-125-labelled GH by serum albumin was also observed. A comparison was made between these GHBPs and the hepatic GH receptor (e.g. molecular weight estimates, affinity for homologous versus heterologous GHs, cross-reactivity with prolactin, presence of N-linked carbohydrate). The origin and relationship among the various molecular weight species of GHBPs identified, and their potential role in regulation of the biological activity of GH in birds, remain to be determined. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,NONRUMINANT ANIM NUTR LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. OHIO STATE UNIV,OHIO AGR RES & DEV CTR,DEPT POULTRY SCI,WOOSTER,OH 44691. RP VASILATOSYOUNKEN, R (reprint author), PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT POULTRY SCI,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802, USA. FU PHS HHS [8014] NR 28 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 1 PU J ENDOCRINOLOGY LTD PI BRISTOL PA 17/18 THE COURTYARD, WOODLANDS, ALMONDSBURY, BRISTOL, ENGLAND BS12 4NQ SN 0022-0795 J9 J ENDOCRINOL JI J. Endocrinol. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 130 IS 1 BP 115 EP & DI 10.1677/joe.0.1300115 PG 0 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA FW331 UT WOS:A1991FW33100015 PM 1880473 ER PT J AU WISEMAN, BR ISENHOUR, DJ BHAGWAT, VR AF WISEMAN, BR ISENHOUR, DJ BHAGWAT, VR TI STADIA, LARVAL-PUPAL WEIGHT, AND WIDTH OF HEAD CAPSULES OF CORN-EARWORM (LEPIDOPTERA, NOCTUIDAE) AFTER FEEDING ON VARYING RESISTANCE LEVELS OF MAIZE SILKS SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE INSECTA; HELICOVERPA-ZEA; ANTIBIOSIS; CORN AB Weight of larvae, developmental time to pupation, weight of pupae, length of stadia, and width of head capsule were determined for larvae of the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), that were fed on meridic diets with silks of 'Stowell's Evergreen', a susceptible genotype, or low, intermediate, and high levels of 'Zapalote Chico', a corn, Zea mays L., cultivar with antibiotic resistance. As the level of resistance increased, the weight of larvae at 9 days and weight of pupae significantly decreased, and developmental time to pupation significantly increased. Also, as the concentration of resistant material increased in the diet, stadial length also significantly increased. The intermediate and high levels of resistance also resulted in a significant reduction in the width of the head capsule of larvae. Thus, two new characteristics of resistance in maize silks to the corn earworm were identified: increased stadia and decreased width of head capsule. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STN,DEPT ENTOMOL,TIFTON,GA 31793. INT CROPS RES INST SEMI ARID TROP,PATANCHERU 502324,ANDHRA PRADESH,INDIA. RP WISEMAN, BR (reprint author), USDA ARS,INSECT BIOL & POPULAT MANAGEMENT RES LAB,TIFTON,GA 31793, USA. NR 16 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 26 IS 3 BP 303 EP 309 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA GA801 UT WOS:A1991GA80100002 ER PT J AU BANKS, WA LOFGREN, CS AF BANKS, WA LOFGREN, CS TI EFFECTIVENESS OF THE INSECT GROWTH-REGULATOR PYRIPROXYFEN AGAINST THE RED IMPORTED FIRE ANT (HYMENOPTERA, FORMICIDAE) SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE RED IMPORTED FIRE ANT; SOLENOPSIS-INVICTA; PYRIPROXYFEN; INSECT GROWTH REGULATOR ID FENOXYCARB; MANAGEMENT AB The juvenoid pyriproxyfen (2-[1-Methyl-2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy) ethoxy] pyridine caused 80-85% reductions in the colony size index of laboratory colonies of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, within four weeks after treatment. All treated colonies continued to decline in size and died within 6-7 months after treatment. Corn grit-soybean oil baits containing pyriproxyfen were as effective in four field tests as Logic, a JH-based bait widely used for fire ant control. The baits were slightly more effective in spring-summer than in fall, producing population index reductions of 91-97% and 72-88% respectively at 13 weeks after treatment. RP BANKS, WA (reprint author), USDA ARS,MED & VET ENTOMOL RES LAB,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604, USA. NR 19 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 26 IS 3 BP 331 EP 338 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA GA801 UT WOS:A1991GA80100006 ER PT J AU BAKER, JE ARTHUR, FH BRUCKNER, PL AF BAKER, JE ARTHUR, FH BRUCKNER, PL TI SUSCEPTIBILITY OF 12 GENOTYPES OF TRITICALE TO THE RICE WEEVIL (COLEOPTERA, CURCULIONIDAE) AND THE LESSER GRAIN BORER (COLEOPTERA, BOSTRICHIDAE) SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE TRITICALE; CULTIVARS; GENOTYPES; SITOPHILUS-ORYZAE; RICE WEEVIL; RHYZOPERTHA-DOMINICA; LESSER GRAIN BORER; POPULATION GROWTH; INSECT DAMAGE ID SITOPHILUS-ORYZAE L; WHEAT AB Population development by the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and feeding damage caused by the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), were assessed on twelve triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) genotypes maintained at 25-degrees-C and at 11.7 or 14.2% moisture content. Among genotypes at 14.2% moisture content, total progeny production by the rice weevil ranged from 7.1 (GA82014) to 8.8 (87AB13541) weevils per female-day; mean time to adult emergence ranged from 35.5 (GA82014) to 36.9 days (87AB13541 and CT4699); and rate of emergence (a measure of the slope of the cumulative emergence curve at the average emergence day) ranged from 0.59 (87AB13541) to 0.72 ('Morrison'). Although there were some statistical differences among these population growth parameters on different triticale genotypes, all genotypes were at least as susceptible as the long grain brown rice (Oryza sativa L.) and soft red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cultivar 'Florida 302') controls tested concurrently. Development time of rice weevils was significantly delayed and total progeny production after 65 days was reduced about 17-fold on triticale genotypes at 11.7% moisture content. About 3-fold more frass was produced by lesser grain borers feeding for 7 days at 25-degrees-C on triticale genotypes at 14.2% moisture content compared to that obtained on genotypes at 11.7% moisture content. Significantly more feeding and frass production by lesser grain borers occurred on triticale and wheat than occurred on rice. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,COASTAL PLAIN STN,DEPT AGRON,TIFTON,GA 31793. RP BAKER, JE (reprint author), USDA ARS,STORED PROD INSECTS RES & DEV LAB,SAVANNAH,GA 31403, USA. NR 15 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 26 IS 3 BP 339 EP 344 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA GA801 UT WOS:A1991GA80100007 ER PT J AU SNODGRASS, GL FAYAD, YH AF SNODGRASS, GL FAYAD, YH TI EUPHORINE (HYMENOPTERA, BRACONIDAE) PARASITISM OF THE TARNISHED PLANT BUG (HETEROPTERA, MIRIDAE) IN AREAS OF WASHINGTON COUNTY, MISSISSIPPI DISTURBED AND UNDISTURBED BY AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE TARNISHED PLANT BUG; LYGUS-LINEOLARIS; PARASITOID; BRACONIDAE; EUPHORINAE ID HOST PLANTS; HEMIPTERA; LOUISIANA; ARKANSAS; DELTA AB Tarnished plant bugs (TPB), Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), were collected from wild host plants growing in weed fields undistrubed by agricultural practices, and from the same plant species found in disturbed areas adjacent to cotton fields in Washington County, MS during 1984 and 1985. Euphorine parasitism of TPB adults and nymphs collected in these 2 types of habitats was determined by dissection. For each year of the study period, parasitism of TPB collected from all host plant species sampled in weed fields peaked at 8 and 32% on 28 June 1984, and at 6 and 12% on 30 May 1985 for nymphs and adults, respectively. On these 2 dates parasitism of adult TPB found on all host plant species sampled in the weed fields was significantly higher (P less-than-or-equal-to 0.01) than parasitism of those TPB collected from the same plant species in areas adjacent to cotton fields. Parasitism of TPB in the undisturbed areas may have been sufficient to locally reduce TPB populations. However, undisturbed areas are uncommon in Washington County and the parasitoids are probably univoltine. Consequently, the impact of euphorine parasitoids on area-wide TPB populations was probably small. RP SNODGRASS, GL (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO INSECT MANAGEMENT LAB,STONEVILLE,MS 38776, USA. NR 15 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 26 IS 3 BP 350 EP 356 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA GA801 UT WOS:A1991GA80100009 ER PT J AU DIAWARA, MM WISEMAN, BR ISENHOUR, DJ AF DIAWARA, MM WISEMAN, BR ISENHOUR, DJ TI BIOASSAY FOR SCREENING PLANT ACCESSIONS FOR RESISTANCE TO FALL ARMYWORM (LEPIDOPTERA, NOCTUIDAE) USING ARTIFICIAL DIETS SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE INSECTA; SPODOPTERA-FRUGIPERDA; SORGHUM-BICOLOR; MERIDIC DIET; SORGHUM ANTIBIOSIS; FALL ARMYWORM AB Laboratory bioassays demonstrated that formulation of artificial insect diet influenced the expression of antibiosis to fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), in grain sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. Larvae of FAW were reared on a diet formulated with pinto bean and a diet formulated with no pinto bean, both supplemented with dried milk stage florets of resistant and susceptible sorghum genotypes. The sorghum lines showed a significantly higher antibiosis to FAW when mixed in the diet formulated with no pinto bean than when mixed in the diet containing the bean. Larvae that were fed the no-bean diet supplemented with resistant sorghum genotypes weighed one-half to one-third less, required longer to pupate, and resulted in lighter pupae than larvae reared on mixtures containing the bean. The results obtained when the larvae were reared on the bean diet were significantly correlated (P = 0.0001, r > 0.80, n = 18) with those recorded when the no-bean diet was used for the FAW variables measured. Because a higher expression of antibiosis is obtained with the no-bean diet, this formulation should be recommended for bioassays designed to study lines with low levels of resistance to insects or to screen plant introductions in which the level of resistance is not known. C1 USDA ARS,INSECT BIOL & POPULAT MANAGEMENT RES LAB,TIFTON,GA 31793. UNIV GEORGIA,COLL AGR,COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STN,DEPT ENTOMOL,TIFTON,GA 31793. UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT ENTOMOL,ATHENS,GA 30602. NR 20 TC 0 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 26 IS 3 BP 367 EP 374 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA GA801 UT WOS:A1991GA80100012 ER PT J AU BOVEY, RW RICHARDSON, CW AF BOVEY, RW RICHARDSON, CW TI DISSIPATION OF CLOPYRALID AND PICLORAM IN SOIL AND SEEP FLOW IN THE BLACKLANDS OF TEXAS SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID MOVEMENT; FOREST AB The dissipation, leaching and movement of clopyralid (3,6-dichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid) and picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid) were determined in soil and subsurface water after spray application of the herbicides to the surface of an area overlying a shallow perched water table in the Blacklands of Texas. A 1:1 mixture of the monoethanolamine salt of clopyralid and the tri-isopropanolamine salt of picloram was applied at 0.56 kg a.i./ha each in May 1988 and June 1989 on the same area. Approximately 90 d after treatment, > 99% of the clopyralid and > 92% of the picloram had dissipated. Most herbicide was detected in the upper 30 cm of soil. No herbicide was detected in subsurface water from the area treated in 1988, but concentrations of < 6 mg/m3 of clopyralid and < 5 mg/m3 of picloram were detected in subsurface water collected 11 and 41 to 48 d after treatment in 1989. C1 USDA ARS,GRASSLAND SOIL & WATER RES LAB,TEMPLE,TX 76502. RP BOVEY, RW (reprint author), TEXAS A&M UNIV SYST,USDA ARS,SO CROPS RES LAB,PEST CONTROL & APPLICAT SYST TECHNOL UNIT,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843, USA. NR 17 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JUL-SEP PY 1991 VL 20 IS 3 BP 528 EP 531 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA FZ678 UT WOS:A1991FZ67800005 ER PT J AU HEAGLE, AS MILLER, JE RAWLINGS, JO VOZZO, SF AF HEAGLE, AS MILLER, JE RAWLINGS, JO VOZZO, SF TI EFFECT OF GROWTH STAGE ON SOYBEAN RESPONSE TO CHRONIC OZONE EXPOSURE SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID TOP FIELD CHAMBERS; AGRICULTURAL CROPS; ASSESSING IMPACTS; YIELD; INJURY; STRESS AB Four cultivars of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr., cv. Forrest, Davis, Bragg, and Ransom] were exposed to chronic doses of O3 in open-top field chambers to determine if a relationship exists between growth stage and yield response to O3. The season was divided into four 31-d quarters (Q1-Q4) in which plants were exposed either to charcoal-filtered air (C) or to nonfiltered air with O3 added (N). Sixteen different quarterly sequences represented all possible combinations of the C and N treatments. The mean 31-d O3 concentration (7 h d-1 mean) in the N treatment was almost identical at 96 to 98 nL L-1 (ppb) for each quarter. In the sequence with N during all four quarters (NNNN), plants were exposed from emergence to physiological maturity. Mean yields in the NNNN treatment, expressed as a percentage of yield in the CCCC treatment ranged from 44% for Forrest (56% loss) to 70% for Bragg (30% loss). Ozone exposure during mid- to late-growth stages generally caused a greater yield decrease than exposure during early growth stages. Models to estimate O3-yield relationships were developed separately for each cultivar using seasonal and quarterly O3 statistics. A statistical comparison for relative goodness-of-fit between these two models was not possible. However, the models based on the quarterly O3 values provided estimates with less absolute deviation from the observed data than models based on seasonal O3 values. Models based on quarterly O3 values generally confirmed that the relative effect of O3 during a given quarter was related to when the pod-fill stage occurred. For example, with the early-maturing Forrest, pod fill occurred mainly during Q3 so O3 stress during Q3 had the greatest effect. For the later-maturing Bragg, pod fill occurred mainly during Q4 so O3 stress during Q4 had the greatest effect. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,DEPT CROP SCI,RALEIGH,NC 27695. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT CIVIL ENGN,RALEIGH,NC 27695. RP HEAGLE, AS (reprint author), N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,RALEIGH,NC 27695, USA. NR 21 TC 13 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JUL-SEP PY 1991 VL 20 IS 3 BP 562 EP 570 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA FZ678 UT WOS:A1991FZ67800010 ER PT J AU MILLER, JE PURSLEY, WA VOZZO, SF HEAGLE, AS AF MILLER, JE PURSLEY, WA VOZZO, SF HEAGLE, AS TI RESPONSE OF NET CARBON EXCHANGE-RATE OF SOYBEAN TO OZONE AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF GROWTH AND ITS RELATION TO YIELD SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID SULFUR-DIOXIDE; SEED YIELD; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; COMBINATION; REDUCTIONS AB High concentrations of ozone (O3) occur episodically during the growing season, but the impacts of O3 stress on photosynthesis and crop yield when O3 episodes occur at various stages of growth are not known. Also, quantitative relationships between reduction of photosynthesis and yield suppresion by O3 have not been established for most species. Field experiments with soybean [Glycine max (Merr.) cv. Davis] were performed to determine the impact of O3 exposure at different stages of plant development on net carbon exchange rate (NCER) and to establish the relationship between NCER and yield for different O3 exposure periods. The growing season was divided into four quarters (Q1-Q4) of 31 d each for O3 treatment. In each quarter, O3 treatments in open-top chambers were either charcoal-filtered air (C) or nonfiltered air (N) to which O3 was added to achieve approximately 100 nL L-1 O3 (mean 7 h d-1 average for the quarter). The NCER was measured in eight O3 treatments (CCCC, NNCC, CNCN, NCCN, CNNC, NCNC, CCNN, and NNNN) where each letter indicates the O3 treatment for successive quarters. The NCER measurements during Q4 (R6-R7) provided the best relationship to yield in a linear regression model (R2 = 0.919). A significant relationship with yield was obtained also with NCER measurements from Q3 (R2-R5) (R2 = 0.626), whereas measurements during Q2 (V10-R1) were poorly related to yield (R2 = 0.072). Good linear relationships of yield and NCER were found also when Q3 and Q4 or Q2, Q3, and Q4 data were combined. In all cases, however, Q4 data were essential to a good correlation between NCER and yield. It is likely that NCER measurements taken during Q4 correlated well with yield, because that was the period when the requirement for energy from photosynthesis is most critical for yield. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,RALEIGH,NC 27695. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,AIR QUAL PROGRAM,RALEIGH,NC 27695. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP SCI,RALEIGH,NC 27606. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,RALEIGH,NC 27695. RP MILLER, JE (reprint author), N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,AIR QUAL PROGRAM,1509 VARS DR,RALEIGH,NC 27606, USA. NR 17 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JUL-SEP PY 1991 VL 20 IS 3 BP 571 EP 575 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA FZ678 UT WOS:A1991FZ67800011 ER PT J AU CORWIN, DL WAGGONER, BL RHOADES, JD AF CORWIN, DL WAGGONER, BL RHOADES, JD TI A FUNCTIONAL-MODEL OF SOLUTE TRANSPORT THAT ACCOUNTS FOR BYPASS SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID GROUNDWATER QUALITY MODEL; STRUCTURED CLAY SOIL; UNSATURATED ZONE; UNSTEADY-FLOW; WATER-UPTAKE; PROFILES; NITRATE; STATE AB Public awareness of groundwater contamination has created renewed interest in solute transport models that can be practically applied as groundwater quality management tools. Because of their simplicity with regard to input requirements, functional models of solute transport are excellent groundwater quality management tools. A functional model of one-dimensional solute transport that accounts for hydraulic bypass is presented. The transport model, TETrans, simulates the vertical movement of nonvolatile solutes (i.e., trace elements and nonvolatile organic chemicals) through the vadose zone. Plant water uptake is taken into account assuming no solute uptake by the plant. TETrans requires minimal input data for its operation. Since TETrans uses a mass-balance approach to solute transport, it offers the speed of an analytical solution and the versatility of a numerical approach without the need for input parameters, which are difficult to measure. TETrans is able to account for bypass with a single term, the mobility coefficient. The mobility coefficient, gamma, represents the fraction of the soil liquid phase, which is subject to piston-type displacement; therefore, 1 - gamma represents the fraction of the liquid phase that is bypassed. The mobility coefficient is a temporally and spatially variable parameter (within a range of 0 to 1), which is calculated from the deviation of the measured chloride concentration from the predicted concentration assuming piston displacement and assuming complete mixing of the resident soil solution and incoming water for a given irrigation and volume of soil. A constant mobility coefficient for a given depth or entire profile can be determined by averaging temporally varying mobility coefficients or averaging spatially and temporally varying mobility coefficients, respectively. In essence, the mobility coefficient simplistically accounts for three physical transport phenomena in a single term. On a microscopic level there is flow through cracks and macropores that bypasses small and dead-end pores. On a macroscopic level there is the flow of a mobile water phase independent of stagnant immobile phase of water, and the phenomenon of dispersion-diffusion. Simulations of chloride movement through a soil lysimeter column for an 1100-d period were compared to measured chloride concentrations in the soil solution at field capacity. A constant mobility coefficient significantly improved the capability of TETrans to describe the data when compared to simulations performed assuming complete piston-type displacement. However, the best simulation to the measured chloride data was for the use of a spatially and temporally variable mobility coefficient. RP CORWIN, DL (reprint author), USDA ARS,US SALIN LAB,4500 GLENWOOD DR,RIVERSIDE,CA 92501, USA. NR 28 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JUL-SEP PY 1991 VL 20 IS 3 BP 647 EP 658 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA FZ678 UT WOS:A1991FZ67800023 ER PT J AU BUNCE, JA AF BUNCE, JA TI CONTROL OF THE ACCLIMATION OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS TO LIGHT AND TEMPERATURE IN RELATION TO PARTITIONING OF PHOTOSYNTHATE IN DEVELOPING SOYBEAN LEAVES SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE GLYCINE-MAX (L) MERR; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; TEMPERATURE ACCLIMATION; LIGHT ACCLIMATION; PHOTOSYNTHATE PARTITIONING ID FLUX-DENSITY; IRRADIANCE; RADIATION AB Photosynthetic acclimation was examined by exposing third trifoliolate leaves of soybeans to air temperatures of 20 to 30-degrees-C and photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD) of 150 to 950-mu-mol photons m-2 s-1 for the last 3 d before they reached maximum area. In some cases the environment of the third leaf was controlled separately from that of the rest of the plant. Photosynthesis, respiration and dry mass accumulation were determined under the treatment conditions, and photosynthetic capacity, and dry mass and protein content were determined at full expansion. Photosynthetic capacity, the light-saturated rate of net carbon dioxide exchange at 25-degrees-C and 34 Pa external partial pressure of carbon dioxide, could be modified between 21 and 35-mu-mol CO2 m-2 s-1 by environmental changes after leaves had become exporters of photosynthate. Protein per unit leaf mass did not differ between treatments, and photosynthetic capacity increased with leaf mass per unit area. Photosynthetic capacity of third leaves was affected by the PPFD incident on those leaves, but not by the PPFD on other leaves on the plant. Photosynthetic capacity of third leaves was affected by the temperature of the rest of the plant, but not by the temperature of the third leaves. Photosynthetic capacity was linearly related to carbon dioxide exchange rate in the growth regimes, but not to daytime PPFD. At high PPFD, and at 25 and 30-degrees-C, mass accumulation was about 28% of the mass of photosynthate produced. At lower PPFD, and at 20-degrees-C, larger percentages of the photosynthate produced accumulated as dry mass. The results suggest that photosynthate supply is an important factor controlling leaf structural growth and, consequently, photosynthetic acclimation to light and temperature. RP BUNCE, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST NAT RESOURCES,CLIMATE STRESS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 16 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 8 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS UNITED KINGDOM PI OXFORD PA WALTON ST JOURNALS DEPT, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0022-0957 J9 J EXP BOT JI J. Exp. Bot. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 42 IS 240 BP 853 EP 859 DI 10.1093/jxb/42.7.853 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA FW647 UT WOS:A1991FW64700004 ER PT J AU HINTON, A SPATES, GE CORRIER, DE HUME, ME DELOACH, JR SCANLAN, CM AF HINTON, A SPATES, GE CORRIER, DE HUME, ME DELOACH, JR SCANLAN, CM TI INVITRO INHIBITION OF THE GROWTH OF SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM AND ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7 BY BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM THE CECAL CONTENTS OF ADULT CHICKENS SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID VOLATILE FATTY-ACIDS; BROILER-CHICKENS; DIETARY LACTOSE; COLONIZATION AB A Veillonella species and Enterococcus durans were isolated from the cecal contents of adult broilers. Mixed cultures of Veillonella and E. durans inhibited the growth of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli O157:H7 on media containing 2.5% lactose (w/v). The growth of S. typhimurium or E. coli O157:H7 was not inhibited by mixed cultures containing Veillonella and E. durans on media containing only 0.25% lactose or by pure cultures of Veillonella or E. durans on media containing either 0.25% or 2.5% lactose. The mixed cultures of Veillonella and E. durans produced significantly (P < 0.05) more acetic, propionic, and lactic acids in media containing 2.5% lactose than in media containing 0.25% lactose. The inhibition of the enteropathogens was related to the production of lactic acid from lactose by the E. durans and the production of acetic and propionic acids from lactic acid by the Veillonella. C1 TEXAS A&M UNIV SYST, TEXAS VET MED CTR, DEPT VET MICROBIOL & PARASITOL, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843 USA. RP HINTON, A (reprint author), USDA ARS, FOOD ANIM PROTECT RES LAB, ROUTE 5, BOX 810, COLLEGE STN, TX 77840 USA. NR 28 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2838 SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 54 IS 7 BP 496 EP 501 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA FV281 UT WOS:A1991FV28100003 ER PT J AU DICKSON, JS ANDERSON, ME AF DICKSON, JS ANDERSON, ME TI CONTROL OF SALMONELLA ON BEEF TISSUE SURFACES IN A MODEL SYSTEM BY PREEVISCERATION AND POST-EVISCERATION WASHING AND SANITIZING, WITH AND WITHOUT SPRAY CHILLING SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID ACID; DECONTAMINATION; TEMPERATURE; REDUCTION; CARCASSES AB Beef tissue was inoculated with a nalidixic acid resistant strain of Salmonella california and processed under conditions simulating pre- and post-evisceration carcass washing and sanitizing. These treatments, using distilled water to wash and 2% acetic acid to sanitize, reduced the population of salmonellae by as much as 2-log10 cycles when compared to samples which were washed only in distilled water. Increasing the acid temperature to 55-degrees-C reduced the bacterial populations further. Spray chilling, when used in series with the pre- and post-evisceration treatments, apparently resulted in recovery of some injured Salmonella. RP DICKSON, JS (reprint author), USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,POB 166,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. NR 23 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 2 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2838 SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 54 IS 7 BP 514 EP 518 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA FV281 UT WOS:A1991FV28100006 ER PT J AU BENEDICT, RC SCHULTZ, FJ AF BENEDICT, RC SCHULTZ, FJ TI AN EFFECT OF IRON LEVEL AND FOOD TYPE ON PRODUCTION OF HEMOLYSIN AND CATALASE OF LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES STRAIN SCOTT-A SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID GROWTH; MILK AB Virulence of Listeria monocytogenes, a foodborne pathogen, has been attributed in humans to the presence of hemolysins and oxidative enzymes that permit entrance and survival in macrophages and intestinal cells. Levels of hemolysin, catalase, and iron in sterile skim milk, meat, and various media inoculated and incubated under various conditions were determined. High-iron media and aeration increased growth and induced production of several catalases based on SDS-PAGE analysis. Reduced aeration increased hemolysin activity, but growth and catalase production were reduced. At refrigerator temperatures, L. monocytogenes strain Scott A grew in milk and media, but populations remained static in meat samples. RP BENEDICT, RC (reprint author), USDA ARS, EASTERN REG RES CTR, 600 E MERMAID LANE, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19118 USA. NR 28 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 54 IS 7 BP 528 EP 531 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA FV281 UT WOS:A1991FV28100009 ER PT J AU ROBERTSON, JA MEREDITH, FI FORBUS, WR AF ROBERTSON, JA MEREDITH, FI FORBUS, WR TI CHANGES IN QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS DURING PEACH (CV MAJESTIC) MATURATION SO JOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY LA English DT Article AB Changes in the physical, chemical and sensory characteristics of peaches (cv. 'Majestic') were determined. Size, weight, ground color "a" values and SS/TA ratio increased significantly with increased degree of maturity; whereas, firmness, DLE, hue angle, titratable acidity, quinic acid, and citric acid decreased significantly. Malic acid increased significantly with maturity up to grade 5 then significantly decreased. In general sucrose content and total sugars increased through grade 6 and then decreased for tree ripe fruit. Sensory evaluation results showed no significant differences among maturity grades for sweet, sour, juice and overall peach flavor attributes. However, grade 1 and 2 fruit had lower scores for sweet and overall peach flavor attributes and tended to be more sour than grades 3-6 and tree ripe fruit. Correlation coefficients between maturity grade and all the selected quality parameters, except for the sour flavor attribute, were significant at the 1% level. DLE had the highest correlation with maturity grade followed by ground color "a" value, SS/TA ratio and firmness. RP ROBERTSON, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS,RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR,FOOD QUAL EVALUAT RES UNIT,POB 5677,ATHENS,GA 30613, USA. NR 0 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 2 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 SN 0146-9428 J9 J FOOD QUALITY JI J. Food Qual. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 14 IS 3 BP 197 EP 207 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4557.1991.tb00061.x PG 11 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA FW491 UT WOS:A1991FW49100002 ER PT J AU CROUSE, JD KOOHMARAIE, M DICKSON, JS AF CROUSE, JD KOOHMARAIE, M DICKSON, JS TI STORAGE AND BACTERIAL-CONTAMINATION EFFECTS ON MYOFIBRILLAR PROTEINS AND SHEAR FORCE OF BEEF SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CA++-DEPENDENT PROTEASES; MUSCLE; FRAGMENTATION; TEMPERATURE; TENDERNESS AB Thirty-two steaks from the longissimus muscle, fifth rib to third lumbar vertebra, were obtained from youthful carcass beef. Half were sterilized by ultraviolet light and all vacuum packaged and stored for 1, 14, 28 or 57 days at 2-degrees-C. After storage, steaks were examined for microbial populations, myofibril fragmentation index (MFI), cooking characteristics and shear force (SF). Aerobic and anaerobic counts decreased during storage. Psychrotrophic counts were low throughout. Sterilization had no effect on SF or MFI. Cooking loss tended (P < 0.09) to increase with time of storage. SF values decreased and MFI values increased through day 14, but remained relatively constant after that. Results of SDS-PAGE, SF and MFI indicate major changes in proteolysis of myofibrils and tenderness were completed by day 14. RP CROUSE, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,POB 166,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 NR 18 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 56 IS 4 BP 903 EP 905 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1991.tb14602.x PG 3 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA GC086 UT WOS:A1991GC08600006 ER PT J AU FORBUS, WR DULL, GG SMITTLE, D AF FORBUS, WR DULL, GG SMITTLE, D TI MEASURING NETTED MUSKMELON MATURITY BY DELAYED LIGHT-EMISSION SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID INDICATOR AB Netted muskmelon fruits of Hale's Best, Magnum 45 and Saticoy cultivars in 6 different maturity classes, from immature to mature were examined. Maturity class was based on days after anthesis. The melons were evaluated for differences in delayed light emission (DLE) measurements and physical and chemical properties that relate to maturity. DLE, firmness, and chlorophyll decreased with increasing maturity, whereas Hunter a and soluble solids increased. DLE correlated highly (r = -0.94) with a calculated maturity index, indicating that DLE could be used as a nondestructive technique for measuring the maturity of netted muskmelon. C1 UNIV GEORGIA, DEPT HORT, COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STN, TIFTON, GA USA. RP FORBUS, WR (reprint author), USDA ARS, RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR, POB 5677, ATHENS, GA 30613 USA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-1147 EI 1750-3841 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 56 IS 4 BP 981 EP 984 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1991.tb14621.x PG 4 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA GC086 UT WOS:A1991GC08600025 ER PT J AU FORBUS, WR PAYNE, JA SENTER, SD AF FORBUS, WR PAYNE, JA SENTER, SD TI NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION OF JAPANESE PERSIMMON MATURITY BY DELAYED LIGHT-EMISSION SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID INDICATOR AB Japanese persimmon cultivars (3 nonastringent, Fuyu, Jiro and Ichi Kijiro and 2 astringent, Aizumi Shiraza and Giambo) were evaluated during maturation for changes in delayed light emission (DLE) and physical and chemical properties relating to maturity. Firmness, chlorophyll and DLE decreased during ripening and Hunter a values, soluble solids and beta-carotene increased. For all cultivars the relationship between DLE and maturity, indicated by calculated maturity index, was linear and negative. High correlations between DLE and maturity indicated that DLE has high potential for use as a rapid, nondestructive technique for estimating persimmon maturity. C1 USDA ARS, SE FRUIT & TREE NUT RES LAB, BYRON, GA 31008 USA. RP FORBUS, WR (reprint author), USDA ARS, RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR, POB 5677, ATHENS, GA 30613 USA. NR 16 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-1147 EI 1750-3841 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 56 IS 4 BP 985 EP 988 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1991.tb14622.x PG 4 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA GC086 UT WOS:A1991GC08600026 ER PT J AU SENTER, SD CHAPMAN, GW FORBUS, WR PAYNE, JA AF SENTER, SD CHAPMAN, GW FORBUS, WR PAYNE, JA TI SUGAR AND NONVOLATILE ACID COMPOSITION OF PERSIMMONS DURING MATURATION SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID DELAYED LIGHT-EMISSION; ASTRINGENT PERSIMMON; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; COMPONENTS; MATURITY; SWEET AB Sugars and nonvolatile acids of Japanese persimmons were identified and quantitated by GLC as oxime-TMS derivatives. Sugars quantitated were arabinose, galactose, glucose, fructose and sucrose. Fructose, glucose and sucrose were predominant and present in all cultivars from mature green to fully ripe. Quantities of all sugars varied significantly by cultivar and maturity. Nonvolatile acids quantitated were succinic, malic, citric, and quinic. Malic was the predominant acid in all cultivars followed by citric. Quantities of malic increased with maturity; citric decreased. Sorbitol and inositol were present in minor quantities and varied significantly by cultivar and maturity stage. C1 USDA ARS,SE FRUIT & TREE NUT RES LAB,BYRON,GA 31008. RP SENTER, SD (reprint author), USDA ARS,RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR,POB 5677,ATHENS,GA 30613, USA. NR 13 TC 27 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 4 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 56 IS 4 BP 989 EP 991 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1991.tb14623.x PG 3 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA GC086 UT WOS:A1991GC08600027 ER PT J AU CHAN, HT AF CHAN, HT TI RIPENESS AND TISSUE DEPTH EFFECTS ON HEAT INACTIVATION OF PAPAYA ETHYLENE-FORMING ENZYME SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID HIGH-TEMPERATURE; FRUIT; POLYGALACTURONASE; CUCUMBERS; SYSTEM AB Heat inactivation studies were conducted on the ethylene-forming enzyme system (EFE) in papayas of different maturities, and at three tissue depths. D-values showed EFE in the mesocarp and endocarp were more heat sensitive than EFE in the exocarp. Within the mesocarp and endocarp, EFE in 1/4- and 1/2-ripe papayas were more heat labile than in mature green and color break fruits. Ion leakage increased concomitantly with increased mesocarp and endocarp ripeness confirming that papayas ripen differentially from the innermost tissues outwards. Membrane integrity as determined by ion leakage may explain the increase in heat sensitivity of EFE in riper tissues. RP CHAN, HT (reprint author), USDA ARS, TROP FRUIT & VEGETABLE RES LAB, POB 4459, HILO, HI 96720 USA. NR 20 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-1147 EI 1750-3841 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 56 IS 4 BP 996 EP 998 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1991.tb14625.x PG 3 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA GC086 UT WOS:A1991GC08600029 ER PT J AU HERNANDEZ, E BAKER, RA AF HERNANDEZ, E BAKER, RA TI TURBIDITY OF BEVERAGES WITH CITRUS OIL CLOUDING AGENT SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SIZE AB Basic principles of light scattering were used to predict turbidity in cloudy beverages for monodisperse and polydisperse systems of suspended citrus oil globules. Predicted values for specific turbidity agreed well with experimental values for diluted citrus oil-in-water beverage cloud emulsions. Citrus oil-in-water cloud emulsions were prepared with a pressure homogenizer at different pressures (4.1-27.56 kPa). Size distributions obtained for the emulsions fit the long-normal distribution and the distribution curves became more narrow as pressure of homogenization increased. C1 USDA,CITRUS & SUBTROP PROD LAB,WINTER HAVEN,FL 33881. RP HERNANDEZ, E (reprint author), UNIV FLORIDA,CTR AGR RES & EDUC,INST FOOD & AGR SCI,LAKE ALFRED,FL 33850, USA. NR 15 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 8 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 56 IS 4 BP 1024 EP 1026 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1991.tb14632.x PG 3 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA GC086 UT WOS:A1991GC08600036 ER PT J AU SMITH, JL MCCOLGAN, C MARMER, BS AF SMITH, JL MCCOLGAN, C MARMER, BS TI GROWTH TEMPERATURE AND ACTION OF LYSOZYME ON LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Note ID FATTY-ACID COMPOSITION AB Listeria monocytogenes Scott A grown at 37-degrees-C were 1.8-2.5 fold more resistant to lytic action of lysozyme than cells grown at 19, 12, or 5-degrees-C. Results suggest that lysozyme may be an effective preservative for controlling L. monocytogenes in refrigerated foods. RP SMITH, JL (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 8 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 56 IS 4 BP 1101 EP & DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1991.tb14651.x PG 0 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA GC086 UT WOS:A1991GC08600055 ER PT J AU PENSABENE, JW FIDDLER, W GATES, RA HALE, M JAHNCKE, M GOOCH, J AF PENSABENE, JW FIDDLER, W GATES, RA HALE, M JAHNCKE, M GOOCH, J TI NORMAL-NITROSOTHIAZOLIDINE AND ITS 4-CARBOXYLIC ACID IN FRANKFURTERS CONTAINING ALASKA POLLOCK SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Note ID N-NITROSO COMPOUNDS; CURED MEAT-PRODUCTS; N-NITROSOTHIAZOLIDINE-4-CARBOXYLIC ACID; FROZEN STORAGE; FISH; BACON; NITROSAMINES; MUSCLE; PROTEIN; KASHMIR AB In marine fish of the gadoid family trimethylamine oxide can decompose to formaldehyde. It can then react with cysteine and cysteamine, that may in turn react with nitrite, if present, to form N-nitrosothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (NTHZC) and N-nitrosothiazolidine (NTHZ). The NTHZC and NTHZ content of Alaska pollock surimi-meat frankfurters were similar to or lower than those found in an all-meat control, even at 50% substitution. No correlation was found between age of the fish protein prior to processing into surimi meat frankfurters and any measured variables. C1 NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERV,CHARLESTON,SC 29412. RP PENSABENE, JW (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 30 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 56 IS 4 BP 1108 EP 1110 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1991.tb14655.x PG 3 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA GC086 UT WOS:A1991GC08600059 ER PT J AU DONNELLY, JR SHANE, JB YAWNEY, HW AF DONNELLY, JR SHANE, JB YAWNEY, HW TI HARVESTING CAUSES ONLY MINOR CHANGES IN PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES OF AN UPLAND VERMONT SOIL SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article ID GROWTH; COMPACTION; PONDEROSA AB Bulk density, oxygen, and temperature of a northern hardwood forest soil in Vermont were measured immediately before and for 2 years following harvesting using conventional clearcut and whole-tree removal methods. Bulk density increased (P less-than-or-equal-to 0.10) as a result of harvesting, but there was no difference between the two harvest methods. Increases were relatively small, and essentially disappeared within 2 years. Soil oxygen was never significantly affected by treatment. Soils in uncut (control) plots were warmer in winter and cooler in summer than those of either harvest area, but these differences appear to be diminishing with establishment of vegetation cover on the harvested plots. C1 US FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,BURLINGTON,VT. RP DONNELLY, JR (reprint author), UNIV VERMONT,DEPT FORESTRY,BURLINGTON,VT 05405, USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 89 IS 7 BP 28 EP 31 PG 4 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA FV855 UT WOS:A1991FV85500017 ER PT J AU LANZARO, GC MITCHELL, SE NARANG, SK SEAWRIGHT, JA AF LANZARO, GC MITCHELL, SE NARANG, SK SEAWRIGHT, JA TI ASSIGNMENT OF 2 ENZYME LOCI TO THE X-CHROMOSOME OF ANOPHELES-QUADRIMACULATUS SPECIES-A SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Note ID SAY AB Analysis of isozyme variability in four natural populations of Anopheles quadrimaculatus Species A indicated that the loci for Malic enzyme (Me) and Mannose phosphate isomerase-1 (Mpi-1) are on the X chromosome. There were female heterozygotes, but no male heterozygotes were observed. Strains fixed for fast- and slow-migrating allozymes were devised and crossed. Progeny phenotypes conformed to expectations for sex linkage: female progeny were heterozygous, and male progeny were hemizygous for the maternal allele. The three-point cross, using the Me and Mpi-1 loci with the sex-linked mutant rose eye (ro), established the gene sequence Mpi-111.1-Me-40.8-ro. C1 USDA ARS,MED & VET ENTOMOL RES LAB,POB 14565,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604. UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT ENTOMOL & NEMATOL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 82 IS 4 BP 349 EP 351 PG 3 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA GD954 UT WOS:A1991GD95400014 PM 1880395 ER PT J AU RICE, CE KADAVY, KC AF RICE, CE KADAVY, KC TI HGL ELEVATION AT PIPE EXIT OF USBR TYPE-VI IMPACT BASIN SO JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Note RP RICE, CE (reprint author), USDA ARS,WATER CONSERVAT STRUCT LAB,1301 N WESTERN ST,STILLWATER,OK 74075, USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENG PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9429 J9 J HYDRAUL ENG-ASCE JI J. Hydraul. Eng.-ASCE PD JUL PY 1991 VL 117 IS 7 BP 929 EP 933 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1991)117:7(929) PG 5 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA FU038 UT WOS:A1991FU03800008 ER PT J AU STINSON, EE NAFTULIN, KA AF STINSON, EE NAFTULIN, KA TI EFFECT OF PH ON ORGANIC-ACID PRODUCTION BY CLOSTRIDIUM-PROPIONICUM IN TEST TUBE AND FERMENTER CULTURES SO JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE CLOSTRIDIUM-PROPIONICUM; PH; ORGANIC ACIDS AB Clostridium propionicum is a chemical autotroph that metabolizes alanine to propionic acid (reduction product) and acetic acid (oxidation product). The ratioof propionate/acetate predicted by the electron balance is 2:1. This study reports the effect of pH on growth and organic acid production by this organism when grown in both test tube cultures initially buffered from pH 7.0 to 5.0, and in fermentors maintained at pH 7.0 and 6.5. Highest growth and organic acid production was found at pH 7.0 in both cases. HPLC analysis showed that at pH 7.0, the ratios of propionate to acetate were 0.45:1 (stationary tube, 24 h). The highest ratio observed was 1.8:1 (stationary tube, pH 6.0, 24 h). This tube produced 8.5% of the acids produced in the pH 7.0 culture tube. The identify of the major portion of the reduction products of the organism remains unknown. RP STINSON, EE (reprint author), USDA,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,WYNDMOOR,PA 19118, USA. NR 15 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND RG21 6XS SN 0169-4146 J9 J IND MICROBIOL JI J. Indust. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 8 IS 1 BP 59 EP 64 DI 10.1007/BF01575592 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA FW759 UT WOS:A1991FW75900008 ER PT J AU ROBACKER, DC MANGAN, RL MORENO, DS MORENO, AMT AF ROBACKER, DC MANGAN, RL MORENO, DS MORENO, AMT TI MATING-BEHAVIOR AND MALE MATING SUCCESS IN WILD ANASTREPHA-LUDENS (DIPTERA, TEPHRITIDAE) ON A FIELD-CAGED HOST TREE SO JOURNAL OF INSECT BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article DE MATING BEHAVIOR; COURTSHIP; LEK; MATING SYSTEM; MEXICAN FRUIT FLY; ANASTREPHA-LUDENS AB Mating behavior and factors affecting mating success of males were studied using wild Anastrepha ludens on a field-caged host tree. The most common courtship sequence had five components: (1) male calls from the underside of a leaf, (2) female arrives to the male-occupied leaf, (3) male orients to female and stops calling, (4) one or both approach to a face-to-face position 1-3 cm apart, and (5) male mounts female after 1-2 s. Courtship behavior was almost identical to that of laboratory-culture flies observed previously under laboratory conditions. Most male-female encounters occurred at a height of 1-2 m, well inside the outer canopy of the tree. Differential mating success by males occurred. No male mated more than once per day, owing possibly to a very short sexual activity period. Factors favoring mating success of males were survival ability and tendency to join male aggregations and to fight other males. Thorax length and age (9-11 days difference) had no effects on male copulatory success. Overall win/loss percentage was not related to mating success because the males that were most successful at mating fought mostly among themselves, driving their win/loss percentage down. However, these successful males (at mating) won most of their fights against less successful males. Results confirmed a lek mating system: males aggregated, called, and defended territories; territories did not contain female-required resources; and females exercised mate choice, apparently through selection of sites within leks. RP ROBACKER, DC (reprint author), USDA ARS,2301 S INT BLVD,WESLACO,TX 78596, USA. NR 0 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0892-7553 J9 J INSECT BEHAV JI J. Insect Behav. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 4 IS 4 BP 471 EP 487 DI 10.1007/BF01049332 PG 17 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA FW923 UT WOS:A1991FW92300006 ER PT J AU HAJEK, AE BUTT, TM STRELOW, LI GRAY, SM AF HAJEK, AE BUTT, TM STRELOW, LI GRAY, SM TI DETECTION OF ENTOMOPHAGA-MAIMAIGA (ZYGOMYCETES, ENTOMOPHTHORALES) USING ENZYME-LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ENTOMOPHAGA-MAIMAIGA; ENTOMOPATHOGEN; BIOLOGICAL CONTROL; ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; IMMUNOLOGICAL ASSAY ID NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS-VIRUS; GYPSY-MOTH LEPIDOPTERA; LYMANTRIA-DISPAR; ELISA; STRAINS; CLASSIFICATION; MICROSPORA; BEAUVERIA; NOCTUIDAE C1 USDA ARS,PLANT PROTECT RES UNIT,ITHACA,NY 14853. NR 31 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 58 IS 1 BP 1 EP 9 DI 10.1016/0022-2011(91)90155-J PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA FU166 UT WOS:A1991FU16600001 ER PT J AU GILLEY, JE KOTTWITZ, ER WIEMAN, GA AF GILLEY, JE KOTTWITZ, ER WIEMAN, GA TI ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENTS FOR SELECTED RESIDUE MATERIALS SO JOURNAL OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article AB Analysis of surface runoff on upland areas requires identification of roughness coefficients. A laboratory study is conducted to measure Darcy-Weisbach and Manning roughness coefficients for corn, cotton, peanut, pine needles, sorghum, soybeans, sunflower, and wheat residue. Varying rates of flow are introduced into a flume in which selected amounts of residue are securely attached. Roughness coefficients are calculated from measurements of discharge rate and flow velocity. The laboratory data are used to derive regression equations for relating roughness coefficients to Reynolds number and either percent residue cover or residue rate. Separate equations are developed for Reynolds number values from 500 to 20,000, and from 20,000 to 110,000. Generalized equations are presented for estimating roughness coefficients for other residue materials not used in this investigation. Accurate prediction of roughness coefficients for residue materials will improve our ability to understand and properly model upland flow hydraulics. RP GILLEY, JE (reprint author), UNIV NEBRASKA,USDA ARS,LINCOLN,NE 68583, USA. NR 0 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 2 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENG PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9437 J9 J IRRIG DRAIN E-ASCE JI J. Irrig. Drainage Eng-ASCE PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 117 IS 4 BP 503 EP 514 PG 12 WC Agricultural Engineering; Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Engineering; Water Resources GA FY416 UT WOS:A1991FY41600004 ER PT J AU PALMER, JD CLEMMENS, AJ DEDRICK, AR AF PALMER, JD CLEMMENS, AJ DEDRICK, AR TI FIELD-STUDY ON IRRIGATION DELIVERY PERFORMANCE SO JOURNAL OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article AB Farmers who receive water from irrigation districts prefer deliveries that are flexible but accurate in frequency, rate, and duration. To study how well an irrigation district was able to match deliveries to farmers' orders and to account for deliveries, water deliveries along two monitored lateral canals were compared to the orders and bills for those events. The data showed that farmers complied with the official ordering policy about half the time, and were more likely to follow the policy during the late summer than during the spring. No corresponding bill existed for 16.8% of deliveries. Deliveries occurred on average about a half day later than ordered by farmers, and 72% occurred within one day of the ordered date, which is within the latitude allowed under district policy. One-third of the deliveries ordered within the official policy had a mean flow rate plus or minus 10% of that ordered; 87% had durations plus or minus 10% of that ordered. For 43% of deliveries that had corresponding bills, billings were for flow rates within 10% of the measured mean; 50% were billed for durations within 10% of measured values. Further research is needed to determine the economic and environmental effects of inaccurate deliveries, and thus determine incentives to improve performance. RP PALMER, JD (reprint author), US CONSERVAT LAB,USDA ARS,4331 E BROADWAY RD,PHOENIX,AZ 85040, USA. NR 0 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 3 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENG PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9437 J9 J IRRIG DRAIN E-ASCE JI J. Irrig. Drainage Eng-ASCE PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 117 IS 4 BP 567 EP 577 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1991)117:4(567) PG 11 WC Agricultural Engineering; Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Engineering; Water Resources GA FY416 UT WOS:A1991FY41600009 ER PT J AU CLEMENS, AJ AF CLEMENS, AJ TI DIRECT SOLUTION TO SURFACE IRRIGATION ADVANCE INVERSE PROBLEM SO JOURNAL OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article AB A modification to the double-sweep routine commonly used to solve the continuity and momentum equations for surface irrigation models has been developed to allow the solution of one global parameter at each time step. Coefficients for the double-sweep routine are presented for the Kostiakov infiltration parameter k, the Manning n, and the time step delta-t. A procedure is also developed for determining the entire infiltration relation (e.g., both Kostiakov exponent a and constant k) during advance. It is shown that this estimated relation is subject to errors caused by assumptions regarding the volume of water in surface storage near the advancing tip. Other errors in field measurements also significantly impact estimates of infiltration and roughness made during advance. Such errors are particularly problematic when trying to use estimates during advance to predict conditions at the end of the irrigation, as is the case for feedback control. RP CLEMENS, AJ (reprint author), US WATER CONSERVAT LAB,USDA ARS,PHOENIX,AZ 85040, USA. NR 0 TC 9 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENG PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9437 J9 J IRRIG DRAIN E-ASCE JI J. Irrig. Drainage Eng-ASCE PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 117 IS 4 BP 578 EP 595 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1991)117:4(578) PG 18 WC Agricultural Engineering; Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Engineering; Water Resources GA FY416 UT WOS:A1991FY41600010 ER PT J AU SMITH, RE AF SMITH, RE TI ON THE CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN BROOKS-COREY AND VANGENUCHTEN MODELS - DISCUSSION SO JOURNAL OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Discussion RP SMITH, RE (reprint author), USDA ARS,POB E,FT COLLINS,CO 80522, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENG PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9437 J9 J IRRIG DRAIN E-ASCE JI J. Irrig. Drainage Eng-ASCE PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 117 IS 4 BP 608 EP 610 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1991)117:4(608) PG 3 WC Agricultural Engineering; Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Engineering; Water Resources GA FY416 UT WOS:A1991FY41600016 ER PT J AU PATTERSON, BW HACHEY, DL COOK, GL AMANN, JM KLEIN, PD AF PATTERSON, BW HACHEY, DL COOK, GL AMANN, JM KLEIN, PD TI INCORPORATION OF A STABLE ISOTOPICALLY LABELED AMINO-ACID INTO MULTIPLE HUMAN APOLIPOPROTEINS SO JOURNAL OF LIPID RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE APOA-I; APOA-II; APO-B-100; APOC-I; APOC-II; APOC-III; [4,4,5,5-2H4]LYSINE ID LOW-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; ANALYTICAL MODEL SOLUTION; A-I; HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIC SUBJECTS; KINETIC HETEROGENEITY; DEUTERATED LEUCINE; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; C-APOLIPOPROTEINS; TRACER DATA; METABOLISM AB Procedures are presented for the separation and determination of the isotopic enrichment of multiple human apolipoproteins labeled in vivo with a stable isotope amino acid. The isotopic enrichments of plasma lysine and plasma apolipoproteins were monitored for 16 days after a single intravenous dose of [4,4,5,5-H-2(4)]lysine (5 mg/kg body weight). The use of a multiply deuterated amino acid enabled the measurement of isotopic enrichments above background over the entire 16-day time course in all proteins. Individual apolipoproteins were separated on a specially designed gradient sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis system cast in a conventional slab gel apparatus which resolved apoB-100, apoE, apoA-I, apoA-II, apoC-I, apoC-II, apoC-III-1, and apoC-III-2 on a single gel. After staining with Coomassie blue, proteins bands (containing 5 to 30-mu-g of individual apoliprotein) were excised from the gel. Amino acids were recovered from hydrolyzed gel slices, derivatized, and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for determination of lysine isotopic enrichments. The utility of the method is demonstrated using examples of apolipoproteins B-100, A-I, A-II, C-I, C-II, and C-III from either total plasma d < 1.21 g/ml lipoproteins or selected lipoprotein subfractions. Lysine isotopic enrichments of proteins were generally determined with a precision of better than 5%. The isotopic enrichment profiles were consistent with literature reports of apolipoprotein metabolic kinetics based on the use of radioiodinated apolipoproteins. The procedures outlined can be used to separate and measure the isotopic enrichment of virtually any apolipoprotein from any chosen lipoprotein fraction. Thus, these procedures should find wide application in the study of apolipoprotein metabolic kinetics. C1 TEXAS CHILDRENS HOSP,HOUSTON,TX 77030. RP PATTERSON, BW (reprint author), BAYLOR UNIV,DEPT PEDIAT,USDA ARS,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,HOUSTON,TX 77030, USA. NR 37 TC 63 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPID RESEARCH INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0022-2275 J9 J LIPID RES JI J. Lipid Res. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 32 IS 7 BP 1063 EP 1072 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA FX912 UT WOS:A1991FX91200001 PM 1940631 ER PT J AU FOCKS, DA MCLAUGHLIN, RE LINDA, SB AF FOCKS, DA MCLAUGHLIN, RE LINDA, SB TI EFFECTS OF IVERMECTIN (MK-933) ON THE REPRODUCTIVE RATE OF AEDES-AEGYPTI (DIPTERA, CULICIDAE) SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE INSECTA; FECUNDITY; IVERMECTIN; AEDES-AEGYPTI ID AVERMECTINS AB Aedes aegypti (L.) females were blood fed a single time on rabbits previously injected subcutaneously with ivermectin at 10 or 50 times the labeled dose recommended for cattle (0.2 mg [AI]/kg body weight). Although adult mosquito survival was unchanged by the low dose, fecundity and hatch were depressed slightly. Females fed on rabbits at the high dose exhibited reduced survival and egg production compared with females fed on control rabbits. Eggs from these females also were less likely to hatch, and subsequent larval survival was lower than controls. The effect of ivermectin on these reproductive parameters diminished as the time between drug administration and blood meal increased. RP FOCKS, DA (reprint author), USDA ARS,MED & VET ENTOMOL RES LAB,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604, USA. NR 14 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 28 IS 4 BP 501 EP 505 PG 5 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA FT648 UT WOS:A1991FT64800005 PM 1941909 ER PT J AU POUND, JM GEORGE, JE AF POUND, JM GEORGE, JE TI SELECTIVE BREEDING FOR PHOTOPERIODICALLY INDUCED DEVELOPMENTAL DIAPAUSE IN LABORATORY STRAINS OF AMBLYOMMA-AMERICANUM (ACARI, IXODIDAE) SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ARACHNIDA; AMBLYOMMA-AMERICANUM; GENETICS; PHENOTYPE AB Offspring of Amblyomma americanum (L.) reared for four generations in a 12:12 (L:D) photoperiod in the laboratory were held in 10:14 (L:D) conditions and bred to select for developmental diapause (DIA) or nondiapause (NON) characteristics for two additional generations. Sequential generations of fed DIA nymphs had mean molting times (days from detachment to ecdysis) that were 8.0% (DIA1) and 35.7% (DIA2) greater than parental ticks, and maximal development time was extended by 20% in DIA2 ticks over that of parentals. Selection in NON strains resulted in a significant decrease of detachment to ecdysis times in NON1 ticks, but the detachment to ecdysis times in NON2 ticks increased and was not different from parental ticks. Breeding for DIA and NON extremes did not affect the ability of either strain to develop rapidly if held in long-light (14:10 [L:D]) conditions. Selection for DIA resulted in extension of the period from detachment of fed nymphs to preapolysial posturing rather than from posturing to ecdysis of adults. RP POUND, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS,KNIPLING BUSHLAND US LIVESTOCK INSECTS RES LAB,SO PLAINS AREA,POB 232,KERRVILLE,TX 78029, USA. NR 10 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 28 IS 4 BP 544 EP 550 PG 7 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA FT648 UT WOS:A1991FT64800013 PM 1941917 ER PT J AU PATTERSON, GW MCKENNA, KC LUSBY, WR BISSON, MA AF PATTERSON, GW MCKENNA, KC LUSBY, WR BISSON, MA TI STEROLS OF THE CHAROPHYCEAE SO JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS LA English DT Note ID ALGAE AB Sterols were identified from two species of Chara and from one species each from the genera Nitella, Nitellopsis, and Lamprothamnium. The principal sterol in each species examined was either 24-ethylcholesterol or 28-isofucosterol. Cholesterol was present in small quantities in each alga. Four of the six genera of the Characeae have now been examined for sterol composition. 24-Ethylcholesterol or a mixture of 24-ethyl-cholesterol and 28-isofucosterol constitutes the majority of the sterol in each species examined to date. C1 USDA,INSECT HORMONE LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP PATTERSON, GW (reprint author), UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT BOT,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742, USA. NR 21 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PHARMACOGNOSY PI CINCINNATI PA LLOYD LIBRARY & MUSEUM 917 PLUM ST, CINCINNATI, OH 45202 SN 0163-3864 J9 J NAT PROD JI J. Nat. Prod. PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 54 IS 4 BP 1141 EP 1143 DI 10.1021/np50076a041 PG 3 WC Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Medicinal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Plant Sciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA GF526 UT WOS:A1991GF52600042 ER PT J AU PINKERTON, JN SANTO, GS MOJTAHEDI, H AF PINKERTON, JN SANTO, GS MOJTAHEDI, H TI POPULATION-DYNAMICS OF MELOIDOGYNE-CHITWOODI ON RUSSET BURBANK POTATOES IN RELATION TO DEGREE-DAY ACCUMULATION SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE COLUMBIA ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE; CROP LOSS; ECOLOGY; MELOIDOGYNE-CHITWOODI; POTATO; SOLANUM-TUBEROSUM ID HAPLA; TEMPERATURE; INCOGNITA; ARENARIA; PARASITE AB Population dynamics of Meloidogyne chitwoodi were studied for 2 years in a commercial potato field and microplots. Annual second-stage juvenile (J2) densities peaked at harvest in midfall, declined through the winter, and were lowest in early summer. In the field and in one microplot study, population increase displayed trimodal patterns during the 1984 and 1985 seasons. Over-wintering nematodes produced egg masses on roots by 600-800 degree-days base 5 C (DD5) after planting. Second-generation and third-generation eggs hatched by 950-1,100 DD5 and 1,500-1,600 DD5, respectively, and J2 densities rapidly increased in the soil. A fourth generation was observed at 2,150 DD5 in 1985 microplot studies. Tubers were initiated by 450-500 DD5, but J2 were not observed in the tubers until after the second generation hatched at 988-1,166 DD5. A second period of tuber invasion was observed when third generation J2 hatched. The regional variation in M. chitwoodi damage on potato may be explained by degree-day accumulation in different potato production regions of the western United States. C1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,CTR IRRIGATED AGR RES & EXTENS,PROSSER,WA 99350. RP PINKERTON, JN (reprint author), USDA,ARS,HORT RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97330, USA. NR 20 TC 26 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 23 IS 3 BP 283 EP 290 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA FU381 UT WOS:A1991FU38100003 PM 19283128 ER PT J AU FORTNUM, BA KASPERBAUER, MJ HUNT, PG BRIDGES, WC AF FORTNUM, BA KASPERBAUER, MJ HUNT, PG BRIDGES, WC TI BIOMASS PARTITIONING IN TOMATO PLANTS INFECTED WITH MELOIDOGYNE-INCOGNITA SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE BIOMASS; LYCOPERSICON-ESCULENTUM; MELOIDOGYNE-INCOGNITA; METABOLIC SINK; TOMATO ID VITIS-VINIFERA AB Tomato plants were inoculated with Meloidogyne incognita at initial populations (Pi) of 0, 1, 10, 50, 100, and 200 (x 1,000) eggs per plant and maintained in a growth chamber for 40 days. Total fresh biomass (roots + shoots) at harvest was unchanged by nematode inoculation with Pi of 1 x 10(5) eggs or less. Reductions in fresh shoot weight with increasing Pi coincided with increases in root weight. Total fresh biomass declined with Pi above 1 x 10(5) eggs, whereas total dry biomass declined at Pi above 1 x 10(4) eggs. The greatest reduction percentages in fresh shoot biomass induced by root-knot nematodes occurred in the stem tissue, followed by the petiole + rachis; the least weight loss occurred in the leaflets. Although biomass varied among shoot tissues, the relationship between biomass of various shoot tissues and Pi was described by quadratic equations. The linear and quadratic coefficients of the equations (stem, petiole + rachis, or leaflets on Pi) did not differ among tissues when calculations were based on standardized values. Meloidogyne incognita-infected plants had thinner leaves (leaf area/leaf weight) than did uninfected plants. Reductions in leaf weight and leaf area with nematode inoculation occurred at nodes 5-15 and 4, 6-14, respectively. Losses in plant height and mass due to nematodes reflected shorter internodes with less plant mass at each node. C1 USDA,ARS,COASTAL PLAINS SOIL & WATER CONSERVAT RES CTR,FLORENCE,SC 29502. CLEMSON UNIV,EXPTL STATS,CLEMSON,SC 29631. RP FORTNUM, BA (reprint author), CLEMSON UNIV,PEE DEE RES & EDUC CTR,FLORENCE,SC 29503, USA. NR 18 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 23 IS 3 BP 291 EP 297 PG 7 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA FU381 UT WOS:A1991FU38100004 PM 19283129 ER PT J AU GRIFFIN, GD AF GRIFFIN, GD TI RELATIONSHIP OF DITYLENCHUS-DIPSACI AND HARVEST PRACTICES TO THE PERSISTENCE OF ALFALFA SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ALFALFA; ALFALFA STEM NEMATODE; DITYLENCHUS-DIPSACI; HARVEST MANAGEMENT; MEDICAGE-SATIVA; PATHOGENICITY; PERSISTENCE; NONSTRUCTURAL CARBOHYDRATE; YIELD ID YIELD AB Persistence of dormant Ranger and nondormant Moapa alfalfas, both susceptible to Ditylenchus dipsaci, varied with stand age and cutting frequency. Stand reduction increased with cutting frequency. In D. dipsaci-infested soil, stand reductions in Ranger 1, 4, and 5 years old exceeded reductions in stands 2 and 3 years old; persistence was greatest in 2-year-old stands. In Moapa alfalfa, D. dipsaci reduced stands the most in years 2 and 3; whereas persistence was greatest in 1-year-old stands. Harvesting Ranger alfalfa one, two, three, and four times during the growing season reduced 2-year-old stands by 10, 14, 19, and 29% in D. dipsaci-infested soil and by 2, 4, 4, and 7% in uninfested soil, respectively. Comparable reductions in Moapa alfalfa were 13, 16, 18, and 38% in infested soil and 0, 2, 4, and 6% in uninfested soil. Cutting frequency had less effect on persistence of resistant semidormant Lahontan grown in D. dipsaci-infested soil relative to susceptible cultivars. Increasing the number of cuttings per year decreased storage of total nonstructural carbohydrate and adversely affected persistence of alfalfa stands and yields; the greatest negative effects occurred on both resistant and susceptible alfalfa in D. dipsaci-infested soil. RP GRIFFIN, GD (reprint author), UTAH STATE UNIV,FORAGE & RANGE RES LAB,USDA ARS,LOGAN,UT 84322, USA. NR 24 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 23 IS 3 BP 306 EP 315 PG 10 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA FU381 UT WOS:A1991FU38100006 PM 19283131 ER PT J AU ELSEY, KD AF ELSEY, KD TI OVERWINTERING AND COLD TOLERANCE OF THE MERMITHID FILIPJEVIMERMIS-LEIPSANDRA SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE COLD TOLERANCE; CUCUMBER BEETLE; DIABROTICA-BALTEATA; FILIPJEVIMERMIS-LEIPSANDRA; MERMITHID; OVERWINTERING AB Overwintering survival of Filipjevimermis leipsandra postparasitic adults ranged from 12 to 15% over 2 years. Nematodes recovered from biweekly samples oviposited within a week when exposed to warm temperatures. More nematodes were recovered from the lower portions of soil cores than from the upper. In laboratory tests of cold tolerance, the LD50 at -5 C was 5.5 hours, whereas exposure to -2 C for as long as 96 hours resulted in no mortality. RP ELSEY, KD (reprint author), USDA,ARS,US VEGETABLE LAB,CHARLESTON,SC 29414, USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 23 IS 3 BP 321 EP 323 PG 3 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA FU381 UT WOS:A1991FU38100008 PM 19283133 ER PT J AU NYCZEPIR, AP AF NYCZEPIR, AP TI NEMATODE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES IN STONE FRUITS IN THE UNITED-STATES SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE CRICONEMELLA; MANAGEMENT; MELOIDOGYNE; PRATYLENCHUS; PRUNUS; STONE FRUIT; XIPHINEMA ID TREE SHORT-LIFE; CRICONEMELLA-XENOPLAX; SOIL FUMIGATION; PEACH-TREES; ROOTSTOCK; SUITABILITY; RESISTANCE; DISEASE; FIELD; HOSTS RP NYCZEPIR, AP (reprint author), USDA ARS,SE FRUIT & TREE NUT RES LAB,BYRON,GA 31008, USA. NR 44 TC 48 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 23 IS 3 BP 334 EP 341 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA FU381 UT WOS:A1991FU38100010 PM 19283135 ER PT J AU SASSER, JN UZZELL, G AF SASSER, JN UZZELL, G TI CONTROL OF THE SOYBEAN CYST NEMATODE BY CROP-ROTATION IN COMBINATION WITH A NEMATICIDE SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE 1,3-DICHLOROPROPENE (1,3-D); CORN; GLYCINE-MAX; HETERODERA-GLYCINES; NEMATICIDE; POPULATION DYNAMICS; SOYBEAN; SOYBEAN CYST NEMATODE; ZEA-MAYS AB An experiment to evaluate the control of soybean cyst nematodes compared 1-year, 2-year, and 3-year nonhost rotations with continuous soybeans (Glycine max) in 0.2-ha plots. In a second 1-year rotation, the plots were planted to soybean or corn (Zea mays) after fumigation in the spring with a split application of 1,3-dichloropropene (748.2 liters/ha). The effects of the nematicide were apparent the first year. Soybean yield was 1,482 kg/ha compared to 233 kg/ha in the untreated plots. In the second year, the highest yielding plants (2,035 kg/ha) were those following 1 year of corn that had been treated the previous year; plants in untreated plots yielded 288 kg/ha. Average yield of soybean following 1 year of corn was 957 kg/ha compared to 288 kg/ha for continuous soybean. In the third year, the effects of the nematicide were still evident. Soybean plants in plots treated the first year, followed by corn, then soybean, yielded 1,044 kg/ha compared to 761 kg/ha for soybean following 1 year of corn and 991 kg/ha for soybean following 2 years of corn. Plots planted to soybean for 3 consecutive years yielded 337 kg/ha. Nematicidal effects were no longer evident during the fourth year. Yields were most improved by the greatest number of years in the nonhost crop; highest yields in descending order were from plants following 3 years of corn, 2 years of corn, and 1 year of corn. Plots planted to soybean for 4 consecutive years yielded 130 kg/ha. Highly significant negative correlations occurred each year between initial nematode population densities and seed yield. C1 USDA,DIV PLANT PEST & QUARANTINE,WILMINGTON,NC. RP SASSER, JN (reprint author), N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,RALEIGH,NC 27695, USA. NR 8 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 3 U2 10 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 23 IS 3 BP 344 EP 347 PG 4 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA FU381 UT WOS:A1991FU38100012 PM 19283137 ER PT J AU REYNOLDS, CK TYRRELL, HF REYNOLDS, PJ AF REYNOLDS, CK TYRRELL, HF REYNOLDS, PJ TI EFFECTS OF DIET FORAGE-TO-CONCENTRATE RATIO AND INTAKE ON ENERGY-METABOLISM IN GROWING BEEF HEIFERS - WHOLE-BODY ENERGY AND NITROGEN-BALANCE AND VISCERAL HEAT-PRODUCTION SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE CATTLE; ENERGY BALANCE; VISCERA; BLOOD FLOW; OXYGEN ID PORTAL-DRAINED VISCERA; LACTATING HOLSTEIN COWS; VOLATILE FATTY-ACIDS; BLOOD-FLOW; OXYGEN-CONSUMPTION; TREATED ALFALFA; CARDIAC-OUTPUT; SHEEP; STEERS; LIVER AB Effects of diet forage-to-concentrate ratio and intake on balances of energy and nitrogen and portal-drained viscera (PDV), liver and kidney blood flow and O2 consumption were measured in seven growing beef heifers. Isonitrogenous pelleted diets containing approximately 75% alfalfa or 75% concentrate were fed daily as 12 equal meals every 2 h at two isoenergetic metabolizable energy intakes. A split-plot design was used, with 4 wk for adaptation to diet followed by 3-wk intake periods within 6-wk diet periods. Heifers consumed and digested less dry matter, energy and nitrogen when fed the 75% concentrate vs. 75% alfalfa diet at equal metabolizable energy. Heifers fed the 75% concentrate diet produced less heat energy and retained more tissue energy than when fed the 75% alfalfa diet. Blood flow for PDV, liver and kidneys increased with intake and was greater when heifers were fed the 75% alfalfa vs. 75% concentrate diet. Increased PDV and liver O2 uptake accounted for 44 and 72% of heat increment for the 75% concentrate and 75% alfalfa diets, respectively. Greater PDV uptake of O2 accounted for 72% of the decrease in tissue energy of heifers fed the 75% alfalfa vs. 75% concentrate diet at equal metabolizable energy. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,RUMINANT NUTR LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 29 TC 143 Z9 148 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 121 IS 7 BP 994 EP 1003 PG 10 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA FV027 UT WOS:A1991FV02700011 PM 2051243 ER PT J AU REYNOLDS, CK TYRRELL, HF REYNOLDS, PJ AF REYNOLDS, CK TYRRELL, HF REYNOLDS, PJ TI EFFECTS OF DIET FORAGE-TO-CONCENTRATE RATIO AND INTAKE ON ENERGY-METABOLISM IN GROWING BEEF HEIFERS - NET NUTRIENT METABOLISM BY VISCERAL TISSUES SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE CATTLE; INTAKE; VISCERA; NUTRIENT METABOLISM ID PORTAL-DRAINED VISCERA; KETONE-BODY METABOLISM; AMINO-ACIDS; DAIRY-COWS; SHEEP; GLUCOSE; AMMONIA; LIVER; BLOOD; GUT AB Effects of diet forage-to-concentrate ratio and intake on metabolism of nutrients by portal-drained viscera (PDV), liver and kidneys were measured in seven growing beef heifers. Isonitrogenous pelleted diets containing approximately 75% alfalfa or 75% concentrate were fed every 2 h at two metabolizable energy intakes. Greater intake increased net PDV removal of glucose and urea nitrogen and net PDV release of NH3N, alpha-amino nitrogen (AAN), alanine and lactate. Lower net PDV release of NH3N, liver removal of NH3N and AAN and liver release of urea nitrogen accompanied lower N intake and digestion in heifers fed the 75% concentrate vs. the 75% alfalfa diet. Lower net PDV glucose removal resulted in greater total splanchnic glucose release when heifers were fed the 75% concentrate vs. the 75% alfalfa diet. In addition, net PDV, liver and total splanchnic release of beta-hydroxybutyrate (BOHB) were lower when heifers were fed the 75% concentrate vs. the 75% alfalfa diet. Greater tissue energy retention in heifers fed the 75% concentrate vs. the 75% alfalfa diet at equal metabolizable energy intake accompanied differences in net PDV metabolism of glucose, NH3N and BOHB and liver metabolism of nitrogenous compounds, BOHB and lactate. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,RUMINANT NUTR LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 30 TC 88 Z9 90 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 121 IS 7 BP 1004 EP 1015 PG 12 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA FV027 UT WOS:A1991FV02700012 PM 2051219 ER PT J AU RIBAYAMERCADO, JD RUSSELL, RM SAHYOUN, N MORROW, FD GERSHOFF, SN AF RIBAYAMERCADO, JD RUSSELL, RM SAHYOUN, N MORROW, FD GERSHOFF, SN TI VITAMIN-B6 REQUIREMENTS OF ELDERLY MEN AND WOMEN SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE VITAMIN-B6; XANTHURENIC ACID; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; PYRIDOXAL-5'-PHOSPHATE; 4-PYRIDOXIC ACID; HUMANS ID URINARY 4-PYRIDOXIC ACID; BIOCHEMICAL EVALUATION; PYRIDOXAL; PEOPLE; PLASMA; ERYTHROCYTE; RIBOFLAVIN; DEFICIENCY; TRYPTOPHAN AB The vitamin B-6 requirements of 12 men and women over 60 y old were studied. The protocol consisted of a 5-d baseline period and four experimental periods during which the subjects successively received 0.003, 0.015, 0.0225 and 0.03375 mg of vitamin B-6/ (kg body wt.d). Dietary protein was 1.2 or 0.8 g/(kg body wt.d). At 5- or 6-d intervals, xanthurenic acid (XA) after a 5-g L-tryptophan load and 4-pyridoxic acid (4-PA) in 24-h urine, erythrocyte aspartate aminotransferase activity coefficient (EAST-AC) and plasma pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP) were measured. These measurements were abnormal during vitamin B-6 depletion but returned to normal during repletion. Men who ingested approximately 120 g protein/d required 1.96 +/- 0.11 mg of vitamin B-6 to normalize XA; women who ingested 78 g protein/d required 1.90 +/- 0.18 mg of vitamin B-6 to normalize XA. To attain normal levels of EAST-AC and 4-PA in men, 2.88 +/- 0.17 mg of vitamin B-6 were needed; to normalize PLP, 1.96 +/- 0.11 mg of vitamin .B-6 were required. Women required 1.90 +/- 0.18 mg or more of vitamin B-6 to normalize these measurements. Vitamin B-6 requirements were not decreased in two of three subjects who ingested 54 g of protein daily. Thus, vitamin B-6 requirements of elderly men and women are about 1.96 and 1.90 mg/d, respectively. C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. TUFTS UNIV,SCH NUTR,MEDFORD,MA 02155. RI Sahyoun, Nadine/G-2608-2011 NR 39 TC 51 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 121 IS 7 BP 1062 EP 1074 PG 13 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA FV027 UT WOS:A1991FV02700019 PM 2051226 ER PT J AU BURRIN, DG DAVIS, TA FIOROTTO, ML REEDS, PJ AF BURRIN, DG DAVIS, TA FIOROTTO, ML REEDS, PJ TI STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT AND FASTING AFFECT PROTEIN SYNTHETIC ACTIVITY IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL TISSUES OF SUCKLING RATS SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; DEVELOPMENT; RATS ID SHORT-TERM MALNUTRITION; EXOCRINE PANCREAS; NEONATAL RABBITS; PROLIFERATION; INITIATION; STARVATION; INTESTINE; RENEWAL; ENZYMES; INVIVO AB We studied suckling rats from 1 to 28 d of age to determine the normal developmental changes in the protein synthetic activity of gastrointestinal tissue. We also studied the changes that occurred in response to 10 or 18 h of fasting at 5, 10, 16 and 28 d of age. Protein synthesis was measured in vivo using a flooding dose of L-[4-H-3]phenylalanine. Fractional protein synthesis rates (FSR, %/d) of stomach and small intestines increased nearly 80% during the period normally associated with weaning (d 18 to 28). Between birth and 28 d, the pancreas FSR increased approximately 6.5-fold from 46 to 302%/d. The increases in stomach, small intestinal and pancreatic FSR were largely due to increases in translational efficiency (gram protein synthesized per gram RNA). At 5, 10, 16 and 28 d post-partum, both the FSR and translational efficiency in pancreatic and small intestinal tissues were decreased after 10 h of fasting; however, measures in stomach tissue were largely unaffected. The magnitude of decline in FSR and translational efficiency in response to fasting was greater during the earlier than in the later stages of development. The results suggest that the FSR in the pancreas, small intestines and stomach of suckling rats increase during the period of development associated with weaning. Fasting affected protein synthetic activity more profoundly in pancreatic and small intestinal tissue in the early stages of development. RP BURRIN, DG (reprint author), BAYLOR UNIV,DEPT PEDIAT,USDA ARS,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,HOUSTON,TX 77030, USA. NR 22 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 121 IS 7 BP 1099 EP 1108 PG 10 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA FV027 UT WOS:A1991FV02700023 PM 2051230 ER PT J AU PETERKIN, BB AF PETERKIN, BB TI WHATS NEW ABOUT THE 1990 DIETARY GUIDELINES FOR AMERICANS SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION EDUCATION LA English DT Article RP PETERKIN, BB (reprint author), USDA,HUMAN NUTR INFORMAT SERV,FED BLDG,HYATTSVILLE,MD 20782, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU DECKER PERIODICALS INC PI HAMILTON PA 4 HUGHSON STREET SOUTH PO BOX 620, LCD 1, HAMILTON ON L8N 3K7, CANADA SN 0022-3182 J9 J NUTR EDUC JI J. Nutr. Educ. PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 23 IS 4 BP 183 EP 186 PG 4 WC Education, Scientific Disciplines; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Education & Educational Research; Nutrition & Dietetics GA GD595 UT WOS:A1991GD59500006 ER PT J AU RAWLINS, SL AF RAWLINS, SL TI GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL-CHANGE AND AGRICULTURE SO JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article RP RAWLINS, SL (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,NATL PROGRAM STAFF,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0890-8524 J9 J PROD AGRIC JI J. Prod. Agric. PD JUL-SEP PY 1991 VL 4 IS 3 BP 291 EP 293 PG 3 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA GC269 UT WOS:A1991GC26900003 ER PT J AU MOSELEY, JR AF MOSELEY, JR TI THE CHALLENGE TO AGRICULTURE SO JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article RP MOSELEY, JR (reprint author), USDA,ROOM 217E ADM BLDG,14TH & INDEPENDENCE AVE SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0890-8524 J9 J PROD AGRIC JI J. Prod. Agric. PD JUL-SEP PY 1991 VL 4 IS 3 BP 294 EP 296 PG 3 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA GC269 UT WOS:A1991GC26900004 ER PT J AU WESLEY, RA HEATHERLY, LG ELMORE, CD AF WESLEY, RA HEATHERLY, LG ELMORE, CD TI CROPPING SYSTEMS FOR CLAY SOIL - CROP-ROTATION AND IRRIGATION EFFECTS ON SOYBEAN AND WHEAT DOUBLECROPPING SO JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article AB Doublecropping soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the most popular crop rotation in the USA. Field experiments were conducted from 1984 to 1989 to evaluate alternate cropping systems for a Tunica clay soil (clayey over loamy, montmorillonitic, nonacid, thermic Vertic Haplaquept) in the lower Mississippi River Valley. Specific objectives were to (i) determine the seed yield response of monocrop soybean and doublecrop soybean and wheat grown in rotation in irrigated and nonirrigated environments, and (ii) determine the increase in gross income for soybean due to irrigation. Seed yields of monocrop soybean averaged over the 6-yr test period exceeded yield from doublecrop soybean in the irrigated (41.3 vs. 32.5 bu/acre) and nonirrigated (18.0 vs. 9.2 bu/acre) environments, respectively. Yields of soybean from corn (Zea mays L.)/wheat-soybean and sorghum [Sorghum bi-color (L.) Moench.]/wheat-soybean rotations were similar in the irrigated and in the nonirrigated experiments. Average wheat yields from the wheat-soybean, corn/wheat-soybean, and sorghum/wheat-soybean systems indicated no great advantage for any system. Irrigation of soybean increased yields and gross income in all years except 1989. Gross income and returns per inch of irrigation water varied considerably across years, however, and were a function of commodity prices and the amount of irrigation water applied. RP WESLEY, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS,FIELD CROPS MECHANIZAT RES UNIT,POB 36,STONEVILLE,MS 38776, USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0890-8524 J9 J PROD AGRIC JI J. Prod. Agric. PD JUL-SEP PY 1991 VL 4 IS 3 BP 345 EP 352 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA GC269 UT WOS:A1991GC26900012 ER PT J AU RATLIEF, RD DUNCAN, DA WESTFALL, SE AF RATLIEF, RD DUNCAN, DA WESTFALL, SE TI CALIFORNIA OAK-WOODLAND OVERSTORY SPECIES AFFECT HERBAGE UNDERSTORY - MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE ANNUAL GRASSLAND; BLUE OAK; DIGGER PINE; HERBAGE STANDING CROPS; LIVE OAK; SPECIES FREQUENCIES ID ANNUAL GRASSLAND AB Concerns for the future of California's oak-woodlands have intensified the need to better understand how different overstory species affect herbage standing crops and species frequencies. Data from over 8,000 plots harvested between 1961 and 1968 at the San Joaquin Experimental Range in the Sierra Nevada foothills of central California show that peak standing crops averaged 2,795 kg/ha in the open; 3,086 kg/ha under blue oak (Quercus douglasii); 1,840 kg/ha under interior live oak (Quercus wislizenii); 1,696 kg/ha under digger pine (Pinus sabiniana); and 1,917 kg/ha under buck brush (Ceanothus cuneatus). Overstory species affected standing crops differently on different range sites. On swales, standing crops were less under live oak and digger pine than in open areas. On open-rolling uplands, standing crops were less in the open and under live oak than under blue oak. On rocky-brush uplands, standing crops were less under all other overstory species than under blue oak. Data on species frequency suggest that herbage species of later successional stages are more common under trees. The frequency of plant species varied with the species of overstory, and a diversity of overstory species may help to maintain adequate species diversity among understory species. C1 CALIF STATE UNIV FRESNO,SAN JOAQUIN EXPTL RANGE,FRESNO,CA 93740. RP RATLIEF, RD (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC SW FOREST & RANGE EXPT,2081 E SIERRA,FRESNO,CA 93710, USA. NR 24 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 7 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 44 IS 4 BP 306 EP 310 DI 10.2307/4002388 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA FY103 UT WOS:A1991FY10300001 ER PT J AU MURRAY, RB MAYLAND, HF SHEWMAKER, GE AF MURRAY, RB MAYLAND, HF SHEWMAKER, GE TI RESPONSE OF MONTANE TALL-FORB COMMUNITIES TO 2,4-D AND MIXTURES OF 2,4-D AND PICLORAM SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE HERBICIDES; GERANIUM; POTENTILLA; SUB-ALPINE VEGETATION TYPES; ELYMUS-TRACHYCAULUS; PACHIC-CRYOBORALL AB Tall-forb communities occur on deep soils of the upper montane and subalpine zones of the Rocky Mountains and extend from southwestern Montana to southern Utah. In the Centennial Mountains of Montana, forbs comprise > 80% of the annual yields, including 30-35% sticky geranium (Geranium viscosissimum) and 20-25% Potentilla spp. Tall-forb communities are rich in species diversity and very productive, but many of the forbs are not palatable to grazing ungulates. Suppression of the less palatable species, like sticky geranium, would increase the forage value for grazing. In 1983 and 1984 adjacent plots were sprayed during weeks 1, 2, 3, and 4 in July, with 2,4-D[(2,4 Dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid, isooctyl ester] applied at 1.1 or 2.2 kg 2,4-D/ha or 2.2 kg 2,4-D/ha plus 0.6 kg/ha of the potassium salt of picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid). Forage yields were measured in August of 1984, 85, and 86. Total forage yields ranged from 2,700 to 3,000 kg/ha on the untreated areas. Forb yields ranged were significantly reduced, especially by the 2,4-D + picloram treatment. Herbicide treatments applied during flower-stalk development to first fower of sticky geranium were most effective. Grass and sedge production partially compensated for reductions in forb yields. Interseeding of introduced species into herbicide treated plots in 1983 was unsuccessful. Forb and grass production is expected to return to levels similar to those on untreated areas after 5 years. C1 USDA ARS,US SHEEP EXPT STN,DUBOIS,ID 83423. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 44 IS 4 BP 311 EP 318 DI 10.2307/4002389 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA FY103 UT WOS:A1991FY10300002 ER PT J AU BORMAN, MM KRUEGER, WC JOHNSON, DE AF BORMAN, MM KRUEGER, WC JOHNSON, DE TI EFFECTS OF ESTABLISHED PERENNIAL GRASSES ON YIELDS OF ASSOCIATED ANNUAL WEEDS SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE COMPETITION; REINVASION; NATIVE PERENNIAL GRASSES; INTRODUCED PERENNIAL GRASSES; RESIDENT ANNUAL PLANTS; YELLOW STARTHISTLE; MEDITERRANEAN SYSTEM; SOUTHWEST OREGON AB Perennial grasses are needed for seeding annual grasslands in the Mediterranean/maritime climatic regime of southwest Oregon. Selection of plants for reseeding purposes would be facilitated by identification of perennial grasses that, once established, are able to suppress resident annual plant production. Perennial grasses were transplanted and allowed to establish in the absence of competition for the first growing season at 2 sites in the foothills of southwest Oregon. After the first growing season, resident annual plants were allowed to reinvade. Perennial grasses such as Berber orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L. var. Berber) and Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis Elmer) that begin growth early suppressed annuals more effectively than later growing perennial grasses such as intermediate and tall wheatgrasses (Agropyron intermedium (Host.) Beauv. and A. elongatum (Host.) Beauv., respectively). Of the perennial grasses adapted to these sites, those which initiated growth earliest, maintained some growth through winter months, and matured earliest were the best competitors. C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT RANGELAND RESOURCES,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. RP BORMAN, MM (reprint author), USDA ARS,FT KEOGH LIVESTOCK & RANGE RES STN,MILES CITY,MT 59301, USA. NR 12 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 4 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 44 IS 4 BP 318 EP 322 DI 10.2307/4002390 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA FY103 UT WOS:A1991FY10300003 ER PT J AU HARDEGREE, SP EMMERICH, WE AF HARDEGREE, SP EMMERICH, WE TI VARIABILITY IN GERMINATION RATE AMONG SEED LOTS OF LEHMANN LOVEGRASS SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE ERAGROSTIS-LEHMANNIANA NEES; MECHANICAL SCARIFICATION; REDUCED WATER POTENTIAL ID GRASSES AB The regeneration success of Lehmann lovegrass (Eragrostis lehmanniana Nees) in southern Arizona may be partially due to rapid germination during sporadic periods of available soil moisture. There is limited information regarding germination rate of Lehmann lovegrass but it is known that total germination response for this species is highly variable. Some of this variability may result from differences in the degree of mechanical scarification during harvest, threshing, and storage. Scarified and nonscarified seed from 7 seed lots were germinated over the water potential (PSI-W) range of 0 to -1.16 MPa. Results showed that mechanical scarification increased total germination and germination rate. Mechanical scarification reduced variability among seed lots for germination rate, but increased variability for total germination. The rapid germination hypothesis may be valid for Lehmann lovegrass as long as seed numbers are not limiting. Of the scarified seed that germinated above a PSI-W of -0.4 MPa, at least 10% did so between days 1 and 2 of the study. C1 USDA ARS,ARIDLAND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RES UNIT,TUCSON,AZ 85719. RP HARDEGREE, SP (reprint author), USDA ARS,NW WATERSHED RES CTR,800 PK BLVD,PLAZA 4,SUITE 105,BOISE,ID 83712, USA. NR 21 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 44 IS 4 BP 323 EP 326 DI 10.2307/4002392 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA FY103 UT WOS:A1991FY10300006 ER PT J AU ROSENTRETER, R KELSEY, RG AF ROSENTRETER, R KELSEY, RG TI XERIC BIG SAGEBRUSH, A NEW SUBSPECIES IN THE ARTEMISIA-TRIDENTATA COMPLEX SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE MOUNTAIN BIG SAGEBRUSH; TAXONOMY; CHEMOTAXONOMY; TERPENES; PHENOLS; INDICATOR SPECIES ID EXTRACTS; SOIL AB In 1970 a xeric form of mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana (Rydb.) Beetle) was reported in west central Idaho. Observations of morphology, habitat, and ecology, and analyses of foliage chemical components, clearly indicate these plants represent a new subspecies (xericensis) in the big sagebrush complex. It grows at lower elevations, 762-1,524 m (2,500-5,000 ft) and drier environments, 305-560 mm (12-22 in) precipitation, than most mountain big sagebrush, and is found on basaltic foothill soils often in association with bluebunch wheatgrass (Agropyron spicatum (Pursh) Scribn. & Smith). In addition to soil type, the radiate growth form and a more branched paniculate inflorescence are 2 morphological characteristics useful in separating ssp. xericensis from ssp. vaseyana. It contains higher concentrations of crude protein (10.4%), phosphorus (0.3%), and total volatiles, and lower concentrations of tannins and total phenols than mountain big sagebrush. Distinct chromatograms were obtained for both subspecies when extracts were analyzed by gas and high performance liquid chromatography. Leaf morphology and fluorescence of leaf water extracts are useful characters for separating ssp. xericensis from ssp. tridentata. The chemical data, in combination with morphology and ecology, suggest this new subspecies was initially derived by hybridization of ssp. tridentata and ssp. vaseyana. C1 US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. RP ROSENTRETER, R (reprint author), BUR LAND MANAGEMENT,IDAHO STATE OFF,3380 AMER TERRACE,BOISE,ID 83706, USA. NR 23 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 3 U2 8 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 44 IS 4 BP 330 EP 335 DI 10.2307/4002394 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA FY103 UT WOS:A1991FY10300008 ER PT J AU AGUIRRE, L JOHNSON, DA AF AGUIRRE, L JOHNSON, DA TI ROOT MORPHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT IN RELATION TO SHOOT GROWTH IN SEEDLINGS OF 4 RANGE GRASSES SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE AGROPYRON-DESERTORUM X A-CRISTATUM; HYCREST; CRESTED WHEATGRASS; PSEUDOROEGNERIA SPICATA; WHITMAR; BLUEBUNCH WHEATGRASS; ELYMUS-LANCEOLATUS; SECAR; SNAKE RIVER WHEATGRASS; BROMUS-TECTORUM; CHEATGRASS; SEEDLING ESTABLISHMENT; ROOT MORPHOLOGY ID BLUE GRAMA SEEDLINGS AB Successful seedling establishment in arid and semiarid rangelands depends on seedling root characteristics and on the relationship between shoot and root development. This study was conducted to determine seedling shoot and root developmental characteristics of 'Hycrest', a hybrid cultivar of crested wheatgrass [Agropyron desertorum (Fisch. ex Link) Schult. x Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaert.]; 'Whitmar', a cultivar of bluebunch wheatgrass [Pseudoroegneria spicata (Pursh) Love subspecies inermis (Scrib. and Smith) Love]; 'Secar', a cultivar of Snake River Wheatgrass [Elymus lanceolatus (Scribner & J. G. Smith) Gould]; and cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) under favorable growth conditions. Seedlings were grown in 20-cm x 20-cm pots filled with sandy loam soil in a greenhouse and were destructively harvested 9, 17, 24, 31, 38, and 45 days after emergence. Cheatgrass had greater (P < 0.05) plant height, leaf area, total shoot dry weight, primary root length, number and order of branching of the second group of seminal roots, order of branching of the first group of adventitious roots, and total root dry weight than Hycrest, Whitmar, and Secar. Hycrest had greater (P < 0.05) seedling growth than Whitmar and Secar. The pattern of root and shoot development was similar in the 4 species; however, species differed in the cumulative growing degree days required to initiate elongation and branching of siminal and adventitious roots. The close association between the pattern of root development and shoot growth in the 4 species may be useful in deriving models of root morphological development based on shoot development. C1 UTAH STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,LOGAN,UT 84322. UTAH STATE UNIV,DEPT RANGE SCI,LOGAN,UT 84322. NR 21 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 44 IS 4 BP 341 EP 346 DI 10.2307/4002396 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA FY103 UT WOS:A1991FY10300010 ER PT J AU AGUIRRE, L JOHNSON, DA AF AGUIRRE, L JOHNSON, DA TI INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND CHEATGRASS COMPETITION ON SEEDLING DEVELOPMENT OF 2 BUNCHGRASSES SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE HYCREST; CRESTED WHEATGRASS; AGROPYRON-DESERTORUM X A-CRISTATUM; BLUEBUNCH WHEATGRASS; PSEUDOROEGNERIA-SPICATA; CHEATGRASS; DOWNY BROME; BROMUS-TECTORUM; SEEDLING ESTABLISHMENT; ROOT MORPHOLOGY ID HYCREST CRESTED WHEATGRASS; BLUE GRAMA SEEDLINGS; DOWNY BROME; GRASS SEEDLINGS; MOUNTAIN RYE; GROWTH; ROOT; GERMINATION AB Rapid seedling growth and ability to compete against cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) are 2 characteristics that perennial grasses must have for successful establishment on semiarid western rangelands. This study was conducted to determine the effects of temperature and competition from cheatgrass on seedling root and shoot growth of 'Hycrest' crested wheatgrass [Agropyron desertorum (Fisch. ex Link) Schult. x A. cristatum (L.) Gaert.] and 'Whitmar' bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata (Pursh) Love]. For the temperature study, seedlings were grown in growth chambers with alternate 12-h day/night temperatures of 10/5, 15/5, and 20/5-degrees-C. Seedlings were destructively harvested on 6 dates and evaluated for 14 root and shoot characteristics. Leaf development, leaf area, total root length, and number and length of the second group of seminal roots were greater (P < 0.05) for cheatgrass than Hycrest and Whitmar at all dates and temperatures. Cheatgrass elongated adventitious roots earlier and at colder temperatures (10/5-degrees-C) than Hycrest, and Whitmar did not produce adventitious roots at low temperatures. This would favor the establishment of cheatgrass at low temperatures. For the competition study, seedlings were established in pots in a greenhouse with planting ratios of Hycrest to cheatgrass and Whitmar to cheatgrass of 1:0, 2:0, and 5:0 (32, 64, and 159 plants m-2, respectively) and compared with planting ratios of 1:1 and 1:4. Fourteen shoot and root characteristics were evaluated 15, 30, and 50 days after seedling emergence. Hycrest had greater shoot and root development than Whitmar for all seedling characteristics. Competition from cheatgrass reduced growth of Hycrest and Whitmar seedlings. At a planting ratio of 1:4, Hycrest-cheatgrass mixtures depleted soil moisture to lower soil water potentials than Whitmar-cheatgrass mixtures. These results indicate that Hycrest seedlings are more effective competitors with cheatgrass than Whitmar seedlings. C1 UTAH STATE UNIV,DEPT RANGE SCI,LOGAN,UT 84322. UTAH STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,LOGAN,UT 84322. NR 40 TC 57 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 18 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 44 IS 4 BP 347 EP 354 DI 10.2307/4002397 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA FY103 UT WOS:A1991FY10300011 ER PT J AU JOHNSON, DA AGUIRRE, L AF JOHNSON, DA AGUIRRE, L TI EFFECT OF WATER ON MORPHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT IN SEEDLINGS OF 3 RANGE GRASSES - ROOT BRANCHING PATTERNS SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE HYCREST; CRESTED WHEATGRASS; AGROPYRON-DESERTORUM X A-CRISTATUM; BLUEBUNCH WHEATGRASS; PSEUDOROEGNERIA-SPICATA; CHEATGRASS; BROMUS-TECTORUM; SEEDLING ESTABLISHMENT; ROOT MORPHOLOGY; ROOT TOPOLOGY ID HYCREST CRESTED WHEATGRASS; SOURCE SPRINKLER SYSTEM; MOUNTAIN RYE; DOWNY BROME; TEMPERATURE; COMPETITION AB Root morphology is important for successful seedling establishment and survival on semiarid rangelands. This study was conducted to determine the response of early seedling root morphological development of 'Hycrest' [Agropyron desertorum (Fisch. ex Link) Schult. x A. cristatum (L.) Gaert.], 'Whitmar' (Pseudoroegneria spicata (Pursh) Love], and cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) to water. A greenhouse line-source sprinkler system provided a gradient of water application (77, 66, 37, and 5 ml/day). Root morphology was examined at 15, 30, and 45 days after seedling emergence. Order of branching of roots associated with the first foliar node was greater in cheatgrass than in Hycrest or Whitmar at all water applications and dates. Length of the primary root, length of the second group of seminal roots, and length of the first group of adventitious roots were similar in cheatgrass and Hycrest. Root branching for the 3 species decreased as less water was applied, except for cheatgrass irrigated with 5 ml/day. The ability of cheatgrass seedlings to grow with little water was related to their greater order of branching of seminal roots, branching density on the main axis, and length of lateral roots and external-external links. The greater root branching densities, lateral root lengths, and external-external link lengths enabled Hycrest seedlings to grow better than Whitmar seedlings with little water. These root morphological characteristics may prove useful in improving seedling establishment of perennial range grasses. C1 UTAH STATE UNIV,DEPT RANGE SCI,LOGAN,UT 84322. RP JOHNSON, DA (reprint author), UTAH STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,LOGAN,UT 84322, USA. NR 26 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 44 IS 4 BP 355 EP 360 DI 10.2307/4002398 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA FY103 UT WOS:A1991FY10300012 ER PT J AU VOGEL, KP MOORE, KJ JOHNSON, BE AF VOGEL, KP MOORE, KJ JOHNSON, BE TI STATISTICAL-ANALYSES FOR COMPARISON OF ESOPHAGEAL AND HAND-CLIPPED SAMPLES FROM GRAZING TRIALS SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE DIET SELECTION; LIVESTOCK PREFERENCE; FORAGE QUALITY; EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN ID EXPERIMENTAL-DESIGN; EXPOSITION; FORAGE AB Esophageal fistulated animals are used to collect samples of the forage being consumed by animals in grazing experiments. Four principal hypotheses (H) can be tested in esophageal trials: (1) esophageal samples are similar over treatments, (2) available forage is similar over treatments, (3) esophageal and available forage samples are similar, and (4) differential selection of diet did not occur among treatments. Because of the constraints of limited animal numbers, multiple latin-square or crossover designs in which the same animals are used to sample pastures during different periods of time are used to test H 1. Available forage is determined by collecting samples from the pastures over the duration of the study. The experimental design for these samples is a split-plot in time which is used to test H 2. Analyses of 1 set of samples (esophageal or available) using the experimental design for the other set is inappropriate. Since esophageal and available samples are paired within experimental units, paired t-tests can be used to test H 3 by treatment or averaged over treatments. H 4 can be tested by conducting an analysis of variance of esophageal minus available (or vice-versa) differences averaged over periods. Significant treatment effects indicate differential selection of diet among treatments occurred. C1 UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT AGRON,LINCOLN,NE 68583. RP VOGEL, KP (reprint author), USDA ARS,LINCOLN,NE 68583, USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 44 IS 4 BP 379 EP 382 DI 10.2307/4002403 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA FY103 UT WOS:A1991FY10300017 ER PT J AU SCHUMAN, GE TAYLOR, EM RAUZI, F AF SCHUMAN, GE TAYLOR, EM RAUZI, F TI FORAGE PRODUCTION OF RECLAIMED MINED LANDS AS INFLUENCED BY NITROGEN-FERTILIZATION AND MULCHING PRACTICE SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE REVEGETATION; STUBBLE AND CRIMPED STRAW MULCH; DISTURBED LAND TREATMENT; NITROGEN MANAGEMENT AB Fertilizer nitrogen (N) management and other cultural practices used in reclamation can have a significant effect on the successful revegetation of mined lands. Repeated fertilization of revegetated lands creates management and economic concerns. Nitrogen fertilizer was broadcast at 67 kg ha-1 yr-1 for 4 years and at 268 ha-1 for 1 year on revegetated mined land to evaluate N management effects on forage production. Seeded grass production over 5 years did not exhibit consistent increases for the single N fertilizer application compared to the 4 annual applications. Although the single, higher N fertilization treatment only produced significantly greater forage in 3 instances compared to the lower annual fertilization treatment, it would result in a significant savings in application costs. Seeded grass production was higher and annual forb production lower when established using a standing grain stubble mulch compared to a crimped straw mulch. A single, higher application rate of nitrogen and a stubble mulch are recommended because of their production, management, and economic benefits. RP SCHUMAN, GE (reprint author), USDA ARS,HIGH PLAINS GRASSLANDS RES STN,8408 HILDRETH RD,CHEYENNE,WY 82009, USA. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 44 IS 4 BP 382 EP 384 DI 10.2307/4002404 PG 3 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA FY103 UT WOS:A1991FY10300018 ER PT J AU YOUNG, JA PALMQUIST, DE EVANS, RA AF YOUNG, JA PALMQUIST, DE EVANS, RA TI TEMPERATURE PROFILES FOR GERMINATION OF BIG SAGEBRUSH SEEDS FROM NATIVE STANDS SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE RANGE ECOLOGY; SEEDBED TEMPERATURE; MICROENVIRONMENTS; TEMPERATE DESERTS AB The germination of seeds of big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata, Nutt.) from 5 locations on the margin of the Carson Desert, Nevada, was studied over 5 growing seasons. Temperature profiles for germination were developed for seeds collected from each location. The profile consisted of 55 constant or alternating temperatures from 0 through 40-degrees-C. Seed quality was high with optimum germination, defined as germination not different from the maximum observed at the 0.01 level of probability, averaging 80% for all years and all locations. Differences in germination parameters existed among locations, but not within locations among years of production. Differences among years of production were most pronounced at extreme incubation temperatures. The most frequent temperature regime supporting optimum germination of big sagebrush seeds was 15/20-degrees-C (15-degrees-C for 16 hours and 20-degrees-C for 8 hours in each 24-hour cycle). RP YOUNG, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS,920 VALLEY RD,RENO,NV 89512, USA. NR 17 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 44 IS 4 BP 385 EP 390 DI 10.2307/4002405 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA FY103 UT WOS:A1991FY10300019 ER PT J AU LOOMIS, JB LOFT, ER UPDIKE, DR KIE, JG AF LOOMIS, JB LOFT, ER UPDIKE, DR KIE, JG TI CATTLE-DEER INTERACTIONS IN THE SIERRA-NEVADA - A BIOECONOMIC APPROACH SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE CATTLE SYSTEMS; HOME RANGE; MULE DEER; DEER HUNTING BENEFITS; NONMARKET VALUATION; NET ECONOMIC BENEFITS; ODOCOILEUS-HEMIONUS ID HOME-RANGE; RESPONSES AB Four potential cattle grazing systems on summer range in the Sierra Nevada are compared in terms of deer harvest, number of hunters attracted, and the net economic value of hunting. Research on deer carrying capacity response to different 3-year rest rotation grazing patterns indicates continuous moderate grazing provides 82% of the potential deer carrying capacity. A 2-years-off, 1-year-on grazing system provides 94% of potential deer carrying capacity. The increase in carrying capacity associated with grazing 1 year in 3 could increase buck harvest by 200 animals in the Sierra Nevada's hunt zone D5. Change in deer harvest in the previous year is one of the key variables in a model that determines the attactiveness of hunt zones to California deer hunters. The model predicts that increasing buck harvest by 200 deer in hunt zone D5 results in 2,721 more hunters visiting this zone each year. This translates into nearly 11,835 more trips. The net economic value of these additional hunters is determined based on a simulated market approach. Using the value from the hunter survey, the annual increase in hunting value is $2.3 million. The present value of this change over each 3-year rest-rotation cycle is $6.5 million using a 4% discount rate. The incremental benefits of deer hunting gained under the 2-years-off, 1-year-on grazing system is greater than the lost net economic value of the forage to the rancher as computed by USDA Economic Research Service. C1 US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC SW FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,FRESNO,CA 93710. UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT AGR ECON,DAVIS,CA 95616. CALIF DEPT FISH & GAME,SACRAMENTO,CA 95814. RP LOOMIS, JB (reprint author), UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DIV ENVIRONM STUDIES,DAVIS,CA 95616, USA. NR 35 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 4 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 44 IS 4 BP 395 EP 399 DI 10.2307/4002407 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA FY103 UT WOS:A1991FY10300021 ER PT J AU RIES, RE HOFMANN, L AF RIES, RE HOFMANN, L TI RESEARCH OBSERVATIONS - STANDARDIZED TERMINOLOGY FOR STRUCTURES RESULTING IN EMERGENCE AND CROWN PLACEMENT OF 3 PERENNIAL GRASSES SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE MESOCOTYL; COLEOPTILE; LEAF INTERNODES; INTRACOLEOPTILE INTERNODE; GRASS SEEDLING MORPHOLOGY; WESTERN WHEATGRASS; SIDE-OATS GRAMA; SMOOTH BROMEGRASS ID SEEDLINGS; COLEOPTILE AB A significant problem we encountered in grass establishment research was confusion in the literature over seedling structures and terminology. From review of the historical literature and our observations of growth-chamber grown sideoats grama [Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr.], western wheatgrass [Agropyron smithii Rydb.; new cytogenetic = Pascopyron smithii Rydb. (Love)], and smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) seedlings, we suggest standard structures and terminology for grass seedlings. The nodes of a grass seedling are defined as the scutellar node, coleoptilar node, and leaf nodes named in sequence from first to last. The internode between the scutellar and coleoptilar nodes is termed the mesocotyl. The internode that develops inside the coleoptile between the coleoptilar and first leaf nodes is defined as the first leaf internode. Subsequent internodes are named for the leaf node immediately above; e.g., second leaf internode. Using these structures and terminology we found the "mechanism" of emergence for these grass seedlings from a 25-mm seeding depth was elongation of the mesocotyl (when expressed) and elongation of the coleoptile. Sideoats grama had a long mesocotyl and short coleoptile; western wheatgrass lacked or had a short mesocotyl and a long coleoptile; and smooth bromegrass had intermediate mesocotyl and coleoptile lengths. The "mechanism" of crown placement for seedlings that emerged and survived from a 51-mm seeding depth was non-elongation or elongation of the mesocotyl and leaf internodes. The crowns of sideoats grama seedlings were at the coleoptilar node, which was close to the soil surface. Western wheatgrass seedlings have their crowns near planting depth, usually at the coleoptilar node. Smooth bromegrass crowns were at variable depths because of variable elongation of the mesocotyl and leaf internodes. RP RIES, RE (reprint author), USDA ARS,NO GREAT PLAINS RES LAB,POB 459,MANDAN,ND 58554, USA. NR 19 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 44 IS 4 BP 404 EP 407 DI 10.2307/4002409 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA FY103 UT WOS:A1991FY10300023 ER PT J AU HATFIELD, PG WALKER, JW GLIMP, HA AF HATFIELD, PG WALKER, JW GLIMP, HA TI COMPARING THE CAPTEC BOLUS TO CHROMIC OXIDE DOSED TWICE DAILY USING SHEEP IN CONFINEMENT SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Note DE FECAL OUTPUT; CONTINUOUS-RELEASE BOLUS ID YTTERBIUM; RELEASE AB Thirty-six wethers were used in 3 trials to compare estimates of fecal output using chromic oxide either in a continuous-release bolus or dosed twice daily. Wethers were confined in metabolism crates and fed alfalfa. Chromium content was determined in rectal grab samples. Only in trial 2 were differences (P = 0.06) detected between the ability of the 2 methods to precisely estimate fecal output. Variation of estimated fecal output was greater using the bolus than estimates using the twice daily dosing method. Both methods tended to over-estimate actual fecal output under pen fed conditions. RP HATFIELD, PG (reprint author), USDA ARS,US SHEEP EXPT STN,DUBOIS,ID 83423, USA. NR 9 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 44 IS 4 BP 408 EP 409 DI 10.2307/4002410 PG 2 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA FY103 UT WOS:A1991FY10300024 ER PT J AU GEISERT, RD FOX, TC MORGAN, GL WELLS, ME WETTEMANN, RP ZAVY, MT AF GEISERT, RD FOX, TC MORGAN, GL WELLS, ME WETTEMANN, RP ZAVY, MT TI SURVIVAL OF BOVINE EMBRYOS TRANSFERRED TO PROGESTERONE-TREATED ASYNCHRONOUS RECIPIENTS SO JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTION AND FERTILITY LA English DT Article DE BOVINE; EMBRYO; UTERUS; PROGESTERONE ID ESTROUS-CYCLE; BEEF-CATTLE; ESTRUS; EWE; SYNCHRONIZATION; PERFORMANCE; COLLECTION; CONCEPTUS; PROFILES; INVITRO AB Treatment of recipient cows with 100 mg of progesterone daily from Days 1 to 5 of the oestrous cycle increased plasma progesterone compared with vehicle-treated recipients. Embryo transfer to progesterone-treated recipients which showed oestrus 72 h after the donor cows resulted in pregnancy rates at Day 35 similar to those of synchronous (+/- 12 h) recipients (42 vs. 50%). Only 1 of 22 (4.8%) asynchronous (-72 h) vehicle-treated recipients established pregnancy. Similar treatments of cyclic cows with progesterone shortened (P < 0.01) the interoestrous interval by 3.2 days. When assessed on Day 7 of pregnancy, administration of progesterone to superovulated donor cows on Days 1-4 of pregnancy did not affect early embryo development compared with superovulated cows treated with vehicle alone. Plasma progesterone increased rapidly in superovulated cows compared with cows during the oestrous cycle. The results indicate that administration of progesterone early in the oestrous cycle of the recipient can effectively advance uterine receptivity for the transfer of older asynchronous embryos. C1 REPROD ENTERPRISES,STILLWATER,OK 74074. USDA ARS,EL RENO,OK 73036. OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV,DEPT VET MED & SURG,STILLWATER,OK 74078. RP GEISERT, RD (reprint author), OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV,OKLAHOMA AGR EXPT STN,STILLWATER,OK 74078, USA. NR 33 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 1 PU J REPROD FERTIL INC PI CAMBRIDGE PA 22 NEWMARKET RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND CB5 8DT SN 0022-4251 J9 J REPROD FERTIL JI J. Reprod. Fertil. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 92 IS 2 BP 475 EP 482 PG 8 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA FY689 UT WOS:A1991FY68900024 PM 1886103 ER PT J AU MICHALSON, EL PAPENDICK, RI AF MICHALSON, EL PAPENDICK, RI TI STEEP - A REGIONAL MODEL FOR ENVIRONMENTAL-RESEARCH AND EDUCATION SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article C1 USDA,ARS,PULLMAN,WA 99163. RP MICHALSON, EL (reprint author), UNIV IDAHO,DEPT AGR ECON,MOSCOW,ID 83843, USA. NR 31 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 46 IS 4 BP 245 EP 250 PG 6 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA GA402 UT WOS:A1991GA40200011 ER PT J AU SIDLE, RC HORNBECK, JW AF SIDLE, RC HORNBECK, JW TI CUMULATIVE EFFECTS - A BROADER APPROACH TO WATER-QUALITY RESEARCH SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article ID OREGON; RANGE; USA C1 US FOREST SERV,INTERMT RES STN,LOGAN,UT 84321. US FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,DURHAM,NH 03824. NR 22 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 46 IS 4 BP 268 EP 271 PG 4 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA GA402 UT WOS:A1991GA40200017 ER PT J AU LONG, DS DEGLORIA, SD GALBRAITH, JM AF LONG, DS DEGLORIA, SD GALBRAITH, JM TI USE OF THE GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM IN SOIL SURVEY SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article AB Use of the global positioning system (GPS) was tested to determine its potential application in soil survey. Accuracy of positioning was determined by comparing readings of indicated distance and azimuth with their corresponding true values at sampling stations located relative to a common waypoint. GPS-derived positions were within the 30.5-m (100-feet) standard of accuracy that is prescribed for detailed soil surveys in delineating soil boundaries. Positioning was best beyond 100 m (328 feet) of a waypoint, where distance and azimuth readings generally differed by < 8 m (26 feet) and 1-degrees from true. Within 100 m (328 feet) of a waypoint, azimuth readings were erroneous, and distance and azimuth readings were variable. The GPS methods appear to be sufficiently accurate for positioning and navigating in the field and for field digitizing of soil boundaries. Soil surveyors reported greater efficiencies in the field than with conventional methods. C1 CORNELL UNIV,CORNELL LAB ENVIRONM APPLICAT REMOTE SENSING,ITHACA,NY 14853. USDA,SOIL CONSERVAT SERV,HAVRE,MT 59501. RP LONG, DS (reprint author), CORNELL UNIV,DEPT SOIL CROP & ATMOSPHER SCI,ITHACA,NY 14853, USA. RI DeGloria, Stephen/B-8513-2015 OI DeGloria, Stephen/0000-0002-3343-6607 NR 13 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 2 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 46 IS 4 BP 293 EP 297 PG 5 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA GA402 UT WOS:A1991GA40200020 ER PT J AU BILBRO, JD UNDERSANDER, DJ FRYREAR, DW LESTER, CM AF BILBRO, JD UNDERSANDER, DJ FRYREAR, DW LESTER, CM TI A SURVEY OF LIGNIN, CELLULOSE, AND ACID DETERGENT FIBER ASH CONTENTS OF SEVERAL PLANTS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR WIND EROSION CONTROL SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article ID LITTER DECOMPOSITION; QUALITY AB Lignin, cellulose, and silica (the major compound of acid detergent fiber ash) are plant components that increase plant resistance to lodging and biodegradation and, therefore, increase their utility for wind erosion control purposes. The amounts of lignin, cellulose, and acid detergent fiber ash were determined in a wide array of annual, perennial, native, and introduced plants that can be grown in semiarid regions for wind erosion control purposes. Among all entries analyzed, the ranges in lignin, cellulose, and acid detergent fiber ash percentages were 5.2 to 29.8, 21.7 to 56.7, and 0.0 to 18.7, respectively. As expected, ranges within a family were larger than ranges within a species. Among 17 wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.), the respective ranges were 6.0 to 8.5%, 28.9 to 33.5%, and 7.3 to 18.7%; among three pearl millets [Pennisetum americanum (L.) K. Schum] and one foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) Beaue.], the respective ranges were 8.5 to 13.0%, 28.9 to 37.3%, and 0.0 to 0.9%; among two forage and six grain sorghums [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] the respective ranges were 5.4 to 11.0%, 21.7 to 35.1%, and 0.2 to 1.5%. Other factors being equal-such as plant height and total biomass produced-a producer selecting plants for wind erosion control purposes should choose those cultivars that have the higher percentages of these three compounds. Plant breeders would do well to develop cultivars high in these compounds for specific use as windbarriers and for long-lasting ground cover. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,MADISON,WI 53707. TEXAS AGR EXPTL STN,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. RP BILBRO, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS,CROPPING SYST RES LAB,POB 909,BIG SPRING,TX 79721, USA. NR 25 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 4 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD JUL-AUG PY 1991 VL 46 IS 4 BP 314 EP 316 PG 3 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA GA402 UT WOS:A1991GA40200026 ER PT J AU WHITE, JV HAM, RJ LIPSCHITZ, DA DWYER, JT WELLMAN, NS AF WHITE, JV HAM, RJ LIPSCHITZ, DA DWYER, JT WELLMAN, NS TI CONSENSUS OF THE NUTRITION SCREENING INITIATIVE - RISK-FACTORS AND INDICATORS OF POOR NUTRITIONAL-STATUS IN OLDER AMERICANS SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION LA English DT Note ID MEDICATION USE; MALNUTRITION C1 SUNY SYRACUSE,HLTH SCI CTR,SYRACUSE,NY 13210. MCCLELLAN MEM VET ADMIN HOSP,CTR GERIATR RES & EDUC CLIN,LITTLE ROCK,AR 72205. NEW ENGLAND MED CTR HOSP,FRANCES STERN NUTR CTR,BOSTON,MA. TUFTS UNIV,SCH MED,BOSTON,MA 02111. TUFTS UNIV,SCH MED,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. FLORIDA INT UNIV,DEPT DIETET & NUTR,MIAMI,FL 33199. RP WHITE, JV (reprint author), UNIV TENNESSEE,COLL MED,DEPT FAMILY MED,KNOXVILLE,TN 37920, USA. OI Dwyer, Johanna/0000-0002-0783-1769 NR 22 TC 56 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER DIETETIC ASSN PI CHICAGO PA 216 W JACKSON BLVD #800, CHICAGO, IL 60606-6995 SN 0002-8223 J9 J AM DIET ASSOC JI J. Am. Diet. Assoc. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 91 IS 7 BP 783 EP 787 PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA FW388 UT WOS:A1991FW38800006 PM 2071793 ER PT J AU HAMADA, JS AF HAMADA, JS TI PEPTIDOGLUTAMINASE DEAMIDATION OF PROTEINS AND PROTEIN HYDROLYSATES FOR IMPROVED FOOD USE SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE ENZYMATIC DEAMIDATION; FUNCTIONALITY; PEPTIDOGLUTAMINASE; PROTEIN EMULSIFICATION AND PROTEIN-MODIFYING ENZYME ID FUNCTIONAL-PROPERTIES; CHYMOTRYPSIN; PH AB The limited deamidating ability of peptidoglutaminase (PGase) toward intact food proteins (0-6% deamidation) can be significantly enhanced by prior protein hydrolysis and altering protein conformation by such means as moist heat. PGase deamidation increases protein solubility and improves emulsifying and other physical properties under mildly acidic conditions. A batch reactor method was developed for the large-scale PGase deamidation of food proteins. Michaelis-Menten kinetics for industrial reactions (mixed zero- and first-order) were used for predicting the behavior of the reactor and for calculating enzyme dosage required to completely deamidate a given quantity of protein. Using such a reactor in the deamidation of food proteins or protein hydrolysates can lead to new food proteins with superior functional properties from less functional starting materials. RP HAMADA, JS (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,POB 19687,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179, USA. NR 11 TC 12 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 68 IS 7 BP 459 EP 462 DI 10.1007/BF02663813 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA FW762 UT WOS:A1991FW76200001 ER PT J AU SESSA, DJ NELSEN, TC AF SESSA, DJ NELSEN, TC TI CHEMICAL INACTIVATION OF SOYBEAN PROTEASE INHIBITORS SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE CHEMICAL INACTIVATION; KUNITZ; BOWMAN-BIRK INHIBITORS; SOYBEAN; TRYPSIN INHIBITORS ID TRYPSIN-INHIBITORS; ASCORBIC-ACID; NUTRITIONAL IMPROVEMENT; HEAT INACTIVATION; SOY FLOUR; KUNITZ; OXIDATION; COPPER AB This study aimed to optimize chemical treatments to destroy Kunitz (KTI) and Bowman-Birk (BBI) type protease inhibitors in model systems, and to destroy total trypsin inhibitor activity in soy flour. Time, temperature, and reagent concentration were studied and 40 to more than 85% inactivation of KTI and BBI were observed by treatment with 0.6 mM Na2S2O5, 10 mM ascorbic acid + 0.8 mM CuSO4 or 20 mM H2O2 + 0.8 mM CuSO4 at 65-90-degrees-C for 0.5-1 hr. Upon treatment with Na2S2O5, KTI and BBI amino acid composition had no significant change. In contrast, AH + CU2+ treatment of both KTI and BBI markedly increased aspartic acid + asparagine and glutamic acid + glutamine contents, and significantly decreased histidine, tyrosine, and methionine. With soy flour, only Na2S2O5 effectively inactivated both protease inhibitors. Steeping soybean flour in 50 mM Na2S2O5 at 65-degrees-C for 1 hr inactivated about 98% BBI and 95% KTI. The information conveyed is basic to developing chemical methodology needed to inactivate both KTI and BBI protease inhibitors in soy protein products. C1 USDA,ARS,PEORIA,IL 61604. RP SESSA, DJ (reprint author), USDA,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,BIOPOLYMER RES UNIT,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 39 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 68 IS 7 BP 463 EP 470 DI 10.1007/BF02663814 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA FW762 UT WOS:A1991FW76200002 ER PT J AU KNAPP, SJ TAGLIANI, LA ROATH, WW AF KNAPP, SJ TAGLIANI, LA ROATH, WW TI FATTY-ACID AND OIL DIVERSITY OF CUPHEA-VISCOSISSIMA - A SOURCE OF MEDIUM-CHAIN FATTY-ACIDS SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE CAPRIC ACID; CAPROIC ACID; CAPRYLIC ACID; LAURIC ACID; MEDIUM-CHAIN TRIACYLGLYCEROLS; MYRISTIC ACID; OILSEED AB Cuphea viscosissima Jacq. is being developed as a commercial source of caprylic, capric, lauric, and myristic acids. Germplasm resources for characterizing the genetic diversity of this species became available following explorations by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) in 1986 and 1987. In this paper, we describe the fatty acid and oil percentage diversity of forty-two populations of C. viscosissima collected from seven states within the United States. Caprylic (18.0%) and capric acid (69.9%) were the major fatty acids of these populations. The fatty acid percentage ranges were narrow for every fatty acid, e.g., 16.4 to 20.4% for caprylic acid and 66.6 to 71.3% for capric acid. The maximum lauric acid percentage was 3.4%. Oil ranged from 27.3 to 33.4%. Although the populations surveyed cover a fairly wide geographic range, they display limited fatty acid diversity. Surveys of germplasm from other parts of the range are needed to further characterize the fatty acid diversity of this species. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,USDA ARS,REG PLANT INTRODUCT STN,AMES,IA 50011. RP KNAPP, SJ (reprint author), OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP & SOIL SCI,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. NR 7 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 68 IS 7 BP 515 EP 517 DI 10.1007/BF02663824 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA FW762 UT WOS:A1991FW76200012 ER PT J AU HALLOIN, JM LEE, LS COTTY, PJ AF HALLOIN, JM LEE, LS COTTY, PJ TI PRE-RIPENING DAMAGE TO COTTONSEED BY ASPERGILLUS-FLAVUS IS NOT INFLUENCED BY SEED COAT PERMEABILITY SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Note DE AFLATOXIN; ASPERGILLUS-FLAVUS; COTTONSEED; IMPERMEABLE SEED; MYCOTOXINS; SEED COAT PERMEABILITY; SEED DEVELOPMENT; SEED MATURITY ID ARIZONA COTTONSEED; BOLLS; AFLATOXIN AB Infection of cottonseed (Gossypium hirsutum L.) by Aspergillus flavus and associated production of aflatoxins are problems in the arid portions of the United States cotton belt. The hard seed (impermeable to water) characteristic confers resistance to these problems in ripened cottonseed. Experiments were done to determine if low seed coat permeability to water or impermeability protect developing seeds from deterioration and aflatoxin formation. No differences were observed in the degree of seed deterioration in the various cotton lines that could be attributed to seed coat permeability. It is likely that, because the impermeable or low permeability phenotypes are expressed only upon seed ripening, these characteristics afford no protection to cottonseed against attack by A. flavus during seed development. C1 USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179. RP HALLOIN, JM (reprint author), MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,DEPT BOT & PLANT PATHOL,SUGARBEET BEAN & CEREAL RES UNIT,E LANSING,MI 48824, USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 68 IS 7 BP 522 EP 523 DI 10.1007/BF02663827 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA FW762 UT WOS:A1991FW76200015 ER PT J AU LIU, D NORMAN, HA STUTTE, GW FAUST, M AF LIU, D NORMAN, HA STUTTE, GW FAUST, M TI LIPASE ACTIVITY DURING ENDODORMANCY IN LEAF BUDS OF APPLE SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID DORMANCY; THIDIAZURON; BREAKING; ENZYMES; SEEDS AB Lipase activity was studied during endodormancy in low-chilling-requiring 'Anna' and high-chilling-requiring 'Northern Spy' apples (Malus domestica Borkh.). Lipase activity greatly increased in bud axes when the chilling requirement of buds was almost satisfied regardless of the absolute chilling needed. Lipase activity greatly increased in 'Anna' after 400 chill units (CU) and in 'Northern Spy' after 2600 CU. This corresponded with an increase in budbreak at 22 to 24C. The increase in lipase activity also coincided with the release of water in buds from the bound to the free form. We propose that lipase(s) activity is an integral part of breaking dormancy and that lipase participates in causing changes in membrane lipid composition that coincides with releasing water into the free form. C1 UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT HORT,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,WEED SCI LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP LIU, D (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,FRUIT LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 23 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 116 IS 4 BP 689 EP 692 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA FU027 UT WOS:A1991FU02700021 ER PT J AU KEITHLY, JH KOBAYASHI, H YOKOYAMA, H GAUSMAN, HW AF KEITHLY, JH KOBAYASHI, H YOKOYAMA, H GAUSMAN, HW TI ENHANCED VEGETATIVE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF PROCESSING TOMATO BY DCPTA TREATMENT OF SEED SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE LYCOPERSICON-ESCULENTUM; BIOREGULATOR; FRUIT QUALITY ID 2-(3,4-DICHLOROPHENOXY)TRIETHYLAMINE DCPTA; SOLIDS CONTENT; PRODUCTS; FRUITS; YIELD AB Application of DCPTA as a pregermination seed treatment (DCPTA plants) increased the seedling vigor, relative growth rate, harvestable yield, and yield quality of processing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cvs. UC82, VF6203, H100). When compared with controls, the growth rates of roots and shoots of 30-mu-M DCPTA plants were increased significantly (P = 0.05) during seed germination and midexponential growth. At fruit harvest, greenhouse-grown 30-mu-M DCPTA plants showed a 2- to 3-fold increase in leaf, stem, and root dry weight compared with that of controls. Improvements in the uniformity of fruit maturation significantly increased the harvestable fruit yields of greenhouse-grown DCPTA plants compared with that of controls. The total soluble solids (degrees-Brix), glucose, fructose, and carotenoid contents of red-ripe fruits harvested from greenhouse- and field-grown DCPTA plants were significantly increased compared with controls. Chemical name used: 2-(3,4-dichlorophenoxy)triethylamine (DCPTA). C1 CROPPING SYST RES LAB,LUBBOCK,TX 79401. RP KEITHLY, JH (reprint author), USDA ARS,FRUIT & VEGETABLE CHEM LAB,263 S CHESTER AVE,PASADENA,CA 91106, USA. NR 22 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 116 IS 4 BP 693 EP 696 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA FU027 UT WOS:A1991FU02700022 ER PT J AU GUPTON, CL SMITH, BJ AF GUPTON, CL SMITH, BJ TI INHERITANCE OF RESISTANCE TO COLLETOTRICHUM SPECIES IN STRAWBERRY SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE ANTHRACNOSE CROWN ROT; STRAWBERRY BREEDING; HERITABILITY; GENETIC VARIANCE; EPISTASIS; FRAGARIA X ANANASSA AB Experiments were conducted to estimate the relative importance of additive (sigma-a2) and dominance (sigma-d2) genetic variances and non-allelic interactions (sigma-i2) in the inheritance of resistance to Colletotrichum spp. in strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.). Progeny of 40 parents crossed in a Comstock and Robinson Design II Mating scheme were inoculated with three isolates of C. fragariae and one isolate of C. acutatum. Disease development on each plant was rated visually. Variance components were estimated and converted to genetic variances. Estimates of sigma-d2 were six to 10 times higher than those for sigma-a2. Within-family variance not accounted for by sigma-a2 and sigma-d2 equaled 35% and 38% of the total genetic variance in females and males, respectively, indicating probable epistatic effects. The frequency distribution of disease severity ratings was bimodal in both experiments, suggesting major gene action. Narrow-sense heritability estimates were 0.37 and 0.26, and broad-sense heritability estimates were 0.87 and 0.85 for females and males, respectively. Narrow-sense heritability estimates are probably sufficient to produce gains from recurrent selection. Gains from selection of clonal value should be possible because of the high broad sense heritability estimates. It appears feasible to establish a broad genetic-based population resistant to Colletotrichum spp. from which selections could be evaluated per se and/or recombined to produce improved populations. RP GUPTON, CL (reprint author), USDA,ARS,SMALL FRUIT RES STN,POB 287,POPLARVILLE,MS 39470, USA. NR 14 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD JUL PY 1991 VL 116 IS 4 BP 724 EP 727 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA FU027 UT WOS:A1991FU02700029 ER EF