FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Elsherif, L Ortines, RV Saari, JT Kang, YJ AF Elsherif, L Ortines, RV Saari, JT Kang, YJ TI Congestive heart failure in copper-deficient mice SO EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE copper deficiency; congestive heart failure; heart contractility; isoproterenol; beta-adrenergic response ID BETA-ADRENERGIC-RECEPTORS; PLASMA NOREPINEPHRINE; CARDIAC-HYPERTROPHY; UNIFIED PERSPECTIVE; FAILING HEART; RAT; CARDIOMYOPATHY; TISSUE; RESTRICTION; PROGNOSIS AB Copper Deficiency (CuD) leads to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in various experimental models. The morphological, electrophysiological, and molecular aspects of this hypertrophy have been under investigation for a long time. However the transition from compensated hypertrophy to decompensated heart failure has not been investigated in the study of CuD. We set out to investigate the contractile and hemodynamic parameters of the CuD mouse heart and to determine whether heart failure follows hypertrophy in the CuD heart. Dams of FVB mice were fed CuD or copper-adequate (CuA) diet starting from the third day post delivery and the weanling pups were fed the same diet for a total period of 5 weeks (pre- and postweanling). At week 4, the functional parameters of the heart were analyzed using a surgical technique for catheterizing the left ventricle. A significant decrease in left ventricle systolic pressure was observed with no significant change in heart rate, and more importantly contractility as measured by the maximal rate of left ventricular pressure rise (+dP/dt) and decline (-dP/dt) were significantly depressed in the CuD mice. However, left ventricle end diastolic pressure was elevated, and relaxation was impaired in the CuD animals; the duration of relaxation was prolonged. In addition to significant changes in the basal level of cardiac function, CuD hearts had a blunted response to the stimulation of the beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol. Furthermore, morphological analysis revealed increased collagen accumulation in the CuD hearts along with lipid deposition. This study shows that CuD leads to systolic and diastolic dysfunction in association with histopathological changes, which are indices commonly used to diagnose congestive heart failure. C1 Univ Louisville, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, Louisville, KY 40202 USA. Univ Louisville, Dept Med, Louisville, KY 40202 USA. USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Kang, YJ (reprint author), Univ Louisville, Sch Med, Dept Med, 511 S Floyd St,MDR 530, Louisville, KY 40292 USA. EM Yjkang01@athena.louisville.edu FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL63760] NR 37 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY MEDICINE PI MAYWOOD PA 195 WEST SPRING VALLEY AVE, MAYWOOD, NJ 07607-1727 USA SN 1535-3702 J9 EXP BIOL MED JI Exp. Biol. Med. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 228 IS 7 BP 811 EP 817 PG 7 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA 833EV UT WOS:000222320200006 PM 12876300 ER PT J AU Morimoto, M Zarlenga, D Beard, H Alkharouf, N Matthews, BF Urban, JF AF Morimoto, M Zarlenga, D Beard, H Alkharouf, N Matthews, BF Urban, JF TI Ascaris suum: cDNA microarray analysis of 4th stage larvae (L4) during self-cure from the intestine SO EXPERIMENTAL PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE nematoda; Ascaridoidea ID NIPPOSTRONGYLUS-BRASILIENSIS; SUCCINATE-DEHYDROGENASE; PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY; FUMARATE REDUCTASE; GENE-EXPRESSION; COMPLEX-II; SWINE; INFECTION; NEMATODE; DIFFERENTIATION AB There is spontaneous cure of a large portion of Ascaris suum 4th-stage larvae (L4) from the jejunum of infected pigs between 14 and 21 days after inoculation (DAI). Those L4 that remain in the jejunum continue to develop while those that have moved to the ileum are eventually expelled from the intestines. Although increases in intestinal mucosal mast cells and changes in local host immunity are coincidental with spontaneous cure, the population of L4 that continue to develop in the jejunum may counteract host protective mechanisms by the differential production of factors related to parasitism. To this end, a cDNA library was constructed from L4 isolated from pig jejunum at 21 DAI, and 93% of 1920 original clones containing a single amplicon in the range 4001500 bp were verified by gel electrophoresis and printed onto glass slides for microarray analysis. Fluorescent probes were prepared from total RNA isolated from: (1) 3rd stage-larvae from lung at 7 DAI, (L3); (2) L4 from jejunum at 14 DAI (L4-14-J); (3) L4 from jejunum at 21 DAI (L4-21-J); (4) L4 from ileum at 21 DAI (L4-21-I), and; (5) adults (L5). Cy3-labeled L3, L4-14-J, L4-21-I and L5 cDNA, and Cy5-labeled L4-21-J cDNA were simultaneously used to screen the printed arrays containing the L4-21-J-derived cDNA library. Several clones showed consistent differential gene expression over two separate experiments and were grouped into 3 distinct transcription patterns. The data showed that sequences from muscle actin and myosin, ribosomal protein L11, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and the flavoprotein subunit of succinate dehydrogenase were highly expressed in L4-21-J, but not in L4-21-I; as were a collection of un-annotated genes derived from a worm body wall-hypodermis library, and a testes germinal zone tissue library. These results suggest that only actively developing A. suum L4 are destined to parasitize the host and successfully neutralize host protective responses. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 USDA ARS, Nutrient Requirements & Funct Lab, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Plant Sci Inst, Soybean Genom & Improvement Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Urban, JF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Nutrient Requirements & Funct Lab, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. OI Urban, Joseph/0000-0002-1590-8869 NR 31 TC 14 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0014-4894 J9 EXP PARASITOL JI Exp. Parasitol. PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 104 IS 3-4 BP 113 EP 121 DI 10.1016/S0014-4894(03)00139-5 PG 9 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 733MZ UT WOS:000186005900004 PM 14552858 ER PT J AU Barany, M Hammett, AL Araman, P AF Barany, M Hammett, AL Araman, P TI Lesser used species of Bolivia and their relevance to sustainable forest management SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Bolivia has extensive forest resources and potential to become one of the world's largest producers of tropical wood. However, this potential is currently constrained due to the depletion of Bolivia's top commercial timber species (mahogany, Spanish cedar, and South American oak). To insure that Bolivia's forestry sector contributes to the growth of the national economy and stimulates investments in sustainable forest management, timber harvests need to include currently underutilized species. Augmenting demand for lesser used species (LUS) is necessary to sustain the value of forest resources. Limiting the potential for LUS is a scarcity and inaccessibility of information regarding their wood properties. This paper discusses the relevance of LUS research and wood property information to countries focusing forest sector development on secondary and value-added forest products. We also list potentially valuable, yet under-exploited timber species in Bolivia and species that need further wood property research. C1 Virginia Tech, Dept Wood Sci & Forest Prod, Coll Nat Resources, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Virginia Tech, US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn,Brooks Forest Prod Ctr, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Barany, M (reprint author), Virginia Tech, Dept Wood Sci & Forest Prod, Coll Nat Resources, 230 Cheatham Hall 0323, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NR 23 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 53 IS 7-8 BP 28 EP 33 PG 6 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 712LM UT WOS:000184799200003 ER PT J AU Thomas, E Brown, J AF Thomas, E Brown, J TI Determining the impact of sorting capacity on rip-first rough mill yield SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID FURNITURE AB dThe problem of increasing gang-rip-first rough mill yield often amounts to little more than optimizing the fit of needed parts into strips. However, it is rare when a part or combination of parts fits precisely in the area between two defects. Intuition tells us that the more lengths we have to choose from, the greater the chance of completely filling such an area. Because of the many interrelated processing dependencies in a rough mill, it is difficult to estimate the potential yield increase due to cutting more lengths simultaneously by conventional methods. Using the ROMI-RIP simulator, we analyzed the impact of sorting capacity (i.e., the number of lengths and widths cut simultaneously) on yield for various lumber grade mixes and typical industrial cutting bill combinations. Using an analysis of variance, significant yield increases were observed as a result of increasing sorting capacities. However, a plateau is reached around 18 to 20 part sizes, where additional sorting capacity increases result in negligible yield gains. Knowing the necessary number of lengths for maximum yield provides the opportunity for rough mill operators to determine the most economical sorting capacity for a rough mill. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, Princeton, WV 24740 USA. RP Thomas, E (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, 241 Mercer Springs Rd, Princeton, WV 24740 USA. NR 10 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 53 IS 7-8 BP 54 EP 60 PG 7 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 712LM UT WOS:000184799200007 ER PT J AU Covich, AP Crowl, TA Scatena, FN AF Covich, AP Crowl, TA Scatena, FN TI Effects of extreme low flows on freshwater shrimps in a perennial tropical stream SO FRESHWATER BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE atyidae; drought; habitat contraction; pool morphology; reproduction; tropical streams ID PUERTO-RICO; DISTURBANCE; BIOTA AB 1. Long-term data on rainfall suggests that perennial rainforest streams rarely are subject to drying of riffles or pools in the wet, non-seasonal Caribbean climate of Puerto Rico. Unusually low rainfall in 1994 caused some headwater riffles to dry out completely, resulting in isolated pools, reduced pool volumes and loss of access to microhabitats by benthic invertebrates. 2. From 1992 to 1998, shrimp populations were sampled bimonthly using baited traps in six pools along 1200 m (from 305 to 480 m in altitude) of Quebrada Prieta, a second-order headwater stream in the Luquillo Experimental Forest (Caribbean National Forest). 3. Following contraction of the smaller and shallower pools in the most upstream section of the stream, mean densities of the dominant shrimp (Atya lanipes ) increased from 22 to 75 shrimp m(-2) of pool area during the 1994 drought year. A second common species (Xiphocaris elongata ) increased from 5 to 14 shrimp m(-2) . A smaller percentage of adults of both species was gravid during the drought. 4. Following the 1994 drought (1995-1998), densities of both shrimp species and reproductive activity of Atya returned to predrought (1990-1993) levels. However, the reproductive activity of Xiphocaris remained lower than in the predrought period. 5. It is suggested that prolonged droughts, even in tropical rainforest biomes, may significantly alter aquatic communities through localised crowding effects resulting from habitat contraction, and lead to prolonged decreases in reproductive output. Consequently, major alterations in aquatic populations and communities would be predicted by current climate change scenarios of decreased total rainfall and increased variability. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Aquat Watershed & Earth Resources, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Utah State Univ, Ctr Ecol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. US Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, USDA, Rio Piedras, PR USA. RP Covich, AP (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RI Crowl, Todd/C-9576-2011 NR 34 TC 63 Z9 64 U1 2 U2 21 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0046-5070 J9 FRESHWATER BIOL JI Freshw. Biol. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 48 IS 7 BP 1199 EP 1206 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2427.2003.01093.x PG 8 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 692BR UT WOS:000183640900006 ER PT J AU Barve, MP Arie, T Salimath, SS Muehlbauer, FJ Peever, TL AF Barve, MP Arie, T Salimath, SS Muehlbauer, FJ Peever, TL TI Cloning and characterization of the mating type (MAT) locus from Ascochyta rabiei (teleomorph : Didymella rabiei) and a MAT phylogeny of legume-associated Ascochyta spp. SO FUNGAL GENETICS AND BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE mating genes; MAT; Ascochyta; Didymella; phylogeny; ascochyta blight ID COCHLIOBOLUS-HETEROSTROPHUS; SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT; HOST-SPECIFICITY; CHICKPEA STRAW; GENES; BLIGHT; FUNGUS; DNA; PATHOGENS; SEQUENCE AB Degenerate primers designed to correspond to conserved regions of the: high mobility group (HMG), protein encoded by the MATI-2 gene of Cochliobohis heterostrophus,, Cochliobolus sativus, and Alternaria alternata were used to amplify the portion of the sequence corresponding to the HMG box motif from Ascochyta, rabiei (teleomorph: Didymella rabiei). A combination of TAIL and inverse PCR extended the MATI-2 sequence in both directions, then primers designed to, MATI-2 flanking DNA were used to amplify the entire MATI-1 idiomorph. MATI-1 and: MATI-1 and diomorphs. were 2294 and 2693 bp in length, respectively, and each contained a single putative open reading frame (ORF) and intron similar to,MAT loci of other loculoascomycete fungi, MAT genes; were expressed at high levels in rich medium. MAT-specific PCR primers were designed for use in a multiplex PCR assay and MAT-specific PCR amplicons correlated perfectly to mating phenotype of 35 ascospore, progeny from a cross of MATI-1 by MATI-2 isolates and to the mating phenotype of field collected: isolates from diverse geographic locations. MAT-specific PCR was used to rapidly determine the mating type of isolates of A. rabiei sampled from chickpea fields in the US Pacific Northwest. Mating type ratios were not significantly different from: 1: 1 among isolates sampled from two commercial chickpea fields consistent with. the hypothesis that these A. rabiei populations, were randomly mating. The mating type ratio among isolates sampled, from an experimental. chickpea field where asexual reproduction was enforced, differed significantly from 1:1. A phylogeny estimated among legume-associated Ascochyta spp. and related loculoascocmycete fungi using sequence data from the nuclear ribosomal, internal. transcribed spacer (ITS) demonstrated the monophyly of Ascochytal Didymella spp. associated with legumes but was insufficiently variable to differentiate isolates associated with different legume hosts. In contrast, sequences of the HMG region of MATI-2 were substantially more variable, revealing seven well-supported clades that correlated to host of isolation. A rabiei, on! chickpeas is phylogenetically distant from: other legume-associated Ascochyta: spp and the specific status of A. rabiei, A. lentis, A. pisi, ands A. fabae was confirmed by the HMG phylogeny (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Ctr Reprod Biol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Tokyo Univ Agr & Technol, Fac Agr, Fuchu, Tokyo 1838509, Japan. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Legume Genet & Physiol Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Peever, TL (reprint author), Natl Chem Lab, Plant Mol Biol Unit, Div Biol Sci, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India. EM tpeever@wsu.edu RI ARIE, Tsutomu/C-2831-2013 NR 60 TC 72 Z9 80 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1087-1845 J9 FUNGAL GENET BIOL JI Fungal Genet. Biol. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 39 IS 2 BP 151 EP 167 DI 10.1016/S1087-1845(03)00015-X PG 17 WC Genetics & Heredity; Mycology SC Genetics & Heredity; Mycology GA 689ZX UT WOS:000183523800006 PM 12781674 ER PT J AU Guan, XF Stoll, B Lu, XF Tappenden, KA Holst, JJ Hartmann, B Burrin, DG AF Guan, XF Stoll, B Lu, XF Tappenden, KA Holst, JJ Hartmann, B Burrin, DG TI GLP-2-mediated up-regulation of intestinal blood flow and glucose uptake is nitric oxide-dependent in TPN-fed piglets SO GASTROENTEROLOGY LA English DT Article ID GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-2; MUSCLE PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS; PARENTERAL-NUTRITION; NEONATAL PIGS; TRANSPORT; SECRETION; SYNTHASE; HUMANS; GROWTH; GLP-2 AB Background & Aims: Our aim was to determine whether the intestinotrophic effects of GLP-2 are mediated by acute up-regulation of intestinal substrate utilization in TPN-fed piglets. Methods: Twenty-four 12-day-old pigs, fitted with a portal flow probe and carotid, jugular and portal catheters, were fed by TPN for 7 days. On day 8, a group of pigs (n = 8) was infused intravenously with saline (control) for 4 hours and then with GLP-2 (500 pmol . kg(-1) . hour(-1), GLP-2) for 4 hours. H-2-glucose and C-13-phenylalanine were infused to estimate their kinetics and protein turnover. Another group (n = 8) received consecutive intravenous infusions of saline, GLP-2, and GLP-2 plus N-G-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 50 mumol . kg(-1) . hour(-1)) for 4 hours each. Results: GLP-2 acutely increased portal-drained visceral (PDV) blood flow rate (+25%) and intestinal blood volume (+51%) in TPN-fed piglets. GLP-2 also increased intestinal constitutive nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity and endothelial NOS protein abundance. GLP-2 acutely increased PDV glucose uptake (+90%) and net lactate production (+79%). Co-infusion of GLP-2 plus L-NAME did not increase either PDV blood flow rate or glucose uptake. GLP-2 increased PDV indispensable amino acid uptake by 220% and protein synthesis by 125%, but did not decrease protein breakdown or phenylalanine oxidation. Conclusions: We conclude that in TPN-fed neonatal pigs, GLP-2 acutely stimulates intestinal blood flow and glucose utilization, and this response is nitric oxide-dependent. These findings suggest that GLP-2 may play an important physiological role in the regulation of intestinal blood flow and that nitric oxide is involved in GLP-2 receptor function. C1 Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Food Sci & Human Nutr, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Copenhagen, Dept Med Physiol, DK-1168 Copenhagen, Denmark. RP Burrin, DG (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. FU NICHD NIH HHS [HD33920] NR 44 TC 113 Z9 117 U1 0 U2 4 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0016-5085 J9 GASTROENTEROLOGY JI Gastroenterology PD JUL PY 2003 VL 125 IS 1 BP 136 EP 147 DI 10.1016/S0016-5085(03)00667-X PG 12 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA 699GH UT WOS:000184048000019 PM 12851879 ER PT J AU Magilligan, FJ Nislow, KH Graber, BE AF Magilligan, FJ Nislow, KH Graber, BE TI Scale-independent assessment of discharge reduction and riparian disconnectivity following flow regulation by dams SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dams; hydrologic regime; floods; riparian ID CLIMATE-CHANGE; DOWNSTREAM; RIVER; STREAMS; PERSPECTIVE; MAGNITUDE; RESERVOIR; COLORADO; REGIME AB By using the established hydraulic relationships among flood frequency, flood magnitude, and river-channel capacity, we develop a scale-independent assessment of the hydrogeomorphic impacts of 21 dams across the United States that have broad ranges in function and contributing drainage area. On the basis of generalized extreme value (GEV) analysis of pre- and post-dam hydrologic records, our analysis indicates that the 2 yr discharge has decreased similar to60% following impoundment, exceeding the magnitude of climatically triggered discharge reductions occurring during the Holocene. Reductions in the frequency of the pre-dam 2 yr discharge have been equally profound. The pre-dam 2 yr flood has occurred on average twice per site, whereas statistical analysis indicates that it should have occurred similar to20 times. Furthermore, floods greater than bankfull have been essentially eliminated by dams, completely disconnecting the riparian zone from riverine influence. Our analyses herein suggest that a critical threshold of disconnectivity exists and corresponds approximately to the pre-dam 5 yr flood. This similar recurrence probability exists independent of region, dam type, or catchment size. C1 Dartmouth Coll, Dept Geog, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. USDA ARS, No Res Stn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Watershed Restorat Specialist, Madison, WI 53703 USA. RP Dartmouth Coll, Dept Geog, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. EM malligan@dartmouth.edu NR 25 TC 52 Z9 55 U1 3 U2 12 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 EI 1943-2682 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD JUL PY 2003 VL 31 IS 7 BP 569 EP 572 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0569:SAODRA>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 694JE UT WOS:000183770700001 ER PT J AU Link, SO Smith, JL Halvorson, JJ Bolton, H AF Link, SO Smith, JL Halvorson, JJ Bolton, H TI A reciprocal transplant experiment within a climatic gradient in a semiarid shrub-steppe ecosystem: effects on bunchgrass growth and reproduction, soil carbon, and soil nitrogen SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE climate change; culm density; Poa secunda; shoot biomass; soil ID SUB-ALPINE MEADOW; ISOTOPE DISCRIMINATION; ORGANIC-MATTER; GAS-EXCHANGE; RESPONSES; VEGETATION; PLANTS; POPULATIONS; ALTITUDES; DYNAMICS AB We investigated the effect of climate change on Poa secunda Presl. and soils in a shrub-steppe ecosystem in south-eastern Washington. Intact soil cores containing P. secunda were reciprocally transplanted between two elevations. Plants and soils were examined, respectively, 4.5 and 5 years later. The lower elevation (310 m) site is warmer (28.5 degreesC air average monthly maximum) and drier (224 mm yr(-1)) than the upper elevation (844 m) site (23.5 degreesC air average monthly maximum, 272 mm yr(-1)). Observations were also made on undisturbed plants at both sites. There was no effect of climate change on plant density, shoot biomass, or carbon isotope discrimination in either transplanted plant population. The cooler, wetter environment significantly reduced percent cover and leaf length, while the warmer, drier environment had no effect. Warming and drying reduced percent shoot nitrogen, while the cooler, wetter environment had no effect. Culm density was zero for the lower elevation plants transplanted to the upper site and was 10.3 culms m(-2) at the lower site. There was no effect of warming and drying on the culm density of the upper elevation plants. Culm density of in situ lower elevation plants was greater than that of the in situ upper elevation plants. Warming and drying reduced total soil carbon 32% and total soil nitrogen 40%. The cooler, wetter environment had no effect on total soil C or N. Of the C and N that was lost over time, 64% of both came from the particulate organic matter fraction (POM, >53 mum). There was no effect of warming and drying on the upper population of P. secunda while exposing the lower population to the cooler, wetter environment reduced reproductive effort and percent cover. With the warmer and drier conditions that may develop with climate change, total C and N of semiarid soils may decrease with the active fraction of soil C also rapidly decreasing, which may alter ecosystem diversity and function. C1 Washington State Univ Tri Cit, Sch Biol Sci, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. ARS, USDA, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Link, SO (reprint author), Washington State Univ Tri Cit, Sch Biol Sci, 2710 Univ Dr, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM slink@tricity.wsu.edu RI Bolton, Harvey/E-5583-2011 NR 54 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 7 U2 47 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 9 IS 7 BP 1097 EP 1105 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00647.x PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 694VX UT WOS:000183796800010 ER PT J AU Choi, O Tomiya, N Kim, JH Slavicek, JM Betenbaugh, MJ Lee, YC AF Choi, O Tomiya, N Kim, JH Slavicek, JM Betenbaugh, MJ Lee, YC TI N-glycan structures of human transferrin produced by Lymantria dispar (gypsy moth) cells using the LdMNPV expression system SO GLYCOBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE baculovirus; gypsy moth; insect cells; Lymantria dispar nucleopolyhedrovirus; N-glycan ID NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS-VIRUS; 2-DIMENSIONAL SUGAR MAP; INSECT CELLS; LINKED OLIGOSACCHARIDES; MAMMALIAN BETA-1,4-GALACTOSYLTRANSFERASE; RECOMBINANT PROTEINS; MEMBRANE-GLYCOPROTEINS; GLYCOSYLATION PATHWAY; BACULOVIRUS VECTOR; IDENTIFICATION AB N-glycan structures of recombinant human serum transferrin (hTf) expressed by Lymantria dispar (gypsy moth) 652Y cells were determined. The gene encoding hTf was incorporated into a Lymantria dispar nucleopolyhedrovirus (LdMNPV) under the control of the polyhedrin promoter. This virus was then used to infect Ld652Y cells, and the recombinant protein was harvested at 120 h postinfection. N-glycans were released from the purified recombinant human serum transferrin and derivatized with 2-aminopyridine; the glycan structures were analyzed by a two-dimensional HPLC and MALDI-TOF MS. Structures of 11 glycans (88.8% of total N-glycans) were elucidated. The glycan analysis revealed that the most abundant glycans were Man(1-3)(+/- Fucalpha6)GlcNAc(2) (75.5%) and GlcNAcMan(3)( +/- Fucalpha6)GlcNAc(2) (7.4%). There was only similar to6% of high-mannose type glycans identified. Nearly half (49.8%) of the total N-glycans contained alpha(1,3)-fucosylation on the Asn-linked GlcNAc residue. However alpha(1,3)-fucosylation on the same GlcNAc, often found in N-glycans produced by other insects and insect cells, was not detected. Inclusion of fetal bovine serum in culture media had little effect on the N-glycan structures of the recombinant human serum transferrin obtained. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Biol, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Biol Sci, Taejon 305701, South Korea. US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Chem & Biomol Engn, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RP Lee, YC (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Biol, 3400 N Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RI Kim, Jung Hoe/C-1803-2011; Betenbaugh, Michael J./A-3252-2010 OI Betenbaugh, Michael J./0000-0002-6336-4659 NR 52 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 4 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0959-6658 J9 GLYCOBIOLOGY JI Glycobiology PD JUL PY 2003 VL 13 IS 7 BP 539 EP 548 DI 10.1093/glycob/cwg071 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 693NX UT WOS:000183724600005 PM 12672704 ER PT J AU Russo, VM AF Russo, VM TI Planting date and plant density affect yield of pungent and nonpungent jalapeno peppers SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Capsicum annuum; culture; pungency; transplants; yield ID AFFECTS GROWTH; HARVEST AB There is little known about how cultural methods affect yields of nonpungent jalapeno peppers (Capsicum annuum L.). Seedlings of the nonpungent jalapeno peppers 'Pace 103', 'Pace 105', 'Pace 108', 'Dulce', and 'TAM Sweet2', as well as the pungent jalapeno peppers 'Delicias' and 'TAM Jalapenol', used for comparison, were grown in a greenhouse with either one or two seedlings per cell in transplant trays. Transplanting to,the field was in mid-April and mid-June of 2000 and 2001. In-row spacing was 0.46 m between transplanting sites. Density was varied by placing either one or two seedlings at a transplant site with resultant plant densities of 24,216 or 48,432 plants/ha. Marketable and cull yields, on a per hectare basis, were determined. In both years there were more fruit produced, and higher yields (25+ % greater), at the higher plant density, especially for the mid-April planting. The exception for the mid-April planting date was 'TAM Jalapenol', which was not different at the two densities. If the increased income from higher yield can compensate for the cost of producing two seedlings in each transplant tray cell, then this technique should be employed when these types of peppers are used in early plantings. C1 USDA ARS, S Cent Agr Res Lab, Lane, OK 74555 USA. RP Russo, VM (reprint author), USDA ARS, S Cent Agr Res Lab, POB 159, Lane, OK 74555 USA. NR 15 TC 2 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD JUL PY 2003 VL 38 IS 4 BP 520 EP 523 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 707AK UT WOS:000184487100004 ER PT J AU Mou, BQ Liu, YB AF Mou, BQ Liu, YB TI Leafminer resistance in lettuce SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Liriomyza langei; Liriomyza huidobrensis; insect resistance; heritability; Lactuca sativa; Lactuca serriola; Lactuca saligna; Lactuca virosa ID LIRIOMYZA-TRIFOLII DIPTERA; AGROMYZIDAE; HUIDOBRENSIS; CELERY AB Leafminer (Liriomyza langei Frick) is a major insect pest of many important agricultural crops including lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). The goals of this study were to evaluate lettuce genotypes for resistance to leafminer and to estimate heritabilities of three leafminer-resistant traits. Forty-six lettuce genotypes were evaluated in two tests in insect cages. Wild species (Lactuca serriola L., Lactuca saligna L., and Lactuca virosa L.) had significantly fewer leafminer stings than cultivated lettuce (L. sativa) in both tests. PI 509525 (L. saligna) had few leafminer stings and no flies emerged. Leaf (leaf and romaine) lettuce also showed significantly less stings than head (crisphead and butterhead) types, while differences between leaf and romaine lettuces, and between crisphead and butterhead types were nonsignificant. Broad-sense heritability for number of stings per unit leaf area was relatively high, averaging 65% over the two tests. Heritabilities for egg-hatching period and flies per plant were 10% and 15%, respectively. Stings per unit leaf area from the two tests were highly correlated (r = 0.828), suggesting that resistance was stable over different plant ages and against different pressures of leafminer. These results suggest that genetic improvement of cultivated lettuce for leafminer resistance is feasible. C1 USDA ARS, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. RP Mou, BQ (reprint author), USDA ARS, 1636 E Alisal St, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. NR 17 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD JUL PY 2003 VL 38 IS 4 BP 570 EP 572 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 707AK UT WOS:000184487100016 ER PT J AU Thompson, TE Grauke, LJ AF Thompson, TE Grauke, LJ TI Pecan nut and kernel traits are related to shelling efficiency SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Carya illinoinensis; breeding; genetics; nut quality ID COLOR AB The U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service conducts the largest and oldest pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] breeding program in the world. This program evaluates thousands of nut and kernel, samples each year using a standard nut and kernel evaluation system developed and refined for more than 70 years. This report relates the effectiveness of these evaluations to commercial shelling efficiency by direct comparison of these data to commercially shelled samples from the same clone performance test. Visual ratings of shelled kernel samples (1-5, with 1 = best) were correlated with time required to hand clean kernel samples (r = 0.55). As percent kernel increased, visual ratings of shelled kernels improved (decreased) (r = -0.73). More intact halves were recovered from shelled samples with the best (lowest) visual ratings (r = -0.67). Conversely, fewer pieces of any size were present in samples with the best visual ratings. Visual ratings improved as nut density decreased (r = 0.33). Samples with the lightest kernel color also had the best visual ratings (r = 0.38). These data show that the standard U.S. Dept. of Agriculture pecan nut and kernel evaluation system needs to be refined by modifying selection pressure placed on various standard evaluation traits. C1 USDA ARS, College Stn, TX 77840 USA. RP Thompson, TE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Route 5, College Stn, TX 77840 USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD JUL PY 2003 VL 38 IS 4 BP 586 EP 590 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 707AK UT WOS:000184487100020 ER PT J AU McCreight, JD AF McCreight, JD TI Genes for resistance to powdery mildew races 1 and 2US in melon PI 313970 SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cantaloupe; disease; resistant blister; genetics; germplasm; linkage; Cucumis melo; muskmelon; Sphaerotheca fuliginea; Sphaerotheca fasca; Podosphaera xanthii ID SPHAEROTHECA-FULIGINEA; INHERITANCE; MUSKMELON AB Powdery mildew is a major problem in melon (Cucumis melo L.) production worldwide. Three genes for resistance to Sphaerotheca fuliginea (Schlecht. ex Fr.) Poll. race 1 and race 2U.S. were identified in growth chamber and greenhouse tests in the cross of PI 313970 X 'Top Mark'. A recessive gene conditioned resistance of true leaves to race 1. A recessive gene appeared to condition resistance of cotyledons to race 2U.S., although a second recessive gene may be involved. A semi-dominant gene conditioned resistance of true leaves to race 2U.S. Limited data suggested linkage of the recessive gene for resistance to race I and the semi-dominant gene for resistance to race 2U.S. The resistance reaction of PI 313970 to infection of true leaves by race 2U.S. included water-soaked spots and resistant blisters, but segregation data for the resistant blister reaction were inconclusive. Allelic relationships of these genes with previously reported melon powdery mildew resistance genes remain to be determined. C1 USDA ARS, US Agr Res Stn, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. RP McCreight, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Agr Res Stn, 1636 E Alisal St, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. NR 18 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD JUL PY 2003 VL 38 IS 4 BP 591 EP 594 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 707AK UT WOS:000184487100021 ER PT J AU Russo, VM AF Russo, VM TI Growth regulators do not increase onion bulb size or weight under greenhouse conditions SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Allium cepa; abscisic acid; gibberellic acid; indole-acetic acid; jasmonic acid; kinetin; maleic acid hydrazide AB Exogenously applied plant growth regulators may affect development of onion, but little is know about how concentration or timing of application can affect bulb grade and quality. Two concentrations of the growth regulators abscisic acid, gibberellic acid, indole-acetic acid, jasmonic acid, kinetin, and maleic acid hydrazide, and water controls, were applied at the 7- and 20-leaf stages to the middle of the leaf whorl in greenhouse grown onion plants. Leaf and bulb weights were lighter, and bulb diameters were smaller, from plants treated with growth regulators applied at the 7-leaf stage than those from plants treated at the 20-leaf stage. Bulbs produced on plants treated with water were the same size, or larger, than those produced on plants treated with individual growth regulators. C1 USDA ARS, S Cent Agr Res Lab, Lane, OK 74555 USA. RP Russo, VM (reprint author), USDA ARS, S Cent Agr Res Lab, Lane, OK 74555 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD JUL PY 2003 VL 38 IS 4 BP 599 EP 600 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 707AK UT WOS:000184487100023 ER PT J AU Grube, RC Ryder, EJ AF Grube, RC Ryder, EJ TI Romaine lettuce breeding lines with resistance to lettuce dieback caused by tombusviruses SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Lactaca sotiva; tomato bushy stunt virus; lettuce necrotic stunt virus; TBSV; LNSV; oilborne C1 USDA ARS, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. RP Grube, RC (reprint author), USDA ARS, 1636 E Alisal St, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. RI Sideman, Rebecca/D-3549-2014 NR 4 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD JUL PY 2003 VL 38 IS 4 BP 627 EP 628 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 707AK UT WOS:000184487100030 ER PT J AU Pomper, KW Barney, RJ AF Pomper, KW Barney, RJ TI Proceedings of the Second International Pawpaw Conference - sponsored by Kentucky State University and the Pawpaw Foundation - 21-22 September 2001 Frankfort, Ky. Introduction SO HORTTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID ASIMINA-TRILOBA; DIVERSITY C1 Kentucky State Univ, Land Grant Program, Atwood Res Facil,USDA, Natl Clonal Germplasm Repository Asinina Species, Frankfort, KY 40601 USA. RP Pomper, KW (reprint author), Kentucky State Univ, Land Grant Program, Atwood Res Facil,USDA, Natl Clonal Germplasm Repository Asinina Species, Frankfort, KY 40601 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 1063-0198 J9 HORTTECHNOLOGY JI HortTechnology PD JUL-SEP PY 2003 VL 13 IS 3 BP 410 EP 411 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 693YT UT WOS:000183746500002 ER PT J AU Pomper, KW Layne, DR Peterson, RN Wolfe, D AF Pomper, KW Layne, DR Peterson, RN Wolfe, D TI The Pawpaw Regional Variety Trial: Background and early data SO HORTTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Asimina triloba; Kentucky banana ID FRUIT ASIMINA-TRILOBA; GENETIC DIVERSITY; MARKERS; GROWTH; STATES AB Beginning in 1993, 12 institutions and individuals and The PawPaw Foundation (PPF) embarked on a joint venture to evaluate commercially-available, named pawpaw (Asimina triloba) varieties and PPF's advanced selections within and outside of the pawpaw's native range. Each Pawpaw Regional Variety Trial (PRVT) planting, consists of about 300 trees, with five to eight replications (blocks) of 28 grafted scion varieties per block in a randomized complete block design (10 named varieties and 18 clones selected in the PPF orchards at the University of Maryland Experiment Stations at Queenstown and Keedysville, Md.). Variables being examined in the trial include climatic effect, culture, pests, growth, flowering, yield, and fruit characteristics. In 1995, PRVT plantings were established in Kentucky (Princeton, Ky.), Louisiana, North Carolina, Oregon, and South Carolina. In 1998, a second planting was established in Kentucky (Frankfort, Ky.). In 1999, PRVT plantings were established in Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Maryland, Nebraska, New York, and Ohio. In the Frankfort planting, 95% of the trees have survived. Based on height and trunk diameter measurements taken from 1998 to 2001, most selections displayed good vigor. The variety PA-Golden had the best early fruit production as evidenced by the fact that five of eight trees had fruit in 2001. In the Princeton, planting, only 54% of the trees have survived. The selections 'Sunflower', 'PA-Golden', 'NC-1', 'Wilson', 1-23, 8-20, and 9-58 showed the best fruit production and survival rates (>63%) in 2001. Based on limited data collected so far in the Kentucky trials, 'PA-Golden' and 'Sunflower' have performed well in the two locations and other varieties and PPF selections show promise. C1 Kentucky State Univ, USDA, Atwood Res Facil, Natl Clonal Gerplasm Repository Asimina Species, Frankfort, KY 40601 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Hort, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Peterson Pawpaws, Harpers Ferry, WV 25425 USA. Univ Kentucky, Dept Hort, Res & Educ Ctr, Princeton, KY 42445 USA. RP Pomper, KW (reprint author), Kentucky State Univ, USDA, Atwood Res Facil, Natl Clonal Gerplasm Repository Asimina Species, Frankfort, KY 40601 USA. NR 29 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 1063-0198 J9 HORTTECHNOLOGY JI HortTechnology PD JUL-SEP PY 2003 VL 13 IS 3 BP 412 EP 417 PG 6 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 693YT UT WOS:000183746500003 ER PT J AU Postman, JD Hummer, YE Pomper, KW AF Postman, JD Hummer, YE Pomper, KW TI Vascular decline in the Oregon Pawpaw Regional Variety Trial SO HORTTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Asimina triloba; disease; stem canker; bacteria; phytoplasma; fungi; blue stain AB A pawpaw (Asimina triloba) regional variety trial (PRVT) was established at the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Clonal Germplasm Repository (NCGR), Corvallis, Ore., in Fall 1995. This orchard was a replicated planting of 28 commercially available varieties or advanced selections from the PawPaw Foundation (PPF; Frankfort, Ky.), with eight replicate trees of each selection grafted onto seedling rootstocks and planted in a randomized block design. Two years after planting, 32 trees had either failed to establish or had died after an initial healthy start. By July 1999, 25% of grafted trees had died due to a vascular wilt-like disease, and 2 years later mortality exceeded 50%. Grafted selections with the lowest symptom severity include 1-7-2, 2-54, 7-90, 8-58, 9-58, 'Mitchell', 'PA-Golden #1', 'Taylor' and 'Wilson'. Seedling guard trees were unaffected until July 2000, when six guard trees of 76 died and 10 more were declining. By July 2001, 14 guard trees were dead. No fungi were consistently isolated from declining trees. A number of bacteria were isolated from infected trees, but no specific pathogen has been confirmed as the causal agent. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests for phytoplasmas and for the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa were also negative. Research is ongoing to determine if a bacterial pathogen was the cause of the pawpaw decline in the Oregon PRVT. C1 USDA, Natl Clonal Germplasm Respository, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Kentucky State Univ, USDA, Natl Clonal Germplasm Repository Asimina Species, Atwood Res Facil, Frankfort, KY 40601 USA. RP Postman, JD (reprint author), USDA, Natl Clonal Germplasm Respository, 33447 Peoria Rd, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 1063-0198 J9 HORTTECHNOLOGY JI HortTechnology PD JUL-SEP PY 2003 VL 13 IS 3 BP 418 EP 420 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 693YT UT WOS:000183746500004 ER PT J AU Merwin, IA Byard, R Pomper, YW AF Merwin, IA Byard, R Pomper, YW TI Survival, growth and establishment of grafted pawpaws in upstate New York SO HORTTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Asimina triloba; tree-tubes; pollination AB A pawpaw regional variety trial (PRVT) was established at Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. in Apr. 1999 consisting of 28 commercially available pawpaw (Asimina triloba) varieties or advanced selections from the PawPaw Foundation (PPF; Frankfort, Ky.). Eight replicate trees of each selection, grafted onto seedling rootstocks, were planted in a randomized block design. The first two winters at the test planting site were unusually mild for the Finger Lakes region, with the lowest recorded temperatures above -16 degreesC (3.2 degreesF). Despite these mild winters, there was extensive winter mortality of some pawpaw varieties. Survival rates were > 75% for 11 varieties, and were <40% for five other varieties. Poor establishment of grafted clonal pawpaws and insufficient pollination or fertilization of established pawpaws were important limitations of successful commercialization of this new fruit crop under conditions typical of upstate New York. Open mesh black plastic trunk guards provided adequate shade and protection for newly planted pawpaws, whereas translucent plastic tree-tubes caused heat stress and scorching of the young trees. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Hort, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Kentucky State Univ, USDA, Natl Clonal Germplasm Repository Asimina Species, Atwood Res Facil, Frankfort, KY 40601 USA. RP Merwin, IA (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Hort, 118 Plant Sci Bldg, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 1063-0198 J9 HORTTECHNOLOGY JI HortTechnology PD JUL-SEP PY 2003 VL 13 IS 3 BP 421 EP 422 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 693YT UT WOS:000183746500005 ER PT J AU Pomper, KW Layne, DR Jones, SC AF Pomper, KW Layne, DR Jones, SC TI Container production of pawpaw seedlings SO HORTTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Asimina triloba; bottom heat; chlorophyll; root : shoot ratio; Kentucky banana; fertilizer regime; shading; biomass; propagation ID HYDROXIDE-TREATED CONTAINERS; ROOT-ZONE TEMPERATURE; NORTH-AMERICAN PAWPAW; GREEN ASH; GROWTH; GERMINATION; RESPONSES; TREES; APPLE AB Pawpaw (Asimina triloba) is a native North American tree that has potential as a new fruit crop or for use in landscapes, but until recently, little information has been available to nurseries on containerized production of this species. Pawpaw seedlings develop a strong taproot with a fragile root system, which can be easily damaged upon digging; therefore, most nurseries propagate trees in containers. Pawpaw seed requires stratification for optimal germination and seed is sensitive to desiccation. The seed also cannot tolerate freezing temperatures [<-15 &DEG;C (5.0 &DEG;F)]. A well-aerated potting substrate with a high sphagnum peat moss component (>75% by volume), cation exchange capacity, and water holding capacity can be used effectively in container production. Tall containers should be used to accommodate the developing taproot of seedlings. The slow-release fertilizer Osmocote 14-14-14 (14N-6. IP-11.6K) incorporated into Pro-Mix BX potting substrate can be used effectively as the sole fertilizer source at a treatment rate of 2.22 kg.m(-3) (3.742 lb/yard(3)) in containerized pawpaw production. It can also be used at a lower rate of 0.81 kg.m(-3) (1.365 lb/yard(3)) when supplemented with weekly applications of 500 mg.L-1 (ppm) of Peters 20-20-20 (20N-8.78P-16.6K) liquid-feed fertilizer. Bottom heating [32 degreesC (89.6 degreesF)] of container-grown pawpaw seedlings results in greater lateral and total root dry weight than in seedlings grown at ambient temperature [24 degreesC (75.2 degreesF)], which could increase the rate of establishment of seedlings in the field. Bottom heating of container-grown pawpaw seedlings could decrease both the time to produce a saleable plant and the cost of heating greenhouses. Growth of containerized pawpaw seedlings is enhanced by low to moderate shading with polypropylene shade fabric (28% or 51%) outdoors and low shading (33%) in the greenhouse, in a manner typical of that reported for other shade-preferring plants. Low to moderate shading of pawpaw seedlings grown outdoors greatly increases leaf number, total leaf area, and total plant dry weight compared to nonshaded seedlings, suggesting that commercial nurseries can improve production of containerized pawpaw seedlings using a shading regime outdoors. C1 Kentucky State Univ, USDA, Natl Clonal Germplasm Repository Asimina Species, Atwood Res Facil, Frankfort, KY 40601 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Hort, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Kentucky State Univ, Hort Program, Frankfort, KY 40601 USA. RP Pomper, KW (reprint author), Kentucky State Univ, USDA, Natl Clonal Germplasm Repository Asimina Species, Atwood Res Facil, Frankfort, KY 40601 USA. NR 26 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 3 U2 6 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 1063-0198 J9 HORTTECHNOLOGY JI HortTechnology PD JUL-SEP PY 2003 VL 13 IS 3 BP 434 EP 438 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 693YT UT WOS:000183746500008 ER PT J AU Archbold, DD Koslanund, R Pomper, KW AF Archbold, DD Koslanund, R Pomper, KW TI Ripening and postharvest storage of pawpaw SO HORTTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Kentucky banana; Asimina triloba ID FRUIT ASIMINA-TRILOBA; ETHYLENE PRODUCTION; APPLE AB To facilitate the growth of a commercial pawpaw (Asimina triloba) industry, several problems with harvest and postharvest handling of fruit need to be resolved. Pawpaw fruit ripening is characterized by an increase in soluble solids content, flesh softening, increased volatile production, and a loss of green color intensity. Within 3 days after harvest, ethylene and respiratory climacteric peaks are clearly evident. Softening of fruit is due to the action of at least four enzymes, with the softening proceeding from the surface to the interior tissue. Fruit on a single tree can ripen over a 2-week period, creating labor problems. When immature fruit is harvested it does not ripen, even if treated with ethephon at 1000 mg.L-1 (ppm), but the use of commercially available growth regulators both pre- and postharvest warrants further study. Fruit soften very rapidly at room temperature after harvest and have a 2-to 4-day shelf life. However, we have stored pawpaw fruit for 1 month at 4 degreesC (39.2 degreesF) with little change in fruit firmness and fruit apparently continue normal ripening upon removal to ambient temperature. The optimum temperature and duration for holding fruit will need to be determined. Further extension in pawpaw storage life may be feasible with controlled or modified atmosphere storage. Although there are a number of practical problems with pawpaw harvest and postharvest storage that need to be addressed, we hope to develop recommendations for harvest and handling of fruit in the near future. C1 Univ Kentucky, Dept Hort, Lexington, KY 40546 USA. Kentucky State Univ, USDA, Natl Clonal Germplasm Repository Asimina Species, Atwood Res Facil, Frankfort, KY 40601 USA. RP Archbold, DD (reprint author), Univ Kentucky, Dept Hort, Lexington, KY 40546 USA. NR 21 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 14 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 1063-0198 J9 HORTTECHNOLOGY JI HortTechnology PD JUL-SEP PY 2003 VL 13 IS 3 BP 439 EP 441 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 693YT UT WOS:000183746500009 ER PT J AU Kokalis-Burelle, N Vavrina, CS Reddy, VS Kloepper, JW AF Kokalis-Burelle, N Vavrina, CS Reddy, VS Kloepper, JW TI Amendment of muskmelon and watermelon transplant media with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria: Effects on seedling quality, disease, and nematode resistance SO HORTTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE angular leaf spot; cantaloupes; Citrullus lanatus; Cucumis melo; gummy stem blight; root-knot nematode; transplant production ID BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; TOMATO; GREENHOUSE; FLORIDA; MIXES AB Greenhouse and field trials were performed on muskmelon (Cucumis melo) and watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) to evaluate the effects of six formulations of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) that have previously been shown to increase seedling growth and induce disease resistance on other transplanted vegetables. Formulations of Gram-positive bacterial strains were added to a soilless, peat-based transplant medium before seeding. Several PGPR treatments significantly increased shoot weight, shoot length, and stem diameter of muskmelon and watermelon seedlings and transplants. Root weight of muskmelon seedlings was also increased by PGPR treatment. On watermelon, four PGPR treatments reduced angular leaf spot lesions caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans, and gummy stem blight, caused by Didymella bryoniae, compared to the nontreated and formulation carrier controls. One PGPR treatment reduced angular leaf spot lesions on muskmelon compared to the nontreated and carrier controls. On muskmelon in the field, one PGPR treatment reduced root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) disease severity compared to all control treatments. C1 ARS, USDA, Hort Res Lab, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. Auburn Univ, Dept Entomol & Plant Pathol, Immokalee, FL 34142 USA. RP Kokalis-Burelle, N (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Hort Res Lab, 2001 S Rock Rd, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. EM nburelle@saa.ars.usda.gov NR 15 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 1063-0198 J9 HORTTECHNOLOGY JI HortTechnology PD JUL-SEP PY 2003 VL 13 IS 3 BP 476 EP 482 PG 7 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 693YT UT WOS:000183746500018 ER PT J AU Linderman, RG Davis, EA AF Linderman, RG Davis, EA TI Arbuscular mycorrhiza and growth responses of several ornamental plants grown in soilless peat-based medium amended with coconut dust (coir) SO HORTTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE endomycorrhiza; potting mixes; marigold; mini-rose; zinnia; germander; lavender ID CHEMICAL-PROPERTIES; SUBSTITUTE; FUNGI; PHOSPHORUS; INFECTION; AMENDMENT; ROOTS; ONION AB Coconut fiber dust (coir) is being used as a peat substitute or amendment to potting mixes with varied results. However, its microbial composition and compatibility with beneficial microbes that might be added to growth media in the nursery, such as mycorrhizal fungi, has not been determined. In this study, coir was amended to a peat-based medium (15%, 30%, 45%, and 60% by volume) to determine its effects on growth of several ornamental plants and on the formation and function of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus intraradices. Mycorrhizae formed as well, and usually better, in all the coir-amended peat treatments as in peat alone. The magnitude of growth enhancement due to mycorrhizae was small for the plants tested in these media compared to that which usually occurs in soil-based media. In this experiment, plant growth responses appeared to be independent of level of mycorrhizal colonization and were plant species dependent. Consistent growth enhancement from mycorrhizae only occurred with marigold (Tagetes patula). With germander (Teucrium fruticans), growth was depressed with mycorrhizal inoculation in the medium composed of 60% coir. Growth of lavender (Lavandula augustifolia) was depressed in all coir-amended media, with or without AM inoculation, compared to the nonamended control. These results confirm previous reports of varied response of plant species to coir, and indicate the lack of any detrimental effects of coir on mycorrhiza. formation. C1 ARS, USDA, Hort Crops Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Linderman, RG (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Hort Crops Res Lab, 3420 NW Orchard Ave, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. EM lindermr@science.oregonstate.edu NR 39 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 1063-0198 J9 HORTTECHNOLOGY JI HortTechnology PD JUL-SEP PY 2003 VL 13 IS 3 BP 482 EP 487 PG 6 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 693YT UT WOS:000183746500019 ER PT J AU Shappell, NW AF Shappell, NW TI Ergovaline toxicity on caco-2 cells as assessed by MTT, alamarBlue, and DNA assays SO IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY-ANIMAL LA English DT Article DE ergovaline; ergopeptine; fescue toxicosis; gastrointestinal cells ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; FESCUE TOXICOSIS; FLUOROMETRIC DETECTION; ERGOT ALKALOIDS; TALL FESCUE; HUMAN COLON; IN-VITRO; CATTLE; ENZYMES; ABSORPTION AB The exact mechanisms of fescue toxicity in animals have yet to be established, but it has been associated with an inability to thrive. Ergovaline is the major ergopeptine alkaloid associated with fungal infections of tall fescue. Gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity of ergovaline (10(-11) to 10(-4) M) was evaluated in Caco-2 cells (mimicking the GI epithelium) beginning on days 1, 8, and 18 of culture. Acute and chronic toxicity was assessed after 24 and 72 It of exposure. Treatment periods were chosen to study undifferentiated, semidifferentiated, and completely differentiated cells. Cell loss and metabolic activity were assessed by thiazolyl blue reduction (3-(4,5-dimethylthiozole-2-yl)-2,5,-biphenyl tetrazolium bromide [MTT], mitochondrial succinate dehyrdogenase activity), alamarBlue assay (cytochrome oxidase activity), and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) quantitation. Undifferentiated cells were sensitive to 1 X 10(-4) M ergovaline after acute exposure (from 52 to 74% of control values depending on assay). After 72 h of exposure to 1 X 10(-4) M ergovaline, in all three assays, treatment means were reduced to similar to10% of the control means. By day 11 in culture, ergovaline toxicity to cells had decreased. With 24 h exposure, an apparent paradoxical increase in MTT was seen at some concentrations. This increase in MTT was also found in fully differentiated cells (day 21), whereas alamarBlue activity decreased. No change in DNA was found until 72 h of exposure, when DNA was reduced -12% over most concentrations. These findings indicate differentiation state-dependent sensitivity of Caco-2 cells to ergovaline, potential problems of the MTT assay as an indicator of cellular toxicity, and usefulness of alamarBlue assay over DNA assay for toxicity assessment. C1 USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Shappell, NW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, 1605 Albrecht Blvd, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. EM shappeln@fargo.ars.usda.gov NR 38 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1071-2690 EI 1543-706X J9 IN VITRO CELL DEV-AN JI In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol.-Anim. PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 39 IS 7 BP 329 EP 335 PG 7 WC Cell Biology; Developmental Biology SC Cell Biology; Developmental Biology GA 772UJ UT WOS:000188859600014 ER PT J AU Ploschuk, EL Cerdeiras, G Windauer, L Dierig, DA Ravetta, DA AF Ploschuk, EL Cerdeiras, G Windauer, L Dierig, DA Ravetta, DA TI Development of alternative Lesquerella species in Patagonia (Argentina): potential of Lesquerella angustifolia SO INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS LA English DT Article DE Lesquerella; arid lands; new crops; oil-seed crops; sowing date ID OILSEED CROPS; FENDLERI; DATE AB The genus Lesquerella is a promising source of hydroxy fatty acid (HFA). Within this genus, Lesquerella fendleri is a good candidate for domestication in the and southwestern United States because it has high seed and oil yields, low seed dormancy, and low fruit dehiscence. Other species of Lesquerella, however, could be developed and expanded for other regions of the world with different climatic and environmental conditions. The objective of this study was to test the yield and oil content of several Lesquerella species in the Chubut River Valley, Patagonia, Argentina. The area is characterized by low temperatures during winter and high temperatures and radiation during summer. Two experiments were conducted for two consecutive years. Seed yield and oil content were determined for seven species of Lesquerella. In the first year, both fall and spring sowings were measured for all tested species. During the second year, Lesquerella angustifolia performance was evaluated together with three different accessions of L. fendleri. Spring sowings reduced seed and oil yield about 80% in L. fendleri and L gordonii (average of the two species, P < 0.05) compared with the fall sowings. These results were presumably caused by the longer daylength period during the summer at these latitudes compared with other sites. Yield was higher in L. angustifolia than other species and three times higher than L. fendleri, which was sown at the same time. The higher yield obtained with L. angustifolia was the result of the combination of both high seed weight and seed number per plant. When L. angustifolia was compared with L. fendleri germplasm. originated from and environments and with two accessions of the same species collected from high elevations, the better performance of the former was confirmed. These results clearly demonstrate that L. angustifolia performs better than L fendleri in the irrigated valleys of Patagonia, and also that L fendleri yields would be low under environments with very cold winters and high latitudes. Thus, fall plantings of L angustifolia could be considered as an alternative source of HFA at this site and other similar high-latitude environments. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Buenos Aires, Fac Agron, IFEVA, CONICET, RA-1417 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Univ Buenos Aires, Fac Agron, Catedra Cultivos Ind, RA-1417 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Ploschuk, EL (reprint author), Univ Buenos Aires, Fac Agron, IFEVA, CONICET, Av San Martin 4453, RA-1417 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. NR 13 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-6690 J9 IND CROP PROD JI Ind. Crop. Prod. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 18 IS 1 BP 1 EP 6 DI 10.1016/S0926-6690(03)00013-X PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 689FD UT WOS:000183480200001 ER PT J AU Sessa, DJ Eller, FJ Palmquist, DE Lawton, JW AF Sessa, DJ Eller, FJ Palmquist, DE Lawton, JW TI Improved methods for decolorizing corn zein SO INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS LA English DT Article DE zein; supercritical and subcritical fluid extractions; ultrafiltration/diafiltration; column chromatography; activated carbon; colorimetric assay ID SUBCRITICAL PROPANE EXTRACTION; SUPERCRITICAL CO2; CAROTENOIDS; PROTEIN; QUANTIFICATION AB The yellow color of corn and corn processing co-products is due to xanthophylls and beta-carotene. Colorless zein commands a premium price and the resulting extracted carotenoids possess nutraceutical value. Our objectives were to devise methods for decolorizing zein and develop methodology to quantify color removal. Decolorizing methods include: subcritical propane and supercritical fluid extraction with carbon dioxide of zein with ethanol entrainers; ultrafiltration/diafiltration on a tangential flow system; partitioning with toluene; column chromatography on Sephadex LH-60; batch treatment with activated carbon. Residual color was assessed by dissolving zein control or decolorized product in glacial acetic acid, filtration, and reading absorbances of dilutions at 448 nm. Analysis of covariance from comparative logarithmic regressions of control zein and decolorized product dilutions was evaluated to determine the extent of residual color. Because, a covariate by treatment interaction was detected in treatments for supercritical fluid extractions an Analysis of Variance model comparing treatment method means at each dilution factor level was used. Results showed that suberitical propane extraction of zein with ethanol entrainer gave the least color removal. A commercial white zein possessed a similar degree of residual color as did ethanolic zein solutions partitioned with toluene. Almost complete removal was achieved by extractions of zein from corn gluten meal followed by batch treatment of those extracts with activated carbon. However, recovered yield was lowest with this procedure. Supercritical. fluid extraction with carbon dioxide of zein with 15% ethanol entrainer for 15 min at 68,950 kPa and 70 degreesC decolorized zein slightly less than did either the column chromatographic method with Sephadex LH-60 or a diafiltration of zein ethanolic solutions ultrafiltered through the 5000 Da molecular weight cut-off membrane. These three methods gave excellent recoveries of decolorized zein product. The supercritical fluid method has the advantages of no need to spray-dry the final product and does not require the copious volumes of ethanol needed for color removal by the other methods. This method would utilize the carbon dioxide and ethanol byproducts generated by the fermentation process used for producing ethanol. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Agr Res Serv, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Biometr Serv, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Sessa, DJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Agr Res Serv, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 22 TC 21 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 29 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-6690 J9 IND CROP PROD JI Ind. Crop. Prod. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 18 IS 1 BP 55 EP 65 DI 10.1016/S0926-6690(03)00033-5 PG 11 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 689FD UT WOS:000183480200007 ER PT J AU Dowd, MK AF Dowd, MK TI Improvements to laboratory-scale maize wet-milling procedures SO INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS LA English DT Article DE corn; maize; milling; processing; separations; wet milling ID PILOT-PLANT; CORN AB The wet milling of maize is difficult to study in the laboratory because some of the required separation steps are challenging to implement at bench-scale. This work was conducted to develop an improved 100-g wet-milling procedure that better models the industrial process. Several separation steps were modified from previously reported methods. Among the changes, germ was recovered by a flotation/skimming technique that is normally used on larger-scale procedures. Starch was recovered by tabling, but the flow profile at the end of the table was changed to reduce gluten settling and the partitioning and pumping of slurry fractions was changed to allow the tabling process to begin immediately after fiber recovery. Gluten was dewatering directly on the table overflow, and starch was recovered from the table before drying. These modifications eliminated some problems associated with other procedures, e.g. the scraping of tabled starch to reduce protein contamination, the loss of germ due to size reduction, and the separate recovery of coarse and fine fiber fractions. Compared with routine tabling methods, the modified method used in this work produced starch with less protein (0.42 versus 0.55% for the maize variety tested); however, the improvement was achieved at the expense of a slightly lower starch yield (64.4 versus 65.4%). Standard deviations for the product yields were 0.28% for starch, 0.27% for gluten, 0.24% for fiber, 0.13% for germ, and 0.07% for total solubles. The procedure will be beneficial for some maize wet-milling experiments. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, Commod Utilizat Res Unit, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Dowd, MK (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, Commod Utilizat Res Unit, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 12 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-6690 J9 IND CROP PROD JI Ind. Crop. Prod. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 18 IS 1 BP 67 EP 76 DI 10.1016/S0926-6690(03)00034-7 PG 10 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 689FD UT WOS:000183480200008 ER PT J AU Dickey, LC McAloon, A Parris, N AF Dickey, LC McAloon, A Parris, N TI Minimizing entrainment of extract liquid by settling maize particles SO INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS LA English DT Article DE maize; extraction; ethanol; solvent recovery; settling associated entrainment; zein ID ETHANOL; CORN AB An ethanol soluble protein (zein) can be extracted from maize meal. Development of a cost effective protein recovery process requires that the extracted maize particles be separated from the extract. We have previously shown that the particles can be settled into a water layer, through a stagnant interface, with low dilution of the protein-containing extract liquid. In this article, we describe testing done to develop settling tank base inclinations that enable the settled particles to be pumped from the tank as rapidly as they settle to the water layer. Ethanol extracts were pumped to one side of an ethanol solution layer floating on a water layer. The ethanol solution was kept at a constant height by pumping from a port opposite and higher than the inlet port and by maintenance of a constant water layer height. The solid particles in the extract settled into the water. Water was continuously pumped to and from the tank. Laminar water flow alone did not remove the particles at the lowest sustainable extract feed rate. Particles could be pumped out of the tank at rates equal to practical rates of extract feed when they settled on a base inclined 35degrees to the horizontal. The rate of extract liquid entrainment by the settling particles was determined from measurements of the mass of the solids settled into the water layer and the density of the dilute ethanol solution pumped from the bottom of the tank. The mass ratio of the extract liquid lost:solid particle settled was similar to the corresponding ratio for decanter centrifugation. Settling promises to be a cost-effective method of separating extracted particles from alcoholic extracts with low extract liquid dilution. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Dickey, LC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Merimaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 11 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-6690 J9 IND CROP PROD JI Ind. Crop. Prod. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 18 IS 1 BP 77 EP 84 DI 10.1016/S0926-6690(03)00035-9 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 689FD UT WOS:000183480200009 ER PT J AU Lee, JW Paape, MJ Elsasser, TH Zhao, X AF Lee, JW Paape, MJ Elsasser, TH Zhao, X TI Recombinant soluble CD14 reduces severity of intramammary infection by Escherichia coli SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE-BINDING-PROTEIN; GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA; CD14-DEFICIENT MICE; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; MAMMARY-GLAND; FACTOR-ALPHA; NEUTROPHIL RECRUITMENT; STAPHYLOCOCCUS-AUREUS; ELEVATED LEVELS AB The interaction among gram-negative bacteria, the innate immune system, and soluble CD14 (sCD14) has not been well documented. The effect of recombinant bovine sCD14 (rbosCD14) on milk somatic cell count (SCC), bacterial clearance, and cytokine production was investigated by using a bovine intramammary Eschetichia coli infection model. We first determined whether rbosCD14 would increase the SCC during a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Three quarters of each of six healthy lactating cows were injected with either 0.3 mug of LPS, 0.3 mug of LPS plus 100 mug of rbosCD14, or saline. In comparison with quarters injected with LPS alone, the SCC was twofold higher (P < 0.05) in quarters injected with LPS plus rbosCD14 after the challenge. We therefore hypothesized that when E. coli bacteria invade the mammary gland, sCD14 in milk would interact with LPS and rapidly recruit neutrophils from the blood to eliminate the bacteria before establishment of infection. To test this hypothesis, two quarters of each of nine healthy cows were challenged with either 50 CFU of E. coli plus saline or 50 CFU of E. coli plus 100 mug of rbosCD14. Quarters challenged with E. coli plus rbosCD14 had a more rapid recruitment of neutrophils, which was accompanied by a faster clearance of bacteria, lower concentrations of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-8 in milk, and milder clinical symptoms, than challenged quarters injected with saline. Results indicate that increasing the concentration of sCD14 in milk may be a potential strategy with which to prevent or reduce the severity of infection by coliform bacteria. C1 McGill Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Ste Anne De Bellevue, PQ H9X 3V9, Canada. USDA ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20901 USA. USDA ARS, Growth Biol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20901 USA. RP Zhao, X (reprint author), McGill Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Ste Anne De Bellevue, PQ H9X 3V9, Canada. RI Zhao, Xin/M-4312-2015 OI Zhao, Xin/0000-0002-1078-7332 NR 48 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 71 IS 7 BP 4034 EP 4039 DI 10.1128/IAI.71.7.4034-4039.2003 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 694WB UT WOS:000183797200046 PM 12819092 ER PT J AU Lehmann, T Graham, DH Dahl, E Sreekumar, C Launer, F Corn, JL Gamble, HR Dubey, JP AF Lehmann, Tovi Graham, Douglas H. Dahl, Erica Sreekumar, C. Launer, Fred Corn, Joseph L. Gamble, H. Ray Dubey, J. P. TI Transmission dynamics of Toxoplasma gondii on a pig farm SO INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE Ecological genetics; Farm; Microsatellite; Molecular epidemiology; Pig; Toxoplasma gondii AB Transmission of Toxoplasma gondii infection on a pig farm in New England was investigated using genetic and ecological methods to (i) determine if infection of pigs was a result of a single source, such as in an epizootic situation (e. g. outbreak) or of multiple sources, such as in an enzootic situation, (ii) identify the main source species of infection to pigs and (iii) evaluate the role of the environment surrounding the farm as the source of infection on the farm. Genetic characterization of 25 T. gondii isolates from market pigs revealed three distinct genotypes with no evidence of recombinants. These data imply that at least three distinct exposure events occurred during the 7-month lifespan of these pigs. This genotype diversity is consistent with enzootic transmission of T. gondii on the farm. Cats were suspected as the main source of pig infection based on the high seroprevalence (>95%) in pigs. The presence of the two most common T. gondii genotypes in eight isolates from free ranging chickens on this farm corroborated the role of cats because chickens were probably infected through ingestion of oocysts in the soil. The seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in 163 wild mammals and birds captured around the pig sties (overall 13.1%) increased with proximity to the pig sties. Thus, transmission of T. gondii was higher near the pig sties than in the surrounding environment probably because of increased density of oocysts there. We propose that the farm does not simply reflect its surroundings in terms of strain composition and risk of infection, but that it acts as a reservoir of strains from which the outflow of new infections into its surrounding environment is higher than the inflow. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Lehmann, Tovi; Graham, Douglas H.; Dahl, Erica] Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis MS F22, Chamblee, GA 30041 USA. [Sreekumar, C.; Dubey, J. P.] USDA, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Parasit Dis Lab, Agr Res Serv, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. [Launer, Fred] USDA, Vet Serv, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Sutton, MA USA. [Corn, Joseph L.] Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Southeastern Cooperat Wildlife Dis Study, Athens, GA USA. [Gamble, H. Ray] CNR, Washington, DC 20001 USA. RP Lehmann, T (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis MS F22, 4770 Buford Hwy, Chamblee, GA 30041 USA. EM lbt2@cdc.gov OI Chirukandoth, Sreekumar/0000-0003-2875-4034 FU Food Safety Initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention FX We thank Nathan Mechlin from the University of Georgia for his help in trapping wildlife and Don Hahn, Alex da Silva, Mike Arrowood, and others in the division of parasitic diseases (CDC) for technical assistance. We are grateful to Jeffery Jones, Peter Schantz, and Denis Juranek (CDC) for their comments and discussions on earlier versions of this manuscript. Thanks to the staff of the CDC Core Facility and PBESL, USDA for their help. This investigation received financial assistance from the Food Safety Initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and was also supported in conjunction with the VAMC Atlanta and the Atlanta Research and Education Foundation. NR 25 TC 77 Z9 82 U1 0 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1567-1348 EI 1567-7257 J9 INFECT GENET EVOL JI Infect. Genet. Evol. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 3 IS 2 BP 135 EP 141 DI 10.1016/S1567-1348(03)00067-4 PG 7 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA V30ON UT WOS:000208825400008 PM 12809808 ER PT J AU Nonnecke, BJ Waters, KR Foote, MR Horst, RL Fowler, MA Miller, BL AF Nonnecke, BJ Waters, KR Foote, MR Horst, RL Fowler, MA Miller, BL TI In vitro effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 on interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha secretion by blood leukocytes from young and adult cattle vaccinated with Mycobocterium bovis BCG SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR VITAMIN AND NUTRITION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE vitamin D; calf; interferon; tumor necrosis factor; Mycobacterium bovis BCG ID DELTA T-CELLS; BACILLUS-CALMETTE-GUERIN; MYCOBACTERIUM-BOVIS; MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES; IMMUNE-RESPONSE; VITAMIN-D; DENDRITIC CELLS; MODULATION; ANTIGEN; SUBPOPULATIONS AB Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) are critical in the development of an effective immune response. Vitamin D, essential in short-term calcium homeostasis and recently shown to modulate proliferation and function of blood mononuclear cells from adult dairy cattle, may be an effective modulator of the calf's immune system. Effects of antigen sensitization and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 [1,25-(OH)(2)D-3] on cytokine secretion by cells from calves vaccinated with Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) were examined. One-week-old dairy calves (n = 6) and yearling heifers (n = 4) were vaccinated concurrently with BCG and boosted six weeks later. Ten weeks after primary vaccination, cells from vaccinated calves and adults, and nonvaccinated, age-matched calves (n = 4) were evaluated in vitro for their capacity to produce IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha. Cells were stimulated with pokeweed mitogen (PWM) or recall antigen [Mycobacterium bovis-derived purified protein derivative (PPD)] in the presence of 0, 0.1, 1.0, and 10nM of 1,25-(OH)(2)D-3 for 20, 44, and 68 hours, respectively. IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha concentrations in culture supernatents harvested at these times were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). PPD-induced IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha responses of cells from vaccinated calves and adults were greater then responses of autologous unstimulated cells. In contrast, PPD-specific responses of calf and adult cells collected immediately before primary vaccination were substantially lower and comparable to responses of nonvaccinated calves; however, responses of vaccinated calves were more vigorous than corresponding responses of vaccinated adults. Incubation period also influenced the magnitude of both IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha responses in PPD- and PWM-stimulated cultures. Effects of 1,25-(OH)(2)D-3 on antigen-induced secretion of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha secretion by bovine leukocytes and suggest that 1,25-(OH)(2)D-3 can alter secretion of both cytokines under specific conditions of culture. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Periparturient Dis Cattle Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Bacterial Dis Livestock Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Land O Lakes Inc, St Paul, MN 55164 USA. Land O Lakes Inc, Res Farm, Webster City, IA 50595 USA. RP Nonnecke, BJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Periparturient Dis Cattle Res Unit, 2300 Dayton Rd, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 33 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 4 PU VERLAG HANS HUBER PI BERN 9 PA LANGGASS-STRASSE 76, CH-3000 BERN 9, SWITZERLAND SN 0300-9831 J9 INT J VITAM NUTR RES JI Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 73 IS 4 BP 235 EP 244 DI 10.1024/0300-9831.73.4.235 PG 10 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 710HY UT WOS:000184675800001 PM 12951895 ER PT J AU Zhou, YC Narumalani, S Waltman, WJ Waltman, SW Palecki, MA AF Zhou, YC Narumalani, S Waltman, WJ Waltman, SW Palecki, MA TI A GIS-based Spatial Pattern Analysis Model for eco-region mapping and characterization SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CONTERMINOUS UNITED-STATES; VEGETATION; ECOREGIONS; MANAGEMENT AB Growing concerns about global climate change, biodiversity maintenance, natural resources conservation, and long-term ecosystem sustainability have been responsible for the transformation of traditional single resource management approaches into integrated ecosystem management models. Eco-regions are large ecosystems of regional extent that contain smaller ecosystems of similar response potential and resource production capabilities. They can be used as a geographical framework for organizing and reporting resource information, setting bioecological recovery criteria, extrapolating site-level management, and monitoring global change. The objective of this research is to develop a quantitative, multivariate regionalization model that is capable of delineating eco-regions at multiple levels from remotely sensed information and other environmental and natural resources spatial data. The Spatial Pattern Analysis Model developed in this study uses a region-growing algorithm to generate spatially contiguous regions from primitive polygonal land units. The algorithm merges the most similar pair of neighbouring units at each iteration, based on satisfying certain similarity criteria until all units are grouped into one. This model was utilized to develop an eco-region map of Nebraska with three hierarchical levels. In the mapping process, the STATSGO data set was used to build the primitive map units. Environmental parameters included in the model were multi-temporal AVHRR data, soil rooting depth, organic matter content, available water capacity, and long-term annual averages of water balance and growing degree day totals. Development of the model provides a new and useful approach to eco-region mapping for resource managers and researchers. The method is automated and efficient, reduces the judgement biases and uncertainty of manual analyses, and can be replicated for other regions or for the regionalization of other themes. C1 Univ Nebraska, Conservat & Survey Div, CALMIT, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. Univ Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Lincoln, NE 68508 USA. Illinois State Water Survey, Midwestern Reg Climate Ctr, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. RP Zhou, YC (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Conservat & Survey Div, CALMIT, 113 Nebraska Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. NR 41 TC 24 Z9 30 U1 2 U2 23 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1365-8816 J9 INT J GEOGR INF SCI JI Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 17 IS 5 BP 445 EP 462 DI 10.1080/1365881031000086983 PG 18 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Geography; Geography, Physical; Information Science & Library Science SC Computer Science; Geography; Physical Geography; Information Science & Library Science GA 694JW UT WOS:000183772300004 ER PT J AU Kuchler, F Variyam, JN AF Kuchler, F Variyam, JN TI Mistakes were made: misperception as a barrier to reducing overweight SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBESITY LA English DT Article DE body mass index; health information programs; weight perceptions ID WEIGHT AB OBJECTIVE: To examine the agreement between individuals' weight status as measured by their body mass index (BMI) and their perceptions of their weight status in the US population. DESIGN: Data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988 - 94 ( NHANES III), were used to cross-tabulate actual weight status and self-assessed weight status, identifying population proportions that underassessed or overassessed weight status. The study accounts for gender and socioeconomic and demographic variables to identify subpopulations in which relatively large numbers of individuals misperceive their weight status. MEASUREMENTS: Survey data included clinically measured height and weight. BMI was categorized ( overweight, healthy weight, or underweight) following conventional cutpoints. In addition, each surveyed individual was asked to assess their own ( categorical) weight status. SUBJECTS: NHANES III is representative of the US population. The sample included 7758 males and 8451 females aged 20 y or above after excluding women who were pregnant or breastfeeding. RESULTS: We show that large segments of the US population misperceive their weight status. The mix of misperceptions differs by gender, with men who are obese or overweight more likely than obese or overweight women to underassess their weight status. Women who are healthy weight/underweight are more likely than men to believe they are overweight. In addition to the gender differences, underassessors are more frequently found among those aged 65 y and over, individuals with relatively low education levels, lower income levels, and among non-Hispanic black subjects. Overassessors are more frequently found among women less than 65 y old ( between the ages of 35 and 64 y for men), individuals with higher education levels, higher income levels, and among non-Hispanic white subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Information programs linking overweight and obesity with health risks might fail to induce diet and lifestyle changes if individuals fail to recognize they are overweight or obese. While there are large number of individuals who fail to recognize their overweight or obese status, there are indicator variables that can help identify this subpopulation. Thus, it is possible to first target a message that would attempt to correct misperceptions. If successful, the size of the population susceptible to a weight - health risk information program could increase. C1 ERS, USDA, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Kuchler, F (reprint author), ERS, USDA, 1800 M St NW Room 4077, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 11 TC 116 Z9 119 U1 1 U2 13 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0307-0565 J9 INT J OBESITY JI Int. J. Obes. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 27 IS 7 BP 856 EP 861 DI 10.1080/sj.ijo.0802293 PG 6 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 693QB UT WOS:000183728900014 PM 12821973 ER PT J AU Tomaszewski, EK Logan, KS Snowden, KF Kurtzman, CP Phalen, DN AF Tomaszewski, EK Logan, KS Snowden, KF Kurtzman, CP Phalen, DN TI Phylogenetic analysis identifies the 'megabacterium' of birds as a novel anamorphic ascomycetous yeast, Macrorhabdus ornithogaster gen. nov., sp nov. SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BUDGERIGARS MELOPSITTACUS-UNDULATUS; PROVENTRICULITIS; CANARIES; DISEASE; PROBES AB An organism commonly referred to as 'megabacterium' colonizes the gastric isthmus of many species of birds. It is weakly Gram-positive and periodic acid-Schiff-positive and stains with silver stains. Previous studies have shown that it has a nucleus and a cell wall similar to those seen in fungi. Calcofluor white M2R staining suggests that the cell wall contains chitin, a eukaryote-specific substance, and rRNA in situ hybridization demonstrates that it is a eukaryote. To characterize this organism phylogenetically, DNA was extracted from purified cells. rDNA was readily amplified by PCR with pan-fungal DNA primer sets and primer sets derived from the newly determined sequence, but not with bacteria-specific primer sets. Specific primer sets amplified rDNA from isthmus scrapings from an infected bird, but not from a non-infected bird or other control DNA. The sequence was confirmed to derive from the purified organism by in situ rRNA hybridization using a specific probe. Phylogenetic analysis of sequences of the 18S rDNA and domain D1/D2 of 26S rDNA showed the organism to be a previously undescribed anamorphic ascomycetous yeast representing a new genus. The name Macrorhabdus ornithogaster gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed for this organism. The type material is CBS 9251(T) (= NRRL Y-27487(T)). C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Large Anim Med & Surg, Coll Vet Med, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Vet Pathobiol, Coll Vet Med, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Microbial Genom & Bioproc Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Phalen, DN (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Large Anim Med & Surg, Coll Vet Med, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RI Snowden, Karen/C-9111-2013 NR 23 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 8 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AG, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1466-5026 J9 INT J SYST EVOL MICR JI Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 53 BP 1201 EP 1205 DI 10.1099/ijs.0.02514-0 PN 4 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 702RR UT WOS:000184237700041 PM 12892150 ER PT J AU Conner, PJ Thompson, TE AF Conner, PJ Thompson, TE TI Performance of nine pecan cultivars and selections in southern Georgia SO JOURNAL AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB Nine pecan clones were evaluated for 18 years in a test orchard in southern Georgia. Tested clones included six USDA selections, the USDA release 'Sioux', and the seedling selections 'Jackson' and 'Kicklighter #1'. Yields and alternate bearing pattern were measured for each clone. A subsample of nuts was taken annually and percent kernel, nut volume, and specific gravity were determined. Cluster size and harvest date were also determined for each clone. All traits showed significant differences among clones. All clones, except 'Sioux', were unsuitable for commercial use in southern Georgia. 'Sioux' has excellent nut quality, but small nut size, limiting use to situations where high kernel quality brings a premium price. C1 Univ Georgia, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Dept Hort, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. USDA ARS, Pecan Genet & Breeding Program, Somerville, TX USA. RP Conner, PJ (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Dept Hort, 4604 Res Way, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 23 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER POMOLOGICAL SOC PI UNIVERSITY PK PA 102 TYSON BUILDING, UNIVERSITY PK, PA 16802 USA SN 1527-3741 J9 J AMER POMOLOG SOC JI J. Amer. Pomolog. Soc. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 57 IS 3 BP 115 EP 120 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 704VE UT WOS:000184360700004 ER PT J AU Vogt, JT Streett, DA Pereira, RM Callcott, AMA AF Vogt, JT Streett, DA Pereira, RM Callcott, AMA TI Mississippi areawide fire ant suppression program: Unique aspects of working with black and hybrid imported fire ants SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND URBAN ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Solenopsis invicta; Solenopsis richteri; phorid flies; Thelohania; biological control ID SOLENOPSIS-INVICTA; PSEUDACTEON-CURVATUS; OVIPOSITION BEHAVIOR; HYMENOPTERA; FORMICIDAE; PHORIDAE; DIPTERA; PARASITOIDS; POPULATIONS; DENSITIES AB Chemical and biological controls for imported fire ants (Solenopsis invicta Buren, the red imported fire ant, S. richteri Forel, the black imported fire ant, and their hybrid) are being investigated and demonstrated in a multistate, multiagency Areawide Management Program. The Mississippi component of the program offers the unique opportunity to implement the latest control technologies against monogyne (single queen) black and hybrid imported fire ant colonies because sites in the other participating states (Florida, South Carolina, Texas, and Oklahoma) are dominated by polygyne (multiple queen) red imported fire ant colonies. Several observed and potential differences were examined between populations of black/hybrid fire ants and populations of red imported fire ants. Lower nest density of monogyne black and hybrid fire ant populations (range = 19-52% of mean nest density at other sites) required modification of sampling protocols. Pseudacteon curvatus Borgmeier (Diptera: Phoridae), a phorid fly collected from Las Flores, Argentina, where S. richteri is present, was established at the Mississippi sites because it preferentially attacks black and hybrid imported fire ants; at the other sites, P. tricuspis, a phorid that parasitizes red imported fire ants, has been released. Other potential differences in management of black, hybrid, and red imported fire ants are discussed. C1 USDA ARS, Biol Control Pests Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Vogt, JT (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biol Control Pests Res Unit, POB 67, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RI Pereira, Roberto/B-5008-2010 OI Pereira, Roberto/0000-0002-5618-7690 NR 20 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOUTH CAROLINA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI CLEMSON PA PO BOX 582, CLEMSON, SC 29633 USA SN 1523-5475 J9 J AGR URBAN ENTOMOL JI J. Agr. Urban Entomol. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 20 IS 3 BP 105 EP 111 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 843AC UT WOS:000223045300001 ER PT J AU Pereira, RM AF Pereira, RM TI Areawide suppression of fire ant populations in pastures: Project update SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND URBAN ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE fire ant; Solenopsis inuicta; hymenoptera; formicidae; integrated pest management; areawide control; biological control ID THELOHANIA-SOLENOPSAE MICROSPORIDIA; HYMENOPTERA-FORMICIDAE; HOST-SPECIFICITY; INFECTION; PHORIDAE; DIPTERA; INVASION; COLONIES; AMERICA; INVICTA AB The red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), is an invasive species that creates serious medical and agricultural problems, damaging many crops and cattle production. Its annual economic impact to the US economy is approximately $6 billion. The integration of chemical bait insecticides and biological control agents is used in an area-wide management program for fire ants coordinated by USDA-ARS Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology in Gainesville, Florida. Control sites, where no biological control agents were released, and biocontrol treatment sites, where both decapitating flies and the microsporidium Thelohania solenopsoe were released, have been established in five states (Florida, Texas, Mississippi, Oklahoma, and South Carolina). All sites received chemical bait applications of a 1:1 mixture of hydramethylnon and methoprene baits applied at a rate of 1.7 kg per ha. To evaluate the effect of the treatments on the arthropod biodiversity, pitfall traps were used twice a year. Decreases in fire ant populations have been observed at the different demonstration sites. The decapitating fly Pseudacteon tricuspis (Diptera: Phoridae) has been established at demonstration sites in three states (Florida, Texas, and South Carolina); P. curvatus was established in Mississippi, Florida, and South Carolina. The disease T. solenopsae has been established in four states (Florida, South Carolina, Texas, and Oklahoma), and continues to spread. This new approach to fire ant control may have a significant impact on the future management of fire ant populations. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RP Pereira, RM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, 1600 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RI Pereira, Roberto/B-5008-2010 OI Pereira, Roberto/0000-0002-5618-7690 NR 20 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 7 PU SOUTH CAROLINA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI MT PLEASANT PA 3517 FLOWERING OAK WAY, MT PLEASANT, SC 29466 USA SN 1523-5475 J9 J AGR URBAN ENTOMOL JI J. Agr. Urban Entomol. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 20 IS 3 BP 123 EP 130 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 843AC UT WOS:000223045300003 ER PT J AU Maleki, SJ Viquez, O Jacks, T Dodo, H Champagne, ET Chung, SY Landry, SJ AF Maleki, SJ Viquez, O Jacks, T Dodo, H Champagne, ET Chung, SY Landry, SJ TI The major peanut allergen, Ara h 2, functions as a trypsin inhibitor, and roasting enhances this function SO JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE food allergy; peanut allergy; IgE; Maillard reaction; roasting; AGE ID PROTEIN SECONDARY STRUCTURE; GLYCATION END-PRODUCTS; PHASEOLUS-VULGARIS L; MAILLARD REACTION; PREDICTION; EPITOPES; PROFILE AB Background: The widespread use of peanut products, the severity of the symptoms, and its persistence in afflicted individuals has made peanut allergy a major health concern in western countries such as the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada. In a previous study, the authors showed that the allergenic properties of peanut proteins are enhanced as a result of thermal processing. Objective: The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether any specific functions are associated with the major peanut allergen, Ara h 2, and whether the functionality of this protein is influenced by processing. An assay was developed and used to assess structure/function changes in Ara h 2 induced by roasting and the effect of these alterations on the allergenic properties of this major peanut allergen. Methods: A protein domain homology search was used to determine possible functions for Ara h 2. One of the putative functions (protease inhibition) was tested by means of appropriate enzyme assays and protein gel electrophoresis. Circular dichroism was used to compare the structural properties of Ara h 2 purified from raw and roasted peanuts. Results: Ara h 2 purified from peanuts is homologous to and functions as a trypsin inhibitor. Roasting caused a 3.6-fold increase in trypsin inhibitory activity. Functional and structural comparison of the Ara h 2 purified from roasted peanuts to native and reduced Ara h 2 from raw peanuts revealed that the roasted Ara h 2 mimics the behavior of native Ara h 2 in a partially reduced form. Conclusions: The data indicate that thermal processing might play an important role in enhancing the allergenic properties of peanuts. Not only has it previously been shown to affect the structural and allergic properties of peanut proteins but also, for the first time, the functional characteristics of an allergen. These structural and functional alterations are likely to influence the allergenicity of peanuts. C1 ARS, USDA, SRRC, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. Alabama A&M Univ, Dept Food & Anim Sci, Normal, AL 35762 USA. Tulane Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA. RP Maleki, SJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, SRRC, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 29 TC 123 Z9 131 U1 1 U2 26 PU MOSBY, INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0091-6749 J9 J ALLERGY CLIN IMMUN JI J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 112 IS 1 BP 190 EP 195 DI 10.1067/mai.2003.1551 PG 6 WC Allergy; Immunology SC Allergy; Immunology GA 698QQ UT WOS:000184010600029 PM 12847498 ER PT J AU Kimball, BA Primus, TM Johnston, JJ AF Kimball, BA Primus, TM Johnston, JJ TI Direct analysis of plasticizers in aqueous samples by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-tandem mass Spectrometry (APCI-MS-MS) SO JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 USDA, ARS, APHIS, NWRC, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Kimball, BA (reprint author), USDA, ARS, APHIS, NWRC, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU PRESTON PUBLICATIONS INC PI NILES PA 7800 MERRIMAC AVE PO BOX 48312, NILES, IL 60648 USA SN 0146-4760 J9 J ANAL TOXICOL JI J. Anal. Toxicol. PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 27 IS 5 BP 309 EP 312 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Toxicology GA 704WW UT WOS:000184365000008 PM 12908945 ER PT J AU Campbell, EMG Nonneman, D Rohrer, GA AF Campbell, EMG Nonneman, D Rohrer, GA TI Fine mapping a quantitative trait locus affecting ovulation rate in swine on chromosome 8 SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE litter size; ovulation rate; quantitative trait loci; pigs ID PROTEIN RECEPTOR-IB; LITTER SIZE; IDENTIFICATION; MEISHAN; PIGS; GENE; MUTATION; POLYMORPHISM; REPRODUCTION; ASSIGNMENTS AB Ovulation rate is an integral component of litter size in swine, but is difficult to directly select for in commercial swine production. Because a QTL has been detected for ovulation rate at the terminal end of chromosome 8p, genetic markers for this QTL would enable direct selection for ovulation rate in both males and females. Eleven genes from human chromosome 4p16-p15, as well as one physiological candidate gene, were genetically mapped in the pig. Large insert swine genomic libraries were screened, clones were isolated and then screened for microsatellite repeats, and informative microsatellite markers were developed for seven genes (GNRHR, IDUA, MAN2B2, MSX1, PDE6B, PPP2R2C, and RGS12). Three genes (LRPAP1, GPRK2L, and FLJ20425) were mapped using genotyping assays developed from single nucleotide polymorphisms. Two genes were assigned since they were present in clones that contained mapped markers (HGFAC and HMX1). The resulting linkage map of pig chromosome 8 contains markers associated with 14 genes in the first 27 cM. One inversion spanning at least 3 Mb in the human genome was detected; all other differences could be explained by resolution of mapping techniques used. Fourteen of the most informative microsatellite markers in the first 27 cM of the map were genotyped across the entire MARC swine resource population, increasing the number of markers typed from 2 to 14 and more than doubling the number of genotyped animals with ovulation rate data (295 to 600). Results from the revised data set for the QTL analysis, assuming breed specific QTL alleles, indicated that the most likely position of the QTL resided at 4.85 cM on the new linkage map (F-1,F-592 = 20.5150, genome-wide probability less than 0.015). The updated estimate of the effect of an allele substitution was -1.65 ova for the Meishan allele. The F-ratio peak was closest to markers for MAN2B2 (4.80 cM) and was flanked on the other side by markers for PPP2R2C. Two positional candidate genes included in this study are MAN2B2 and RGS12. These results validate the presence of a QTL affecting ovulation rate on chromosome 8 and facilitate selection of positional candidate genes to be evaluated. C1 USDA ARS, Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Rohrer, GA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Meat Anim Res Ctr, State Spur 18D,POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 38 TC 35 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 81 IS 7 BP 1706 EP 1714 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 745YC UT WOS:000186718100006 PM 12854806 ER PT J AU Greiner, SP Rouse, GH Wilson, DE Cundiff, LV Wheeler, TL AF Greiner, SP Rouse, GH Wilson, DE Cundiff, LV Wheeler, TL TI Prediction of retail product weight and percentage using ultrasound and carcass measurements in beef cattle SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef; carcasses; meat yield; prediction; ultrasound ID REAL-TIME ULTRASOUND; TRIMMABLE FAT; BIOLOGICAL TYPES; RUMP FAT; LIVE; YIELD; CUTABILITY; TRAITS; THICKNESS; EQUATIONS AB Data from 534 steers representing six sire breed groups were used to develop live animal ultrasound prediction equations for weight and percentage of retail product. Steers were ultrasonically measured for 12th-rib fat thickness (UFAT), rump fat thickness (URPFAT), longissimus muscle area (ULMA), and body wall thickness (UBDWALL) within 5 d before slaughter. Carcass measurements included in USDA yield grade (YG) and quality grade calculations were obtained. Carcasses were fabricated into boneless, totally trimmed retail products. Regression equations to predict weight and percentage of retail product were developed using either live animal or carcass traits as independent variables. Most of the variation in weight of retail product was accounted for by live weight (FWT) and carcass weight with R 2 values of 0.66 and 0.69, respectively. Fat measurements accounted for the largest portion of the variation in percentage of retail product when used as single predictors (R-2 = 0.54, 0.44, 0.23, and 0.54 for UFAT, URPFAT, UBDWALL, and carcass fat, respectively). Final models (P < 0.10) using live animal variables included FWT, UFAT, ULMA, and URPFAT for retail product weight (R-2 = 0.84) and UFAT, URPFAT, ULMA, UBDWALL, and FWT for retail product percentage (R-2 = 0.61). Comparatively, equations using YG variables resulted in R-2 values of 0.86 and 0.65 for weight and percentage of retail product, respectively. Results indicate that live animal equations using ultrasound measurements are similar in accuracy to carcass measurements for predicting beef carcass composition, and alternative ultrasound measurements of rump fat and body wall thickness enhance the predictive capability of live animal-based equations for retail yield. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Greiner, SP (reprint author), Virginia Tech, Dept Anim & Poultry Sci, 366 Litton Reaves Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NR 27 TC 34 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 81 IS 7 BP 1736 EP 1742 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 745YC UT WOS:000186718100010 PM 12854810 ER PT J AU Johnson, CR Lalman, DL Brown, MA Appeddu, LA Buchanan, DS Wettemann, RP AF Johnson, CR Lalman, DL Brown, MA Appeddu, LA Buchanan, DS Wettemann, RP TI Influence of milk production potential on forage dry matter intake by multiparous and primiparous Brangus females SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef cows; intake; milk production; parity ID EXPECTED PROGENY DIFFERENCES; RECIPROCAL CROSS COWS; CALF WEANING WEIGHT; BEEF-COWS; CATTLE; HEREFORD; LEVEL; ANGUS; DIGESTIBILITY; HEIFERS AB Brangus cows (n = 29) were used in three experiments to evaluate the effects of parity (multiparous vs. primiparous) and potential genetic merit for milk production (high vs. low) on forage intake during late gestation, early lactation, and late lactation. Cows were selected for milk production based on their sire's EPD for milk production (MEPD). Cows had ad libitum access to (130% of previous 2-d average intake) low-quality hay (5.3% CP and 76% NDF), and cotton-seed meal was supplemented to ensure adequate degradable intake protein. All females were adapted to diets for at least 7 d, and individual intake data were collected for 9 d. During the lactation trials, actual milk production was determined using a portable milking machine following a 12-h separation from calves. During late gestation, multiparous cows consumed 24% more (P = 0.01) forage DM (kg/d) than primiparous cows; however, parity class did not influence forage intake when intake was expressed relative to BW. Furthermore, MEPD did not influence forage intake during late gestation. During early lactation, multiparous cows produced 66% more (P < 0.001) milk than primiparous cows, and high MEPD tended (P = 0.10) to produce more milk than low MEPD. Multiparous cows consumed 19% more (P < 0.0001) forage DM than did primiparous cows when expressed on an absolute basis, but not when expressed on a BW basis. High-MEPD cows consumed 8% more (P < 0.05) forage DM than did low-MEPD cows. During late lactation, multiparous cows produced 84% more milk than primiparous cows, although MEPD did not influence (P = 0.40) milk yield. In addition, multiparous cows consumed 17% more (P < 0.01) forage DM per day than primiparous cows, but when intake was expressed relative to BW, neither parity nor MEPD influenced forage DMI during late lactation. Milk yield and BW explained significant proportions of the variation in forage DMI during early and late lactation. Each kilogram increase in milk yield was associated with a 0.33- and 0.37-kg increase in forage DMI for early and late lactation, respectively. Results suggest that multi-and primiparous cows consume similar amounts of low-quality forage DM, expressed per unit of BW, during late gestation and lactation. Selecting beef cows for increased genetic merit for milk production increases forage DMI during early lactation. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. USDA ARS, Grazinglands Res Lab, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. RP Johnson, CR (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, 201 Anim Sci, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. NR 40 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 81 IS 7 BP 1837 EP 1846 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 745YC UT WOS:000186718100022 PM 12854822 ER PT J AU Freetly, HC Nienaber, JA Brown-Brandl, TM AF Freetly, HC Nienaber, JA Brown-Brandl, TM TI Relationship between aging and nutritionally controlled growth rate on heat production of heifers SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE aging; heat production; heifers; nutrition ID VISCERAL ORGAN MASS; COMPENSATORY GROWTH; BODY-COMPOSITION; BEEF HEIFERS; LAMBS; PROTEIN; REALIMENTATION; UNDERNUTRITION; METABOLISM; WEIGHT AB The first objective of this study was to test how well a function that was developed to describe heat production (HP) in growing ewes fit HP data in growing heifers. The second objective was to determine the pattern of adaptation of HP to feed restriction and subsequent realimentation of nutrients. At 234.5 +/- 0.5 d of age, HP was determined by indirect calorimetry on 32 Meat Animal Research Center III heifers. Following the first calorimetry measurement, heifers on the High-High (HH) treatment continued to receive ad libitum access to feed, and daily feed offered to the Low-High (LH) heifers was set at 157 Meal of ME/kg of BW0.75. Feed restriction of LH heifers continued for 84 d. After 84 d of restriction, LH heifers were allowed ad libitum access to feed. Heat production was determined 4 and 11 wk following feed restriction and 2, 5, 12, and 18 wk following realimentation. There was no residual bias when HP in ad libitum-fed heifers was estimated with an equation form developed in growing ewes: [(kcal/d) = f(BW, matBW) = BW {Ae([k(BW/mature BW)])}], nor was there a residual bias when HP was predicted with an allometric equation: [(kcal/d) = f(BW) = A(BWk)]. However, there were residual biases when HP was estimated with an allometric equation that set the exponent to 0.75. Heat production per unit of BW of LH heifers was lower than that of HH heifers at 4 wk of feed restriction (P < 0.001), but HP did not differ between treatments at 11 wk of feed restriction (P = 0.87). At 2 (P = 0.002) and 5 wk (P < 0.001) following the increase in feed offered, HP per unit of BW of the LH heifers was greater than that of the HH heifers. Heat production did not differ between treatments at 12 and 18 wk following refeeding (P < 0.17). Our findings demonstrate that the relationship between HP and BW is described equally well by a logistic and allometric function, but applying a generalized interspecies exponent in an allometric equation to growing heifers results in a bias in estimating HP. The equation form developed in ewes can be used to develop a single equation for the prediction of HP across ages in heifers. C1 USDA ARS, Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Freetly, HC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 26 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 81 IS 7 BP 1847 EP 1852 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 745YC UT WOS:000186718100023 PM 12854823 ER PT J AU Donoghue, DJ Schneider, MJ AF Donoghue, DJ Schneider, MJ TI Comparison between a bioassay and liquid chromatography-fluorescence-mass spectrometry '' for the determination of incurred enrofloxacin in whole eggs SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID MULTIRESIDUE DETERMINATION; LAYING HENS; RESIDUES; PHARMACOKINETICS; SARAFLOXACIN; CHICKENS AB The objective of this study was to compare a bioassay with a liquid chromatography-fluorescence-mass spectrometry(n) method for detection of enrofloxacin (ENRO) in incurred eggs. The bioassay developed by our laboratories involves an agar diffusion microbiological method using Klebsiella pneumoniae as an indicator organism. Results demonstrate that both methods are capable of detecting incurred fluoroquinolone residues in eggs. During the 3-day dosing period of hens (Days 1-3) and following drug withdrawal (Days 5, 7, and 9), both of these methods were able to detect incurred ENRO in eggs above the zero tolerance established by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The LC-fluorescence-MSn method has the benefit of providing confirmation for fluoroquinolones, while the bioassay may be used as an effective, rapid screening method for detection of fluoroquinolone residues in eggs. C1 Univ Arkansas, Dept Poultry Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. USDA, Agr Res Serv, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Donoghue, DJ (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, Dept Poultry Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. NR 10 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 86 IS 4 BP 669 EP 674 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 717HH UT WOS:000185081300014 PM 14509422 ER PT J AU Lynch, JM Barbano, DM Healy, PA Fleming, JR AF Lynch, JM Barbano, DM Healy, PA Fleming, JR TI Effectiveness of temperature modification in decreasing the bias in milk fat test results between the Babcock and ether extraction methods SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article AB Both the Babcock (AOAC Method 989.04, revised Final Action 2000) and modified Mojonnier ether extraction (AOAC Method 989.05) methods are used in the dairy industry to determine the fat content of milk. Prior to revision in 1997, the Babcock method gave consistently higher fat test results than did the ether extraction. In 1997, a modification of the Babcock method was introduced to bring the results of the Babcock test into closer agreement with the ether extraction. The Babcock method was modified by lowering the temperatures used at various points in the method from about 57.5 to 48degreesC to increase the density of the material in the Babcock column. A collaborative study of the modification indicated it was successful in bringing the Babcock and ether extraction results into agreement but suggested that performance of the modified method was not as good as that of the unmodified method. In the present study, substantial evidence is presented to validate the success of the Babcock modification in bringing test results into agreement with ether extraction, and to document that temperature modification does not adversely affect method performance. Data were evaluated from an on-going proficiency testing program where 8-15 laboratories tested 7 milk samples in blind duplicate once every 2 months. Laboratories used the unmodified method from 1995 through 1996 and the modified method from 1998 through 1999. Compared with ether extraction, test results from the unmodified Babcock test were consistently higher by an average of 0.022% fat. For the modified Babcock test, average test results were -0.003% fat lower than with ether extraction and not significantly different from zero. AOAC method performance statistics (within- and between-laboratory precision) were equivalent for both the unmodified (S-r = 0.027, S-R = 0.041, RSDr = 0.73%, RSDR = 1.08%) and modified (S-r = 0.023, S-R = 0.038, RSDr = 0.60%, RSDR = 1.02%) Babcock methods. Modification of the Babcock method was successful in bringing test results into agreement with those of ether extraction. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Food Sci, NE Dairy Foods Res Ctr, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. USDA, Cent Kansas City Milk Mkt Area, Agr Mkt Serv, Lenexa, KS 66215 USA. USDA, SW Milk Mkt Area, Agr Mkt Serv, Carrollton, GA 75006 USA. RP Lynch, JM (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Food Sci, NE Dairy Foods Res Ctr, Stocking Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 7 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 5 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 86 IS 4 BP 768 EP 774 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 717HH UT WOS:000185081300030 PM 14509438 ER PT J AU Spencer, DF Elmore, CL Ksander, GG Roncoroni, JA AF Spencer, DF Elmore, CL Ksander, GG Roncoroni, JA TI Influence of dilute acetic acid treatments on American pondweed winter buds in the Nevada irrigation district, California SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC PLANT MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE aquatic weeds; irrigation canal; drip tape; sediment; treatments; Potamogeton nodosus ID BAGOUS-AFFINIS COLEOPTERA; HYDRILLA-VERTICILLATA; PLANTING DEPTH; SEDIMENTS; GROWTH; TUBERS; CURCULIONIDAE; TEMPERATURE; GERMINATION; MANAGEMENT AB American pondweed (Potamogeton nodosus Poir.) is commonly found in northern California irrigation canals. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that exposure of American pondweed winter buds to dilute acetic acid under field conditions would result in reduced subsequent biomass. The treatment consisted of adding either 1703 or 3406 L of 2.3% acetic acid per 83-m(2) plot. Acetic acid was applied using either drip tape or soaker hoses. We collected nine samples 6 weeks after treatment from each plot for biomass determination. American pondweed biomass was reduced by the acetic acid application. The reduction was observed for samples collected from the sides as well as the canal bottom when 3406 L per plot were applied. At the lower rate, there was slightly more biomass on the sides of the canal. These results confirm findings from earlier laboratory/greenhouse experiments, and suggest that application of a 2.3% acetic acid solution by drip irrigation tape may be useful in the management of American pondweed in systems that can have the water removed temporarily. C1 ARS, USDA, Exot & Invas Weeds Res Unit, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Weed Sci Program, Dept Vegetable Crops, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Spencer, DF (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Exot & Invas Weeds Res Unit, Robbins Hall,1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 21 TC 3 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU AQUATIC PLANT MANAGEMENT SOC, INC PI LEHIGH ACRES PA PO BOX 1477, LEHIGH ACRES, FL 33970 USA SN 0146-6623 J9 J AQUAT PLANT MANAGE JI J. Aquat. Plant Manage. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 41 BP 65 EP 68 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 766HX UT WOS:000188371900001 ER PT J AU Everitt, JH Alaniz, MA Davis, MR AF Everitt, JH Alaniz, MA Davis, MR TI Using spatial information technologies to detect and map waterhyacinth and hydrilla infestations in the lower Rio Grande SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC PLANT MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE aerial videography; aerial photography; Eichhomia crassipes; Hydrilla verticillata; global positioning system; geographic information system ID AQUATIC MACROPHYTES AB This paper describes a study conducted in 2002 on the application of aerial photography and videography, global positioning system, and geographic information system technologies for detecting and mapping waterhyacinth [Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms] and hydrilla [Hydrilla verticillata (L. F.) Royle] infestations in the Rio Grande in extreme southern Texas. Waterhyacinth and hydrilla could be readily distinguished in color-infrared photography, color-infrared videography, and normal color videography. The integration of the global positioning system with the video imagery permitted latitude-longitude coordinates of waterhyacinth and hydrilla infestations to be recorded on each image. The global positioning system coordinates were entered into a geographic information system to map waterhyacinth and hydrilla infestations in the Rio Grande. This survey showed an increase in distribution of these weeds of approximately 115 river-km within two counties, as compared to a 1998 survey. C1 USDA ARS, Integrated Farming & Nat Resources Unit, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Everitt, JH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Integrated Farming & Nat Resources Unit, 2413 E Highway 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. EM jeveritt@weslaco.ars.usda.gov NR 20 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU AQUATIC PLANT MANAGEMENT SOC, INC PI LEHIGH ACRES PA PO BOX 1477, LEHIGH ACRES, FL 33970 USA SN 0146-6623 J9 J AQUAT PLANT MANAGE JI J. Aquat. Plant Manage. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 41 BP 93 EP 98 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 766HX UT WOS:000188371900006 ER PT J AU Norman, SP Taylor, AH AF Norman, SP Taylor, AH TI Tropical and north Pacific teleconnections influence fire regimes in pine-dominated forests of north-eastern California, USA SO JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE fire; climate variability; ponderosa pine; Pacific Decadal Oscillation; El Nino/Southern oscillation ID DECADAL CLIMATE VARIABILITY; NINO-SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; MIXED-CONIFER FOREST; UNITED-STATES; EL-NINO; PONDEROSA PINE; TREE-RINGS; DENDROCLIMATIC RECONSTRUCTION; AMERICAN SOUTHWEST; PRECIPITATION AB Aim To assess the importance of drought and teleconnections from the tropical and north Pacific Ocean on historical fire regimes and vegetation dynamics in north-eastern California. Location The 700 km 2 study area was on the leeward slope of the southern Cascade Mountains in north-eastern California. Open forests of ponderosa pine ( Pinus ponderosa var. ponderosa Laws.) and Jeffrey pine ( P. jeffreyi Grev. & Balf) surround a network of grass and shrub-dominated meadows that range in elevation from 1650 to 1750 m. Methods Fire regime characteristics ( return interval, season and extent) were determined from crossdated fire scars and were compared with tree-ring based reconstructions of precipitation and temperature and teleconnections for the period 1700 - 1849. The effect of drought on fire regimes was determined using a tree-ring based proxy of climate from five published chronologies. The number of forest-meadow units that burned was compared with published reconstructions of the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). Results Landscape scale fires burned every 7 - 49 years in meadow-edge forests and were influenced by variation in drought, the PDO and ENSO. These widespread fires burned during years that were dryer and warmer than normal that followed wetter and cooler years. Less widespread fires were not associated with this wet, then dry climate pattern. Widespread fires occurred during El Nino years, but fire extent was mediated by the phase of the PDO. Fires were most widespread when the PDO was in a warm or normal phase. Fire return intervals, season and extent varied at decadal to multi-decadal time scales. In particular, an anomalously cool, wet period during the early 1800s resulted in widespread fires that occurred earlier in the year than fires before or after. Main conclusions Fire regimes in north-eastern California were strongly influenced by regional and hemispheric-scale climate variation. Fire regimes responded to variation that occurred in both the north and tropical Pacific. Near normal modes of the PDO may influence fire regimes more than extreme conditions. The prevalence of widespread teleconnection-driven fires in the historic record suggests that variation in the Pacific Ocean was a key regulator of fire regimes through its influence on local fuel production and successional dynamics in north-eastern California. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Geog, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Norman, SP (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Redwood Sci Lab, 1700 Bayview Dr, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. NR 76 TC 39 Z9 41 U1 3 U2 10 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0305-0270 J9 J BIOGEOGR JI J. Biogeogr. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 30 IS 7 BP 1081 EP 1092 PG 12 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 694DT UT WOS:000183759100010 ER PT J AU McKenzie, D Peterson, DW Peterson, DL Thornton, PE AF McKenzie, D Peterson, DW Peterson, DL Thornton, PE TI Climatic and biophysical controls on conifer species distributions in mountain forests of Washington State, USA SO JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY LA English DT Review DE conifer species distributions; biophysical variables; DAYMET; VIC; scale; climatic change; generalized linear models; unimodal responses; ROC curves ID GENERALIZED ADDITIVE-MODELS; VEGETATION DISTRIBUTION; UNITED-STATES; ENVIRONMENTAL GRADIENTS; LOGISTIC-REGRESSION; CASCADE MOUNTAINS; CONTINUUM THEORY; COMPLEX TERRAIN; WATER-BALANCE; PLANT ECOLOGY AB Aim The purpose of this study was to quantify relationships between conifer species distributions and climatic and biophysical variables, in order to provide better insight into the potential for redistribution of species on the landscape in response to climatic change. Location Data are from 10,653 georeferenced sites in Washington State, USA, along a longitudinal gradient from west of the crest of the Cascade Range to the beginnings of the western slope of the Rocky Mountains, and across two physiographic provinces, the Northern Cascades, characterized by steep, rugged topography, and the Okanogan Highlands, presenting moderate slopes and broad rounded summits. Methods Tree data were drawn from the USDA Forest Service Area Ecology Program database, collected in mature, undisturbed stands. We compared simple climatic variables (annual temperature, growing-degree days, annual and seasonal precipitation) to biophysical variables (soil, hydrologic, and solar radiation) derived from climatic variables. Climatic and biophysical variables were taken from the output of climatological and hydrological simulation models and estimated for each plot in the tree database. Generalized linear models were used, for each of fourteen tree species, at multiple spatial extents, to estimate the probability of occurrence of that species as a function of climatic and biophysical predictors. Models were validated by a combination of bootstrapping and estimating receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Results For the majority of species, we were able to fit variables representing both moisture and temperature gradients, and in all but a few cases these models identified a unimodal response of species occurrence to these gradients. In some cases the ecological/environmental niche of a species had been clearly captured by the model, whereas in others a longer gradient in the predictor variable(s) would be needed. Responses of most species were consistent across three spatial scales. Main conclusions By identifying the ecological niches of multiple species, we can forecast their redistribution on the landscape in response to climatic change, evaluate the predictions of simulation models, and alert managers to particularly sensitive or vulnerable ecosystems and landscapes. C1 US Forest Serv, Seattle Forestry Sci Lab, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Seattle, WA 98103 USA. US Forest Serv, Wenatchee Forestry Sci Lab, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Wenatchee, WA USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Climate & Global Dynam Div, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP US Forest Serv, Seattle Forestry Sci Lab, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, 400 N 34th St,Suite 201, Seattle, WA 98103 USA. EM donaldmckenzie@fs.fed.us RI Peterson, David/B-1105-2008; Thornton, Peter/B-9145-2012 OI Thornton, Peter/0000-0002-4759-5158 NR 106 TC 63 Z9 72 U1 1 U2 40 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0305-0270 EI 1365-2699 J9 J BIOGEOGR JI J. Biogeogr. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 30 IS 7 BP 1093 EP 1108 PG 16 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 694DT UT WOS:000183759100011 ER PT J AU Swanson, DK AF Swanson, DK TI A comparison of taiga flora in north-eastern Russia and Alaska/Yukon SO JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE Alaska; Beringia; Kolyma; taiga; floristics ID LATE-QUATERNARY; VEGETATION HISTORY; POLLEN RECORDS; BERING STRAIT; RANGE; PLIOCENE; PATTERNS; SECTION; REGION; BIOMES AB Aim To understand the similarities and differences between the taiga floras of far north-eastern Asia and north-western North America in the light of their Tertiary and Quaternary histories. Does the taiga flora follow the tundra pattern (Asian-American commonality of species as a result of continuity through the Quaternary), the temperate forest pattern (distinct species because of late Tertiary disjunction), a combination of these two patterns, or some pattern unique to the taiga? Location The taiga regions of interior Alaska and the Yukon in North America (the 'Alaskan taiga'), and the Kolyma and eastern Indigirka River basins in Russia (the 'Kolyma taiga'). The study areas include both forested and unforested habitats below elevational treeline. The two regions have similar climate and topography and were linked via the Bering Land Bridge in the Tertiary and for several extended periods during Quaternary cold periods. Methods Systematic comparison of the vascular floras of the two regions from published sources; and review of palaeoecological literature for the region. Results Of the 796 species found in the study areas, 27% occur only in the Alaskan taiga, 35% occur only in the Kolyma taiga, and 38% occur in both the regions. The following subsets of species show a high proportion of species in common between the study areas (subsets are not mutually exclusive): plants that occur on the tundra and the taiga, non-flowering plants, abundant taiga understory plants, and wetland and aquatic plants. A lower proportion of shared plants was noted for warm, south-facing steppe communities. No tree species are common to both areas. Main conclusions The Bering Strait region in the Quaternary has acted as a biogeographical filter for taiga plants. Significant divergence between northeast Asia and northwest North America has developed among the more southerly ranging fraction of the flora (e.g. trees), while the more cosmopolitan and the most cold-adapted elements of the taiga flora are common to both areas. Many plants in the former group have been disjunct between Asia and North America for millions of years, while many plants in the latter group have probably maintained continuity between the study areas via the Bering Land Bridge through much of the late Tertiary and Quaternary periods. Repeated extirpation of the less cold-adapted species from both study areas during Pleistocene cold periods has probably enhanced floristic differences between the two regions. C1 Univ Alaska, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Alaska, Univ Alaska Museum, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. RP Swanson, DK (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, POB 907, Baker City, OR 97814 USA. NR 96 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 11 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0305-0270 J9 J BIOGEOGR JI J. Biogeogr. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 30 IS 7 BP 1109 EP 1121 PG 13 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 694DT UT WOS:000183759100012 ER PT J AU Graybosch, RA Souza, E Berzonsky, W Baenziger, PS Chung, OK AF Graybosch, RA Souza, E Berzonsky, W Baenziger, PS Chung, OK TI Functional properties of waxy wheat flours: genotypic and environmental effects SO JOURNAL OF CEREAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE waxy wheat; starch; flour quality; genotype and environmental effects ID WINTER-WHEAT; QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS; STARCH GELATINIZATION; HARD; VISCOSITY; PROSPECTS; CULTIVARS; DAMAGE AB A set of waxy (amylose-free) experimental spring wheats (Triticum aestivum L.) of diverse parentage were grown, along with two non-waxy and two partial waxy check cultivars, at diverse North American cultural environments. Grain yield and functional attributes of derived flours were determined. Average grain yield of the waxy lines did not differ significantly from the average yield of the check cultivars, but significant differences were observed amongst the waxy lines. Grain hardness varied significantly amongst the waxy lines, and both hard and soft textured waxy lines were identified. Analysis of flour quality traits showed few differences between waxy lines and check cultivars for traits primarily related to protein concentration or protein quality, but many significant differences between properties primarily dependent upon starch structure, or related to milling behavior. Protein-related quality attributes of waxy wheats demonstrated environmental and genotypic variances similar to those typical of non-waxy wheats. Starch-related quality attributes of waxy wheats showed remarkable stability across environments, but some significant genetic variation was observed. End-users interested in employing waxy wheats should be able to select desired waxy lines, and feel confident that the starch-related functional properties will be environmentally stable. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Idaho, Aberdeen, ID USA. N Dakota State Univ, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. Univ Nebraska, Lincoln, NE USA. USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Lab, Manhattan, KS USA. RP Graybosch, RA (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, East Campus,344 Keim Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RI Baenziger, Peter/C-6490-2014 OI Baenziger, Peter/0000-0002-9109-6954 NR 24 TC 41 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 10 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0733-5210 J9 J CEREAL SCI JI J. Cereal Sci. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 38 IS 1 BP 69 EP 76 DI 10.1016/S0733-5210(02)00139-X PG 8 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 696CT UT WOS:000183868800007 ER PT J AU Zhang, AJ Robbins, PS Averill, AL Weber, DC Linn, CE Roelofs, WL Villani, MG AF Zhang, AJ Robbins, PS Averill, AL Weber, DC Linn, CE Roelofs, WL Villani, MG TI Identification of the female-produced sex pheromone of the scarab beetle, Hoplia equina SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ketone; 2-tetradecanone; cranberries; electroantennogram ID ORIENTAL BEETLE; COLEOPTERA; GRUB AB Hoplia equina LeConte (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae) is a beetle pest of cranberry beds in Massachusetts. Larvae feed on the roots of the cranberry plant, reducing yield as well as vine density. The female sex pheromone was identified as 2-tetradecanone. There were eight compounds found in the airborne volatiles collected from females that elicited antennal responses from males. Of the eight compounds tested ( nonanal, decanal, dodecanal, 2-dodecanone, 2-tridecanone, 2-tetradecanone, 2-pentadecanone, and 2-hexadecanone), 2-tetradecanone was the only one that attracted male beetles in the field. Combining any of the other seven antennally active compounds with 2-tetradecanone did not increase male capture. C1 Cornell Univ, New York State Agr Expt Stn, Dept Entomol, Geneva, NY 14456 USA. ARS, USDA, Chem Affecting Insect Behav Lab, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Entomol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Ocean Spray Cranberries Inc, Lakeville, MA 02349 USA. RP Robbins, PS (reprint author), Cornell Univ, New York State Agr Expt Stn, Dept Entomol, Geneva, NY 14456 USA. NR 16 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 29 IS 7 BP 1635 EP 1642 DI 10.1023/A:1024226931240 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 691WY UT WOS:000183630000009 PM 12921441 ER PT J AU Mauget, SA AF Mauget, SA TI Intra- to multidecadal climate variability over the continental United States: 1932-99 SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; NORTH-AMERICAN DROUGHT; GREAT-PLAINS; SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; MEAN TEMPERATURES; SUMMER DROUGHT; DUST BOWL; EL-NINO; TRENDS; PRECIPITATION AB Trend analysis is used frequently in climate studies, but it is vulnerable to a number of conceptual shortcomings. This analysis of U.S. climate division data uses an alternate approach. The method used here subjects time series of annual average temperature and total precipitation to tests of Mann-Whitney U statistics over moving sampling windows of intra- to multidecadal (IMD) duration. In applying this method to time series of nationally averaged annual rainfall, a highly significant incidence of wet years is found after the early 1970s. When applied to individual climate divisions this test provides the basis for a climate survey method that is more robust than linear trend analysis, and capable of objectively isolating the timing and location of major IMD climate events over the United States. From this survey, four such periods emerge between 1932 and 1999: the droughts of the 1930s and 1950s, a cool 1964-79 period, and wet-warm time windows at the end of the century. More circumstantial consideration was also given here to the state of ENSO, the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), the winter state of the North Atlantic Oscillation, and mean annual Northern Hemisphere surface temperature during those periods. Anecdotal evidence presented here suggests that wet years associated with warm-phase ENSO conditions and the positive phase of the PDO may have played a role in ending the drought periods of the 1930s and 1950s. Conversely, the La Nina-like climate impacts found here during the late 1940s to mid-1950s, and the increased incidence of cold phase ENSO and negative phase PDO conditions during that time, suggests connections between that ocean state and severe drought. Significant late-century warmth was found mainly in the western United States after the mid-1980s, but no evidence of a cooling trend was evident in the southeast, as reported elsewhere. The late-century wet regime appears to have occurred in two phases, with wetness confined to the east during 1972-79, and more concentrated in the southwest and central United States during 1982-99. C1 USDA, Plant Stress & Water Conservat Lab, ARS, Lubbock, TX 79415 USA. RP Mauget, SA (reprint author), USDA, Plant Stress & Water Conservat Lab, ARS, 3810 4th St, Lubbock, TX 79415 USA. NR 75 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JUL 1 PY 2003 VL 16 IS 13 BP 2215 EP 2231 DI 10.1175/2751.1 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 695XU UT WOS:000183856300006 ER PT J AU Richt, JA Lager, KM Janke, BH Woods, RD Webster, RG Webby, RJ Webb, Y AF Richt, JA Lager, KM Janke, BH Woods, RD Webster, RG Webby, RJ Webb, Y TI Pathogenic and antigenic properties of phylogenetically distinct reassortant H3N2 swine influenza viruses cocirculating in the United States SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GENETIC-CHARACTERIZATION; A VIRUSES; NORTH-AMERICA; PIGS; H1N2; EMERGENCE; PROTECTION; CHALLENGE AB Swine influenza is an acute respiratory disease caused by type A influenza viruses. Before 1998, swine influenza virus isolates in the United States were mainly of the classical H1N1 lineage. Since then, phylogenetically distinct reassortant H3N2 viruses have been identified as respiratory pathogens in pigs on U.S. farms. The H3N2 viruses presently circulating in the U.S. swine population are triple reassortants containing avian-like (PA and PB2), swine-like (M, NP, and NS), and human-like (HA, NA, and PB1) gene segments. Recent sequence data show that the triple reassortants have acquired at least three distinct H3 molecules from human influenza viruses and thus form three distinct phylogenetic clusters (I to III). In this study we analyzed the antigenic and pathogenic properties of viruses belonging to each of these clusters. Hemagglutination inhibition and neutralization assays that used hyperimmune sera obtained from caesarian-derived, colostrum-deprived pigs revealed that H3N2 cluster I and cluster III viruses share common epitopes, whereas a cluster II virus showed only limited cross-reactivity. H3N2 viruses from each of the three clusters were able to induce clinical signs of disease and associated lesions upon intratracheal inoculation into seronegative pigs. There were, however, differences in the severity of lesions between individual strains even within one antigenic cluster. A correlation between the severity of disease and pig age was observed. These data highlight the increased diversity of swine influenza viruses in the United States and would indicate that surveillance should be intensified to determine the most suitable vaccine components. C1 USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Virus & Pr Dis Livestock Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Diagnost & Prod Anim Med, Ames, IA 50011 USA. St Jude Childrens Res Hosp, Memphis, TN 38105 USA. RP Richt, JA (reprint author), USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Virus & Pr Dis Livestock Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. EM jricht@nadc.ars.usda.gov FU NCI NIH HHS [CA21765, P30 CA021765]; NIAID NIH HHS [N01AI95357] NR 23 TC 107 Z9 112 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 41 IS 7 BP 3198 EP 3205 DI 10.1128/JCM.41.7.3198-3205.2003 PG 8 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 701MF UT WOS:000184170800061 PM 12843064 ER PT J AU Fratamico, PM Briggs, CE Needle, D Chen, CY DebRoy, C AF Fratamico, PM Briggs, CE Needle, D Chen, CY DebRoy, C TI Sequence of the Escherichia coli O121O-antigen gene cluster and detection of enterohemorrhagic E-coli O121 by PCR amplification of the wzx and wzy genes SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC SYNDROME; O-ANTIGEN; MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; SEROTYPE O121-H19; IDENTIFICATION; BIOSYNTHESIS; GERMANY AB The DNA sequence of the 15,155-bp O-antigen gene cluster of Escherichia coli O121 was determined, and 14 open reading frames were identified (all had the same transcriptional direction). Analyses of results indicated that the wzx (O-antigen flippase) and wzy (O-antigen polymerase) genes were E. coli O121 specific, so regions in these two genes were chosen for development of PCR assays. The PCR assays using DNA from 99 E. coli O121 strains, strains representative of non-O121 E. coli serogroups, and strains of other bacterial genera and PCR assays using DNA from seven enrichments of swine fecal samples naturally contaminated with E. coli O121 showed specificity for E. coli O121. Thus, the PCR assay can be employed to reliably identify E. coli O121 and to potentially detect the organism in food, fecal, and environmental samples. C1 USDA, ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Penn State Univ, Gastroenter Dis Ctr, Dept Vet Sci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Fratamico, PM (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Ln, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 25 TC 51 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 41 IS 7 BP 3379 EP 3383 DI 10.1128/JCM.41.7.3379-3383.2003 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 701MF UT WOS:000184170800095 PM 12843098 ER PT J AU Nonnecke, BJ Kimura, K Goff, JP Kehrli, ME AF Nonnecke, BJ Kimura, K Goff, JP Kehrli, ME TI Effects of the mammary gland on functional capacities of blood mononuclear leukocyte populations from periparturient cows SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE interferon; lymphocyte; mammary gland; periparturient immunosuppression ID LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION; DAIRY-COWS; 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D-3; BOVINE LYMPHOCYTES; PERIOD; SECRETION; MITOGEN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; PHENOTYPE; PROLIFERATION AB The composition and functional capacity of peripheral blood mononuclear leukocyte populations from dairy cows are altered substantially during the peripartal period. These changes are associated with a heightened susceptibility of the mammary gland to infection. It has been postulated that the metabolic demands associated with lactogenesis may impact negatively leukocyte function during the periparturient period. In the present study, serum immunoglobulin G(1) concentration and functional capacities of peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes from intact (n=6) and mastectomized (n=6) periparturient Jersey cows were evaluated and compared. Cell function assessments included lymphocyte proliferation, immunoglobulin M secretion, and interferon. secretion by unstimulated and pokeweed mitogen stimulated mononuclear leukocytes. Data were summarized as mean responses for 5-d periods beginning 21 d prepartum and concluding at 19 d postpartum. The progressive decrease in serum immunoglobulin G in intact but not mastectomized cows before parturition likely was attributable to the selective uptake of this isotype by the mammary gland. Lymphocyte proliferation and secretion of interferon-gamma and polyclonal IgM by mitogen-stimulated leukocytes from intact cows decreased during the 15-d period before calving, reaching a nadir at 0 to 4 d postpartum. From 5 to 19 d postpartum, these functions often were comparable to those observed 2 to 3 wk prepartum. Functions of leukocytes from mastectomized cows did not change during the study period, although they often were of lower magnitude than those of cells from nonlactating cows. These results reconfirm the occurrence of a generalized reduction in blood mononuclear leukocyte function during the periparturient period. They also suggest that the reduction in leukocyte function during the period may be, in part, due to the physiologic demands imposed on the dairy cow by the lactating mammary gland. C1 ARS, Periparturient Dis Cattle Res Unit, USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Nonnecke, BJ (reprint author), ARS, Periparturient Dis Cattle Res Unit, USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 32 TC 40 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 86 IS 7 BP 2359 EP 2368 DI 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73829-6 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 692JC UT WOS:000183657100012 PM 12906053 ER PT J AU Lee, JW Paape, MJ Elsasser, TH Zhao, X AF Lee, JW Paape, MJ Elsasser, TH Zhao, X TI Elevated milk soluble CD14 in bovine mammary glands challenged with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE CD14; LPS; Escherichia coli; mastitis ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; SOMATIC-CELL COUNT; BINDING-PROTEIN; INTRAMAMMARY INFECTION; FACTOR-ALPHA; ENDOTOXIN; NEUTROPHILS; SERUM; LPS; BACTERIAL AB The purpose of this study was to determine whether soluble CD14 (sCD14) in milk was affected by stage of lactation, milk somatic cell count (SCC), presence of bacteria, or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation. Milk samples from 100 lactating cows ( 396 functional quarters) were assayed for sCD14 in milk to determine effects of stage of lactation, SCC, and intramammary infection. The concentration of sCD14 was highest in transitional milk (0 to 4 d postpartum) and in milk with high SCC (>750,000 cells/ml). Most of the infected quarters (>80%) were infected by coagulase-negative staphylococci and yeast. No difference was found between noninfected and infected quarters. One quarter of six healthy lactating cows was challenged with 100 mug LPS in order to study the kinetics of sCD14 during an LPS-induced inflammation. Milk samples were collected at various intervals until 72 h after injection. Rectal temperature, milk tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-8 increased immediately after challenge. The increase in sCD14 paralleled the increase in SCC, peaked at 12 h, and started to decline after 24 h. Serum leakage, as characterized by the level of bovine serum albumin in milk, peaked at 4 h and then gradually decreased. All parameters remained at basal levels in control quarters throughout the study. In vitro experiments indicated that neutrophils released sCD14 in response to LPS in a dose-dependent manner. The results indicate that the concentration of sCD14 was significantly increased in milk after LPS challenge. The increase was not likely due to serum leakage. Instead, infiltrated neutrophils might be the main source of increased sCD14 in milk during inflammation. C1 McGill Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Ste Anne De Bellevue, PQ H9X 3V9, Canada. ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, Growth Biol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Zhao, X (reprint author), McGill Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Ste Anne De Bellevue, PQ H9X 3V9, Canada. RI Zhao, Xin/M-4312-2015 OI Zhao, Xin/0000-0002-1078-7332 NR 41 TC 49 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 86 IS 7 BP 2382 EP 2389 DI 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73832-6 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 692JC UT WOS:000183657100015 PM 12906056 ER PT J AU Greenberg, AS AF Greenberg, AS TI The expanding scope of the metabolic syndrome and implications for the management of cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes with particular focus on the emerging role of the thiazolidinediones SO JOURNAL OF DIABETES AND ITS COMPLICATIONS LA English DT Review DE atherosclerosis; vascular inflammation; endothelial dysfunction; plaque rupture ID PLASMINOGEN-ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR; LOW-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; SMOOTH-MUSCLE CELLS; C-REACTIVE PROTEIN; FACTOR-KAPPA-B; INSULIN-RESISTANCE ATHEROSCLEROSIS; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL-CELLS; CORONARY-ARTERY DISEASE; RECEPTOR-DEFICIENT MICE; PPAR-GAMMA ACTIVATION AB Over the last decade, new factors including endothelial dysfunction, vascular inflammation, and abnormalities of blood coagulation have joined more established components of the metabolic syndrome, such as hyperglycemia, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and visceral obesity. Many of these factors are known to promote atherosclerosis and the clustering of metabolic abnormalities within the syndrome makes a major contribution to the increased risk of cardiovascular disease and death associated with type 2 diabetes. Given that most patients have multiple cardiovascular risk factors, good glycemic control does not, by itself, adequately reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease associated with diabetes and clinical management needs to address the full profile of cardiovascular risk. The thiazolidinediones have potentially beneficial effects on many components of the metabolic syndrome and so may help to improve cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ New England Med Ctr, Tupper Res Inst, Div Endocrinol, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Greenberg, AS (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA, 136 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 125 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1056-8727 J9 J DIABETES COMPLICAT JI J. Diabetes Complications PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 17 IS 4 BP 218 EP 228 DI 10.1016/S1056-8727(03)00002-3 PG 11 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 696DK UT WOS:000183870600008 PM 12810246 ER PT J AU Riddick, EW AF Riddick, EW TI Parasitoid density and arena size effects on progeny production of Anaphes iole Girault (Hymenoptera : Mymaridae) SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID LYGUS-HESPERUS KNIGHT; SEX-RATIO; MUTUAL INTERFERENCE; HETEROPTERA; MIRIDAE; SUPERPARASITISM; AUGMENTATION; OVIJENTATUS; OVIPOSITION; COMPETITION AB Anaphes iole Girault is a native, solitary egg parasitoid of Lygus bugs in North America. Ongoing research is considering factors that may lead to efficient mass rearing of A. iole for augmentative biological control. This study examined the effects of A. iole female density and arena size on progeny production. Production increased by a factor of 2.1 as parasitoid density increased from 5 to 10 and from 10 to 20 females per 8 L arena (rearing cage) with a host patch containing from 1,500 to 2,000 eggs of Lygus hesperus Knight (Heteroptera: Miridae). Sex ratios of mature progeny did not differ significantly between parasitoid densities of 10 versus 20 females. Arena size (approximate to1, 2, 4, or 8 L cages) had no effect on progeny production when 20 females were confined to the same cage. This research suggests that little or no measurable interference will occur between ovipositing A. iole females on shared host patches and cage size can be varied to increase rearing capacity. C1 USDA ARS, REE, MSA, Biol Control & Mass Rearing Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Riddick, EW (reprint author), USDA ARS, REE, MSA, Biol Control & Mass Rearing Res Unit, POB 5367, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. EM ewriddick@msa-msstate.ars.usda.gov OI riddick, eric/0000-0002-4795-961X NR 32 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 USA SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 38 IS 3 BP 334 EP 341 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 710QR UT WOS:000184691400002 ER PT J AU Lynch, RE Hamm, JJ Myers, RE Guyer, D Stein, J AF Lynch, RE Hamm, JJ Myers, RE Guyer, D Stein, J TI Baseline susceptibility of the fall armyworm (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) to Cry1Ab toxin: 1998-2000 SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE fall armyworm; transgenic corn; Bt gene; Cry1Ab ID BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS TOXINS; CORN-EARWORM LEPIDOPTERA; HELIOTHIS-VIRESCENS LEPIDOPTERA; DIAMONDBACK MOTH LEPIDOPTERA; BORER LEPIDOPTERA; DELTA-ENDOTOXIN; HUBNER LEPIDOPTERA; TRANSGENIC CORN; SUBSP KURSTAKI; RESISTANCE AB 'Attribute' sweet corn containing a cry1Ab gene (Bt11 Event) from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner was registered for commercial use in 1998. A requirement of registration was to conduct baseline susceptibility studies to Cry1Ab toxin in fall armyworm populations collected from sweet corn growing areas in south Texas and south Florida. In addition, fall arnnyworm populations collected in sweet corn growing areas must be annually monitored for changes in susceptibility to the Cry1Ab protein. Fall armyworm larvae were collected near Belle Glade, FL, Homestead, FL, Weslaco, TX, and Corpus Christi, TX, in 1998 through 2000 and evaluated for susceptibility to Cry1Ab toxin. The Tifton Laboratory colony of fall armyworm that has been in culture for more than 10 yrs was used as the susceptible control. Comparison of the calculated LC(50)s for the various colonies did not indicate an appreciable change in susceptibility during the period 1998-2000. These data provide baseline information as to the susceptibility of the fall arnnyworm to Cry1Ab protein produced in insect-resistant transgenic corn. C1 USDA ARS, Crop Protect & Management Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Lynch, RE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Crop Protect & Management Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. OI Myers, Ronald E./0000-0002-8059-7390 NR 33 TC 4 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 USA SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 38 IS 3 BP 377 EP 385 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 710QR UT WOS:000184691400006 ER PT J AU Glaz, B Cherry, R AF Glaz, B Cherry, R TI Wireworm (Coleoptera : Elateridae) effects on sugarcane emergence after short-duration flood applied at planting SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE sugarcane; wireworm; Everglades; integrated pest management; Histosol; flooding ID MELANOTUS-COMMUNIS COLEOPTERA; FLORIDA AB The purpose of this study was to analyze sugarcane, interspecific hybrids of Saccharum spp., emergence under severe wireworm, Melanotus communis Gyllenhal, pressure after floods of 7, 14, and 21 d applied at planting, as well as following a conventional application of an organophosphate insecticide at planting without flooding. In three experiments, wireworms were applied at the rate of 13 larvae per m of row in plastic containers filled with Pahokee muck soil. In the first experiment, sugarcane bud emergence percentages under the flood treatments were lower than under the insecticide treatment, probably due to lower than normal air and soil temperatures. Emergence percentages in the 14- and 21-d flood treatments and the insecticide treatment were similar in the final two experiments, except that the 14-d flood resulted in greater emergence than the insecticide treatment in the second experiment. Reductions in plant weight were associated with some flood treatments. Previous work reported that wireworms damaged growing plants in containers, but damage was primarily limited to reduced emergence in field studies. This study identified short-term flooding in sugarcane as a potential measure to control wireworm damage with environmental and economic benefits. Temperature-response and field studies are needed to verify results. C1 USDA ARS, Sugarcane Field Stn, Canal Point, FL 33438 USA. RP Glaz, B (reprint author), USDA ARS, Sugarcane Field Stn, 12990 US Highway 441, Canal Point, FL 33438 USA. NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 USA SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 38 IS 3 BP 449 EP 456 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 710QR UT WOS:000184691400013 ER PT J AU Miller, DR Raffa, KF Dalusky, MJ Berisford, CW AF Miller, DR Raffa, KF Dalusky, MJ Berisford, CW TI North-South variation in the response of the pine engraver (Coleoptera : Scolytidae) to lanierone and ipsdienol in eastern North America SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Ips pini; Ips avulsus; Scolytidae; Pinus strobus; Pinus resinosa; ipsdienol; lanierone; dose response ID IPS-PINI; BARK BEETLES; NEW-YORK; PHEROMONE; PREDATORS; PREY; CALIFORNIA; ATTRACTION; TRAP AB Lindgren multiple-funnel traps were used to evaluate the response of the pine engraver, lps pini (Say), to the pheromones lanierone and ipsdienol, in Wisconsin and in southern Appalachia (western North Carolina and northern Georgia). As in Wisconsin, the attraction of l. pini to ipsdienol-baited traps in southern Appalachia was strongly synergised by lanierone. In Wisconsin, l. pini demonstrated a strong dose-response to both lanierone and ipsdienol, preferring traps releasing lanierone and ipsdienol at the highest rates. lps pini in northern Georgia exhibited dose response to ipsdienol, preferring traps with lures releasing ipsdienol at the highest rate, but little in the way of a dose response to lanierone across the range of release rates tested. In Georgia, the sympatric species l. avulsus preferred traps with lures releasing ipsdienol and lanierone at the highest rates. C1 Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Miller, DR (reprint author), Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, 320 Green St, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 26 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 3 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 USA SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 38 IS 3 BP 468 EP 476 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 710QR UT WOS:000184691400015 ER PT J AU Simmons, AM AF Simmons, AM TI Capture of Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera : Aleyrodidae) and Delphastus catalinae (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae) on three colors of sticky traps SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Bemisia tabaci; whitefly; vegetable; behavior; biological control; lady beetle; sticky traps C1 USDA ARS, Vegetable Lab, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. RP Simmons, AM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Vegetable Lab, 2700 Savannah Highway, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 6 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 USA SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 38 IS 3 BP 481 EP 484 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 710QR UT WOS:000184691400017 ER PT J AU Kaplan, JD Howitt, RE Farzin, YH AF Kaplan, JD Howitt, RE Farzin, YH TI An information-theoretical analysis of budget-constrained nonpoint source pollution control SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID MAXIMUM-ENTROPY; CONTROL POLICIES; ENFORCEMENT; EXTERNALITIES; STANDARDS; MODELS; CHOICE AB This paper analyzes budget-constrained, nonpoint source (NPS) pollution control with costly information acquisition and learning. To overcome the inherent ill-posed statistical problem in NPS pollution: data the sequential entropy filter, a cross entropy econometric approach, is applied to the sediment load management program for Redwood Creek, which flows through Redwood National Park in northwestern California. We simulate dynamic budget-constrained management with information acquisition and learning, and compare the results with those from the current policy. The analysis shows that when information acquisition increases overall abatement effectiveness the fiscally constrained Manager can reallocate resources from abatement effort to information acquisition, resulting in lower sediment generation than would otherwise exist. In addition, with learning about pollution generation occurring over time the,manager may switch from a high intensity of data collection to a lower intensity to further reduce sediment generation. Also, as sediment control proceeds at upstream sources, at some time in the future the marginal reduction in sediment for a given expenditure will equalize across the sources such that uniform abatement effort may occur across all sources. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 USDA, Econ Res Serv, Div Resource Econ, Washington, DC 20005 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Kaplan, JD (reprint author), USDA, Econ Res Serv, Div Resource Econ, 1800 M St NW, Washington, DC 20005 USA. NR 45 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0095-0696 J9 J ENVIRON ECON MANAG JI J.Environ.Econ.Manage. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 46 IS 1 BP 106 EP 130 DI 10.1016/S0095-0696(02)00035-9 PG 25 WC Business; Economics; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 691QM UT WOS:000183617000007 ER PT J AU Franzluebbers, AJ Stuedemann, JA AF Franzluebbers, AJ Stuedemann, JA TI Bermudagrass management in the Southern Piedmont USA: VI. Soil-profile inorganic nitrogen SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID NITRATE LEVELS; GROUNDWATER; WATERSHEDS; FERTILIZER; PASTURES; CARBON; CORN AB Fate of applied N in forage-based agricultural systems is important to long-term production and environmental impacts. We evaluated the factorial combination of N fertilization targeted to supply 20 g N m(-2) yr(-1) and harvest strategies on soil-profile inorganic N during the first 5 yr of 'Coastal' bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] management. Harvest strategy had much larger effects than fertilization strategy, most notably that soil-profile inorganic N was lower when bayed than under other systems. In the upper rooting zone (0- to 0.3-m depth), soil inorganic N (initially at 3.1 g m(-2)) remained unchanged during the 5 yr under unharvested and low and high grazing pressures (0.00 +/- 0.08 g m(-2) yr(-1)), but declined with haying (-0.25 g m(-2) yr(-1)). lathe lower rooting zone (0.3- to 0.9-m depth),soil inorganic N (initially at 2.9 g m(-2)) accumulated with unharvested and low and high grazing pressure (0.64 +/- 0.20 g m(-2) yr(-1)), but remained unchanged with haying (-0.06 g m(-2) yr(-1)). Below the rooting zone (0.9- to 1.5-m depth), soil inorganic N (initially at 5.8 g m-2) increased with unharvested and high grazing pressure (0.34 +/- 0.03 g m(-2) yr(-1)), was unchanged with low grazing pressure (-0.10 g m(-2) yr(-1)), and declined with haying (-0.50 g m(-2) yr(-1)). Applied N appears to have been efficiently utilized by forage with subsequent sequestration into soil organic matter and little movement of inorganic N below the rooting zone (<2% of applied N), irrespective of inorganic or organic fertilization strategy designed to supply sufficient N for high animal production from grazing. C1 USDA ARS, J Phil Campbell Sr Nat Resource Conservat Ctr, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. RP Franzluebbers, AJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, J Phil Campbell Sr Nat Resource Conservat Ctr, 1420 Expt Stn Rd, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. NR 24 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 32 IS 4 BP 1316 EP 1322 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 700EN UT WOS:000184099800018 PM 12931887 ER PT J AU Sharpley, AN AF Sharpley, AN TI Soil mixing to decrease surface stratification of phosphorus in manured soils SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID LONG-TERM; FERTILIZER PHOSPHORUS; CONVENTIONAL-TILLAGE; BROILER LITTER; WATER-QUALITY; 3 ULTISOLS; RUNOFF; PHOSPHATE; SORPTION; SEDIMENT AB Continual applications of fertilizer and manure to permanent grassland or no-till soils can lead to an accumulation of P at the surface, which in turn increases the potential for P loss in overland flow. To investigate the feasibility of redistributing surface stratified P within the soil profile by plowing, Mehlich-3 P rich surface soils (128-961 mg kg(-1) in 0-5 cm) were incubated with lower-P subsoil (16-119 mg kg(-1) in 5-20 cm) for 18 manured soils from Oklahoma and Pennsylvania that had received long-term manure applications (60-150 kg P ha(-1) yr(-1) as dairy, poultry, or swine manure for up to 20 yr). After incubating a mixture of 5 g surface soil (0- to 5-cm depth) and 15 g subsoil (5- to 20-cm depth) for 28 d, Mehlich-3 P decreased 66 to 90% as a function of the weighted mean Mehlich-3 P of surface and subsoil (i.e., 1:3 ratio) (r(2) = 0.87). At Klingerstown, Northumberland County, south central Pennsylvania, a P-stratified Berks soil (Typic Dystrochrept) (495 mg kg(-1) Mehlich-3 P in 0- to 5-cm depth) was chisel plowed to about 25 cm and orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) planted. Once grass was established and erosion minimized (about 20 wk after plowing and planting), total P concentration in overland flow during a 30-min rainfall (6.5 cm h(-1)) was 1.79 mg L-1 compared with 3.4 mg L-1 before plowing, with dissolved P reduced from 2.9 to 0.3 mg L-1. Plowing P-stratified soils has the potential to decrease P loss in overland flow, as long as plowing-induced erosion is minimized. C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Sharpley, AN (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, Bldg 3702,Curtin Rd, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 42 TC 102 Z9 117 U1 7 U2 23 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 32 IS 4 BP 1375 EP 1384 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 700EN UT WOS:000184099800024 PM 12931893 ER PT J AU Gaston, LA Drapcho, CM Tapadar, S Kovar, JL AF Gaston, LA Drapcho, CM Tapadar, S Kovar, JL TI Phosphorus runoff relationships for Louisiana Coastal Plain soils amended with poultry litter SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID AGRICULTURAL PHOSPHORUS; BROILER LITTER; WATER-QUALITY; EXTRACTANTS; PROTECTION; INTENSITY; RELEASE; SITES AB Long-term application of poultry (Gallus gallus domesticus) litter has built high levels of P in certain Coastal Plain soils of north Louisiana. However, soil P/runoff P relationships for soil and environmental conditions of the area have not been examined. This study measured soil P (total, Bray 1, Bray 2, Mehlich 3, resin-exchangeable, and water-extractable) and runoff P (dissolved P, DP; and total P, TP) at four pasture sites previously amended with poultry litter. Sites varied in soil P due to annual litter applications ranging from 1 to more than 20. Three replicated plots at each site were subjected to simulated rainfalls over 2 yr, and concentrations of DP and TP in runoff were measured and related to soil P. This allowed examination of soil P/runoff P relationships and their changes over time. Runoff DP was also related to DP desorbed from surface soil in a miscible displacement experiment. Among measures of soil P, only resin-exchangeable and water-extractable P showed significant decreases over 2 yr. These measures of soil P explained 54 to 64% of the variability in runoff DP data. However, the miscible displacement technique proved the best indicator of runoff DP, explaining 70% of the variability. Runoff varied among sites (decreasing with increasing years of litter application), limiting the predictive capability of the soil extraction methods. Linking runoff characteristics with miscible displacement data may he a useful predictive tool and warrants further examination. C1 Louisiana State Univ, AgCtr, Dept Agron, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Louisiana State Univ, AgCtr, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Gaston, LA (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, AgCtr, Dept Agron, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 39 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 32 IS 4 BP 1422 EP 1429 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 700EN UT WOS:000184099800029 PM 12931898 ER PT J AU Dou, Z Zhang, GY Stout, WL Toth, JD Ferguson, JD AF Dou, Z Zhang, GY Stout, WL Toth, JD Ferguson, JD TI Efficacy of alum and coal combustion by-products in stabilizing manure phosphorus SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID POULTRY LITTER; SOLUBILITY; AMENDMENTS; RUNOFF AB Animal manures contain large amounts of soluble phosphorus (P), which is prone to runoff losses when manure is surface-applied. Here we report the efficacy of alum and three coal combustion by-products in reducing P solubility when added to dairy, swine, or broiler litter manures in a laboratory incubation study. Compared with unamended controls, alum effectively reduced readily soluble P, determined in water extracts of moist manure samples with 1 h of shaking, for all three manures. The reduction ranged from 80 to 99% at treatment rates of 100 to 250 g alum kg(-1) manure dry matter. The fluidized bed combustion fly ash (FBC) reduced readily soluble P by 50 to 60% at a rate of 400 g kg(-1) for all three manures. Flue gas desulfurization by-product (FGD) reduced readily soluble P by nearly 80% when added to swine manure and broiler litter at 150 and 250 g kg(-1). Another by-product, anthracite refuse fly ash (ANT), was ineffective for all three manures. In all cases, reduction in readily soluble P is primarily associated with inorganic phosphorus (P-i) with little change in organic phosphorus (P-o). Sequential extraction results indicate that the by-product treatments shifted manure P from H2O-P into a less vulnerable fraction, NaHCO3-P, while the alum treatment shifted the P into even more stable forms, mostly NaOH-P. Such shifts in P fractions would have little influence on P availability for crops over the long term but would retard and reduce potential losses of P following manure applications. C1 Univ Penn, Sch Vet Med, Ctr Anim Hlth & Productivity, Kennett Sq, PA 19348 USA. Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Soil Sci, Nanjing, Peoples R China. USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA USA. RP Dou, Z (reprint author), Univ Penn, Sch Vet Med, Ctr Anim Hlth & Productivity, 382 W St Rd, Kennett Sq, PA 19348 USA. NR 32 TC 68 Z9 72 U1 3 U2 13 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 32 IS 4 BP 1490 EP 1497 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 700EN UT WOS:000184099800037 PM 12931906 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Shkap, V Pipano, E Fish, L Fritz, DL AF Dubey, JP Shkap, V Pipano, E Fish, L Fritz, DL TI Ultrastructure of Besnoitia besnoiti tissue cysts and bradyzoites SO JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cattle; enigmatic bodies; ultrastructure ID CYCLIC TRANSMISSION; ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; CATS; JELLISONI; DARLINGI; TOXOPLASMATINAE; PROTOZOA; OPOSSUMS; COCCIDIA; GOATS AB Besnoitia besnoiti is an economically important tissue cyst-forming apicomplexan of cattle in Africa and Israel. Tissue cysts and bradyzoites of B. besnoiti from the skin of a naturally infected bull were studied by transmission electron microscopy. Tissue cysts enclosed host cell and bradyzoites. Bradyzoites were 6-7.5x1.9-2.3 mum in size and contained organelles found in coccidian merozoites including numerous micronemes, rhoptries, amylopectin granules, and a posteriorly located nucleus. Enigmatic bodies, characteristically found in Besnoitia sp. bradyzoites, were not observed. Therefore, enigmatic bodies should be removed as a generic character of the bradyzoites of Besnoitia species. C1 USDA ARS, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Anim Parasit Dis Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Kimron Vet Inst, Div Parasitol, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. USA, Med Res Inst Infect Dis, Div Pathol, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Anim Parasit Dis Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 24 TC 26 Z9 30 U1 2 U2 3 PU SOC PROTOZOOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 1066-5234 J9 J EUKARYOT MICROBIOL JI J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 50 IS 4 BP 240 EP 244 DI 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2003.tb00127.x PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 712BW UT WOS:000184777300002 PM 15132166 ER PT J AU Arias, CR Shoemaker, CA Evans, JJ Klesius, PH AF Arias, CR Shoemaker, CA Evans, JJ Klesius, PH TI A comparative study of Edwardsiella ictaluri parent (EILO) and E-ictaluri rifampicin-mutant (RE-33) isolates using lipopolysaccharides, outer membrane proteins, fatty acids, Biolog, API 20E and genomic analyses SO JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES LA English DT Article DE characterization; Edwardsiella ictaluri; isolates; fatty acids; lipopolysaccharides; OMPs; phenotypic profiles ID ENTERIC SEPTICEMIA; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; CHANNEL CATFISH; WBOA GENE; PUNCTATUS; STRAINS; VACCINE; IDENTIFICATION; PHENOTYPE; RB51 AB The biological properties of Edwardsiella ictaluri RE-33 rifampicin-mutant and its parent strain EILO were analysed. RE-33 is an avirulent isolate used as a modified live vaccine against enteric septicaemia of catfish. Electrophoretic analysis of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) patterns showed high homology between both isolates. Further characterization of LPS by immunoblotting revealed the main differences in LPS composition. The RE-33 isolate lacks the high molecular weight bands of LPS (HMW-LPS). Outer membrane protein analysis also showed some immunological differences between RE-33 and the EILO parent strain. Only two fingerprinting techniques, fatty acid composition analysis and Biolog phenotypic profiles, were able to discriminate between both isolates. C1 Auburn Univ, Dept Fisheries & Allied Aquacultures, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. ARS, Aquat Anim Hlth Res Lab, USDA, Auburn, AL USA. ARS, Aquat Anim Hlth Res Lab, USDA, Chestertown, MD USA. RP Arias, CR (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Dept Fisheries & Allied Aquacultures, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. NR 24 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 5 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0140-7775 J9 J FISH DIS JI J. Fish Dis. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 26 IS 7 BP 415 EP 421 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2761.2003.00475.x PG 7 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA 705EJ UT WOS:000184382500006 PM 12946011 ER PT J AU Bilodeau, AL Small, BC Wolters, WR AF Bilodeau, AL Small, BC Wolters, WR TI Pathogen loads, clearance and plasma cortisol response in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), following challenge with Edwardsiella ictaluri SO JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES LA English DT Article DE channel catfish; Edwardsiella ictaluri; kinetics; plasma cortisol ID ENTERIC SEPTICEMIA; RAINBOW-TROUT; STRESS; EXPOSURE; DISEASE C1 ARS, USDA, Catfish Genet Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Bilodeau, AL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Catfish Genet Res Unit, 141 Expt Stn Rd,Box 38, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RI Small, Brian/I-3762-2012 NR 23 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0140-7775 J9 J FISH DIS JI J. Fish Dis. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 26 IS 7 BP 433 EP 437 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2761.2003.00481.x PG 5 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA 705EJ UT WOS:000184382500009 PM 12946014 ER PT J AU Fratamico, PM AF Fratamico, PM TI Tolerance to stress and ability of acid-adapted and non-acid-adapted Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104 to invade and survive in mammalian cells in vitro SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT; DEFINITIVE TYPE-104; RPOS; IDENTIFICATION; INVASIVENESS; INFECTIONS; PROTECTION; INVASION; PATHOGEN AB The ability of acid-adapted (AA) and non-acid-adapted (NA) Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium definitive type 104 (DT104) strains to invade and multiply in mammalian cells in vitro and to survive stress conditions was examined. DT 104 and non-DT104 strains were grown in tryptic soy broth without glucose (NA) or in tryptic soy broth containing 1% glucose (AA) for 18 h at 37 degreesC. The invasiveness of DT104 strains in J774A.1 macrophage and Int407 intestinal cell lines was not more extensive than that of non-DT104 strains. In most cases, AA bacteria were less invasive than NA bacteria in both cell lines. Confocal microscopy showed that both DT104 and non-DT104 strains replicated in the two cell lines. In related studies, the survival levels of three strains of AA and NA DT104 and a non-DT104 (LT2) strain in 150 and 15 mM H2O2, 170 and 43 mM acetic acid, 2.6 M NaCl, 2.6 M NaCl containing 170 mM acetic acid, synthetic gastric fluid (SGF) at pH 2 and pH 3, and apple cider were compared. For all four strains, acid adaptation did not result in increased survival in apple cider. After 15 days of storage at 4 C, reductions ranged from 1.96 to 4.1 log(10) CFU/ml for AA bacteria and from 0.48 to 1.34 log(10) CFU/ml for NA bacteria from a starting level of ca. 7.00 log(10) CFU/ml of cider. Neither AA nor NA DT104 strains were more resistant to NaCl, acetic acid, H2O2, or SGF solutions than non-DT104 strain LT2. The level of AA bacteria was not appreciably reduced after exposure to SGF; however, the level of NA bacteria decreased to nondetectable levels in SGF at pH 2 within 3 h of exposure. These results indicate that the DT104 strains examined were not more invasive, nor did they display increased survival in mammalian cells or increased resistance to food environment stresses compared with non-DT104 strains. However. acid adaptation resulted in increased resistance to a low-pH gastric environment for all strains tested. These data indicate that DT104 strains are likely not more virulent or resistant to stresses relevant to foods than are non-DT104 Salmonella and that procedures used to inactivate or inhibit the growth of Salmonella in foods are likely adequate for DT104 strains. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Fratamico, PM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 33 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 2 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 66 IS 7 BP 1115 EP 1125 PG 11 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 699BH UT WOS:000184035700001 PM 12870742 ER PT J AU Larsen, ST McKean, JD Hurd, HS Rostagno, MH Griffith, RW Wesley, IV AF Larsen, ST McKean, JD Hurd, HS Rostagno, MH Griffith, RW Wesley, IV TI Impact of commercial preharvest transportation and holding on the prevalence of Salmonella enterica in cull sows SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID MESENTERIC LYMPH-NODES; MARKET SWINE; TYPHIMURIUM; PIGS AB The objective of this study was to examine the prevalence of Salmonella enterica in cull sows at various stages from the farm to the abattoir. Cull sows (n = 181) were sampled over 10 weeks. Fecal samples (10 g each) were collected on the farm ca. 24 h before loading and at the live-hog market ca. 3 h before loading. Samples (ileocecal lymph nodes, cecal contents, feces from the transverse colon, ventral thoracic lymph nodes, subiliac lymph nodes, sponge swabs of the left and right carcass sections, and chopped meat) were collected at the abattoir. The percentages of positive fecal samples on the farm and at the live-hog market were 3% (5 of 181 samples) and 2% (3 of 181 samples), respectively. After transport from the live-hog market (10 h) and holding at the abattoir (6 h), 41% (74 of 180) of cull sows yielded S. enterica in one or more sampled tissues. The isolation rate for total cecal contents (33%; 60 of 180 samples) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those for ileocecal lymph nodes (7%; 12 of 181 samples), feces (11%; 20 of 181 samples), and ventral thoracic and subiliac lymph nodes (2%; 4 of 181 samples). Before a 2% lactic acid carcass wash (lasting 8 to 9 s), 14% (25 of 180) of carcasses were positive, compared with 7% (12 of 179) after the wash (P < 0.05). Two S. enterica serotypes, Derby and Infantis, were found on the farm and at the live-hog market. At the abattoir, 12 serotypes that had not previously been found on the farm or at the live-hog market were recovered. The results of this study demonstrate that transport and holding practices may contribute to an increase in S. enterica infection prior to slaughter to levels much higher than those found on the farm. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Preharvest Food Safety & Enter Dis Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Coll Vet Med, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Fed Univ Lavras, Dept Vet Med, Lavras, MG, Brazil. RP Hurd, HS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Preharvest Food Safety & Enter Dis Res Unit, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 15 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 6 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 66 IS 7 BP 1134 EP 1138 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 699BH UT WOS:000184035700003 PM 12870744 ER PT J AU Fett, WF Cooke, PH AF Fett, WF Cooke, PH TI Reduction of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 and Salmonella on laboratory-inoculated alfalfa seed with commercial citrus-related products SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID CHEMICAL TREATMENTS; MULTISTATE OUTBREAK; SPROUTS; EFFICACY; TYPHIMURIUM; CHLORINE; ACID; DISINFECTION; O157H7; HEAT AB Alfalfa sprouts contaminated with the bacterial pathogens Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella have been the source of numerous outbreaks of foodborne illness in the United States and in other countries. The seed used for sprouting appears to be the primary source of these pathogens. The aim of this study was to determine whether the efficacy of commercial citrus-related products for sanitizing sprouting seed is similar to that of high levels of chlorine. Five products (Citrex, Pangermex, Citricidal, Citrobio, and Environne) were tested at concentrations of up to 20,000 ppm in sterile tap water and compared with buffered chlorine (at 16,000 ppm). Alfalfa seeds were inoculated with four-strain cocktails of Salmonella and E. coli O15TH7 to give final initial concentrations of ca. 9.0 and 7.0 CFU/g, respectively. Treatments (10 min) with Citrex, Pangermex, and Citricidal at 20,000 ppm and chlorine at 16,000 ppm produced similar log reductions for alfalfa seed inoculated with four-strain cocktails of E. coli O15TH7 and Salmonella (3.42 to 3.46 log CFU/g and 3.56 to 3.74 log CFU/g, respectively), and all four treatments were significantly (P < 0.05) more effective than the control treatment (a buffer wash). Citrobio at 20,000 ppm was as effective as the other three products and chlorine against Salmonella but not against E. coli O15TH7. Environne was not more effective (producing reductions of 2.2 to 2.9 log CFU/g) than the control treatment (which produced reductions of 2.1 to 2.3 log CFU/g) against either pathogen. None of the treatments reduced seed germination. In vitro assays, as well as transmission electron microscopy, confirmed the antibacterial nature of the products that were effective against the two pathogens and indicated that they were bactericidal. When used at 20,000 ppm, the effective citrus-related products may be viable alternatives to chlorine for the sanitization of sprouting seed pending regulatory approval. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Fett, WF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 33 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 4 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 66 IS 7 BP 1158 EP 1165 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 699BH UT WOS:000184035700007 PM 12870748 ER PT J AU Wachtel, MR McEvoy, JL Luo, YG Williams-Campbell, AM Solomon, MB AF Wachtel, MR McEvoy, JL Luo, YG Williams-Campbell, AM Solomon, MB TI Cross-contamination of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) with Escherichia coli O157 : H7 via contaminated ground beef SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID CUTTING BOARDS; BACTERIA; WOODEN; ASSAY; WATER; FOOD AB A lettuce outbreak strain of E. coli O157:H7 was used to quantitate the pathogen's survival in ground beef and its transfer to hands, cutting board surfaces, and lettuce. Overnight storage of inoculated beef at 4 C resulted in no pathogen growth, while room-temperature storage allowed multiplication. Hamburger patty formation allowed the transfer of bacteria to hands. Contaminated fingers subsequently transferred the pathogen to lettuce during handling. E. coli was transferred from hamburgers to cutting board surfaces; overnight storage of boards decreased the numbers of recoverable pathogens by similar to1 log CFU. A 15-s water rinse failed to remove significant numbers of pathogens from cutting boards whether it was applied immediately after contamination or following overnight room-temperature storage. Three lettuce leaves were successively applied to a single contaminated cutting board area both immediately after contamination and after overnight room-temperature storage of contaminated boards. Another set of leaves was pressed onto boards immediately following contamination and was then stored overnight at 4 C before pathogen enumeration. The numbers of pathogens transferred to the first pressed leaves were larger than those transferred to the second or third leaves. There were no significant differences in the numbers of pathogens recovered from leaves pressed immediately after contamination whether pathogens were enumerated immediately or following overnight storage at 4 C. However, fewer pathogens were transferred to leaves pressed to boards stored overnight at room temperature prior to contact with lettuce. Twenty-five lettuce pieces were successively pressed onto one area on a board containing 1.25 X 102 CFU of E. coli. Pathogens were transferred to 46% of the leaves, including the 25th exposed leaf. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr W, Plant Sci Inst, Produce Qual & Safety Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Food Technol & Safety Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP McEvoy, JL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr W, Plant Sci Inst, Produce Qual & Safety Lab, Bldg 002,Room 117,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 20 TC 28 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 9 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 66 IS 7 BP 1176 EP 1183 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 699BH UT WOS:000184035700009 PM 12870750 ER PT J AU Kim, MS Lefcourt, AM Chen, YR AF Kim, MS Lefcourt, AM Chen, YR TI Optimal fluorescence excitation and emission bands for detection of fecal contamination SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID LASER-INDUCED FLUORESCENCE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; POULTRY CARCASSES; GREEN PLANTS; STEADY-STATE; IN-VIVO; AUTOFLUORESCENCE; SPECTROSCOPY; SPECTRA; LEAVES AB Fecal contamination of food products is a critical health issue. To test the feasibility of the use fluorescent techniques to detect fecal contamination, fluorescence excitation and emission characteristics of fecal matter from cows, deer, swine, chickens, and turkeys in the UV to far-red regions of the spectrum were evaluated. To allow the optimization of the detection of fecal contamination on animal carcasses and cut meats, emission-excitation spectra of the feces were compared with spectra for animal meats. The feedstuffs for the swine, chickens, and turkeys were also analyzed. Excitation at approximately 410 to 420 nm yielded the highest level of fluorescence for both feces and feedstuffs. Emission maxima were in the red region (at 632 nm for chicken feces and at 675 nm for the feces of the other species). The major constituent responsible for emission at 632 nm was tentatively identified as protoporphyrin IX; emission at 675 nm most likely emanates from chlorophyll a or its metabolites. Animal meats emitted strong fluorescence in the blue-green regions, but no emission peaks were observed in the red region for these meats. These results suggest that fluorescence emissions from naturally occurring chlorophyll a and its metabolites are good markers for fecal contamination and that with excitation at 410 to 420 nm, the responses of fecal matter can easily be differentiated from the responses of animal meats. We suggest that the detection of fecal contamination can be enhanced by requiring a minimum chlorophyll a content in the finishing diets of all farm animals. C1 USDA ARS, Henry A Wallace Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Instrumentat & Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Kim, MS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Henry A Wallace Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Instrumentat & Sensing Lab, Bldg 303,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 29 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 2 U2 12 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 66 IS 7 BP 1198 EP 1207 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 699BH UT WOS:000184035700012 PM 12870753 ER PT J AU Zaika, LL Fanelli, JS AF Zaika, LL Fanelli, JS TI Growth kinetics and cell morphology of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A as affected by temperature, NaCl, and EDTA SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID STAPHYLOCOCCUS-AUREUS 196E; SODIUM-CHLORIDE; FILAMENT FORMATION; VIRULENCE GENES; METAL-IONS; EXPRESSION; LYSOZYME; PH; BACTERIA; SALINE AB Growth kinetics and morphological characteristics of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A grown under stress conditions induced by increasing levels of NaCl and EDTA were studied as a function of temperature. L. monocytogenes Scott A was inoculated into brain heart infusion broth (pH 6) at 19, 28, 37, and 42 C. Test cultures contained NaCl (at concentrations of 4.5, 6.0, and 7.5%) or EDTA (at concentrations of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mM); control cultures contained 0.5% NaCl. Growth curves were fitted from plate count data by the Gompertz equation, and growth kinetics parameters were derived. Stationary-phase cells were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Generation times (GTs) and lag phase duration times (LPDs) increased as additive levels were increased. The bacterium grew at all NaCl levels. At 37 and 42 degreesC, growth was slow in media containing 7.5% NaCl, and no growth occurred in media containing 0.3 mM EDTA. Temperature was a major factor in certain stress conditions that led to cell elongation and loss of flagella. Cells in control media at 28 C grew as short rods (0.5 by 1.0 to 2.0 mum), while at 42 degreesC most cells were 4 to 10 times as long. Higher levels of NaCl at higher temperatures resulted in longer and thicker cells. At 28 degreesC, 0.1 mM EDTA had little effect on growth kinetics and morphology; however, 0.3 mM EDTA caused a sixfold increase in GT and LPD and loss of flagellae, with most cells being two to six times as long as normal. Cell length did not correlate with growth kinetics. The results of this study suggest that the effect of altered morphological characteristics of L. monocytogenes cells grown under stress on the virulence and subsequent survival of these cells should be investigated. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Zaika, LL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 37 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 66 IS 7 BP 1208 EP 1215 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 699BH UT WOS:000184035700013 PM 12870754 ER PT J AU Smith, JL AF Smith, JL TI The role of gastric acid in preventing foodborne disease and how bacteria overcome acid conditions SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Review ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES INFECTION; HELICOBACTER-PYLORI; TOLERANCE RESPONSE; SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; DIETARY NITRATE; VIBRIO-CHOLERAE; LOW PH; ACIDIFIED NITRITE; STRESS RESPONSES AB The secretion of hydrochloric acid by the stomach plays an important role in protecting the body against pathogens ingested with food or water. A gastric fluid pH of 1 to 2 is deleterious to many microbial pathogens; however, the neutralization of gastric acid by antacids or the inhibition of acid secretion by various drugs may increase the risk of food- or waterborne illnesses. Peptic ulcer disease is often treated by decreasing or eliminating gastric acid secretion, and such treatment blocks the protective antibacterial action of gastric fluid. The majority of peptic ulcer disease cases originate from Helicobacter pylori infections. Treatment of H. pylori-induced peptic ulcers with antibiotics reduces the need for drugs that inhibit gastric acid secretion and thereby diminishes the risk of food- and waterborne illness for peptic ulcer disease patients. Many bacterial pathogens, such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, and H. pylori, can circumvent the acid conditions of the stomach by developing adaptive mechanisms that allow these bacteria to survive in acid environments. As a consequence, these bacteria can survive acidic stomach conditions and pass into the intestinal tract, where they can induce gastroenteritis. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Smith, JL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 121 TC 78 Z9 81 U1 2 U2 19 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 66 IS 7 BP 1292 EP 1303 PG 12 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 699BH UT WOS:000184035700026 PM 12870767 ER PT J AU Auer, MR Farley, C AF Auer, MR Farley, C TI The "understory" of the International Tropical Timber Organization SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE international forestry; nontimber forest products; policy AB The International Tropical Timber Organization is an intergovernmental organization that promotes policy coordination and information exchange on tropical timber production and trade. One of its primary functions is to sponsor forestry-related research, development,and market-oriented projects in the field. Most of the organization's projects deal with timber production and trade. But in recent years, nontimber forest projects have been well funded and even received funding before many traditional timber production and trade projects. These trends could prove instructive to member countries as they renegotiate a new International Tropical Timber Agreement in 2003 and 2004. C1 Indiana Univ, Sch Publ & Environm Affairs, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Int Programs, Washington, DC USA. RP Auer, MR (reprint author), Indiana Univ, Sch Publ & Environm Affairs, 1315 E 10th St, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 101 IS 5 BP 42 EP 45 PG 4 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 694UR UT WOS:000183793600011 ER PT J AU Hendricks, RL AF Hendricks, RL TI International dialogue on sustainable forest management - The US response SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE international forestry; Montreal Process; policy AB Sustainable forest management is the focus of many international fora dealing with forests. The United Nations Proposals for Action constitute the most comprehensive and integrated institutional forest management guidance to achieve sustainability ever assembled. Because of the work that has gone into the proposals, the US commitment to implement them, and the potential benefits from implementing them, government forest management agencies and stakeholders should be interested and involved in their implementation. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Int Programs, Washington, DC 20005 USA. RP Hendricks, RL (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Int Programs, 1099 14th St,NW,Suite 5500W, Washington, DC 20005 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 101 IS 5 BP 46 EP 49 PG 4 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 694UR UT WOS:000183793600012 ER PT J AU Tillman, PG Mullinix, BG AF Tillman, PG Mullinix, BG TI Comparison of host-searching and ovipositional behavior of Cardiochiles nigriceps Viereck (Hymenoptera : Braconidae), a parasitoid of Heliothis virescens (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae), in tobacco and cotton SO JOURNAL OF INSECT BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article DE Cardiochiles nigriceps; Heliothis virescens; parasitoid; host-searching behavior; tobacco; cotton ID HERBIVORE; LARVAE; PLANTS AB To compare host-searching and ovipositional behavior of Cardiochiles nigriceps Viereck (CN) in tobacco and cotton, behavior of CN females was observed on Hellothis virescens (Febricius)-infested plants and recorded using a Psion Organizer II with Observer software. Hover, search, oviposit, preen, rest, walk, agony-search, drop-search, and miss-search were the nine behaviors observed for each plant species. Agony-search was a searching behavior exhibited when CN females were prevented from ovipositing in a host because they were unable to reach the host. Drop-search and miss-search were the searching behaviors that occurred by CN females after a host dropped from the plant and when CN females missed ovipositing in a host, respectively. Hovering, searching, oviposition, miss-search, resting, and walking were equally common for CN on tobacco and cotton. Agony-search was exhibited more on tobacco than cotton, while drop-search and preening occurred more on cotton than tobacco. Female CN spent more time hovering in tobacco than in cotton, indicating that these females preferred tobacco to cotton. Female parasitoids also spent more time in the main ovipositional sequence, hover search-oviposit, in tobacco than in cotton, mainly because females hovered more in tobacco than in cotton. Frequency and time of behavioral sequences associated with experiencing frustration in ovipositing due to difficulty in reaching or finding a host and subsequent level of success in ovipositing in a new host were determined. Overall, the rate of successful oviposition by CN females was significantly higher in tobacco (87.7%) than in cotton (79.5%). For cotton and tobacco, the rate of successful oviposition by CN females was significantly reduced (ca. 40.0%) when they experienced frustration in ovipositing compared to the rate of ovipositional success (100%) for CN females when hosts were present and easily accessible. Encountering ovipositional frustration also increased the duration of time for successful oviposition in comparison to the time spent for problem-free oviposition in cotton and tobacco. Interestingly, with successful oviposition, the amount of time spent in a behavioral sequence was not significantly different for tobacco and cotton regardless of whether females experienced ovipositional frustration or not. However, female CN invested more time in tobacco than in cotton when they were unsuccessful in ovipositing due to the inaccessibility or disappearance of hosts. CN females' preference for tobacco over cotton probably gave them more motivation to continue searching for hosts, especially those not easily attained, on tobacco than on cotton. Nevertheless, CN females readily searched in cotton for HV even in the presence of host-infested tabacco. CN females possibly could be successful in maintaining levels of HV below an economic threshold when using a tobacco trap crop to protect cotton as the main crop. C1 ARS, USDA, Crop Protect & Management Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31794 USA. Univ Georgia, Tifton, GA 31794 USA. RP Tillman, PG (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Crop Protect & Management Res Lab, POB 748, Tifton, GA 31794 USA. NR 31 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0892-7553 J9 J INSECT BEHAV JI J. Insect Behav. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 16 IS 4 BP 555 EP 569 DI 10.1023/A:1027359408221 PG 15 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 740PF UT WOS:000186410200007 ER PT J AU Raina, AK Park, YI Hruska, Z AF Raina, AK Park, YI Hruska, Z TI Ecdysone agonist halofenozide affects corpora allata and reproductive physiology of the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus SO JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ecdysteroid agonise halofenozide; RH-0345; Formosan subterranean termite; Corpora allata ID RHINOTERMITIDAE; ISOPTERA; LEPIDOPTERA; COLEOPTERA; TOXICITY; RH-5849; LARVAE AB Following a short swarming flight, winged adults of the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus lose their wings and form tandem pairs. These dealates or primary reproductives then form incipient colonies. Topical application of 5 mug of the non-steroidal ecdysone agonist RH-0345 (halofenozide) in 0.1 mul DMSO to the primary reproductives during the 2000 season resulted in significant reduction in the number of eggs laid. There was however complete recovery of the treated females. Apparently the non-treated partner removed the treatment chemical while grooming indicating oral activity. In 2001 both topical application as well as feeding methods were tried. Significant effects were observed only in the topical treatment group, perhaps because of inconsistency in feeding. In this group, total progeny, the number of ovarioles in ovaries and the size of the female's corpora allata (CA) were all significantly reduced. Ultrastructure of the CA of treated females showed extensive vacuolation near the surface of the gland. The experiment was repeated in 2002 using both topical application and an improved oral feeding method. Whereas there was apparent recovery in the topically treated group after 90 days, the oral treatment was more persistent in its effect perhaps due to a higher amount of halofenozide consumed during feeding. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 ARS, USDA, Formosan Subterranean Termite Res Unit, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. ARS, USDA, Cotton Fiber Qual Res Unit, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Raina, AK (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Formosan Subterranean Termite Res Unit, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. EM araina@srrc.ars.usda.gov NR 22 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-1910 EI 1879-1611 J9 J INSECT PHYSIOL JI J. Insect Physiol. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 49 IS 7 BP 677 EP 683 DI 10.1016/S0022-1910(03)00069-6 PG 7 WC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology SC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology GA 705JE UT WOS:000184391300005 PM 12837320 ER PT J AU Sword, GA AF Sword, GA TI To be or not to be a locust? A comparative analysis of behavioral phase change in nymphs of Schistocerca americana and S-gregaria SO JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE phenotypic plasticity; density-dependent; behavior; phase polyphenism ID DESERT LOCUST; PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY; VEGETATION PATTERNS; ACRIDIDAE; ORTHOPTERA; POLYMORPHISM; COMPLEX; STATE; HYBRIDIZATION; APOSEMATISM AB Phenotypic plasticity in behavior induced by high rearing density is often part of a migratory syndrome in insects called phase polyphenism. Among locust species, swarming and the expression of phase polyphenism are highly correlated. The american grasshopper, Schistocerca americana, rarely swarms even though it is closely related to the swarming Old World desert locust, S. gregaria, as well as two swarming New World locusts. Anecdotal field observations of locust-like behavior in S. americana indicate that it may express behavioral phase polyphenism, but empirical investigations are lacking. In this study, I tested the hypothesis that S. americana expresses locust-like density-dependent changes in behavior during both the first and final nymphal instars. 1 then compared the expression of behavioral phase change between S. americana and S. gregaria. First instar S. americana exhibited significant geographic variation in behavior with grasshoppers from a North Carolina population expressing more pronounced density-dependent changes relative to grasshoppers from a Texas population. The behavior of final instar S. americana was only slightly affected by rearing density and there was no evidence for a difference between populations. Comparison with S. gregaria revealed that the magnitude of density-dependent behavioral change, particularly among final instar nymphs, was much reduced in S. americana. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 ARS, USDA, Sidney, MT 59270 USA. RP Sword, GA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, 1500 N Cent Ave, Sidney, MT 59270 USA. OI Sword, Gregory/0000-0003-2094-2436 NR 44 TC 28 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 12 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-1910 J9 J INSECT PHYSIOL JI J. Insect Physiol. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 49 IS 7 BP 709 EP 717 DI 10.1016/S0022-1910(03)00092-1 PG 9 WC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology SC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology GA 705JE UT WOS:000184391300008 PM 12837323 ER PT J AU Wu, QH Brum, MCS Caron, L Koster, M Grubman, MJ AF Wu, QH Brum, MCS Caron, L Koster, M Grubman, MJ TI Adenovirus-mediated type I interferon expression delays and reduces disease signs in cattle challenged with foot-and-mouth disease virus SO JOURNAL OF INTERFERON AND CYTOKINE RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID CAPSID PROTEINS; ALPHA/BETA INTERFERON; SYNTHETIC PEPTIDE; VACCINE CANDIDATE; SWINE; DNA; REPLICATION; PROTECTION; RESPONSES; IMMUNE AB Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an economically important disease of livestock. Eliminating FMD outbreaks in previously disease-free countries often relies on restriction of animal movement and massive slaughter of infected and in-contact susceptible animals. To develop a more effective and humane FMD control strategy, we explored the possibility of using type I interferon (IFN-alpha/beta) as a novel anti-FMD agent. We have demonstrated previously that swine inoculated with replication-defective human adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) vector expressing porcine IFN-alpha (Ad5-PoIFN-alpha) were completely protected from FMD virus (FMDV) challenge. To extend this approach to bovines, we constructed Ad5 vectors that express bovine IFN-alpha or IFN-beta (Ad5-BoIFN-alpha and Ad5-BoIFN-beta). Cells infected with these viruses produced high levels of biologically active BoIFN-alpha/beta, but despite expression in vitro, no detectable IFN-induced biologic activity was found in cattle inoculated with Ad5-BoIFN-alpha. Because PoIFN-alpha inhibits FMDV replication in bovine cells, we evaluated the potential use of PoIFN-alpha against FMD in cattle. In cattle inoculated with Ad5-PoIFN-alpha, the appearance of vesicles was delayed after challenge with FMDV and disease was less severe than in control animals. One Ad5-PoIFN-alpha-inoculated animal never developed clinical disease. Similarly, although all the Ad5-PoIFN-alpha-inoculated animals developed viremia, it was delayed for 1 day as compared with the control group. These results suggest that in vivo expression of PoIFN-alpha partially protected cattle from FMD. C1 ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. RP Grubman, MJ (reprint author), ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. NR 38 TC 31 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 1 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1079-9907 J9 J INTERF CYTOK RES JI J. Interferon Cytokine Res. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 23 IS 7 BP 359 EP 368 DI 10.1089/107999003322226014 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Immunology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Immunology GA 704BX UT WOS:000184318800003 PM 14511462 ER PT J AU Braxton, SM Onstad, DW Dockter, DE Giordano, R Larsson, R Humber, RA AF Braxton, SM Onstad, DW Dockter, DE Giordano, R Larsson, R Humber, RA TI Description and analysis of two internet-based databases of insect pathogens: EDWIP and VIDIL SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE World Wide Web; Internet databases; bioinformatics; insect pathogens; entomopathogens; protozoa; microsporidia; bacteria; fungi; viruses ID BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL AGENTS; HOST-SPECIFICITY; IMPACT; CLASSIFICATION; ENTOMOLOGY; FUTURE; RANGE AB In 1996, two searchable databases covering insect pathogens were posted on the World Wide Web: the Ecological Database of the World's Insect Pathogens (EDWIP) and the Viral Diseases of Insects in the Literature database (VIDIL). In this paper, we describe the format and contents of EDWIP and VIDIL on the World Wide Web. EDWIP contains over 9400 pathogen-host association records, 677 negative test result or "no association" records, 4454 host species, 2285 pathogen species records, and 2057 bibliographical references. Species of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera are the best represented groups in EDWIP. Lepidopteran species account for the most associations of any host order in EDWIP, over 2500, or 27%. Of the pathogen groups, Protozoa (including microsporidia) accounted for nearly 66% of the pathogen species records and over 40% of the association records in EDWIP. Fungi account for only 18% of the pathogen species, but nearly 33% of the association records. Habitats dominated by human activities (e.g., crop, stored product, and human dwelling) account for most of the host habitats recorded in EDWIP. The United States and Japan are the most common locations and the Nearctic and Palearctic are the most common biogeographic regions reported in EDWIP. There are 4801 annotated bibliographic records in VIDIL. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 Illinois State Univ, Normal, IL 61790 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Vermont, Dept Biol, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. Lund Univ, Dept Zool, S-22362 Lund, Sweden. USDA ARS, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Onstad, DW (reprint author), Illinois State Univ, 8900 Milner Lib, Normal, IL 61790 USA. RI Braxton, Susan/A-1353-2011; Braxton, Susan/G-5162-2011 OI Braxton, Susan/0000-0001-6605-216X; NR 28 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 83 IS 3 BP 185 EP 195 DI 10.1016/S0022-2011(03)00089-2 PG 11 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 707TF UT WOS:000184525400001 PM 12877825 ER PT J AU Lynn, DE AF Lynn, DE TI Comparative susceptibilities of insect cell lines to infection by the occlusion-body derived phenotype of baculoviruses SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE insect cell lines; nucleopolyhedrovirus; AcMNPV; AtMNPV; AgMNPV; occlusion bodies; virus infectivity; trypsin ID NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS-VIRUS; TRICHOPLUSIA-NI; ENVELOPE PROTEIN; CABBAGE-LOOPER; IN-VIVO; LEPIDOPTERA; ESTABLISHMENT; NOCTUIDAE; VIRIONS; HUBNER AB Twelve insect cell lines from six species were tested for susceptibility to baculovirus infection by occlusion-derived virus (ODV) phenotype through the use of a typical endpoint assay procedure. ODV from three nucleopolyhedroviruses were prepared by alkali treatment (sodium carbonate) of occlusion bodies (OBs) and the virus preparations were titered on various cell lines. More than a four-log difference was realized for each of theses viruses between the various cell lines. The TN368 line from Trichoplusia ni was only marginally susceptible to ODV from each virus, showing only 3-6 infectious units (IU) per million OBs while the gypsy moth line, LdEp was most susceptible, realizing more than 100,000IU/million OBs. The other lines tested showed various levels of susceptibility between these two extremes and also varied between the three viruses tested. In additional tests, the ODV were treated with trypsin prior to application to the cells. With most cell lines, this treatment increased the infectivity of each virus by 2-10-fold. Exceptions to this trend included the gypsy moth LdEp line, on which the trypsinized ODV from two of the viruses were slightly less infectious than each virus without trypsin, and the TN-368 line, on which the trypsinized ODV was 5000-75,000 times more infectious. The variable results of trypsinized virus on the different lines are probably due to the levels of endogenous protease activity in the various lines, but the mode of action of the trypsin has not been elucidated. Ultimately, the variable response of cell lines to ODV of different viruses, and the variable effects of trypsin on the ODV may lead to an improved understanding of the infection process of this virus phenotype as well as factors relating to baculovirus host range. Published by Elsevier Science (USA). C1 USDA ARS, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Lynn, DE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Insect Biocontrol Lab, BARC West,Bldg 011A,Rm 214, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 34 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 83 IS 3 BP 215 EP 222 DI 10.1016/S0022-2011(03)00091-0 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 707TF UT WOS:000184525400004 PM 12877828 ER PT J AU Lacey, LA Unruh, TR Headrick, HL AF Lacey, LA Unruh, TR Headrick, HL TI Interactions of two idiobiont parasitoids (Hymenoptera : Ichneumonidae) of codling moth (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae) with the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae (Rhabditida : Steinernematidae) SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Steinernema carpocapsae; biological control; ichneumonidae; Cydia pomonella; codling moth; interaction; Mastrus ridibundus; Liotryphon caudatus; intraguild predation ID CYDIA-POMONELLA LEPIDOPTERA; NEOAPLECTANA-CARPOCAPSAE; ENTOMOGENOUS NEMATODE; APANTELES-MILITARIS; CENTRAL-EUROPE; FRUIT BINS; WEISER; BIOCONTROL; NORTHERN; APPLES AB Simultaneous use of parasitoids and entomopathogenic nematodes for codling moth (CM) control could produce an antagonistic interaction between the two groups resulting in death of the parasitoid larvae. Two ectoparasitic ichneumonid species, Mastrus ridibundus and Liotryphon caudatus, imported for classical biological control of cocooned CM larvae were studied regarding their interactions with Steinernema carpocapsae. Exposure of M. ridibundus and L. caudatus developing larvae to infective juveniles (Us) of S. carpocapsae (10 IJs/cm(2) approximate to LC80-90 for CM larvae) within CM cocoons resulted in 70.7 and 85.2% mortality, respectively. However, diapausing full grown parasitoid larvae were almost completely protected from nematode penetration within their own tightly woven cocoons. M. ridibundus and L. caudatus females were able to detect and avoid ovipositing on nematode-infected cocooned CM moth larvae as early as 12 h after treatment of the host with Us. When given the choice between cardboard substrates containing untreated cocooned CM larvae and those treated with an approximate LC95 of S. carpocapsae IJs (25 IJs/cm(2)) 12, 24, or 48 h earlier, ovipositing parasitoids demonstrated a significant preference for untreated larvae. The ability of these parasitoids to avoid nematode-treated larvae and to seek out and kill cocooned CM larvae that survive nematode treatments enhances the complementarity of entomopathogenic nematodes and M. ridibundus and L. caudatus. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. RP Lacey, LA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. NR 40 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 11 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 83 IS 3 BP 230 EP 239 DI 10.1016/S0022-2011(03)00102-2 PG 10 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 707TF UT WOS:000184525400006 PM 12877830 ER PT J AU Shapiro-Ilan, DI Lewis, EE Tedders, WL AF Shapiro-Ilan, DI Lewis, EE Tedders, WL TI Superior efficacy observed in entomopathogenic nematodes applied in infected-host cadavers compared with application in aqueous suspension SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HETERORHABDITIDAE; RHABDITIDA; STEINERNEMATIDAE; INFECTIVITY; COLEOPTERA C1 USDA ARS, SE Fruit & Tree Nut Res Lab, Byron, GA 31008 USA. Virginia Tech Univ, Dept Entomol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. H&T Alternat Controls, LLC, Perry, GA 31069 USA. RP Shapiro-Ilan, DI (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Fruit & Tree Nut Res Lab, 21 Dunbar Rd, Byron, GA 31008 USA. NR 15 TC 56 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 17 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 83 IS 3 BP 270 EP 272 DI 10.1016/S0022-2011(03)00101-0 PG 3 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 707TF UT WOS:000184525400014 PM 12877838 ER PT J AU Abbasi, F Adamsen, FJ Hunsaker, DJ Feyen, J Shouse, P van Genuchten, MT AF Abbasi, F Adamsen, FJ Hunsaker, DJ Feyen, J Shouse, P van Genuchten, MT TI Effects of flow depth on water flow and solute transport in furrow irrigation: Field data analysis SO JOURNAL OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article DE furrow irrigation; water levels; solutes; water quality; water depth; data analysis; transport phenomena ID SOIL; INFILTRATION; BROMIDE AB Because of field-scale heterogeneity in soil hydraulic and solute transport properties, relatively large-scale experiments are now increasingly believed to be critical to better understand and predict the movement of water and dissolved solutes under field conditions. In this study, five field experiments were conducted on short blocked-end furrows to assess the effects of irrigation water level on water flow and solute transport in furrows. Three experiments were carried out, each of the same duration but with different amounts of water and solutes resulting from 6, 10, and 14 cm furrow water depths, designated as low, moderate, and high water levels, respectively. Two more experiments were performed with the same amounts of applied water and solute and, consequently, different durations, on furrows with depths of 6 and 10 cm of water. Results show that both the water level and the duration play an important role in transporting and distributing water and solutes in the soil profile. A positive correlation was found between water level and infiltrated amount of water or solute. Irrigation/solute application amounts increased with decreasing water level. Water and solutes were both distributed almost vertically (one-dimensionally) for the low water level and short application treatments, while they moved much more two-dimensionally with low and moderate water depths but longer application times. Irrigation with the 14 cm water level and short application time improved the distribution of water and solutes within the soil profiles, while also causing relatively less deep percolation of water and solutes as compared to low and moderate water levels and relatively long duration times. C1 Katholieke Univ Leuven, Inst Land & Water Management, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium. USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. USDA ARS, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Abbasi, F (reprint author), Katholieke Univ Leuven, Inst Land & Water Management, Vital Decosterstr 102, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium. RI van Genuchten, Martinus/K-6892-2013; Abbasi, Fariborz/S-4925-2016 OI van Genuchten, Martinus/0000-0003-1654-8858; Abbasi, Fariborz/0000-0002-0662-7723 NR 26 TC 19 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9437 J9 J IRRIG DRAIN E-ASCE JI J. Irrig. Drainage Eng-ASCE PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 129 IS 4 BP 237 EP 246 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2003)129:4(237) PG 10 WC Agricultural Engineering; Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Engineering; Water Resources GA 702UA UT WOS:000184241600002 ER PT J AU Irmak, S Irmak, A Jones, JW Howell, TA Jacobs, JM Allen, RG Hoogenboom, G AF Irmak, S Irmak, A Jones, JW Howell, TA Jacobs, JM Allen, RG Hoogenboom, G TI Predicting daily net radiation using minimum climatological data SO JOURNAL OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article DE radiation; solar radiation; evapotranspiration; climatology; predictions ID EVAPO-TRANSPIRATION AB Net radiation (R-n) is a key variable for computing reference evapotranspiration and is a driving force in many other physical and biological processes. The procedures outlined in the Food and Agriculture Organization Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 56 [FAO56 (reported by Allen et al. in 1998)] for predicting daily R-n have been widely used. However, when the paucity of detailed climatological data in the United States and around the world is considered, it appears that there is a need for methods that can predict daily R-n with fewer input and computation. The objective of this study was to develop two alternative equations to reduce the input and computation intensity of the FAO56-R. procedures to predict daily R-n and evaluate the performance of these equations in the humid regions of the southeast and two and regions in the United States. Two equations were developed. The first equation [measured-R-s-based (Rs-M)] requires measured maximum and minimum air temperatures (T-max and T-min), measured solar radiation (R-s), and inverse relative distance from Earth to sun (d(r)). The second equation [predicted-R-s-based (Rs-P)] requires T-max, T-min, mean relative huntidity (RHmean), and predicted R-s. The performance of both equations was evaluated in different locations including humid and arid, and coastal and inland regions (Gainesville, Fla.; Miami, Fla.; Tampa, Fla.; Tifton, Ga.; Watkinsville, Ga.; Mobile, Ala.; Logan, Utah; and Bushland, Tex.) in the United States. The daily R-n values predicted by the Rs-M equation were in close agreement with those obtained from the FAO56-R-n in all locations and for all years evaluated. In general, the standard error of daily R,, predictions (SEP) were relatively small, ranging from 0.35 to 0.73 MJ m(-2) d(-1) with coastal regions having lower SEP values. The coefficients of determination were high, ranging from 0.96 for Gainesville to 0.99 for Miami and Tampa. Similar results, with approximately 30% lower SEP values, were obtained when daily predictions were averaged over a three-day period. Comparisons of Rs-M equation and FAO56-R-n predictions with the measured R-n values showed that the Rs-M equations' predictions were as good or better than the FAO56-R-n in most cases. The performance of the Rs-P equation was quite good when compared with the measured R-n in Gainesville, Watkinsville, Logan, and Bushland locations and provided similar or better daily R-n predictions than the FAO56-R-n procedures. The Rs-P equation was able to explain at least 79% of the variability in R-n predictions using only T-max, T-min, and RH data for all locations. It was concluded that both proposed equations are simple, reliable, and practical to predict daily R-n. The significant advantage of the Rs-P equation is that it can be used to predict daily R-n with a reasonable precision when measured R-s is not available. This is a significant improvement and contribution for engineers, agronomists, climatologists, and others when working with National Weather Service climatological datasets that only record T-max and T-min on a regular basis. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Agr & Biol Engn, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. USDA ARS, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Civil & Coastal Engn, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Idaho, Res & Extens Ctr, Dept Civil Engn, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. RP Irmak, S (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Agr & Biol Engn, Rogers Hall,POB 110570, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RI Hoogenboom, Gerrit/F-3946-2010 OI Hoogenboom, Gerrit/0000-0002-1555-0537 NR 12 TC 39 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 11 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9437 J9 J IRRIG DRAIN E-ASCE JI J. Irrig. Drainage Eng-ASCE PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 129 IS 4 BP 256 EP 269 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2003)129:4(256) PG 14 WC Agricultural Engineering; Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Engineering; Water Resources GA 702UA UT WOS:000184241600004 ER PT J AU Luz, C Rocha, LFN Humber, RA AF Luz, C Rocha, LFN Humber, RA TI Record of Evlachovaea sp (Hyphomycetes) on Triatoma sordida in the state of Goias, Brazil, and its activity against Triatoma infestans (Reduviidae, triatominae) SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Evlachovaea; Triatoma sordida; Chagas' disease; vector control; entomopathogenic fungi ID BEAUVERIA-BASSIANA; RHODNIUS-PROLIXUS; FLUCTUATING MOISTURE; TEMPERATURE REGIMES; HUMIDITY; INFECTION; CADAVERS; FUNGUS; AGENTS AB A fungal isolate was detected on a dead Triatoma sordida (St (a) over circlel) collected in a peridomestic area in central Brazil. The fungus belongs to Evlachouaea Borisov and Tarasov, a new genus that was recently described in Russia. The isolate seems to be a third species and the second new and undescribed species front Brazil. The fungus was shown to be active against Triatoma infestans (Klug) third-instar nymphs at a humidity close to saturation. However, activity was reduced at a lower humidity (75%). Values of LC50 Varied between 1.1 x 10(5) and 1.5 x 10(4) conidia/cm(2) treated surface, 15 and 20 d after fungal application and incubation at humidity close to saturation. This new fungus may have a potential for biological control of peridomestic Chagas' disease vectors during the rainy season. C1 Fed Univ Goias, Inst Trop Med & Publ Hlth, BR-74001970 Goiania, Go, Brazil. USDA ARS, Plant Protect Res Unit, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Luz, C (reprint author), Fed Univ Goias, Inst Trop Med & Publ Hlth, CP 131, BR-74001970 Goiania, Go, Brazil. NR 19 TC 13 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 40 IS 4 BP 451 EP 454 DI 10.1603/0022-2585-40.4.451 PG 4 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 705TJ UT WOS:000184410900012 PM 14680110 ER PT J AU Kline, DL Bernier, UR Posey, KH Barnard, DR AF Kline, DL Bernier, UR Posey, KH Barnard, DR TI Olfactometric evaluation of spatial repellents for Aedes aegypti SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE olfactometer; inhibition; linalool; dehydrolinalool; deet ID MOSQUITO; ATTRACTION; CULICIDAE; RECEPTORS; DIPTERA; MODE AB The spatial repellency responses of Aedes aegypti (L.) to deet, dehydrolinalool and linalool were evaluated using a dual port olfactometer. in the absence of human attractant mixture, each of the three chemicals resulted in activation and/or orientation of mosquitoes to the chemical source. Linalool was the most attractive compound. In the presence of human attractant mixture, activation and/or orientation of mosquitoes to each of the three chemicals was reduced. We compared reductions in mosquito responses to each of the three chemicals, in the presence of human attractant mixture, to estimate spatial repellency. As expected, lowest spatial repellency (7.3%) was observed using human attractant alone. Highest spatial repellency (33.6%) was observed using a combination of linalool and dehydrolinalool. Deet did not manifest spatial repellency, whereas linalool and dehydrolinalool alone, and in combination, exhibited spatial repellency. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Kline, DL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 13 TC 57 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 10 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 40 IS 4 BP 463 EP 467 DI 10.1603/0022-2585-40.4.463 PG 5 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 705TJ UT WOS:000184410900014 PM 14680112 ER PT J AU Li, AY Davey, RB Miller, RJ George, JE AF Li, AY Davey, RB Miller, RJ George, JE TI Resistance to Coumaphos and Diazinon in Boophilus microplus (Acari : Ixodidae) and evidence for the involvement of an oxidative detoxification mechanism SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cattle tick; Boophilus microplus; acaricide resistance; coumaphos; diazinon; organo-phosphate ID CATTLE TICK; INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE; ORGANOPHOSPHATE RESISTANT; LUCILIA-CUPRINA; MEXICAN STRAINS; ESTERASE; ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE; INSENSITIVITY; CALLIPHORIDAE; DIPTERA AB The levels of resistance to two organophosphate acaricides, coumaphos and diazinon, in several Mexican strains of Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) were evaluated using the FAO larval packet test. Regression analysis of LC50 data revealed a significant cross-resistance pattern between those two acaricides. Metabolic mechanisms of resistance were investigated with synergist bioassays. Piperonyl butoxide (PBO) reduced coumaphos toxicity in susceptible strains, but synergized coumaphos toxicity in resistant strains. There was a significant correlation between PBO synergism ratios and the coumaphos resistance ratios. The results suggest that an enhanced cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (cytP450)-mediated detoxification mechanism may exist in the resistant strains, in addition to the cytP450-mediated metabolic pathway that activates coumaphos. PBO failed to synergize diazinon toxicity in resistant strains, suggesting the cytP450 involved in detoxification were specific. Triphenylphosphate (TPP) synergized toxicity of both acaricides in both susceptible and resistant strains, and there was no correlation between TPP synergism ratios and the LC50 estimates for either acaricide. Esterases may not play a major role in resistance to coumaphos and diazinon in those strains. Bioassays with diethyl maleate (DEM) revealed a significant correlation between DEM synergism ratios and LC50 estimates for diazinon, suggesting a possible role for glutathione S-transferases in diazinon detoxification. Resistance to coumaphos in the Mexican strains of B. microplus was likely to be conferred by both a cytP450-mediated detoxification mechanism described here and the mechanism of insensitive acetylcholinesterases reported elsewhere. The results of this study also underscore the potential risk of coumaphos resistance in B. microplus from Mexico to the U.S. cattle fever tick eradication program. C1 USDA ARS, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res Lab, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. USDA ARS, Cattle Fever Tick Res Lab, Edinburg, TX 78539 USA. RP Li, AY (reprint author), USDA ARS, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res Lab, 2700 Fredericksburg Rd, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. NR 36 TC 55 Z9 57 U1 1 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 40 IS 4 BP 482 EP 490 DI 10.1603/0022-2585-40.4.482 PG 9 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 705TJ UT WOS:000184410900017 PM 14680115 ER PT J AU Buyer, JS AF Buyer, JS TI Improved fast gas chromatography for FAME analysis of bacteria SO JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Article DE bacteria; fatty acid analysis; gas chromatography AB Bacteria are frequently identified by fatty acid analysis. We previously reported on methods to speed up sample preparation and gas chromatography, resulting in greatly improved speed and throughput [J. Microbiol. Methods 51 (2002) 209]. In this paper, we demonstrate that further reductions in chromatographic retention times are readily achieved, leading to faster identification of bacteria. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, SASL, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Buyer, JS (reprint author), USDA ARS, SASL, Bldg 001,Room 140 BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. OI Buyer, Jeffrey/0000-0003-2098-0547 NR 3 TC 9 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-7012 J9 J MICROBIOL METH JI J. Microbiol. Methods PD JUL PY 2003 VL 54 IS 1 BP 117 EP 120 DI 10.1016/S0167-7012(03)00002-2 PG 4 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology GA 680UH UT WOS:000182996600014 PM 12732429 ER PT J AU King, JC AF King, JC TI Doris Howes Calloway (1923-2001) SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 Univ Calif Davis, USDA ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP King, JC (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, USDA ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 133 IS 7 BP 2113 EP 2116 PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 699BW UT WOS:000184036900002 PM 12840163 ER PT J AU Sanchez-Moreno, C Cano, MP de Ancos, B Plaza, L Olmedilla, B Granado, F Martin, A AF Sanchez-Moreno, C Cano, MP de Ancos, B Plaza, L Olmedilla, B Granado, F Martin, A TI High-pressurized orange juice consumption affects plasma vitamin C, antioxidative status and inflammatory markers in healthy humans SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE high-pressurized orange juice; vitaminC; F2-isoprostanes; C-reactive protein; prostaglandin E-2 ID SERUM URIC-ACID; CORONARY-ARTERY DISEASE; CHRONIC HEART-FAILURE; REACTIVE PROTEIN; ASCORBIC-ACID; IN-VIVO; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; OXIDANT STRESS; COFACTOR REGENERATION; CIGARETTE SMOKERS AB We examined the bioavailability of vitamin C in orange juice processed using high pressure (HP) and its effects on plasma levels of vitamin C, uric acid (UA), F2-isoprostanes (8-epiPGF(2alpha)), C-reactive protein (CRP) and prostaglandin E-2 (PGE(2)) in a healthy human population. Subjects (6 men, 6 women) enrolled in the study consumed 500 mL/d of HP orange juice for 14 cl, corresponding to an intake of 250 mg of vitamin C. On d 1 of the study, subjects drank the juice in one dose; on d 2 until the end of the study, d 14, they drank 250 mL in the morning and 250 mL in the afternoon. Blood was collected every h for 6 h, on d 1, and then on d 7 and 14 of the study. Baseline plasma vitamin C concentration was higher (P = 0.014) in women (55.8 +/- 3.8 mumol/L) than in men (42.8 +/- 2.1 mumol/L). The maximum plasma vitamin C increase occurred 3 h after drinking the juice, and it remained elevated on d 7 and 14. Plasma 8-ep/PGF(2alpha) concentration did not differ between men and women at baseline. However, it was lower at the end of the study in both men (P = 0.044) and women (P = 0.034). Plasma levels of vitamin C and 8-ep/PGF(2alpha) were inversely correlated (r = -0.615, P = 0.001). Plasma CRP concentrations tended to be lower on d 14 than at baseline in men (P = 0.317) and women (P = 0.235). Plasma PGE(2) was lower at the end of the study in both men and women (P less than or equal to 0.037). Drinking orange juice increases plasma vitamin C, and decreases 8-ep/PGF(2alpha) and PGE(2) levels in humans, which may help reduce the risk of chronic diseases. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer US Dept Agr, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Nutr & Neurocognit Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. CSIC, Inst Frio, Dept Plant Foods Sci & Technol, E-28040 Madrid, Spain. Clin Puerta de Hierro, Sect Nutr, Unit Vitamins, Madrid, Spain. RP Martin, A (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer US Dept Agr, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Nutr & Neurocognit Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RI Olmedilla-Alonso (OR Olmedilla), Begona/D-1337-2012; Granado, Fernando/D-1048-2011; De Ancos, Begona/H-5744-2012; Sanchez-Moreno, Concepcion/N-6798-2013 OI Olmedilla-Alonso (OR Olmedilla), Begona/0000-0002-4913-5171; Granado, Fernando/0000-0002-5561-7564; De Ancos, Begona/0000-0002-8890-7525; Sanchez-Moreno, Concepcion/0000-0002-2341-9328 NR 59 TC 53 Z9 54 U1 2 U2 18 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 133 IS 7 BP 2204 EP 2209 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 699BW UT WOS:000184036900018 PM 12840179 ER PT J AU Davis, CD Uthus, EO AF Davis, CD Uthus, EO TI Does dietary selenium affect plasma homocysteine concentrations in humans? SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Letter ID ABERRANT CRYPT FORMATION; DNA METHYLATION; CELLS; COLON; RATS C1 NCI, Nutr Sci Res Grp, Div Canc Prevent, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58203 USA. RP Davis, CD (reprint author), NCI, Nutr Sci Res Grp, Div Canc Prevent, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 133 IS 7 BP 2392 EP 2392 PG 1 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 699BW UT WOS:000184036900050 PM 12840211 ER PT J AU Rojas-Martinez, RI Zavaleta-Mejia, E Lee, IM Martini, M Aspiros, HS AF Rojas-Martinez, RI Zavaleta-Mejia, E Lee, IM Martini, M Aspiros, HS TI Detection and characterization of the phytoplasma associated with marigold phyllody in Mexico SO JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE apical darwfing; virescence; yellowing; marigold; phytoplasma; diagnosis; nested PCR ID MYCOPLASMALIKE ORGANISMS; 16S RDNA; CLASSIFICATION; GENE; RNA AB Cempazuchil (marigold, Tagetes erecta L.) plants with symptoms of phyllody, virescence, witches' broom (shoot proliferation), apical dwarfing and yellowing were collected from fields in the States of Puebla, Michoacan, Guanajuato, and Estado de Mexico. They were examined for the presence of phytoplasmas by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the universal primer pair R16mF2/R16mR1 followed by the primer pair R16F2n/R16R2. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of R16F2n/R16R2-PCR products and the sequencing of the 16S rDNA indicated that the phytoplasma which induces the disease known as "filodia del cempazuchil" (marigold phyllody) belongs to the aster yellows group (16SrI), subgroup B. Our results also indicated that the variety of symptoms shown by diseased Tagetes plants from different States in Mexico were induced by the same phytoplasma. C1 Inst Fitosanidad Colegio Postgrad, Montecillo 56230, Mexico. USDA ARS, Mol Plant Pathol, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. INIFAP, Biotechnol Lab, Mexico City 56230, DF, Mexico. RP Rojas-Martinez, RI (reprint author), Inst Fitosanidad Colegio Postgrad, Montecillo 56230, Mexico. NR 20 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU EDIZIONI ETS PI PISA PA PIAZZA CARRARA 16-19, 56126 PISA, ITALY SN 1125-4653 J9 J PLANT PATHOL JI J. Plant Pathol. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 85 IS 2 BP 81 EP 86 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 707TC UT WOS:000184525100002 ER PT J AU Frank, AB Karn, JF AF Frank, AB Karn, JF TI Vegetation indices, CO2 flux, and biomass for Northern Plains Grasslands SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE global carbon cycle; rangelands; Bowen ratio; remote sensing; sequestration ID CARBON-DIOXIDE FLUXES; WATER-VAPOR EXCHANGE; TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS; GREAT-PLAINS; PRAIRIE; FOREST; CHAMBER; SOIL; REFLECTANCE; GRASSES AB Native grasslands are a sink for atmospheric CO2 sequestration, but ways for extending site-specific CO2 flux measurements to a regional scale are lacking. Objectives of this study were to determine the utility of using canopy radiometric reflectance for estimating CO2 fluxes for semiarid grasslands. The relationship between the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) calculated from spectral reflectance data obtained with hand-held radiometers was compared to CO2 flux calculated from Bowen ratio/energy balance measurements. Carbon dioxide flux was measured during the plant growing season over a nongrazed prairie, grazed prairie, and a shrub dominated prairie site near Mandan, N.D. Measurements were also made of evapotranspiration (ET), green biomass, and green leaf area index (LAI). Correlation coefficients of NDVI with vegetation parameters of biomass and LAI for each site and year exceeded 0.84 in 1999, 0.74 in 2000, and 0.91 in 2001; with CO2 flux correlations exceeded 0.63 in 1999, 0.68 in 2000, and 0.69 in 2001; with ET correlations exceeded 0.91 in 1999, 0.92 in 2000, and 0.90 in 2001. Regression analysis over all years and sites produced a nonlinear relation between NDVI and both biomass (R-2 = 0.83) and LAI (R-2 = 0.77) and a linear relationship between NDVI and both CO2 flux (R-2 = 0.51) and ET (R-2 = 0.81). The relationships between NDVI and biomass, LAI, CO2 flux, and ET for the 3 grassland sites, which differed in management and vegetation, were generally quite similar suggesting that NDVI has potential for use in predicting canopy CO2 flux rates for semiarid grasslands in the Northern Great Plains. C1 USDA ARS, Mandan, ND 58554 USA. RP Frank, AB (reprint author), USDA ARS, POB 459,Hwy 6 S, Mandan, ND 58554 USA. NR 39 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 13 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 56 IS 4 BP 382 EP 387 DI 10.2307/4004043 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 698QZ UT WOS:000184011400012 ER PT J AU Blank, RR Chambers, JC Zamudio, D AF Blank, RR Chambers, JC Zamudio, D TI Restoring riparian corridors with fire: Effects on soil and vegetation SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE restoration; riparian ecosystems; water table depth ID ACID-PHOSPHATASE; CENTRAL NEVADA; FOREST; NITROGEN; WILDFIRE; NUTRIENTS; PINE; WATER; CALIFORNIA; PHOSPHORUS AB In many riparian corridors of the semi-arid west, stream incision has resulted in lowered water tables, basin big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata var. tridentata Nutt.) encroachment and the loss of the dominant herbaceous vegetation. To determine the potential for restoring basin big sagebrush-dominated riparian corridors to greater herbaceous cover, a fall prescribed burn on sites with relatively shallow (-153 to -267 cm) and deep (-268 to greater than or equal to -300 cm) water tables was conducted. We evaluated the separate and interacting effects of water table depth and burning on total soil C and N, soil nutrient availability, and soil enzyme activities by microsite (sagebrush subcanopy, sagebrush interspace), and soil depth (ash/liter, 0-2, 2-5, and 10-20 cm). Three years after the prescribed burn, tissue nutrient content in silvery lupine (Lupinus argenteus Pursh) and Douglas sedge (Carex douglasii Boott), by microsite, growing in burned and unburned areas of 1 shallow water table site was measured. Influence of fire on soil attributes was largely limited to the top 5 cm. As a consequence of prescribed burning, deep water table sites lost relatively more N and C from litter horizons and released more aqueous-soluble Ca+2 from 0-2 cm mineral horizons than did corresponding horizons from shallow water table sites. Overall, compared to unburned controls, burning: (1) increased aqueous-extractable SO4-2, K+, and KCl-extractable NH4+, (2) decreased activities of the enzymes asparaginase, urease and acid-phosphatase, and (3) decreased KCl-extractable NO3- and aqueous-soluble ortho-P. Out of 16 measured soil attributes reported, 7 were influenced by a microsite main effect and/or interaction. New tissue of silvery lupine on burned plots had greater N, greater Zn and Fe (only on subcanopy microsites) and less Ca than plants on control plots; new tissue of Douglas sedge had greater S and less Na, P, and Zn. The results indicate that burning alone is an appropriate restoration treatment for shallow water table sites because of minimal C and N loss and increased available nutrients for regrowth of understory herbaceous species. Deep water table sites require a burning prescription that minimizes tire severity because of higher potential C and N loss, and reseeding due to a lack of perennial understory herbaceous species and more xeric conditions. C1 USDA ARS, Exot & Invas Weed Res Unit, Reno, NV 89512 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Reno, NV 89512 USA. Fremont Winema Natl Forest, Lakeview, OR USA. Lakeview Interagcy Off, BLM Lakeview Dist, Lakeview, OR 97630 USA. RP Blank, RR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Exot & Invas Weed Res Unit, 920 Valley Rd, Reno, NV 89512 USA. NR 46 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 20 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 56 IS 4 BP 388 EP 396 DI 10.2307/4004044 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 698QZ UT WOS:000184011400013 ER PT J AU Tomer, MD James, DE Isenhart, TM AF Tomer, MD James, DE Isenhart, TM TI Optimizing the placement of riparian practices in a watershed using terrain analysis SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE best management practices; conservation planning; Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program; constructed wetlands; riparian buffers; watershed management ID NONPOINT-SOURCE POLLUTION; CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS; BUFFER STRIPS; MANAGEMENT; NITRATE; QUALITY; REMOVAL; SCALE; ZONES; AREAS AB Riparian buffers and constructed wetlands are best management practices (BMPs) that can improve water quality. However, these practices are not equally effective in all locations. Our objective was to develop maps to help plan the placement of BMPs in a watershed for water quality benefits. Tipton Creek, a 49,000-acre Iowa watershed, provided a case study. Buffer-placement maps, developed from analysis of 30 m (100 ft) elevation data, identified riparian locations with large wetness indices, where buffer vegetation could intercept sheet/rill flows from significant upslope areas. These sites were numerous, typically small (<200 m in length) and welt distributed spatially. However results showed 57% of riparian grid cells would receive runoff from less than 0.4 ha (1 ac). Candidate wetland sites were also mapped by applying interpretive and automated techniques to terrain analyses results. A team of conservation professionals evaluated the planning utility of these maps in the field through consensus-seeking discussion. Buffer maps highlighted areas where, team members agreed, perennial vegetation could effectively intercept runoff and/or manage seasonal wetness. The review team also located three feasible wetland sites, which were all identified by an automated technique showing 12 candidate sites. The methods only required public data and should be applicable to other watersheds. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Nat Resource Ecol & Management, Iowa Conservat Reserve Enhancement Program, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Tomer, MD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 29 TC 60 Z9 62 U1 2 U2 21 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 58 IS 4 BP 198 EP 206 PG 9 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 736UD UT WOS:000186190800013 ER PT J AU Pyburn, DG AF Pyburn, DG TI The Trichinae Certification Program and the role of swine veterinarians SO JOURNAL OF SWINE HEALTH AND PRODUCTION LA English DT Article C1 APHIS, USDA, VS, Des Moines, IA 50309 USA. RP Pyburn, DG (reprint author), APHIS, USDA, VS, 210 Walnut St,Room 891, Des Moines, IA 50309 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC SWINE PRACTITIONERS PI PERRY PA 902 1ST AVE, PERRY, IA 50220-1703 USA SN 1537-209X J9 J SWINE HEALTH PROD JI J. Swine. Health Prod. PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 11 IS 4 BP 190 EP 192 PG 3 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 689LA UT WOS:000183493200008 ER PT J AU Chanmugam, P Guthrie, JF Cecilio, S Morton, JF Basiotis, PP Anand, R AF Chanmugam, P Guthrie, JF Cecilio, S Morton, JF Basiotis, PP Anand, R TI Did fat intake in the United States really decline between 1989-1991 and 1994-1996? SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID DIETARY-FAT; TRENDS AB The objectives of this study were to determine changes in fat and energy intakes in the United States between 1989-1991 and 1994-1996, and to examine the implications of expressing fat intake in grams vs as a percent of total energy intake. The source of data was the Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals. The results suggest that intake of energy rose between the 2 time periods, primarily due to higher carbohydrate intake. There was also a modest increase in fat intake. However fat intake, as a percent of total energy, declined. The higher energy intakes were primarily from beverages, especially soft drinks, food mixtures, grain snacks, and pastries. The primary sources of higher fat intakes were meat mixtures, vegetables, and some categories of the grain group. Similar trends in the Food Supply Series suggested that the changes observed were not entirely due to changes in survey methodology. Because the increase in fat intake was masked by the increase in energy intake, we conclude that assessing trends in fat intake as a percent of energy consumption can be misleading, unless information on total energy and fat intake, in grams, is also provided. These preliminary findings should be interpreted cautiously until they are confirmed by formal secular trend analyses. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Sch Human Ecol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC USA. Food & Drug Adm, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, Washington, DC USA. Dept Vet Affairs, Vet Hlth Adm, Washington, DC USA. USDA, Ctr Nutr Policy & Promot, Washington, DC USA. RP Chanmugam, P (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Sch Human Ecol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 31 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER DIETETIC ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 216 W JACKSON BLVD #800, CHICAGO, IL 60606-6995 USA SN 0002-8223 J9 J AM DIET ASSOC JI J. Am. Diet. Assoc. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 103 IS 7 BP 867 EP 872 DI 10.1053/jada.2003.50166 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 697DF UT WOS:000183926400019 PM 12830026 ER PT J AU Biresaw, G Adhvaryu, A Erhan, SZ AF Biresaw, G Adhvaryu, A Erhan, SZ TI Friction properties of vegetable oils SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE adsorption isotherm; boundary lubrication; coefficient of friction; free energy of adsorption; jojoba oil; methyl oleate; methyl palmitate; safflower oil; high-oleic safflower oil; vegetable oil ID BOUNDARY LUBRICATION; ADSORPTION; IMMERSION; FRACTIONS; WEAR AB Vegetable oils are a renewable and an environmentally friendly alternative to petroleum-based oils in lubrication and other important application areas. Vegetable oils fall into two broad chemical categories: triesters (or TG) and monoesters. Most vegetable oils are triesters of glycerol with FA, whose characteristics are dependent on the chemistry and composition of the FA residues. A small percentage of vegetable oils are monoesters of long-chain FA and fatty alcohols of varying chemistries. In this work, the free energy of adsorption (DeltaG(ads)) of safflower (SA), high-oleic safflower (HOSA), and jojoba (JO), methyl oleate (MO), and methyl palmitate (MP) on steel were investigated. SA and HOSA are TG of vegetable oils with FA residues of radically different degrees of unsaturation. JO is a monoester vegetable oil. DeltaG(ads), is one of the major factors affecting the boundary friction properties of lubricant ingredients. DeltaG(ads) was found to increase in the order: HOSA less than or equal to SA < JO < MO less than or equal to MP. The results are consistent with the degree of functionality and other chemical properties of the oils studied. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. USDA ARS, Food & Ind Oil Res Units, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Biresaw, G (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 24 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 80 IS 7 BP 697 EP 704 DI 10.1007/s11746-003-0760-7 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 711DN UT WOS:000184724500013 ER PT J AU Kenar, JA Wetzel, AR AF Kenar, JA Wetzel, AR TI Preparation of fatty 3,5-disubstituted isoxazole compounds from FA esters SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE 3,5-disubstituted isoxazoles; FA esters; imines; lithiated imine anions; mass spectrometry; methyl linoleate; methyl oleate; methyl palmitate; methyl stearate; nuclear magnetic resonance ID MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; HETEROCYCLES; ACIDS AB Long-chain fatty compounds containing an isoxazole heterocyclic ring system substituted at the 3- and 5-ring positions were prepared in moderate to good yields (40-64%) in one pot by condensing FA esters such as methyl palmitate, stearate, oleate, or linoleate with the lithiated anion of N-(isopropylidene)isopropylamine followed by dehydrative cyclization. This approach allows readily available FA esters to be utilized and incorporated into the construction of the isoxazole ring system. These novel products were isolated then characterized by NMR, IR spectroscopy, GC-MS, and m.p. Mass spectra of the fatty isoxazole compounds, derived utilizing El ionization, showed distinctive cleavage patterns that occurred uniformly along the fatty alkyl chain allowing the position of double bonds to be readily located. Two prominent ions at m/z 97 and 110 were common to all the fatty isoxazole compounds examined and were presumably front a McLafferty rearrangement and a cyclization-displacement reaction, respectively. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Kenar, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 80 IS 7 BP 711 EP 716 DI 10.1007/s11746-003-0762-5 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 711DN UT WOS:000184724500015 ER PT J AU Bentz, JA AF Bentz, JA TI Shading induced variability in azalea mediates its suitability as a host for the azalea lace bug SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Rhododendron mucronatum; oviposition; nymphal survivorship; feeding injury; leaf nutrients; leaf physical characters; Stephanitis pyrioides ID STEPHANITIS-PYRIOIDES HETEROPTERA; CARBON-NUTRIENT BALANCE; INSECT HERBIVORY; NITROGEN-CONTENT; NATIVE CRUCIFER; GAS-EXCHANGE; TINGIDAE; ABUNDANCE; LIGHT; PLANTS AB This study quantified how different shading levels alter the foliar nutrient, C:N ratio, chlorophyll content and key leaf characters in azalea 'Delaware Valley White' Rhododendron mucronatum (Blume) (Ericales: Ericaceae), which. influenced, in turn, feeding, oviposition, survival and development of the azalea lace bug, Stephanitis pyrioides (Scott) (Heteroptera: Tingidae). The mean contents of N, Ca, Fe, and Zn increased linearly with increases in the shading level, whereas P, K, B, Mn, and the C:N ratio of leaves were significantly decreased. Although injured leaves contained significantly less chlorophyll than uninjured leaves, the mean relative chlorophyll content of leaves increased linearly with the, level of shading. Mean leaf area and moisture content of leaves increased linearly with increased degree of shading, while the mean trichome density decreased. The mean number of oviposited eggs and the percent, of nymphs reaching adulthood increased linearly with the degree of shading. Azalea shoots I suffered increased feeding injury as the season progressed, yet unshaded plants suffered more feeding injury than shaded plants. While the mean number of eggs, laid, and the mean number of reared adults, were significantly and positively correlated with the mean leaf N, the mean feeding injury was negatively correlated with leaf N. Although these dependent variables were not correlated with K nor Ca, the mean number of eggs laid, and the mean number of reared adults were negatively correlated with the mean leaf P and with the mean C:N ratio. Mean feeding injury was positively correlated with leaf P and with the C:N ratio but negatively correlated with N. This study shows that shaded plants are of better quality as hosts and that these plants can tolerate infestations by the lace bug. C1 USDA ARS, US Natl Arboretum Floral & Nursery Plants Res Uni, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Bentz, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Natl Arboretum Floral & Nursery Plants Res Uni, 10300 Baltimore Ave,BARC W,Bldg 010A,Room 238, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 48 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 128 IS 4 BP 497 EP 503 PG 7 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 687KH UT WOS:000183375100008 ER PT J AU Chung, SM Staub, JE Fazio, G AF Chung, SM Staub, JE Fazio, G TI Inheritance of chilling injury: A maternally inherited trait in cucumber SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Cucumis sativus; low temperature; mitochondria; paternal inheritance; and RAPD marker ID CHLOROPHYLL BIOSYNTHETIC REACTIONS; TEMPERATURE-STRESS; COLD TOLERANCE; SATIVUS L.; RESISTANCE; GERMINATION; MARKERS; TOMATO; FUSION AB Previous studies suggest chilling tolerance trait is controlled by nuclear gene(s). To investigate inheritance of chilling injury in cucumber, cucumber lines [susceptible GY14 (P-1), tolerant 'Chipper' (P-2), and tolerant 'Little John' (P-3)], and their exact reciprocal F-1 and F-2 cross-progeny were evaluated to determine the inheritance of chilling injury at the first true-leaf stage when challenged at 4 degreesC for 5.5 hours. The mean chilling ratings [1(trace) to 9(dead)] of progeny comparisons were F-1(P-1 x P-2) = 6.2 vs. F-1(P-2 x P-1) = 1.6; F-2(P-1 x P-2) = 6.4 vs. F-2(P-2 x P-1) = 2.7; F-1(P-1 x P-3) = 5.4 vs. F-1(P-3 x P-1) = 1.7; and F-2(P-1 x P-3) = 5.8 vs. F-2(P-3 x P-1) = 2.2. These data suggest that chilling tolerance was maternally inherited as is the chloroplast genome in cucumber. Parents, reciprocal F,, and F, progeny were evaluated for variation using random amplified polymorphism DNA (RAPD). Although no maternally inherited RAPD markers were detected, polymorphic and paternally inherited RAPD bands AD(1249), AV8(916), and AV8(969) amplified by AD2 and AV8 primers were cloned and sequenced. A BLAST search of these sequences suggested that their origin is likely cucumber mitochondrial DNA. These results indicate that the mitochondria genome is not associated with the chilling tolerant trait because this genome is paternally inherited in progeny derived from this reciprocal mating. Therefore, the results of maternally inherited chilling tolerant trait and paternally transmitted mitochondria genome support that the chilling tolerant trait as identified is likely associated with the chloroplast genome which is maternally transmitted in cucumber. C1 Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, Dept Vegetable Crops, Dept Hort, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Staub, JE (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, Dept Vegetable Crops, Dept Hort, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 34 TC 17 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 128 IS 4 BP 526 EP 530 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 687KH UT WOS:000183375100013 ER PT J AU Beaulieu, JC Lea, JM Eggleston, G Peralta-Inga, Z AF Beaulieu, JC Lea, JM Eggleston, G Peralta-Inga, Z TI Sugar and organic acid variations in commercial cantaloupes and their inbred parents SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Cucumis melo; Brix; citric acid; fructose; genotype; glucose; malic acid; oxalic acid; soluble solids; succinic acid; sucrose ID CUCUMIS-MELO L; SUCROSE-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE; MUSKMELON FRUIT; LOW-TEMPERATURE; TOMATO FRUIT; ACCUMULATION; INVERTASE; QUALITY; STORAGE; GROWTH AB Markedly higher average sucrose (58.1%) was recovered from mesocarp tissue of six orange-flesh cantaloupe (Cucumis melo L.) genotypes over three seasons compared to glucose (17.5%) and fructose (25.6%). A significant decrease in sucrose concentration was observed in the fall for all six genotypes, and the glucose (21.2%) and fructose (33.5 %) ratios were also higher in the fall; markedly different than the spring fruit averages. The female inbreds had significantly (P = 0.05) lower glucose, fructose, sucrose, and total sugars than the commercial hybrids. Compared to the male and female inbreds, commercial hybrids had significantly (P = 0.05) higher concentrations of fructose, sucrose and total sugars, but not glucose. Two refractometric digital measures of degreesBrix (degreesBrix-At and degreesBrix-II) in homogenized slurries were positively correlated (r = 0.914; P less than or equal to 0.001), and were also correlated with total sugars (r greater than or equal to 0.839) and sucrose (r greater than or equal to 0.752). degreesBrix of cubes (degreesBrix-cube) was significantly correlated with sucrose and total sugars (r greater than or equal to 0.627). Total sugar was positively correlated with sucrose (r = 0.843; Ps less than or equal to 0.001). Eastern-type U.S. melons had significantly (P = 0.05) higher 'Brix-cube and degreesBrix-At compared to U.S. western shipper-types. Female inbreds were significantly (P = 0.05) lower in mean 'Brix (all three measures) compared to the hybrids and male inbreds, and female inbreds had higher pH than the male inbreds. Western shippers had significantly (P = 0.05) higher pH compared to eastern genotypes. The predominant organic acid in all six genotypes was succinic acid, generally followed by oxalic, citric/isocitric, then malic acid. Succinic acid recovery was significantly higher in all six genotypes harvested in the fall, compared to spring. Eastern genotypes had significantly (P = 0.05) lower organic acids compared to western genotypes. Results indicate that maternal inheritance appears to confer lower sugar accumulating capacity and higher pH, which, is associated with vacuolar acid invertase (AI) and hexose balance. Breeding programs should focus on hybrid vigor derived through accentuating homozygous female inbreds with lower pH and higher capacity for sucrose accumulation, as well as morphological and agronomic traits often carried in the female line. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. Univ New Orleans, Adv Mat Res Inst, New Orleans, LA 70148 USA. RP Beaulieu, JC (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. OI Beaulieu, John/0000-0001-7767-5901 NR 41 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 3 U2 8 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 128 IS 4 BP 531 EP 536 PG 6 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 687KH UT WOS:000183375100014 ER PT J AU Bassett, MJ Miklas, PN AF Bassett, MJ Miklas, PN TI New-alleles, rk(cd) and rk(p), at the red kidney locus for seedcoat color in common bean SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Phaseolus vulgaris; inheritance ID TEST CROSS PROTOCOL; COAT COLOR; C-LOCUS; GENOTYPE; LINKAGE AB Among light red and dark red kidney common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) varieties, pink seedcoat color (light red kidney) is dominant to dark red, but when Red Mexican varieties (with dark red seedcoats) are crossed with dark red kidney varieties, dark red seedcoat is dominant to the pink segregants observed in an F-2 population. A genetic investigation of this reversal of dominance was performed by making crosses in all combinations among standard varieties of the four recessive-red market classes-Light Red Kidney 'California Early Light Red Kidney', Pink 'Sutter Pink', Red Mexican 'NW 63', and Dark Red Kidney 'Montcalm'-and observing segregation for seedcoat colors in F-2 and F-3 progenies. The data were consistent with the hypothesis that 'NW 63' carries a new allele at Rk, viz., rk(ed), where cd stands for convertible dark red kidney. Thus, C rk(ed) expresses dark red kidney seedcoats; and c(u) rk(ed) expresses pink seedcoats. Also, C B rk(ed) expresses garnet brown seedcoats, whereas C B rk(d) expresses liver brown seedcoat color. Thus, we propose the gene symbol rk(ed) for the Rk locus gene in 'NW 63'. The rk gene from Light Red Kidney 'Redkloud' and 'Sutter Pink' was backcrossed (with c(u) b v) into the recurrent parent 5-593, a Florida dry bean breeding line with seedcoat genotype P [C r] J G B V Rk. In the F-2 progenies of BC2 to 5-593, the c(u) b v rk segregants from 'Redkloud' gave true pink seedcoats, whereas those derived from 'Sutter Pink' gave consistently very weak pink color under humid Florida growing conditions. We propose the gene symbol rk(p), where p stands for pale pink, for the distinctive rk allele in 'Sutter Pink'. The more general implications of the above findings were discussed. C1 Univ Florida, Coll Agr & Life Sci, Dept Hort Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. USDA ARS, Vegetable & Forage Crop Res Unit, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. RP Bassett, MJ (reprint author), Univ Florida, Coll Agr & Life Sci, Dept Hort Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 22 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 128 IS 4 BP 552 EP 558 PG 7 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 687KH UT WOS:000183375100018 ER PT J AU Miklas, PN Delorme, R Riley, R AF Miklas, PN Delorme, R Riley, R TI Identification of QTL conditioning resistance to white mold in snap bean SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Phaseolus vulgaris; Sclerotinia sclerotiorum; RAPD markers ID PHYSIOLOGICAL RESISTANCE; DISEASE; INHERITANCE AB Host resistance is an important component of integrated disease management strategies for control of Sclerotinia white mold disease in snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Few resistant snap bean cultivars have been bred, however, because genetic resistance to white mold is not well understood. This study was conducted to examine inheritance and identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for white mold resistance in an F-5:7 recombinant inbred line (RIL) population ('Benton'/NY6020-4). 'Benton' snap bean is susceptible to white mold. Snap bean germplasm line NY6020-4 has partial resistance. The parents and 77 F-5:7 RILs were tested for resistance to white mold across four greenhouse and two field environments. Moderately high heritability estimates were observed for straw test (0.73) and field (0.62) reaction. Selective mapping of 27 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers detected two QTL conditioning resistance to white mold on linkage groups B6 and B8 of the core map. The B6 QTL explained 12% and B8 QTL 38% of the variation for disease reaction in the straw test. The two QTL explained 13% and 26% disease reaction in the field, respectively. Favorable alleles for all the QTL were derived from NY6020-4, except for the B6 QTL conditioning resistance to white mold in the field, which was derived from 'Benton'. The B6 QTL was located near the Ur-4 rust resistance gene, and was associated with canopy height and lodging traits that condition disease avoidance. The B8 QTL was associated with increased internode length, an undesirable trait in snap bean, which may hamper use of white mold resistance derived from NY6020-4. C1 USDA ARS, Vegetable & Forage Crop Res Unit, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. Syngenta Seed Co Inc, Nampa Res Ctr, Nampa, ID 83687 USA. RP Miklas, PN (reprint author), USDA ARS, Vegetable & Forage Crop Res Unit, 24106 N Bunn Rd, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. NR 31 TC 41 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 128 IS 4 BP 564 EP 570 PG 7 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 687KH UT WOS:000183375100020 ER PT J AU Bohanec, B Jakse, M Havey, MJ AF Bohanec, B Jakse, M Havey, MJ TI Genetic analyses of gynogenetic haploid production in onion SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Allium cepa; haploidy; inbreeding; inheritance ID ALLIUM-CEPA L; ANTHER CULTURE; UNPOLLINATED OVULES; PLANT INDUCTION; FLOWER BUDS; IMPROVEMENT; OVARIES; TRAITS AB The production of doubled haploid plants is desirable as an alternative to sexual inbreeding of longer-generation crops. Onion (Allium cepa L.) is a biennial plant and amenable to the production of gynogenic haploids. Although a strong population effect has been observed for gynogenic haploid production, there is no report describing the genetic basis of greater haploid production in onion. We evaluated over years the frequency of haploid production among onion inbreds and identified lines showing significantly (P < 0.01) greater production of haploids. The onion inbreds, B0223B and B2923B, produced the highest mean frequencies of haploids so far reported. Hybrid families from crosses of B2923B with inbreds having relatively low haploid production showed significantly higher haploid production than the low-producing parent and significantly lower haploid production than B2923B. Plants from B0223B and B2923B with established rates of haploid production were testcrossed and/or self-pollinated. The F-1 family from B1717A-1 x B2923B-3 showed rates of haploid production slightly greater than the low parent (B1717A-1) and significantly less than the high parent (B2923B-3). Self-pollination of plants from B2923B showing relatively high rates of haploid production generated S, progenies also producing relatively high frequencies of haploids. Selfed progenies from plant B2923B-6 showed a high mean rate of haploid production (56.8% +/- 14.5%) and, more importantly, the highest level of haploid production (82.2%) reported for any single onion plant. These results indicate that relatively high haploid production, at least for B2923B, was quantitatively inherited with dominance towards low production. We suggest S-1 family selection as an effective method to increase gynogenic haploid production of onion populations. C1 Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, Dept Hort, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Ljubljana, Biotech Fac, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia. RP Havey, MJ (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, Dept Hort, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 25 TC 10 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 128 IS 4 BP 571 EP 574 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 687KH UT WOS:000183375100021 ER PT J AU Foster, SP Noll, M Grugel, S Charlet, LD AF Foster, SP Noll, M Grugel, S Charlet, LD TI A reinvestigation of the role of sunflower chemicals in host selection by female banded sunflower moth, Cochylis hospes (Walsingham) (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae) SO JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE Lepidoptera; Tortricidae; Helianthus annuus; volatile chemicals; pollen ID HELIANTHUS-ANNUUS POLLEN; OVIPOSITION AB The involvement of host plant chemicals in host selection by female banded sunflower moth, Cochylis hospes, was reinvestigated. Pentane, dichloromethane, and methanol extracts of R3 (pre-bloom) Helianthus annuus (sunflower) heads, as well as a pentane extract of sunflower leaves, all elicited oviposition by females. Rotary evaporation of a pentane extract of R3 sunflower heads resulted in decreased, but still significant, activity in the extract, suggesting that both volatile and nonvolatile chemicals are involved in host selection. Behavioral observations supported this, with females landing more frequently, and staying longer, on models treated with extract. The basis of female preference for pre-bloom over post-bloom sunflower heads was investigated. In contrast to a previous report, sunflower pollen had little or no effect on the ovipositional responses of females on a substrate treated with a stimulatory pentane sunflower head extract. Females laid significantly more eggs on isolated involucral bracts from pre-bloom heads than from post-bloom heads. However, dichloromethane extracts of the bracts from the heads of the two growth stages were equally stimulatory to females when tested in a binary choice test. Together these results suggest that temporal changes in bract morphology, may be responsible for the preference of females for pre- over post-bloom heads. Silica fractionation of the pentane and dichloromethane extracts gave 3 and 5 active fractions, respectively. These studies provide the basis for future studies aimed at isolating the chemicals involved in host selection by female C. hospes. C1 N Dakota State Univ, Dept Entomol, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Foster, SP (reprint author), N Dakota State Univ, Dept Entomol, POB 5346, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 13 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-8567 J9 J KANSAS ENTOMOL SOC JI J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 76 IS 3 BP 387 EP 396 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 695EB UT WOS:000183817200001 ER PT J AU Charlet, LD AF Charlet, LD TI Incidence of sunflower beetle (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) land parasitism of its larvae by Myiopharus macellus (Reinhard) (Diptera : Tachinidae) in native sunflowers in North Dakota and Minnesota SO JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE sunflower beetle; Zygogramma exclamationis; sunflower; Helianthus; biological control; parasitoids; Myiopharus macellus ID GREAT-PLAINS; SEASONAL ABUNDANCE; LEPIDOPTERA; HELIANTHUS; INSECTS AB Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) (Asteraceae) is native to North America, which allows for the movement of pests that have evolved on wild sunflowers into commercial plantings. The sunflower beetle, Zygogramma exclamationis (Fitch) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is the most important defoliating pest of cultivated sunflower. The objectives of this study were to investigate native species of sunflower in North Dakota and Minnesota to determine sunflower beetle incidence and the larval parasitoid fauna. Six species of native sunflowers were sampled at 16 locations in eastern North Dakota, in early August 1995, and 25 sites in both eastern North Dakota and western Minnesota, in late July to early August 1996. Larvae were dissected in the laboratory to determine parasitoid species and parasitization rates. Results showed that sunflower beetle occurred on all Helianthus species. The incidence of beetle larvae in 1995 was over 60% and in 1996 was 100% in the collection sites. Although limited to one collection, only one beetle larva was recovered from plants of H. pauciflorus. Dissection of beetle larvae from the different collection sites yielded no new records of larval parasitoids. The only species recovered was, Myiopharus macellus (Reinhard) (Diptera: Tachinidae), which, at some of the sites sampled, parasitized up to 100% of the sunflower beetle larvae collected. This parasitic fly attacked beetle larvae in all species of native sunflowers except H. pauciflorus. Rates of parasitization of sunflower beetle,larvae from the different sunflower species were generally equal to or higher than that found in cultivated H. annuus fields in North Dakota or Minnesota. Subsequent collections to include other species of Helianthus, and to expand the sampling into other states and locations in the northern and central Plains, may result in additional natural enemies to augment the biological control of the sunflower beetle in cultivated sunflower. C1 USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Charlet, LD (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 16 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-8567 J9 J KANSAS ENTOMOL SOC JI J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 76 IS 3 BP 436 EP 441 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 695EB UT WOS:000183817200006 ER PT J AU Ibrikci, H Knewtson, SJB Grusak, MA AF Ibrikci, H Knewtson, SJB Grusak, MA TI Chickpea leaves as a vegetable green for humans: evaluation of mineral composition SO JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE chickpea; leafy vegetables; kabuli; desi; minerals; human nutrition; calcium oxalate; food composition ID CICER-ARIETINUM; CALCIUM-CONCENTRATION; HUMAN-NUTRITION; OXALATE; PLANTS; BIOAVAILABILITY; CULTIVARS; HEALTH; ACID; CA AB Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) is generally consumed as a seed food, being a good source of protein and other essential human nutrients. However, young chickpea leaves are also eaten as a cooked vegetable green in certain parts of the world and could be a useful source of dietary nutrients, especially in malnourished populations. Because little information is available on the mineral content of this food, we characterised leaf mineral concentrations in 19 diverse accessions of chickpea. Both desi and kabuli chickpea types were studied. All plants were greenhouse-grown and were fertilised daily with a complete mineral solution. Young, fully expanded leaves (fourth through seventh nodes from the apex) were harvested at both early and late vegetative stages. The leaves were dried, ashed and analysed for mineral concentrations. Macronutrient mineral (Ca, Mg, K, P) concentrations varied from 1.3-fold to 1.8-fold and micronutrient mineral (Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, B, Ni) concentrations varied from 1.5-fold to 2.4-fold across all accessions. No major differences were observed in leaf mineral concentrations between the kabuli and desi types; mineral concentrations were generally lower in leaves collected at the later harvest date. Microscopic analyses demonstrated that all accessions contained crystal inclusions, suggestive of calcium oxalate crystals. Overall, chickpea leaves were found to be a good source of several minerals required by humans, and the levels of most of these minerals significantly exceeded those previously reported for spinach and cabbage. Published in 2003 by Society of Chemical Industrydouble dagger. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Grusak, MA (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 31 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 12 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0022-5142 J9 J SCI FOOD AGR JI J. Sci. Food Agric. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 83 IS 9 BP 945 EP 950 DI 10.1002/jsfa.1427 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 699CC UT WOS:000184037500011 ER PT J AU Wiegers, AL AF Wiegers, AL TI Valid methods: the quality assurance of test method development, validation, approval, and transfer for veterinary testing laboratories SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article AB Third-party accreditation is a valuable tool to demonstrate a laboratory's competence to conduct testing. Accreditation, internationally and in the United States, has been discussed previously. However, accreditation is only 1 part of establishing data credibility. A validated test method is the first component of a valid measurement system. Validation is defined as confirmation by examination and the provision of objective evidence that the particular requirements for a specific intended use are fulfilled. The international and national standard ISO/IEC 17025 recognizes the importance of validated methods and requires that laboratory-developed methods or methods adopted by the laboratory be appropriate for the intended use. Validated methods are therefore required and their use agreed to by the client (i.e., end users of the test results such as veterinarians, animal health programs, and owners). ISO/IEC 17025 also requires that the introduction of methods developed by the laboratory for its own use be a planned activity conducted by qualified personnel with adequate resources. This article discusses considerations and recommendations for the conduct of veterinary diagnostic test method development, validation, evaluation, approval, and transfer to the user laboratory in the ISO/IEC 17025 environment. These recommendations are based on those of nationally and internationally accepted standards and guidelines, as well as those of reputable and experienced technical bodies. They are also based on the author's experience in the evaluation of method development and transfer projects, validation data, and the implementation of quality management systems in the area of method development. C1 USDA, Natl Vet Serv Labs, APHIS, VS, Ames, IA 50010 USA. USDA, Ctr Vet Biol, APHIS, VS, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Wiegers, AL (reprint author), USDA, Natl Vet Serv Labs, APHIS, VS, 1800 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 22 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 15 IS 4 BP 303 EP 310 PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 703MC UT WOS:000184282300001 PM 12918809 ER PT J AU O'Rourke, KI Zhuang, DY Lyda, A Gomez, G Williams, ES Tuo, WB Miller, MW AF O'Rourke, KI Zhuang, DY Lyda, A Gomez, G Williams, ES Tuo, WB Miller, MW TI Abundant PrPCWD in tonsil from mule deer with preclinical chronic wasting disease SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY; ODOCOILEUS-HEMIONUS; VALIDATION; DIAGNOSIS; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; SCRAPIE; TISSUE; BRAIN; PRPSC; ELK AB A monoclonal antibody dot-blot assay was used to evaluate detergent lysates of tonsil tissue from mule deer to detect PrPCWD, the marker for the cervid transmissible spongiform encephalopathy chronic wasting disease (CWD). Samples of formalin-fixed brain and tonsil tissues from mule deer were examined for PrPCWD using immunohistochemistry (IHC) with Mab F99/97.6.1, the gold standard for diagnosis of preclinical CWD. The contralateral tonsil from each of the 143 deer was prepared for confirmatory IHC and as a 10% (wt/vol) detergent lysate without purification or enrichment steps for monoclonal antibody dot-blot assay. PrPCWD was detected by dot-blot assay in 49 of 50 samples considered positive by IHC. Forty-eight of the positive samples were evaluated with a quantitative dot-blot assay calibrated with recombinant PrR Tonsillar PrPCWD concentrations ranged from 34 to 1, 188 ng per 0.5 mg starting wet weight of tissue. The abundant PrPCWD in mule deer tonsil will facilitate development and validation of high-throughput screening tests for CWD in large populations of free-ranging deer. C1 USDA ARS, Anim Dis Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Wyoming State Vet Lab, Laramie, WY 82070 USA. Colorado Div Wildlife, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP O'Rourke, KI (reprint author), USDA ARS, Anim Dis Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [T35 RR07049] NR 11 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 15 IS 4 BP 320 EP 323 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 703MC UT WOS:000184282300003 PM 12918811 ER PT J AU Bricker, BJ Ewalt, DR Olsen, SC Jensen, AE AF Bricker, BJ Ewalt, DR Olsen, SC Jensen, AE TI Evaluation of the Brucella abortus species-specific polymerase chain reaction assay, an improved version of the Brucella AMOS polymerase chain reaction assay for cattle SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID PCR ASSAY; DIFFERENTIATION; STRAINS; GENES; RB51 AB In a blind test, 344 samples representing 80 bacterial isolates were analyzed by the Brucella abortus species-specific polymerase chain reaction (BaSS PCR) assay for the identification and discrimination of B. abortus field strains (wild-type biovars 1, 2, and 4) from 1) B. abortus vaccine strains, 2) other Brucella species, and 3) non-Brucella bacteria. Identical samples were tested in 2 laboratories. Half the samples were fully viable, and half were bacteria that had been killed by methanol fixation. The results in 1 laboratory correctly identified 100% of the samples, resulting in a predictive value of 100% for all categories and 100% sensitivity and specificity under the prescribed conditions. The second laboratory misidentified 31 samples, resulting in a range of 66.7-100% sensitivity, 93.2-99.7% specificity, and 77.3-98.2% predictive values depending on the category. There was no significant difference in viable versus fixed bacteria for either laboratory. Subsequent review of the protocol indicated that contamination was the likely cause of 26 of the 31 erroneous identifications. The results show that the BaSS PCR assay has the potential to be a very reliable screening tool for B. abortus identification. However, the data also provide a cautionary reminder of the importance of preventing contamination in diagnostic PCR. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Bricker, BJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, 2300 Dayton Rd, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 8 TC 27 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 15 IS 4 BP 374 EP 378 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 703MC UT WOS:000184282300013 PM 12918821 ER PT J AU Fischer, D Rood, D Barrette, RW Zuwallack, A Kramer, E Brown, F Silbart, LK AF Fischer, D Rood, D Barrette, RW Zuwallack, A Kramer, E Brown, F Silbart, LK TI Intranasal immunization of guinea pigs with an immunodominant foot-and-mouth disease virus peptide conjugate induces mucosal and humoral antibodies and protection against challenge SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID GROUP-A STREPTOCOCCI; SYNTHETIC PEPTIDE; CHOLERA-TOXIN; IMMUNE-RESPONSE; CARRIER STATE; M-PROTEIN; VACCINE; MICE; NEUTRALIZATION; SEQUENCE AB Guinea pigs immunized intranasally with a keyhole limpet hemocyanin-linked peptide, corresponding to the prominent G-H loop of the VP1 protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus, raised substantial levels of antipeptide and virus-neutralizing antibodies in sera and of peptide-specific secretory immunoglobulin A in nasal secretions. In groups of animals immunized intranasally without adjuvant, 86 percent were fully protected upon challenge with homotypic virus. Surprisingly, animals given the peptide conjugates plus the mucosal adjuvant cholera toxin were afforded only partial protection in that primary lesions were observed in most animals, although spread to other feet was prevented. These results indicate that intranasal inoculation with the peptide offers a potential route of vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease and may be useful for eliciting protection in the upper respiratory tracts of susceptible animals. C1 Univ Connecticut, Ctr Excellence Vaccine Res, Storrs, CT 06279 USA. USDA, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Greenport, NY USA. RP Silbart, LK (reprint author), Univ Connecticut, Ctr Excellence Vaccine Res, 1390 Storrs Rd,Unit 4163, Storrs, CT 06279 USA. NR 42 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 77 IS 13 BP 7486 EP 7491 DI 10.1128/JVI.77.13.7486-7491.2003 PG 6 WC Virology SC Virology GA 691GX UT WOS:000183598600035 PM 12805448 ER PT J AU Martinez, I Rodriguez, LL Jimenez, C Pauszek, SJ Wertz, GW AF Martinez, I Rodriguez, LL Jimenez, C Pauszek, SJ Wertz, GW TI Vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein is a determinant of pathogenesis in swine, a natural host SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID MAJOR SURFACE GLYCOPROTEIN; WESTERN UNITED-STATES; MEMBRANE-FUSION ACTIVITY; NEW-JERSEY SEROTYPE; RABIES VIRUS; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; ENVELOPE GLYCOPROTEIN; CDNA CLONES; G-PROTEIN; GENES AB There are two major serotypes of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), Indiana (VSIV) and New Jersey (VSNJV). We recovered recombinant VSIVs from engineered cDNAs that contained either (i) one copy of the VSIV G gene (VSIV-G(I)); (ii) two copies of the G gene, one from each serotype (VSIV-G(NJ)G(I)); or (iii) a single copy of the G(NJ) gene instead of the GI gene (VSIV-G(NJ)). The recombinant viruses expressed the appropriate glycoproteins, incorporated them into virions, and were neutralized by antibodies specific for VSIV (VSIV-G(I)), VSNJV (VSIV-G(NJ)), or both (VSIV-G(NJ)G(I)), according to the glycoprotein(s) they expressed. All recombinant viruses grew to similar titers in cell culture. In mice, VSIV-G(NJ) and VSIV-G(NJ)G(I) were attenuated. However, in swine, a natural host for VSV, the G(NJ) glycoprotein-containing viruses caused more severe lesions and replicated to higher titers than the parental virus, VSIV-G(I). These observations implicate the glycoprotein as a determinant of VSV virulence in a natural host and emphasize the differences in VSV pathogenesis between mice and swine. C1 USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Microbiol, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. RP Rodriguez, LL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, POB 848, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. RI Martinez, Isidoro/J-3032-2012 OI Martinez, Isidoro/0000-0002-9949-9264 FU NIAID NIH HHS [R37 AI012464] NR 60 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 77 IS 14 BP 8039 EP 8047 DI 10.1128/JVI.7.14.8039-8047.2003 PG 9 WC Virology SC Virology GA 696QX UT WOS:000183899200035 PM 12829843 ER PT J AU Stabel, JR Palmer, MV Whitlock, RH AF Stabel, JR Palmer, MV Whitlock, RH TI Immune responses after oral inoculation of weanling bison or beef calves with a bison or cattle isolate of mycobacterium avium subsp Paratuberculosis SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE bison bison; cattle; immune responses; Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberctilosis; pathology ID FRAGMENT-LENGTH-POLYMORPHISM; AMERICAN WILD RUMINANTS; EXPERIMENTAL-INFECTION; DIAGNOSTIC-TESTS; PARA-TUBERCULOSIS; JOHNES-DISEASE; DEER; LYMPHOCYTES; STIMULATION; PATHOLOGY AB Paratuberculosis is endemic in domestic and wild ruminants world-wide. We designed the following study to compare host immune responses and pathologic changes in beef calves and bison calves after challenge with either a cattle or bison (Bison bison) strain of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. In the first part of the study, six bison and six beef calves were orally inoculated with a cattle isolate of M. avium, subsp. paratuberculosis over a 2 wk period. In the second part, an additional six bison and six beef calves were similarly inoculated with a bison strain of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Throughout each of the studies, blood and fecal samples were taken monthly for a 6 mo infection period. Tissue samples were obtained at necropsy for culture and histopathologic analyses. Results from this study demonstrated that bison calves were more susceptible to tissue colonization than beef calves after challenge with the cattle isolate and, conversely, that beef calves were more susceptible to the bison strain of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Although lesions were minimal they were most apparent in the jejunum and distal ileum. Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) responses were noted in some calves by 1 mo post-inoculation and were sustained longer in beef calves after challenge with the bison isolate. Antibody was not detected in either beef or bison calves during the 6 mo infection period. These results indicate that the host response to strains of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis may differ between ruminant species. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Bacterial Dis Livestock Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. New Bolton Ctr, Kennett Sq, PA 19348 USA. RP Stabel, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Bacterial Dis Livestock Res Unit, 2300 Dayton Rd, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 27 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 39 IS 3 BP 545 EP 555 PG 11 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 723YM UT WOS:000185459200007 PM 14567215 ER PT J AU Engeman, RM Christensen, KL Pipas, MJ Bergman, DL AF Engeman, RM Christensen, KL Pipas, MJ Bergman, DL TI Population monitoring in support of a rabies vaccination program for skunks in Arizona SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE catch rate; mark-recapture; passive track index; population index; population monitoring; spotlight index; trap/vaccinate/release ID ACTIVITY INDEX; ABUNDANCE AB Three population monitoring methods were evaluated in support of a trap/vaccinate/release program for controlling a bat variant of rabies virus in skunks (Mephitis mephitis) in Flagstaff, Arizona (USA). Skunks were the primary species targeted for population monitoring during the program, but feral cats were also monitored as they represented an abundant secondary vector species capable of rabies transmission. Skunks were vaccinated and released, except for a subset tested for rabies. All captured cats were placed in the local animal shelter. Spotlight surveys essentially did not detect skunks, and were not able to detect reductions in the cat population. Catch-per-unit-effort marginally tracked population trends, but a passive track index adapted for an urban setting was most sensitive for detecting changes in skunk and cat populations. Mark-recapture population estimates could not he validly calculated from the data on captures and recaptures due to multiple violations of analytical assumptions. C1 Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. USDA, APHIS, Wildlife Serv, Phoenix, AZ 85029 USA. RP Engeman, RM (reprint author), Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. EM richard.m.engeman@aphis.usda.gov RI Bergman, David/C-6874-2015 OI Bergman, David/0000-0002-6757-643X NR 15 TC 22 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 6 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSOC, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 EI 1943-3700 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 39 IS 3 BP 746 EP 750 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 723YM UT WOS:000185459200035 PM 14567243 ER PT J AU Morris, MS AF Morris, MS TI Homocysteine and Alzheimer's disease SO LANCET NEUROLOGY LA English DT Review ID PLASMA HOMOCYSTEINE; VASCULAR-DISEASE; COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE; OLDER-PEOPLE; RISK FACTOR; DEMENTIA; VITAMIN-B-12; FOLATE; BRAIN; ACID AB Background A high circulating concentration of the amine acid homocysteine is an independent risk factor for stroke. Alzheimer's disease (AD) commonly co-occurs with stroke. Epidemiological studies found associations between hyperhomocysteinaemia and both histologically confirmed AD and disease progression and revealed that dementia in AD was associated with evidence of brain infarcts on autopsy. Thus hyperhomocysteinaemia and AD could be linked by stroke or microvascular disease. However, given known relations between B-group vitamin deficiency and both hyperhomocysteinaemia and neurological dysfunction, direct causal mechanisms are also plausible. Recent developments A recent prospective study (S Seshadri and colleagues N Engl J Med 2002 346:476-83) showed hyperhomocysteinaemia to be a strong independent risk factor for dementia and AD. The researchers found a graded increase in risk of both outcomes with rising plasma concentration of homocysteine after multivariate control for putative risk factors for AD. In conjunction with demonstration of a fall in homocysteine concentration sin response to increasing B group-vitamin status, these findings give hope that mental decline, or AD itself, could be prevented by dietary modification or food fortification. Where next? 25% of dementia cases are attributed to stroke. The possibility that some of the other 75% might be prevented by the lowering of homocysteine concentrations greatly increases the hope of maintaining self-sufficiency into old age. If homocysteine lowering can reduce the incidence of dementia or AD decreased incidence of these disorders may be seen in Canada and the USA, where government-mandated folate-fortification programmes are in effect. Future research should focus on early detection of AD and on the possibility that the disease itself or its primary symptom could be prevented by folate supplementation. C1 Tufts Univ, JM USDA HNRCA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Morris, MS (reprint author), Tufts Univ, JM USDA HNRCA, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 33 TC 188 Z9 194 U1 1 U2 14 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 1474-4422 J9 LANCET NEUROL JI Lancet Neurol. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 2 IS 7 BP 425 EP 428 DI 10.1016/S1474-4422(03)00438-1 PG 4 WC Clinical Neurology SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 694GF UT WOS:000183765300017 PM 12849121 ER PT J AU Cinelli, P Lawon, JW Gordon, SH Iman, SH Chiellini, E AF Cinelli, P Lawon, JW Gordon, SH Iman, SH Chiellini, E TI Injection molded hybrid composites based on corn fibers and poly(vinyl alcohol) SO MACROMOLECULAR SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th World Conference on Biodegradable Polymer and Plastics CY JUN 04-08, 2002 CL PISA, ITALY DE composites; fiber; fillers; mechanical properties; poly(vinyl alcohol); renewable resources; starch; tensile ID STARCH; BLENDS AB Ongoing research cooperation between USDA and the University of Pisa, Italy has yielded several composite blends of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and corn fibers (CF). The USA is the largest producer of ethanol from cereal grains. Composites based on natural fibers alone are extremely sensitive to water. Their mechanical properties deteriorated upon the absorption of water, thus suggesting a limited usefulness of such formulations in practical applications. In this study, corn-fibers produced during the wet milling process of corn for fuel ethanol were used to prepare composites. CIF and PVA were processed in variable amounts in the presence of both dry/fluid plasticizers, such as glycerol and pentaerythritol. Composites prepared from CF in combination with PVA showed little change in their mechanical properties even after conditioning at variable relative humidities, as well as complete soaking in water. Composites tested after storage for one year under 50% relative humidity and 23degreesC exhibited mechanical properties similar to those of freshly prepared composites. Cornstarch was introduced in the formulation for the purpose of reducing the cost of the final product and to further increase the composition of natural components in the composites. Addition of starch moderately reduced the mechanical properties of the composites. C1 Univ Pisa, Dept Chem & Ind Chem, INSTM Consortium, UdR, I-56126 Pisa, Italy. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Plant Polymer Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Chiellini, E (reprint author), Univ Pisa, Dept Chem & Ind Chem, INSTM Consortium, UdR, Via Risorgimento 35, I-56126 Pisa, Italy. OI Cinelli, Patrizia/0000-0003-2401-133X NR 11 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 1022-1360 J9 MACROMOL SYMP JI Macromol. Symp. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 197 BP 115 EP 124 DI 10.1002/masy.200350711 PG 10 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 724TV UT WOS:000185503500012 ER PT J AU Cinelli, P Chiellini, E Gordon, SH Imam, SH AF Cinelli, P Chiellini, E Gordon, SH Imam, SH TI Characteristics and degradation of hybrid composite films prepared from PVA, starch and lignocellulosics SO MACROMOLECULAR SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th World Conference on Biodegradable Polymer and Plastics CY JUN 04-08, 2002 CL PISA, ITALY DE biodegradation; composites; fillers; poly(vinyl alcohol); renewable resources ID MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; BIODEGRADATION; GELATIN; BLENDS; WASTE; SOIL AB A research cooperation between USDA and the University of Pisa led to the development of several composite blends of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and lignocellulosic fibers. The cast films were prepared by blending orange fibers (OR-fibers) and PVA with and without cornstarch to yield flexible and cohesive films. To improve properties, films were also prepared by crosslinking PVA, starch and OR-fibers with hexamethoxymethylmelamine (HMMM). Films were evaluated for their thermal stability, water permeability and biodegradation. Thermal gravimetric analyses indicated the potential usefulness of such blends in several thermoplastic applications. Films were permeable to water, and retained the moisture content in the soil while retaining their integrity. Films generally biodegraded within 30 days in compost, achieving between 50-80% mineralization. Both neat PVA and blends that had been crosslinked showed comparatively slow degradation. A possible stimulating effect of lingocellulosic fillers on the biodegradation of PVA in blends has been observed. C1 Univ Pisa, Dept Chem & Ind Chem, INSTM Consortium, UdR, I-56126 Pisa, Italy. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Plant Polymer Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Chiellini, E (reprint author), Univ Pisa, Dept Chem & Ind Chem, INSTM Consortium, UdR, Via Risorgimento 35, I-56126 Pisa, Italy. OI Cinelli, Patrizia/0000-0003-2401-133X NR 20 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 9 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 1022-1360 J9 MACROMOL SYMP JI Macromol. Symp. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 197 BP 143 EP 155 DI 10.1002/masy.200350714 PG 13 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 724TV UT WOS:000185503500015 ER PT J AU Schwartz, MK Mills, LS Ortega, Y Ruggiero, LF Allendorf, FW AF Schwartz, MK Mills, LS Ortega, Y Ruggiero, LF Allendorf, FW TI Landscape location affects genetic variation of Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biogeography; landscape ecology; landscape genetics; Lynx canadensis; microsatellite; population genetics ID PERIPHERAL-POPULATIONS; MARGINAL POPULATIONS; ISLAND POPULATIONS; SIZE; EXTINCTION; CONSERVATION; VARIABILITY; DYNAMICS; DNA; BOTTLENECKS AB The effect of a population's location on the landscape on genetic variation has been of interest to population genetics for more than half a century. However, most studies do not consider broadscale biogeography when interpreting genetic data. In this study, we propose an operational definition of a peripheral population, and then explore whether peripheral populations of Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) have less genetic variation than core populations at nine microsatellite loci. We show that peripheral populations of lynx have fewer mean numbers of alleles per population and lower expected heterozygosity. This is surprising, given the lynx's capacity to move long distances, but can be explained by the fact that peripheral populations often have smaller population sizes, limited opportunities for genetic exchange and may be disproportionately affected by ebbs and flows of species' geographical range. C1 Univ Montana, Wildlife Biol Program, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. USFS, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. Univ Montana, Div Biol Sci, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. RP Schwartz, MK (reprint author), Univ Montana, Wildlife Biol Program, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. RI Mills, L. Scott/K-2458-2012; Schwartz, Michael/C-3184-2014 OI Mills, L. Scott/0000-0001-8771-509X; Schwartz, Michael/0000-0003-3521-3367 NR 64 TC 69 Z9 75 U1 3 U2 24 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 12 IS 7 BP 1807 EP 1816 DI 10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01878.x PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 689WA UT WOS:000183514900010 PM 12803633 ER PT J AU Bretz, JR Mock, NM Charity, JC Zeyad, S Baker, CJ Hutcheson, SW AF Bretz, JR Mock, NM Charity, JC Zeyad, S Baker, CJ Hutcheson, SW TI A translocated protein tyrosine phosphatase of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 modulates plant defence response to infection SO MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EXCHANGEABLE EFFECTOR LOCI; HRP PATHOGENICITY ISLAND; ALTERNATE SIGMA-FACTOR; PROGRAMMED CELL-DEATH; DISEASE RESISTANCE; III SECRETION; GENOMEWIDE IDENTIFICATION; BACTERIAL PATHOGENESIS; VIRULENCE DETERMINANT; YERSINIA EFFECTOR AB Pseudomonas syringae strains translocate effector proteins into host cells via the hrp-encoded type III protein secretion system (TTSS) to facilitate pathogenesis in susceptible plants. However, the mechanisms by which pathogenesis is favoured by these effectors are not well understood. Individual strains express multiple effectors with apparently distinct activities that are co-ordinately regulated by the alternative sigma factor HrpL. Genes for several effectors were identified in the P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 genome using a promoter trap assay to identify HrpL-dependent promoters. In addition to orthologues of avrPphE and hrpW, an unusual allele of avrPphD was detected that carried an IS52 insertion. Using this avrPphD::IS52 allele as a probe, a wild-type allele of avrPphD, hopPtoD1, and a chimeric homoloque were identified in the DC3000 genome. This chimeric homologue, identified as HopPtoD2 in the annotated DC3000 genome, consisted of an amino terminal secretion domain similar to that of AvrPphD fused to a potential protein tyrosine phosphatase domain. Culture filtrates of strains expressing HopPtoD2 were able to dephosphorylate pNPP and two phosphotyrosine peptides. HopPtoD2 was shown to be translocated into Arabidopsis thaliana cells via the hrp-encoded TTSS. A DeltahopPtoD2 mutant of DC3000 exhibited strongly reduced virulence in Arabidopsis thaliana. Ectopic expression of hopPtoD2 in P. syringae Psy61 that lacks a native hopPtoD2 orthologue delayed the development of several defence-associated responses including programmed cell death, active oxygen production and transcription of the pathogenesis-related gene PR1. The results indicate that HopPtoD2 is a translocated effector with protein tyrosine phosphatase activity that modulates plant defence responses. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Cell Biol & Mol Genet, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Hutcheson, SW (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Cell Biol & Mol Genet, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 76 TC 89 Z9 93 U1 2 U2 8 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0950-382X J9 MOL MICROBIOL JI Mol. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 49 IS 2 BP 389 EP 400 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03616.x PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology GA 702LE UT WOS:000184224700009 PM 12828637 ER PT J AU Krishnan, HB Lorio, J Kim, WS Jiang, GQ Kim, KY DeBoer, M Pueppke, SG AF Krishnan, HB Lorio, J Kim, WS Jiang, GQ Kim, KY DeBoer, M Pueppke, SG TI Extracellular proteins involved in soybean cultivar-specific nodulation are associated with pilus-like surface appendages and exported by a type III protein secretion system in Sinorhizobium fredii USDA257 SO MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article ID RHIZOBIUM-FREDII; PSEUDOMONAS-SYRINGAE; HRP PILUS; SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; EPITHELIAL-CELLS; STRAIN NGR234; PLANT-CELLS; BACTERIA; TRANSLOCATION; INFECTION AB Several gram-negative plant and animal pathogenic bacteria have evolved a type III secretion system (TTSS) to deliver effector proteins directly into the host cell cytosol. Sinorhizobium fredii USDA257, a symbiont of soybean and many other legumes, secretes proteins called Nops (nodulation outer proteins) into the extracellular environment upon flavonoid induction. Mutation analysis and the nucleotide sequence of a 31.2-kb symbiosis (sym) plasmid DNA region of USDA257 revealed the existence of a TTSS locus in this symbiotic bacterium. This locus includes rhc (rhizobia conserved) genes that encode components of a TTSS and proteins that are secreted into the environment (Nops). The genomic organization of the TTSS locus of USDA257 is remarkably similar to that of another broad-host range symbiont, Rhizobium sp. strain NGR234. Flavonoids that activate the transcription of the nod genes of USDA257 also stimulate the production of novel filamentons appendages known as pili. Electron microscope examination of isolated pili reveals needle-like filaments of 6 to 8 nm in diameter. The production of the pili is dependent on a functional nodD1 and the presence of a nod gene-inducing compound. Mutations in several of the TTSS genes negate the ability of USDA257 to elaborate pili. Western blot analysis using antibodies raised against purified NopX, Nop38, and Nop7 reveals that these proteins were associated with the pili. Mutations in rhcN, rhcJ, rhcC, and ttsI alter the ability of USDA257 to form nodules on Glycine max and Macroptilium atropurpureum. C1 Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Plant Genet Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Microbiol & Plant Pathol, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Agron, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Chonnam Natl Univ, Dept Agr Chem, Agr Plant Stress Res Ctr, Kwangju, South Korea. RP Krishnan, HB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Dept Agron, 108W Curtis Hall, Columbia, MO USA. NR 41 TC 61 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0894-0282 J9 MOL PLANT MICROBE IN JI Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 16 IS 7 BP 617 EP 625 DI 10.1094/MPMI.2003.16.7.617 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA 692PC UT WOS:000183668600006 PM 12848427 ER PT J AU Aime, MC Henkel, TW Ryvarden, L AF Aime, MC Henkel, TW Ryvarden, L TI Studies in neotropical polypores 15: new and interesting species from Guyana SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Ganodermataceae; Guayana Highlands; Hymenochaetaceae; neotropics; Polyporaceae ID RUSSULACEAE AB During fieldwork in Guyana several unusual and distinctive taxa of polypores were collected, three of which are described here as new. The first of these, Amauroderma coltricioides is the first species known in the Ganodermataceae with smooth basidiospores. Coltricia verrucata and Coltriciella navispora also are described as new, and a key to the neotropical species of Coltricia is provided. Finally, a checklist of 73 poroid fungi from Guyana is given, of which 29 are new records for the country. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Biol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Humboldt State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. Univ Oslo, Dept Bot, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. RP Aime, MC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, Rm 319,B011A,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 17 TC 22 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 3 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 95 IS 4 BP 614 EP 619 DI 10.2307/3761937 PG 6 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 731YC UT WOS:000185913200007 PM 21148970 ER PT J AU Skovgaard, K Rosendahl, S O'Donnell, K Nirenberg, HI AF Skovgaard, K Rosendahl, S O'Donnell, K Nirenberg, HI TI Fusarium commune is a new species identified by morphological and molecular phylogenetic data SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE gene genealogies; hyphomycetes; mitochondrial small subunit rDNA; phylogeny; soil fungi; translation elongation factor alpha ID GENE GENEALOGIES; SP NOV.; COMPLEX; GRAMINEARUM; REDOLENS; FUNGI AB Fusarium commune sp. nov. was isolated from soil and Pisum sativum in Denmark and several widespread locations within the northern hemisphere from diverse substrates including white pine, Douglas fir, carnation, corn, carrot, barley and soil. Fusarium commune is characterized by and distinguished from its putative sister taxon, the E oxysporum complex, in having long, slender monophialides and polyphialides when cultured in the dark. Based on the combined DNA sequence data from translation elongation factor 1alpha (EF-1alpha) and the mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal DNA (mtSSU rDNA), the 15 isolates of F commune analyzed formed a strongly supported clade closely related to but independent of the F oxysporum and Gibberella fujikuroi species complexes. C1 Univ Copenhagen, Dept Mycol, DK-1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Microbial Properties Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Biol Bundesanstalt Land & Forstwirtschaft, Inst Pflanzenvirol Mikrobiol & Biol Sicherheit, D-14195 Berlin, Germany. RP Skovgaard, K (reprint author), Univ Copenhagen, Dept Mycol, Oester Farimagsgade 2D, DK-1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark. RI Rosendahl, Soren/F-4461-2014 OI Rosendahl, Soren/0000-0001-5202-6585 NR 29 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 3 U2 11 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 95 IS 4 BP 630 EP 636 DI 10.2307/3761939 PG 7 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 731YC UT WOS:000185913200009 PM 21148972 ER PT J AU Aoki, T O'Donnell, K Homma, Y Lattanzi, AR AF Aoki, T O'Donnell, K Homma, Y Lattanzi, AR TI Sudden-death syndrome of soybean is caused by two morphologically and phylogenetically distinct species within the Fusarium solani species complex - F-virguliforme in North America and F-tucumaniae in South America SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Argentina; conidiogenesis; Fusarium phaseoli; Glycine max; Phaseolus vulgaris; SDS ID F-SP GLYCINES; SYNDROME PATHOGEN; IDENTIFICATION; DISEASE; FUNGI; DIFFERENTIATION; SEQUENCE; AGENT; DNA AB Soybean sudden-death syndrome has become a serious constraint to commercial production of this crop in North and South America during the past decade. To assess whether the primary etiological agent is panmictic in both hemispheres, morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses were conducted on strains selected to represent the known pathogenic and genetic diversity of this pathogen. Maximum-parsimony analysis of DNA sequences from the nuclear ribosomal intergenic spacer region and the single copy nuclear gene translation elongation factor 1-alpha, together with detailed morphological comparisons of conidial features, indicate that SDS of soybean in North and South America is caused by two phylogenetically and morphologically distinct species. Fusarium virguliforme sp. nov., formally known as F solani f. sp. glycines, is described and illustrated for the SDS pathogen in North America, and E tucumaniae sp. nov. is proposed for the South American pathogen. The molecular phylogenetic results challenge the forma specialis naming system because pathogenicity to soybean might have evolved convergently in E tucumaniae and E virguliforme. Phylogenetic evidence indicates the two SDS pathogens do not share a most recent common ancestor, since E tucumaniae was resolved as a sister to a pathogen of Phaseolus vulgaris, E phaseoli comb. nov. All three pathogens appear to have evolutionary origins in the southern hemisphere since they are deeply nested within a South American clade of the F solani species complex. C1 Natl Inst Agrobiol Sci, Genet Divers Dept, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058602, Japan. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Microbial Genomics & Bioproc Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Japan Int Res Ctr Agr Sci, Biol Resources Div, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058686, Japan. INTA, EEA, RA-2580 Marcos Juarez, Cordoba, Argentina. RP Aoki, T (reprint author), Natl Inst Agrobiol Sci, Genet Divers Dept, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058602, Japan. NR 56 TC 123 Z9 133 U1 2 U2 20 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 95 IS 4 BP 660 EP 684 DI 10.2307/3761942 PG 25 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 731YC UT WOS:000185913200012 PM 21148975 ER PT J AU Hernandez, JR Hennen, JF AF Hernandez, JR Hennen, JF TI Rust fungi causing galls, witches' brooms, and other abnormal plant growths in northwestern Argentina SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE morphology; nomenclature; South America; Uredinales; Ypsilospora ID UREDINALES; YPSILOSPORA; BIOLOGY AB Conspicuous galls and witches' brooms frequently are symptoms of rust infections on plant hosts in the ecologically diverse northwestern region of Argentina. These symptoms are caused by systemic or locally systemic spermogonial-aecial infections, although uredinial and telial infections also might be involved. Sixteen species of rust fungi are treated in this paper, most of which cause a plant response that results in enlarged growth. Ypsilospora tucumanensis J.R. Hern. & J.F. Hinnen on Inga edulis is described as a species new to science. Puccinia cordiae Arthur is cited as a new record for Argentina. These rusts also are included: Chaconia ingae, Gerwasia imperialis, Kuehneola loeseneriana, Prospodium appendiculatum, Prospodium elegans, Prospodium perornatum, Puccinia bougainvilleae, Puccinia pampeana, Ravenelia argentinica, Ravenelia hieronymi, Ravenelia papillosa, Ravenelia spegazziniana, Uromyces cestri and Uropyxis rickiana. For some of the scientific names, lectotype specimens have been designated. C1 USDA ARS, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Bot Res Inst Texas, Ft Worth, TX 76102 USA. RP Hernandez, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, 10300 Baltimore Blvd, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 71 TC 13 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 95 IS 4 BP 728 EP 755 DI 10.2307/3761948 PG 28 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 731YC UT WOS:000185913200018 PM 21148981 ER PT J AU Samuels, GJ Fogel, R AF Samuels, GJ Fogel, R TI Clark Thomas Rogerson, 1918-2001 SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 USDA ARS, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Michigan, Herbarium, Ann Arbor, MI 48108 USA. RP Samuels, GJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, Rm 304,B-011A, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 95 IS 4 BP 773 EP 779 PG 7 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 731YC UT WOS:000185913200021 ER PT J AU Kale, SP Cary, JW Baker, C Walker, D Bhatnagar, D Bennett, JW AF Kale, SP Cary, JW Baker, C Walker, D Bhatnagar, D Bennett, JW TI Genetic analysis of morphological variants of Aspergillus parasiticus deficient in secondary metabolite production SO MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID AFLATOXIN REGULATORY GENE; PROTOPLAST FUSION; SIGNALING PATHWAY; BIOSYNTHESIS; FLAVUS; NIDULANS; STERIGMATOCYSTIN; SPORULATION; CLUSTER; HYBRIDIZATION AB Aflatoxins (AFs) are secondary metabolites produced mainly by Aspergillus parasiticus and A. flavus. To study AF regulation, previously isolated non-toxigenic A. parasiticus see - (for secondary metabolism minus) variants were genetically analysed. In parasexual crossing, the sec- strains failed to form heterokaryons and diploids with other see - strains. Heterokaryon test results suggested that involvement of cytoplasmic elements in the formation of see - phenotype was unlikely. At the molecular level, the coding sequence of the see - aflR (the only known positive regulator of AF pathway) was identical to that of their toxigenic sec+ (for secondary metabolism plus) parents. However, the see - aflR expression was 5- to 10-fold lower compared to that in the sec+ forms. RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that the AF pathway genes were expressed in the see- forms but in trace amounts and in their unprocessed forms. Combined, these results Suggest that qflR is necessary but not sufficient for AF production and that elements involved in fungal development directly or indirectly influence its proper function. C1 Xavier Univ, Dept Biol, New Orleans, LA 70125 USA. USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. Tulane Univ, Dept Cell & Mol Biol, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA. RP Kale, SP (reprint author), Xavier Univ, Dept Biol, New Orleans, LA 70125 USA. EM skale@xula.edu FU NIGMS NIH HHS [5S06GM08008-31] NR 50 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0953-7562 J9 MYCOL RES JI Mycol. Res. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 107 BP 831 EP 840 DI 10.1017/S0953756203007998 PN 7 PG 10 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 720RC UT WOS:000185272900011 PM 12967210 ER PT J AU Okubara, PA Tibbot, BK Tarun, AS McAlpin, CE Hua, SS AF Okubara, PA Tibbot, BK Tarun, AS McAlpin, CE Hua, SS TI Partial retrotransposon-like DNA sequence in the genomic clone of Aspergillus flavus, pAF28 SO MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID FUNGUS MAGNAPORTHE-GRISEA; NIGER VAR AWAMORI; LTR-RETROTRANSPOSON; EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS; TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENT; GENE; FAMILY; RETROELEMENTS; FUMIGATUS; PATHOGEN AB A genomic clone of the aflatoxin-producing fungus Aspergillus flat,its, designated pAF28, has been used as a probe for Southern blot fingerprinting of fungal strains. A large number of A. flat,us strains isolated from corn fields and tree-nut orchards can be distinguished because the DNA fingerprint patterns are highly polymorphic. We have completed the sequencing of a 6355 bp insert in pAF28. The sequence features motifs and open reading frames characteristic of transposable elements of the gypsy class. We have named this new element AfRTL-1, for A. flavus retrotransposon-like DNA. C1 USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Hua, SS (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. EM ssth@pw.usda.gov OI Tarun, Alice/0000-0002-0300-6657 NR 35 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0953-7562 J9 MYCOL RES JI Mycol. Res. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 107 BP 841 EP 846 DI 10.1017/S0953756203008116 PN 7 PG 6 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 720RC UT WOS:000185272900012 PM 12967211 ER PT J AU Perez, J Infante, F Vega, FE Holguin, F Macias, J Valle, J Nieto, G Peterson, SW Kurtzman, CP O'Donnell, K AF Perez, J Infante, F Vega, FE Holguin, F Macias, J Valle, J Nieto, G Peterson, SW Kurtzman, CP O'Donnell, K TI Mycobiota associated with the coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei) in Mexico SO MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID FUSARIUM-SOLANI MONILIALES; APIS-MELLIFERA; HONEY BEES; SCOLYTIDAE; FUNGI; COLEOPTERA; TUBERCULARIACEAE; MYCOFLORA; CHIAPAS AB Field surveys were carried out in coffee plantations in Chiapas, Mexico, to collect and identify fungi associated with the cuticle, gut, faeces and galleries of the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei. Insects and coffee berries containing galleries were collected in three coffee farms at different altitudes: Rosario Izapa (425 m), La Alianza (700 m) and Monteperla (950 m). An additional sample consisting of coffee berry borers reared in the laboratory on meridic diets was also included. Results show that there is a great diversity of fungi associated with this insect. 212 cultures, including 40 species distributed in 22 genera, were isolated. The recovery of fungi from the galleries was markedly less than from the borer's body. Three of the isolated species were undescribed; two belonging to the Penicillium and one to Hanseniaspora. Most of the species were collected from the cuticle of the insect, and the presence of fungi was not correlated with altitude. Fusarium, Penicillium, Candida and Aspergillus were the dominant genera with percentage abundance of 26.4, 18.7, 13.4 and 12.5%, respectively. The present study provides a detailed description of the mycobiota associated with H. hampei and represents a significant advance in the understanding of the relationship among this insect and the fungi associated with it. C1 El Colegio Frontera Sur, Tapachula 30700, Chiapas, Mexico. USDA ARS, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Microbial Genom & Bioproc Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Perez, J (reprint author), El Colegio Frontera Sur, Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto Km 2-5, Tapachula 30700, Chiapas, Mexico. OI Infante, Francisco/0000-0002-7419-7606; Valle, Javier/0000-0003-0254-5701; Vega, Fernando E./0000-0001-8103-5640 NR 45 TC 17 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4221 USA SN 0953-7562 J9 MYCOL RES JI Mycol. Res. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 107 BP 879 EP 887 DI 10.1017/S0953756203007986 PN 7 PG 9 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 720RC UT WOS:000185272900017 PM 12967216 ER PT J AU Roovers, LM Shifley, SR AF Roovers, LM Shifley, SR TI Composition, structure, and tree reproduction at White Pine Hollow, Iowa, USA: A remnant old-growth forest SO NATURAL AREAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE old-growth forest; Pinus strobus L.; succession; coarse woody debris; tree cavities ID STANDS AB A relict population of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) occurs at White Pine Hollow State Preserve in northeastern Iowa, USA. White pine was not self-replacing in our study plots here, and without disturbances that alter the successional trend the species will eventually disappear from the flat to rolling uplands where most pines currently occur. Some natural pine reproduction occurs on steep slopes. Live tree density was 967 trees ha(-1), and mean basal area was 34 m(2) ha(-1). Basal area was significantly greater on plots with white pine. Without recruitment of pine into the overstory, these plots will experience declines in basal area. The diameter distribution of all live trees had a negative exponential shape. However, the distributions for white pine, white oak (Quercus alba L.), and northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) were unimodal, with no or few trees in the smaller size classes. Compared to a previous study at White Pine Hollow, there has been a dramatic decrease in the density of white pine and white oak trees, and an increase in sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.). Mean density of standing dead trees was 95 trees ha(-1) with basal area 4 m2 ha(-1). Overall, the number of standing dead trees by diameter class was 10% that of live trees, but this relationship did not hold true for individual species. For white pine and the oaks, the ratio of dead to live trees was much greater than the average for all species combined. The mean volume of downed wood was 66 m(3) ha(-1). C1 Univ Missouri, USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Shifley, SR (reprint author), Univ Missouri, USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, 202 Anheuser Resources Bldg, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. EM sshifley@fs.fed.us NR 21 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATURAL AREAS ASSOCIATION PI ROCKFORD PA 320 SOUTH THIRD STREET, ROCKFORD, IL 61104 USA SN 0885-8608 J9 NAT AREA J JI Nat. Areas J. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 23 IS 3 BP 238 EP 246 PG 9 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 901OB UT WOS:000227290700007 ER PT J AU Paramithiotis, E Pinard, M Lawton, T LaBoissiere, S Leathers, VL Zou, WQ Estey, LA Lamontagne, J Lehto, MT Kondejewski, LH Francoeur, GP Papadopoulos, M Haghighat, A Spatz, SJ Head, M Will, R Ironside, J O'Rourke, K Tonelli, Q Ledebur, HC Chakrabartty, A Cashman, NR AF Paramithiotis, E Pinard, M Lawton, T LaBoissiere, S Leathers, VL Zou, WQ Estey, LA Lamontagne, J Lehto, MT Kondejewski, LH Francoeur, GP Papadopoulos, M Haghighat, A Spatz, SJ Head, M Will, R Ironside, J O'Rourke, K Tonelli, Q Ledebur, HC Chakrabartty, A Cashman, NR TI A prion protein epitope selective for the pathologically misfolded conformation SO NATURE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB-DISEASE; FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS; SCRAPIE PRION; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; DOMAIN PRP(121-231); CELLULAR ISOFORM; ACIDIC PH; CONVERSION; VARIANT; PATHOGENESIS AB Conformational conversion of proteins in disease is likely to be accompanied by molecular surface exposure of previously sequestered amino-acid side chains. We found that induction of beta-sheet structures in recombinant prion proteins is associated with increased solvent accessibility of tyrosine. Antibodies directed against the prion protein repeat motif, tyrosine-tyrosine-arginine, recognize the pathological isoform of the prion protein but not the normal cellular isoform, as assessed by immunoprecipitation, plate capture immunoassay and flow cytometry. Antibody binding to the pathological epitope is saturable and specific, and can be created in vitro by partial denaturation of normal brain prion protein. Conformation-selective exposure of Tyr-Tyr-Arg provides a probe for the distribution and structure of pathologically misfolded prion protein, and may lead to new diagnostics and therapeutics for prion diseases. C1 Caprion Pharmaceut Inc, St Laurent, PQ H4S 2C8, Canada. IDEXX Labs Inc, Westbrook, ME 04092 USA. Western Gen Hosp, Natl Creutzfeldt Jakob Dis Surveillance Unit, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, Midlothian, Scotland. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, ADRU, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Univ Toronto, Dept Med Biophys, Ontario Canc Inst, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada. Univ Toronto, Ctr Res Neurodegenrat Dis, Toronto, ON M5S 3H2, Canada. Univ Toronto, Sunnybrook & Womens Coll Hlth Sci Ctr, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada. RP Cashman, NR (reprint author), Caprion Pharmaceut Inc, 7150 Alexander Fleming, St Laurent, PQ H4S 2C8, Canada. NR 45 TC 202 Z9 209 U1 1 U2 8 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 1078-8956 J9 NAT MED JI Nat. Med. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 9 IS 7 BP 893 EP 899 DI 10.1038/nm883 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 698CD UT WOS:000183979300030 PM 12778138 ER PT J AU Weldon, PJ Aldrich, JR Klun, JA Oliver, JE Debboun, M AF Weldon, PJ Aldrich, JR Klun, JA Oliver, JE Debboun, M TI Benzoquinones from millipedes deter mosquitoes and elicit self-anointing in capuchin monkeys (Cebus spp.) SO NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN LA English DT Article ID INSECTS AB Neotropical monkeys of the genus Cebus anoint themselves by rubbing arthropods and plants against their pelage. A recent study has shown that free-ranging wedge-capped capuchin monkeys (C. olivaceus) in Venezuela self-anoint with a benzoquinone-secreting millipede, an activity by which they are hypothesized to appropriate chemical deterrents of mosquitoes. To evaluate the plausibility of this hypothesis, female yellow fever mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti) were presented with two millipede secretory compounds, 2-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone and 2-methoxy-3-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone, on nylon-reinforced silicone membranes placed over wells filled with human blood, a highly preferred food. Mosquitoes exhibited fewer landings, fed less frequently, and flew more frequently (a possible indication of repellency) in the presence of membranes treated with benzoquinones than with controls. These compounds also elicit self-anointing in captive male and female tufted (C. apella) and white-faced (C. capucinus) capuchin monkeys. C1 ARS, Chem Affecting Insect Behav Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Smithsonian Inst, Conservat & Res Ctr, Front Royal, VA 22630 USA. Walter Reed Army Med Ctr, Walter Reed Army Inst Res, Dept Entomol, Div Communicable Dis & Immunol, Washington, DC 20307 USA. RP Aldrich, JR (reprint author), ARS, Chem Affecting Insect Behav Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 25 TC 39 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 14 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0028-1042 J9 NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN JI Naturwissenschaften PD JUL PY 2003 VL 90 IS 7 BP 301 EP 304 DI 10.1007/s00114-003-0427-2 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 703UC UT WOS:000184298500002 PM 12883771 ER PT J AU Romero-Severson, J Aldrich, P Feng, Y Sun, WL Michler, A AF Romero-Severson, J Aldrich, P Feng, Y Sun, WL Michler, A TI Chloroplast DNA variation of northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) in Indiana SO NEW FORESTS LA English DT Article DE cpDNA; genetic diversity; haplotype; Quercus rubra ID GENETIC DIVERSITY; FOREST; MITOCHONDRIAL AB Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) variation was examined in 48 northern red oaks at 14 sites representing contrasting glacial histories and age structures within the state of Indiana in the United States. PCR-RFLP of three intergenic regions revealed five haplotypes. Haplotype I was common to seven sites and was the most frequent (17 trees). Haplotype II was common to five sites and was nearly as frequent as haplotype I (16 trees). Haplotypes III, IV and V were equally infrequent and did not occur together. Genetic diversity resided among rather than within populations (GST=0.73+/-0.14). This preliminary survey shows that cpDNA diversity will be a useful tool for the investigation of ancient seed dispersal patterns in northern red oak. C1 Purdue Univ, Dept Forestry & Nat Resources, Hardwood Tree Improvement & Regenerat Ctr, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, USDA, Forest Serv, Hardwood Tree Improvement & Regenerat Ctr, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Romero-Severson, J (reprint author), Purdue Univ, Dept Forestry & Nat Resources, Hardwood Tree Improvement & Regenerat Ctr, 1159 Forestry Bldg, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RI Romero-Severson, Jeanne/B-5259-2011 OI Romero-Severson, Jeanne/0000-0003-4112-7238 NR 9 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 7 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4286 J9 NEW FOREST JI New For. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 26 IS 1 BP 43 EP 49 DI 10.1023/A:1024480526680 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 693GR UT WOS:000183709200004 ER PT J AU Cain, MD Shelton, MG AF Cain, MD Shelton, MG TI Fire effects on germination of seeds from Rhus and Rubus: competitors to pine during natural regeneration SO NEW FORESTS LA English DT Article DE blackberry; dry heat; moist heat; shining sumac; smooth sumac; soil seed bank ID UNEVEN-AGED STANDS; SHORTLEAF PINES; COASTAL-PLAIN; FOREST FLOOR; WOODY AB Throughout the southeastern United States, Rhus and Rubus species are common associates of the southern pines on a wide array of upland site and stand conditions. Because of their ability to overrun disturbed sites, these species are categorized as competitors to pine during stand regeneration. Since prescribed burning is often used for site preparation in advance of pine regeneration, this study investigated the effect of fire on the germination of seeds from three pine competitors (Rubus argutus Link, Rhus copallina L. and Rhus glabra L.). During dormant-season burns, sumac seeds were located 45 cm above litter, within the F layer of a reconstructed forest floor, and at the interface of the forest floor and mineral soil. During growing-season burns, fresh blackberry fruits were placed at heights of 0, 15, 30, and 45 cm above the surface litter of a reconstructed forest floor. In subsequent germination tests, sumac seeds from within the F layer of burned litter had significantly higher germination rates for smooth sumac (31%) and shining sumac (42%) as compared to unburned control seeds (1-5%). In general, germination rates for sumac seeds placed in the air or on mineral soil during burning were no better than control seeds. Seeds from blackberry fruits that were located at heights of 15, 30, and 45 cm had germination rates that were comparable to unburned control seeds (18%), but seeds from fruits placed on the litter during burning had <1% germination. Results suggest that sumac seed germination may be enhanced by the heat from prescribed burning, whereas blackberry seeds showed more germination response to multiple germination cycles which indicated a potential for long-term storage in the soil seed bank. C1 US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, USDA, Monticello, AR 71656 USA. RP Shelton, MG (reprint author), US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, USDA, POB 3516, Monticello, AR 71656 USA. NR 34 TC 6 Z9 9 U1 4 U2 9 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4286 J9 NEW FOREST JI New For. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 26 IS 1 BP 51 EP 64 DI 10.1023/A:1024406209842 PG 14 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 693GR UT WOS:000183709200005 ER PT J AU Lilleskov, EA Bruns, TD AF Lilleskov, EA Bruns, TD TI Root colonization dynamics of two ectomycorrhizal fungi of contrasting life history strategies are mediated by addition of organic nutrient patches SO NEW PHYTOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE life history strategy; ectomycorrhizas; organic nutrients; faecal pellets and fertilization; succession; co-inoculation; Rhizopogon occidentalis; Tomentella sublilacina; Pinus muricata ID PINUS-MURICATA FOREST; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI; BASIDIOSPORES; BIRCH; SEEDLINGS; WILDFIRE; NITROGEN; STAND; ESTABLISHMENT AB Here we investigated whether root colonization dynamics of ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) of contrasting life history strategies (i.e. early vs late successional dominants) were affected by resource availability, as mediated either directly via the soil, or indirectly via host nutrition. In a two phase experiment, Pinus muricata seedlings were co-inoculated with spores of early (Rhizopogon occidentalis ) and late (Tomentella sublilacina ) successional dominant EMF, with or without squirrel faecal pellets added as a nutrient source, in single chambers (Phase A) subsequently converted to split-root chambers (Phase B). R. occidentalis colonized seedlings earlier than T. sublilacina . R. occidentalis root tip numbers peaked then declined in both treatments, but earlier in the minus pellet treatment than the plus. T. sublilacina increased steadily regardless of treatment. In the split-root treatment, we found no response by R. occidentalis , and a complex response by T. sublilacina , suggesting that plant nutrition may affect colonization dynamics. The strategy of R. occidentalis may be to colonize roots early in high resource environments; whereas that of T. sublilacina may be based upon slower colonization rates and greater competitive ability. The effect of nutrient additions on R. occidentalis may be highly dependent upon their timing. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Lilleskov, EA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Res Stn, 410 MacInnes Dr, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. NR 34 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 6 U2 26 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0028-646X J9 NEW PHYTOL JI New Phytol. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 159 IS 1 BP 141 EP 151 DI 10.1046/j.0028-646x.2003.00794.x PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 689FL UT WOS:000183480900014 ER PT J AU Lochmann, SE Ludwig, GM AF Lochmann, SE Ludwig, GM TI Relative triacylglycerol and morphometric measures of condition in sunshine bass fry SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article ID LARVAL STRIPED BASS; NUTRITIONAL CONDITION; ENGRAULIS-MORDAX; ANCHOVY LARVAE; GROWTH; FISH AB Condition measures are assessed for wild populations of fish fry to examine production and the implications for recruitment variability. These condition measures might guide management decisions, such as those in fish culture. We developed two condition measures, one based on morphometric measurements and one based on lipid class composition, for sunshine bass (white bass Morone chrysops X striped bass M. saxatilis) fry. Prey concentrations were varied during three tank studies. Fry were sampled periodically and analyzed morphometrically and biochemically. Discriminant function analyses of morphometrics and lipid class composition were used to classify fry into treatment groups. The most successful discriminant function, which was based on morphometrics, correctly classified 75% of the test fry. We developed a condition measure based on relative triacylglycerol (TAG) content. Well-fed fry (15-20 prey/mL) had significantly higher average relative TAG values than poorly fed fry during the third week in two of the studies. Undernourished fry had relative TAG values of approximately 0.5, whereas well-fed fry had values ranging from 1.0 to 5.0. Relative TAG and the morphometric discriminant function are indicators of feeding success and might be used to guide management decisions, such as fertilization or feeding, during phase-I fingerling production of sunshine bass. C1 Univ Arkansas, Aquaculture Fisheries Ctr, Pine Bluff, AR 71601 USA. USDA ARS, Harry K Dupree Stuttgart Natl Aquaculture Res Ctr, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. RP Lochmann, SE (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, Aquaculture Fisheries Ctr, 1200 N Univ Dr,Mail Slot 4912, Pine Bluff, AR 71601 USA. NR 36 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 1522-2055 J9 N AM J AQUACULT JI N. Am. J. Aqualcult. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 65 IS 3 BP 191 EP 202 DI 10.1577/C02-034 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 701BP UT WOS:000184145900003 ER PT J AU Mischke, CC Li, MH Zimba, PV AF Mischke, CC Li, MH Zimba, PV TI Pond fertilization does not affect nutritional value of zooplankton in channel catfish nursery ponds SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article ID FRESH-WATER ZOOPLANKTON; FATTY-ACID COMPOSITION; ICTALURUS-PUNCTATUS; GROWTH; DIETS; FISH; FRY; CAROTENOIDS; SURVIVAL AB We determined the nutritional value of large zooplankton (500-1,000 mum) from fertilized and nonfertilized channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus nursery ponds. Proximate composition, amino acids, fatty acids and assimilated algal pigments were statistically compared between pond groups. Analyses of vitamin and mineral composite samples of zooplankton from fertilized and nonfertilized ponds are presented. Treatment and control pond zooplankton were similar in nutritional value. Only two fatty acids (16:0 and 20:4[n-6]) were significantly different (P < 0.05) between fertilized and nonfertilized ponds, but total n-3 and n-6 highly unsaturated fatty acids were not different. The zooplankton in this study met or exceeded all nutritional requirements of channel catfish fry except that zooplankton in nonfertilized ponds appeared to contain less than the required levels of pantothenic acid and vitamin B-6. However, no statistical comparison of vitamins was made between fertilized and nonfertilized ponds. Because of the high nutritional value of zooplankton present in channel catfish nursery ponds, the importance of maintaining high densities of zooplankton is confirmed. If fertilization practices maintain large numbers of zooplankton, all fry nutritional requirements can be met through the natural biota. Supplemental feeding with prepared diets may still be necessary to ensure that sufficient food sources are available to the fry for optimum growth and survival. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Thad Cochran Natl Warmwater Aquaculture Ctr, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. USDA ARS, Thad Cochran Natl Warmwater Aquaculture Ctr, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Mischke, CC (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, Thad Cochran Natl Warmwater Aquaculture Ctr, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RI Zimba, Paul/O-2778-2013 NR 35 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 1522-2055 J9 N AM J AQUACULT JI N. Am. J. Aqualcult. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 65 IS 3 BP 248 EP 254 DI 10.1577/C02-051 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 701BP UT WOS:000184145900010 ER PT J AU Torrans, EL Hogue, CD Pilkinton, S AF Torrans, EL Hogue, CD Pilkinton, S TI The sock-saver: A small trailer for providing liquid oxygen to remote sites on commercial channel catfish farms SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article AB A small, single-axle trailer was designed and built to hold three 50-gal liquid oxygen Dewar flask tanks. The unit is small enough to be moved around a commercial channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus farm with a pickup truck or small tractor. It is being used successfully to provide supplemental oxygen at remote on-farm locations to channel catfish that are being held in a sock (net cage or live car) at high density before sale. The total materials cost of the complete sock-saver with trailer, Dewar tanks, pressure/flow regulators, and diffusers was $8,333.16. It is simple to operate, durable, and virtually maintenance free. Because no electrical or mechanical power source is required. it can be set up anywhere. The small "footprint" of the trailer does not interfere with the other equipment normally used when loading fish from a sock. Individual flow regulators allow use of one, several, or all eight diffusers as needed. The diffusers and hoses are self-weighted and tangle-free and do not interfere with the normal process of crowding the fish in the sock and dipping them up in the loading basket. The unit can increase dissolved oxygen in a sock by as much as 0.9 mg/L. C1 USDA ARS, Catfish Genet Res Unit, Thad Cochran Natl Warmwater Aquaculture Ctr, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Thad Cochran Natl Warmwater Aquaculture Ctr, Brooksville, MS 39739 USA. Pilkinton Brothers Farms, Columbus, MS 39701 USA. RP Torrans, EL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Catfish Genet Res Unit, Thad Cochran Natl Warmwater Aquaculture Ctr, POB 38, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 6 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 1522-2055 J9 N AM J AQUACULT JI N. Am. J. Aqualcult. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 65 IS 3 BP 260 EP 265 DI 10.1577/C02-049 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 701BP UT WOS:000184145900012 ER PT J AU Phongpan, S Mosier, AR AF Phongpan, S Mosier, AR TI Impact of organic residue management on nitrogen use efficiency in an annual rice cropping sequence of lowland Central Thailand SO NUTRIENT CYCLING IN AGROECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE lowland rice; N loss; N-15 recovery; rice hull ash; rice straw; urea ID FLOODED RICE; GRAIN-YIELD; ALGAL INHIBITORS; GREEN MANURE; N-15 BALANCE; AMMONIA LOSS; DYNAMICS; UREA; SOIL; FERTILIZATION AB Field experiments were conducted in Central Thailand under a rice-fallow-rice cropping sequence during consecutive dry and wet seasons of 1998 to determine the impact of residue management on fertilizer nitrogen (N) use. Treatments consisted of a combination of broadcast urea (70 kg N ha(-1)) with rice straw (C/N 67) and rice hull ash (C/N 76), which were incorporated into the puddled soil 1 week before transplanting at a rate of Mg ha(-1). Nitrogen-15 balance data showed that the dry season rice recovered 10 to 20% of fertilizer N at maturity. Of the applied N, 27 to 36% remained in the soil. Loss of N ( unaccounted for) from the soil - plant system ranged from 47 to 54% of applied N. The availability of the residue fertilizer N to a subsequent rice crop was only less than 3% of the initial applied N. During both season fallows NO3-N remained the dominant form of mineral-N (NO3 + NH4) in the aerobic soil. In the dry season grain yield response to N application was significant (P=0.05). Organic material sources did not significantly change grain yield and N accumulation in rice. In terms of grain yields and N uptake at maturity, there was no significant residual effect of fertilizer N on the subsequent rice crop. The combined use of organic residues with urea did not improve N use efficiency, reduced N losses nor produced higher yields compared to urea alone. These results suggested that mechanisms such as N loss through gaseous N emissions may account for the low fertilizer N use efficiency from this rice cropping system. Splitting fertilizer N application should be considered on the fertilizer N use from the organic residue amendment. C1 Dept Agr, Div Agr Chem, Bangkok 10900, Thailand. ARS, USDA, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Phongpan, S (reprint author), Dept Agr, Div Agr Chem, Bangkok 10900, Thailand. NR 27 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 11 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1385-1314 J9 NUTR CYCL AGROECOSYS JI Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 66 IS 3 BP 233 EP 240 DI 10.1023/A:1024475229663 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 695MV UT WOS:000183835400003 ER PT J AU Nielsen, FH Milne, DB AF Nielsen, FH Milne, DB TI Some magnesium status indicators and oxidative metabolism responses to low-dietary magnesium are affected by dietary copper in postmenopausal women SO NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE magnesium; copper; oxidative metabolism; cholesterol; serum lipids ID GLUTATHIONE-PEROXIDASE; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE; FRUCTOSE; RATS; DEFICIENCY; ZINC; CALCIUM; SERUM; BLOOD AB OBJECTIVE: A study with human volunteers was conducted to ascertain whether a low intake of copper (Cu) would exacerbate the response to a deficient intake of magnesium (Mg). METHODS: Nineteen postmenopausal women, age 47 to 78 y, completed a metabolic unit study as designed. For 162 d, nine women were fed a diet containing 1.0 mg of Cu/2000 kcal and 10 women were fed 3.0 mg of Cu/2000 kcal. Diets contained 99 or 399 mg of Mg/2000 kcal for 81 d in a randomized, double-blind, crossover design. Differences were considered significant when statistical analysis yielded P less than or equal to 0.05. RESULTS: Magnesium balance was highly positive when the dietary magnesium was high but non-positive when dietary magnesium was low. Copper balance was more positive when dietary copper was high than when it was low. Plasma ionized magnesium was decreased by magnesium deprivation. Several variables measured indicated that low dietary copper affected the response to magnesium deprivation or vice-versa. Red blood cell magnesium was lower when dietary copper was low than when it was high. When dietary magnesium was low, serum copper was lower in the women fed marginal copper than in those fed luxuriant copper. When dietary magnesium was high, low dietary copper did not affect serum copper. Magnesium deprivation decreased red blood cell superoxide dismutase when dietary copper was luxuriant; when dietary copper was low, magnesium deprivation did not have much of an effect. Apolipoprotein A1 was lowest when dietary magnesium and copper were low. The order in which the magnesium restriction occurred affected the response of a number of variables to this treatment including concentrations of serum magnesium and total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicated that, in short-term magnesium depletion experiments, the response to depletion can be influenced by other dietary factors including copper intake and a high magnesium intake before depletion, and that 100 mg of Mg/d is inadequate for postmenopausal women. C1 ARS, USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Nielsen, FH (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, POB 9034, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 66 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0899-9007 J9 NUTRITION JI Nutrition PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 19 IS 7-8 BP 617 EP 626 DI 10.1016/S0899-9007(02)01111-5 PG 10 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 694WQ UT WOS:000183798500009 PM 12831948 ER PT J AU Griffin, IJ Hicks, PMD Heaney, RP Abrams, SA AF Griffin, IJ Hicks, PMD Heaney, RP Abrams, SA TI Enriched chicory inulin increases calcium absorption mainly in girls with lower calcium absorption SO NUTRITION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE calcium absorption; inulin; non-digestible oligosaccharide; stable isotope ID NONDIGESTIBLE OLIGOSACCHARIDES; STABLE ISOTOPES; RATS; MAGNESIUM; FRUCTOOLIGOSACCHARIDES; OLIGOFRUCTOSE; HUMANS; IRON; CHILDREN; BALANCE AB We have previously shown that consumption of modest amounts of Synergyl (long-chain inulin enriched with oligofructose) significantly increases calcium absorption in girls. The objective of this study was to determine which subject characteristics are associated with this beneficial effect. Data from our original cohort of 29 girls were combined with those of an additional 25 newly recruited subjects. Calcium absorption was measured twice, in random order, after 3 weeks' adaptation to either 8 g/d Synergy 1 or placebo (sucrose), separated by a 2-week washout period, using a dual-tracer stable isotope method. Overall, Synergy I significantly increased calcium absorption from 33.1% (SD 9.2%) to 36.1% (SD 9.8%, p = 0.027). The most consistent identifiable determinant of a beneficial effect of Synergy I on calcium absorption was the fractional calcium absorption during the placebo period, with those individuals with lower calcium absorption during the placebo period showing the greatest benefit. Abbreviations: C, Caucasian; H, Hispanic; AA, African American. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Creighton Univ, Osteoporosis Res Ctr, Omaha, NE 68178 USA. RP Griffin, IJ (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. OI Abrams, Steven/0000-0003-4972-9233 NR 24 TC 60 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0271-5317 J9 NUTR RES JI Nutr. Res. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 23 IS 7 BP 901 EP 909 DI 10.1016/S0271-5317(03)00085-X PG 9 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 694BW UT WOS:000183754800007 ER PT J AU Tate, P Kuzmar, A Smith, SW Wedge, DE Larcom, LL AF Tate, P Kuzmar, A Smith, SW Wedge, DE Larcom, LL TI Comparative effects of eight varieties of blackberry on mutagenesis SO NUTRITION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE mutagenesis inhibition; berries; Ames assay; blackberry varieties ID ELLAGIC ACID; SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; METABOLIC-ACTIVATION; MUTAGENICITY TEST; INHIBITION; RATS; ACETYLTRANSFERASE; CARCINOGENS; REDUCTASE; AMINES AB Diets containing large amounts of fruits and vegetables are known to decrease the probability of developing cancer. The chemical composition of fruits can vary with their genetic characteristics and the environmental conditions under which they are cultivated. Because of this variability, different varieties of the same fruit could be expected to have different effects on processes leading to carcinogenesis. Blackberries have been shown to have anti-carcinogenic potential. Since somatic mutations play a major role in the initiation and progression of cancer, we have compared eight varieties of blackberry grown under the same conditions for their abilities to inhibit carcinogen-induced mutagenesis. Using the Ames assay, we have measured the effects of each of the eight varieties on: 1) mutation induction by 2-amino anthracene (2AA), 2) mutation induction by methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and 3) cell survival. All varieties were found to strongly suppress 2AA mutagenesis, but have minimal effect on MMS mutagenesis. Experiments were performed with berry juice and with homogenized berries. In addition, berries extracts were acidified to-simulate changes which might be caused by the digestive process. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Clemson Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Greenville Mem Hosp Syst, Greenville, SC 29605 USA. Univ Mississippi, USDA ARS, Nat Prod Utilizat Res Unit, University, MS 38677 USA. Univ Mississippi, Thad Cochran Natl Ctr Nat Prod Res, University, MS 38677 USA. RP Larcom, LL (reprint author), Clemson Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. NR 19 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0271-5317 J9 NUTR RES JI Nutr. Res. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 23 IS 7 BP 971 EP 979 DI 10.1016/S0271-5317(03)00083-6 PG 9 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 694BW UT WOS:000183754800013 ER PT J AU Finley, JW AF Finley, JW TI The antioxidant responsive element (ARE) may explain the protective effects of cruciferous vegetables on cancer SO NUTRITION REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE antioxidant; transcription; ARE; crucifer; cancer; Nrf2 ID NAD(P)H-QUINONE REDUCTASE GENE; PLANAR AROMATIC-COMPOUNDS; TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION; THIOREDOXIN REDUCTASE; GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE; INDUCIBLE EXPRESSION; MEDIATED EXPRESSION; QUINONE REDUCTASE; CELL-LINES; NRF2 AB Research supports the hypothesis that one's diet has a great impact on his or her risk of cancer. Many studies have found that increased fruit and vegetable intake decreases the risk of cancer. Cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli and cauliflower seem to be especially protective against cancer. Most studies show that phytochemicals in crucifers up-regulate many detoxification enzyme systems in the animal that consumes them. Recent reports of the molecular events involved in the activation of a gene promoter called the antioxidant responsive element have begun to provide clues as to how a single substance may induce a battery of many genes. C1 USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Finley, JW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 49 TC 25 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 5 PU INT LIFE SCIENCES INST NORTH AMERICA PI WASHINGTON PA ONE THOMAS CIRCLE, N W, 9TH FLOOR, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0029-6643 J9 NUTR REV JI Nutr. Rev. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 61 IS 7 BP 250 EP 254 DI 10.1301/nr.2003.jul.250-254 PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 738PD UT WOS:000186296300004 PM 12918878 ER PT J AU Probst, JR Donner, DM Bocetti, CI Sjogren, S AF Probst, JR Donner, DM Bocetti, CI Sjogren, S TI Population increase in Kirtland's warbler and summer range expansion to Wisconsin and Michigan's Upper Peninsula, USA SO ORYX LA English DT Article DE carrying capacity; colonization; dispersal; Dendroica kirtlandii; jack pine; Michigan; population expansion; Wisconsin; USA. AB The threatened Kirtland's warbler Dendroica kirtlandii breeds in stands of young jack pine Piniis banksiana growing on well-drained soils in Michigan, USA. We summarize information documenting the range expansion of Kirtland's warbler due to increased habitat management in the core breeding range in the Lower Peninsula of Michigan during 1990-2000. We collected records and conducted searches for the species in Michigan's Upper Peninsula and Wisconsin over 1978-2000. During that time 25 males were found in Wisconsin and 90 males in the Upper Peninsula. We documented colonization of Michigan's Upper Peninsula by six ringed males from the Lower Peninsula of Michigan. Four ringed birds also moved back to the core breeding range, including two males that made two-way movements between the core breeding range and the Upper Peninsula. Thirty-seven females were observed with males from 1995 to 2000, all in Michigan. Nesting activities were noted for 25 pairs and at least nine nests fledged young. One male ringed as a fledgling returned to breed in two subsequent years. After a 19-year period of population stability, the Kirtland's warbler population increased four-fold during 1990-2000, most likely in response to a tripling in habitat area. This increase in sightings and documented breeding may be related to habitat availability in Michigan's Upper Peninsula and to saturation of habitat in the main breeding range. The increase in extra-limital records during 1995-1999 corresponds to the time when the population went from the minimum to the maximum projected population densities, and a decline in natural wildfire habitat was just offset by new managed habitat for the Kirtland's warbler. C1 Forest Serv, USDA, No Cent Res Stn, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. Calif Univ Penn, US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, California, PA 15419 USA. Forest Serv, USDA, St Ignace, MI 49781 USA. RP Probst, JR (reprint author), Forest Serv, USDA, No Cent Res Stn, 5985 Highway K, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. NR 24 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 12 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4221 USA SN 0030-6053 J9 ORYX JI Oryx PD JUL PY 2003 VL 37 IS 3 BP 365 EP 373 DI 10.1017/S0030605303000632 PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 727VH UT WOS:000185681200020 ER PT J AU Tepedino, VJ Pitts, JP AF Tepedino, VJ Pitts, JP TI A host record for Dasymutilla stevensi Mickel (Hymenoptera : Mutillidae) from Capitol Reef National Park, Utah SO PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Utah State Univ, Dept Biol, USDA ARS, Bee Biol & Systemat Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Tepedino, VJ (reprint author), Utah State Univ, Dept Biol, USDA ARS, Bee Biol & Systemat Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOL SOC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA CALIFORNIA ACAD OF SCIENCES GOLDEN GATE PARK, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94118 USA SN 0031-0603 J9 PAN-PAC ENTOMOL JI Pan-Pacific Entomol. PD JUL-OCT PY 2003 VL 79 IS 3-4 BP 245 EP 246 PG 2 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 858GS UT WOS:000224180900012 ER PT J AU Almeria, S De Marez, T Dawson, H Araujo, R Dubey, JP Gasbarre, LC AF Almeria, S De Marez, T Dawson, H Araujo, R Dubey, JP Gasbarre, LC TI Cytokine gene expression in dams and foetuses after experimental Neospora caninum infection of heifers at 110 days of gestation SO PARASITE IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cytokines; lymphocyte subpopulations; Neospora caninum; pregnant cattle; real time RT-PCR ID NECROSIS-FACTOR-ALPHA; CD4(+) T-CELLS; INTERFERON-GAMMA; DAIRY-CATTLE; VERTICAL TRANSMISSION; IMMUNE-RESPONSES; IFN-GAMMA; INTRACELLULAR MULTIPLICATION; PERITONEAL-MACROPHAGES; SUCCESSFUL PREGNANCY AB Neospora caninum is a major cause of abortion in cattle. An essential role for Th1 cytokines, such as IFN-gamma and IL-12 in protective immunity against N. caninum in murine models has been indicated. However, little is known about immunity to Neospora in pregnant cattle where a considerable level of immunomodulation may exist. In this study, the immune response of heifers infected early in the second trimester of pregnancy by intravenous inoculation of N. caninum tachyzoites was compared with immune responses in uninfected pregnant heifers. Animals were killed 3 weeks after infection. No abortion was observed in any infected dam, however, transplacental infection was shown to have already taken place. Infection with N. caninum during pregnancy induced significant immune responses in both dams and their foetuses. Infected dams showed significant changes in lymphocyte sub-populations compared with uninfected pregnant animals and these changes were compartmentalized. Increased levels of T lymphocytes were observed in the infected foetuses. Cytokine gene expression analysed by real time RT-PCR showed increased expression of both Th1 and Th2 cytokines in N. caninum infected animals. This cytokine expression could have a role in the transplacental transmission of the parasite and/or mediate tissue damage. C1 ARS, USDA, IDRL, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Autonomous Univ Barcelona, Sch Vet, Barcelona, Spain. ARS, USDA, BHNRC, Beltsville, MD USA. ARS, USDA, APDL, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Gasbarre, LC (reprint author), ARS, USDA, IDRL, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Dawson, Harry/H-8242-2013; Almeria, Sonia/N-4663-2014 OI Almeria, Sonia/0000-0002-0558-5488 NR 51 TC 42 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0141-9838 J9 PARASITE IMMUNOL JI Parasite Immunol. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 25 IS 7 BP 383 EP 392 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3024.2003.00645.x PG 10 WC Immunology; Parasitology SC Immunology; Parasitology GA 733ZL UT WOS:000186030700005 PM 14521581 ER PT J AU Fetterer, RH Augustine, PC Allen, PC Barfield, RC AF Fetterer, RH Augustine, PC Allen, PC Barfield, RC TI The effect of dietary betaine on intestinal and plasma levels of betaine in uninfected and coccidia-infected broiler chicks SO PARASITOLOGY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID RAW-264.7 MOUSE MACROPHAGES; EIMERIA-MAXIMA INFECTIONS; IN-VITRO; ORGANIC OSMOLYTES; ACERVULINA; METHIONINE; MODULATION; LIVER; CELLS; OSMOREGULATION AB Chicks fed betaine supplemented diets and infected with Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria maxima had markedly higher levels of betaine in the duodenum and mid-gut than unsupplemented, infected chicks. Uninfected chicks fed betaine exhibited almost twice the levels of betaine in the gut as infected chicks. Plasma betaine levels were lower in E. maxima-infected chicks than in E. acervulina-or Eimeria tenella-infected chicks. Betaine supplementation reversed the decrease in weight gain in E. maxima- infected chicks but had no effect on the decrease in weight gains in E acervulina- and E. tenella-infected chicks. Coccidia-infected birds on normal diets regularly exhibit increases in plasma NO2+NO3. This increase was abolished in E.tenella-infected birds on betaine supplement. Betaine feeding did not alter this effect in E. acervulina- and E. maxima-infected birds. Results indicate that betaine supplementation has a positive effect on gut betaine levels in birds infected with E. acervulina and E. maxima. In all treatment groups, infection lowered the levels of betaine. C1 ARS, Parasite Biol Epidemil & Systemat Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Henry A Wallace Beltsville Agr Res Ctr,USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Fetterer, RH (reprint author), ARS, Parasite Biol Epidemil & Systemat Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Henry A Wallace Beltsville Agr Res Ctr,USDA, BLD 1040, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 27 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0932-0113 J9 PARASITOL RES JI Parasitol. Res. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 90 IS 4 BP 343 EP 348 DI 10.1007/s00436-003-0864-z PG 6 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 701HD UT WOS:000184161400015 PM 12700979 ER PT J AU Rogan, J Miller, J Stow, D Franklin, J Levien, L Fischer, C AF Rogan, J Miller, J Stow, D Franklin, J Levien, L Fischer, C TI Land-cover change monitoring with classification trees using Landsat TM and ancillary data SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID REMOTELY-SENSED DATA; NEURAL NETWORKS; SATELLITE DATA; ACCURACY; INTEGRATION; ALGORITHMS; MOUNTAINS; MULTIPLE; IMAGES; SCALES AB We monitored land-cover change in San Diego County (1990-1996) using multitemporal Landsat TM data. Change vectors of Kauth Thomas features were combined with stable multitemporal Kauth Thomas features and a suite Of ancillary variables within a classification tree classifier. A combination of aerial photointerpretation and field measurements yielded training and validation data, Maps of land-cover change were generated for three hierarchical levels of change classification of increasing detail: change vs. no-change; four classes representing broad increase and decrease classes; and nine classes distinguishing increases or decreases in tree canopy cover, shrub cover, and urban change. The multitemporal Kauth Thomas (both stable and change features representing brightness, greenness, and wetness) provided information for magnitude and direction of land-cover change, Overall accuracies of the land-cover change maps were high (72 to 92 percent). Ancillary variables representing elevation, fire history, and slope were most significant in mapping the most complicated level of land-cover change, contributing 15 percent to overall accuracy. Classification trees have not previously been used operationally with remotely sensed and ancillary data to map land-cover change at this level of thematic detail. C1 San Diego State Univ, Dept Geog, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Sacramento, CA 95814 USA. Calif Dept Forestry & Fire Protect, Sacramento, CA 95814 USA. RP Rogan, J (reprint author), Clark Univ, Clark Sch Geog, 950 Main St, Worcester, MA 01610 USA. EM JRogan@clarku.edu NR 67 TC 89 Z9 91 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 69 IS 7 BP 793 EP 804 PG 12 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 817RC UT WOS:000221193600006 ER PT J AU Leblond, JD Evens, TJ Chapman, PJ AF Leblond, JD Evens, TJ Chapman, PJ TI The biochemistry of dinoflagellate lipids, with particular reference to the fatty acid and sterol composition of a Karenia brevis bloom SO PHYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article ID HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS; RED-TIDE DINOFLAGELLATE; LOW-TEMPERATURE PHOTOINHIBITION; IONIZATION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; GYMNODINIUM-BREVE; PHAEODACTYLUM-TRICORNUTUM; OCTADECAPENTAENOIC ACID; TOXIC DINOFLAGELLATE; MARINE MICROALGAE; EPIPHYTIC DINOFLAGELLATE AB The harmful marine dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis (Dinophyceae), frequently forms large toxic blooms in the waters off the west coast of Florida (USA) and is responsible for massive fish kills and public health concerns. Despite decades of field studies on this organism, no investigation has yet characterized the lipid composition of a K. brevis bloom. To address this lack of information, samples from a 1999 K. brevis bloom from the north-west Florida coast were analysed for their fatty acid and sterol composition. Fatty acids found in different lipid fractions containing membrane phospholipids, chloroplast-associated glycolipids or storage triglycerides differed significantly. The glycolipid fraction was found to contain octadecapentaenoic acid [18:5(n-3)], a fatty acid commonly associated with dinoflagellates. The phospholipid fraction was found to contain small amounts of two recently described, highly unsaturated fatty acids, octacosaoctaenoic acid [28:8(n-3)] and octacosaheptaenoic acid [28:7(n-6)]. Fatty acids from the triglyceride fraction were more abundant than those associated with glycolipids or phospholipids. Sterols were found mainly as free sterols and were dominated by two compounds, (24S)4alpha-methyl-5alpha-ergosta-8(14),22-dien-3beta-ol and its 27-nor derivative. The lipid composition of these samples very closely resembles laboratory-grown cultures of K. brevis and serves to provide an in situ field validation of past laboratory examinations of this organism. The implications of our data are discussed in the context of the physiological autecology of K. brevis, in the form of a minireview on the biochemistry of dinoflagellate lipids, as studied in both the laboratory and the environment. C1 Middle Tennessee State Univ, Dept Biol, Murfreesboro, TN 37132 USA. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth Effects & Environm Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Leblond, JD (reprint author), Middle Tennessee State Univ, Dept Biol, Murfreesboro, TN 37132 USA. EM jleblond@mtsu.edu NR 97 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 4 U2 15 PU INT PHYCOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA NEW BUSINESS OFFICE, PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0031-8884 J9 PHYCOLOGIA JI Phycologia PD JUL PY 2003 VL 42 IS 4 BP 324 EP 331 DI 10.2216/i0031-8884-42-4-324.1 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 719ZH UT WOS:000185234800002 ER PT J AU Wise, ML AF Wise, ML TI Monoterpene biosynthesis in marine algae SO PHYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article ID GRACILARIA-CONFERTA RHODOPHYTA; FARNESYL-DIPHOSPHATE SYNTHASE; SEAWEED OCHTODES-SECUNDIRAMEA; HOST-PATHOGEN INTERACTIONS; SAGE SALVIA-OFFICINALIS; NATURAL-PRODUCTS; RED ALGA; FUNCTIONAL EXPRESSION; HALOGENATED MONOTERPENES; CDNA ISOLATION AB Marine algae produce a variety of secondary metabolites, including monoterpenes, which present several highly unusual characteristics. The algal monoterpenes are nearly always halogenated and they possess ring structures quite unlike those in monoterpenes originating from terrestrial plants, suggesting novel biosynthetic pathways and mechanisms. Although limited in scope and number, field studies suggest that these compounds play a role in the defence of marine algae, similar to the role played by the more extensively studied terrestrial monoterpenes. This review examines the biogenetic pathways proposed for marine algal halogenated monoterpenes and compares them with the more thoroughly defined biosynthetic mechanisms of monoterpenes in terrestrial plants. A detailed characterization of monoterpene biosynthesis in cultured Ochtodes secundiramea (Rhodophyta) is also presented as a model for studying the biosynthesis of these unusual metabolites and evaluating their ecological functions. C1 USDA ARS, Cereal Crops Res Unit, Madison, WI 53726 USA. RP Wise, ML (reprint author), USDA ARS, Cereal Crops Res Unit, Madison, WI 53726 USA. NR 76 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 9 PU INT PHYCOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA NEW BUSINESS OFFICE, PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0031-8884 J9 PHYCOLOGIA JI Phycologia PD JUL PY 2003 VL 42 IS 4 BP 370 EP 377 DI 10.2216/i0031-8884-42-4-370.1 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 719ZH UT WOS:000185234800006 ER PT J AU Muhitch, MJ Liang, H Sollenberger, KG AF Muhitch, MJ Liang, H Sollenberger, KG TI Transformation efficiencies and expression patterns of a series of truncated GS(1-2) promoter/GUS transgenes in maize SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article ID GLUTAMINE-SYNTHETASE GENES; ZEA-MAYS KERNELS; AGROBACTERIUM-TUMEFACIENS; METABOLISM; HOMOLOGY; PROTEIN; PLANTS; ENDOSPERM; ENZYMES; EMBRYO AB One isoform of maize glutamine synthetase, encoded by GS(1-2), is localized exclusively in the maternal tissues of the developing kernel. Previously, we have demonstrated the ability of the proximal 664 base pair 5' upstream portion of GS(1-2) to drive maternal tissue-specific GUS expression in transgenic maize kernels (Muhitch et al. Plant Sci. 163: 865-872). In this report, a series of GS(1-2) promoter/GUS reporter transgenes, progressively truncated from the 5' end of the full length 664 base pair promoter, were evaluated for transformation efficiency and their ability to drive tissue-specific gene expression in transgenic maize. Analysis of transgene integration and expression suggests that GS(1-2) /GUS transgenes were incorporated efficiently into the maize genome, but were not expressed efficiently in maize cells. Truncation of the promoter from -664 to -394, -206 or -72, relative to the putative transcription start site, resulted in the loss of tissue specific expression within the kernels of transformed plants. Among the truncated series, moderate staining was exhibited by the -394 promoter/GUS gene transformants, stronger staining was found in -206 promoter/GUS gene transformants, but relatively weak and variable staining occurred in plants transformed with the -72/GUS gene. Likely explanations for these observations are considered. C1 ARS, Mycotoxin Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Muhitch, MJ (reprint author), ARS, Mycotoxin Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 118 IS 3 BP 346 EP 351 DI 10.1034/j.1399-3054.2003.00122.x PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 691KF UT WOS:000183604600006 ER PT J AU Gardner, DR Lee, ST Molyneux, RJ Edgar, JA AF Gardner, DR Lee, ST Molyneux, RJ Edgar, JA TI Preparative isolation of swainsonine from locoweed: Extraction and purification procedures SO PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE liquid/liquid extraction; sublimation; recrystallisation; swainsonine; methylboronate derivative; Astragalus lentiginosus ID ALPHA-MANNOSIDASE INHIBITOR; OXYTROPIS SPP.; PHASE-I; (-)-SWAINSONINE; ASTRAGALUS; GLYCOPROTEINS; ALKALOIDS; OLIGOSACCHARIDES; LIVESTOCK; CANESCENS AB The trihydroxy indolizidine alkaloid swainsonine, a plant toxin with potent a-mannosidase-inhibitory activity and chemotherapeutic potential, was isolated in gram quantities from locoweed (Astragalus lentiginosus). The key isolation and purification step was a continuous liquid/liquid extraction procedure using dichloromethane to extract a basified aqueous methanol solution obtained after isolation of the polar base fraction by ion-exchange. The concentration of swainsonine was increased from ca. 7% in the polar base material to 68% using the liquid/liquid extraction procedure. Pure swainsonine was then obtained by recrystallisation from ammonia-saturated chloroform or by sublimation. Small samples of swainsonine were also purified by formation of the chloroform-soluble methylboronate derivative, from which the alkaloid could be regenerated easily by hydrolysis. Copyright (C) 2003 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 ARS, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, USDA, Logan, UT 84341 USA. ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Albany, CA 94710 USA. CSIRO, Hlth Anim Lab, Plant Toxins Unit, Geelong, Vic 3220, Australia. RP Gardner, DR (reprint author), ARS, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, USDA, 1150 E 1400 N, Logan, UT 84341 USA. NR 37 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 5 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0958-0344 J9 PHYTOCHEM ANALYSIS JI Phytochem. Anal. PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 14 IS 4 BP 259 EP 266 DI 10.1002/pca.713 PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences; Chemistry GA 704PU UT WOS:000184349300012 PM 12892424 ER PT J AU Jung, HJG AF Jung, HJG TI Maize stem tissues: ferulate deposition in developing internode cell walls SO PHYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Zea mays; Poaceac; maize; development; cell wall; ferulates ID LEAF ELONGATION ZONE; CROSS-LINKS; TALL FESCUE; SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION; PEROXIDASE-ACTIVITY; LIGNIN; POLYSACCHARIDES; GRASSES; LENGTH; ESTERS AB It has been hypothesized that ferulates are only deposited in the primary cell wall of grasses. To test this hypothesis, the fourth elongating. above-ground internode of maize (Zea mays l.) was sampled from three maize hybrids throughout development. Cell wall composition was determined by the Uppsala Dietary Fibre method. Ester- and ether-linked ferulates were determined by HPLC analysis of ferulic acid released from the internodes by tow and high temperature alkaline treatments. Internode length increased from 9 to 152 mm over 96 days of growth, with elongation being complete in the first 12 days. More than half of the cell wall material in the maize internodes accumulated after elongation had ended. Deposition of cell wall material appeared to reach its maximum extent 40 days after sampling began, well before physiological maturity of the maize plants. Galactose and arabinose began to accumulate early in cell wall development which was presumed to be associated with primary wall growth during internode elongation. The major secondary wall constituents (analyzed as glucose, xylose, and Klason lignin) did not begin to accumulate rapidly until shortly, before internode elongation ended. Ferulate ester deposition began before ferulate ethers were observed in the cell wall, but both forms of ferulate continued to accumulate in secondary cell walls, long after internode elongation had ceased. These data clearly show that contrary to the hypothesis, ferulate deposition was not restricted to the primary wall and that active lignin/polysaccharide cross-linking mediated by ferulates occurs in the secondary wall. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP USDA ARS, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM jungx002@umn.edu NR 24 TC 51 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 13 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0031-9422 J9 PHYTOCHEMISTRY JI Phytochemistry PD JUL PY 2003 VL 63 IS 5 BP 543 EP 549 DI 10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00221-8 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 694MD UT WOS:000183777600005 PM 12809714 ER PT J AU Doss, RP Deisenhofer, J von Nidda, HAK Soeldner, AH McGuire, RP AF Doss, RP Deisenhofer, J von Nidda, HAK Soeldner, AH McGuire, RP TI Melanin in the extracellular matrix of germlings of Botrytis cinerea SO PHYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Botrytis cinerea; Sclerotiniaceae; grey mold; extracellular matrix; composition; melanin ID ADHESION AB Previous work on the composition of the extracellular matrix of germlings of the plant pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea demonstrated the presence of carbohydrate, protein, and simple lipids; which, together, comprised 50-60% of the dry weight. Here we show that most of the remaining mass of the extracellular matrix consists of a chemically inert dark pigment with the electron paramagnetic resonance characteristics of a melanin. Scanning electron micrographs of the purified pigment, and transmission electron micrographs of thin sections made using the pigment indicate that it has a filamentous structure. We conclude that melanin is an important component of the extracellular matrix of germlings of B. cinerea. This is the first report of a melanin present in the extracellular matrix of a plant pathogenic fungus. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Hort, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Augsburg, Inst Phys, EKM, D-86159 Augsburg, Germany. Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Doss, RP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Unit, 3420 NW Orchard Ave, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RI Deisenhofer, Joachim/G-8937-2011 OI Deisenhofer, Joachim/0000-0002-7645-9390 NR 18 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0031-9422 J9 PHYTOCHEMISTRY JI Phytochemistry PD JUL PY 2003 VL 63 IS 6 BP 687 EP 691 DI 10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00323-6 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 699PJ UT WOS:000184064900007 PM 12842141 ER PT J AU Hampton, R Nickerson, G Whitney, P Haunold, A AF Hampton, R Nickerson, G Whitney, P Haunold, A TI Comparative chemical attributes of native North American hop, Humulus lupulus var. lupuloides E. Small (vol 61, pg 855, 2002) SO PHYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Correction C1 USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Environm & Mol Toxicol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USDA ARS, Forage Seed & Cereal Res, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RP Hampton, R (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Unit, 3420 NW Orchard Ave, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0031-9422 J9 PHYTOCHEMISTRY JI Phytochemistry PD JUL PY 2003 VL 63 IS 6 BP 737 EP 738 DI 10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00248-6 PG 2 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 699PJ UT WOS:000184064900014 ER PT J AU Brown-Guedira, GL Singh, S Fritz, AK AF Brown-Guedira, GL Singh, S Fritz, AK TI Performance and mapping of leaf rust resistance transferred to wheat from Triticum timopheevii subsp armeniacum SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COMMON WHEAT; MICROSATELLITE MARKERS; AEGILOPS-TAUSCHII; BREAD WHEAT; D-GENOME; GENES; ARARATICUM; DISEASE AB Host plant resistance is an economical and environmentally sound method of control of leaf rust caused by the fungus Puccinia triticina. which is one of the most serious diseases of wheat (Triticum aestivum) worldwide. Wild relatives of wheat. including the tetraploid T timopheevii subsp. anneniacum, represent an important source of genes for resistance to leaf rust. The objectives of this study were to (i) evaluate the performance of leaf rust resistance genes previously transferred to wheat from three accessions of T timopheevii subsp. armeniacum, (ii) determine inheritance and allelic relationship of the new leaf rust resistance genes, and (iii) determine the genetic map location of one of the T timopheevii subsp. armeniacum-derived genes using microsatellite markers. The leaf rust resistance gene transferred to hexaploid wheat from accession TA 28 of T timopheevii subsp. armeniocum exhibited slightly different infection types (ITs) to diverse races of leaf rust in inoculated tests of seedlings compared with the gene transferred from TA 870 and TA 874. High ITs were exhibited when seedlings of all the germ plasm lines were inoculated with P. triticina races MBRL and PNMQ. However, low ITs were observed on adult plants of all lines having the T timopheevii subsp. armeniacum-derived genes for resistance in the field at locations in Kansas and Texas. Analysis of crosses between resistant germ plasm lines showed that accessions TA 870 and TA 874 donated the same gene for resistance to leaf rust and TA 28 donated an independent resistance gene. The gene donated to germ plasm line KS96WGRC36 from TA 870 of T timopheevii subsp. armeniacum was linked to microsatellite markers Xgwm382 (6.7 cM) and Xgdm87 (9.4 cM) on wheat chromosome arm 213 long. This new leaf rust resistance gene is designated Lr50. It is the first named gene for leaf rust resistance transferred from wild timopheevi wheat and is the only Lr gene located on the long arm of wheat homoeologous group 2 chromosomes. C1 ARS, USDA, NPA, Plant Sci & Entomol Res Unit, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Agron, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Brown-Guedira, GL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, NPA, Plant Sci & Entomol Res Unit, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 25 TC 37 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD JUL PY 2003 VL 93 IS 7 BP 784 EP 789 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2003.93.7.784 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 693AR UT WOS:000183692900003 PM 18943158 ER PT J AU Samac, DA Smigocki, AC AF Samac, DA Smigocki, AC TI Expression of oryzacystatin I and II in alfalfa increases resistance to the root-lesion nematode SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cystatin; lucerene; proteinease inhibitor ID CYSTEINE PROTEINASE-INHIBITOR; TRANSGENIC RICE PLANTS; MOLECULAR-CLONING; GLOBODERA-PALLIDA; KNOT NEMATODES; CYSTATIN; GENE; POTATO; SEEDS; TRANSFORMATION AB Digestive cysteine proteinases have been isolated from plant-parasitic nematodes as well as coleopteran and hemipteran insects. Phytocystatins, inhibitors of cysteine proteinases. are found in a number of plants where they may play a role in defense against pathogens and pests. The cDNAs of the phytocystatins front rice. oryzacystatin I (OC-I) and oryzacystatin II (OC-II). were expressed in alfalfa (Medicago sativa) plants under the control of the potato protease inhibitor II (PinII) promoter and the plants were evaluated for resistance to the root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus penetrans). A PinII-beta-glucuronidase (GUS) gene was introduced into alfalfa to determine the pattern of gene expression from this promoter. Constitutive GUS expression was observed in leaf and root vascular tissue, and in some plants, expression was observed in leaf mesophyll cells. Mechanical wounding of leaves increased GUS expression approximately twofold over 24 h. Inoculation with root-lesion nematodes resulted in localized GUS expression. Populations of root-lesion nematodes in alfalfa roots from one line containing the PinII::OC-I transgene and one line containing the PinII::OC-II transgene were reduced 29 and 32%, respectively, compared with a transgenic control line. These results suggest that oryzacystatins have the potential to confer increased resistance to the root-lesion nematode in alfalfa. C1 Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, Dept Pathol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. USDA, ARS, Plant Mol Pathol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Samac, DA (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, Dept Pathol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 41 TC 47 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD JUL PY 2003 VL 93 IS 7 BP 799 EP 804 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2003.93.7.799 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 693AR UT WOS:000183692900005 PM 18943160 ER PT J AU Verniere, CJ Gottwald, TR Pruvost, O AF Verniere, CJ Gottwald, TR Pruvost, O TI Disease development and symptom expression of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri in various citrus plant tissues SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE disease control; environmental effects; modeling ID BACTERIAL SPOT; CANKER; CAMPESTRIS; STRAINS; FLORIDA; SUSCEPTIBILITY; EPIDEMICS; ERADICATION; ARGENTINA; MESOPHYLL AB Experimental inoculations of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri in different tissues of Tahiti lime and Pineapple sweet orange were conducted monthly under natural conditions on Reunion Island. The interactions between a set of environmental and epidemic variables associated with disease expression and 184 different factor combinations were investigated to determine the parameters needed to explain Asiatic citrus canker (ACC) disease expression. Area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), inoculation date (Id), fruit and leaf age ratings (FAR and LAR), and number of days during the first 2 weeks postinoculation for which the temperature was less than 14degreesC (T-min) or more than 28degreesC (T-max) were retained by principal component analysis and canonical correlation analysis as the most meaningful epidemic and environmental variables, respectively. AUDPC as the strongest dependent variable and combinations of the environmental variables as independent variables were used in multiple regression analyses. Tissue age rating at the time of infection was a good predictor for disease resulting from spray inoculation on fruits and leaves and also on fruits following a wound inoculation. Temperature, as expressed by T-min or T-max, was also a significant factor in determining disease development described by AUDPC. Mature green stems were highly susceptible after wounding, similarly to leaves, but buds and leaf scars expressed the lowest susceptibility. These variations in disease expression according to the tissues will have different impacts on ACC epidemiology. C1 CIRAD, FLHOR, F-34398 Montpellier 5, France. CIRAD, St Pierre 97410, Reunion. USDA ARS, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. RP Verniere, CJ (reprint author), CIRAD, FLHOR, TA50-PS4, F-34398 Montpellier 5, France. NR 61 TC 16 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD JUL PY 2003 VL 93 IS 7 BP 832 EP 843 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2003.93.7.832 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 693AR UT WOS:000183692900009 PM 18943164 ER PT J AU Zhu, SQ Leonard, KJ Kaeppler, HF AF Zhu, SQ Leonard, KJ Kaeppler, HF TI Quantitative trait loci associated with seedling resistance to isolates of Puccinia coronata in oat SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CROWN-RUST RESISTANCE; F-SP AVENAE; DIPLOID AVENA; CONFERRING RESISTANCE; LEAF RUST; BARLEY; IDENTIFICATION; GENETICS; WHEAT; MAP AB In our previous report, quantitative trait loci (QTL) for field adult plant resistance to crown rust were identified in an oat population of 152 F-5:6 recombinant inbred lines from the cross of 'Ogle' (susceptible)/MAM 175 (resistant). The objectives of the present study were to identify in the same population, the number, genomic location, and effect of QTL and digenic QTL epistasis associated with greenhouse seedling resistance to isolates of Puccinia coronata to determine if the QTL detected are isolate-specific and to compare them with previously detected QTL for field resistance. Reaction type was scored on greenhouse seedlings inoculated with three isolates. Composite interval mapping was conducted to identify genomic regions associated with resistance using a framework map of 272 molecular markets. Two QTL, Pcq1 and Pcq2, were identified for resistance to each of the three isolates. Pcq1, the major QTL controlling field resistance, did not confer detectable greenhouse seedling resistance when present singly; however, Pcq1 did serve as an enhancer of seedling resistance when it was combined with Pcq2. The final model explained 76.5, 77.9. and 79.3% of total phenotypic variation for resistance to isolates MNB248, MNB249, and MNB251, respectively. Race-specificity of quantitative resistance remains to be further examined. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Plant Breeding & Plant Genet Program, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Agron, Madison, WI 53706 USA. USDA ARS, Cereal Dis Lab, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Kaeppler, HF (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Plant Breeding & Plant Genet Program, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 48 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD JUL PY 2003 VL 93 IS 7 BP 860 EP 866 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2003.93.7.860 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 693AR UT WOS:000183692900012 PM 18943167 ER PT J AU Paulitz, TC Adams, K AF Paulitz, TC Adams, K TI Composition and distribution of Pythium communities in wheat fields in eastern Washington state SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COVER CROP DECOMPOSITION; COMPARATIVE PATHOGENICITY; MICROBIAL COMMUNITY; CONVENTIONAL SOILS; RIBOSOMAL DNA; ROOT-ROT; IDENTIFICATION; DYNAMICS; ULTIMUM; ALFALFA AB Pythium spp. were isolated from a mixture of soil and roots collected from 80 wheat fields in eastern Washington in the summer of 2000 from an area encompassing approximately 27,000 km 2 These sites covered a range of soil textures (coarse to fine, silty loess), average annual precipitation (200 to 600 mm), and average annual temperatures (7 to 11degreesC). Soil type and annual precipitation run in an east-west gradient, while temperature has a north-south gradient. Species were identified using classical methods and by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-1 region of the rDNA and comparing these sequences to a database from a worldwide collection of Pythium spp. The species with the highest frequency of occurrence among all the sites were P. abappressorium sp. nov. (A) (50%) P rostratum (R) (40%), P. debaryanum (D) (37.5%), P heterothallicum (H) (33.7%). P oligandrum (0) (31.2%), an unidentified P. sp. (aff. echinulatum) (E) (25%), and P ultimum (U) (18%). P intermedium, P. irregulare, P. paroecandrum, P slylvatictum, P. dissimile, and P. dissoticum were isolated at a low frequency. From one to six species were isolated at each site, and there were 46 different species combinations detected. The species presence/absence data from all sites were analyzed with Jaccard's similarity coefficient hierarchical cluster analysis. Six communities were identified (species within each community designation in order of frequency among the sites within the community)-AD, AOU, AR, DEH, HE, and RU. In general, P. abappressorium was evenly distributed over all zones. AOU was more prevalent in zones with lower precipitation and coarser soil, while DEH and HE were associated with zones with higher precipitation and finer-textured soils on the basis of comparison of frequency distributions with the expected distribution over all the sites. The RU community was more prevalent in higher temperature zones. Canonical correspondence analysis was performed to examine the relationship between species and environmental variables. Soil type and precipitation were highly correlated with each other and with axis 1, which separated P. ultimum and P. abappressorium (lower variable values) from P. heterothallicum (higher variable values). Axis 2 and 3 were most correlated with temperature, and these axes separated P. oligandrum (higher value) from P. debaryanum (lower value) and P ultimum-P rostratum from the other species. The results suggest that Pythium species composition, distributions, and associations on a given crop may be influenced by environmental factors at a mesoscale level (100 to 1,000,000 ha). C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Root Dis & Control Lab, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Paulitz, TC (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Root Dis & Control Lab, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. OI Paulitz, Timothy/0000-0002-8885-3803 NR 48 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD JUL PY 2003 VL 93 IS 7 BP 867 EP 873 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2003.93.7.867 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 693AR UT WOS:000183692900013 PM 18943168 ER PT J AU Zeller, KA Bowden, RL Leslie, JF AF Zeller, KA Bowden, RL Leslie, JF TI Diversity of epidemic populations of Gibberella zeae from small quadrats in Kansas and north Dakota SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE scab; Triticum aestivum ID FUSARIUM HEAD BLIGHT; VEGETATIVE COMPATIBILITY; GENETIC-STRUCTURE; FIELD POPULATIONS; LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM; GRAMINEARUM STRAINS; WHEAT FIELDS; EVOLUTION; SCAB; FLOW AB Gibberella zeae (anamorph Fusarium graminearum) causes Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat and barley and has been responsible for several billion dollars of losses in the United States since the early 1990s. We isolated G. zeae from the top, middle, and bottom positions of wheat spikes collected from 0.25-m(2) quadrats during severe FHB epidemics in a single Kansas (KS) field (1993) and in a single North Dakota (ND) field (1994). Three amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) primer pairs were used to resolve 94 polymorphic loci from 253 isolates. Members of a subset of 26 isolates also were tested for vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs). Both methods indicated high levels of genotypic variability and identified the same sets of isolates as probable clones. The mean number of AFLP multilocus haplotypes per head was approximately 1.8 in each population, but this value probably underestimates the true mean due to the small number of samples taken from each head. Isolates with the same AFLP haplotype often were recovered from different positions in a single head, but only rarely were such apparently clonal isolates recovered from more than one head within a quadrat, a pattern that is consistent with a genetically diverse initial inoculum and limited secondary spread. The KS and ND samples had no common AFLP haplotypes. All G. zeae isolates had high AFLP fingerprint similarity (>70%, unweighted pair group method with arithmetic means similarity) to reference isolates of G. zeae lineage 7. The genetic identity between the KS and ND populations was >99% and the estimated effective migration rate was high (Nm approximate to70). Tests for linkage disequilibrium provide little evidence for nonrandom associations between loci. Our results suggest that these populations are parts of a single, panmictic population that experiences frequent recombination. Our results also suggest that a variety of population sampling designs may be satisfactory for assessing diversity in this fungus. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Throckmorton Plant Sci Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, USDA ARS, Plant Sci & Entomol Res Unit, Throckmorton Plant Sci Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Bowden, RL (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Throckmorton Plant Sci Ctr, Throckmorton Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. EM rbowden@plantpath.ksu.edu RI Bowden, Robert/E-3268-2013 OI Bowden, Robert/0000-0001-9419-6574 NR 60 TC 87 Z9 93 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD JUL PY 2003 VL 93 IS 7 BP 874 EP 880 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2003.93.7.874 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 693AR UT WOS:000183692900014 PM 18943169 ER PT J AU Yamanaka, T Li, CY Bormann, BT Okabe, H AF Yamanaka, T Li, CY Bormann, BT Okabe, H TI Tripartite associations in an alder: effects of Frankia and Alpova diplophloeus on the growth, nitrogen fixation and mineral acquisition of Alnus tenuifolia SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE Alnus; Alpova; mineral weathering; mycorrhizal formation; tripartite symbiosis ID ANDREWS,H.J. EXPERIMENTAL FOREST; RED ALDER; ECTOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGI; ROCK PHOSPHATE; NODULATION; OREGON; SOLUBILIZATION; MYCORRHIZAE; PERFORMANCE; RESPONSES AB The role of tripartite associations among Frankia, Alpova diplophloeus ( an ectomycorrhizal fungus) and Alnus tenuifolia in growth, nitrogen fixation, ectomycorrhizal formation, and mineral acquisition of A. tenuifolia was investigated. Seedlings of A. tenuifolia were planted in pots containing a mixture of ground basalt - perlite, or perlite alone, which served as the control. The seedlings were inoculated with Frankia isolated from root nodules of alder, followed by spores of A. diplophloeus and grown for 5 months in a greenhouse. The seedlings grown in the pots with a mixture of ground basalt - perlite after dual inoculation with Frankia and A. diplophloeus had the heaviest shoots and root nodules in dry weight, and showed the greatest nitrogen-fixing ability measured by acetylene reduction. Ectomycorrhizae formed with A. diplophloeus increased when this fungus was inoculated together with Frankia. The mineral composition (P, K, Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, Na, Si and Al) in the seedlings was also determined. The results of these experiments showed that the tripartite associations could improve the growth, nitrogen fixation and mineral acquisition (rock solubilization) of A. tenuifolia. C1 Forestry & Forest Prod Res Inst, Microbial Ecol Lab, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058687, Japan. Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Yamanaka, T (reprint author), Forestry & Forest Prod Res Inst, Microbial Ecol Lab, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058687, Japan. NR 37 TC 30 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 12 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD JUL PY 2003 VL 254 IS 1 BP 179 EP 186 DI 10.1023/A:1024938712822 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 706TQ UT WOS:000184471500019 ER PT J AU Ferretti, DF Pendall, E Morgan, JA Nelson, JA LeCain, D Mosier, AR AF Ferretti, DF Pendall, E Morgan, JA Nelson, JA LeCain, D Mosier, AR TI Partitioning evapotranspiration fluxes from a Colorado grassland using stable isotopes: Seasonal variations and ecosystem implications of elevated atmospheric CO2 SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE Bouteloua gracilis; elevated CO2; O-18/O-16; plant transpiration; soil evaporation; Stipa comata ID 3-DIMENSIONAL SYNTHESIS; MODELING ANALYSIS; STOMATAL CONTROL; CARBON-DIOXIDE; WATER-VAPOR; SOIL-WATER; TRANSPIRATION; OXYGEN; DELTA-O-18; FIELD AB The stable isotopic composition of soil water is controlled by precipitation inputs, antecedent conditions, and evaporative losses. Because transpiration does not fractionate soil water isotopes, the relative proportions of evaporation and transpiration can be estimated using a simple isotopic mass balance approach. At our site in the shortgrass steppe in semi-arid northeastern Colorado, delta(18)O values of soil water were almost always more enriched than those of precipitation inputs, owing to evaporative losses. The proportion of water lost by evaporation (E/ET) during the growing season ranged from nil to about 40% ( to > 90% in the dormant season), and was related to the timing of precipitation inputs. The sum of transpiration plus evaporation losses estimated by isotopic mass balance were similar to actual evapotranspiration measured from a nearby Bowen ratio system. We also investigated the evapotranspiration response of this mixed C-3/C-4 grassland to doubled atmospheric [CO2] using Open-Top Chambers (OTC). Elevated atmospheric [CO2] led to increased soil-water conservation via reduced stomatal conductance, despite greater biomass growth. We used a non-invasive method to measure the delta(18)O of soil CO2 as a proxy for soil water, after establishing a strong relationship between delta(18)O of soil CO2 from non-chambered control (NC) plots and delta(18)O of soil - water from an adjacent area of native grassland. Soil -CO2 delta(18)O values showed significant treatment effects, particularly during a dry summer: values in ambient chambers (AC) were more enriched than in NC and elevated chamber (EC) plots. During the dry growing season of 2000, transpiration from the EC treatment was higher than from AC and lower than from NC treatments, but during 2001, transpiration was similar on all three treatments. Slightly higher evaporation rates from AC than either EC or NC treatments in 2000 may have resulted from increased convection across the soil surface from the OTC blowers, combined with lower biomass and litter cover on the AC treatment. Transpiration-use efficiency, or the amount of above-ground biomass produced per mm water transpired, was always greatest on EC and lowest on NC treatments. C1 Univ Wyoming, Dept Bot, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. ARS, USDA, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. ARS, USDA, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Pendall, E (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, Dept Bot, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. OI Pendall, Elise/0000-0002-1651-8969 NR 45 TC 63 Z9 79 U1 6 U2 55 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD JUL PY 2003 VL 254 IS 2 BP 291 EP 303 DI 10.1023/A:1025511618571 PG 13 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 717DT UT WOS:000185070900005 ER PT J AU Gill, GP Brown, GR Neale, DB AF Gill, GP Brown, GR Neale, DB TI A sequence mutation in the cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase gene associated with altered lignification in loblolly pine SO PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID LIGNIN BIOSYNTHESIS; TRANSGENIC TREES; DEFICIENT; INHERITANCE; MUTANT; WOOD; EVOLUTION AB Evidence for the molecular basis of a null allele of cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) has been discovered in the loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) clone 7-56. The mutation is a two-base pair adenosine insertion located in exon 5 that causes a frame-shift which is predicted to result in premature termination of the protein. For routine detection of the mutation, a diagnostic assay was developed utilizing Template-directed Dye-terminator Incorporation and Fluorescence Polarization detection (FP-TDI). Loblolly pine is the most important commercial tree species in the USA, being harvested for pulp and solid wood products. Chemical pulping could be increased in efficiency by selecting for trees having a two-base pair adenosine insertion, by use of the rapid diagnostic assay developed in this study. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Hort, Davis, CA 95616 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Inst Forest Genet, USDA, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Neale, DB (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Hort, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM dneale@dendrome.ucdavis.edu NR 17 TC 25 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 5 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1467-7644 J9 PLANT BIOTECHNOL J JI Plant Biotechnol. J. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 1 IS 4 BP 253 EP 258 DI 10.1046/j.1467-7652.2003.00024.x PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA 767LA UT WOS:000188440000002 PM 17163902 ER PT J AU Meinzer, FC James, SA Goldstein, G Woodruff, D AF Meinzer, FC James, SA Goldstein, G Woodruff, D TI Whole-tree water transport scales with sapwood capacitance in tropical forest canopy trees SO PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE capacitance; deuterated water; hydraulic conductance; plant water potential; sap flow ID SAP FLOW; STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE; STORAGE CAPACITY; XYLEM CAVITATION; TRANSPIRATION; PLANTS; CONVERGENCE; ALLOMETRY; DENSITY; LEAVES AB The present study examines the manner in which several whole-tree water transport properties scale with species-specific variation in sapwood water storage capacity. The hypothesis that constraints on relationships between sapwood capacitance and other water relations characteristics lead to predictable scaling relationships between intrinsic capacitance and whole-tree behaviour was investigated. Samples of sapwood from four tropical forest canopy tree species selected to represent a range of wood density, tree size and architecture, and taxonomic diversity were used to generate moisture release curves in thermocouple psychrometer chambers, from which species-specific values of sapwood capacitance were calculated. Sapwood capacitance was then used to scale several whole-tree water transport properties determined from measurements of upper branch and basal sap flow, branch water potential, and axial and radial movement of deuterated water (D2O) injected into the base of the trunk as a tracer. Sapwood capacitance ranged from 83 to 416 kg m(-3) MPa-1 among the four species studied and was strongly correlated with minimum branch water potential, soil-to-branch hydraulic conductance, daily utilization of stored water, and axial and radial movement of D2O. The species-independent scaling of several whole-tree water transport properties with sapwood capacitance indicated that substantial convergence in plant function at multiple levels of biological organization was revealed by a simple variable related to a biophysical property of water transport tissue. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Bernice P Bishop Museum, Pacific Ctr Mol Biodivers, Honolulu, HI 96817 USA. Univ Miami, Dept Biol, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Meinzer, FC (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RI Meinzer, Frederick/C-3496-2012; OI James, Shelley/0000-0003-1105-1850 NR 37 TC 110 Z9 117 U1 5 U2 39 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0140-7791 J9 PLANT CELL ENVIRON JI Plant Cell Environ. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 26 IS 7 BP 1147 EP 1155 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3040.2003.01039.x PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 699PM UT WOS:000184065200014 ER PT J AU Norelli, JL Jones, AL Aldwinckle, HS AF Norelli, JL Jones, AL Aldwinckle, HS TI Fire blight management in the twenty-first century - Using new technologies that enhance host resistance in apple SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID SYSTEMIC ACQUIRED-RESISTANCE; AGROBACTERIUM-MEDIATED TRANSFORMATION; ACIBENZOLAR-S-METHYL; ERWINIA-AMYLOVORA; DISEASE-RESISTANCE; PROHEXADIONE-CALCIUM; GENE-EXPRESSION; ROOTSTOCKS; CULTIVARS; MALUS C1 USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. Michigan State Univ, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Cornell Univ, Geneva, NY USA. RP Norelli, JL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, 45 Wiltshire Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 61 TC 114 Z9 122 U1 3 U2 17 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 87 IS 7 BP 756 EP 765 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2003.87.7.756 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 693AX UT WOS:000183693400001 ER PT J AU Gyenis, L Anderson, NA Ostry, ME AF Gyenis, L Anderson, NA Ostry, ME TI Biological control of Septoria leaf spot disease of hybrid poplar in the field SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE gram-positive bacteria; Mycosphaerella populorum; Populus spp ID STREPTOMYCES AB Biological control of Septoria leaf spot of hybrid poplars was investigated using disease-suppressive Streptomyces strains. Field experiments were conducted in 1998 and 1999 on potted trees placed in a hybrid poplar plantation near Rosemount, MN, and on field-planted trees in 1998 at St. Paul. At both locations, one resistant and three susceptible hybrid poplar clones were sprayed with Streptomyces spore suspensions and exposed to natural field inoculum of Septoria musiva. In the 1998 potted-tree experiment, strains GS-93-3, 93, and Mycostop in Tergitol or Triton X-100 solutions applied every 7 days significantly reduced leaf disease by 29 to 83% compared with the controls. In the 1999 potted-tree experiment, Streptomyces strain mixtures in Tergitol solution applied every 5 days significantly reduced leaf disease by 50 to 87% compared with the controls. In the 1998 plantation experiment, strains GS-93-3, 93, or Mycostop in Tergitol solution applied weekly, bi-monthly, or monthly significantly reduced leaf disease in all treatments by 64 to 78% compared with the controls. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Pathol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Res Stn, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Gyenis, L (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RI Gyenis, Laszlo/A-7826-2010 NR 16 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 87 IS 7 BP 809 EP 813 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2003.87.7.809 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 693AX UT WOS:000183693400009 ER PT J AU Mueller, DS Nelson, RL Hartman, GL Pedersen, WL AF Mueller, DS Nelson, RL Hartman, GL Pedersen, WL TI Response of commercially developed soybean cultivars and the ancestral soybean lines to Fusarium solani f. sp glycines SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID SUDDEN-DEATH SYNDROME; CAUSAL AGENT; RESISTANCE; FIELD; ROOT; PATHOGENICITY; HERBICIDES; GREENHOUSE; MAX AB Sudden death syndrome, caused by Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines, has caused severe damage to soybean production in recent years. One way to control sudden death syndrome is with resistant cultivars. Over a 3-year period, 2,335 publicly and privately developed soybean entries were inoculated and evaluated for their response to F solani f. sp. glycines under greenhouse conditions. The entries were compared with the susceptible check, Great Lakes 3302 (GL3302), and the moderately resistant checks, plant introductions (Pis) 520733 and 567374. Thirty-eight entries were identified with moderate levels of resistance. Based on foliar ratings, there were no differences (P < 0.05) between the Roundup Ready and conventional cultivars. In all, 90 ancestral lines that represent 99% of the genes in modern U.S. cultivars and 55 lines found in the pedigrees of public cultivars reported to have some resistance were evaluated for their response to F solani f. sp. glycines. Nine ancestral lines (Aoda, Kim, Jackson, Sioux, Mammoth Yellow, T 117, PI 171450, PI 54615-1, and PI 71506) and 12 cultivars or experimental lines (Ina, D83-3349, LN98-4340. LN83-2356, Hartwig, Harosoy, Bedford, Merit, Cutler, Calland, Hill, and Evans) had disease ratings not significantly different (P < 0.05) from PI 520733 or PI 567374. PI 54610. a putative ancestral line, also was found to be moderately resistant. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, USDA ARS, Soybean Maize Germplasm Pathol & Genet Res Unit, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Pedersen, WL (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 26 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 87 IS 7 BP 827 EP 831 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2003.87.7.827 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 693AX UT WOS:000183693400012 ER PT J AU Kolmer, JA Long, DL Kosman, E Hughes, ME AF Kolmer, JA Long, DL Kosman, E Hughes, ME TI Physiologic specialization of Puccinia triticina on wheat in the United States in 2001 SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE epidemiology; Puccinia recondita f. sp tritici; specific virulence; wheat leaf rust ID F-SP TRITICI; LEAF RUST; VIRULENCE PHENOTYPES; 2 POPULATIONS; CANADA; DIVERSITY; DYNAMICS; AREAS AB Collections of Puccinia triticina were obtained from rust-infected wheat leaves by cooperators throughout the United States and from surveys of wheat fields and nurseries in the Great Plains, Ohio Valley. Gulf Coast, California, Pacific Northwest, and Atlantic Coast States in order to determine the virulence of the wheat leaf rust fungus in 2001. Single uredinial isolates (477 in total) were derived from the wheat leaf rust collections and tested for virulence phenotype on lines of Thatcher wheat that are near-isogenic for leaf rust resistance genes Lr1, Lr2a, Lr2c, Lr3, Lr9, Lr16, Lr24, Lr26, Lr3ka, Lr11, Lr17, Lr30, LrB, Lr10, Lr14a, and Lr18. The isolates also were tested fcz virulence on adult plants with leaf rust resistance genes Lr12, Lr13, Lr22a, Lr22b, Li34, Lr35, and Lr37. In the United States in 2001, 44 virulence phenotypes of P. triticina were found. Virulence phenotype MBDS, which is virulent to resistance gene Lr17, was the most common phenotype in the United States. MBDS was found in the Southeast, Great Plains, and Ohio Valley regions. Virulence phenotype THBJ, which is virulent to Lr16 and Lr26, was the second most common phenotype, and occurred almost exclusively in the north-central Great Plains region. Phenotype MCDS, which is virulent to Lr17 and Lr26, was the third most common phenotype and was found primarily in the Southeast, Ohio Valley, and Great Plains regions. The Southeast and Ohio Valley regions differed from the Great Plains region for predominant virulence phenotypes, which indicate that populations of P. triticina in those areas are not closely connected. The northern and southern areas of the Great Plains region differed for phenotypes with virulence to Lr16; however, the two areas had other phenotypes in common. Virulence to the adult plant resistance genes Lr35 and Lr37 was detected for the first time in North America in the MBDS, MCJS, and MCDS phenotypes. C1 Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Cereal Dis Lab, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Tel Aviv Univ, Fac Life Sci, Inst Cereal Crops Improvement, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. RP Kolmer, JA (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Cereal Dis Lab, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 26 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 87 IS 7 BP 859 EP 866 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2003.87.7.859 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 693AX UT WOS:000183693400017 ER PT J AU Laskey, JG Patterson, P Bilyeu, K Morris, RO AF Laskey, JG Patterson, P Bilyeu, K Morris, RO TI Rate enhancement of cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase using 2,6-dichloroindophenol as an electron acceptor SO PLANT GROWTH REGULATION LA English DT Article DE assay; cytokinin; cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase; DCPIP ID ZEA-MAYS; OXIDASE; ASSAY; IDENTIFICATION; DEHYDROGENASE; PURIFICATION; DEGRADATION; ENZYME; MAIZE AB Cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase degrades cytokinins by dehydrogenating the N6-C1' bond of cytokinins. The resulting imine is then hydrolyzed. For example, isopentenyl-adenine is cleaved into 3-methyl-2-butenal (isopentenylaldehyde) (Brownlee et al. 1974) and adenine (McGaw and Horgan 1983; Whitty and Hall 1974). The reducing equivalents from dehydrogenation are transferred to an unknown sink, in vivo. It has been hypothesized that the enzyme requires oxygen ( Whitty and Hall 1974), possibly resulting in the formation of hydrogen peroxide. 2,6-dichloroindophenol (DCPIP) can function as an acceptor of reducing equivalents for in vitro cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase reactions. For the predominant cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase in maize, ZmCKX1, the addition of DCPIP to in vitro reactions increases the reaction rate to nearly 4000-fold faster than the oxygen-dependent rate. Further, the change in absorbance of DCPIP at 600 nm, as it is reduced, forms the basis for an assay suitable for following biochemical purification of cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenases ( Morris et al. 1999), detailed kinetic studies (Bilyeu et al. 2001), and rapid measurement of cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase activity in large numbers of samples. C1 ARS, Plant Genet Res Unit, USDA, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Biochem, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Bilyeu, K (reprint author), ARS, Plant Genet Res Unit, USDA, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 19 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 9 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6903 J9 PLANT GROWTH REGUL JI Plant Growth Regul. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 40 IS 3 BP 189 EP 196 DI 10.1023/A:1025027110742 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 708XU UT WOS:000184596200002 ER PT J AU Elmer, A Chao, W Grimes, H AF Elmer, A Chao, W Grimes, H TI Protein sorting and expression of a unique soybean cotyledon protein, GmSBP, destined for the protein storage vacuole SO PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE immunolocalization; protein storage vacuole; seed storage proteins; soybean; sucrose-binding protein ID SUCROSE-BINDING-PROTEIN; BETA-PHASEOLIN GENE; PLASMA-MEMBRANE; SEED PROTEIN; REGULATORY ELEMENTS; CIS-ELEMENTS; IGE-BINDING; RY REPEAT; G-BOX; PROMOTER AB The initial biochemical characterization of the soybean sucrose-binding protein, GmSBP, within our lab and others produced several incongruous characteristics that required a re-characterization of GmSBP via sequence homology, cell biology, immunolocalization, and semi-quantitative analysis. The GmSBP proteins share amino acid sequence homology as well as putative structural homology with globulin-like seed storage proteins. A comparison to the major soybean seed storage proteins, glycinin and beta-conglycinin established several storage protein-like characteristics for GmSBP. All three proteins were present in a prevacuolar compartment and protein storage vacuole. All three proteins increased in expression during seed development and are remobilized during germination. Quantitatively, the relative concentrations of GmSBP, beta-conglycinin (alpha/alpha' subunits), and glycinin (acidic subunits) indicated that GmSBP contributes 19-fold less to the stored nitrogen. The quantitative differences between GmSBP and glycinin may be attributed to the unconserved order and spacing of cis-acting regulatory elements present within the promoter regions. Ultimately, GmSBP is transported to the mature protein storage vacuole. The biological function of GmSBP within the protein storage vacuole remains uncertain, but its localization is a remnant of its evolutionary link to a globulin-like or vicilin-like ancestor that gave rise to the 7S family of storage proteins. C1 Washington State Univ, Sch Mol Biosci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Sch Mol Sci, Program Plant Physiol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. ARS, Biosci Res Lab, USDA, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Grimes, H (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Sch Mol Biosci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RI Grimes, Howard/C-6490-2017 OI Grimes, Howard/0000-0002-8956-8609 NR 64 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4412 J9 PLANT MOL BIOL JI Plant Mol.Biol. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 52 IS 5 BP 1089 EP 1106 DI 10.1023/A:1025483809791 PG 18 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 716KZ UT WOS:000185028800014 PM 14558667 ER PT J AU Tyree, MT Engelbrecht, BMJ Vargas, G Kursar, TA AF Tyree, MT Engelbrecht, BMJ Vargas, G Kursar, TA TI Desiccation tolerance of five tropical seedlings in Panama. Relationship to a field assessment of drought performance SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID 2 DESERT SUCCULENTS; HYDRAULIC CONDUCTANCE; MOIST FOREST; NEOTROPICAL TREE; WATER RELATIONS; RAIN-FOREST; ROOT; VULNERABILITY; ADAPTATION; SARAWAK AB Studies of the desiccation tolerance of the seedlings of five tropical trees were made on potted plants growing in a greenhouse. Pots were watered to field capacity and then dehydrated for 3 to 9 weeks to reach various visual wilting stages, from slightly wilted to dead. Saturated root hydraulic conductance was measured with a high-pressure flowmeter, and whole-stem hydraulic conductance was measured by a vacuum chamber method. Leaf punches (5.6-mm diameter) were harvested for measurement of leaf water potential by a thermocouple psychrometer method and for measurement of fresh and dry weight. In a parallel study, the same five species were studied in a field experiment in the understory of a tropical forest, where these species frequently germinate. Control seedlings were maintained in irrigated plots during a dry season, and experimental plants were grown in similar plots with rain exclusion shelters. Every 2 to 4 weeks, the seedlings were scored for wilt state and survivorship. After a 22-week drought, the dry plots were irrigated for several weeks to verify visual symptoms of death. The field trials were used to rank drought performance of species, and the greenhouse desiccation studies were used to determine the conditions of moribund plants. Our conclusion is that the desiccation tolerance of moribund plants correlated with field assessment of drought-performance for the five species (r(2) > 0.94). C1 ARS, USDA, Burlington, VT 05402 USA. Univ Utah, Dept Biol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, Balboa, Panama. RP Tyree, MT (reprint author), ARS, USDA, POB 968, Burlington, VT 05402 USA. RI Engelbrecht, Bettina/E-9914-2012 NR 33 TC 65 Z9 76 U1 2 U2 38 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 132 IS 3 BP 1439 EP 1447 DI 10.1104/pp.102.018937 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 717FU UT WOS:000185076800035 PM 12857825 ER PT J AU Keates, SE Kostman, TA Anderson, JD Bailey, BA AF Keates, SE Kostman, TA Anderson, JD Bailey, BA TI Altered gene expression in three plant species in response to treatment with Nep1, a fungal protein that causes necrosis SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TOUCH-INDUCED EXPRESSION; DNA-BINDING PROTEINS; F-SP ERYTHROXYLI; FUSARIUM-OXYSPORUM; PHOSPHOLIPASE-D; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; MOLECULAR-CLONING; CYTOCHROME-P450 GENE; SALICYLIC-ACID; MESSENGER-RNA AB Nep1 is an extracellular fungal protein that causes necrosis when applied to many dicotyledonous plants, including invasive weed species. Using transmission electron microscopy, it was determined that application of Nep1 (1.0 mug mL(-1), 0.1% [v/v] Silwet-L77) to Arabidopsis and two invasive weed species, spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa) and dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), caused a reduction in the thickness of the cuticle and a breakdown of chloroplasts 1 to 4 h after treatment. Membrane breakdown was most severe in cells closest to the surface of application. Differential display was used to isolate cDNA clones from the three species showing differential expression in response to Nep1 treatment. Differential gene expression was observed for a putative serpin (CmSER-1) and a calmodulin-like (CmCAL-1) protein from spotted knapweed, and a putative protein phosphatase 2C (ToPP2C-1) and cytochrome P-450 (ToCYP-1) protein from dandelion. In addition, differential expression was observed for genes coding for a putative protein kinase (AtPK-1), a homolog (AtWI-12) of wound-induced WI12, a homolog (AtLEA-1) of late embryogenesis abundant LEA-5, a WRKY-18 DNA-binding protein (AtWRKY-18), and a phospholipase D (AtPLD-1) from Arabidopsis. Genes showing elevated mRNA levels in Nep1-treated (5 mug mL(-1), 0.1% [v/v] Silwet-L77) leaves 15 min after Nep1 treatment included CmSER-1 and CmCAL-1 for spotted knapweed, ToCYP-1 and CmCAL-1 for dandelion, and AtPK-1, AtWRKY-18, AtWI-12, and AtLEA-1 for Arabidopsis. Levels of mRNA for AtPLD-1 (Arabidopsis) and ToPP2C-1 (dandelion) decreased rapidly in Silwet-L77-treated plants between 15 min and 4 h of treatment, but were maintained or decreased more slowly over time in Nep1-treated (5 mug mL(-1), 0.1% [v/v] Silwet-L77) leaves. In general, increases in mRNA band intensities were in the range of two to five times, with only ToCYP-1 in dandelion exceeding an increase of 10 times. The identified genes have been shown to be involved or are related to gene families that are involved in plant stress responses, including wounding, drought, senescence, and disease resistance. C1 ARS, Alternate Crops & Syst Lab, USDA, Beltsville Area Res Ctr W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biol & Microbiol, Oshkosh, WI 54901 USA. Inst Plant Sci, Beltsville Area Res Ctr W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Bailey, BA (reprint author), ARS, Alternate Crops & Syst Lab, USDA, Beltsville Area Res Ctr W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 58 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 132 IS 3 BP 1610 EP 1622 DI 10.1104/pp.102.019836 PG 13 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 717FU UT WOS:000185076800050 PM 12857840 ER PT J AU Cordeiro, GM Pan, YB Henry, RJ AF Cordeiro, GM Pan, YB Henry, RJ TI Sugarcane microsatellites for the assessment of genetic diversity in sugarcane germplasm SO PLANT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Saccharum; sugarcane; genetic diversity; microsatellite; SSR ID PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS; SACCHARUM; MARKERS; DNA; FRAGMENT; ANDROPOGONEAE; CULTIVARS; ERIANTHUS; SEQUENCE; WORLD AB The ability of microsatellite or simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers to determine the level of genetic diversity between members of the genera Saccharion (S. officinarum, S. sponfaneum, S. sinense), Old World Erianthus Michx. sect. Ripidium, North American E. giganteus (S. giganteum), Sorghum and Miscanthus were assessed. Six SSR markers were tested on 66 accessions and produced a total of 187 distinct alleles. Where available, results were compared against published data from other molecular marker systems such as RFLPs. RAPDs, AFLPs and 5S rRNA intergenic spacers. Similarity coefficient calculations and clustering revealed a genetic structure for Saccharum and Erianthus sect. Ripidium that reflected closely the relationship previously identified using other marker systems. The results indicated that SSRs will be an ideal means for the identification of the genetic constitution of modern sugarcane cultivars of interspecific origins. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 So Cross Univ, Ctr Plant Conservat Genet, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia. USDA ARS, SRRC, Sugarcane Res Unit, Houma, LA 70361 USA. RP Cordeiro, GM (reprint author), So Cross Univ, Ctr Plant Conservat Genet, POB 157, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia. RI Henry, Robert/B-5824-2008 OI Henry, Robert/0000-0002-4060-0292 NR 48 TC 75 Z9 91 U1 2 U2 20 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0168-9452 J9 PLANT SCI JI Plant Sci. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 165 IS 1 BP 181 EP 189 DI 10.1016/S0168-9452(03)00157-2 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 697DB UT WOS:000183926000021 ER PT J AU Kostman, TA Franceschi, VR Nakata, PA AF Kostman, TA Franceschi, VR Nakata, PA TI Endoplasmic reticulum sub-compartments are involved in calcium sequestration within raphide crystal idioblasts of Pistia stratiotes L SO PLANT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE calcium; endoplasmic reticulum; idioblast; oxalate; sequestration; sub-compartments ID GLEDITSIA-TRIACANTHOS L; OXALATE CRYSTALS; ISOLATED LEAFLETS; PLANT-CELLS; TRANSDUCTION; LEAVES; SIGNAL; ACID AB To regulate bulk Ca2+ levels, many plants evolved specialized Ca2+ oxalate accumulating cells called crystal idioblasts. The crystal idioblast appears to have modified some of its cellular components to accommodate the large fluxes of Ca2+ that occur during calcium oxalate deposition. In this study we examine the modified endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and its involvement in Ca2+ sequestration. Using a variety of microscopy techniques, we observe that the crystal idioblast of Pistia stratiotes possesses an elaborate network of ER with unique swollen regions. Light microscopy studies, using chlortetracycline and Calcium Green 2, revealed that idioblast ER contains an abundance of calcium. Transmission electron microscopy studies, using the potassium pyroantimonate technique, showed that the Ca2+ accumulated primarily in the swollen regions. We hypothesize that these swollen areas function as specialized Ca2+ storage sub-compartments. Whether these sub-compartments are required for proper ER functions or whether they are part of the Ca2+ transport system involved in calcium oxalate formation remains to be determined. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Washington State Univ, Sch Biol Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biol & Microbiol, Oshkosh, WI 54901 USA. RP Nakata, PA (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 27 TC 9 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0168-9452 J9 PLANT SCI JI Plant Sci. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 165 IS 1 BP 205 EP 212 DI 10.1016/S0168-9452(03)00160-2 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 697DB UT WOS:000183926000023 ER PT J AU Ransom-Hodgkins, WD Vaughn, MW Bush, DR AF Ransom-Hodgkins, WD Vaughn, MW Bush, DR TI Protein phosphorylation plays a key role in sucrose-mediated transcriptional regulation of a phloem-specific proton-sucrose symporter SO PLANTA LA English DT Article DE Beta; okadaic acid; protein phosphorylation; sucrose transporter ID SUGAR TRANSPORTERS; GENE-EXPRESSION; HIGHER-PLANTS; PHOSPHATASES; GLUCOSE AB Assimilate partitioning refers to the systemic distribution of sugars and amino acids from sites of primary assimilation (source tissue) to import-dependent tissues and organs (sinks). One of the defining questions in this area is how plants balance source productivity with sink demand. Recent results from our laboratory showed that sucrose transport activity is directly proportional to the transcription rate of the phloem-specific proton-sucrose symporter BvSUT1 in Beta vulgaris L. Moreover, symporter gene transcription is regulated by sucrose levels in the leaf. Here we show that sucrose-dependent regulation of BvSUT1 transcription is mediated, at least in part, by a protein phosphorylation relay pathway. Protein phosphatase inhibitors decreased sucrose transport activity, symporter protein and mRNA abundance, and the relative transcription rate of the symporter gene. In contrast, protein kinase inhibitors had no effect or increased sucrose transport, protein and mRNA abundance, and transcription. Furthermore, pretreating leaves with kinase inhibitors before feeding with sucrose blocked the sucrose-dependent decrease in symporter transcription and transport activity. The latter observation provides direct evidence for a protein phosphorylation cascade operating between the sucrose-sensor and the transcriptional regulator that controls BvSUT1 expression and, ultimately, phloem loading. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Plant Biol, ER Madigan Lab 190, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Program Physiol & Mol Plant Biol, ER Madigan Lab 190, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, USDA ARS, ER Madigan Lab 190, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Bush, DR (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Plant Biol, ER Madigan Lab 190, 1201 W Gregory, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. OI Vaughn, Matthew/0000-0002-1384-4283 NR 24 TC 44 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 8 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0032-0935 J9 PLANTA JI Planta PD JUL PY 2003 VL 217 IS 3 BP 483 EP 489 DI 10.1007/s00425-003-1011-x PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 709RY UT WOS:000184639200017 PM 14520575 ER PT J AU Krishnan, HB Kim, WS AF Krishnan, HB Kim, WS TI A four-nucleotide base-pair deletion in the coding region of the Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor gene prevents its accumulation in the seeds of Glycine microphylla P1440956 SO PLANTA LA English DT Article DE anti-nutritional proteins; Glycine; mutation; trypsin inhibitor ID KUNITZ TRYPSIN-INHIBITOR; SOYBEANS; ISOINHIBITORS; INHERITANCE; SEQUENCE AB The Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor (BBI), an abundant soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr] seed protein, is a major antinutritional factor. Nulls for the major soybean BBI have been reported in several of the wild perennial Glycine species including G. microphylla (Benth.) Tind PI440956. This perennial Glycine species does not accumulate the major BBI and the molecular basis for the absence of the major BBI in this plant introduction (PI) line is not known. We have cloned the BBI gene from G. microphylla PI440956, G. microphylla PI505188, and G. max cv. Jefferson and determined its nucleotide sequences. Analysis of the G. microphylla PI505188 and G. max cv. Jefferson nucleotide sequences revealed a complete open-reading frame encoding the BBI. In contrast, the BBI coding region of G. microphylla PI440956 contained a frameshift mutation that resulted in the introduction of a stop codon at the amino terminal region of the protein. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that the BBI gene was expressed in developing seeds of G. microphylla PI505188 and G. max cv. Jefferson, but not in developing seeds of G. microphylla PI440956. In contrast, a BBI-related isoinhibitor gene was expressed at similar levels in all three Glycine species. Our results suggest that the frameshift mutation in the BBI coding region is responsible for the absence of BBI in the seeds of G. microphylla PI440956. C1 Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Plant Genet Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Agron, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Krishnan, HB (reprint author), Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Plant Genet Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 26 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0032-0935 J9 PLANTA JI Planta PD JUL PY 2003 VL 217 IS 3 BP 523 EP 527 DI 10.1007/s00425-003-1050-3 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 709RY UT WOS:000184639200022 PM 12759752 ER PT J AU Obenland, DM Crisosto, CH Rose, JKC AF Obenland, DM Crisosto, CH Rose, JKC TI Expansin protein levels decline with the development of mealiness in peaches SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE internal breakdown; woolliness; expansin; cell wall; ripening ID TOMATO FRUIT; PECTOLYTIC ENZYMES; MOLECULAR-WEIGHT; WOOLLY BREAKDOWN; CHILLING INJURY; NECTARINES; WOOLLINESS; STORAGE; POLYGALACTURONASE; POLYURONIDES AB Expansin mRNA and protein expression in peaches was examined to investigate the possibility that expansins may be involved in the development of mealy flesh texture. Immunoblot analysis, using an expansin antibody, detected a 27-kDa protein corresponding to the predicted molecular mass of expansins in the later stages of ripening but not in full-size green fruit and indicated that expansin is associated with the progression of ripening in peaches. Peach cultivars 'O' Henry' and 'Summer Lady' were stored at 5 degreesC to induce the development of mealiness and individual fruit samples collected periodically to measure mealiness (free water) and provide samples for expansin quantification. Initially, stored fruit were juicy (50-60% free water), but as storage progressed they became visibly mealy at free water percentages of 30% for 'O' Henry' and 46% for 'Summer Lady'. In both cultivars expansin protein abundance decreased as the fruit became mealy. Development of mealiness within individual fruit was often not uniform and lead to the existence of distinct juicy and mealy regions. Immunoblot analysis indicated that mealy regions contained substantially less expansin than juicy regions. Analysis of expansin mRNA abundance using a ripening-related expansin cDNA probe from peach indicated that expansin mRNA expression was also markedly reduced in mealy tissues. The relationship observed in this study between expansin expression and mealiness suggests a possible role for expansin in the development of the disorder. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Parlier, CA 93648 USA. Univ Calif, Kearney Agr Ctr, Parlier, CA 93648 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Biol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Obenland, DM (reprint author), USDA ARS, 9611 S Riverbend Ave, Parlier, CA 93648 USA. NR 25 TC 37 Z9 46 U1 2 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 29 IS 1 BP 11 EP 18 DI 10.1016/S0925-5214(02)00245-4 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 691FN UT WOS:000183595400002 ER PT J AU Bautista-Banos, S Garcia-Dominguez, E Barrera-Necha, LL Reyes-Chilpa, R Wilson, CL AF Bautista-Banos, S Garcia-Dominguez, E Barrera-Necha, LL Reyes-Chilpa, R Wilson, CL TI Seasonal evaluation of the postharvest fungicidal activity of powders and extracts of huamuchil (Pithecellobium dulce): action against Botrytris cinerea, Penicillium digitatum and Rhizopus stolonifer of strawberry fruit SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Fragaria x ananassa Duch.; Guaymochil; Tamarind; kaempferol ID COASTAL REDWOOD; DISEASES; GROWTH; LEAVES AB The fungistatic or fungicidal effect of powders, and aqueous and ethanolic extracts of seeds, and monthly harvested leaves of huamuchil (Pithecellobium dulce) were evaluated for fungicidal activity, against Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium digitatum, and Rhizopus stolonifer. Fungicidal activity of huamuchil powders and aqueous extracts were also evaluated on strawberry fruit during storage. Preliminary characterization of the active compound responsible for the fungicidal effect was carried out using thin layer chromatography and spectrophotometry. Results indicated that powders had the best fungicidal effect, in both in vitro and in situ studies. Fungistatic or fungicidal properties were associated with the plant organ and harvest month. A correlation between high absorbance values of extracts with the fungicidal or fungistatic effect was not observed. The highest fungistatic or fungicidal effect for both in vitro and in situ studies was recorded from extracts of leaves harvested in months having more stressful environmental conditions; the cold season (October-February) and, the dry, hot season (April and June). Attempts to characterize the active compound suggest that kaempferol may be responsible for the fungicidal effect. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Inst Politecn Nacl, Ctr Desarrollo Prod Biot, San Isidro Yautepec 62731, Morelos, Mexico. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Quim, Coyoacan 04510, Mexico. USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Bautista-Banos, S (reprint author), Inst Politecn Nacl, Ctr Desarrollo Prod Biot, Carr Yautepec Jojutla Km 8-5, San Isidro Yautepec 62731, Morelos, Mexico. OI Reyes-Chilpa, Ricardo/0000-0002-3741-8625 NR 25 TC 10 Z9 19 U1 3 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 29 IS 1 BP 81 EP 92 DI 10.1016/S0925-5214(02)00244-2 PG 12 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 691FN UT WOS:000183595400009 ER PT J AU Hume, ME Kubena, LF Edrington, TS Donskey, CJ Moore, RW Ricke, SC Nisbet, DJ AF Hume, ME Kubena, LF Edrington, TS Donskey, CJ Moore, RW Ricke, SC Nisbet, DJ TI Poultry digestive microflora biodiversity as indicated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE biodiversity; denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis; microflora; poultry ID 16S RIBOSOMAL-RNA; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; BROILER-CHICKENS; SALMONELLA-ENTERITIDIS; GASTROINTESTINAL-TRACT; BACTERIAL COMMUNITIES; INTESTINAL FLORA; GENE FRAGMENTS; DNA FRAGMENTS; YOUNG CHICK AB Populations of digestive microflora in chickens change with age and are affected by diet, stressors, and performance enhancers. Culturing techniques used to profile a bacterial community inadvertently select for some organisms while excluding others. Several molecular-based techniques have been used to profile mixed microbial populations on the basis of DNA extracted from the entire community. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis was used in the present study to examine PCR-amplified fragments (amplicons) of a 16S ribosomal DNA variable region from predominant digestive bacteria. The objective of the study was to examine changes in digestive microbial communities of developing Leghorn chicks and molted Leghorn hens. Dendrograms of amplicon patterns indicated approximately 51% similarity between cecal bacteria composition in Leghorn chicks less than 20 d old and chicks greater than 20 d old. Cecal communities in Leghorn chicks given a competitive exclusion culture exhibited 21% correlation at all ages with those in control chicks. Nonmolted and molted hens had 40% similarity between cecal communities, whereas diets with low calcium (0.8% wt/wt) and excess zinc (2,800 mg/kg) lessened population differences (90% similarity). Results indicated the potential usefulness of the molecular-based denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis to monitor changes in digestive bacterial communities in chickens. C1 ARS, USDA, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, Food & Feed Safety Res Unit, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Louis Stokes Cleveland DVA Med Ctr, Infect Dis Sect, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Hume, ME (reprint author), ARS, USDA, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, Food & Feed Safety Res Unit, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 35 TC 89 Z9 95 U1 0 U2 7 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 82 IS 7 BP 1100 EP 1107 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 699PG UT WOS:000184064700006 PM 12872965 ER PT J AU Huff, WE Huff, GR Rath, NC Balog, JM Donoghue, AM AF Huff, WE Huff, GR Rath, NC Balog, JM Donoghue, AM TI Evaluation of aerosol spray and intramuscular injection of bacteriophage to treat an Escherichia coli respiratory infection SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE bacteriophage; Escherichia coli; chicken ID SUPPURATIVE BACTERIAL-INFECTIONS; BROILER-CHICKENS; CALVES; MICE; PREVENTION; DIARRHEA; THERAPY; PHAGE AB Two studies were conducted to determine the efficacy of either aerosol or i.m. injection of bacteriophage to treat an Escherichia coli respiratory infection in broiler chickens. An additional two studies were conducted to enumerate the bacteriophage in the blood of birds at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 24, and 48 h after being sprayed or injected i.m. with bacteriophage. Five birds were bled at each period. In study 1, there were 10 treatments with three replicate pens of 10 birds. The treatments consisted of an untreated control, heat-killed bacteriophage spray' active bacteriophage spray, E. coli challenge at 7 d of age, and E. coli challenge followed by spraying the birds with heat-killed bacteriophage or active bacteriophage at 2, 24, or 48 h after challenge. In study 2 there were 11 treatments with three replicate pens of 10 birds per pen. The treatments were untreated controls, birds injected i.m. in the thigh with heat-killed or active bacteriophage, E. coli challenge at 7 d of age, PBS challenge, E. coli challenge followed by injection of heat-killed or active bacteriophage immediately after challenge or at 24 or 48 h after challenge. In both studies the E. coli challenge consisted of injecting 10(4) cfu into the thoracic air sac. Treatment of this severe E. coli infection with the bacteriophage aerosol spray significantly reduced mortality from 50 to 20% when given immediately after the challenge but had little treatment efficacy when administered 24 or 48 h after challenge. The i.m. injection of bacteriophage significantly reduced mortality from 53 to 17%, 46 to 10%, and 44 to 20% when given immediately, 24, or 48 h after challenge, respectively. Only a few birds sprayed with bacteriophage had detectable bacteriophage in their blood with an average of 96 pfu/mL 1 h after bacteriophage administration, and no bacteriophage was detected 24 and 48 h after bacteriophage administration. All birds injected i.m. with bacteriophage had detectable levels of bacteriophage in their blood at levels of 10(4) pfu/mL of blood up to 6 h after bacteriophage administration, and four of the five birds had detectable bacteriophage in their blood at an average level of 70 pfu/mL of blood 24 h after bacteriophage administration. The relative inefficiency of the spray treatment to the i.m. injection treatment may be due to the inability to get bacteriophage into the blood at high concentrations when the birds are sprayed versus the consistent high titers achieved with the i.m. injection of bacteriophage. These data provide support to the concept that bacteriophage may be an effective alternative to antibiotics in animal production when they are administered in a way that delivers high titers of the bacteriophage to the critical site of the bacterial infection. C1 Univ Arkansas, USDA ARS, Poultry Prod & Prod Safety Res Unit, Poultry Sci Ctr, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Huff, WE (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, USDA ARS, Poultry Prod & Prod Safety Res Unit, Poultry Sci Ctr, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. NR 22 TC 36 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 12 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 82 IS 7 BP 1108 EP 1112 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 699PG UT WOS:000184064700007 PM 12872966 ER PT J AU Bakst, MR Holm, L AF Bakst, MR Holm, L TI Impact of egg storage on carbonic anhydrase activity during early embryogenesis in the turkey SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE carbonic anhydrase; turkey embryo; yolk sac; endodermal cell; extra-embryonic cell membrane ID SUB-EMBRYONIC FLUID; JAPANESE-QUAIL; ION-TRANSPORT; ALBUMIN AB Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme that plays important roles in the conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate, acid-base balance, and in subembryonic fluid formation in the early Japanese quail embryo. While turkey egg storage longer than 10 d is known to increase the rate of embryo mortality, little is known of the biological mechanisms that contribute to this phenomenon. In this study, we examined the impact of turkey egg storage on carbonic anhydrase activity in the freshly laid egg through 72 h of incubation. Carbonic anhydrase activity, which was not affected by egg storage for 21 d at 18degreesC, was first observed in the germ wall, that area of yolk subjacent to the area opaca, after 24 h incubation. By 48 and 72 h, the yolk sac had formed with the yolk sac endoderm and was strongly positive for carbonic anhydrase. In contrast, mesodermal and ectodermal layers were negative. Our observations support recent studies showing carbonic anhydrase activity associated with the endodermal cell of the yolk sac in Japanese quail embryos and that such activity appears to be involved with subembryonic fluid formation in the turkey. This work also demonstrated that if an embryo survives cold egg storage, carbonic anhydrase activity does not appear to be affected. C1 ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Anim Physiol, Ctr Reprod Biol Uppsala, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. RP Bakst, MR (reprint author), ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM murray@anri.barc.usda.gov NR 16 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 82 IS 7 BP 1193 EP 1197 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 699PG UT WOS:000184064700020 PM 12872979 ER PT J AU Dzhanokmen, A Grissell, EE AF Dzhanokmen, A Grissell, EE TI Nomenclatural changes in Pteromalidae, with a description of the first new world species of Ormocerus Walker (Hymenoptera : Chalcidoidea) SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE Chalcidoidea; Pteromalidae; cynipid galls; oak AB The new species Ormocerus americanus Dzhanokmen and Grissell is described based on specimens reared from cynipid galls on oak in Texas. The following new synonymies are proposed: Abyrsomele Dzhanokmen 1975a = Halticopterina Erdos 1946; Halticopterina penthocoryne Dzhanokmen 1975a = H. moczari Erdos 1954; Homoporus longiventris Dzhanokmen 1999 = H. cupreus Erdos 1953; Phaenocytus heptapotamicus Dzhanokmen 1990 = P. glechomae (Forster 1841); Pseudocatolaccus amegallus Dzhanokmen 1989 = P. nitescens (Walker 1834); Pteromalus maculatus Dzhanokmen 1998 = P. vopiscus Walker 1839; Stenoselma haplogastra Dzhanokmen 1975a = S. nigrum Delucchi 1956; Stenoselma armeniaca Dzhanokmen and Herthevtzian 1990 = S. nigrum Delucchi 1956; Stirogenium Dzhanokmen 1985 = Paracarotomus Ashmead 1894; Stirogenium asiaticum Dzhanokmen 1985 = Paracarotomus cephalotes Ashmead 1894. The following. are new combinations: Chlorocytus arkansensis (Girault) from Habrocytus Thomson; C. languriae (Ashmead) from Habrocytus Thomson; C. rhodobaeni (Ashmead) from Habrocytus; C. simillimus (Gahan) from Habrocytus; C. vassiliefi (Ashmead) from Homoporus Thomson; Halticopterina lauta (Dzhanokmen) from Abyrsomele Dzhanokmen; Mesopolobus elymi (Dzhanokmen) from Platneptis Boucek; Neocatolaccus carinatus (Howard) from Catolaccus Thomson. C1 Inst Zool, Akademgorodok 480060, Almaty, Russia. ARS, Systemat Entomol Lab, PSI, USDA,Natl Museum Nat Hist, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Dzhanokmen, A (reprint author), Inst Zool, Akademgorodok 480060, Almaty, Russia. EM egrissell@sel.barc.usda.gov NR 29 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 105 IS 3 BP 535 EP 541 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 694CK UT WOS:000183756100002 ER PT J AU Smith, DR Saini, MS AF Smith, DR Saini, MS TI A new species of Conaspidia Konow (Hymenoptera : Tenthredinidae) from India and review of the Indian species SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE India; Conaspidia; sawfly; Tenthredininae AB Conaspidia maculosa, new species, is described from Sikkim, India. It is the fourth species of this Asian genus known from India, the other species being C. dubiosa Forsius, C. fasciatipennis Turner, and C. sikkimensis Konow. The new species belongs in the scutellaris group of Conaspidia and is separated from related species in that group and the other Indian species. C1 ARS, Systemat Entomol Lab, PSI, USDA,Natl Museum Nat Hist,Smithsonian Inst, Washington, DC 20560 USA. Punjabi Univ, Dept Zool, Patiala 147002, Punjab, India. RP Smith, DR (reprint author), ARS, Systemat Entomol Lab, PSI, USDA,Natl Museum Nat Hist,Smithsonian Inst, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 105 IS 3 BP 555 EP 558 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 694CK UT WOS:000183756100005 ER PT J AU Brown, JW AF Brown, JW TI Three new genera, two new species, and some rectifications in neotropical Euliini (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae) SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE genitalia; biodiversity; synonymy; new combinations; classification; Euryeulia; Pseudapina; Circapina; Pycnospina; Lobogenesis; Osmaria; Anopina; Chirotes; Prochirotes; Strophotina AB Three new genera in the tortricid tribe Euliini are described and illustrated: Euryeulia, with type species E. biocellata (Walsingham 1914), new combination, from Mexico; Pseudapina, with type species P. lanceovalva, new species, from Venezuela; and Circapina, with type species C flexalana, new species, from Costa Rica. Three new generic synonymies are proposed: Pycnospina Razowski 1997 is a junior synonym of Lobogenesis Razowski 1990, with the new combination L. centrota (Razowski 1997); Osmaria Razowski 1991 is a junior synonym of Anopina Obraztsov 1962, with the new combination A. psaeroptera (Razowski and Becker 1991); and Chirotes Razowski and Becker 1999, along with its replacement name, Prochirotes Razowski 2001, are junior synonyms of Strophotina Brown 1998, with the new combinations S. chorestis (Razowski and Becker 1999) and S. niphochondra (Razowski and Becker 1999). C1 ARS, Systemat Entomol Lab, PSI, USDA,Natl Museum Nat Hist,Smithsonian Inst, Washington, DC 20013 USA. RP Brown, JW (reprint author), ARS, Systemat Entomol Lab, PSI, USDA,Natl Museum Nat Hist,Smithsonian Inst, POB 37012,MRC 168, Washington, DC 20013 USA. EM jbrown@sel.barc.usda.gov NR 19 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 105 IS 3 BP 630 EP 640 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 694CK UT WOS:000183756100012 ER PT J AU Saini, MS Smith, DR Saini, TP AF Saini, MS Smith, DR Saini, TP TI Review of the southeastern Asian sawfly genus Anapeptamena Konow (Hymenoptera : Tenthredinidae) SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE India; Myanmar; Selandriinae AB Anapeptamena Konow (Tenthredinidae: Selandriinae) has been known only by its type species, A. albipes Konow, from India and Myanmar. Two new species have been discovered from India and are described: Anapeptamena darjeelingensis, n. sp., and A. dhanoultiensis, n. sp. A male of the genus, that of A. dhanoultiensis, is described for the first time. Descriptions, illustrations, and a key are provided for identification of the species. C1 Punjabi Univ, Dept Zool, Patiala 147002, Punjab, India. ARS, Systemat Entomol Lab, PSI, USDA,Natl Museum Nat Hist,Smithsonian Inst, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Smith, DR (reprint author), Punjabi Univ, Dept Zool, Patiala 147002, Punjab, India. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 105 IS 3 BP 641 EP 646 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 694CK UT WOS:000183756100013 ER PT J AU Gordon, RD McCleve, S AF Gordon, RD McCleve, S TI Five new species of Euparixia brown (Coleoptera : Aphodiidae : Eupariinae), with a revised key to species SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE taxonomy; new species; ant nests AB Five previously undescribed species of Euparixia Brown, E. boliviana from Bolivia, E. campbelli from Costa Rica, E. isthmia and E. panamaensis from Panama, and E. mexicana from Mexico are described and integrated into the existing classification. A revised key to all known species is presented. C1 Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Nat Hist, USDA, Agr Res Serv,PSI,Systemat Entom Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Gordon, RD (reprint author), No Plains Entomol, POB 65, Willow City, ND 58384 USA. NR 2 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 105 IS 3 BP 685 EP 697 PG 13 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 694CK UT WOS:000183756100018 ER PT J AU Marsh, PM Shaw, SR AF Marsh, PM Shaw, SR TI Revision of North American Aleiodes Wesmael (Part 7): The compressor Herrich-Schaeffer, ufei (Walley), gressitti (Muesebeck), and procerus Wesmael species-groups (Hymenoptera : Braconidae : Rogadinae) SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE Hymenoptera; Braconidae; parasitoids AB Six North American species in four species-groups of the genus Aleiodes are treated. The compressor (Herrich-Schaeffer) species-group includes A. palmatus (Walley), new combination and A. palmatoides, new species; the ufei (Walley) species-group includes only A. ufei (Walley), new combination; the gressitti (Muesebeck) species-group includes A. lissos, new species; and the procerus species-group includes A. granulatus (DeGant), new combination, and A. angustipennis, new species. Other new combinations proposed are: A. aligharensis (Quadri), new combination; A. compressor (Herrich-Schaeffer), new combination; A. gressitti (Muesebeck), new combination; and A. narangae (Rohwer), new combination. C1 Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Nat Hist, USDA, Agr Res Serv,PSI,Systemat Entomol Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Renewable Resources, Insect Museum, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Marsh, PM (reprint author), POB 384, N Newton, KS 67117 USA. NR 20 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 105 IS 3 BP 698 EP 707 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 694CK UT WOS:000183756100019 ER PT J AU Braud, R Smith, DR Strazanac, JS Butler, L AF Braud, R Smith, DR Strazanac, JS Butler, L TI Diversity, abundance, and seasonality of adult and larval Symphyta (Hymenoptera) in the George Washington National Forest, Virginia, and the Monongahela National Forest, West Virginia SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE Symphyta; richness; abundance; diversity; Acordulecera dorsalis ID FOOD; TRAP AB Adult Symphyta richness and abundance were studied using data collected from 36 Malaise traps in the Monongahela National Forest, Pocahontas County, West Virginia, and in the George Washington National Forest, Augusta County, Virginia. A total of 8,884 adults representing 155 species in 49 genera and 8 families were collected. Diversity estimators suggest that approximately 81% of the actual species present on the two forests were sampled over five years (1995-1999). Fifty percent of all adults (4,48 1) were Acordulecera dorsalis Say ((Pergidae). The next most :abundant species were Pristphora banksi Marlatt (Tenthredinidae) (12.8%), Pachynematus corniger,(Norton) (Tenthredinidae) (4%), Pracharactus rudis (Norton) (Tenthredinidae) (3%), and Taxonus palipes (Say) (Tenthredinidae) (2%). Larval symphytan richness and abundance were determined by foliage collections from Quercus spp., Carya spp., and Acer spp. Symphytan larvae from foliage numbered 11,621 specimens representing eight genera. Sixty-three percent of all larvae (7,373) were Acordulecera spp. The next most abundant genus was Periclista (2,328) which accounted for 20% of the total larvae. Differences in species,richness and abundance of both adults and larvae occurred between forests and between years. C1 W Virginia Univ, Div Plant & Soil Sci, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Nat Hist, USDA, Agr Res Serv,PSI,Systemat Entomol Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Braud, R (reprint author), W Virginia Univ, Div Plant & Soil Sci, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. NR 15 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 105 IS 3 BP 756 EP 768 PG 13 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 694CK UT WOS:000183756100023 ER PT J AU Hoebeke, ER Sensenbach, EJ Sanderson, JP Wraight, SP AF Hoebeke, ER Sensenbach, EJ Sanderson, JP Wraight, SP TI First report of Coenosia attenuata Stein (Diptera : Muscidae), an Old World 'hunter fly' in North America SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE Diptera; Muscidae; Coenosia attenuata; North America; immigrant species; new record; New York; California; Ontario AB The Palearctic muscid Coenosia attenuata Stein is reported for the first time in North America based on collections from the U.S.A. and Canada. Adult flies were collected from commercial greenhouses in Erie, Monroe, Onondaga, Suffolk, Tompkins, and Wayne counties of New York State and Ontario Province, Canada, and from a Malaise trap in a suburban backyard of Los Angeles County, California. A diagnosis, redescription, and photographs of the adult are provided to help distinguish it from other North American Muscidae. Its biology and habits are summarized from the European literature, and its Old World distribution is reviewed. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Entomol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. ARS, USDA, Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Hoebeke, ER (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Entomol, Comstock Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 21 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 105 IS 3 BP 769 EP 775 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 694CK UT WOS:000183756100024 ER PT J AU Poinar, G Smith, DR AF Poinar, G Smith, DR TI Food plant, life history notes, and distribution of Nematus atriceps (Marlatt) - (Hymenoptera : Tenthredinidae) SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article ID ZIGADENUS LILIACEAE C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Zool, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Nat Hist, USDA, Agr Res Serv,PSI,Systemat Entomol Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Poinar, G (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Zool, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 105 IS 3 BP 778 EP 780 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 694CK UT WOS:000183756100026 ER PT J AU Williams, DJ Miller, DR AF Williams, DJ Miller, DR TI Depository of the holotype of Antonina nakaharai Williams and Miller (Hemiptera : Pseudococcidae) SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article C1 Nat Hist Museum, Dept Entomol, London SW7 5BD, England. ARS, Systemat Entomol Lab, PSI, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Williams, DJ (reprint author), Nat Hist Museum, Dept Entomol, Cromwell Rd, London SW7 5BD, England. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 105 IS 3 BP 797 EP 797 PG 1 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 694CK UT WOS:000183756100033 ER PT J AU Cheng, HW Singleton, P Muir, WM AF Cheng, HW Singleton, P Muir, WM TI Social stress differentially regulates neuroendocrine responses in laying hens: I. Genetic basis of doparnine responses under three different social conditions SO PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article DE genetic selection; social stress; neuroendocrine; dopamine; chickens; well-being ID MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX; GROUP SELECTION; DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM; DOMESTIC-FOWL; AGONISTIC BEHAVIOR; RECEPTOR SUBTYPES; ADRENAL-FUNCTION; FEATHER PECKING; JAPANESE-QUAIL; GROUP-SIZE AB Effects of genetic-environmental interactions on plasma dopamine (DA) concentrations were studied in White Leghorn chickens selected for both high (HGPS) or low (LGPS) group productivity and survivability resulting from cannibalism and flightiness. Plasma DA levels were measured from chickens in three social treatments: single-, two-, or ten-hen cages. The two-hen treatment consisted of paired chickens from three genetic lines: HGPS, LGPS and a commercial strain, Dekalb XL (DXL). In HGPS/DXL and LGPS/DXL pairs, the DXL hen was used as a standardized genetic competitor. The ten-hen treatment contained only hens from the same line, which is similar to the original selection condition. After 7 weeks housing in the social environments, LGPS hens in the ten-hen treatment had greater plasma DA concentrations than HGPS hens (P<0.05). Compared to levels in the ten-hen treatment from the same line, plasma DA concentrations in both HGPS and LGPS hens were significantly lower in the two-hen treatment (average mean, 0.09 vs. 0.15 ng/ml and 0.22 vs. 0.44 ng/ml, P<0.05, respectively), but significantly higher in the single-hen treatment (average mean, 0.44 vs. 0.15 ng/ml and 1.78 vs. 0.44 ng/ml, P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively). In the single-hen treatment, LGPS hens had greater plasma DA levels than HGPS hens (P<0.05). The results provide evidence of genetically related differences in the regulation of chickens' plasma DA concentrations in response to social stress. These differences may magnify the behavioral and physiological differences observed in the lines under basal and challenged conditions. These results suggest that these chicken lines may provide a new model for investigating effects of DA on the control of behavioral, neural and endocrine responses to stress. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Livestock Behav Res Unit, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Anim Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Cheng, HW (reprint author), Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Livestock Behav Res Unit, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. EM hwcheng@purdue.edu NR 93 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0306-4530 J9 PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINO JI Psychoneuroendocrinology PD JUL PY 2003 VL 28 IS 5 BP 597 EP 611 DI 10.1016/S0306-4530(02)00044-6 PG 15 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Neurosciences; Psychiatry SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA 687HZ UT WOS:000183371900001 PM 12727129 ER PT J AU Kristensen, HL Debosz, K McCarty, GW AF Kristensen, HL Debosz, K McCarty, GW TI Short-term effects of tillage on mineralization of nitrogen and carbon in soil SO SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE carbon; microbial biomass; mineralization; nitrogen; physical protection; organic matter; tillage ID MICROBIAL BIOMASS; ORGANIC-MATTER; CONVENTIONAL-TILLAGE; AGGREGATE; STABILIZATION; CULTIVATION; DYNAMICS; TEXTURE AB Tillage is known to decrease soil organic nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) pools with negative consequences for soil quality. This decrease is thought partly to be caused by exposure of protected organic matter to microbial degradation by the disturbance of soil structure. Little is known, however, about the short-term effects of tillage on mineralization of N and C, and microbial activity. We studied the short-term effects of two types of tillage (conventional plough- and a non-inverting-tillage) on mineralization and microbial N and C pools in a sandy loam under organic plough-tillage management. The release of active and protected (inactive) N by tillage was further studied in the laboratory by Use Of N-15 labelling of the active pool of soil N followed by simulation of tillage by sieving through a 2 mm sieve. Results showed that the two types of tillage as well as the simulation of tillage had very few effects on mineralization and microbial pools. The simulation of tillage caused, however, a small release of N from a pool which was otherwise protected against microbial degradation. The use of soil crushing for disruption of larger macroaggregates (> 425 mum) and chloroform fumigation for perturbation of the microbial biomass increased the release from both active and protected N pools. The relative contribution from the protected N pool was, however, similar in the three treatments (22-27%), thus the pools subjected to mineralization were characterised by similar degree of protection. On the basis of isotopic composition the pools of N mineralised were indistinguishable. This suggests that the released N originated from the same pool, that is the soil microbial biomass. The study points to the microbial pool as the main source of labile N which may be released by tillage, and thus to its importance for sustained soil fertility in agricultural systems. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Danish Inst Agr Sci, Dept Hort, DK-5792 Aarslev, Denmark. Natl Environm Res Inst, Dept Terr Ecol, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark. Danish Inst Agr Sci, Dept Crop Physiol & Soil Sci, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark. Supertrae AS, DK-7362 Hampen, Denmark. USDA ARS, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Kristensen, HL (reprint author), Danish Inst Agr Sci, Dept Hort, POB 102,Kistinebjergvej 10, DK-5792 Aarslev, Denmark. RI Yang, Yang/C-7464-2012; Kristensen, Hanne Lakkenborg/C-1735-2016 OI Kristensen, Hanne Lakkenborg/0000-0002-9200-1849 NR 32 TC 42 Z9 50 U1 3 U2 22 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-0717 J9 SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM JI Soil Biol. Biochem. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 35 IS 7 BP 979 EP 986 DI 10.1016/S0038-0717(03)00159-7 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 700RT UT WOS:000184125500012 ER PT J AU Turner, BL Mahieu, N Condron, LM AF Turner, BL Mahieu, N Condron, LM TI Quantification of myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in alkaline soil extracts by solution P-31 NMR spectroscopy and spectral deconvolution SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE pasture soil; inositol phosphate; myo-inositol hexakisphosphate; phytic acid; solution P-31 NNM spectroscopy; spectral deconvolution ID NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; INOSITOL PHOSPHATES; ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS; POLYPHOSPHATES; HEXAPHOSPHATE; FRACTIONS; PHYTATE; MATTER; PENTA AB Inositol phosphates are the dominant class of organic phosphorus (P) compounds in most soils, but are poorly understood because they Eire not easily identified in soil extracts.. This study reports a relatively simple technique using solution P-31 NMR spectroscopy and spectral deconvolution for the quantification of myo-inositol hexakisphosphate (phytic acid), the most abundant soil inositol phosphate, in alkaline soil extracts., An authentic myo-inositol hexakisphosphate standard added to a re-dissolved soil extract gave signals at 5.85, 4.92, 4.55, and 4.43 ppm in the ratio 1:2:2:1. Spectral deconvolution quantified these signals accurately (102 +/- 4%) in solutions containing a mixture of model P compounds by resolving the envelope of signals in the orthophosphate monoester region. In NaOH-EDTA extracts from a range of lowland permanent pasture soils in England and Wales, concentrations of myo-inositol hexakisphosphate determined by spectral deconvolution ranged between 26 and 189 mg P kg(-1) soil, equivalent to between 11 and 35% of the extracted organic P. Concentrations were positively correlated with oxalate-extractable aluminum and iron but were not correlated with total carbon, total nitrogen, clay, or the microbial biomass. This suggests that myo-inositol hexakisphosphate accumulates in soils by mechanisms at least partially independent of those controlling organic matter stabilization and dynamics. Furthermore, myo-inositol hexakisphosphate concentrations were positively correlated with plant-available inorganic P and negatively correlated with the carbon-to-organic P ratio, suggesting that biological P availability may, in part, regulate myo-inositol hexakisphosphate concentrations in soils, perhaps because organisms capable of degrading this compound are favored in more P-limited environments. Solution P-31 NMR spectroscopy and spectral deconvolution offers a relatively simple method of quantifying myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in soil extracts. C1 USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. Univ London Queen Mary Coll, Dept Chem, London E1 4NS, England. Lincoln Univ, Soil Plant & Ecol Sci Div, Canterbury, New Zealand. RP Turner, BL (reprint author), USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, 3793 N 3600 E, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. RI Turner, Benjamin/E-5940-2011; Condron, Leo/E-9458-2013 OI Turner, Benjamin/0000-0002-6585-0722; NR 37 TC 78 Z9 83 U1 1 U2 28 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 168 IS 7 BP 469 EP 478 DI 10.1097/01.ss.0000080332.10341.ed PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 700RU UT WOS:000184125600002 ER PT J AU Tomasella, J Pachepsky, Y Crestana, S Rawls, WJ AF Tomasella, J Pachepsky, Y Crestana, S Rawls, WJ TI Comparison of two techniques to develop pedotransfer functions for water retention SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SOIL HYDRAULIC-PROPERTIES; NEURAL NETWORKS; BULK-DENSITY; LIMITED DATA; ACCURACY; CURVES; RELIABILITY; TEXTURE AB Two pedotransfer function (PTF) approaches can be used for obtaining the analytical expression of the whole retention curve: (i) soil basic data is used to estimate soil water retention at specific water potentials; and then an analytical expression of the retention curve is fitted to the estimated soil moisture values; and (ii) soil basic data is used for estimating the parameters of an analytical expression of water retention curves. The objective of this study was to compare the performance of both techniques using data representing the main Brazilian soils. First, we derived PTFs for the parameters of van Genuchten equation and for water contents at -6, -10, -33, -100, and -1500 kPa for the same development data set. Second, we compared the performance of both techniques for the same validation data set. The approach, based on the estimation of water contents at specific water potentials, provided better results: for the validation data set, this technique showed an average root mean squared error of 0.036 m(3) m(-3), compared with an averaged error of 0.098 m(3) m(-3) of the technique based on the direct estimation of van Genuchten parameters. A possible explanation for this result might be related to the fact that soil moisture is controlled by different independent variables at different ranges of soil water potential, and those differences are not directly related to the van Genuchten parameters. C1 INPE CPTEC, Ctr Previsao Tempo & Estudos Climat, BR-12630000 Cachoeira Paulista, SP, Brazil. ARS, USDA, Anim Waste Pathogen Lab, Beltsville, MD USA. Embrapa Instrumentacao Agropecuaria, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil. ARS, USDA, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Tomasella, J (reprint author), INPE CPTEC, Ctr Previsao Tempo & Estudos Climat, Caixa Postal 01, BR-12630000 Cachoeira Paulista, SP, Brazil. EM javier@cptec.inpe.br RI Tomasella, Javier/I-8073-2012; OI Tomasella, Javier/0000-0003-2597-8833; Pachepsky, Yakov/0000-0003-0232-6090 NR 34 TC 70 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 21 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 67 IS 4 BP 1085 EP 1092 DI 10.2136/sssaj2003.1085 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 700XP UT WOS:000184136700003 ER PT J AU Nemes, A Schaap, MG Wosten, JHM AF Nemes, A Schaap, MG Wosten, JHM TI Functional evaluation of pedotransfer functions derived from different scales of data collection SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID PEDO-TRANSFER FUNCTIONS; SOIL-WATER RETENTION; HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; ACCURACY AB Estimation of soil hydraulic properties by pedotransfer functions (PTFs) can be an alternative to troublesome and expensive measurements. New approaches to develop PTFs are continuously being introduced, however, PTF applicability in locations other than those of data collection has been rarely reported. We used three databases were used to develop PTFs using artificial neural networks (NNs). Data from Hungary were used to derive national scale soil hydraulic PTFs. The HYPRES database was used to develop continental scale PTFs. Finally, a database containing mostly American and European data was used to develop intercontinental scale PTFs. For each database, 11 PTFs were developed that differed in detail of input data. Accuracy of the estimations was tested using independent Hungarian data. First, soil water retention at nine values of matric potential were estimated. Root mean squared residuals (RMSRs) using different inputs ranged from 0.02 to 0.06 m(3) m(-1) for national scale PTFs, while international scale PTFs had RMSRs from 0.025 to 0.088 m(3) m(-3). Estimated water retention curves (WRCs) were then used to simulate soil moisture time series of seven Hungarian soils. Root mean squared residuals during a growing season ranged from 0.065 to 0.07 m(3) m(-1), using different PTF estimates. Simulations using laboratory-measured WRCs had RMSR of 0.061 m(3) m(-1). Such small differences in the accuracy of simulations make international PTFs an alternative to national PTFs and measurements. However, testing of the international PTFs with a specific model for specific soil and land use remains desirable because of uncertainty in soil representation in such databases. C1 ARS, USDA, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, USDA, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. ALTERRA Green World Res, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands. RP Nemes, A (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, 10300 Baltimore Ave,Bldg 007,Rm 124,BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 36 TC 72 Z9 78 U1 0 U2 20 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 67 IS 4 BP 1093 EP 1102 PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 700XP UT WOS:000184136700004 ER PT J AU Turner, BL Cade-Menun, BJ Westermann, DT AF Turner, BL Cade-Menun, BJ Westermann, DT TI Organic phosphorus composition and potential bioavailability in semi-arid arable soils of the western United States SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; P-31 NMR-SPECTROSCOPY; INOSITOL PHOSPHATES; EXTRACTION; FORMS; FRACTIONS; TRANSFORMATIONS; ORTHOPHOSPHATE; FERTILIZATION; HYDROLYSIS AB The organic P composition of semi-arid arable soils is largely unknown, but such information is fundamental to understanding P dynamics in irrigated agriculture. We used solution P-31 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and phosphatase hydrolysis to characterize organic P in semi-arid arable soils from the western USA (organic C 2.0-30.7 g C kg(-1) soil, clay 2-48%, pH 5.2-8.2, CaCO3 <1-480 g kg(-1) soil). Total P concentrations ranged from 220 to 1210 mg P kg(-1) soil, of which between 12 and 45% was extracted with NaOH-EDTA. Inorganic orthophosphate was the dominant P compound, but concentrations determined by solution P-31 NMR spectroscopy were consistently greater than those determined by molybdate colorimetry. Concentrations of organic P were relatively small, and were dominated by orthophosphate monoesters (11-130 mg P kg(-1) soil), with smaller concentrations of orthophosphate diesters (0-7 mg P kg(-1) soil). Pyrophosphate was present in almost all soils at concentrations up to 14 mg P kg(-1) soil. Bicarbonate-extractable organic P ranged from 1.7 to 22.8 mg P kg(-1) soil, of which between 37 and 87% was hydrolyzed by phosphatase enzymes, suggesting its bioavailability. Soil organic P concentrations were positively correlated with mean annual precipitation, organic C, clay, and oxalate-extractable metals (Al, Fe, Mn), and negatively correlated with mean annual temperature and soil pH. However, CaCO3 concentrations were not significantly correlated with any soil property. These results indicate that equilibrium levels of organic P in semi-arid arable soils are controlled by a balance between the physical protection offered by the soil. matrix and the suitability of the environment for biological productivity. C1 ARS, USDA, NW Irrigat & Soild Res Lab, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Turner, BL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, NW Irrigat & Soild Res Lab, 3793 N 3600 E, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. EM bturner@nwisrl.ars.usda.gov RI Turner, Benjamin/E-5940-2011; OI Turner, Benjamin/0000-0002-6585-0722; Cade-Menun, Barbara/0000-0003-4391-3718 NR 49 TC 104 Z9 114 U1 4 U2 40 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 67 IS 4 BP 1168 EP 1179 PG 12 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 700XP UT WOS:000184136700013 ER PT J AU Cavigelli, MA Thien, SJ AF Cavigelli, MA Thien, SJ TI Phosphorus bioavailability following incorporation of green manure crops SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID LUPINUS-ALBUS L; WHEAT-PASTURE ROTATIONS; SOIL ROOT INTERFACE; PLANT RESIDUES; ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS; WHITE LUPIN; MINERALIZATION; ACQUISITION; RHIZOSPHERE; PHOSPHATE AB Incorporating green manure crops into soil may increase P bioavailability for succeeding crops. We conducted a greenhouse study to evaluate the effects of green manures on biomass and P utilization of a succeeding grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] crop. Four perennial forages and four winter annual cover crops were grown in pots, killed, and incorporated into the soil before planting sorghum in the same pots. Sorghum P uptake was positively correlated with perennial forage P uptake. Among winter cover crops, sorghum P uptake following white lupine (Lupinus albus L.) was lower than in all other treatments, including the control (no previous cover crop), even though lupine biomass, N content, and P uptake were two to three times greater than those of the other winter cover crops. Phosphorus uptake differed slightly among the other three winter cover crops but sorghum P uptake was not correlated to winter cover crop P uptake. Thus, among winter cover crops, plant type rather than P uptake seemed to influence the subsequent sorghum crop's P uptake. However, sorghum biomass following the three winter cover crops other than lupine was greater than sorghum biomass in the control treatment, indicating that there was a beneficial cover crop rotation effect among these three winter cover crops. Soil samples were collected and analyzed for Bray-1 P when green manure crops were planted, when they were incorporated into the soil, when sorghum was planted and when sorghum was harvested. These data showed that the Bray-1 soil P test has little potential to predict differences in P uptake and release among different types of green manures and it has limited potential to predict P uptake by sorghum following incorporation of green manures. C1 ARS, USDA, Sustainable Agr Syst Lab, Henry A Wallace Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20770 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Agron, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Cavigelli, MA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Sustainable Agr Syst Lab, Henry A Wallace Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Bldg 001,Rm 140,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20770 USA. NR 61 TC 56 Z9 63 U1 4 U2 20 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 67 IS 4 BP 1186 EP 1194 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 700XP UT WOS:000184136700015 ER PT J AU Galbraith, JM Kleinman, PJA Bryant, RB AF Galbraith, JM Kleinman, PJA Bryant, RB TI Sources of uncertainty affecting soil organic carbon estimates in northern New York SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; STORAGE; STOCKS; WORLD; POOLS AB Estimations of regional soil organic C (SOC) stores are sensitive to map scale effects, the geography of soil resources, and uncertainty stemming from SOC values assigned to soil series. This study assessed uncertainty associated with regional SOC estimation for the Tughill Plateau (Major Land Resource Area [MLRA 141]) of northern New York. Soil samples from 103 sites, representing 30 soil series mapped within the Tughill Plateau, were collected from the upper meter and analyzed to develop a series-specific SOC database. Four 24 km(2) subregions of the Plateau were identified and soil survey maps of four different scales ranging from 1:15 840 to 1:750 000 were compared. Soil survey maps were digitized, and their respective map unit compositions and areas were related to the series-specific SOC database to calculate SOC (weighted by land extent). Estimates using different survey map scales ranged from 16.6 to 17.6 kg C m(-2). Smaller-scale soil survey maps (1:250 000 and 1:750 000) produced SOC estimates that were greater significantly than the 16.7 kg C m(-2) estimated using the large-scale reference survey maps (1:15 840). Differences were caused by the process of map generalization, as soil series with lower mean SOC that occurred on the 1:15 840 survey maps were replaced by series that had higher SOC on the 1:250 000 and 1:750 000 survey maps. Although significantly different, area-weighted mean SOC estimates varied by <5%. The greatest uncertainty in regional SOC estimation originated from the variation in SOC values assigned to soil series, with coefficients of variation (CV) ranging from 3 to 87%. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Environm Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. ARS, USDA, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Galbraith, JM (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Environm Sci, 239 Smyth Hall 0404, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NR 26 TC 26 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 5 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 67 IS 4 BP 1206 EP 1212 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 700XP UT WOS:000184136700017 ER PT J AU Rhoton, FE Romkens, MJM Bigham, JM Zobeck, TM Upchurch, DR AF Rhoton, FE Romkens, MJM Bigham, JM Zobeck, TM Upchurch, DR TI Ferrihydrite influence on infiltration, runoff, and soil loss SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID IRON-OXIDES; PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; FRAGIPAN SOIL; EROSION; ERODIBILITY; AGGREGATION; OXISOLS; CLAY AB Soil aggregates low in organic matter and clay contents are generally susceptible to disintegration at low rainfall energies. This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of ferrihydrite (Fe-5 HO8.4H(2)O) at stabilizing such aggregates, using five soils with a wide range of physical and chemical properties. The soils were amended with ferrihydrite at rates equivalent to 0, 0.34, 3.36, 16.80, and 33.60 Mg ha(-1), packed to a depth of 7.6 cm in plexiglass cylinders, and then exposed to simulated rainfall at an intensity of 64 mm h(-1) for 1.5 h. The erodibility data indicated that as ferrihydrite increased from 0 to 16.80 Mg ha(-1) on acid soils, infiltration increased an average of 21.5% while runoff and soil loss decreased 20 and 40%, respectively. Conversely, infiltration decreased 37% while runoff and soil loss increased 21 and 34%, respectively for alkaline soils. Further, sediment size distributions measured at these same ferrihydrite rates indicated that the >250-, and 250- to 53-mum fractions increased 24 and 22% for acid soils and decreased 15 and 14%, respectively in alkaline soils. The <53-μm fraction decreased 21% in the acid soils and increased 46% in the alkaline soils. These results suggest ferrihydrite develops a net positive charge in acid soil environments that leads to formation of bonds with negatively charged soil particles and an increase in water stable aggregation. Conversely, in alkaline soils, ferrihydrite becomes negatively charged which results in dispersion and aggregate instability. Thus, ferrihydrite appears to be an effective amendment for reducing runoff and soil loss from acid pH soils at amendment rates between 3.36 and 16.80 Mg ha(-1). C1 USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. Ohio State Univ, Sch Nat Resources, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. USDA ARS, Cropping Syst Res Lab, Lubbock, TX 79415 USA. RP Rhoton, FE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, 598 McElroy Dr, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. RI Zobeck, Ted/A-6126-2012 NR 24 TC 21 Z9 25 U1 3 U2 13 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 67 IS 4 BP 1220 EP 1226 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 700XP UT WOS:000184136700019 ER PT J AU McColl, JG Powers, RF AF McColl, JG Powers, RF TI Decomposition of small woody debris of California red fir: Mass loss and elemental content over 17 years SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; WHITE-ROT FUNGI; COLORADO BLUE SPRUCE; DOUGLAS-FIR; ORGANIC-MATTER; PHANEROCHAETE-CHRYSOSPORIUM; DEPENDENT PEROXIDASES; NUTRIENT DYNAMICS; PAPER BIRCH; DECAY AB Abies forests cover the subalpine region from latitude 36degreesN in Sierra Nevada, California, to 55degreesN in British Columbia, Canada. Because of slow nutrient cycling, Abies forests usually are nutrient-stressed. This study determined the decomposition rates, changes in the C/N ratio, and the dynamics of N, P, and Mn of bark and wood of small diameter debris of California red fir (Abies magnifica A. Murr.). Triplicate 0.06-ha plots were established with four combinations of N-fertilization and thinning treatments: Control (16 687 trees ha(-1)), Thinned (1141 trees ha(-1)), N fertilized (300 kg N ha(-1), as urea), and Thinned + N fertilized (1141 trees ha(-1), plus 300 kg N ha(-1)). Individually labeled samples, 0.5- to 5-cm diameter and 15- to 30-cm length, were scattered in the plots and retrieved after 3 and 17 yr. Bark and wood were then separated and analyzed for total dry mass, and the concentration and mass of N, P, and Mn. For bark there were few notable effects of the treatments at 3 or 17 yr. Over the 17-yr period, total dry mass of bark decreased by 62% (because of decomposition and sloughing); the C/N ratio dropped from 72/1 to 48/1; concentrations of N and Mn increased, but P concentration decreased; masses of N and P decreased, but Mn mass increased. For wood, there were a few significant effects of the treatments at 3 yr and none at 17 yr. At 3 yr, thinning reduced the C/N ratio; all the treatments lost more total dry mass than the Control; N and P mass losses differed slightly between treatments, but Mn mass loss did not differ between treatments. Over the 17-yr period, total dry mass of wood decreased by 37%; the C/N ratio dropped from 217/1 to 177/1; concentrations of N and Mn increased, but P concentration decreased; masses of N and P decreased, but mass of Mn remained the same. White-rot fungi require Mn to decompose lignin, and maintain relatively high levels of Mn in decomposing bark and wood. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Div Ecosyst Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, Redding, CA 96001 USA. RP McColl, JG (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Div Ecosyst Sci, 151 Hilgard Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 43 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 9 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 67 IS 4 BP 1227 EP 1233 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 700XP UT WOS:000184136700020 ER PT J AU Waldrop, MP McColl, JG Powers, RF AF Waldrop, MP McColl, JG Powers, RF TI Effects of forest postharvest management practices on enzyme activities in decomposing litter SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID MICROBIAL BIOMASS; ORGANIC-MATTER; SOIL; NITROGEN; LAYER AB Forest harvesting and site preparation alter many features of the soil environment affecting biological activity and litter decomposition. One aspect of biological activity, "lignocellulase" enzyme activity, has been found to be a good predictor of litter mass loss. We determined the effects of postharvest treatments (SLASH, BROADCAST BURN, and CHIP AND PILE treatments with the intact FOREST treatment as a control) on lignocellulose degrading and nutrient releasing enzyme activities (beta-glucosidase, cellobiohydrolase, beta-xylosidase, N-acetyl-glucosaminidase, phenol oxidase, and phosphatase) in decomposing pine litter in litterbags and in the forest floor and compared them with patterns of decomposition. In the forest floor, the SLASH treatment decreased phenol oxidase and phosphatase activities by half; the CHIP AND PILE treatment decreased beta-glucosidase, cellobiohydrolase, phenol oxidase, and phosphatase activities by 50 to 75%; and the BROADCAST BURN treatment decreased N-acetyl-glucosaminidase, phenol oxidase, and phosphatase activities by 30 to 60%. In the litterbag litter, phenol oxidase activity, N-acetyl-glucosaminedase activity, and mass loss were lower in the BROADCAST BURN treatment than in the FOREST treatment. SLASH and CHIP AND PILE treatments did not affect enzyme activities or decomposition of the litterbag litter. The relationship between enzyme activities and incremental mass loss was significant in the FOREST and CHIP AND PILE treatments for beta-glucosidase, cellobiohydrolase, and N-acetyl-glucosaminidase enzymes (r > 0.50, p < 0.05), but not significant in the BROADCAST BURN and SLASH treatments. Although reduced enzyme activities were accompanied by lower decomposition rates, enzyme activities were not always a dominant control of decomposition in certain highly disturbed treatments. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. USDA FS, Pacific SW Res Stn, Redding, CA 96001 USA. RP Waldrop, MP (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, 430 E Univ Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. OI Waldrop, Mark/0000-0003-1829-7140 NR 21 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 2 U2 16 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 67 IS 4 BP 1250 EP 1256 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 700XP UT WOS:000184136700023 ER PT J AU Mueller, L Schindler, U Fausey, NR Lal, R AF Mueller, L Schindler, U Fausey, NR Lal, R TI Comparison of methods for estimating maximum soil water content for optimum workability SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE soil physical properties; soil moisture; plasticity; water retention; workability; pedotransfer functions ID HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; BULK-DENSITY; TEXTURE; CURVE; OHIO AB Tillage causes changes to soil structure, and if the soil is too wet when tillage is performed, the change to the soil structure will be detrimental. A methodology that could be used for estimating the maximum gravimetric soil water content for optimum tillage would be helpful to prevent soil structural damage. The objective of this study was to compare five methods for estimating the soil water content for tillage. These methods utilized existing data of water retention, Atterberg limits, and Proctor compaction tests. The database included 80 soils, 51 from Germany and 29 from north central USA. Additionally, on three sites in Germany, soil water content in the field was measured intensively and related to the estimates of soil water content for workability. Maximum soil water content for optimum tillage of cohesive soils was at a consistency index of 1.15 and 90% of the water content at the lower plastic limit. For both cohesive and non-cohesive soils, the maximum soil water content for optimum workability was equal to either the water content at maximum Proctor density or 70% of the water content at a tension of -5 kPa. At the water content of the inflection point of the water retention curve, in many cases the soil would be too wet for tillage. The results provide methods for estimation of the maximum water content for optimum tillage from databases with existing soil physical properties. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Inst Soil Landscape Res, Ctr Agr Landscape & Land Use Res, ZALF, D-15374 Muencheberg, Germany. USDA ARS, Soil Drainage Res Unit, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Ohio State Univ, Sch Nat Resources, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Mueller, L (reprint author), Inst Soil Landscape Res, Ctr Agr Landscape & Land Use Res, ZALF, Eberswalder Str 84, D-15374 Muencheberg, Germany. RI Lal, Rattan/D-2505-2013 NR 39 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 72 IS 1 BP 9 EP 20 DI 10.1016/S0167-1987(03)00046-1 PG 12 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 699BY UT WOS:000184037100002 ER PT J AU Kuhn, DN Heath, M Wisser, RJ Meerow, A Brown, JS Lopes, U Schnell, RJ AF Kuhn, DN Heath, M Wisser, RJ Meerow, A Brown, JS Lopes, U Schnell, RJ TI Resistance gene homologues in Theobroma cacao as useful genetic markers SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE resistance gene homologue; Theobroma cacao; marker-assisted selection; Crinipellis perniciosa; SSCP ID DISEASE-RESISTANCE; ANALOGS; LETTUCE; IDENTIFICATION; STERCULIACEAE; EXPRESSION; SEQUENCES; EVOLUTION; CLUSTER; ORIGIN AB Resistance gene homologue (RGH) sequences have been developed into useful genetic markers for marker-assisted selection (MAS) of disease resistant Theobroma cacao. A plasmid library of amplified fragments was created from seven different cultivars of cacao. Over 600 cloned recombinant amplicons were evaluated. From these, 74 unique RGHs were identified that could be placed into 11 categories based on sequence analysis. Primers specific to each category were designed. The primers specific for a single RGH category amplified fragments of equal length from the seven different cultivars used to create the library. However, these fragments exhibited single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP), which allowed us to map six of the RGH categories in an F-2 population of T. cacao. RGHs 1, 4 and 5 were in the same linkage group, with RGH 4 and 5 separated by less than 4 cM. As SSCP can be efficiently performed on our automated sequencer, we have developed a convenient and rapid high throughput assay for RGH alleles. C1 ARS, USDA, Subtrop Hort Res Stn, Miami, FL 33158 USA. Ctr Pesquisas Cacau, CEPLAC, BR-74560000 Itabuna, Bahia, Brazil. Florida Int Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Miami, FL 33199 USA. RP Schnell, RJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Subtrop Hort Res Stn, 13601 Old Cutler Rd, Miami, FL 33158 USA. NR 35 TC 33 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 107 IS 2 BP 191 EP 202 DI 10.1007/s00122-003-1239-7 PG 12 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 698YX UT WOS:000184029100001 PM 12845435 ER PT J AU Benko-Iseppon, AM Winter, P Huettel, B Staginnus, C Muehlbauer, FJ Kahl, G AF Benko-Iseppon, AM Winter, P Huettel, B Staginnus, C Muehlbauer, FJ Kahl, G TI Molecular markers closely linked to fusarium resistance genes in chickpea show significant alignments to pathogenesis-related genes located on Arabidopsis chromosomes 1 and 5 SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE Cicer arietinum; thaumatin; anthranilate; N-hydroxycinnamoyl-benzoyltransferase; phytoalexin; synteny ID CICER-ARIETINUM L.; TAGGED MICROSATELLITE SITES; RECOMBINANT INBRED LINES; F-SP-CICERI; GENOME ORGANIZATION; WILT RESISTANCE; LINKAGE MAP; SEQUENCE; INHERITANCE; PROTEIN AB A population of 131 recombinant inbred lines from a wide cross between chickpea (Cicer arietinum L., resistant parent) and Cicer reticulatum (susceptible parent) segregating for the closely linked resistances against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri races 4 and 5 was used to develop DNA amplification fingerprinting markers linked to both resistance loci. Bulked segregant analysis revealed 19 new markers on linkage group 2 of the genetic map on which the resistance genes are located. Closest linkage (2.0 cM) was observed between marker R-2609-1 and the race 4 resistance locus. Seven other markers flanked this locus in a range from 4.1 to 9.0 cM. These are the most closely linked markers available for this locus up to date. The sequences of the linked markers were highly similar to genes encoding proteins involved in plant pathogen response, such as a PR-5 thaumatin-like protein and an important regulator of the phytoalexin pathway, anthranilate N-hydroxycinnamoyl-benzoyltransferase. Others showed significant alignments to genes encoding housekeeping enzymes such as the MutS2 DNA-mismatch repair protein. In the Arabidopsis genome, similar genes are located on short segments of chromosome 1 and 5, respectively, suggesting synteny between the fusarium resistance gene cluster of chickpea and the corresponding regions in the Arabidopsis genome. Three marker sequences were similar to retrotransposon-derived and/or satellite DNA sequences. The markers developed here provide a starting point for physical mapping and map-based cloning of the fusarium resistance genes and exploration of synteny in this highly interesting region of the chickpea genome. C1 Univ Frankfurt, Bioctr, D-60439 Frankfurt, Germany. Univ Fed Pernambuco, CCB, BR-50732970 Recife, PE, Brazil. Washington State Univ, USDA, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Kahl, G (reprint author), Univ Frankfurt, Bioctr, Marie Curiestr 9, D-60439 Frankfurt, Germany. EM kahl@em.uni-frankfurt.de NR 49 TC 33 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 107 IS 2 BP 379 EP 386 DI 10.1007/s00122-003-1260-x PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 698YX UT WOS:000184029100022 PM 12709786 ER PT J AU Klevay, L AF Klevay, L TI Untitled SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Letter ID COPPER DEFICIENCY; CHOLESTEROL C1 USDA, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Klevay, L (reprint author), USDA, POB 9034,Univ Stn, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 74 IS 1 BP 228 EP 228 DI 10.1093/toxsci/kfg130 PG 1 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 692NG UT WOS:000183666700024 PM 12813180 ER PT J AU Bilby, RE Beach, EW Fransen, BR Walter, JK Bisson, PA AF Bilby, RE Beach, EW Fransen, BR Walter, JK Bisson, PA TI Transfer of nutrients from spawning salmon to riparian vegetation in western Washington SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ELEMENTS TRANSPORTED UPSTREAM; PACIFIC SALMON; COHO SALMON; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; DELTA-C-13 EVIDENCE; STABLE ISOTOPES; NITROGEN; STREAMS; ALASKA; FRACTIONATION AB The extent to which nutrients from Pacific salmon are transported to riparian areas may be influenced by differences in spawning behavior among species. Chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta, pink salmon O. gorbuscha, and sockeye salmon O. nerka typically spawn in dense aggregations, while species like steelhead O. mykiss and coho salmon O. kisutch spawn at lower densities. The contribution of nutrients to riparian vegetation was compared at two watersheds in western Washington, Griffin Creek (used by coho salmon) and Kennedy Creek (used by chum salmon). Salmonberry Rubus spectabilis foliage was collected at the channel edge above and below barriers to spawning salmon and at 20, 50, and 100 m upslope from the stream and analyzed for nitrogen stable isotope ratio (delta(15)N, an indicator of salmon-derived nitrogen), total nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) content. Cover, plant density, and the species richness of shrub and understory vegetation were compared between sites with and without salmon. The delta(15)N values in salmonberry leaves were higher at sites with salmon than at corresponding distances from the channel at sites without salmon at Kennedy Creek but not Griffin Creek. Salmonberry foliage adjacent to salmon spawning reaches possessed significantly higher levels of total N and P in both watersheds. Nitrogen content was positively associated with delta(15)N values at the Kennedy Creek sites but not at the Griffin Creek sites. At Kennedy Creek, shrub species diversity and understory plant density and species diversity were higher at sites with salmon than at sites without salmon. These results suggest that areas bordering streams utilized by high-density-spawning species like chum salmon receive a substantial nutrient contribution from the fish and that this subsidy influences the vegetation. We did not see clear evidence for a similar nutrient contribution from coho salmon. C1 Weyerhaeuser Co, WTC 1A5, Federal Way, WA 98063 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Olympia Forestry Sci Lab, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. RP Bilby, RE (reprint author), Weyerhaeuser Co, WTC 1A5, POB 0777, Federal Way, WA 98063 USA. NR 40 TC 51 Z9 50 U1 2 U2 19 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 132 IS 4 BP 733 EP 745 DI 10.1577/T02-089 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 703NY UT WOS:000184287600009 ER PT J AU Shapouri, H Duffield, JA Wang, M AF Shapouri, H Duffield, JA Wang, M TI The energy balance of corn ethanol revisited SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE corn production; energy; ethanol; net energy balance AB Studies conducted since the late 1970s have estimated the net energy value (NEV) of corn ethanol. However, variations in data and assumptions used among the studies have resulted in a wide range of estimates. This study identifies the factors causing this wide variation and develops a more consistent estimate. We conclude that the NEV of corn ethanol has been rising over time due to technological advances in ethanol conversion and increased efficiency in farm production. We show that corn ethanol is energy efficient, as indicated by an energy output:input ratio of 1.34 and 1.53 under a best-case scenario. C1 USDA, Off Energy Policy & New Uses, Washington, DC 20024 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Energy Syst Div, Ctr Transportat Res, US Dept Energy,, Argonne, IL USA. RP Shapouri, H (reprint author), USDA, Off Energy Policy & New Uses, 300 7th St SW,Rm 361,Reporters Bldg, Washington, DC 20024 USA. NR 34 TC 89 Z9 91 U1 0 U2 21 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 46 IS 4 BP 959 EP 968 PG 10 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 723TT UT WOS:000185448200004 ER PT J AU Teske, ME Thistle, HW AF Teske, ME Thistle, HW TI Release height and far-field limits of Lagrangian aerial spray models SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Agricultural-Engineers CY JUL 28-31, 2002 CL CHICAGO, ILLINOIS SP Amer Soc Agr Engineers DE aerial application; drift; far-field predictions; ground effect; Lagrangian; vortex decay ID DISPERSION MODEL; AIRCRAFT; DRIFT; DEPOSITION; VORTICES; AGDISP; FSCBG; WAKES AB The Lagrangian equation solver in the aerial application models AGDISP (version 8.08) and AgDRIFT (version 2.0.08) is capable of predicting deposition from high release heights and to distances far downwind, beyond where these models have been validated. The appropriateness and applicability of model extension to higher release heights and to farther downwind distances are examined by examining model inputs, model uncertainty, and data variability as these limits are approached. The models appear appropriate as long as the aircraft vortices influence the behavior of the released spray material. While the models have been validated to release heights of 10 m and downwind distances of 800 m, release height extension appears warranted, whereas downwind deposition extension does not. However, relative deposition effects may be examined further downwind. C1 Continuum Dynam Inc, Ewing, NJ 08618 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Morgantown, WV USA. RP Teske, ME (reprint author), Continuum Dynam Inc, 34 Lexington Ave, Ewing, NJ 08618 USA. NR 27 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 46 IS 4 BP 977 EP 983 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 723TT UT WOS:000185448200006 ER PT J AU Teske, ME Thistle, HW Ice, GG AF Teske, ME Thistle, HW Ice, GG TI Technical advances in modeling aerially applied sprays SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE aerial application; deposition; drift; lagrangian; spray model ID DISPERSION MODEL; AIRCRAFT; DRIFT; SIMULATION; WIND; PREDICTION; VORTICES; DROPLETS; PROFILES; AGDISP AB Since the 1989 publication of the original modeling approaches assembled into AGDISP, significant advances have been made in the development and validation of spray drift models. The latest version of AGDISP (version 8.08) now embodies the latest refinements to the computational engine first developed for NASA, improved by the USDA Forest Service, and implemented by the Spray Drift Task Force and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency into a regulatory version. This article updates the previous summary of AGDISP, builds on a recent publication summarizing the regulatory version of the model, and includes the most recent modeling additions of atmospheric stability effects, vortical decay, simple terrain features, plant canopy, riparian barriers, and the aerial release of dry materials. C1 Continuum Dynam Inc, Ewing, NJ 08618 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Morgantown, WV USA. Natl Council Air & Stream Improvement Inc, Corvallis, OR USA. RP Teske, ME (reprint author), Continuum Dynam Inc, 34 Lexington Ave, Ewing, NJ 08618 USA. NR 72 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 46 IS 4 BP 985 EP 996 PG 12 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 723TT UT WOS:000185448200007 ER PT J AU Peterson, JR Flanagan, DC Robinson, KM AF Peterson, JR Flanagan, DC Robinson, KM TI Channel evolution and erosion in pam-treated and untreated experimental waterways SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Agricultural-Engineers CY JUL 28-31, 2002 CL CHICAGO, ILLINOIS SP Amer Soc Agr Engineers DE channel; erosion; gully erosion; headcut; PAM; polyacrylamide; sediment yield ID SPRINKLER IRRIGATION RUNOFF; SILT LOAM SOIL; RAINFALL CONDITIONS; SIMULATED RAINFALL; SEDIMENT YIELD; STEEP SLOPES; POLYACRYLAMIDE; AMENDMENTS; CHEMISTRY; POLYMERS AB Unprotected earthen waterways (e.g., grassed waterways before vegetation) and ephemeral gullies are prone to severe erosion. Previous research has suggested that polyacrylamide (PAM) may reduce erosion in areas of concentrated flow. This research tested the hypothesis that a PAM-treated channel would result in significantly less erosion than untreated soil in a pre-formed, trapezoidal channel measuring 0.6 m at the top, 0.1 m at the bottom, 0.13 m deep, and 15.2 m long. Anionic PAM (30% charge density, 18 Mg mol(-1) molecular weight) was applied in solution at a rate of 80 kg ha(-1). The soil used in these experiments was red clay loam (37% sand, 35% silt, 28% clay). Channel geometry and sediment concentration were measured for each of four inflow rates (0.0016, 0.0032, 0.0063, and 0.0126 m(3) s(-1)). A secondary objective was to measure the influence of PAM on headcut rate advance. Measured sediment yield rate was significantly less from PAM-treated channels than from the control. Reductions in sediment yield rate ranged from 93% to 98%. Channel incision depth was not different between the two treatments; however, effective flow widths (assuming rectangular channel geometry) were significantly greater for the untreated control channel. Headcut advance rates were greatly reduced in PAM-treated channels (0.06 to 0.6 m h(-1)) compared to the untreated channel (17.8 m h(-1)) in our limited data. These results show that PAM was an effective means of controlling erosion in experimental earth channels. C1 USACE ED DN, Rock Isl, IL 61204 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, W Lafayette, IN USA. USDA ARS, Watershed Sci Inst, Raleigh, NC USA. RP Peterson, JR (reprint author), USACE ED DN, POB 2004, Rock Isl, IL 61204 USA. NR 20 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 46 IS 4 BP 1023 EP 1031 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 723TT UT WOS:000185448200010 ER PT J AU Cochrane, TA Flanagan, DC AF Cochrane, TA Flanagan, DC TI Representative hillslope methods for applying the WEPP model with DEMS and GIS SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE digital elevation models; geographic information systems; soil erosion modeling; topographic analysis ID DIGITAL ELEVATION MODELS; SMALL WATERSHEDS; AREAS; EROSION AB In watershed modeling with WEPP, the process of manually identifying hillslopes and channels is very time consuming and can be subject to large variation between users. Furthermore, the representation of hillslope profiles is subjective and can differ between different modelers. To overcome this, modeling procedures called the Hillslope methods were developed that use geographical information systems (GIS) and digital elevation models (DEMs) to assess water erosion in small watersheds with the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model. The Hillslope methods are automated procedures to develop hillslope and channel topographic characteristics from DEMs for use in the WEPP model. The objective of this study was therefore to determine which method of creating representative slope profile and representative hillslope profile lengths performs best. Three methods of creating a representative slope profile from DEMs were developed and tested: linear average, exponentially transformed average, and weighted average. Additionally, two methods to determine the representative hillslope profile length, called the Calcleng and Chanleng methods, were evaluated. The Calcleng method calculates a representative length of hillslope based on the weighted lengths of all flowpaths in a hillslope as identified through a DEM. The Chanleng method sets hillslope width equal to adjacent channel length and then computes a hillslope length from hillslope area divided by width. Actual DEMs from six research watersheds were used to test these methods. The results from the application of these methods were compared to each other and to measured sediment data. Results showed that the three methods for determining the representative slopes of the profiles were not significantly different from each other There were also no significant differences between the Calcleng and the Chanleng methods for sediment yields and runoff from the six watersheds. Theoretically, however, for more complex watersheds, the weighted average method for determination of representative slope profile gradient values and the Chanleng method to determine representative profile slope lengths are the preferred methods. These results help automate the application of WEPP to watersheds using GIS and DEMs. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. AGTECA SA, Santa Cruz, CA USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Agr & Biol Engn, W Lafayette, IN USA. RP Flanagan, DC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, 275 S Russell St, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 21 TC 15 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 46 IS 4 BP 1041 EP 1049 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 723TT UT WOS:000185448200012 ER PT J AU Payero, JO Neale, CMU Wright, JL Allen, RG AF Payero, JO Neale, CMU Wright, JL Allen, RG TI Guidelines for validating Bowen ratio data SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE alfalfa; Bowen ratio; energy balance; ET; evapotranspiration; grass; latent heat flux; lysimeter; soil heat flux ID ENERGY BALANCE METHOD; LATENT-HEAT FLUX; NET-RADIATION; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION ESTIMATION; SURFACE ALBEDO; SENSIBLE HEAT; WATER-VAPOR; CROP; COEFFICIENTS; TEMPERATURE AB For a variety of reasons, the measurement of latent heatflux using the Bowen ratio method can sometimes result in erroneous data. This study provides guidelines for detecting erroneous Bowen ratio data and illustrates the application of these guidelines by comparing Bowen ratio and lysimeter data collected over grass and alfalfa in southern Idaho. Errors in net radiation were detected by comparing measured with theoretical values. However, it was found that good theoretical procedures to validate soil heatflux data are lacking. Only empirical equations mainly used for remote sensing applications to obtain estimates close to noontime are available. Extremely inaccurate latent heat fluxes were easily filtered out by rejecting data when the calculated Bowen ratio (P) values were close to -1. A simplified procedure was proposed to reject fluxes with the wrong sign, and three different equations were used successfully to detect the occurrence of condensation inside the type of measurement system used in the study. Guidelines to assure adequate fetch are provided. Fetch did not affect the measured fluxes in this study, which may have been due to the similarity in surface properties between the crops under study and those in the surrounding fields. C1 Univ Nebraska, W Cent Res & Extens Ctr, Dept Biol Syst Engn, Lincoln, NE USA. Utah State Univ, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Univ Idaho Res & Extens Ctr, Kimberly, ID USA. USDA ARS, Kimberly, ID USA. RP 461 W Univ Dr, N Platte, NE 69101 USA. EM jpayero2@unl.edu RI Neale, Christopher/G-3860-2012; Payero, Jose/A-7916-2011; Neale, Christopher/P-3676-2015 OI Neale, Christopher/0000-0002-7199-6410; Neale, Christopher/0000-0002-7199-6410 NR 48 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL & BIOLOGICAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 46 IS 4 BP 1051 EP 1060 PG 10 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 723TT UT WOS:000185448200013 ER PT J AU Abbasi, F Simunek, J Feyen, J van Genuchten, MT Shouse, PJ AF Abbasi, F Simunek, J Feyen, J van Genuchten, MT Shouse, PJ TI Simultaneous inverse estimation of soil hydraulic and solute transport parameters from transient field experiments: Homogeneous soil SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE furrow irrigation; homogeneous soil; inverse solution; solute transport; water flow ID UNSATURATED SATURATED SOILS; REACTIVE CHEMICAL-TRANSPORT; DISC INFILTROMETER DATA; FLOOD-IRRIGATED FIELD; CONE PERMEAMETER; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; SPATIAL VARIABILITY; PREFERENTIAL FLOW; MODEL DEVELOPMENT; MACROPOROUS SOIL AB Inverse estimation of unsaturated soil hydraulic and solute transport properties has thus far been limited mostly to analyses of one-dimensional experiments in the laboratory, often assuming steady-state conditions. This is partly because of the high cost and difficulties in accurately measuring and collecting adequate field-scale data sets, and partly because of difficulties in describing spatial and temporal variabilities in the soil hydraulic properties. In this study, we estimated soil hydraulic and solute transport parameters from several two-dimensional furrow irrigation experiments under transient conditions. Three blocked-end furrow irrigation experiments were carried out, each of the same duration but with different amounts of infiltrating water and solutes resulting from water depths of 6, 10, and 14 cm in the furrows. Two more experiments were carried out with the same amounts of applied water and solute, and hence for different durations, on furrows with water depths of 6 and 10 cm. The saturated hydraulic conductivity (K-s) and solute transport parameters in the physical equilibrium convection-dispersion (CDE) and physical nonequilibrium mobile immobile (MIM) transport models were inversely estimated using the Levenberg-Marquardt optimization algorithm in combination with the HYDRUS-2D numerical code. Soil water content readings, cumulative infiltration data, and solute concentrations were used in the objective function during the optimization process. Estimated K-s values ranged from 0.0389 to 0.0996 cm min(-1), with a coefficient of variation of 48%. Estimated immobile water contents (theta(im)) were more or less constant at a relatively low average value of 0.025 cm(3) cm(-3), whereas the first-order exchange coefficient (omega) varied between 0.10 and 19.52 min(-1). The longitudinal dispersivity (D-L) ranged from 2.6 to 32.8 cm, and the transverse dispersivity (D-T) ranged from 0.03 to 2.20 cm. DL showed some dependency on water level and irrigation/solute application time in the furrows, but no obvious effect was found on Ks and other transport parameters, most likely because of spatial variability in the soil hydraulic properties. Agreement between measured and predicted infiltration rates was satisfactory, whereas soil water contents were somewhat overestimated, and solute concentrations were underestimated. Differences between predicted solute distributions obtained with the CDE and MIM transport models were relatively small. This and the value of optimized parameters indicate that observed data were sufficiently well described using the simpler CDE model, and that immobile water did not play a major role in the transport process. C1 Katholieke Univ Leuven, Inst Land & Water Mangement, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium. USDA ARS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Salin Lab, Riverside, CA USA. RP Feyen, J (reprint author), Katholieke Univ Leuven, Inst Land & Water Mangement, Vital Decosterstr 102, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium. RI Simunek, Jiri/F-3196-2011; van Genuchten, Martinus/K-6892-2013; OI van Genuchten, Martinus/0000-0003-1654-8858; Abbasi, Fariborz/0000-0002-0662-7723 NR 59 TC 42 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 46 IS 4 BP 1085 EP 1095 PG 11 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 723TT UT WOS:000185448200017 ER PT J AU Abbasi, F Jacques, D Simunek, J Feyen, J van Genuchten, MT AF Abbasi, F Jacques, D Simunek, J Feyen, J van Genuchten, MT TI Inverse estimation of soil hydraulic and solute transport parameters from transient field experiments: Heterogeneous soil SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE furrow irrigation; heterogeneous soil; inverse solution; scaling; solute transport; water flow ID DISC INFILTROMETER DATA; UNSATURATED SOIL; WATER-FLOW; INFILTRATION EXPERIMENTS; STOCHASTIC-ANALYSIS; CHLORIDE TRANSPORT; PREFERENTIAL FLOW; CONE PERMEAMETER; POROUS-MEDIA; DISPERSION AB While inverse parameter estimation techniques for determining key parameters affecting water flow and solute transport are becoming increasingly common in saturated and unsaturated zone studies, their application to practical problems, such as irrigation, have received relatively little attention. In this article, we used the Levenberg-Marquardt optimization algorithm in combination with the HYDRUS-2D numerical code to estimate soil hydraulic and solute transport parameters of several soil horizons below experimental furrows. Three experiments were carried out, each of the same duration but with different amounts of water and solutes resulting from 6, 10, and 14 cm water depths in the furrows. Two more experiments were performed with the same amounts of applied water and solute and, consequently, for different durations, on furrows with depths of 6 and 10 cm of water We first used a scaling method to characterize spatial variability in the soil hydraulic properties, and then simultaneously estimated the saturated hydraulic conductivity (K-s) and the longitudinal dispersivity (D-L) for the different horizons. Model predictions showed only minor improvements over those previously obtained assuming homogeneous soil profiles. In an effort to improve the predictions, we also carried out a two-step, sequential optimization in which we first estimated the soil hydraulic parameters followed by estimation of the solute transport parameters. This approach allowed us to include additional parameters in the optimization process. A sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the most sensitive hydraulic and solute transport parameters. Soil water contents were found to be most sensitive to the n parameter in van Genuchten's soil hydraulic model, followed by the saturated water content (theta(s)), while solute concentrations were most affected by theta(s) and D-L. For these reasons, we estimated theta(s) and n for the various soil horizons of the sequential optimization process during the first step, and only D-L during the second step. Sequential estimation somewhat improved predictions of the cumulative infiltration rates during the first irrigation event. It also significantly improved descriptions of the soil water content, particularly of the upper horizons, as compared to those obtained using simultaneous estimation, whereas deep percolation rates of water did not improve. Solute concentrations in the soil profiles were predicted equally well with both optimization approaches. C1 Katholieke Univ Leuven, Inst Land & Water Management, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium. SCK CEN, Waste & Disposal Dept, Mol, Belgium. USDA ARS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Salin Lab, Riverside, CA USA. RP Feyen, J (reprint author), Katholieke Univ Leuven, Inst Land & Water Management, Vital Decosterstr 102, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium. RI Simunek, Jiri/F-3196-2011; van Genuchten, Martinus/K-6892-2013; Jacques, Diederik/C-5887-2009; OI van Genuchten, Martinus/0000-0003-1654-8858; Jacques, Diederik/0000-0001-9393-2963; Abbasi, Fariborz/0000-0002-0662-7723 NR 52 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 3 U2 16 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 46 IS 4 BP 1097 EP 1111 PG 15 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 723TT UT WOS:000185448200018 ER PT J AU Wang, N Dowell, FE Zhang, N AF Wang, N Dowell, FE Zhang, N TI Determining wheat vitreousness using image processing and a neural network SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Agricultural-Engineers CY JUL 28-31, 2002 CL CHICAGO, ILLINOIS SP Amer Soc Agr Engineers DE durum wheat; grading; grain; HSI color space; inspection; machine vision; neural network; vitreousness ID CHARACTERIZATION SYSTEM; QUALITY AB A real-time, image-based grain-inspection instrument (GrainCheck310) was used to develop back-propagation ANN models to classify durum wheat kernels based on their vitreousness. Single-kernel images were created through preprocessing. HSI color features of image rows and columns were used as the inputs to the ANNs. Several 11-class, 3-class, and 2-class ANN models were trained with different numbers of hidden-layer nodes and training epochs. Classification rates of 85% to 90% were achieved for the vitreous and non-vitreous classes. For all non-vitreous kernel subclasses, except the "bleached" subclass, the classification rates also reached 85%. A correction algorithm was developed to overcome the difficulty in measuring mottled kernels caused by the orientation of kernels under the camera. A 2-class ANN model developed in this study was tested on two GrainCheck 310 machines. The average difference between the classification results of these machines was 1.5%, indicating a good model transferability between machines. Comparisons also showed that the performance of the machines is more consistent than human inspectors. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Agr & Biol Engn, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, USDA, Grain Marketing & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Wang, N (reprint author), McGill Univ, Fac Agr & Environm Sci, Dept Bioresource Engn, 21,111 Lakeshore Rd, Ste Anne De Bellevue, PQ H9X 3V9, Canada. NR 11 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 46 IS 4 BP 1143 EP 1150 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 723TT UT WOS:000185448200022 ER PT J AU Wang, L Buser, MD Parnell, CB Shaw, BW AF Wang, L Buser, MD Parnell, CB Shaw, BW TI Effect of air density on cyclone performance and system design SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Agricultural-Engineers CY JUL 28-31, 2002 CL CHICAGO, ILLINOIS SP Amer Soc Agr Engineers DE air density; cyclone; design velocity; pressure drop; sizing cyclone AB 1D3D and 2D2D cyclones were tested at Amarillo, Texas, to evaluate the effect of air density on cyclone performance. Both airflow rate and cyclone inlet velocity change with the change in air density. Two sets of inlet design velocities determined by the different air densities were used for the tests: one set based on the actual airflow, and the other set based on standard airflow. Experimental results indicate that optimal cyclone design velocities, which are 16 m/s (3200 ft/min) of standard air for 1D3D cyclones and 15 m/s (3000 ft/min) of standard air for 2D2D cyclones, should be determined based on standard air density. It is important to consider the air density effect on cyclone performance in the design of cyclone abatement systems. The proposed design velocities should be the basis for sizing cyclones and determining the cyclone pressure drop. The recommended sizes for 1D3D, 2D2D, and 1D2D cyclones are reported in this article. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. USDA ARS, Cotton Prod & Proc Res Unit, Lubbock, TX USA. RP Wang, L (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 9 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 46 IS 4 BP 1193 EP 1201 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 723TT UT WOS:000185448200028 ER PT J AU Maghirang, EB Dowell, FE Baker, JE Throne, JE AF Maghirang, EB Dowell, FE Baker, JE Throne, JE TI Automated detection of single wheat kernels containing live or dead insects using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Agricultural-Engineers CY JUL 28-31, 2002 CL CHICAGO, ILLINOIS SP Amer Soc Agr Engineers DE grading; hidden insects; inspection; internal insects; rice weevil; single kernel; single kernel characteristics; wheat quality ID GRAIN; INFESTATION; WEEVILS; CURCULIONIDAE; CONTAMINATION; COLEOPTERA; SOUND; CORN AB An automated near-infrared (NIR) reflectance system was used over a two-month storage period to detect single wheat kernels that contained live or dead internal rice weevils at various stages of growth. Correct classification of sound kernels plus kernels containing live pupae, large larvae, medium-sized larvae, and small larvae averaged 94%, 93%, 84%, and 63%, respectively. Pupae + large larvae calibrations were developed for live (day 1) and dead (days 7, 14, 28, 42, and 56) internal insects. Validation results showed that the live pupae +live large larvae calibration correctly classified 86% to 96% of deadpupae + dead large larvae validation samples. The deadpupae + dead large larvae calibration correctly detected the presence of live pupae + live large larvae with an accuracy of 92% to 93%. Thus, wheat kernels containing either live or dead insects can be used to develop calibrations for detecting both live and dead insects in wheat. These findings will impact how calibration sample sets can be handled. Results indicated that immediate sample processing for creating calibrations may no longer be necessary; internal insects can be killed and calibrations created at a later time without sacrificing accuracy. Additionally, laboratories can share these same calibration samples to save time and resources. C1 USDA ARS, GMPRC, Engn Res Unit, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. USDA ARS, GMPRC, Biol Res Unit, Manhattan, KS USA. RP Maghirang, EB (reprint author), USDA ARS, GMPRC, Engn Res Unit, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. NR 34 TC 34 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 46 IS 4 BP 1277 EP 1282 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 723TT UT WOS:000185448200036 ER PT J AU Grulke, NE Johnson, R Esperanza, A Jones, D Nguyen, T Posch, S Tausz, M AF Grulke, NE Johnson, R Esperanza, A Jones, D Nguyen, T Posch, S Tausz, M TI Canopy transpiration of Jeffrey pine in mesic and xeric microsites: O-3 uptake and injury response SO TREES-STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION LA English DT Article DE O-3 injury; water relations; stomatal conductance; drought; Jeffrey pine ID SAP FLOW MEASUREMENTS; HEAT PULSE VELOCITY; PONDEROSA PINE; DOUGLAS-FIR; OZONE; CONIFERS; BALANCE; TREES AB Canopy transpiration of mature Jeffrey pine was compared in "mesic" and "xeric" microsites differing in topographical position, bole growth, and the level of drought stress experienced. Diurnal and seasonal course of canopy transpiration was monitored with thermal dissipation probes in 1999 and 2000. Mid-canopy measures of diurnal foliar stomatal conductance (gs) were taken in June and August in 1999. In early summer, there was little difference between trees in either microsite with regard to gs (55 mmol H2O m(-2) s(-1)), canopy transpiration (4.0 l h(-1)), and total duration of active transpiration (12 h >0.03 l h(-1)). In late summer, xeric trees had a lower daily maximum gs (by 30%), a greater reduction in whole canopy transpiration relative to the seasonal maximum (66 vs 79%), and stomata were open 2 h less per day than in mesic trees. Based on leaf-level gas exchange measurements, trees in mesic sites had an estimated 46% decrease in O-3 uptake from June to August. Xeric trees had an estimated 72% decrease over the same time period. A multivariate analysis of morphological and tissue chemistry attributes in mid-canopy elucidated differences in mesic and xeric tree response. Mesic trees exhibited more O-3 injury than xeric trees based on reduced foliar nitrogen content and needle retention in mid-canopy. C1 USDA Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. Resource Management Off, Three Rivers, CA 93271 USA. Karl Franzens Univ Graz, Inst Pflanzenphysiol, A-8010 Graz, Austria. RP Grulke, NE (reprint author), USDA Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, 4955 Canyon Crest Dr, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RI Tausz, Michael /C-1990-2013 OI Tausz, Michael /0000-0001-8205-8561 NR 24 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0931-1890 J9 TREES-STRUCT FUNCT JI Trees-Struct. Funct. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 17 IS 4 BP 292 EP 298 DI 10.1007/s00468-002-0237-8 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 698CC UT WOS:000183979200002 ER PT J AU Bartholomew, PW Mohammed, OM Hamid, MT Mahir, M AF Bartholomew, PW Mohammed, OM Hamid, MT Mahir, M TI Irrigated forage production in the central clay plains of Sudan SO TROPICAL AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article ID SOILS; SORGHUM; YIELD; RAINLANDS; MIXTURES AB Management needs of crops grown for forage in the central clay plains of Sudan were investigated. Reliable seed rate recommendations for a range of forages were difficult to establish because of highly variable field emergence. However, for sorghum, it appeared that 95% of maximum forage yield could be obtained with established seedling populations of 55 plants m(-2). Irrigation prior to cultivation and sowing during the dry season nearly doubled field emergence of sorghum and wheat and a similar degree of improvement in emergence was achieved with planting sorghum at 2-cm depth rather than sowing broadcast. Sorghum grown for forage showed an average response to applied N of 20.3 kg dry matter (DM) kg(-1) N with application of up to 75 kg N ha(-1). Forage production responses to P application were more variable with an average of 12.6 kg DM kg(-1) P2O5 within a range of 0.8 to 40.6 kg DM kg(-1) P2O5. Among a range of species, the most productive short-term forage crop was grain sorghum cv. UmBanein, which produced on average, 17% more DM than the traditional forage sorghum cv. Abu Sabein when harvested as a whole crop for forage. It is suggested that a policy of seasonal production of irrigated forage in Central Sudan, focussed on the July-January period, should be encouraged in order to maximize efficiency of use of limited water supplies. C1 Langston Univ, USDA ARS, Langston, OK 73050 USA. UmBanein Livestock Res Stn, Singa, Blue Nile Prov, Sudan. RP Bartholomew, PW (reprint author), Langston Univ, USDA ARS, POB 730, Langston, OK 73050 USA. NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU TROPICAL AGRICULTURE PI ST AUGUSTINE PA UNIV WEST INDIES, FAC OF AGRICULTURE,, ST AUGUSTINE, TRINID & TOBAGO SN 0041-3216 J9 TROP AGR JI Trop. Agric. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 80 IS 3 BP 135 EP 145 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA 848IE UT WOS:000223460100001 ER PT J AU Hohenlohe, PA AF Hohenlohe, PA TI Distribution of sister Littorina species, II: Geographic and tidal-height patterns do not support sympatric speciation SO VELIGER LA English DT Article ID SAXATILIS OLIVI; REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION; GENUS LITTORINA; SEXUAL SELECTION; SCUTULATA; PROSOBRANCHIA; GASTROPODA; NORTHERN; FLUCTUATIONS; PERIWINKLE AB There is evidence for sympatric speciation by tidal height in several species of the intertidal gastropod genus Littorina. I analyzed the likelihood of sympatric speciation in the sister species L. scutulata and L. plena. Data on their relative abundances at 41 sites from southern California to southern British Columbia and along vertical transects at two sites in Puget Sound, Washington, provided estimates of the habitat separation of precursor morphs in the common ancestor. At the large scale, 71 percent of sites contained both species, and 24 percent had only L. plena. Where the species co-occurred, relative abundances were roughly evenly distributed. Small-scale habitat differences were even less pronounced: both species were found at all plots except two at the highest tidal level, where low densities of one species were found. Two new estimates for the age of divergence from published cytochrome b sequences lowered the mean of all estimates to 8.42 mya. Given the current level of overlap even at the smallest scale, sympatric speciation is plausible only if divergent selection at the time of speciation has since relaxed, allowing the species to re-invade overlapping niches. Allopatric speciation followed by range expansion is better supported by the available evidence. C1 Univ Washington, Friday Harbor Labs, Friday Harbor, WA 98250 USA. RP Hohenlohe, PA (reprint author), USDA Forest Serv, Corvallis Forestry Sci Lab, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM phohenlohe@fs.fed.us NR 48 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 15 PU CALIFORNIA MALACOZOOLOGICAL SOC INC PI SANTA BARBARA PA SANTA BARBARA MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY, 2559 PUESTA DEL SOL RD, SANTA BARBARA, CA 93105 USA SN 0042-3211 J9 VELIGER JI Veliger PD JUL 1 PY 2003 VL 46 IS 3 BP 211 EP 219 PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 698GE UT WOS:000183989300002 ER PT J AU MacDonald, JM AF MacDonald, JM TI Beef and pork packing industries SO VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-FOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; UNION MEMBERSHIP AB Meatpacking has undergone a striking reorganization in the last 25 years. For example, meatpacking plants grew much larger and many firms left the industry, leaving fewer packers to compete for livestock; the mix of products and the nature of the work done in plants has changed; and procurement methods now place more emphasis on formal contractual relations between packers and livestock producers. This article explores the sources and effects of this reorganization. C1 USDA, Econ Res Serv, Agr Struct Branch, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP MacDonald, JM (reprint author), USDA, Econ Res Serv, Agr Struct Branch, Room 4092N,1800 M St, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 30 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0749-0720 J9 VET CLIN N AM-FOOD A JI Vet. Clin. N. Am.-Food Anim. Pract. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 19 IS 2 BP 419 EP + DI 10.1016/S0749-0720(03)00022-7 PG 26 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 707MC UT WOS:000184513600009 PM 12951741 ER PT J AU Meyerholz, DK Stabel, TJ AF Meyerholz, DK Stabel, TJ TI Comparison of early ileal invasion by Salmonella enterica serovars choleraesuis and typhimurium SO VETERINARY PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Choleraesuis; DT104; electron microscopy; enterocyte; extrusion; ileum; invasion; Salmonella; swine; Typhimurium ID INTESTINAL INVASION; EPITHELIAL-CELLS; PORCINE; VIRULENCE; DT104; IDENTIFICATION; CORRELATE; DUBLIN; ILEUM; RHO AB The mechanisms of Salmonella serovar-host specificity are not well defined. Pig ileal loops were used to compare phenotypic differences in early cellular invasion between non-host-adapted Salmonella serovar Typhimurium (SsT) and host-adapted Salmonella serovar Choleraesuis (SsC). By 10 minutes postinoculation, both serovars invaded a small number of M cells, enterocytes, and goblet cells. Multiple SsC organisms (up to 6 per cell) simultaneously invaded M cells, whereas SsT often invaded as one to two organisms per M cell. Internalization of both serovars resulted in vacuoles containing a single bacterium. The follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) of SsC-inoculated loops responded with more filopodia and lamellipodia although exhibiting less cell swelling than SsT Additionally, SsT showed an enhanced affinity for sites of cell extrusion compared with SsC at 60 minutes. These results suggest: 1) both SsC and SsT exhibit non-cell-specific invasion as early as 10 minutes postinoculation, 2) Salmonella serovars exhibit differences in early invasion of FAE and M cells, and 3) cells undergoing extrusion may provide a site for preferential adherence by SsT and SsC. C1 NADC, USDA ARS, Preharvest Food Safety & Enter Dis Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Vet Microbiol, Ames, IA USA. RP Stabel, TJ (reprint author), NADC, USDA ARS, Preharvest Food Safety & Enter Dis Unit, 2300 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 23 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER COLL VET PATHOLOGIST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0300-9858 J9 VET PATHOL JI Vet. Pathol. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 40 IS 4 BP 371 EP 375 DI 10.1354/vp.40-4-371 PG 5 WC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences SC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences GA 697AV UT WOS:000183920800004 PM 12824508 ER PT J AU Wang, Y Zarlenga, DS Paape, MJ Dahl, GE Tomita, GM AF Wang, Y Zarlenga, DS Paape, MJ Dahl, GE Tomita, GM TI Functional analysis of recombinant bovine CD14 SO VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE CD14; LPS; TNF-alpha; bovine; PMN ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; SOLUBLE CD14; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE LPS; INTERNAL STANDARDS; FACTOR-ALPHA; ENDOTOXIN; RECEPTOR; ANTIGEN; MACROPHAGES; MONOCYTES AB Studies in mice and humans indicate that membrane CD14 (mCD14) on the surface of monocytes, macrophages and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) mediate activation of these cells by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Soluble CD14 (sCD14), in the circulation, binds to LPS and blocks LPS binding to mCD14. The role of bovine CD14 in cellular activation by LPS is undefined. Changes in CD18 expression on PMN and steady state levels of mRNA for tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interlukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8, sensitive markers for activation of leukocytes by LPS, were used to measure functional activity of recombinant bovine sCD14 (rbosCD14). Whole blood (n = 3 cows) treated with LPS alone caused CD18 expression on PMN to increase by 12% ( P < 0.02), whereas pre-incubation of LPS with 10 or 100 μg/mL of rbosCD14 completely inhibited increase in CD18 expression. After treating whole blood with LPS at concentrations of 1, 100 or 104 ng/mL for 2 h, level of mRNA for TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 in leukocytes and concentration of TNF-α in plasma increased. However, pre-incubation of LPS with rbosCD14 inhibited the increase in TNF-α mRNA, but not the increase in IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA. Excess amount of anti-human CD14 monoclonal antibody (MAB) also inhibited LPS-induced increase in TNF-α mRNA. Preincubation of LPS with rbosCD14, or rbosCD14 plus MAB did not affect LPS-induced increase in TNF-α in plasma. Collectively, results indicate that rbosCD14 inhibit LPS-induced increase in CD18 expression and TNF-α mRNA. However, secretion of TNF-α was not inhibited by pre-incubation of LPS with rbosCD14. The TNF-α in plasma may partially induce transcription of IL-6 and IL-8, which contribute to the CD14-independent increase in level of mRNA for IL-6 and IL 8. C1 ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Anim & Avian Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Anim Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Montreal, Fac Med Vet, St Hyacinthe, PQ J2S 7C6, Canada. RP Paape, MJ (reprint author), ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 27 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU E D P SCIENCES PI LES ULIS CEDEXA PA 7, AVE DU HOGGAR, PARC D ACTIVITES COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEXA, FRANCE SN 0928-4249 J9 VET RES JI Vet. Res. PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 34 IS 4 BP 413 EP 421 DI 10.1051/vetres:2003012 PG 9 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 710ZY UT WOS:000184713700005 PM 12911858 ER PT J AU Van Eerd, LL Hoagland, RE Zablotowicz, RM Hall, JC AF Van Eerd, LL Hoagland, RE Zablotowicz, RM Hall, JC TI Pesticide metabolism in plants and microorganisms SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Review DE biotransformation; degradation; enzyme; herbicide; metabolic fate; pesticide; xenobiotic ID GLUTATHIONE-S-TRANSFERASE; PROPANIL-RESISTANT BARNYARDGRASS; BASIDIOMYCETE PHANEROCHAETE-CHRYSOSPORIUM; ABUTILON-THEOPHRASTI BIOTYPE; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; RADICAL-BASED DEPHOSPHORYLATION; COMAMONAS-ACIDOVORANS NBA-10; FOXGLOVE DIGITALIS-PURPUREA; PHOSPHORUS BOND-CLEAVAGE; CELL-SUSPENSION-CULTURES AB Understanding pesticide metabolism in plants and microorganisms is necessary for pesticide development, for safe and efficient use, as well as for developing pesticide bioremediation strategies for contaminated soil and water. Pesticide biotransformation may occur via multistep processes known as metabolism or cometabolism. Cometabolism is the biotransformation of an organic compound that is not used as an energy source or as a constitutive element of the organism. Individual reactions of degradation-detoxification pathways include oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, and conjugation. Metabolic pathway diversity depends on the chemical structure of the xenobiotic compound, the organism, environmental conditions, metabolic factors, and the regulating expression of these biochemical pathways. Knowledge of these enzymatic processes, especially concepts related to pesticide mechanism of action, resistance, selectivity, tolerance, and environmental fate, has advanced our understanding of pesticide science, and of plant and microbial biochemistry and physiology. There are some fundamental similarities and differences between plant and microbial pesticide metabolism. In this review, directed to researchers in weed science, we present concepts that were discussed at a symposium of the American Chemical Society (ACS) in 1999 and in the subsequent book Pesticide Biotransformation in Plants and Microorganism: Similarities and Divergences, edited by J. C. Hall, R. E. Hoagland, and R. M. Zablotowicz, and published by Oxford University Press, 2001. C1 Univ Guelph, Dept Environm Biol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Lab, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Hall, JC (reprint author), Univ Guelph, Dept Environm Biol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. EM jchall@evb.uoguelph.ca OI Zablotowicz, Robert/0000-0001-8070-1998 NR 361 TC 106 Z9 114 U1 7 U2 98 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 51 IS 4 BP 472 EP 495 DI 10.1614/0043-1745(2003)051[0472:PMIPAM]2.0.CO;2 PG 24 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 705HV UT WOS:000184390400002 ER PT J AU Reddy, KN Zablotowicz, RM AF Reddy, KN Zablotowicz, RM TI Glyphosate-resistant soybean response to various salts of glyphosate and glyphosate accumulation in soybean nodules SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE chlorophyll; formulation; injury; leghemoglobin; nodules; weed control; transgenic soybean ID BRADYRHIZOBIUM-JAPONICUM STRAINS; GLYCINE-MAX; WEED-CONTROL; TOLERANT; GROWTH; CHLOROPHYLL; METABOLISM; SOILS; LINE AB A field study was conducted during 2000 and 2001 at Stoneville, MS, to determine the effects of isopropylamine, trimethylsulfonium (Tms), diammonium, and aminomethanamide dihydrogen tetraoxosulfate (Adt) salt formulations of glyphosate on weed control, growth, chlorophyll content, nodulation, nitrogen content, and grain yield in glyphosate-resistant soybean and to assess potential glyphosate accumulation in soybean nodules. Glyphosate-Tins and glyphosate-Adt injured soybean, and visible injury ranged from 29 to 38% 2 d after late postemergence (LPOST) application; however, soybean recovered by 14 d. Glyphosate formulations had no effect on chlorophyll content, root and shoot dry weight, or nodule number but reduced nodule biomass by 21 to 28% 14 d LPOST. Glyphosate levels in nodules from treated plants ranged from 39 to 147 ng g(-1) (dry weight), and leghemoglobin content was reduced by as much as 10%. Control of five predominant weed species 14 d after LPOST was > 83% with one application and > 96% with two applications regardless of the glyphosate salts used. Soybean yields were generally higher with two applications than with one application regardless of glyphosate formulation. These results indicate that soybean injury and inhibition of nodule development with certain glyphosate formulations can occur, but soybean has the potential to recover from glyphosate stress. C1 USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Lab, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Reddy, KN (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Lab, POB 350, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. OI Zablotowicz, Robert/0000-0001-8070-1998 NR 31 TC 77 Z9 85 U1 0 U2 12 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 51 IS 4 BP 496 EP 502 DI 10.1614/0043-1745(2003)051[0496:GSRTVS]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 705HV UT WOS:000184390400003 ER PT J AU Horvath, DP Schaffer, R Wisman, E AF Horvath, DP Schaffer, R Wisman, E TI Identification of genes induced in emerging tillers of wild oat (Avena fatua) using Arabidopsis microarrays SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE microarray; tiller growth; gene regulation ID EXPRESSION; TRANSCRIPTION; INTERACT; THALIANA; HOMOLOG; CLONING; EMBRYOS AB Arabidopsis complementary DNA (cDNA) microarrays were hybridized with labeled cDNA from mature leaves and emerging tillers of wild oat to determine if they could identify gene expression profiles in distantly related species. More than 23% of the > 11,000 cDNAs on the array hybridized to the wild oat probe. Transcription patterns detected by hybridization to the arrays are indicators for physiological processes in the tissues tested. Coordinated expression patterns for these genes in Arabidopsis indicate common signals involved in their regulation. The results demonstrate that probing cDNA-based arrays from well-characterized species can provide valuable insight into the signal transduction processes regulating growth and development of poorly characterized species. C1 USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. HortRes, Auckland, New Zealand. Michigan State Univ, MSU DOE Plant Res Lab, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Horvath, DP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RI Schaffer, Robert/D-1018-2011; OI Horvath, David/0000-0002-8458-7691 NR 18 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 51 IS 4 BP 503 EP 508 DI 10.1614/0043-1745(2003)051[0503:IOGIIE]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 705HV UT WOS:000184390400004 ER PT J AU Webster, TM Cardina, J White, AD AF Webster, TM Cardina, J White, AD TI Weed seed rain, soil seedbanks, and seedling recruitment in no-tillage crop rotations SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE buried seed; seedbank; seedling recruitment; seed traps; seed rain; soil seed reserve ID AMBROSIA-TRIFIDA L; CORN ZEA-MAYS; ABUTILON-THEOPHRASTI; SETARIA-FABERI; VERTICAL-DISTRIBUTION; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; EMERGENCE; BANK; MANAGEMENT; SYSTEMS AB Relationships among weed seed rain, soil seedbank, and seedling recruitment in no-tillage systems were studied from July 1993 to May 1996. Multiple regression analysis indicated that seedling recruitment of only six of the 25 weed species present was correlated with seed rain samples from the previous autumn, spring soil seedbank samples, or a combination of the two. However, seedling recruitment of the dominant annual grasses (yellow foxtail, giant foxtail, and fall panicum in Field 1-1994, Field 2-1995, and Field 3-1996, respectively) was related to seedbank populations or a combination of seedbank and seed rain densities. These grasses accounted for at least 32% of the emerged seedlings, 12 to 78% of the seedbank, and 16 to 77% of the seed rain. Seedling recruitment of large crabgrass and two broadleaf species, Virginia copperleaf and wild carrot, also were described by seedbank densities or a combination of seedbank and seed rain densities. However, both the broadleaf species were minor components of the cropping system, representing less than or equal to 4% of all seedlings. In each year, the sum of all weeds in the seedbank exceeded 1,300 seeds m(-2) (0 to 10 cm deep). The fraction of the total seedbank that emerged each year ranged from 3 to 17%, but there was great variability among species. The aforementioned dominant grasses ranged in emergence from 3 to 25% of their seedbanks. Emergence of other species ranged from a low of 1% for common lambsquarters up to 41 % for large crabgrass. Prediction of seedling recruitment from seed rain or seedbank densities was variable; however, combining both components improved the fit of regression describing seedling recruitment. C1 USDA ARS, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Crop Protect & Management Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Dept Hort & Crop Sci, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. Kansas State Univ, Agr Res Ctr Hays, Hays, KS 67601 USA. RP Webster, TM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Crop Protect & Management Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RI Webster, Theodore/A-4468-2009 OI Webster, Theodore/0000-0002-8259-2059 NR 41 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 10 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 51 IS 4 BP 569 EP 575 DI 10.1614/0043-1745(2003)051[0569:WSRSSA]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 705HV UT WOS:000184390400013 ER PT J AU Gealy, DR Wailes, EJ Estorninos, LE Chavez, RSC AF Gealy, DR Wailes, EJ Estorninos, LE Chavez, RSC TI Rice cultivar differences in suppression of barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) and economics of reduced propanil rates SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE allelopathic rice; bentazon; competition; drill-seeded rice; economic return; gross return; indica rice; interference; net return; tropical japonica rice ID DRY-SEEDED RICE; WATER-SOLUBLE EXTRACTS; ORYZA-SATIVA; UPLAND RICE; WEED SUPPRESSION; COMPETITION; EFFICACY; ABILITY AB Field studies were conducted to compare the barnyardgrass suppression by four U.S. ('Starbonnet', 'Kaybonnet', 'Lemont', and 'Cypress') and three highly competitive, high-yielding Asian cultivars ('PI 312777', 'Guichao', and 'Teqing'). The economic consequence of applying less than the recommended propanil rates to these cultivars was also evaluated. Grain yields increased, and barnyardgrass biomass decreased with increasing propanil rates. With or without propanil, the Asian rice cultivars consistently suppressed barnyardgrass more and consequently produced higher grain yields than did U.S. cultivars. The economic benefit derived from propanil application was less for Asian than for U.S. cultivars. Asian cultivars produced higher rough rice yields, resulting in higher net returns (not adjusted for milling) than did the commercial cultivars, but this advantage was usually reduced when adjusting for their lower milling yields. These results suggest that growing weed-suppressive Asian rice cultivars in conj. unction with reduced herbicide rates could be an effective and economical weed management strategy for rice in the southern United States. However, first, their plant type and grain quality characteristics must be improved. C1 USDA ARS, Dale, Bumpers Natl Rice Res Ctr, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Agr Econ & Agribusiness, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Crop & Soil Environm Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Gealy, DR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Dale, Bumpers Natl Rice Res Ctr, 2890 Hwy 130 East,POB 1090, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. NR 42 TC 62 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 3 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 51 IS 4 BP 601 EP 609 DI 10.1614/0043-1745(2003)051[0601:RCDISO]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 705HV UT WOS:000184390400018 ER PT J AU Papiernik, SK Grieve, CM Yates, SR Lesch, SM AF Papiernik, SK Grieve, CM Yates, SR Lesch, SM TI Phytotoxic effects of salinity, imazethapyr, and chlorimuron on selected weed species SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE plant growth; efficacy; growth regulator; imidazolinone; sulfonylurea ID NUTSEDGE CYPERUS-ESCULENTUS; FOLIAR-APPLIED CHLORIMURON; SOYBEAN GLYCINE-MAX; AMMONIUM-SULFATE; TRANSLOCATION; ABSORPTION; POSTEMERGENCE; HERBICIDES; EFFICACY; IMAZAPYR AB Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the effect of salinity, imazethapyr, and chlorimuron on weed growth. Five species, barnyardgrass, common cocklebur, ivyleaf morningglory, common purslane, and yellow nutsedge, were grown in potting soil and irrigated with nonsaline (EC similar to 2 dS m(-1)) or sulfate-dominated saline (EC similar to 7 dS m(-1)) nutrient solution. Plants were treated after emergence with imazethapyr (Pursuit formulation) at 70 g ae ha(-1) or chlorimuron ethyl (Classic formulation) at 8.8 g ai ha(-1). Results indicated that irrigation with saline water had no overall effect on the growth or survival of most tested weed species. Growth of yellow nutsedge (maximum height and stem diameter) was reduced for plants irrigated with saline water. Observed growth and survival trends in saline and nonsaline treatments were consistent with information on the herbicide label. Complete control of common purslane was not achieved by either chlorimuron or imazethapyr. Growth and survival of ivyleaf morningglory and yellow nutsedge were greater when plants were treated with imazethapyr than when treated with chlorimuron, whereas for barnyardgrass, growth and survival were significantly greater when plants were treated with chlorimuron. Both herbicides affected common cocklebur growth and survival in a similar way. For all tested species, most surviving plants were not vigorous and would not be highly competitive with crop plants. The results of these experiments suggest that weed control information mentioned on the labels for these herbicide formulations will not require modification for moderately saline soils. C1 USDA ARS, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Papiernik, SK (reprint author), USDA ARS, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. NR 36 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 51 IS 4 BP 610 EP 617 DI 10.1614/0043-1745(2003)051[0610:PEOSIA]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 705HV UT WOS:000184390400019 ER PT J AU Teasdale, JR Shelton, DR Sadeghi, AM Isensee, AR AF Teasdale, JR Shelton, DR Sadeghi, AM Isensee, AR TI Influence of hairy vetch residue on atrazine and metolachlor soil solution concentration and weed emergence SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE crop residue; cover crop; soil solution; herbicide degradation ID TRITICUM-AESTIVUM STRAW; SETARIA-FABERI; TILLAGE; BIODEGRADATION; SORPTION; SYSTEMS; IMPACT AB High levels of cover-crop residue can suppress weed emergence and also can intercept preemergence herbicides and potentially reduce their effectiveness. This research was conducted in continuous no-tillage corn to compare the effect of residue from a hairy vetch cover crop with that of background crop residue on the soil solution concentration of atrazine and metolachlor and on the emergence of weeds with and without herbicide treatment. In a 3-yr field experiment, 5-cm-deep soil samples were taken and the weed density measured in paired microplots with and without herbicide at approximately weekly intervals after application of atrazine and metolachlor. High levels of residue were present in both treatments; the percentage of soil covered by residue ranged from 91 to 99 in the no-cover-crop treatment and from 99 to 100 in the hairy vetch treatment. Initial metolachlor concentration was degradation rate higher in two of the 3 yr with a hairy vetch cover crop than without a cover crop. Cover-crop treatment had little effect on atrazine concentration or degradation. Annual grass weeds (predominantly fall panicum) were the major species in this field. Hairy vetch alone reduced grass emergence by 50 to 90%, and preemergence herbicides alone reduced emergence by 72 to 93% compared with the treatment without cover crop and herbicide. The combination of preemergence herbicides with hairy vetch provided only 24 to 61% control of grass weeds compared with control by hairy vetch alone and 23 to 52% compared with control by herbicide alone, suggesting an antagonism probably resulting from reduced metolachlor concentration by hairy vetch residue. Metolachlor with hairy vetch delayed emergence of weeds and reduced the concentration of metolachlor required to prevent emergence initiation compared with metolachlor without a cover crop. C1 USDA ARS, Sustainable Agr Syst Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Anim Waste Pathogen Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Environm Qual Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Teasdale, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Sustainable Agr Syst Lab, Bldg 001,Room 245, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 19 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 5 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 51 IS 4 BP 628 EP 634 DI 10.1614/0043-1745(2003)051[0628:IOHVRO]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 705HV UT WOS:000184390400021 ER PT J AU Schraer, SM Shaw, DR Boyette, M Kingery, WL Koger, CH AF Schraer, SM Shaw, DR Boyette, M Kingery, WL Koger, CH TI Sorption-desorption of cyanazine in three Mississippi delta soils SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE pesticides; cation exchange capacity; high-performance liquid chromatography; sorption isotherm ID ADSORPTION-DESORPTION; DEGRADATION PRODUCTS; SURFACE-WATER; HERBICIDES; ATRAZINE; MONTMORILLONITE; RUNOFF; LOSSES; RIVER; TRIBUTARIES AB Sorption and desorption of cyanazine with three Mississippi Delta soils (two silt loams and one silty clay) were studied under laboratory conditions. Cyanazine sorption calculated using the Freundlich equation was greatest for the Sharkey silty clay soil. Partition coefficients (K-d values) for cyanazine sorption ranged from 1.67 to 1.82, 1.92 to 2.15, and 3.65 to 3.96 ml g(-1) for the Bosker silt loam, Dubbs silt loam, and Sharkey silty clay soils, respectively. Differences in sorption and K-d values were attributed to clay content. At a given initial cyanazine concentration, cyanazine was desorbed more readily from the silt loam soils than from the Sharkey clay after the first 4-h desorption cycle. Desorption from the Sharkey clay continued for a longer period than that from the silt loam soils, with up to 6% cyanazine desorption from the Sharkey clay after a 16-h desorption cycle compared with 0% for the silt loam soils. Cyanazine losses increased with decreasing clay content, Dubbs = Bosket > Sharkey. This implies a potential relationship between cyanazine desorption and surface runoff losses of cyanazine. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Shaw, DR (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Box 9555, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 28 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 51 IS 4 BP 635 EP 639 DI 10.1614/0043-1745(2003)051[0635:SOCITM]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 705HV UT WOS:000184390400022 ER PT J AU Webster, TM Bednarz, CW Hanna, WW AF Webster, TM Bednarz, CW Hanna, WW TI Sensitivity of triploid hybrid bermudagrass cultivars and common bermudagrass to postemergence herbicides SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE transgenic turfgrass; turfgrass weed management ID CYNODON-DACTYLON CONTROL; PEANUT ARACHIS-HYPOGAEA; REGISTRATION; SUNFLOWER AB The potential weediness of hybrid bermudagrass cultivars in nontarget areas is an important factor when considering the development of herbicide-resistant cultivars. Field studies evaluated the response of common bermudagrass, hexaploid hybrid 'Tifton-10', and two triploid hybrid bermudagrass cultivars ('TifEagle' and 'TifSport') to clethodim, fluazifop-p, glufosinate, glyphosate, and quizalofop-p. Glyphosate was more consistent than clethodim and clethodim plus glyphosate in controlling common bermudagrass. The triploid cultivars were equally sensitive to each of these treatments, whereas Tifton-10 control was highest with treatments that included glyphosate. Variability between years in control of common bermudagrass was attributed to differences in plant size at application, with greater control of smaller plants. All herbicides reduced common bermudagrass plant diameters greater than or equal to 93% in 1999 when grown without a crop. However, in 2001, only herbicide treatments that included two applications of 1.1 kg ai/ha glyphosate reduced plant diameters 6 to 59%. None of the other treatments reduced common bermudagrass plant diameters compared with pretreatment values. When grown with cotton, fluazifop-p and 4.5 kg/ha glyphosate were the only treatments consistent across cultivars and years. All herbicide treatments reduced triploid hybrid bermudagrass plant diameters greater than or equal to 90%, whereas Tifton-10 plant diameters were reduced > 86% by all treatments, with the exception of clethodim. As in the non-cropland study, common bermudagrass plant diameters were reduced greater than or equal to 97% by herbicides in 1999, whereas in 2001, only fluazifop-p and glyphosate treatments reduced plant diameters compared with the nontreated control. Both the lack of aggressiveness and susceptibility to common herbicides of the triploid hybrid cultivars relative to common bermudagrass indicates that these non-pollen-producing or -receiving cultivars are reasonable candidates for the introduction of herbicide resistance. C1 USDA ARS, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Crop Protect & Management Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31794 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Tifton, GA 31794 USA. RP Webster, TM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Crop Protect & Management Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31794 USA. RI Webster, Theodore/A-4468-2009 OI Webster, Theodore/0000-0002-8259-2059 NR 22 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0890-037X J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PD JUL-SEP PY 2003 VL 17 IS 3 BP 509 EP 515 DI 10.1614/WT02-081 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 723UL UT WOS:000185449900012 ER PT J AU Anderson, RL Soper, G AF Anderson, RL Soper, G TI Review of volunteer wheat (Triticum aestivum) seedling emergence and seed longevity in soil SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Review DE dormancy; environment; gene transfer; herbicide resistance ID GOATGRASS AEGILOPS-CYLINDRICA; WINTER ANNUAL GRASSES; CENTRAL GREAT-PLAINS; RESISTANT WHEAT; CROP; GERMINABILITY; GLYPHOSATE; MANAGEMENT; FIELD; CULTIVARS AB Herbicide-resistant cultivars may improve some aspects of weed management in wheat. However, negative consequences such as gene transfer among species, increased development of resistant weeds, or less effective volunteer wheat control may result from their use. Therefore, we reviewed literature on volunteer (self-sown) wheat seedling emergence and seed longevity in soil for insight in managing herbicide-resistant wheat. Data from classical burial studies suggested that wheat seeds were short-lived in soil, persisting less than 1 yr. Yet, in field studies, volunteer wheat seedlings were still emerging 16 mo after harvest; occasionally, seedlings have been observed 2 yr after harvest. Volunteer wheat emergence was extremely variable; causes of the variability are numerous and include genotypic, environmental, and production factors. This variability makes it difficult to predict volunteer wheat infestations in future years. Diverse cropping systems will enable producers to accrue the benefits of herbicide-resistant cultivars and yet still manage wheat volunteers, minimize gene flow by pollen, and avoid transfer of herbicide resistance. In regions where alternative crops are not viable, a key concern will be controlling volunteers and gene transfer in the next wheat crop. C1 USDA ARS, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. SEAGREEN Res, Christchurch, New Zealand. RP Anderson, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, 2923 Medary Ave, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. NR 42 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 13 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0890-037X J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PD JUL-SEP PY 2003 VL 17 IS 3 BP 620 EP 626 DI 10.1614/0890-037X(2003)017[0620:ROVWTA]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 723UL UT WOS:000185449900028 ER PT J AU Gealy, DR Mitten, DH Rutger, JN AF Gealy, DR Mitten, DH Rutger, JN TI Gene flow between red rice (Oryza sativa) and herbicide-resistant rice (O-sativa): Implications for weed management SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material DE genetically modified organism; glufosinate; glyphosate; herbicide tolerant; imazethapyr; introgression; outcrossing; pollen transfer; tansgenic rice ID HYBRID POPULATIONS; CULTIVATED RICE; DORMANCY; MARKERS; BIOLOGY AB Red rice has long been a troublesome, conspecific weed of cultivated rice. Rice varieties carrying certain herbicide-resistant traits acquired through genetic modification (herbicide-resistant varieties) now offer new options for red rice control. In concert with this innovation is the risk of gene flow, which can result in the transfer of that specific herbicide resistance to red rice and thus render this weed control measure ineffective. Gene flow in concept is simple, however, the parameters that determine the establishment of a new trait in a weed population are complex. Cross-pollination to make hybrid seed and the subsequent fate of those hybrid families in the general weed population are some of the biological factors that influence gene flow between red rice and cultivated rice. Natural outcrossing among rice plants is generally low. Most of the pollen dispersal studies published to date indicated that rice X rice outcrossing rates were less than 1.0%. Numerous reports summarized in this study suggest that outcrossing rates between rice and red rice can be highly variable but usually are similar to or lower than this level. However, once hybrids form, they may introgress into a red rice population within only a few generations. If hybrid seed families are to persist and establish herbicide-resistant red rice populations, they must successfully compete in the crop-weed complex. The ability to survive a herbicide applied to a herbicide-resistant rice variety would be a strong selective advantage for these hybrid families. Thus, the well-established principles of weed resistance management appear to be relevant for herbicide-resistant crop systems and should be used in combination with practices to minimize coincident flowering to mitigate the potential impact of gene flow from herbicide-resistant rice into red rice. For the rice-red rice crop-weed complex, there are both biological factors and agricultural practices that can work together to preserve these new weed control options. C1 USDA ARS, Dale Bumpers Natl Rice Res Ctr, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. Bayer Crop Sci, Woodland, CA 95776 USA. RP Gealy, DR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Dale Bumpers Natl Rice Res Ctr, POB 1090, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. NR 75 TC 92 Z9 106 U1 1 U2 31 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0890-037X J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PD JUL-SEP PY 2003 VL 17 IS 3 BP 627 EP 645 DI 10.1614/WT02-100 PG 19 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 723UL UT WOS:000185449900029 ER PT J AU Keyser, CE Milner, KS AF Keyser, CE Milner, KS TI Ponderosa pine and lodgepole pine growth response to one-time application of herbicide during seedling establishment in western Montana SO WESTERN JOURNAL OF APPLIED FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE Pinus ponderosa; Pinus contorta; hexazinone herbicide; growth response ID VEGETATIVE COMPETITION AB This study examined long-term diameter and height response of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) to a one-time application of herbicide during seedling establishment in western Montana. Two herbicide trials initiated in 1981 and 1983 by Champion International Corporation were resurrected during the summer of 1997. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) F-tests along with Duncan's Multiple Range tests (DMR) were performed on mean tree dbh, tree height, and competing vegetation percent cover estimates. In addition, a graphical analysis of mean annual height growth over time was performed. Significant increases (alpha = 0.05) in ponderosa pine dbh (25 to 44%) and height (11 to 28%) were found after 16 yr of growth on Velpar L. (hexazinone) treated plots, while lodgepole pine had significant increases in dbh (70 to 118%) and height (41 to 82%) after 15 yr of growth on Velpar L. treated plots. Graphical analyses indicated a positive height growth effect for a period of 11 to 13 yr following treatment for ponderosa pine: however, total height gains had decreased in recent years. Positive increases in height growth for lodgepole pine were continuing after 15 yr of growth. These results indicate that a one-time application of herbicide applied during seedling establishment will promote faster tree growth in western Montana. We also note that proper density management will be necessary early in the life of the stand to maintain height gains. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Management Serv Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. Univ Montana, Sch Forestry, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. RP Keyser, CE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Management Serv Ctr, 2150 Ctr Ave,Bldg A Suite 341A, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0885-6095 J9 WEST J APPL FOR JI West. J. Appl. For. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 18 IS 3 BP 149 EP 154 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 700PU UT WOS:000184121000001 ER PT J AU Hall, WL Zuuring, HR Hardy, CC Wakimoto, RH AF Hall, WL Zuuring, HR Hardy, CC Wakimoto, RH TI Applying logistic regression to determine regeneration risk to stand replacement fire on the Kootenai National Forest, Montana SO WESTERN JOURNAL OF APPLIED FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE fuel treatment; stand replacement fire; risk; regeneration; logistic regression AB In 1994, fire managers on the Kootenai National Forest observed that wildfires had produced regeneration loss in some stands but not in others. They questioned what site characteristics and management activities were related to this loss. To address this question and to establish guidelines to "triage" stands and prioritize management efforts, we applied a logistic regression model to data from a set of regeneration stands (n = 135) located on the Libby, Rexford, and Three Rivers Ranger Districts. The occurrence of a stand replacement fire was modeled as a logistic function of Aspect, Habitat Type, Fuel Treatment, and logarithm of trees/ac (log_TPA), with R-2 = 0.523 (P < 0.05). Odds ratios derived from logistic regression identified the descriptor characterizing regeneration stands "most at risk" for a stand replacement fire and provided a means to triage stands. Southwest and south aspects had the highest odds ratios (22 and 9) and largest coefficients Of variation (3.07 and 2.22) for the Aspect variable. Western hemlock/queencup beadlilly (Tsuga heterophylla/Clintonia uniflora) and western red-cedar/queencup beadlilly (Thuja plicata/Clintonia uniflora), with respective odds ratios of 30 and 17, had the largest coefficients of variation (3.40 and 2.83) for the Habitat Type variable. For the Fuel Treatment variable, the "no fuel treatment" category had the highest odds ratio (11) and coefficient of variation (2.38). Stands with stand replacement fire had a mean log_TPA significantly lower than that of non-stand replacement fire stands (P < 0.001). Competition from understory, vegetation may explain these findings. Bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum), commonly found in cedar-hemlock stands and on southerly aspects, may outcompete tree seedlings and provide a fine-fuel hazard. C1 Univ Montana, Sch Forestry, Noxon, MT 59853 USA. Univ Montana, Sch Forestry, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Missoula Fire Sci Lab, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP Hall, WL (reprint author), Univ Montana, Sch Forestry, 105 WWP, Noxon, MT 59853 USA. NR 22 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 5 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0885-6095 J9 WEST J APPL FOR JI West. J. Appl. For. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 18 IS 3 BP 155 EP 162 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 700PU UT WOS:000184121000002 ER PT J AU Dumroese, RK AF Dumroese, RK TI Marking tree seeds with spray paint for germination studies SO WESTERN JOURNAL OF APPLIED FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE Western white pine; ponderosa pine; Douglas-fir; western larch ID DOUGLAS-FIR AB I evaluated the potential use of spray paint for marking conifer seeds for germination studies in forest nurseries. For bulk seedlots of large-seeded species like western white pine (Pinus monticola), ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), paint had little or no effect on six different germination parameters, but negatively affected germination of western larch (Larix occidentalis). On a family level with pine seeds, spray paint may or may, not be appropriate depending on the specific objectives of the researcher and the level of conservatism used. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. RP Dumroese, RK (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, 1221 S Main St, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0885-6095 J9 WEST J APPL FOR JI West. J. Appl. For. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 18 IS 3 BP 175 EP 178 PG 4 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 700PU UT WOS:000184121000005 ER PT J AU Urbanik, TJ Saliklis, EP AF Urbanik, TJ Saliklis, EP TI Finite element corroboration of buckling phenomena observed in corrugated boxes SO WOOD AND FIBER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE FEA; postbuckling; box compression strength; paperboard; plates ID PAPERBOARD PLATES; FIBERBOARD; STRENGTH AB Conventional compression strength formulas for corrugated fiberboard boxes are limited to geometry and material that produce an elastic postbuckling failure. Inelastic postbuckling can occur in squatty boxes and trays, but a mechanistic rationale for unifying observed strength data is lacking. This study combines a finite element model with a parametric design of the geometry and material characteristics affecting the critical buckling stress of box panels to examine their postbuckling response. The finite element model enables a broad scope of simulated panels to be examined economically. Results lead to a postbuckling model fit to the predictions and a better understanding of how to unify elastic and inelastic failure data from actual experiments and form a more general box strength formula. C1 USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Forest Serv, Madison, WI 53726 USA. Lafayette Coll, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Easton, PA 18042 USA. RP Urbanik, TJ (reprint author), USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Forest Serv, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53726 USA. NR 14 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 3 PU SOC WOOD SCI TECHNOL PI MADISON PA ONE GIFFORD PINCHOT DR, MADISON, WI 53705 USA SN 0735-6161 J9 WOOD FIBER SCI JI Wood Fiber Sci. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 35 IS 3 BP 322 EP 333 PG 12 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood; Materials Science, Textiles SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 706HB UT WOS:000184447300002 ER PT J AU Liu, JY Rammer, DR AF Liu, JY Rammer, DR TI Analysis of wood cantilever loaded at free end SO WOOD AND FIBER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE bending stress; cantilever; deflection; orthotropic material; shear stress; wood ID SHEAR AB A wood cantilever loaded at the free end was analyzed using the anisotropic elasticity theory. This report presents a two-dimensional numerical example of a Sitka spruce cantilever in the longitudinal-radial plane. When the grain slope is zero, i.e., the beam axis coincides with the longitudinal axis of wood, the stresses in the beam and the deflection of the beam are the same as those for an isotropic beam; when the grain slope is different from zero, the stresses and the deflection can increase significantly. C1 USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Forest Serv, Madison, WI 53726 USA. RP Liu, JY (reprint author), USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Forest Serv, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53726 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC WOOD SCI TECHNOL PI MADISON PA ONE GIFFORD PINCHOT DR, MADISON, WI 53705 USA SN 0735-6161 J9 WOOD FIBER SCI JI Wood Fiber Sci. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 35 IS 3 BP 334 EP 340 PG 7 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood; Materials Science, Textiles SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 706HB UT WOS:000184447300003 ER PT J AU Kabir, MF Schmoldt, DL Araman, PA Schafer, ME Lee, SM AF Kabir, MF Schmoldt, DL Araman, PA Schafer, ME Lee, SM TI Classifying defects in pallet stringers by ultrasonic scanning SO WOOD AND FIBER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE ultrasonic scanning; nondestructive testing; transducer; defect classification; neural network ID LUMBER; WOOD; DECAY; PARTS AB Detecting and classifying defects are required to grade and sort pallet parts. Use of quality parts can extend the life cycle of pallets and can reduce long-term cost. An investigation has been carried out to detect and classify defects in yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera, L.) and red oak (Quercus rubra, L.) stringers using ultrasonic scanning. Data were collected for sound and unsound knots, bark pockets, decay, holes, and wane using rolling transducers in a pitch-catch arrangement. Data from eight ultrasonic variables-energy, pulse length, time of flight (TOF)-amplitude, TOF-energy, TOF-centroid, energy value, energy pulse value, and peak frequency-were used to classify defects. Three different types of classifiers were used to categorize defects-a multi-layer perceptron network (MLP), a probabilistic neural network (PNN), and a k-nearest neighbor (KNN) classifier. Mean values for the energy variables demonstrated statistically significant differences between clear wood and defects and among defect types. Mean values for the TOF variables did not differ significantly between clear wood and knots. All three types of classifiers were able to distinguish defected from clear wood in oak with accuracies above 95%; accuracies for yellow-poplar were somewhat lower for the MLP and PNN classifiers. Among the defect classes, decay exhibited the highest recognition rate for both yellow-poplar and oak. Wane and holes in oak were readily confused owing to their common loss of transducer contact. Overall accuracy at the data-point level varied from 69-78%. Simple post-processing operations are expected to improve that substantially. Based on accuracy performance alone, the MLP and KNN appear equally preferable for this task. C1 Virginia Tech, Dept Wood Sci & Forest Prod, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. USDA, CSREES, PAS, Natl Program Leader Instrumentat & Sensors, Washington, DC 20250 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Brooks Forest Prod Ctr, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Perceptron Inc, Div Forest Prod, Ultrasound Techol Grp, Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462 USA. RP Kabir, MF (reprint author), Virginia Tech, Dept Wood Sci & Forest Prod, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NR 21 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC WOOD SCI TECHNOL PI MADISON PA ONE GIFFORD PINCHOT DR, MADISON, WI 53705 USA SN 0735-6161 J9 WOOD FIBER SCI JI Wood Fiber Sci. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 35 IS 3 BP 341 EP 350 PG 10 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood; Materials Science, Textiles SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 706HB UT WOS:000184447300004 ER PT J AU Miller, RB Wiedenhoeft, AC Williams, RS Stockman, W Green, F AF Miller, RB Wiedenhoeft, AC Williams, RS Stockman, W Green, F TI Characteristics of ten tropical hardwoods from certified forests in Bolivia. Part II. Natural durability to decay fungi SO WOOD AND FIBER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE natural durability; soil-block test; tropical hardwoods AB The natural durability of 10 lesser known, commercially available Bolivian hardwoods to decay fungi was evaluated using a modified ASTM soil-block analysis for 12 weeks. The blocks were then retested for an additional 12 weeks to determine their level of decay resistance, as determined by percentage of weight loss. Astronium urundeuva, Caesalpinia cf. pluviosa, Schinopsis quebracho-colorado, and Tabebuia sp. (lapacho group) were found to be highly resistant to decay; Amburana cearensis, Anadenanthera colubrina (syn: A. macrocarpa), Aspidosperma cylindrocarpon, Diplotropis purpurea, and Guibourtia chodatiana, resistant to decay; and Phyllostylon rhamnoides, moderately resistant to decay. We conclude that an extended soil-bottle test is an effective tool for assessing the level of natural durability of these and other tropical species. C1 USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Forest Serv, Madison, WI 53726 USA. RP Miller, RB (reprint author), USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Forest Serv, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53726 USA. NR 16 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOC WOOD SCI TECHNOL PI MADISON PA ONE GIFFORD PINCHOT DR, MADISON, WI 53705 USA SN 0735-6161 J9 WOOD FIBER SCI JI Wood Fiber Sci. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 35 IS 3 BP 429 EP 433 PG 5 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood; Materials Science, Textiles SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 706HB UT WOS:000184447300013 ER PT J AU Wainio, J Young, LM Meilke, K AF Wainio, J Young, LM Meilke, K TI Trade remedy actions in NAFTA: Agriculture and agri-food industries SO WORLD ECONOMY LA English DT Article ID COUNTERVAILING DUTIES C1 USDA, Serv Econ Res, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Montana State Univ, Dept Agr Econ & Econ, Bozeman, MT USA. Univ Guelph, Dept Agr Econ & Business, Guelph, ON, Canada. RP Wainio, J (reprint author), USDA, Serv Econ Res, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 27 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL PUBL LTD PI OXFORD PA 108 COWLEY RD, OXFORD OX4 1JF, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0378-5920 J9 WORLD ECON JI World Econ. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 26 IS 7 BP 1041 EP 1065 DI 10.1111/1467-9701.00562 PG 25 WC Business, Finance; Economics; International Relations SC Business & Economics; International Relations GA 724XC UT WOS:000185512700006 ER PT J AU McIntyre, MC Kannan, B Solano-Aguilar, GI Wilson, CA Bloom, ET AF McIntyre, MC Kannan, B Solano-Aguilar, GI Wilson, CA Bloom, ET TI Detection of porcine endogenous retrovirus in cultures of freshly isolated porcine bone marrow cells SO XENOTRANSPLANTATION LA English DT Article DE bone marrow; human; pig; retrovirus; xenotransplantation ID GROWTH-FACTORS; ENGRAFTMENT; INFECTION; TRANSPLANTATION; INTERFERENCE; EXPRESSION; CYTOKINES; TROPISM; SWINE; PIGS AB Pigs are under consideration as possible sources of organs for xenotransplantation in humans. The induction of hematopoietic microchimerism through xenotransplantation of source animal hematopoietic cells has been suggested as a means to induce tolerance in potential recipients. Because all porcine cells contain genetic information for porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV), coculture techniques, reverse transcriptase (RT) and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assays were used to determine whether infectious PERV is released from fresh porcine bone marrow cells cultured in the presence or absence of porcine cytokines. Human embryonic kidney cell line, HEK-293 cells cocultured with porcine bone marrow cells were positive for PERV RNA but never became positive for viral RT activity, suggesting the PERV infection was not productive. In contrast, high levels of RT activity was detected in porcine ST-IOWA cells after coculture, demonstrating that these cells became productively infected. PERV was released from cultured porcine bone marrow cells without stimulation, and combinations of the porcine hematopoietic cytokines, interleukin-3, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor and stem cell factor had no additional effect on the infectivity or in vitro tropism of released PERV virions. C1 US FDA, Lab Immunol & Virol HFM518, Div Cellular & Gene Therapies, Ctr Biol Evaluat & Res, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. US FDA, Div Inspect & Surveillance, CBER, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. ARS, Nutrient & Funct Requirement Lab, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Inst, USDA, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Bloom, ET (reprint author), US FDA, Lab Immunol & Virol HFM518, Div Cellular & Gene Therapies, Ctr Biol Evaluat & Res, 8800 Rockville Pike,Bldg 29B,Room 2NN04, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 17 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0908-665X J9 XENOTRANSPLANTATION JI Xenotransplantation PD JUL PY 2003 VL 10 IS 4 BP 337 EP 342 DI 10.1034/j.1399-3089.2003.02044.x PG 6 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental; Transplantation SC Research & Experimental Medicine; Transplantation GA 688NY UT WOS:000183443200007 PM 12795682 ER PT J AU Lebeda, A Widrlechner, MP AF Lebeda, A Widrlechner, MP TI A set of Cucurbitaceae taxa for differentiation of Pseudoperonospora cubensis pathotypes SO ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PFLANZENKRANKHEITEN UND PFLANZENSCHUTZ-JOURNAL OF PLANT DISEASES AND PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE Benincasa; Citrullus; Cucumis; Cucurbita; Lagenaria; Luffa; cucurbit downy mildew; pathogen variability; genetic resources; host-parasite specificity; physiological specialization; resistance breeding ID CUCUMIS-SATIVUS L; AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIC DNA; DOWNY MILDEW RESISTANCE; PLANT-PATHOGENS; GENETIC DIVERSITY; GERMPLASM; CULTIVARS; L.; SUSCEPTIBILITY; DESIGNATION AB Cucurbit downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis) is characterized by large variation in pathogenicity, specificity and host-parasite interactions. This report reviews the current state of understanding regarding interactions between P. cubensis and Cucurbitaceac, the genetic control of host reactions, and overall variation within the pathogen. A well-characterized set of differential Cucurbitaceae taxa and genotypes for the identification of P. cubensis pathotypes or races has not yet been designated. A preliminary set designated by THOMAS et al. (1987) was, in certain cases, deficient in taxonomic description, determination of membership at the level of accession, uniformity of differential response, and international availability. An improved differential set of cucurbit accessions for characterization of pathogenic variability of P. cubensis isolates is proposed in this paper. The proposed set includes 12 taxa from six genera (Benincasa, Citrullus, Cucumis, Cucurbita, Lagenaria and Luffa). These differentials are natural host plants of P. cubensis, and basic information on their host-parasite specificity and variability is available. The members of this new set are taxonomically well characterized and available as genebank accessions. The data about host genera and pathogen variation summarized here fully support previous reports about the existence of distinct physiological forms (pathotypes and races) of P. cubensis, and a tetrade coding system is offered to designate P. cubensis pathotypes. This paper presents evidence that such forms may be delimited based on host genus, species and intraspecific specificities. This proposed differential set of Cucurbitaceae should serve as an appropriate baseline for more detailed research about P. cubensis isolate variation and population structure at the pathotype level. Steps to foster international collaboration on this topic are suggested and discussed. C1 Palacky Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Bot, Olomouc 78371, Czech Republic. Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, N Cent Reg Plant Intro Stn, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Lebeda, A (reprint author), Palacky Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Bot, Slechtitelu 11, Olomouc 78371, Czech Republic. NR 76 TC 51 Z9 52 U1 3 U2 7 PU EUGEN ULMER GMBH CO PI STUTTGART PA POSTFACH 700561 WOLLGRASWEG 41, D-70599 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0340-8159 J9 Z PFLANZENK PFLANZEN JI Z. Pflanzenk. Pflanzens.-J. Plant Dis. Prot. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 110 IS 4 BP 337 EP 349 PG 13 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 734KL UT WOS:000186054900004 ER PT J AU Saha, BC Nakamura, LK AF Saha, BC Nakamura, LK TI Production of mannitol and lactic acid by fermentation with Lactobacillus intermedius NRRL B-3693 SO BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE Lactobacillus intermedius; mannitol production; lactic acid production; ethanol production; mixed acid production; fructose fermentation; batch fermentation; fed-batch fermentation; pH-controlled fermentation ID LEUCONOSTOC-MESENTEROIDES; FRUCTOSE; BACTERIA; STRAIN AB Lactobacillus intermedius B-3693 was selected as a good producer of mannitol from fructose after screening 72 bacterial strains. The bacterium produced mannitol, lactic acid, and acetic acid from fructose in pH-controlled batch fermentation. Typical yields of mannitol, lactic acid, and acetic acid from 250 g/L fructose were 0.70, 0.16, and 0.12 g, respectively per g of fructose. The fermentation time was greatly dependent on fructose concentration but the product yields were not dependent on fructose level. Fed-batch fermentation decreased the time of maximum mannitol production from fructose (300 g/L) from 136 to 92 h. One-third of fructose could be replaced with glucose, maltose, galactose, mannose, raffinose, or starch with glucoamylase (simultaneous saccharification and fermentation), and two-thirds of fructose could be replaced with sucrose. L. intermedius B-3693 did not co-utilize lactose, cellobiose, glycerol, or xylose with fructose. It produced lactic acid and ethanol but no acetic acid from glucose. The bacterium produced 21.3 +/- 0.6 g lactic acid, 10.5 +/- 0.3 g acetic acid, and 4.7 +/- 0.0 g ethanol per L of fermentation broth from dilute acid (15% solids, 0.5% H2SO4, 121degreesC, 1 h) pretreated enzyme (cellulase, P-glucosidase) saccharified corn fiber hydrolyzate. (C) 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Fermentat Biotechnol Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Microbial Genom & Bioproc Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Saha, BC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Fermentat Biotechnol Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 21 TC 28 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 12 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0006-3592 J9 BIOTECHNOL BIOENG JI Biotechnol. Bioeng. PD JUN 30 PY 2003 VL 82 IS 7 BP 864 EP 871 DI 10.1002/bit.10638 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 679GX UT WOS:000182913300014 PM 12701154 ER PT J AU Bacchus, ST Archibald, DD Brook, GA Britton, KO Haines, BL Rathbun, SL Madden, M AF Bacchus, ST Archibald, DD Brook, GA Britton, KO Haines, BL Rathbun, SL Madden, M TI Near-infrared spectroscopy of a hydroecological indicator: new tool for determining sustainable yield for Floridan aquifer system SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE aquifer storage and recovery; depressional wetlands; groundwater mining impacts; hydroecological indicator; near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy; premature tree decline; water resources protection ID REFLECTANCE RED EDGE; VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY; BOTRYOSPHAERIA-DOTHIDEA; NITROGEN CONCENTRATION; NIR SPECTROSCOPY; PULPWOOD QUALITY; GROUNDWATER-FLOW; CARBON-FRACTION; SLASH PINE; CHEMISTRY AB Pond-cypress (Taxodium ascendens Brong.) is a dominant canopy species in depressional wetlands of the south-eastern Coastal Plain. Unsustainable withdrawals from the karst Floridan aquifer system have caused premature decline and death of pond-cypress trees, presumably owing to altered hydroperiods (which alter the flow of water and nutrients in trees). There has been no scientifically based means to determine sustainable yield from this regional aquifer system or to detect early stages of physical/ecological damage associated with groundwater mining and aquifer storage and recovery (ASR, which also can alter natural hydroperiods). In this study, the relationship between visual symptoms (indicators) of stress or premature decline, and spectral reflectance was evaluated using dried, milled branch tips collected from natural stands of mature pond-cypress. Depressional systems evaluated represented four of the six aquifer system subregions where subsurface perturbations from groundwater mining: (i) were presumed not to be occurring (reference wetlands); (ii) may be occurring but are not documented; and (iii) have been confirmed. Sampled trees were assigned to one of three stress classes (1, no/minimal; 2, moderate; 3, severe) based on the visual indicators. Partial least squares-linear discriminant analysis of second derivative spectral transformations in the visible/shortwave near-infrared (NIR) region (400-1100 nm) and the NIR region (1100-2500 nm) was used to evaluate the samples in assigned classes. C1 Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA ARS, Qual Assessment Res Unit, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. US Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Stat, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Bot, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Ctr Remote Sensing, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Bacchus, ST (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 94 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD JUN 30 PY 2003 VL 17 IS 9 BP 1785 EP 1809 DI 10.1002/hyp.1213 PG 25 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 697VT UT WOS:000183964500006 ER PT J AU Koger, CH Bruce, LM Shaw, DR Reddy, KN AF Koger, CH Bruce, LM Shaw, DR Reddy, KN TI Wavelet analysis of hyperspectral reflectance data for detecting pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa) in soybean (Glycine max) SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE hyperspectral; wavelet; reflectance; weeds; discriminant; soybean; principle components ID WEED INFESTATIONS; SCALES; LEAF AB This research determined the potential for wavelet-based analysis of hyperspectral reflectance signals for detecting the presence of early season pitted morningglory when intermixed with soybean and soil. Ground-level hyperspectral reflectance signals were collected in a field experiment containing plots of soybean and plots containing soybean intermixed with pitted morningglory in a conventional tillage system. The collected hyperspectral signals contained mixed reflectances for vegetation and background soil in each plot. Pure reflectance signals were also collected for pitted morningglory, soybean, and bare soil so that synthetically mixed reflectance curves could be generated, evaluated, and the mixing proportions controlled. Wavelet detail coefficients were used as features in linear discriminant analysis for automated discrimination between the soil + soybean and the soil + soybean + pitted morningglory classes. A total of 3 6 different mother wavelets were investigated to determine the effect of mother wavelet selection on the ability to detect the presence of pitted morningglory. When the growth stage was two to four leaves, which is still controllable with herbicide, the weed could be detected with at least 87% accuracy, regardless of mother wavelet selection. Moreover, the Daubechies 3, Daubechies 5, and Coiflet 5 mother wavelets resulted in 100% classification accuracy. Most of the best wavelet coefficients, in terms of discriminating ability, were derived from the red-edge and the near-infrared regions of the spectrum. For comparison purposes, the raw spectral bands and principal components were evaluated as possible discriminating features. For the two-leaf to four-leaf weed growth stage, the two methods resulted in classification accuracies of 83% and 81%, respectively. The wavelet-based method was shown to be very promising in detecting the presence of early season pitted morningglory in mixed hyperspectral reflectances. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Koger, CH (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, 141 Expt Stn Rd,POB 350, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 32 TC 52 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD JUN 30 PY 2003 VL 86 IS 1 BP 108 EP 119 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(03)00071-3 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 697FV UT WOS:000183932300008 ER PT J AU Ullah, AHJ Sethumadhavan, K Mullaney, EJ Ziegelhoffer, T Austin-Phillips, S AF Ullah, AHJ Sethumadhavan, K Mullaney, EJ Ziegelhoffer, T Austin-Phillips, S TI Fungal phyA gene expressed in potato leaves produces active and stable phytase SO BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID ASPERGILLUS-FICUUM PHYTASE; EXTRACELLULAR PHYTASE; SUBSTRATE SELECTIVITY; TOBACCO-LEAVES; NIGER PHYTASE; PHYTIC ACID; CLONING; IDENTIFICATION; SITE AB Fungal phyA gene from Aspergillus ficuum (niger) was cloned and expressed in potato leaves. The recombinant enzyme was stable and catalytically active. The expressed protein in the leaves. of the dicotyledonous plant retained most physical and catalytic properties of the benchmark A. ficuum phytase. The expressed enzyme was, however, 15% less glycosylated than the native phytase. The usual bi-hump pH optima profile, which is characteristic of the fungal phytase, was altered; however, the pH optimum at 5.0 was unchanged for phytate and at 4.0 for synthetic substrate p-nitrophenyl phosphate. The temperature was, however, unchanged. The expressed phytase was found to be as sensitive as the native enzyme to the inhibitory action of pseudo substrate, myo-inositol hexasulfate, while losing about 90% of the activity at 20 muM inhibitor concentration. Similar to the benchmark phytase, the expressed phytase in leaves was completely inactivated by Arg modifier phenylglyoxal at 60 nM. In addition, the expressed phytase in the leaves was inhibited by antibody raised against a 20-mer internal peptide, which is present on the surface of the molecule as shown by the X-ray deduced 3D structure of fungal phytase. Taken together, the biochemical evidences indicate that fungal phytase when cloned and expressed in potato leaves produces a stable and active biocatalyst. 'Biofarming,' therefore, is an alternative way to produce functional hydrolytic enzymes as exemplified by the expression of A. ficuum (niger) phyA gene in potato leaf. Published by Elsevier Science (USA). C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Ullah, AHJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 27 TC 24 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0006-291X J9 BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO JI Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. PD JUN 27 PY 2003 VL 306 IS 2 BP 603 EP 609 DI 10.1016/S0006-291X(03)01002-7 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 693TQ UT WOS:000183734800044 PM 12804608 ER PT J AU Gadkar, V David-Schwartz, R Nagahashi, G Douds, DD Wininger, S Kapulnik, Y AF Gadkar, V David-Schwartz, R Nagahashi, G Douds, DD Wininger, S Kapulnik, Y TI Root exudate of pmi tomato mutant M161 reduces AM fungal proliferation in vitro SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE root exudate; mycorrhizal mutant; non-legume; Glomus intraradices; Gigaspora gigantea; Gigaspora rosea ID ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI; APPRESSORIUM FORMATION; HYPHAL GROWTH; COLONIZATION; RECOGNITION; FLAVONOIDS; INFECTION; GELLAN; SPORES AB Soluble factors released from roots of the pre-mycorrhizal infection (pmi) myc(-) tomato mutant M161 were analyzed and compared with normal wild-type released factors. Aseptic whole exudates from the M161 mutant retarded the proliferation of Glomus intraradices in vitro. When the whole exudate was further fractionated on a C18 SEPAK cartridge, the 50/70%, methanol fraction showed an activity against hyphal tip growth of Gigaspora gigantea and Gl. intraradices. Preliminary characterization of the exudate suggests that the inhibitory moieties are heat labile, bind to PVPP (polyvinyl polypyrrolidone), and are not volatile. This is the first reported instance of the inhibition by a myc(-) plant being ascribed to inhibitory component(s) released in root exudate. (C) 2003 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, Dept Agron & Nat Resources, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. USDA ARS, ERRC, Philadelphia, PA 19038 USA. RP Kapulnik, Y (reprint author), Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, Dept Agron & Nat Resources, POB 6,Bet Dagun, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. RI David-Schwartz, Rakefet/O-7263-2016 NR 26 TC 26 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1097 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL LETT JI FEMS Microbiol. Lett. PD JUN 27 PY 2003 VL 223 IS 2 BP 193 EP 198 DI 10.1016/S0378-1097(03)00357-4 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 697VV UT WOS:000183964700007 PM 12829285 ER PT J AU Tyree, MT AF Tyree, MT TI The ascent of water SO NATURE LA English DT Article C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Expt Stn, Burlington, VT 05402 USA. RP Tyree, MT (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Expt Stn, POB 968, Burlington, VT 05402 USA. NR 3 TC 63 Z9 65 U1 4 U2 44 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD JUN 26 PY 2003 VL 423 IS 6943 BP 923 EP 923 DI 10.1038/423923a PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 694BL UT WOS:000183753900026 PM 12827177 ER PT J AU Lancaster, ST Hayes, SK Grant, GE AF Lancaster, ST Hayes, SK Grant, GE TI Effects of wood on debris flow runout in small mountain watersheds SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE geomorphology; landslide; debris flow; natural hazard; woody debris; landscape evolution ID OREGON COAST RANGE; FLUIDIZED GRANULAR MASSES; DIGITAL ELEVATION MODELS; DOUGLAS-FIR FORESTS; SLOPE STABILITY; LANDSCAPE MORPHOLOGY; HYDROLOGIC RESPONSE; CHANNEL NETWORKS; BASIN EVOLUTION; SOIL PRODUCTION AB [1] Debris flows have typically been viewed as two-phase mixtures of sediment and water, but in forested mountain landscapes, wood can represent a sizable fraction of total flow volume. The effects of this third phase on flow behavior are poorly understood. To evaluate whether wood can have a significant effect on debris flow runout in small mountainous watersheds, we used a landscape-scale model combining empirical, stochastic, and physical submodels of storms, fires, forest growth, tree fall, wood decay, soil production and diffusion, landslide initiation, debris flow runout, and fluvial sediment transport. We examined changes in the cumulative distribution function of debris flow runout lengths in a small (2 km(2)) watershed in the Oregon Coast Range due to presence or absence of two hypothesized effects of wood: (1) velocity reduction due to entrainment of wood in the runout path and (2) velocity reduction due to changes in flow direction angle. The model was calibrated such that the distribution for simulations including both effects was similar to that measured in the study basin, and amounts of wood in the simulation and the field, both fallen in small valleys and incorporated by debris flows, were comparable. Removal of either effect, or both, significantly shifted runout length distributions to longer lengths. Simulations and field observations indicate that with wood, fluvial transport is a significant source of sediment output, few debris flows reach the outlet, and debris flow deposits are widely distributed throughout the network. Simulations indicate that without wood, basin sediment yield greatly increases, that yield is dominated by longer-runout debris flows, and that debris flow deposits are concentrated in the low-gradient reach near the outlet. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Geosci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Lancaster, ST (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Geosci, 104 Wilkinson Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM stephen.lancaster@geo.orst.edu RI Lancaster, Stephen/A-4251-2011 NR 95 TC 56 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JUN 26 PY 2003 VL 39 IS 6 AR 1168 DI 10.1029/2001WR001227 PG 22 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 708XX UT WOS:000184596600002 ER PT J AU French, AN Schmugge, TJ Kustas, WP Brubaker, KL Prueger, J AF French, AN Schmugge, TJ Kustas, WP Brubaker, KL Prueger, J TI Surface energy fluxes over El Reno, Oklahoma, using high-resolution remotely sensed data SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE surface energy flux; thermal infrared; TIMS; El Reno; Oklahoma; SGP97; two source energy balance model ID SENSIBLE HEAT-FLUX; VEGETATION INDEXES; EARTHS SURFACE; VAPOR TRANSFER; TEMPERATURE; BALANCE; SOIL; EVAPORATION; CANOPY; RADIATION AB Accurate estimation of spatial distributions of evapotranspiration (ET) is a goal sought by hydrologists, agronomists, and meteorologists but is difficult to achieve. The usual approaches to estimating ET employ remote sensing observations and a surface energy flux model. However, resolution of remote sensing data, needed to observe patterns of biophysical variables, is commonly too coarse (>1 km) to distinguish between land cover types that constrain ET. Accuracy of ET estimates can be improved by using higher-resolution (<100 m) remote sensing data since they can distinguish clusters of vegetation from bare soil fields and water bodies. A demonstration of this potential is shown using aircraft-based remote sensing observations over a study site at El Reno, Oklahoma. Five midday surveys, conducted from 29 June to 2 July 1997, as part of the Southern Great Plains 1997 Experiment (SGP97), collected 12 m resolution images in the visible, near infrared, and thermal infrared. Surface temperature and vegetation density maps, created from these surveys, were combined with surface micrometeorological observations and with a two source energy balance model. Results from El Reno show that flux estimates with respect to ground-based eddy covariance observations can be accurate to within 40-80 W m(-2). This means that the high spatial resolution observations can potentially produce ET estimates similar in quality to ground-based point measurements. Additional work, needed to show how high-resolution remote sensing estimates can be related to coarser resolution observations, is underway using the satellite sensors ASTER (15-90 m resolution) and MODIS (250 m to 1 km resolution). C1 NASA, Hydrol Sci Branch, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, USDA, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP French, AN (reprint author), NASA, Hydrol Sci Branch, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 974, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI French, Andrew/M-4734-2014 OI French, Andrew/0000-0002-4018-1817 NR 49 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JUN 24 PY 2003 VL 39 IS 6 AR 1164 DI 10.1029/2002WR001734 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 698LR UT WOS:000184001500002 ER PT J AU Rundio, DE Olson, DH AF Rundio, DE Olson, DH TI Antipredator Defenses of larval pacific giant salamanders (Dicamptodon tenebrosus) against cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki) SO COPEIA LA English DT Article ID STREAM COMMUNITIES; CHEMICAL CUES; PREDATORS; TADPOLES; DENSITY; FISH; HABITAT; CANOPY; LEARN AB We tested larval Pacific giant salamanders (Dicamptodon tenebrosus) for chemical and behavioral defenses against cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus darki). Young-of-year Dicamptodon were fully palatable to trout during single and repeated offerings. However, larvae increased refuge use in response to chemical cues from trout, although they did not select different microhabitats (shallow or deep) between trout treatments and controls. Our results suggest that, although Dicamptodon larvae are potentially vulnerable to predation by cutthroat trout, increased refuge use by larvae in response to trout chemical cues may reduce the probability of encounters and contribute to the coexistence of these species. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, PNW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Rundio, DE (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, PNW Res Stn, 2300 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM drundio@fs.fed.us NR 31 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC ICHTHYOLOGISTS & HERPETOLOGISTS PI MIAMI PA MAUREEN DONNELLY, SECRETARY FLORIDA INT UNIV BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, 11200 SW 8TH STREET, MIAMI, FL 33199 USA SN 0045-8511 EI 1938-5110 J9 COPEIA JI Copeia PD JUN 23 PY 2003 IS 2 BP 402 EP 407 DI 10.1643/0045-8511(2003)003[0402:ADOLPG]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 695EG UT WOS:000183817700021 ER PT J AU Eppink, J Hochheiser, W Watson, RL Crandell, D AF Eppink, J Hochheiser, W Watson, RL Crandell, D TI Federal lands access in the US Rockies: Is the glass 40% empty or 60% full? SO OIL & GAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 Adv Resources Int Inc, Arlington, VA USA. US DOE, Washington, DC USA. Bur Land Management, Washington, DC USA. US Forest Serv, Arlington, VA USA. RP Eppink, J (reprint author), Adv Resources Int Inc, Arlington, VA USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PENNWELL PUBL CO ENERGY GROUP PI TULSA PA 1421 S SHERIDAN RD PO BOX 1260, TULSA, OK 74101 USA SN 0030-1388 J9 OIL GAS J JI Oil Gas J. PD JUN 23 PY 2003 VL 101 IS 24 BP 48 EP + PG 5 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Petroleum SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 697AB UT WOS:000183919100015 ER PT J AU Gilmanov, TG Verma, SB Sims, PL Meyers, TP Bradford, JA Burba, GG Suyker, AE AF Gilmanov, TG Verma, SB Sims, PL Meyers, TP Bradford, JA Burba, GG Suyker, AE TI Gross primary production and light response parameters of four Southern Plains ecosystems estimated using long-term CO2-flux tower measurements SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Review DE gross primary production; daytime ecosystem respiration; net ecosystem CO2 exchange; ecosystem-scale light response function; tallgrass prairie; winter wheat ID CARBON-DIOXIDE EXCHANGE; TEMPERATE GRASSLAND ECOSYSTEM; SAGEBRUSH-STEPPE ECOSYSTEM; ELEVATED ATMOSPHERIC CO2; NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; FLUX MEASUREMENTS; EDDY COVARIANCE; WATER-VAPOR; COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS; TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS AB [1] Gross primary production (GPP) is one of the most important characteristics of an ecosystem. At present, no empirically based method to estimate GPP is available, other than measurements of net CO2 exchange and calculations of respiration. Data sets from continuous CO2 flux measurements in a number of ecosystems ( Ameriflux, AgriFlux, etc.) for the first time provide an opportunity to obtain empirically based estimates of GPP. In this paper, using the results of CO2 flux tower measurements during the 1997 season at four sites in Oklahoma ( tallgrass prairie, mixed prairie, pasture, and winter wheat crop), we describe a method to evaluate the average daytime rate of ecosystem respiration, R-d, by estimation of the respiration term of the nonrectangular hyperbolic model of the ecosystem-scale light-response curve. Comparison of these predicted daytime respiration rates with directly measured corresponding nighttime values, R-n, after appropriate length of the night and temperature correction, demonstrated close linear relationship, with 0.82 less than or equal to R-2 less than or equal to 0.98 for weekly averaged fluxes. Daily gross primary productivity, P-g, can be calculated as P-g = P-d + R-d, where P-d is the daytime integral of the net ecosystem CO2 exchange, obtained directly from measurements. Annual GPP for the sites, obtained as the sum of P-g over the whole period with P-g > 0 were: tallgrass prairie, 5223 g CO2 m(-2); winter wheat, 2853 g CO2 m(-2); mixed prairie, 3037 g CO2 m(-2); and pasture, 2333 g CO2 m(-2). These values are in agreement with published GPP estimates for nonforest terrestrial ecosystems. C1 S Dakota State Univ, Dept Biol & Microbiol, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. Univ Nebraska, Sch Nat Resource Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. ARS, USDA, So Plains Range Res Stn, Woodward, OK 73801 USA. NOAA, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, ARL, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Gilmanov, TG (reprint author), S Dakota State Univ, Dept Biol & Microbiol, Agr Hall 304,Box 2207B, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. RI Meyers, Tilden/C-6633-2016; Vuichard, Nicolas/A-6629-2011; Burba, George/G-9991-2014 OI Burba, George/0000-0003-2095-0057 NR 122 TC 84 Z9 90 U1 5 U2 33 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD JUN 20 PY 2003 VL 17 IS 2 AR 1071 DI 10.1029/2002GB002023 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 693XM UT WOS:000183743700002 ER PT J AU Tshabalala, MA Kingshott, P VanLandingham, MR Plackett, D AF Tshabalala, MA Kingshott, P VanLandingham, MR Plackett, D TI Surface chemistry and moisture sorption properties of wood coated with multifunctional alkoxysilanes by sol-gel process SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE polysaccharides; surface; coatings; polycondensation; morphology ID EXPLOSION PULPS; ADSORPTION; SILANES; BEHAVIOR; SPECTRA; STEEL; FILMS; ESCA; 1S AB Sol-gel surface deposition of a hydrophobic polysiloxane coating on wood was accomplished by using a mixture of a low molecular weight multifunctional alkoxysilane, methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMOS), and a high molecular weight multifunctional alkoxysilane, hexadecyltrimethoxysilane (HDTMOS). Investigation of the surface chemistry and morphology of the wood specimens by means of ATR-FTIR, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, SEM, and atomic force microscopy indicated that the sol-gel process results in deposition of polysiloxane networks that are bonded to the wood by polycondensation with surface hydroxyl groups. The surface hydroxyl groups involved in the bonds appear to be located predominantly on the cellulose component of the wood. The sol-gel deposit on the wood substrates lowered the rates of water and water vapor sorption. The low molecular weight MTMOS apparently penetrated the outer surface layers of the wood and condensed with hydroxyls that may not be readily accessible to the high molecular weight HDTMOS. Once attached to such sites, it is reasonable to assume that some of these surface derivatives of MTMOS condensed with other molecules of MTMOS and HDTMOS with a long hydrocarbon chain to form a polysiloxane network that is hydrophobic. The ultimate effect of the sol-gel deposit can therefore be regarded as not only to decrease the surface concentration of hydrogen-bonding sites, but also to stereochemically hinder the formation of hydrogen bonds between such sites and water molecules. (C) 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53726 USA. Riso Natl Lab, Danish Polymer Ctr, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, US Dept Commerce, Bldg Mat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Tech Univ Denmark, Danish Polymer Ctr, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark. RP Tshabalala, MA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53726 USA. NR 24 TC 70 Z9 73 U1 2 U2 34 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0021-8995 J9 J APPL POLYM SCI JI J. Appl. Polym. Sci. PD JUN 20 PY 2003 VL 88 IS 12 BP 2828 EP 2841 DI 10.1002/app.12142 PG 14 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 663ZY UT WOS:000182038300017 ER PT J AU Fulton, RW Step, DL Ridpath, JF Saliki, JT Confer, AW Johnson, BJ Briggs, RE Hawley, RV Burge, LJ Payton, ME AF Fulton, RW Step, DL Ridpath, JF Saliki, JT Confer, AW Johnson, BJ Briggs, RE Hawley, RV Burge, LJ Payton, ME TI Response of calves persistently infected with noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) subtype 1b after vaccination with heterologous BVDV strains in modified live virus vaccines and Mannheimia haemolytica bacterin-toxoid SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE bovine viral diarrhea viruses; BVDV1a; BVDV1b; BVDV2; Mannheimia haemolytica ID RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS; MUCOSAL DISEASE; PARAINFLUENZA-3 VIRUS; CATTLE; COMPLICATIONS; PERFORMANCE; ANTIBODIES AB Seronegative persistently infected (PI) calves with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) subtype 1b were vaccinated with each of four modified live virus (MLV) BVDV vaccines and a Mannheimia haemolytica bacterin-toxoid. Nasal swabs and peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) were collected for virus isolation and serums were collected after vaccination and tested for BVDV1a, BVDV1b, BVDV2, bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1), bovine parainfluenza-3 virus (PI-3V), and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) antibodies. M. haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida antibodies were detected using ELISA procedures. None of the PI calves developed mucosal disease (MD) after MLV vaccination. None of the BVDV PI calves seroconverted to BVDV1b after MLV vaccination. Calves receiving MLV vaccines seroconverted to the respective type/subtype in the vaccine. Calves receiving a MLV vaccine with noncytopathic (NCP) BVDV1 (subtype not designated) did not seroconvert to BVDV1a, BVDV1b, or BVDV2. The PI calves were positive for BVDV subtype 1b, in the PBL and nasal swabs throughout the study. Calves receiving each of three vaccines with known BVDV1a strains had BVDV1a positive samples after vaccination, in some but not all calves, up to Day 28. The PI BVDV1b calves did not respond with increased M. haemolytica antibodies after vaccination compared to BVDV negative calves receiving the same M. haemolytica vaccine. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Clin Sci, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Anim Dis Diagnost Lab, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Stat, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Fulton, RW (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, Room 250,McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. NR 26 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD JUN 20 PY 2003 VL 21 IS 21-22 BP 2980 EP 2985 DI 10.1016/S0264-410X(03)00118-X PG 6 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 693GT UT WOS:000183709300038 PM 12798641 ER PT J AU Kustas, WP Albertson, JD AF Kustas, WP Albertson, JD TI Effects of surface temperature contrast on land-atmosphere exchange: A case study from Monsoon 90 SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE large eddy simulation; remote sensing; land-atmosphere exchange; surface energy balance; surface temperature ID CONVECTIVE BOUNDARY-LAYER; LARGE-EDDY SIMULATIONS; THERMALLY FORCED CIRCULATIONS; SENSIBLE HEAT-FLUX; HETEROGENEOUS SURFACES; COMPLEX TERRAIN; ENERGY FLUXES; SOIL-MOISTURE; SCALE; METEOROLOGY AB [1] Atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) simulations over remotely sensed boundary conditions using a large eddy simulation (LES) code are employed here to explore the dynamical coupling of heterogeneous land surfaces and the ABL. The LES was recently extended to incorporate remotely observed surface states, and the ability to account for the soil and vegetation (i.e., two sources) contributions to the mass and energy exchanges [Albertson et al., 2001]. In this effort we explore the impacts of changes in the magnitude of surface variability (i.e., spatial contrasts). We focus our simulations and analysis with rescaled surface temperature fields to explore a wider range of contrasts (i.e., spatial variance). We demonstrate that the increase in temperature contrast has negligible effect on regionally averaged fluxes. However, the strength of coupling (or feedback) between spatial fields of land surface and surface layer temperature (z similar to 10 m) increases with increasing temperature contrast. This dampens increases in the spatial variance in the sensible heat flux relative to increases in the spatial variance in surface temperature, suggesting the feedbacks act to limit the spatial variability in the flux. We also use the LES to explore the errors induced in spatially distributed heat flux predictions from using spatially uniform atmospheric variables in a related two-source energy-balance radiometric surface temperature scheme. The use of spatially uniform atmospheric variables is commonly employed when computing surface fluxes from remotely sensed land surface data. This leads to significant differences in the spatial distribution of land surface fluxes when compared to LES derived fluxes. This was particularly evident in the overestimated Bowen ratio (b), primarily for locations with relatively low vegetation cover. C1 USDA ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Duke Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Durham, NC 27706 USA. RP Kustas, WP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Albertson, John/A-3336-2008 NR 37 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JUN 19 PY 2003 VL 39 IS 6 AR 1159 DI 10.1029/2001WR001226 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 696KT UT WOS:000183886600002 ER PT J AU Manners, GD Breksa, AP Schoch, TK Hidalgo, MB AF Manners, GD Breksa, AP Schoch, TK Hidalgo, MB TI Analysis of bitter limonoids in citrus juices by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and electrospray ionization liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE limonoid; citrus; liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; analysis ID ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOASSAY; GRAPEFRUIT JUICE; LIMONIN AB Improved analytical techniques for bitter limonoids in citrus and citrus juices can expedite the evaluation of freeze-induced citrus damage for citrus growers and juice quality for citrus juice producers. Microbore normal-phase and reverse-phase chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer operating in a positive ion atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and electrospray ionization modes were found to be rapid, selective, and sensitive methods for the analysis of the bitter limonoids limonin and nomilin in citrus juices. Analysis was performed on a chloroform extract of citrus juice to which an internal standard was added. The methods are capable of detecting citrus limonoids in citrus juice in the 60-200 picogram range and quantifying citrus juice limonoids in concentrations as low as 120 picograms. An accurate "total limonoid bitterness" in citrus juice, as represented by the combined occurrence of limonin and nomilin, is easily determined by these methods. C1 USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Manners, GD (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 14 TC 25 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUN 18 PY 2003 VL 51 IS 13 BP 3709 EP 3714 DI 10.1021/jf021124t PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 689UJ UT WOS:000183511100003 PM 12797731 ER PT J AU Shelver, WL Smith, DJ AF Shelver, WL Smith, DJ TI Determination of ractopamine in cattle and sheep urine samples using an optical biosensor analysis: Comparative study with HPLC and ELISA SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE biosensor; immunosensor; ractopamine; ELISA; HPLC; analysis; residue; measurement; SPR ID ADRENERGIC AGONIST RACTOPAMINE; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; RESIDUES; MILK; SULFAMETHAZINE; ASSAY; IMMUNOBIOSENSOR; IMMUNOASSAY; SURFACE; ANIMALS AB A biosensor method, using the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) principle, was developed for the determination of ractopamine in cattle and sheep urine. A monoclonal antibody was used to compete with ractopamine in the sample and ractopamine immobilized on the sensor chip. Addition of bovine serum albumin (BSA, 1 mg/mL) as an antibody stabilizer to the incubation buffer was required to achieve a stable biosensor response throughout each sample set. The calibration curve gave a mean IC50 of 4.7 +/- 0.21 ng/mL (n = 7). Over sample concentrations from 2.5 to 10 ng/mL recoveries were typically similar to100-110%, whereas inter- and intra-assay reproducibilities (% CV) were usually less than 10 and 6%, respectively. Comparison of biosensor results with results obtained from high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) using enzyme-hydrolyzed urine (to convert ractopamine conjugates to free ractopamine) gave correlation coefficients of 0.94 for sheep and 0.86 for cattle. Slopes of the lines, with zero intercepts, equaled 0.80 for sheep and 0.74 for cattle. For untreated (nonhydrolyzed) urine samples, the correlations between biosensor and HPLC results were 0.95 for sheep and 0.72 for cattle with slopes of 1.18 (sheep) and 1.69 (cattle). The slopes greater than unity indicate that the biosensor responded to ractopamine metabolites in addition to free ractopamine. The biosensor assay is an excellent analytical tool to screen ractopamine residues in sheep or cattle urine, and the results should be extendible to other species with suitable validation. C1 USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Shelver, WL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, 1605 Albrecht Blvd, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 17 TC 56 Z9 68 U1 3 U2 28 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUN 18 PY 2003 VL 51 IS 13 BP 3715 EP 3721 DI 10.1021/jf021175q PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 689UJ UT WOS:000183511100004 PM 12797732 ER PT J AU Pawlosky, RJ Flanagan, VP Doherty, RF AF Pawlosky, RJ Flanagan, VP Doherty, RF TI A mass spectrometric validated high-performance liquid chromatography procedure for the determination of folates in foods SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE food analysis; 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid; folic acid; mass spectrometry; HPLC; isotope dilution ID FOLIC-ACID; COMBINED AFFINITY; MONOGLUTAMATES; DERIVATIVES; VEGETABLES; LIVER; MILK AB A series of five food reference materials (RM) that had certified values of folate concentrations and five frozen food samples were analyzed for 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid (5-MTHFA) and folic acid (FA) using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with fluorescence detection that was validated using an HPLC mass spectrometry (MS) method with electrospray ionization. Identical sample specimens were extracted and analyzed in triplicate using both instrumental methods, and a comparison was made of the mean values of 5-MTHFA and FA resulting from these determinations. The analytes were isolated on either a high capacity strong anion exchange solid phase extraction column (HPLC method) or a phenyl Bond Elut column (MS method) prior to analyses. For quantification of the analytes by MS, C-13-labeled 5-MTHFA and FA were added to samples as internal standards prior to enzymatic digestion and conversion of the polyglutamate forms of 5-MTHFA to the monoglutamic acid. Quantification of FA and 5-MTHFA using the HPLC analysis was carried out using external standards. With the exception of one RM (pig liver), the values established for 5-MTHFA using these methods were highly comparable. In determining the variance associated with these two procedures, it was observed that the mean relative standard error for 5-MTHFA was 12 (range, 2-27%) and 11% (range, 5-25%) for the HPLC and MS methods, respectively. FA was detected in only three of the samples, and the values obtained for it by either method were similar. This is the first paper that describes a mass spectrometric method used in the validation of an HPLC determination of food folates across a wide range of sample matrixes. The comparable values for 5-MTHFA and FA suggest that HPLC analysis with fluorescent detection may be used to accurately quantify folates present in a variety of food matrixes. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Food Composit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Pawlosky, RJ (reprint author), NIAAA, Lab Membrane Biochem & Biophys, NIH, Room 114,12420 Parklawn Dr, Rockville, MD 20851 USA. NR 20 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 3 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUN 18 PY 2003 VL 51 IS 13 BP 3726 EP 3730 DI 10.1021/jf034017n PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 689UJ UT WOS:000183511100006 PM 12797734 ER PT J AU Senseman, SA Mueller, TC Riley, MB Wauchope, RD Clegg, C Young, RW Southwick, LM Moye, HA Dumas, JA Mersie, W Mattice, JD Leidy, RB AF Senseman, SA Mueller, TC Riley, MB Wauchope, RD Clegg, C Young, RW Southwick, LM Moye, HA Dumas, JA Mersie, W Mattice, JD Leidy, RB TI Interlaboratory comparison of extraction efficiency of pesticides from surface and laboratory water using solid-phase extraction disks SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE solid-phase extraction (SPE); pesticides; surface water; extraction; interlaboratory analysis; Empore disks ID MEMBRANE APPROACH; STABILITY; RECOVERY; SAMPLES AB A continuation of an earlier interlaboratory comparison was conducted (1) to assess solid-phase extraction (SPE) using Empore disks to extract atrazine, bromacil, metolachlor, and chlorpyrifos from various water sources accompanied by different sample shipping and quantitative techniques and (2) to compare quantitative results of individual laboratories with results of one common laboratory. Three replicates of a composite surface water (SW) sample were fortified with the analytes along with three replicates of deionized water (DW). A nonfortified DW sample and a nonfortified SW sample were also extracted. All samples were extracted using Empore C-18 disks. After extraction, part of the samples were eluted and analyzed in-house. Duplicate samples were evaporated in a 2-mL vial, shipped dry to a central laboratory (SDC), redissolved, and analyzed. Overall, samples analyzed in-house had higher recoveries than SDC samples. Laboratory x analysis type and laboratory x water source interactions were significant for all four compounds. Seven laboratories participated in this interlaboratory comparison program. No differences in atrazine recoveries were observed from in-house samples analyzed by laboratories A, B, D, and G compared with the recovery of SDC samples. In-house atrazine recoveries from laboratories C and F were higher when compared with recovery from SDC samples. However, laboratory E had lower recoveries from in-house samples compared with SDC samples. For each laboratory, lower recoveries were observed for chlorpyrifos from the SDC samples compared with samples analyzed in-house. Bromacil recovery was <65% at two of the seven laboratories in the study. Bromacil recoveries for the remaining laboratories were >75%. Three laboratories showed no differences in metolachlor recovery; two laboratories had higher recoveries for samples analyzed in-house, and two other laboratories showed higher metolachlor recovery for SDC samples. Laboratory G had a higher recovery in SW for all four compounds compared with DW. Other laboratories that had significant differences in pesticide recovery between the two water sources showed higher recovery in DW than in the SW regardless of the compound. In comparison to earlier work, recovery of these compounds using SPE disks as a temporary storage matrix may be more effective than shipping dried samples in a vial. Problems with analytes such as chlorpyrifos are unavoidable, and it should not be assumed that an extraction procedure using SPE disks will be adequate for all compounds and transferrable across all chromatographic conditions. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Texas Agr Expt Stn, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Plant Sci & Landscape Syst, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Plant Pathol & Physiol, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. USDA ARS, SE Watershed Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Biochem, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. USDA ARS, Baton Rouge, LA 70808 USA. Univ Florida, Food & Environm Toxicol Lab, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Puerto Rico Agr Expt Stn, Pesticide Res Lab, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Agr Res Stn, Petersburg, VA 23806 USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Crop & Soil Environm Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72704 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Pesticide Res Lab, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA. RP Senseman, SA (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Texas Agr Expt Stn, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, 2474 TAMU, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RI Senseman, Scott/E-7714-2011 NR 12 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUN 18 PY 2003 VL 51 IS 13 BP 3748 EP 3752 DI 10.1021/jf026040z PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 689UJ UT WOS:000183511100010 PM 12797738 ER PT J AU Meazza, G Dayan, FE Wedge, DE AF Meazza, G Dayan, FE Wedge, DE TI Activity of quinones on Colletotrichum species SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE fungicide; natural products; triketone; naphthoquinone; benzoquinone; antifungal activity ID FUNGICIDAL ACTIVITY; NAPHTHOQUINONES; 2-HYDROXY-3-ALKYL-1,4-NAPHTHOQUINONES; BIOAUTOGRAPHY; ANTHRACNOSE; STRAWBERRY; COMPLEX; AGENTS AB The antifungal activity of 1,4-naphthoquinones, 1,2-naphthoquinones, 1,4-benzoquinones, and anthraquinones from our natural products collection was tested by direct bioautography to identify natural products with potential use in agricultural fungal pathogen control. Quinones demonstrated good to moderate antifungal activity against Colletotrichum spp. Colletotrichum fragariae was the most sensitive species to quinone-based chemistry, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides had intermediate sensitivity, while Colletotrichum acutatum was the species least sensitive to these compounds. C1 ARS, Natl Ctr Nat Prod Res, Nat Prod Utilizat Res Unit, USDA, University, MS 38677 USA. Isagro Ric Srl, I-28100 Novara, Italy. RP Wedge, DE (reprint author), ARS, Natl Ctr Nat Prod Res, Nat Prod Utilizat Res Unit, USDA, University, MS 38677 USA. EM dwedge@olemiss.edu RI Dayan, Franck/A-7592-2009 OI Dayan, Franck/0000-0001-6964-2499 NR 42 TC 58 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUN 18 PY 2003 VL 51 IS 13 BP 3824 EP 3828 DI 10.1021/jf034229 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 689UJ UT WOS:000183511100022 PM 12797750 ER PT J AU Jayasundera, S Schmidt, WF Hapeman, CJ Torrents, A AF Jayasundera, S Schmidt, WF Hapeman, CJ Torrents, A TI Examination of molecular interaction sites of acetanilides with organic matter surrogates using nuclear magnetic resonance techniques SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE metolachlor; acetanilide; organic surrogates; binding sites; NMR ID NMR T-1 RELAXATION; NONCOVALENT INTERACTIONS; HUMIC SUBSTANCES; FULVIC-ACID; C-13 NMR; SORPTION; POLARITY; WATER AB The dynamics of acetanilide pesticide interactions with organic matter (OM) surrogates were examined using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Differences in the relative changes in C-13 and H-1 spin-lattice relaxation times (T-1) were measured at multiple molecular sites of metolachlor and the probe compound acetanilide to identify interaction sites and/or surfaces between the molecules and dissolved and colloidal OM surrogates. The decrease in T-1 at specific sites of acetanilide molecules was a function of the OM used and its concentration. High-affinity interactions at nonaromatic sites of metolachlor and acetanilide were observed with cellulose, chitin, and collagen, but interactions with lignin occurred with less site specificity and involved both aromatic and nonaromatic sites of the molecules. Changes in relaxation were compared to calculated and experimentally determined binding coefficients (K-OC). The T-1 relaxation of the aromatic sites of acetanilides showed better relations with K-OC than the nonaromatic sites. This study shows that NMR relaxation measurements can identify the high-affinity molecular interaction sites of acetanilides to OM surrogates. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. USDA ARS, Environm Qual Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Torrents, A (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 23 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUN 18 PY 2003 VL 51 IS 13 BP 3829 EP 3835 DI 10.1021/jf021226j PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 689UJ UT WOS:000183511100023 PM 12797751 ER PT J AU Argenta, LC Fan, XT Mattheis, JP AF Argenta, LC Fan, XT Mattheis, JP TI Influence of 1-methylcyclopropene on ripening, storage life, and volatile production by d'Anjou cv. pear fruit SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID CONTROLLED-ATMOSPHERE STORAGE; LOW-OXYGEN STORAGE; ETHYLENE BIOSYNTHESIS; SUPERFICIAL SCALD; CARBON-DIOXIDE; BARTLETT PEARS; APPLE FRUIT; 1-MCP; RESPONSES; INHIBIT AB d'Anjou cv. pear fruit (Pyrus communis L.) exposed at harvest to 0, 0.42, 4.2, or 42 mumol m(-3) 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) for 12 h at 20 degreesC were stored at 1 degreesC for up to 8 months. After storage, half of the fruit was continuously exposed to ethylene (0.45 or 4-18 mmol m(-3)) for 7 days at 20 degreesC. All fruit treated with 1-MCP had lower respiration and ethylene production compared to untreated controls. Fruit quality changes were delayed following 1-MCP treatment, as was development of superficial scald and peel yellowing. The duration of 1-MCP-induced responses was dependent on 1-MCP treatment concentration. When 1-MCP-treated fruit began to ripen, softening and production of volatile compounds proceeded similar to that of untreated fruit. Post-storage ethylene exposure did not consistently stimulate ripening of fruit previously treated with 1-MCP. Efficacy of ethylene treatment depended on 1-MCP concentration and storage duration. C1 USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Mattheis, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, 1104 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. NR 45 TC 77 Z9 86 U1 1 U2 17 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUN 18 PY 2003 VL 51 IS 13 BP 3858 EP 3864 DI 10.1021/jf034028g PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 689UJ UT WOS:000183511100028 PM 12797756 ER PT J AU Parris, N Dickey, LC AF Parris, N Dickey, LC TI Adhesive properties of corn zein formulations on glass surfaces SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE corn; zein; adhesive; bonding; glass; polyvinyl acetate; emulsion ID MODIFIED SOY PROTEIN; FILMS AB Adhesive properties on glass of commercial zein and an inexpensive zein-lipid mixture isolated from dry-milled corn were investigated. A method was developed for uniformly preparing bonded glass panels and measuring the amount of pull required to separate the panels. The adhesive strength of commercial zein to glass was greater at 29% than at 52% relative humidity (RH). Bonded samples prepared from zein isolates were less sensitive to changes in RH. Bonds using commercial zein formulations containing plasticizer reached a maximum strength at 10% poly(ethylene glycol) regardless of RH. Formulations that required the least amount of ethanol (35-42%) were obtained by adjusting its pH to 3 or 10 with a volatile acid or base. These formulations completely bonded to the glass panels at low sample concentrations as estimated by 100% cohesive failure and exhibited lower Young's Modulus values than most of the other bonding materials tested. Samples bonded with a polyvinyl acetate emulsion adhesive were not as strong as the zein-bonded samples and were sensitive to changes in RH. C1 Agr Res Serv, E Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Parris, N (reprint author), Agr Res Serv, E Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 14 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUN 18 PY 2003 VL 51 IS 13 BP 3892 EP 3894 DI 10.1021/jf0212183 PG 3 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 689UJ UT WOS:000183511100033 PM 12797761 ER PT J AU Murthy, R Griffin, KL Zarnoch, SJ Dougherty, PM Watson, B Van Haren, J Patterson, RL Mahato, T AF Murthy, R Griffin, KL Zarnoch, SJ Dougherty, PM Watson, B Van Haren, J Patterson, RL Mahato, T TI Carbon dioxide efflux from a 550 m(3) soil across a range of soil temperatures SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE community level soil respiration; scaling; soil warming; environment-controlled facility ID TRACE GAS FLUXES; CLIMATE-CHANGE; FOREST SOIL; MICROBIAL RESPIRATION; ARCTIC TUNDRA; CO2 EFFLUX; ROOT; DECOMPOSITION; BIOSPHERE-2; RESPONSES AB Because of scaling problems point measurements of soil CO2 efflux on a small volume of soil may not necessarily reflect an overall community response. The aim of this study was to test this hypothesis in the Biosphere 2 facility and achieve the following broad goals: (1) investigate soil net CO2 exchange-temperature relationship at the community level; (2) compare soil net CO2 exchange at the community level to the traditional sample point estimates Of CO2 efflux scaled up to the community level; (3) evaluate the usefulness of a facility such as Biosphere 2 for conducting community level experiments for studying response to a climatic perturbation under controlled environmental conditions. A 550 m 3 volume of soil with 282, 15 cm tree stumps was enclosed at the Biosphere 2 Center and warmed from 10 to 25 degreesC over a period of 34 days. Net CO2 exchange from this community was measured at various points on the soil surface with 78.5 cm(2) chambers and for the whole community using each of the three bays at Biosphere 2 Center as a closed system. Soil CO2 efflux rates obtained by point measurements showed tremendous variability from location to location. At the community level and with point measurements, net CO2 exchange increased exponentially with increasing soil temperatures. Q(10) values from both the point and community level measurements ranged from 1.7 to 2.5. Scaling of point measurements by soil surface area and time overestimated community rates by 36% revealing some of the limitations of point measurements. This experiment demonstrates how Biosphere 2 facility could be used to study behavior of individual components and measure responses at the community level and test our capacity to scale point in time and space measures of community processes to the community level. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Columbia Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Biosphere Ctr 2, Oracle, AZ 85623 USA. Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Geol Observ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Asheville, NC 28802 USA. Westvaco Corp, Forest Res, Summerville, SC 29484 USA. Columbia Univ, Biosphere Ctr 2, Oracle, AZ 85623 USA. RP Murthy, R (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Biosphere Ctr 2, Oracle, AZ 85623 USA. RI Griffin, Kevin/B-2629-2013 OI Griffin, Kevin/0000-0003-4124-3757 NR 65 TC 22 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD JUN 17 PY 2003 VL 178 IS 3 BP 311 EP 327 AR PII S0378-1127(02)00480-2 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(02)00480-2 PG 17 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 690WQ UT WOS:000183573800007 ER PT J AU Houtz, RL Portis, AR AF Houtz, RL Portis, AR TI The life of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase-posttranslational facts and mysteries SO ARCHIVES OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS LA English DT Review DE ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase; posttranslational; methylation; protein folding; ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate; activase; oxidation ID METHIONINE SULFOXIDE REDUCTASE; EUKARYOTIC PEPTIDE DEFORMYLASES; PROTEIN-DISULFIDE-ISOMERASE; N-EPSILON-METHYLTRANSFERASE; CHLOROPLAST IMPORT PROTEIN; RUBISCO ACTIVASE ISOFORM; INTACT PEA-CHLOROPLASTS; HEAT-SHOCK-PROTEIN; LEMNA-MINOR FRONDS; BISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE AB The life of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), from gene to protein to irreplaceable component of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation, has successfully served as a model for a number of essential cellular processes centered on protein chemistry and amino acid modifications. Once translated, the two subunits of Rubisco undergo a myriad of co- and posttranslational modifications accompanied by constant interactions with structurally modifying enzymes. Even after final assembly, the essential role played by Rubisco in photosynthetic CO2 assimilation is dependent on continuous conformation modifications by Rubisco activase. Rubisco is also continuously assaulted by various environmental factors, resulting in its turnover and degradation by processes that appear to be enhanced during plant senescence. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 Univ Kentucky, Dept Hort, Plant Physiol Biochem Mol Biol Program, Lexington, KY 40546 USA. Univ Illinois, USDA ARS, Photosynthesis Res Unit, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Plant Biol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Portis, AR (reprint author), Univ Kentucky, Dept Hort, Plant Physiol Biochem Mol Biol Program, N322D Agr Sci Ctr N, Lexington, KY 40546 USA. NR 161 TC 59 Z9 65 U1 1 U2 13 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0003-9861 J9 ARCH BIOCHEM BIOPHYS JI Arch. Biochem. Biophys. PD JUN 15 PY 2003 VL 414 IS 2 BP 150 EP 158 DI 10.1016/S0003-9861(03)00122-X PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 689MV UT WOS:000183498000004 PM 12781766 ER PT J AU Manter, DK Bond, BJ Kavanagh, KL Stone, JK Filip, GM AF Manter, DK Bond, BJ Kavanagh, KL Stone, JK Filip, GM TI Modelling the impacts of the foliar pathogen, Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii, on Douglas-fir physiology: net canopy carbon assimilation, needle abscission and growth SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE gas exchange; needle longevity; nitrogen; plant-pathogenic fungi; Pseudotsuga menziesii; rubisco; stomatal conductance ID STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE; CO2 ASSIMILATION; FOREST; CAST; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; TRANSPIRATION; PLANTATIONS AB This paper describes the parameterisation, testing and implementation of needle-level stomatal conductance (g,) and net CO2 assimilation (A(net)) models that include the physiological impacts of the Douglas-fir pathogen, Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii: Hourly estimates of g(s) were modelled by assuming that stomata regulate water flux such that plant water potential is maintained above a critical threshold, and A(net) was modelled based on the kinetics of photochemistry. The model was tested using summer field measurements from trees at three western Oregon Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) plantations with varying levels of R gaeumannii, and showed a high degree of accuracy: r(2) = 0.777 and 0.792 for g(s) and A(net), respectively. Instantaneous needle-level estimates of g(s) and A(net) were also scaled-up to a whole-canopy estimate for a 10-month period (July 1998-April 1999). At all three sites, a significant seasonality in A(net) Was observed, with the highest rates occurring during the summer months (up to 400 g CO2 m(-2) LA) declining to near or below zero during the winter. The presence of P gaeumannii had a significant impact on needle- and whole-canopy A(net), and for the needle age classes where colonisation levels reached 25%. pseudothecia density (i.e. percent of stomata with visible fruiting bodies), estimated total carbon budgets were negative. However, at the whole-canopy level all trees maintained a positive carbon budget due to the large contribution from current year needles that remain unaffected by the fungus for the first 6 months of development, or until the emergence of pseudothecia. Furthermore, the abscission of the older, more-heavily diseased foliage, shortly after becoming a carbon sink, has a significant mitigating effect on whole-canopy A(net), For example, at the high-disease site, R gaeumannii-associated reductions in A(net) per unit leaf were estimated to reduce whole-canopy A(net) by ca. 110%-without needle abscission, but this was reduced to 85% when older, more-heavily diseased needles were abscised. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Idaho, Dept Forest Resources, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. Oregon State Univ, Bot & Plant Pathol Dept, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Manter, DK (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, 3200 Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 28 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD JUN 15 PY 2003 VL 164 IS 2-3 BP 211 EP 226 DI 10.1016/S0304-3800(03)00026-7 PG 16 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 687TZ UT WOS:000183394200008 ER PT J AU Sacheck, JM Milbury, PE Cannon, JG Roubenoff, R Blumberg, JB AF Sacheck, JM Milbury, PE Cannon, JG Roubenoff, R Blumberg, JB TI Effect of vitamin E and eccentric exercise on selected biomarkers of oxidative stress in young and elderly men SO FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE aging; muscle damage; exercise; lipid peroxidation; antioxidants; vitamin E; DNA damage; free radicals ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL SUPPLEMENTATION; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; DNA-DAMAGE; SKELETAL-MUSCLE; ASCORBIC-ACID; ANTIOXIDANT SUPPLEMENTATION; RESISTANCE EXERCISE; ENDURANCE EXERCISE; URINARY-EXCRETION AB Muscle damage resulting from eccentric exercise provides a useful model of oxyradical-induced injury and can be used to examine age-related responses to oxidative stress. Sixteen young (26.4 +/- 3.3 years) and 16 older (71.1 +/- 4.0 years) healthy men were randomly assigned to 1000 IU/d vitamin E or placebo for 12 weeks and ran downhill for 45 min at 75% VO(2)max, once before and following supplementation. Blood samples were obtained before (baseline) and immediately postexercise (0 h), and at 6, 24, and 72 h postexercise to determine antioxidant status, muscle damage, lipid peroxidation, and DNA damage. Following exercise, young and older men experienced similar increases in serum creatine kinase (CK), F-2alpha-isoprostanes (iPF(2alpha); p < .001) and malondialdehyde (MDA; p < .01), although iPF(2alpha) peaked at 72 h postexercise and MDA peaked at 0 It. Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) decreased at 72 It (p < .01) and correlated with the rise in iPF(2alpha), MDA, and CK in the young men (p < .05). Leukocyte 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) was unaffected by exercise. Vitamin E decreased peak CK in young men, while in older men it decreased resting levels of iPF(2alpha) and suppressed the 24 h postexercise increases in iPF(2alpha) (p < .05). Thus, vitamin E supplementation induced modest changes eccentric exercise-induced oxidative stress, although differentially between the young and older subjects, while age had no direct influence on these responses among this group of physically fit subjects. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA HNRCA, Nutr Exercise Physiol & Sarcopenia Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA HNRCA, Antioxidants Res Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Med Coll Georgia, Sch Allied Hlth Sci, Augusta, GA 30912 USA. RP Blumberg, JB (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA HNRCA, Nutr Exercise Physiol & Sarcopenia Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 59 TC 130 Z9 137 U1 1 U2 12 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0891-5849 J9 FREE RADICAL BIO MED JI Free Radic. Biol. Med. PD JUN 15 PY 2003 VL 34 IS 12 BP 1575 EP 1588 DI 10.1016/S0891-5849(03)00187-4 PG 14 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 689DX UT WOS:000183477300007 PM 12788477 ER PT J AU Suzuki, YJ AF Suzuki, YJ TI Stress-induced activation of GATA-4 in cardiac muscle cells SO FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE apoptosis; mercury; phosphorylation; survival; free radicals ID TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR GATA-1; INDUCED APOPTOSIS; MERCURY; GENE; METHYLMERCURY; LINE; PHOSPHORYLATION; INVOLVEMENT; EXPRESSION; SELENIUM AB GATA-4 regulates gene transcription in the heart. This study examined whether GATA-4 is influenced by stress-induced signaling events. Treatment of HL-1 cardiac muscle cells with mercury results in the induction of apoptosis that is blocked by overexpression of catalase. Similar to daunorubicin (DNR), mercury causes downregulation of GATA-4 mRNA expression. However, mercury is less effective in inducing apoptosis compared to DNR. Analyses of GATA-4 protein expression and activity reveal that mercury initially enhances the GATA-4 DNA-binding activity, before subsequent downregulation of GATA-4 expression. The mercury-induced GATA-4 activation is associated with a phosphorylation of GATA-4, which appears to occur via the MEK/ERK pathway. The level of phosphorylated GATA-4 is more slowly decreased by mercury or actinomycin D, compared to unphosphorylated GATA-4, suggesting that phosphorylated GATA-4 is more resistant to cellular degradation. Consistent with a previous finding that GATA-4 phosphorylation induces cell survival, mercury decreases cell death induced by DNR. These results suggest that cardiac muscle cells respond to mercury stress by eliciting MEK/ERK signaling to form phosphorylated GATA-4 that is more resistant to cellular degradation and induce cell survival. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Dept Med, Div Pulm & Crit Care, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Suzuki, YJ (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL67340] NR 29 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0891-5849 J9 FREE RADICAL BIO MED JI Free Radic. Biol. Med. PD JUN 15 PY 2003 VL 34 IS 12 BP 1589 EP 1598 DI 10.1016/S0891-5849(03)00208-9 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 689DX UT WOS:000183477300008 PM 12788478 ER PT J AU Proudman, JA Clerens, S van den Bergh, G Garrett, WM Verhaert, PD Vandesande, F Berghman, LR AF Proudman, JA Clerens, S van den Bergh, G Garrett, WM Verhaert, PD Vandesande, F Berghman, LR TI Immunohistochemical localization of chromogranin A in gonadotrophs and somatotrophs of the turkey and chicken pituitary SO GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article DE turkey; chicken; chromogranin A; amino acid sequence; somatotroph; gonadotroph ID GROWTH-HORMONE; LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; SECRETOGRANIN-II; ANTERIOR-PITUITARY; SECRETORY GRANULES; CELLS; PROLACTIN; PURIFICATION; EXPRESSION; ANTIBODIES AB In the course of producing monoclonal antibodies to turkey prolactin, three monoclonal antibodies to turkey chromogranin A (CgA) were also produced, apparently arising from minor contamination of the turkey prolactin immunogen with peptide fragments of CgA. The identity of the antigen recognized by these antibodies was established by tandem mass spectrometry de novo sequencing of seven tryptic peptides from a turkey pituitary protein purified by immunoaffinity chromatography. These peptides showed high homology with distinctly separate regions of mammalian and ostrich CgA, and in silico cloned chicken CgA sequences. Chromogranin A immunostaining patterns on Western blots and pituitary tissue sections differed from those of prolactin, growth hormone, or luteinizing hormone (LH). Dual-label fluorescent immunohistochemistry revealed that CgA was co-localized with LH in most avian gonadotrophs in young chickens and turkeys, but not in adult, laying birds. Conversely, CgA was found in a majority of somatotrophs in laying birds but was absent from somatotrophs in young, growing chickens and turkeys. Lactotrophs contained no detectable CgA immunoreactivity in the tissues studied. These results suggest that CgA may modulate hormone secretion by gonadotrophs and somatotrophs in a manner that differs between cell type with age or reproductive state. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Biotechnol & Germplasm Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Katholieke Univ Leuven, Inst Zool, Lab Neuroendocrinol & Immunol Biotechnol, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Proudman, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biotechnol & Germplasm Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Clerens, Stefan/L-5755-2013 OI Clerens, Stefan/0000-0003-4703-6353 NR 29 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0016-6480 J9 GEN COMP ENDOCR JI Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. PD JUN 15 PY 2003 VL 132 IS 2 BP 293 EP 303 DI 10.1016/S0016-6480(03)00056-X PG 11 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 698YC UT WOS:000184027000015 PM 12812778 ER PT J AU Coleman, ME Tamplin, ML Phillips, JG Manner, BS AF Coleman, ME Tamplin, ML Phillips, JG Manner, BS TI Influence of agitation, inoculum density, pH, and strain on the growth parameters of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 - relevance to risk assessment SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE predictive microbiology; exposure assessment; risk analysis ID IN-GROUND BEEF; LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; BACTERIAL-GROWTH; SALMONELLA SPP.; KINETICS; MODELS; TEMPERATURE; REDUCTION; ORGANISMS; CULTURES AB Foods may differ in at least two key variables from broth culture systems typically used to measure growth kinetics of enteropathogens: initial population density of the pathogen and agitation of the culture. The present study used nine Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains isolated from beef and associated with human illness. Initial kinetic experiments with one E. coli O157:H7 strain in brain-heart infusion (BHI) broth at pH 5.5 were performed in a 2 x 2 x 3 factorial design, testing the effects of a low (ca. 1-10 colony-forming units [CFU]/ml) or high (ca. 1000 CFU/ml) initial population density, culture agitation or no culture agitation, and incubation temperatures of 10, 19, and 37 degreesC. Kinetic data were modeled using simple linear regression and the Baranyi model. Both model forms provided good statistical fit to the data (adjusted r(2)>0.95). Significant effects of agitation and initial population density were identified at 10 degreesC but not at 19 or 37 degreesC. Similar growth patterns were observed for two additional strains tested under the same experimental design. The lag, slope, and maximum population density (MPD) parameters were significantly different by treatment. Further tests were conducted in a 96-well microtiter plate system to determine the effect of initial population density and low pH (4.6-5.5) on the growth of E. coli O157:H7 strains in BHI at 10, 19, and 37 degreesC. Strain variability was more apparent at the boundary conditions of growth of low pH and low temperature. This study demonstrates the need for growth models that are specific to food products and environments for plausible extrapolation to risk assessment models. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Off Publ Hlth & Sci, Food Risk Assessment Ctr, Washington, DC 20250 USA. USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Microbial Food Safety Res, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. N Atlant Area, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Coleman, ME (reprint author), USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Off Publ Hlth & Sci, Food Risk Assessment Ctr, 1400 Independence Ave,SW,Rm 386 Aerosp Bldg, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 39 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1605 J9 INT J FOOD MICROBIOL JI Int. J. Food Microbiol. PD JUN 15 PY 2003 VL 83 IS 2 BP 147 EP 160 DI 10.1016/S0168-1605(02)00367-7 PG 14 WC Food Science & Technology; Microbiology SC Food Science & Technology; Microbiology GA 681JX UT WOS:000183034000003 PM 12706036 ER PT J AU Kustas, WP Norman, JM Anderson, MC French, AN AF Kustas, WP Norman, JM Anderson, MC French, AN TI Estimating subpixel surface temperatures and energy fluxes from the vegetation index-radiometric temperature relationship SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE subpixel surface temperature; vegetation index; radiometric surface ID REMOTELY-SENSED DATA; REGIONAL-SCALE; SOIL; MODEL; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; GRASSLAND; COVER AB Routine (i.e., daily to weekly) monitoring of surface energy fluxes, particularly evapotranspiration (ET), using satellite observations of radiometric surface temperature has not been feasible at high pixel resolution (i.e., similar to 10(1)-10(2) m) because of the low frequency in satellite coverage over the region of interest (i.e., approximately every 2 weeks). Cloud cover further reduces the number of useable observations of surface conditions resulting in high-resolution satellite imagery of a region typically being available once a month, which is not very useful for routine ET monitoring. Radiometric surface temperature observations at similar to 1- to 5-km pixel resolution are available multiple times per day from several weather satellites. However, this spatial resolution is too coarse for estimating ET from individual agricultural fields or for defining variations in ET due to land cover changes. Satellite data in the visible and near-infrared wavelengths, used for computing vegetation indices, are available at resolutions an order of magnitude smaller than in the thermal-infrared, and hence provide higher resolution information on vegetation cover conditions. A number of studies have exploited the relationship between vegetation indices and radiometric surface temperature for estimating model parameters used in computing spatially distributed fluxes and available moisture. In this paper, the vegetation index - radiometric surface temperature relationship is utilized in a disaggregation procedure for estimating subpixel variation in surface temperature with aircraft imagery collected over the US Southern Great Plains. The disaggregated surface temperatures estimated by this procedure are compared to actual observations at this subpixel resolution. In addition, a remote sensing-based energy balance model is used to compare output using actual versus estimated surface temperatures over a range of pixel resolutions. From these comparisons, the utility of the surface temperature disaggregation technique appears to be most useful for estimating subpixel surface temperatures at resolutions corresponding to length scales defining agricultural field boundaries across the landscape. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 USDA ARS, BARC W, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Soil Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NASA, Hydrol Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Kustas, WP (reprint author), USDA ARS, BARC W, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Bldg 007,Roo 104, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Anderson, Martha/C-1720-2015 OI Anderson, Martha/0000-0003-0748-5525 NR 26 TC 190 Z9 214 U1 9 U2 40 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD JUN 15 PY 2003 VL 85 IS 4 BP 429 EP 440 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(03)00036-1 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 681TN UT WOS:000183051600004 ER PT J AU Bindlish, R Jackson, TJ Wood, E Gao, HL Starks, P Bosch, D Lakshmi, V AF Bindlish, R Jackson, TJ Wood, E Gao, HL Starks, P Bosch, D Lakshmi, V TI Soil moisture estimates from TRMM Microwave Imager observations over the Southern United States SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE soil moisture estimates; TRMM Microwave Imager; Southern United States ID LAND-SURFACE PARAMETERIZATION; RETRIEVAL; RAINFALL; EMISSION; MISSION; MODEL AB The lack of continuous soil moisture fields at large spatial scales, based on observations, has hampered hydrologists from understanding its role in weather and climate. The most readily available observations from which a surface wetness state could be derived is the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) observations at 10.65 GHz. This paper describes the first attempt to map daily soil moisture from space over an extended period of time. Methods to adjust for diurnal changes associated with this temporal variability and how to mosaic these orbits are presented. The algorithm for deriving soil moisture and temperature from TMI observations is based on a physical model of microwave emission from a layered soil-vegetation-atmosphere medium. An iterative, least-squares minimization method, which uses dual polarization observations at 10.65 GHz, is employed in the retrieval algorithm. Soil moisture estimates were compared with ground measurements over the U.S. Southern Great Plains (SGP) in Oklahoma and the Little River Watershed, Georgia. The soil moisture experiment in Oklahoma was conducted in July 1999 and Little River in June 2000. During both the experiments, the region was dry at the onset of the experiment, and experienced moderate rainfall during the course of the experiment. The regions experienced a quick dry-down before the end of the experiment. The estimated soil moisture compared well with the ground observations for these experiments (standard error of 2.5%). The TMI-estimated soil moisture during 6-22 July over Southern U.S. was analyzed and found to be consistent with the observed meteorological conditions. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, SSAI, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. USDA ARS, Grazingland Res Lab, El Reno, OK USA. USDA ARS, SE Watershed Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Univ S Carolina, Dept Geol Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. RP Jackson, TJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Lakshmi, Venkat/I-3078-2016; OI Lakshmi, Venkat/0000-0001-7431-9004; Wood, Eric/0000-0001-7037-9675 NR 26 TC 82 Z9 89 U1 0 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD JUN 15 PY 2003 VL 85 IS 4 BP 507 EP 515 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(03)00052-X PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 681TN UT WOS:000183051600011 ER PT J AU Ewel, KC Hauff, RD Cole, TG AF Ewel, KC Hauff, RD Cole, TG TI Analyzing mangrove forest structure and species distribution on a Pacific island SO PHYTOCOENOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Barringtonia racemosa; Bruguiera gymnorrhiza; forest sampling; hydrogeomorphic zones; importance values; mangroves; Micronesia; Rhizophora apiculata; soils; Sonneratia alba ID MICRONESIA; GROWTH AB Three surveys of mangrove forests have been conducted on the island of Kosrae, Federated States of Micronesia, in the eastern Caroline Islands of the western Pacific Ocean. The first two surveys were based on a small number of plots: one group of four that were located randomly in 1983-86 and remeasured in 1992, and a group of 12 that were randomly distributed among fringe, riverine, and interior zones in a 1995 survey. A more extensive survey based on measurements of trees found in belt transects randomly located among nine sampling blocks around the island was conducted in 1999 and is the basis for this paper. Among the eleven mangrove tree species encountered, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Sonneratia alba, and Rhizophora apiculata had the highest importance values and, along with Nypa fruticans, the widest distribution. There were no significant differences in the distributions of species, basal area, tree density, and silty soils mixed with organic matter. Because of this uniformity, the earlier surveys based on fewer plots represented the importance of major species well, but they were less useful in calling attention to the higher diversity and richness in interior zones and the distinctly smaller trees in the fringe zones. A volume equation is presented for Barringtonia racemosa, a species for which data have so far been unavailable. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Inst Pacific Isl Forestry, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. RP Ewel, KC (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Inst Pacific Isl Forestry, 1151 Punchbowl St,Room 323, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. NR 23 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 3 PU GEBRUDER BORNTRAEGER PI STUTTGART PA JOHANNESSTR 3A, D-70176 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0340-269X J9 PHYTOCOENOLOGIA JI Phytocoenologia PD JUN 10 PY 2003 VL 33 IS 2-3 BP 251 EP 266 DI 10.1127/0340-269X/2003/0033-0251 PG 16 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 690RG UT WOS:000183562300007 ER PT J AU Lait, CG Alborn, HT Teal, PEA Tumlinson, JH AF Lait, CG Alborn, HT Teal, PEA Tumlinson, JH TI Rapid biosynthesis of N-linolenoyl-L-glutamine, an elicitor of plant volatiles, by membrane-associated enzyme(s) in Manduca sexta SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE fatty acid amide; linolenic acid; plant-insect interactions ID ORAL SECRETIONS; PARASITIC WASPS; CHEMICAL SIGNALS; BOMBYX-MORI; HERBIVORE; CATERPILLAR; VOLICITIN; PATHWAY; ACID; PREDATORS AB In response to elicitors in the oral secretions of caterpillars, plants produce and release volatile chemicals that attract predators and parasitoids of the caterpillar while it feeds. The most prevalent elicitors are fatty acid amides consisting of 18-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids coupled with L-glutamine. We demonstrate rapid CoA- and ATP-independent in vitro biosynthesis of the fatty acid amide elicitor, N-linolenoyl-L-glutamine, by microsomal fractions of several alimentary tissues in Manduca sexta. N-linolenoyl-L-glutamine is a structural analog of several other elicitors including volicitin, the first fatty acid amide elicitor identified in caterpillars. The enzyme(s) that catalyzed biosynthesis of N-linolenoyl-L-glutamine was localized within the integral membrane protein fraction extracted from microsomes by Triton X-114 detergent phase partitioning and had maximum activity at alkaline pH. We found no evidence suggesting microbial or tissue-independent biosynthesis of N-linolenoyl-L-glutamine in M. sexta. The in vitro biosynthesis of N-linolenoyl-L-glutamine by membrane-associated enzyme(s) in M. sexta represents direct evidence of fatty acid amide synthesis by caterpillar tissues. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RP Tumlinson, JH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, 1700 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RI Tumlinson, James/G-8358-2011 NR 33 TC 37 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 9 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD JUN 10 PY 2003 VL 100 IS 12 BP 7027 EP 7032 DI 10.1073/pnas.1232474100 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 689LC UT WOS:000183493500027 PM 12773625 ER PT J AU Gomez, JA Darboux, F Nearing, MA AF Gomez, JA Darboux, F Nearing, MA TI Development and evolution of rill networks under simulated rainfall SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE rill networks; energy dissipation; microrelief; evolution; drainage networks ID DRAINAGE NETWORKS; ENERGY-DISSIPATION; RIVER BASINS; MODEL; EROSION; RUNOFF; CATCHMENTS; HYDROLOGY; DENSITY; TILLAGE AB [1] The evolution of drainage networks at large scales has been shown to follow a principle of minimization of the global rate of energy dissipation. This study was undertaken to evaluate whether a principle similar to that holds for rill networks at a much smaller scale. Simulated rainfall was applied to a 2 m by 4 m flume with varied initial slope (5% and 20%) and roughness (low, moderate, and great) conditions. The results indicated that assuming the validity of a local optimality principle, the rill networks evolved according to a global principal of energy optimization in situations where rilling was intense, 20% slope, but not at 5% slope where diffusive processes played a dominant role in the overall erosion process. These results suggest that the application of models similar to some used to explain the evolution of river networks may have a role in understanding the initiation and evolution of rill networks in situations of intensive rilling. Our results and analysis suggest that further experiments might be undertaken to study the spatial distribution of flow velocity within the rill networks at a given flow discharge and the local rate of energy dissipation at rill links. Despite the convergence toward similar values of some of the network characteristics, differences in the microrelief of the initial surfaces were translated into significant differences between the final rill networks. C1 CSIC, Inst Agr Sostenible, Cordoba 14080, Spain. INRA, Lab Sci Sol, F-45166 Olivet, France. ARS, USDA, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP Gomez, JA (reprint author), CSIC, Inst Agr Sostenible, Apartado 4084, Cordoba 14080, Spain. NR 45 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JUN 10 PY 2003 VL 39 IS 6 AR 1148 DI 10.1029/2002WR001437 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 691YW UT WOS:000183634400002 ER PT J AU Krinsky, NI Yeum, KJ AF Krinsky, NI Yeum, KJ TI Carotenoid-radical interactions SO BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA-CELLS; BETA-CAROTENE; VITAMIN-E; OXIDATION-PRODUCTS; CLEAVAGE PRODUCTS; PHOTOSYSTEM-II; PHOTODEGRADATION PRODUCTS; POLYPRENOIC ACID; NITROGEN-DIOXIDE; CATION RADICALS AB Carotenoids have been reported to react with virtually any radical species likely to be encountered in a biological system. The products of such reactions are frequently short-lived radical species that can decay to more stable products. In some cases, stable adducts can be observed, but in the majority of interactions with radicals, carotenoids break down to degradation products very similar to what is seen with oxidative degradation. It is only recently that the biological activity of these breakdown products has begun to be investigated. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 Tufts Univ, Dept Biochem, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Krinsky, NI (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Dept Biochem, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02111 USA. EM noman.krinsky@tufts.edu NR 61 TC 118 Z9 121 U1 0 U2 14 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0006-291X J9 BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO JI Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. PD JUN 6 PY 2003 VL 305 IS 3 BP 754 EP 760 DI 10.1016/S0006-291X(03)00816-7 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 687BG UT WOS:000183355500046 PM 12763057 ER PT J AU Mastovska, K Lehotay, SJ AF Mastovska, K Lehotay, SJ TI Practical approaches to fast gas chromatography-mass spectrometry SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Review DE reviews; gas chromatography; mass spectometry; pressure-tunable selectivity; fast gas chromatography-mass spectometry ID HIGH-SPEED GC; SOLID-PHASE MICROEXTRACTION; VACUUM-OUTLET CONDITIONS; MULTIRESIDUE PESTICIDE ANALYSIS; TUNABLE-COLUMN SELECTIVITY; TRACE-LEVEL DETECTION; OPEN TUBULAR COLUMNS; OF-FLIGHT DETECTION; CAPILLARY COLUMNS; SAMPLE PREPARATION AB Fast gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has the potential to be a powerful tool in routine analytical laboratories by increasing sample throughput and improving laboratory efficiency. However, this potential has rarely been met in practice because other laboratory operations and sample preparation typically limit sample throughput, not the GC-MS analysis. The intent of this article is to critically review current approaches to fast analysis using GC-MS and to discuss practical considerations in addressing their advantages and disadvantages to meet particular application needs. The practical ways to speed the analytical process in GC and MS individually and in combination are presented, and the trade-offs and compromises in terms of sensitivity and/or selectivity are discussed. Also, the five main current approaches to fast GC-MS are described, which involve the use of: (1) short, microbore capillary GC columns; (2) fast temperature programming; (3) low-pressure GC-MS; (4) supersonic molecular beam for MS at high GC carrier gas flow; and (5) pressure-tunable GC-GC. Aspects of the different fast GC-MS approaches can be combined in some cases, and different mass analyzers may be used depending on the analytical needs. Thus, the capabilities and costs of quadrupole, ion trap, time-of-flight, and magnetic sector instruments are discussed with emphasis placed on speed. Furthermore, applications of fast GC-MS that appear in the literature are compiled and reviewed. At this time, the future usefulness of fast GC-MS depends to some extent upon improvement of existing approaches and commercialization of interesting new techniques, but moreover, a greater emphasis is needed to streamline overall laboratory operations and sample preparation procedures if fast G,C-MS is to become implemented in routine applications. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Lehotay, SJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RI Mastovska, Katerina/B-1077-2008 NR 120 TC 130 Z9 137 U1 6 U2 54 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD JUN 6 PY 2003 VL 1000 IS 1-2 BP 153 EP 180 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(03)00448-5 PG 28 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 697LA UT WOS:000183943300007 PM 12877170 ER PT J AU Dowd, PF Zuo, WN Gillikin, JW Johnson, ET Boston, RS AF Dowd, PF Zuo, WN Gillikin, JW Johnson, ET Boston, RS TI Enhanced resistance to Helicoverpa zea in tobacco expressing an activated form of maize ribosome-inactivating protein SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE corn earworm; tobacco hornworm; Manduca; cigarette beetle; Lasioderma ID BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS; ANIONIC PEROXIDASE; INSECT RESISTANCE; LEAF RESISTANCE; PLANTS; COLEOPTERA; ENZYMES; GENES AB Progeny of two transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) lines that expressed an activated form of maize (Zea mays L.) ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) had varying resistance to the insect species tested. A subset of R-2 plants from the two lines appeared to be more resistant to larvae of the cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricome (F), and the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (L.) than the wild type plants. Progeny (R-3) of the more resistant R-2 plants were tested more extensively for insect resistance. Resistance to the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), was most consistent, with significantly decreased feeding often accompanied by increased mortality and reduced weights of survivors fed on leaf disks of the two transgenic lines compared to the wild type. The amount of damage by H. zea was significantly inversely correlated with levels of RIP. Resistance of RIP-producing plants to H. zea was greater than expected on the basis of prior in vitro results using diet-incorporated maize RIP. The R-3 transgenic plant leaf disks were also often more resistant to feeding by larvae of L. serricome compared to wild type plants. Although reduced feeding by M. sexta was noted when they were fed leaf disks from transgenic compared to wild type plants the first day of exposure, differences were not significant. This information provides further support for maize RIP having a role in resistance to maize-feeding insects. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Crop Bio Protect Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Bot, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Dowd, PF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Crop Bio Protect Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RI Ankala, Arunkanth/G-6330-2011; OI Ankala, Arunkanth/0000-0002-6373-9916; Johnson, Eric/0000-0002-1665-6229 NR 30 TC 27 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUN 4 PY 2003 VL 51 IS 12 BP 3568 EP 3574 DI 10.1021/jf0211433 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 684UG UT WOS:000183224500012 PM 12769526 ER PT J AU Fish, WW Davis, AR AF Fish, WW Davis, AR TI The effects of frozen storage conditions on lycopene stability in watermelon tissue SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE carotenoids; lycopene; lycopene stability; watermelon; watermelon frozen storage ID TRANS-BETA-CAROTENE; DEGRADATION; PRODUCTS; OXYGEN; OXIDATION; KINETICS; TOMATOES AB The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the rate of deterioration of lycopene in watermelon tissue during frozen storage, because little is known about the stability of watermelon tissue lycopene under cold storage conditions. Heart tissue from each of nine individual watermelons was stored at -20 or -80 degreesC as either small chunks or puree and periodically sampled over a year's time. Initial freeze-thaw experiments indicated that a small percentage of lycopene, similar to4-6%, degraded during an initial freeze-thaw. Analyses of the samples showed a loss of similar to30-40% lycopene over a year's storage at -20 degreesC and a loss of similar to5-10% over the same period at -80 degreesC. Lycopene was slightly more stable in pureed compared with diced watermelon tissue at -20 degreesC, but not at -80 degreesC. The kinetic data were best fitted by application of two simultaneous, first-order decay processes. HPLC analysis of the samples after a year's storage suggested that beta-carotene was more stable during storage at -20 degreesC than was lycopene. C1 USDA ARS, S Cent Agr Res Lab, Lane, OK 74555 USA. RP Fish, WW (reprint author), USDA ARS, S Cent Agr Res Lab, POB 159, Lane, OK 74555 USA. NR 24 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUN 4 PY 2003 VL 51 IS 12 BP 3582 EP 3585 DI 10.1021/jf030022f PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 684UG UT WOS:000183224500014 PM 12769528 ER PT J AU Berglof, T Koskinen, WC Duffy, MJ Norberg, KA Kylin, H AF Berglof, T Koskinen, WC Duffy, MJ Norberg, KA Kylin, H TI Metsulfuron methyl sorption-desorption in field-moist soils SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE sorption; desorption; soil; sulfonylurea herbicides; metsulfuron methyl; sulfometuron methyl ID SUPERCRITICAL CARBON-DIOXIDE; ATRAZINE SORPTION; EXTRACTION; ADSORPTION; LINURON; WATER; SFE; CO2 AB Pesticide sorption coefficients (K-d) are generally obtained using batch slurry methods. As a consequence, the results may not adequately reflect sorption processes in field-moist or unsaturated soil. The objective of this study was to determine sorption of metsulfuron methyl, a weak acid, in field-moist soils. Experiments were performed using low density (i.e., 0.3 g mL(-1)) supercritical fluid carbon dioxide (SF-CO2) to convert anionic metsulfuron methyl to the molecular species and remove it from the soil water phase only, thus allowing calculation of sorption coefficients (K-d) at low water contents. K-d values for sorption of the metsulfuron methyl molecular species on sandy loam, silt loam, and clay loam soil at 11% water content were 120, 180, and 320 mL g(-1), respectively. Using neutral species K-d values, the pK(a) of metsulfuron methyl, and the pH of the soil, we could successfully predict the K-d values obtained using the batch slurry technique, which typically has a predominance of anionic species in solution during the sorption characterization. This application of supercritical fluid extraction to determine sorption coefficients, combined with sulfonylureas' pK(a) values and the soil pH, will provide an easy method to predict sorption in soil at different pH levels. C1 USDA ARS, Soil & Water Management Res Unit, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Environm Assessment, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. Coll Misericordia, Dept Chem, Dallas, PA 18612 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Environm Assessment, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. RP Koskinen, WC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Soil & Water Management Res Unit, Dept Soil Water & Climate, 1991 Upper Buford Circle,Room 439, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RI Kylin, Henrik/F-9819-2011 OI Kylin, Henrik/0000-0002-5972-1852 NR 17 TC 26 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUN 4 PY 2003 VL 51 IS 12 BP 3598 EP 3603 DI 10.1021/jf0210270 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 684UG UT WOS:000183224500017 PM 12769531 ER PT J AU Koskinen, WC Anhalt, JA Sakaliene, O Rice, PJ Moorman, TB Arthur, EL AF Koskinen, WC Anhalt, JA Sakaliene, O Rice, PJ Moorman, TB Arthur, EL TI Sorption-desorption of two "aged" sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone herbicide metabolites in soil SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone; metabolites; benzenesulfonamide; triazolinone; sorption; desorption; aged residues ID ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; INCUBATION-TIME; CARRY-OVER; RESIDUES; BIOAVAILABILITY; EARTHWORMS; ATRAZINE AB Aging (herbicide-soil contact time) has been shown to significantly affect the sorption-desorption characteristics of many herbicides, which in turn can affect the availability of the herbicide for transport, plant uptake, and microbial degradation. In contrast, very little work in this area has been done on herbicide metabolites in soil. The objective of this study was to characterize the sorption-desorption of sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone herbicide metabolites incubated in soils at different soil moisture potentials. A benzenesulfonamide metabolite and a triazolinone metabolite from sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone herbicides were incubated in clay loam and loamy sand soils for up to 12 weeks at -33 kPa and at water contents equivalent to 50 and 75% of that at -33 kPa. Chemicals were extracted sequentially with 0.01 N CaCl2 and aqueous acetonitrile (solution and sorbed phase concentrations, respectively), and apparent sorption coefficients (K-d,K-app) were calculated. Sufficient metabolite remained during the incubation (>55% of applied) to allow determination of the coefficients. The initial aging period (2 weeks after application) significantly increased sorption as indicated by increased K-d,K-app values for the chemical remaining, after which they remained relatively constant. After 12 weeks of incubation at -33 kPa, K-d,K-app values for benzenesulfonamide and triazolinone increased by a factor of 3.5 in the clay loam soil and by a factor of 5.9 in the loamy sand as compared to freshly treated soils. There was no effect of moisture potential on aged apparent K-d,K-app values. These data show the importance of characterization of sorption-desorption in aged herbicide residues, including metabolites, in soil, particularly in the case of prediction of herbicide residue transport in soil. In this case, potential transport of sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone herbicide metabolites would be overpredicted if freshly treated soil K-d values were used to predict transport. C1 Univ Minnesota, ARS, USDA, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Bayer Corp, Environm Fate Grp, Div Agr, Stilwell, KS 66085 USA. Lithuanian Inst Agr, Vilnius, Lithuania. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Koskinen, WC (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, ARS, USDA, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 17 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUN 4 PY 2003 VL 51 IS 12 BP 3604 EP 3608 DI 10.1021/jf021040k PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 684UG UT WOS:000183224500018 PM 12769532 ER PT J AU Oikeh, SO Menkir, A Maziya-Dixon, B Welch, R Glahn, RP AF Oikeh, SO Menkir, A Maziya-Dixon, B Welch, R Glahn, RP TI Assessment of concentrations of iron and zinc and bioavailable iron in grains of early-maturing tropical maize varieties SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE iron biofortification; Caco-2; iron bioavailability; iron and zinc concentrations; tropical maize; West Africa ID CELL-CULTURE MODEL; IN-VITRO; MICRONUTRIENT MALNUTRITION; PHYTIC ACID; FOOD IRON; AVAILABILITY; ABSORPTION; INHIBITION; QUALITY; REDUCE AB Twenty elite early-maturing (75-90 days) tropical maize varieties grown in three diverse agroecologies in West Africa were evaluated to identify varieties with high kernel-Fe and -Zn and bioavailable Fe levels. Bioavailable iron was assessed using an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell model. Significant (P < 0.001) varietal differences were observed in mean kernel-Fe and -Zn levels. The ranges were 15.5-19.1 mg kg(-1) for Fe and 16.5-20.5 mg kg(-1) for Zn. Genetic component accounted for 34% of the total variation in kernel-Zn and for 11% of the variation in kernel-Fe levels. Mean bioavailable Fe in varieties ranged between 4% below and 49% above the reference control variety. A significant negative relationship was detected between kernel-P concentration and bioavailable Fe (R = -0.36; P < 0.004; -n = 60). Two varieties, ACR90POOLl 6-DT and ACR86TZESR-W, were identified as the most promising for further evaluation to determine their efficacy as improved sources of iron in target populations. C1 Cornell Univ, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, ARS, USDA, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Int Inst Trop Agr, Ibadan, Nigeria. RP Glahn, RP (reprint author), Cornell Univ, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, ARS, USDA, Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 36 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUN 4 PY 2003 VL 51 IS 12 BP 3688 EP 3694 DI 10.1021/jf0261708 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 684UG UT WOS:000183224500032 PM 12769546 ER PT J AU Rieman, BE Luce, CH Gresswell, RE Young, MK AF Rieman, BE Luce, CH Gresswell, RE Young, MK TI Introduction to the effects of wildland fire on aquatic ecosystems in the Western USA SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Editorial Material ID CUTTHROAT TROUT; CONSERVATION; MANAGEMENT C1 US Forest Serv, Rocky Mtn Res Stn, Boise Forestry Sci Lab, Boise, ID 83702 USA. USGS, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mtn Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Missoula, MT 59801 USA. RP Rieman, BE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Rocky Mtn Res Stn, Boise Forestry Sci Lab, 316 E Myrtle St, Boise, ID 83702 USA. RI Luce, Charles/A-9267-2008 OI Luce, Charles/0000-0002-6938-9662 NR 16 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD JUN 3 PY 2003 VL 178 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 3 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(03)00050-1 PG 3 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 684YN UT WOS:000183234200001 ER PT J AU Hessburg, PF Agee, JK AF Hessburg, PF Agee, JK TI An environmental narrative of Inland Northwest United States forests, 1800-2000 SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Effects of Wildland Fire on Aquatic Ecosystems in the Western USA CY APR 22-24, 2002 CL BOISE, ID DE landscape change; human settlement; management history; environmental narrative; inland northwest; fire regimes; vegetation patterns; adaptive ecosystem management ID HISTORICAL FIRE REGIMES; SUB-ALPINE FORESTS; LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT; NORTHERN ROCKIES; SPATIAL-PATTERNS; LODGEPOLE PINE; CENTRAL OREGON; INTERIOR WEST; ECOSYSTEMS; AMERICA AB Fire was arguably the most important forest and rangeland disturbance process in the Inland Northwest United States for millennia. Prior to the Lewis and Clark expedition, fire regimes ranged from high severity with return intervals of one to five centuries, to low severity with fire-free periods lasting three decades or less. Indoamerican burning contributed to the fire ecology of grasslands and lower and mid-montane dry forests, especially where ponderosa pine was the dominant overstory species, but the extent of this contribution is difficult to quantify. Two centuries of settlement, exploitation, management, and climate variation have transformed the fire regimes, vegetation and fuel patterns, and overall functionality of these forests. We present a narrative that portrays conditions beginning at the first contact of Euro-American settlers with Indoamericans of the region and extending to the present. Due in part to its geographic isolation, the Inland Northwest was among the last regions to be discovered by Euro-Americans. In 200 years the region has undergone fur trapping and trading, sheep, cattle, and horse grazing, timber harvesting, mining, road construction, native grassland conversion to agricultural production, urban and rural area development, fire prevention, and fire suppression. We highlight key changes to forest landscape patterns and processes that occurred under these combined influences, discuss implications of the changes, and progress towards restoring sustainability. An adaptive ecosystem management model has been adopted by public land management agencies to remedy current conditions. Ecosystem management is a relatively new concept that emphasizes the integrity and sustainability of land systems rather than outputs from the land. Adaptive management emphasizes the twin notions that incomplete knowledge and high degrees of risk and uncertainty about earth and climate systems will always limit land and resource planning and management decisions, and that management is chiefly a learning and adapting process. We discuss current issues and future options associated with ecosystem management, including the low likelihood of social consensus concerning desired outcomes, the lack of integrated planning, analysis, and decision support tools, and mismatches between existing land management planning processes, Congressional appropriations, and complex management and restoration problems. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Hessburg, PF (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, 1133 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. EM phessburg@fs.fed.us NR 187 TC 162 Z9 173 U1 6 U2 81 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD JUN 3 PY 2003 VL 178 IS 1-2 BP 23 EP 59 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(03)00052-5 PG 37 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 684YN UT WOS:000183234200003 ER PT J AU Dwire, KA Kauffman, JB AF Dwire, KA Kauffman, JB TI Fire and riparian ecosystems in landscapes of the western USA SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Effects of Wildland Fire on Aquatic Ecosystems on the Western USA CY APR 22-24, 2002 CL BOISE, IDAHO DE riparian areas; western USA; fire behavior; fire severity; riparian fire regimes; land use; riparian-aquatic habitat; postfire recovery ID YELLOWSTONE-NATIONAL-PARK; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; FUEL CONSUMPTION; RIO-GRANDE; DISTURBANCE; PLANT; PERSPECTIVE; FORESTS; STREAM AB Despite the numerous values of riparian areas and the recognition of fire as a critical natural disturbance, few studies have investigated the behavior, properties, and influence of natural fire in riparian areas of the western USA. Riparian areas frequently differ from adjacent uplands in vegetative composition and structure, geomorphology, hydrology, microclimate, and fuel characteristics. These features may contribute to different fire environments, fire regimes, and fire properties (frequency, severity, behavior, and extent) in riparian areas relative to uplands. In certain forested riparian areas, fire frequency has generally been lower, and fire severity has been more moderate than in adjacent uplands, but in other areas, fires have appeared to burn riparian areas with comparable frequency. Impacts of land use and management may strongly influence fire properties and regimes in riparian areas. Fire suppression, livestock grazing, logging, damming and flow regulation, agricultural diversions, channel modifications, and introduction of invasive species have led to shifts in plant species composition, structure and distribution of fuel loads, and changes in microclimate and areal extent of riparian areas. Cumulative impacts of human alterations are likely to exert the most pronounced influence on fire behavior during periods of drought and under conditions of extreme fire weather. Riparian plant species possess adaptations to fluvial disturbances that facilitate survival and reestablishment following fires, thus contributing to the rapid recovery of many streamside habitats. Given the critical resource values of riparian zones, additional data are needed to understand interactions between fire and riparian ecosystems, and how riparian zones affect spatial and temporal patterns of fires at the landscape scale. An improved understanding of fire ecology and effects in riparian areas is needed to prescribe ecologically sound rehabilitation projects following fire. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mtn Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Laramie, WY 82070 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Dwire, KA (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mtn Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, 222 S 22nd St, Laramie, WY 82070 USA. NR 92 TC 106 Z9 109 U1 6 U2 58 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD JUN 3 PY 2003 VL 178 IS 1-2 BP 61 EP 74 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(03)00053-7 PG 14 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 684YN UT WOS:000183234200004 ER PT J AU Pilliod, DS Bury, RB Hyde, EJ Pearl, CA Corn, PS AF Pilliod, DS Bury, RB Hyde, EJ Pearl, CA Corn, PS TI Fire and amphibians in North America SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Effects of Wildland Fire on Aquatic Ecosystems on the Western USA CY APR 22-24, 2002 CL BOISE, IDAHO DE amphibians; aquatic ecosystems; fuel reduction; prescribed fire; wildland fire ID WILDFIRE-INDUCED SEDIMENTATION; FOAM-SUPPRESSANT CHEMICALS; YOUNG GROWTH FORESTS; COARSE WOODY DEBRIS; EARLY-LIFE STAGES; ACUTE TOXICITY; STREAM AMPHIBIANS; AMMONIUM-NITRATE; HERPETOFAUNAL RESPONSES; BREEDING AMPHIBIANS AB Information on amphibian responses to fire and fuel reduction practices is critically needed due to potential declines of species and the prevalence of new, more intensive fire management practices in North American forests. The goals of this review are to summarize the known and potential effects of fire and fuels management on amphibians and their aquatic habitats, and to identify information gaps to help direct future scientific research. Amphibians as a group are taxonomically and ecologically diverse; in turn, responses to fire and associated habitat alteration are expected to vary widely among species and among geographic regions. Available data suggest that amphibian responses to fire are spatially and temporally variable and incompletely understood. Much of the limited research has addressed short-term (1-3 years) effects of prescribed fire on terrestrial life stages of amphibians in the southeastern United States. Information on the long-term negative effects of fire on amphibians and the importance of fire for maintaining amphibian communities is sparse for the majority of taxa in North America. Given the size and severity of recent wildland fires and the national effort to reduce fuels on federal lands, future studies are needed to examine the effects of these landscape disturbances on amphibians. We encourage studies to address population-level responses of amphibians to fire by examining how different life stages are affected by changes in aquatic, riparian, and upland habitats. Research designs need to be credible and provide information that is relevant for fire managers and those responsible for assessing the potential effects of various fuel reduction alternatives on rare, sensitive, and endangered amphibian species. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mtn Res Stn, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. USGS, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USGS, No Rocky Mtn Sci Ctr, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP Pilliod, DS (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mtn Res Stn, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, POB 8089, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. OI Pilliod, David/0000-0003-4207-3518 NR 140 TC 80 Z9 85 U1 0 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD JUN 3 PY 2003 VL 178 IS 1-2 BP 163 EP 181 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(03)00060-4 PG 19 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 684YN UT WOS:000183234200011 ER PT J AU Dunham, JB Young, MK Gresswell, RE Rieman, BE AF Dunham, JB Young, MK Gresswell, RE Rieman, BE TI Effects of fire on fish populations: landscape perspectives on persistence of native fishes and nonnative fish invasions SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Effects of Wildland Fire on Aquatic Ecosystems on the Western USA CY APR 22-24, 2002 CL BOISE, IDAHO DE wildfire; threatened species; population persistence; landscape ecology; native fishes; normative fish invasions ID PACIFIC-NORTHWEST WATERSHEDS; ONCORHYNCHUS-GILAE; FOREST HEALTH; FRESH-WATER; BULL TROUT; CONSERVATION; DISTURBANCE; MANAGEMENT; ECOSYSTEMS; STREAMS AB Our limited understanding of the short and long-term effects of fire on fish contributes to considerable uncertainty in assessments of the risks and benefits of fire management alternatives. A primary concern among the many potential effects of fire is the effects of fire and fire management on persistence of native fish populations. Limited evidence suggests vulnerability of fish to fire is contingent upon the quality of affected habitats, the amount and distribution of habitat (habitat fragmentation), and habitat specificity of the species in question. Species with narrow habitat requirements in highly degraded and fragmented systems are likely to be most vulnerable to fire and fire-related disturbance. In addition to effects of fire on native fish, there are growing concerns about the effects of fire on normative fish invasions. The role of fire in facilitating invasions by normative fishes is unknown, but experience with other species suggests some forms of disturbance associated with fire may facilitate invasion. Management efforts to promote persistence of fishes in tire-prone landscapes can take the form of four basic alternatives: (1) pre-fire management; (2) post-fire management; (3) managing fire itself (e.g. fire fighting); and (4) monitoring and adaptive management. Among these alternatives, pre-fire management is likely to be most effective. Effective pre-fire management activities will address factors that may render fish populations more vulnerable to the effects of fire (e.g. habitat degradation, fragmentation, and normative species). Post-fire management is also potentially important, but suffers from being a reactive approach that may not address threats in time to avert them. Managing fire itself can be important in some contexts, but negative consequences for fish populations are possible (e.g. toxicity of fire fighting chemicals to fish). Monitoring and adaptive management can provide important new information for evaluating alternatives, but proper implementation is often hampered by inadequate study designs and inconsistent financial and institutional support. The challenge for providing better management guidelines will be to add solid empirical data and models to assess the relevance of emerging concepts and theories, and provide a sense of where and when fires pose significant risks and/or benefits to fishes. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Forest Serv, Rocky Mtn Res Stn, Boise Forestry Sci Lab, Boise, ID 83702 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mtn Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. US Geol Survey, FRESC, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Dunham, JB (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Rocky Mtn Res Stn, Boise Forestry Sci Lab, 316 E Myrtle, Boise, ID 83702 USA. NR 98 TC 75 Z9 81 U1 1 U2 33 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD JUN 3 PY 2003 VL 178 IS 1-2 BP 183 EP 196 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(03)00061-6 PG 14 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 684YN UT WOS:000183234200012 ER PT J AU Rieman, B Lee, D Burns, D Gresswell, R Young, M Stowell, R Rinne, J Howell, P AF Rieman, B Lee, D Burns, D Gresswell, R Young, M Stowell, R Rinne, J Howell, P TI Status of native fishes in the western United States and issues for fire and fuels management SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Effects of Wildland Fire on Aquatic Ecosystems on the Western USA CY APR 22-24, 2002 CL BOISE, IDAHO DE wildfire; fire and fuels management; native fish; conservation; restoration ID PACIFIC-NORTHWEST WATERSHEDS; YELLOWSTONE CUTTHROAT TROUT; FOREST HEALTH; ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT; STREAM RESTORATION; CONSERVATION; BIODIVERSITY; SALMON; DISTURBANCE; EXTINCTION AB Conservation of native fishes and changing patterns in wildfire and, fuels are defining challenges for managers of forested landscapes in the western United States. Many species and populations of native fishes have declined in recorded history and some now occur as isolated remnants of what once were larger more complex systems. Land management activities have been viewed as one cause of this problem. Fires also can have substantial effects on streams and. riparian systems and may threaten the persistence of some populations of fish, particularly those that are small and isolated. Despite that, major new efforts to actively manage fires and fuels in forests throughout the region may be perceived as a threat rather than a benefit to conservation of native fishes and their habitats. The management of terrestrial and aquatic resources has often been contentious, divided among a variety of agencies with different goals and mandates. Management of forests, for example, has generally been-viewed as an impact on aquatic systems. Implementation of the management-regulatory process has reinforced a uniform approach to mitigate the threats to aquatic species and habitats that may be influenced by management activities. The problems and opportunities, however, are not the same across the landscapes of interest. Attempts to streamline the regulatory process often search for generalized solutions that may oversimplify the complexity of natural systems. Significant questions regarding the influence of fire on aquatic ecosystems, changing fire regimes, and the effects of fire-related management remain unresolved and contribute to the uncertainty. We argue that management of forests and fishes can be viewed as part of the same problem, that of conservation and restoration of the natural processes that create diverse and productive ecosystems. We suggest that progress toward more integrated management of forests and native fishes will require at least three steps: (1) better integration and development of a common conceptual foundation and ecological goals; (2) attention to landscape and ecological context; and (3) recognition of uncertainty. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Forest Serv, Rocky Mtn Res Stn, Boise, ID 83702 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. US Forest Serv, Payette Natl Forest, McCall, ID 83638 USA. USGS, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mtn Res Stn, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. US Forest Serv, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mtn Res Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. RP Rieman, B (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Rocky Mtn Res Stn, 316 E Myrtle St, Boise, ID 83702 USA. NR 127 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 25 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD JUN 3 PY 2003 VL 178 IS 1-2 BP 197 EP 211 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(03)00062-8 PG 15 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 684YN UT WOS:000183234200013 ER PT J AU Bisson, PA Rieman, BE Luce, C Hessburg, PF Lee, DC Kershner, JL Reeves, GH Gresswell, RE AF Bisson, PA Rieman, BE Luce, C Hessburg, PF Lee, DC Kershner, JL Reeves, GH Gresswell, RE TI Fire and aquatic ecosystems of the western USA: current knowledge and key questions SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Effects of Wildland Fire on Aquatic Ecosystems in the Western USA CY APR 22-24, 2002 CL BOISE, ID DE wildfire; fire and fuels management; conservation; restoration; aquatic and riparian ecosystems ID PACIFIC-NORTHWEST WATERSHEDS; YELLOWSTONE-NATIONAL-PARK; LANDSCAPE STRUCTURE; SPATIAL-PATTERNS; CUTTHROAT TROUT; UNITED-STATES; FOREST HEALTH; CLIMATE; CONSERVATION; MANAGEMENT AB Understanding of the effects of wildland fire and fire management on aquatic and riparian ecosystems is an evolving field, with many questions still to be resolved. Limitations of current knowledge, and the certainty that fire management will continue, underscore the need to summarize available information. Integrating fire and fuels management with aquatic ecosystem conservation begins with recognizing that terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems are linked and dynamic, and that fire can play a critical role in maintaining aquatic ecological diversity. To protect aquatic ecosystems we argue that it will be important to: (1) accommodate fire-related and other ecological processes that maintain aquatic habitats and biodiversity, and not simply control fires or fuels; (2) prioritize projects according to risks and opportunities for fire control and the protection of aquatic ecosystems; and (3) develop new consistency in the management and regulatory process. Ultimately, all natural resource management is uncertain; the role of science is to apply experimental design and hypothesis testing to management applications that affect fire and aquatic ecosystems. Policy-makers and the public will benefit from an expanded appreciation of fire ecology that enables them to implement watershed management projects as experiments with hypothesized outcomes, adequate controls, and replication. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mtn Res Stn, Boise, ID USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Wenatchee, WA USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Arcata, CA USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Washington Off, Logan, UT USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR USA. USGS, Biol Resources Div, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR USA. RP Bisson, PA (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, 3625 93rd Ave SW, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. EM pbisson@fs.fed.us RI Luce, Charles/A-9267-2008 OI Luce, Charles/0000-0002-6938-9662 NR 115 TC 67 Z9 75 U1 5 U2 30 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD JUN 3 PY 2003 VL 178 IS 1-2 BP 213 EP 229 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(03)00063-X PG 17 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 684YN UT WOS:000183234200014 ER PT J AU Parikh, DV Sachinvala, ND Calamari, TA Negulescu, I AF Parikh, DV Sachinvala, ND Calamari, TA Negulescu, I TI Carboxymethylated cotton for moist wound healing SO AATCC REVIEW LA English DT Article DE carboxymethylation; occlusive dressings; alginate dressings; wound healing AB Chronic wounds are not easy to heal. Research in wound physiology has shown that healing is accelerated when the wounds are kept moist. While alginate dressings produce accelerated healing, they are expensive. The present work was directed at developing less expensive moist wound dressings from carboxymethylated cotton gauze/nonwovens. These dressings would absorb high amounts of wound exudate similar to alginates. Gauze bandage rolls were modified into highly absorbent, carboxymethylated bandage rolls, eliminating the need for any subsequent converting operation. Carboxymethylation was carried out by treating cotton gauze rolls with caustic and monochloroacetic acid in 90/10 ethanol/water media. Post-treating Na-CM-cotton rolls, upon ion exchange, made it possible to obtain Ca/Na-CM-cotton gauze rolls. Ca/Na-CM-gauze will be competitive with calcium-alginate dressings. C1 USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Parikh, DV (reprint author), USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 15 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER ASSOC TEXTILE CHEMISTS COLORISTS PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA PO BOX 12215, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA SN 1532-8813 J9 AATCC REV JI AATCC Rev. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 3 IS 6 BP 15 EP 19 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Engineering; Materials Science GA 691RZ UT WOS:000183620400003 ER PT J AU Wang, F Fraisse, CW Kitchen, NR Sudduth, KA AF Wang, F Fraisse, CW Kitchen, NR Sudduth, KA TI Site-specific evaluation of the CROPGRO-soybean model on Missouri claypan soils SO AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE CROPGRO; soybeans; LAI; root distribution; soil water content ID WATER-BALANCE; FIELD; YIELD; MANAGEMENT AB Crop yield-is affected by many factors, primarily encompassing soil and weather conditions,and-crop management practices. Crop modeling can. be used to help understand how multiple factors interact and impact yield. The CROPGRO modeling package has been used extensively to assess the effects of management practices arid environmental conditions on soybean growth and development. However, the model has not been thoroughly evaluated for some environments that have unique characteristics such as claypan soils in which the depth to the claypan horizon-can vary greatly within fields. The objectives of this-study were to evaluate the performance of the CROPGRO-Soybean model for simulating-site-specific crop growth, soil water content, and grain yield on claypan soils. Data were obtained during low. and average rainfall conditions from two sites over 3 years in central Missouri. Plant (e.g. yield, leaf area, root length density) and soil (e.g. topsoil thickness, moisture, texture) measurements were collected for calibrating and validating the model. Results indicated-that CROPGRO-simulated soil water contents in the 15-90 cm soil profile agreed well with measured values. Simulated leaf area index and grain yield also agreed well with measured values during-average precipitation years; but were under-estimated during extremely dry years. Within-season precipitation and claypan soil topsoil depth were shown to have greatest influence on soybean yield. Although we hypothesized it to be otherwise, field measurements in 1997 showed that the claypan did not negatively affect soybean root penetration. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Washington State Univ, Biol Syst Engn Dept, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Columbia, MO USA. ARS, USDA, Cropping Syst & Water Qual Res Unit, Columbia, MO USA. RP Fraisse, CW (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Biol Syst Engn Dept, 24106 N Bunn Rd, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. NR 37 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0308-521X J9 AGR SYST JI Agric. Syst. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 76 IS 3 BP 985 EP 1005 AR PII S0308-521X(02)00029-X DI 10.1016/S0308-521X(02)00029-X PG 21 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA 665BG UT WOS:000182099300011 ER PT J AU Phillips, OR Menkhaus, DJ Coatney, KT AF Phillips, OR Menkhaus, DJ Coatney, KT TI Collusive practices in repeated English auctions: Experimental evidence on bidding rings SO AMERICAN ECONOMIC REVIEW LA English DT Article ID SEQUENTIAL AUCTIONS; EXPERIMENTAL ECONOMICS; COMPETITION; BEHAVIOR; WINE; ART C1 Univ Wyoming, Dept Econ & Finance, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Agr & Appl Econ, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. USDA, Grain Inspect Packers & Stockyards Adm, Competit Branch, Aurora, CO 80011 USA. RP Phillips, OR (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, Dept Econ & Finance, POB 3985, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. NR 34 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER ECONOMIC ASSOC PI NASHVILLE PA 2014 BROADWAY, STE 305, NASHVILLE, TN 37203 USA SN 0002-8282 J9 AM ECON REV JI Am. Econ. Rev. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 93 IS 3 BP 965 EP 979 DI 10.1257/000282803322157205 PG 15 WC Economics SC Business & Economics GA 694XF UT WOS:000183799900026 ER PT J AU Teasdale, JR Rosecrance, RC AF Teasdale, JR Rosecrance, RC TI Mechanical versus herbicidal strategies for killing a hairy vetch cover crop and controlling weeds in minimum-tillage corn production SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ALTERNATIVE AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE cultivation; integrated weed management; organic farming; smooth pigweed; sustainable agriculture; weed survival ID ZEA-MAYS; MANAGEMENT; CULTIVATION AB The development of production systems that provide the benefits of reduced tillage and also reduce or eliminate herbicide inputs presents a challenge to practitioners of sustainable agriculture. This research was conducted to evaluate management approaches for minimum-tillage corn production in a hairy vetch cover crop, specifically, mechanical versus herbicidal methods for pre-plant cover-crop kill and for post-emergence control of emerged weeds. Pre-plant treatments included 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] plus residual herbicides, 2,4-D alone, flail mower, corn stalk chopper, light disk and heavy disk. The pre-plant herbicide treatments were followed by a post-emergence treatment of dicamba, whereas the pre-plant mechanical treatments were followed by post-emergence cultivation, as needed, for weed control. The mechanical treatments that kept residue on the soil surface (mower, stalk chopper and light disk) killed hairy vetch when it was flowering, but not when vegetative. The herbicide treatment with pre-plant 2,4-D alone, followed by dicamba post-emergence, controlled annual broadleaf weeds (the dominant species in these experiments) similarly to treatment with 2,4-D plus residual herbicides, suggesting that residual herbicides may be eliminated in cover-crop-based no-tillage systems. The pre-plant mechanical treatments followed by cultivation did not control annual broadleaf weeds as well as herbicide treatments, but did maintain final populations below threshold levels in two of four experiments. The stalk chopper and light disk left high levels of vetch residue on the soil surface, and reduced initial broadleaf weed populations compared with the heavy disk that incorporated residue. However, broadleaf weed populations were reduced with less efficiency by cultivation of untilled soil following the stalk chopper or light disk (38-69%) than by cultivation of tilled soil following the heavy disk (87-95%). Thus, although maintaining surface cover-crop residue without tillage initially reduced weed emergence, it also reduced the efficiency of cultivation, leading to similar final weed populations in all mechanical-based, pre-plant treatments. C1 USDA ARS, Sustainable Agr Syst Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Teasdale, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Sustainable Agr Syst Lab, Bldg 001 Rm 245, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 16 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 4 U2 12 PU C A B I PUBLISHING PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O PUBLISHING DIVISION, WALLINGFORD OX10 8DE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0889-1893 J9 AM J ALTERNATIVE AGR JI Am. J. Altern. Agric. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 18 IS 2 BP 95 EP 102 DI 10.1079/AJAA200240 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 717KL UT WOS:000185087600005 ER PT J AU Yao, MJ McCrory, MA Ma, GS Tucker, KL Gao, SJ Fuss, P Roberts, SB AF Yao, MJ McCrory, MA Ma, GS Tucker, KL Gao, SJ Fuss, P Roberts, SB TI Relative influence of diet and physical activity on body composition in urban Chinese adults SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE physical activity level; dietary fat; energy density; dietary variety; restaurant food; body composition; doubly labeled water; China; adults ID BASAL METABOLIC-RATE; LOW-FAT DIETS; ENERGY-INTAKE; FOOD-INTAKE; AD-LIBITUM; MASS INDEX; OBESITY; VARIETY; WOMEN; MEN AB Background: The relative influence of diet and physical activity on body fatness remains uncertain. Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate associations of dietary variables and physical activity with body fatness in urban Chinese adults. Design: We conducted a cross-sectional study in 130 weight-stable men and women aged 35-49 y. Subjects were selected from upper and lower tertiles of dietary fat and physical activity on the basis of screening questionnaires. Dietary intake was assessed by weighed food intake, physical activity level (PAL) was calculated as the ratio of predicted total energy expenditure (TEE) to predicted resting energy expenditure, and body composition was measured with the use of (H2O)-H-2. Reported energy intake and predicted TEE were validated against TEE determined with the use of (H2O)-H-2-O-18 (n = 73). Results: Body fatness was positively associated with dietary variety (ie, variety of ingredients) (partial r = 0.186, P = 0.039) and frequency of consuming restaurant foods (partial r = 0.237, P = 0.001) and negatively associated with PAL (partial r = -0.307, P = 0.001) in a multiple regression analysis that controlled for sex and confounders. The combined variance accounted for by dietary variety and restaurant food consumption (9.1%) was equivalent to that for PAL (9.4%). Neither dietary fat nor energy density predicted body fatness, but dietary energy density predicted within-subject day-to-day variation in reported energy intake (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Dietary variety, frequency of restaurant food consumption, and PAL significantly predicted body fatness in urban Chinese adults, but dietary fat did not. These findings support previous studies in US adults and suggest that dietary variables other than fat have an important influence on adult body composition. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Energy Metab Lab, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Chinese Acad Prevent Med, Inst Nutr & Food Hyg, Beijing, Peoples R China. RP Roberts, SB (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Energy Metab Lab, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. EM sroberts@hnrc.tufts.edu RI Tucker, Katherine/A-4545-2010; OI Tucker, Katherine/0000-0001-7640-662X FU NIDDK NIH HHS [F32-DK09747, R03-DK53404] NR 64 TC 28 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC NUTRITION-ASN PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0002-9165 EI 1938-3207 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 77 IS 6 BP 1409 EP 1416 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 682GY UT WOS:000183084400012 PM 12791617 ER PT J AU Newby, P Muller, D Hallfrisch, J Qiao, N Andres, R Tucker, KL AF Newby, P Muller, D Hallfrisch, J Qiao, N Andres, R Tucker, KL TI Dietary patterns and changes in body mass index and waist circumference in adults SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE dietary patterns; cluster analysis; obesity; body composition; diet assessment; BMI; waist circumference ID CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; FOOD EATING PATTERNS; CLUSTER-ANALYSIS; RISK-FACTORS; LIFE-STYLE; FAT INTAKE; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; ENERGY DENSITY; BRITISH ADULTS; MEN BORN AB Background: Obesity has increased > 20% in the past decade in the United States, and more than one-half of US adults are overweight or obese. Objective: Our objective was to further elucidate the nutritional etiology of changes in body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)) and waist circumference by dietary intake pattern. We hypothesized that a healthy dietary pattern would lead to smaller changes in BMI and waist circumference than would other dietary patterns. Design: Subjects were 459 healthy men and women participating in the ongoing Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Diet was assessed with the use of 7-d dietary records, from which 41 food groups were created and entered into a cluster analysis. Results: Five dietary patterns were derived (healthy, white bread, alcohol, sweets, and meat and potatoes). The mean annual change in BMI was 0.30 +/- 0.06 for subjects in the meat-and-potatoes cluster and 0.05 +/- 0.06 for those in the healthy cluster (P < 0.01). The mean annual change in waist circumference was more than 3 times as great for subjects in the white-bread cluster (1.32 +/- 0.29 cm) as for those in the healthy cluster (0.43 +/- 0.27 cm) (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Consuming a diet high in fruit, vegetables, reduced-fat dairy, and whole grains and low in red and processed meat, fast food, and soda was associated with smaller gains in BMI and waist circumference. Because foods are not consumed in isolation, dietary pattern research based on natural eating behavior may be useful in understanding dietary causes of obesity and in helping individuals trying to control their weight. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NIA, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA. RP Tucker, KL (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St,9th Floor, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RI Tucker, Katherine/A-4545-2010; OI Tucker, Katherine/0000-0001-7640-662X NR 67 TC 263 Z9 271 U1 7 U2 44 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 77 IS 6 BP 1417 EP 1425 PG 9 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 682GY UT WOS:000183084400013 PM 12791618 ER PT J AU Zubik, L Meydani, M AF Zubik, L Meydani, M TI Bioavailability of soybean isoflavones from aglycone and glucoside forms in American women SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE isoflavones; daidzein; genistein; equol; glucoside; aglycone ID DIETARY PHYTOESTROGENS; PHYTO-ESTROGENS; SMALL-INTESTINE; GENISTEIN; DAIDZEIN; HUMANS; EXCRETION; FOODS; GLYCOSIDES; PLASMA AB Background: Test results on the bioavailability of isoflavones in the aglycone or glucoside form in Eastern and Western human subjects are contradictory. Objective: The objective was to investigate the bioavailability of the soy isoflavones daidzein and genistein in American women with typical American dietary habits after ingestion of the aglycone or glucoside form of isoflavones. Design: Fifteen American women aged 46 +/- 6 y participated in a randomized, double-blind study. Blood samples were collected 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h after consumption of aglycone or glucoside tablets with breakfast. The plasma curves for daidzein, genistein, and equol were constructed and the postprandial maximum concentration (C-max), time to the maximum concentration (t(max)), and area under the curve (AUC) were determined. Results: Isoflavone concentrations peaked early (1-2 h) in plasma and peaked again at 4-8 h. Mean C-max, t(max), and AUC values for genistein were not significantly different after ingestion of aglycone or glucoside. However, Cm and AUC values, but not t(max), were significantly higher for daidzein after aglycone ingestion, which was partly due to its higher content in the aglycone tablets. Equol appeared after 4 h and remained elevated after 48 h. Despite a higher content of daidzein in the aglycone tablets, the AUC for equol was significantly higher after ingestion of the glucoside tablets, probably because of the metabolic action of intestinal bacteria during the long intestinal transit time of glucoside. Conclusion: The apparent bioavailability of genistein and daidzein is not different when consumed as either aglycone or glucoside by American women. C1 Tufts Univ, Vasc Biol Lab, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Meydani, M (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Vasc Biol Lab, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 32 TC 177 Z9 188 U1 1 U2 22 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 77 IS 6 BP 1459 EP 1465 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 682GY UT WOS:000183084400019 PM 12791624 ER PT J AU Pedersen, SF King, SA Rigor, RR Zhuang, ZP Warren, JM Cala, PM AF Pedersen, SF King, SA Rigor, RR Zhuang, ZP Warren, JM Cala, PM TI Molecular cloning of NHE1 from winter flounder RBCs: activation by osmotic shrinkage, cAMP, and calyculin A SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-CELL PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE sodium-proton antiport; red blood cells; beta-Na+/H+ exchanger; protein kinase A; protein kinase C; protein phosphatases ID RED-BLOOD-CELLS; NA+/H+ EXCHANGER ISOFORM-1; MEMBRANE-SPANNING PROTEINS; TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; VOLUME REGULATION; RAINBOW-TROUT; CYTOPLASMIC DOMAIN; ION-TRANSPORT; GROWTH-FACTOR; OKADAIC ACID AB In this report, we describe the cloning, cellular localization, and functional characteristics of Na+/H+ exchanger 1 (NHE1) from red blood cells of the winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus (paNHE1). The paNHE1 protein localizes primarily to the marginal band and exhibits a 74% similarity to the trout beta-NHE, and 65% to the human NHE1 (hNHE1). Functionally, paNHE1 shares characteristics of both beta-NHE and hNHE1 in that it is activated both by manipulations that increase cAMP and by cell shrinkage, respectively. In accordance, the paNHE1 protein exhibits both protein kinase A consensus sites as in beta-NHE and a region of high homology to that required for shrinkage-dependent activation of hNHE1. After shrinkage-dependent activation of paNHE1 and resulting activation of a Cl-/HCO3- exchanger, their parallel operation results in net uptake of NaCl and osmotically obliged water. Activation of paNHE1 by cAMP is at least additive to that elicited by osmotic shrinkage, suggesting that these stimuli regulate paNHE1 by distinct mechanisms. Finally, exposure to the serine/threonine phosphatase inhibitor calyculin A potently activates paNHE1, and this activation is also additive to that induced by shrinkage or cAMP. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Human Physiol, Sch Med, Davis, CA 95616 USA. ARS, USDA, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Pedersen, SF (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Human Physiol, Sch Med, Tupper Hall,1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RI Pedersen, Stine Falsig/M-8347-2014; OI Pedersen, Stine Falsig/0000-0002-3044-7714; Rigor, Robert/0000-0001-6234-1992 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL-21179] NR 56 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0363-6143 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-CELL PH JI Am. J. Physiol.-Cell Physiol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 284 IS 6 BP C1561 EP C1576 DI 10.1152/ajpcell.00562.2002 PG 16 WC Cell Biology; Physiology SC Cell Biology; Physiology GA 675DP UT WOS:000182678000026 PM 12734109 ER PT J AU Das, SK Roberts, SB Kehayias, JJ Wang, J Hsu, LKG Shikora, SA Saltzman, E McCrory, MA AF Das, SK Roberts, SB Kehayias, JJ Wang, J Hsu, LKG Shikora, SA Saltzman, E McCrory, MA TI Body composition assessment in extreme obesity and after massive weight loss induced by gastric bypass surgery SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM LA English DT Article DE three-compartment models ID FAT-FREE MASS; BIOELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE ANALYSIS; ENERGY-EXPENDITURE; WATER; WOMEN; MODEL; ADULTS; PREVALENCE; VALIDATION; HYDRATION AB Body composition methods were examined in 20 women [ body mass index (BMI) 48.7 +/- 8.8 kg/m(2)] before and after weight loss [-44.8 +/- 14.6 (SD) kg] after gastric bypass (GBP) surgery. The reference method, a three-compartment (3C) model using body density by air displacement plethysmography and total body water (TBW) by (H2O)-O-18 dilution (3C-(H2O)-O-18), showed a decrease in percent body fat (%BF) from 51.4 to 34.6%. Fat-free mass hydration was significantly higher than the reference value (0.738) in extreme obesity (0.756; P < 0.001) but not after weight reduction (0.747; P = 0.16). %BF by (H2O)-O-18 dilution and air displacement plethysmography differed significantly from %BF by 3C-(H2O)-O-18 in extreme obesity (P < 0.05) and 3C models using (H2O)-H-2 or bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) to determine TBW improved mean %BF estimates over most other methods at both time points. BIA results varied with the equation used, but BIA better predicted %BF than did BMI at both time points. All methods except BIA using the Segal equation were comparable to the reference method for determining changes over time. A simple 3C model utilizing air displacement plethysmography and BIA is useful for clinical evaluation in this population. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Energy Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ New England Med Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. St Lukes Roosevelt Hosp, Body Composit Unit, New York, NY 10025 USA. RP McCrory, MA (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Energy Metab Lab, Rm 614,711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [M01-RR-00054]; NIDDK NIH HHS [P30 DK-46200]; NIMH NIH HHS [MH/DK-54092-01A3] NR 45 TC 86 Z9 87 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0193-1849 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-ENDOC M JI Am. J. Physiol.-Endocrinol. Metab. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 284 IS 6 BP E1080 EP E1088 DI 10.1152/ajpendo.00185.2002 PG 9 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Physiology SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Physiology GA 675NA UT WOS:000182700400004 PM 12604503 ER PT J AU Bannerman, DD Goldblum, SE AF Bannerman, DD Goldblum, SE TI Mechanisms of bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced endothelial apoptosis SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LUNG CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Review DE endotoxin; inflammation; nuclear factor-kappa B; sepsis; vascular injury ID NF-KAPPA-B; TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR-2; RESPIRATORY-DISTRESS SYNDROME; NITRIC-OXIDE SYNTHASE; HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC SYNDROME; DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION; LIMULUS ANTILIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE FACTOR; GENERALIZED SHWARTZMAN REACTION; MANGANESE SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE AB Gram-negative bacterial sepsis remains a common, life-threatening event. The prognosis for patients who develop sepsis-related complications, including the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome ( ARDS), remains poor. A common finding among patients and experimental animals with sepsis and ARDS is endothelial injury and/or dysfunction. A component of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or endotoxin, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of much of the endothelial cell injury and/or dysfunction associated with these disease states. LPS is a highly proinflammatory molecule that elicits a wide array of endothelial responses, including the upregulation of cytokines, adhesion molecules, and tissue factor. In addition to activation, LPS induces endothelial cell death that is apoptotic in nature. This review summarizes the evidence for LPS-induced vascular endothelial injury and examines the molecular signaling pathways that activate and inhibit LPS-induced endothelial apoptosis. Furthermore, the role of apoptotic signaling molecules in mediating LPS-induced activation of endothelial cells will be considered. C1 ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, USDA, ANRI, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Dept Med, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. RP Bannerman, DD (reprint author), ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, USDA, ANRI, BARC E,Bldg 1040,Rm 2, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 225 TC 168 Z9 176 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 1040-0605 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-LUNG C JI Am. J. Physiol.-Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 284 IS 6 BP L899 EP L914 DI 10.1152/ajplung.00338.2002 PG 16 WC Physiology; Respiratory System SC Physiology; Respiratory System GA 675MV UT WOS:000182699900001 PM 12736186 ER PT J AU Davey, RB George, JE Miller, RJ AF Davey, RB George, JE Miller, RJ TI Efficacy of various concentrations of coumaphos to control adult, nymphal, and larval stages of an organophosphate-resistant strain of Boophilus microplus on infested cattle SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID IXODIDAE; ACARI AB Objective-To evaluate the efficacy of coumaphos, an organophosphate (OP) acaricide, at concentrations up to 2 times higher than the highest concentration required by the US Eradication Program against all stages of an OP-resistant strain of Boophilus microplus in experimentally infested cattle. Animals-16 tick-naive 200-kg female Hereford calves. Procedure-Four groups of cattle (4 calves/group) were all infested with Boophilus ticks 3 times before treatment. Each group was treated with coumaphos as follows: group 1, at 0.165% active ingredient (Al); group 2, at 0.299% Al; group 3, at 0.566% Al; and group 4, not treated. Following treatment, ticks ere collected for 21 days. Ticks collected 1 to 7, 8 to 14, and 15 to 21 days after treatment were considered adults, nymphs, and larvae, respectively, at time of treatment. Results-Overall control at 0.165, 0.299, and 0.566% Al was 52.9, 75.8, and 89.7%, respectively. Control of adults ranged from 4.3% at 0.165% Al to 73.5% at 0.566% Al. Control of nymphs ranged from 60.6% at 0.165% Al to 97.3% at 0.566% Al. Control of larvae was > 98% at all coumaphos concentrations. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-All coumaphos concentrations failed to provide acceptable control for use in the US Eradication Program against OP-resistant ticks. Treatment was least effective against adults and most effective against larvae. Even at 0.566% Al (2 times higher than required by the US Eradication Program), ticks were not eradicated, placing the United States at risk from dispersing cattle harboring viable ticks to uninfested areas. (Am J Vet Res 2003;64:684-689) C1 USDA ARS, Cattle Fever Tick Res Lab, Washington, DC 20250 USA. USDA ARS, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Lab, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. RP Davey, RB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Cattle Fever Tick Res Lab, Rt 3 Box 1010, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 15 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 64 IS 6 BP 684 EP 689 DI 10.2460/ajvr.2003.64.684 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 684KP UT WOS:000183206300005 PM 12828252 ER PT J AU Masarik, M Kizek, R Kramer, KJ Billova, S Brazdova, M Vacek, J Bailey, M Jelen, F Howard, JA AF Masarik, M Kizek, R Kramer, KJ Billova, S Brazdova, M Vacek, J Bailey, M Jelen, F Howard, JA TI Application of avidin-biotin technology and adsorptive transfer stripping square-wave voltammetry for detection of DNA hybridization and avidin in transgenic avidin maize SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID CARBON ELECTRODES; MERCURY-ELECTRODES; LABEL; STREPTAVIDIN; PROTEINS; COMPLEX; DAMAGE AB The proteins streptavidin and avidin were electrochemically detected in solution by adsorptive transfer stripping square wave voltammetry (AdTS SWV) at a carbon paste electrode (CPE). AdTS SWV was used to quantify biotinylated oligonucleotides, DNA hybridizations, and avidin in extracts of transgenic avidin maize. The detection limits of denatured and native streptavidin were 6 pM and 120 nM, respectively. The results demonstrated that streptavidin/avidin AdTS SWV is a sensitive and specific method for quatifying DNA and proteins in biological samples such as foods and tissue extracts, including genetically modified crops (avidin maize) and other plants in neighboring fields. C1 Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Biophys, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic. Mendel Univ Agr & Forestry, Dept Chem & Biochem, Brno 61300, Czech Republic. USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. ProdiGene, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Jelen, F (reprint author), Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Biophys, Kralovopolska 135, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic. RI Kizek, Rene/D-7748-2012; Masarik, Michal/D-9920-2012; Brazdova, Marie/H-1924-2014; Frantisek, Jelen/H-1950-2014 NR 38 TC 99 Z9 107 U1 2 U2 31 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD JUN 1 PY 2003 VL 75 IS 11 BP 2663 EP 2669 DI 10.1021/ac020788z PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 687VK UT WOS:000183397500022 PM 12948134 ER PT J AU Nonneman, D Rohrer, GA AF Nonneman, D Rohrer, GA TI Molecular cloning of the porcine inhibin-beta B gene and reassignment to chromosome 15 SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE chromosome 15; comparative map; inhibin-beta B; microsatellite; porcine ID COMPARATIVE MAP; LOCI; IDENTIFICATION; EXPRESSION; HOMOLOGY; LINKAGE; REVEALS; REGIONS; GENOME; BOARS AB Inhibins are gonadal glycoproteins belonging to the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily that act to suppress pituitary follicle stimulating hormone and are composed of a common alpha -subunit linked by disulphide bonds to either a beta A- or beta B-subunit. The porcine inhibin-alpha, -betaA (INHBA ) and -betaB (INHBB ) subunit genes have previously been mapped to chromosomes 15, 18 and 12, respectively. Over 6.7 kb of the INHBB gene was sequenced from a porcine genomic cosmid clone and found to contain two microsatellites, one in intron 1 and the other in the 3'-untranslated region. Both microsatellites mapped to pig chromosome 15 at relative position 48 cm. This sequence was greater than 99% identical to two previously reported partial non-contiguous cDNAs for porcine INHBB . Non-coding regions also had a high degree (79-88%) of identity with the corresponding regions of the human gene. Based on sequence information and mapping of two novel microsatellite markers, we reassigned porcine INHBB to chromosome 15, which is consistent with comparative physical and linkage maps of this chromosome and human chromosome 2. C1 ARS, USDA, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Nonneman, D (reprint author), ARS, USDA, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Spur 18D,POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 16 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0268-9146 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 34 IS 3 BP 213 EP 215 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2052.2003.00995.x PG 3 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA 680WD UT WOS:000183001500008 PM 12755822 ER PT J AU Connor, EE Sonstegard, TS Kahl, S Bennett, GL Snelling, WM AF Connor, EE Sonstegard, TS Kahl, S Bennett, GL Snelling, WM TI The bovine type I iodothyronine deiodinase (DIO1) gene maps to chromosome 3 SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Editorial Material ID CATTLE C1 ARS, US Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, USDA, Clay Ctr, NE USA. RP Connor, EE (reprint author), ARS, US Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0268-9146 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 34 IS 3 BP 233 EP 234 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2052.2003.00997.x PG 2 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA 680WD UT WOS:000183001500014 PM 12755828 ER PT J AU Sugimoto, M Ihara, N Bennett, GL Sugimoto, Y AF Sugimoto, M Ihara, N Bennett, GL Sugimoto, Y TI Eleven previously unreported dinucleotide microsatellite loci on bovine chromosome 19 SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Editorial Material ID LINKAGE MAP C1 Natl Livestock Breeding Ctr, Fukushima 9618511, Japan. Shirakawa Inst Anim Genet, Fukushima 9618061, Japan. ARS, USDA, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Sugimoto, M (reprint author), Natl Livestock Breeding Ctr, Fukushima 9618511, Japan. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0268-9146 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 34 IS 3 BP 236 EP 237 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2052.2003.01002.x PG 2 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA 680WD UT WOS:000183001500017 PM 12755831 ER PT J AU Vykoukalova, Z Knoll, A Dvorak, J Rohrer, GA Cepica, S AF Vykoukalova, Z Knoll, A Dvorak, J Rohrer, GA Cepica, S TI Linkage and radiation hybrid mapping of the porcine MYF6 gene to chromosome 5 SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Editorial Material ID GENOME; MAP; ASSIGNMENT; CLUSTER; MEMBER; FAMILY C1 Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Anim Physiol & Genet, CR-27721 Libechov, Czech Republic. Mendel Univ Agr & Forestry Brno, Dept Genet, Brno 61300, Czech Republic. ARS, USDA, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Cepica, S (reprint author), Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Anim Physiol & Genet, CR-27721 Libechov, Czech Republic. RI Knoll, Ales/D-6896-2012; Cepica, Stanislav/G-7180-2014 NR 13 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0268-9146 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 34 IS 3 BP 238 EP 240 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2052.2003.01012.x PG 3 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA 680WD UT WOS:000183001500019 PM 12755833 ER PT J AU Zaidi, MB Zamora, E Diaz, P Tollefson, L Fedorka-Cray, PJ Headrick, ML AF Zaidi, MB Zamora, E Diaz, P Tollefson, L Fedorka-Cray, PJ Headrick, ML TI Risk factors for fecal quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli in Mexican children SO ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY LA English DT Article ID ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANCE; FLORA; EMERGENCE; FLUOROQUINOLONES; TRIMETHOPRIM; COMMUNITY; ANIMALS; HUMANS AB We determined the prevalence of, and risk factors for, fecal quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli (QREC) in 324 children from Yucatan, Mexico. QREC was higher in children with recent Salmonella infection (100%) than in children with diarrhea (61%) or healthy children (54%) (P = 0.007). Multivariate analysis identified recent hospitalization of a family member (P = 0.011, odds ratio [OR] = 5.1) and carriage of Salmonella (P = 0.004, OR = 3.7) as independent risk factors for QREC. C1 Hosp Gen O Horan, Lab Invest, Merida 97000, Yucatan, Mexico. US FDA, Ctr Vet Med, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. ARS, Antimicrobial Resistance Res Unit, USDA, Russell Res Ctr, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Zaidi, MB (reprint author), Hosp Gen O Horan, Lab Invest, Av Itzaes Jacinto Canek, Merida 97000, Yucatan, Mexico. NR 21 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0066-4804 J9 ANTIMICROB AGENTS CH JI Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 47 IS 6 BP 1999 EP 2001 DI 10.1128/AAC.47.6.1999-2001.2003 PG 3 WC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 684BD UT WOS:000183184800037 PM 12760884 ER PT J AU Whitley, DS Keyser, JD AF Whitley, DS Keyser, JD TI Faith in the past: debating an archaeology of religion SO ANTIQUITY LA English DT Article ID ROCK-ART; SHAMANISM; GATHERER; HUNTER C1 ICOMOS Rock Art Comm, Fillmore, CA 93015 USA. US Forest Serv, Portland, OR 97201 USA. RP Whitley, DS (reprint author), ICOMOS Rock Art Comm, 447 3rd St, Fillmore, CA 93015 USA. EM huitli@impulse.net; jkeyser@fs.fed.us NR 53 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 7 PU ANTIQUITY PUBL LTD PI CAMBRIDGE PA NEW HALL, CAMBRIDGE CB3 0DF, ENGLAND SN 0003-598X J9 ANTIQUITY JI Antiquity PD JUN PY 2003 VL 77 IS 296 BP 385 EP 393 PG 9 WC Anthropology; Archaeology SC Anthropology; Archaeology GA 696EA UT WOS:000183872200016 ER PT J AU Viebahn, M Glandorf, DCM Ouwens, TWM Smit, E Leeflang, P Wernars, K Thomashow, LS van Loon, LC Bakker, PAHM AF Viebahn, M Glandorf, DCM Ouwens, TWM Smit, E Leeflang, P Wernars, K Thomashow, LS van Loon, LC Bakker, PAHM TI Repeated introduction of genetically modified Pseudomonas putida WCS358r without intensified effects on the indigenous microflora of field-grown wheat SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID 16S RIBOSOMAL-RNA; SINORHIZOBIUM-MELILOTI L33; SOILBORNE PLANT-PATHOGENS; FLUORESCENT PSEUDOMONADS; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; MICROBIAL-POPULATIONS; CHROMOSOMAL INSERTION; FUSARIUM-WILT; SOIL; RHIZOSPHERE AB To investigate the impact of genetically modified, antibiotic-producing rhizobacteria on the indigenous microbial community, Pseudomonas putida WCS358r and two transgenic derivatives were introduced as a seed coating into the rhizosphere of wheat in two consecutive years (1999 and 2000) in the same field plots. The two genetically modified microorganisms (GMMs), WCS358r::phz and WCS358r::ph1, constitutively produced phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA) and 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG), respectively. The level of introduced bacteria in all treatments decreased from 10(7) CFU per g of roots soon after sowing to less than 10(2) CFU per g after harvest 132 days after sowing. The phz and phl genes remained stable in the chromosome of WCS358r. The amount of PCA produced in the wheat rhizosphere by WCS358r::phz was about 40 ng/g of roots after the first application in 1999. The DAPG-producing GMMs caused a transient shift in the indigenous bacterial and fungal microflora in 1999, as determined by amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis. However, after the second application of the GMMs in 2000, no shifts in the bacterial or fungal microflora were detected. To evaluate the importance of the effects induced by the GMMs, these effects were compared with those induced by crop rotation by planting wheat in 1999 followed by potatoes in 2000. No effect of rotation on the microbial community structure was detected. In 2000 all bacteria had a positive effect on plant growth, supposedly due to suppression of deleterious microorganisms. Our research suggests that the natural variability of microbial communities can surpass the effects of GMMs. C1 Univ Utrecht, Fac Biol, Sect Phytopathol, NL-3508 TB Utrecht, Netherlands. Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands. Washington State Univ, USDA, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Viebahn, M (reprint author), Univ Utrecht, Fac Biol, Sect Phytopathol, POB 80084, NL-3508 TB Utrecht, Netherlands. RI Bakker, Peter/B-9355-2011; Utrecht Univ., PMI/G-9549-2011 NR 55 TC 36 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 69 IS 6 BP 3110 EP 3118 DI 10.1128/AEM.69.6.3110-3118.2003 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 752HZ UT WOS:000187156200010 PM 12788705 ER PT J AU Glenn, AE Meredith, FI Morrison, WH Bacon, CW AF Glenn, AE Meredith, FI Morrison, WH Bacon, CW TI Identification of intermediate and branch metabolites resulting from biotransformation of 2-benzoxazolinone by Fusarium verticilhoides SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BENZOXAZOLINONE ALLELOCHEMICALS; SOIL TRANSFORMATION; HYDROXAMIC ACIDS; ZEA-MAYS; CORN; MONILIFORME; DETOXIFICATION; 2,4-DIHYDROXY-7-METHOXY-2H-1,4-BENZOXAZIN-3(4H)-ONE; 6-METHOXY-BENZOXAZOLINONE; VERTICILLIOIDES AB Detoxification of the maize (Zea mays) antimicrobial compound 2-benzoxazolinone by the fungal endophyte Fusarium verticillioides involves two genetic loci, FDB1 and FDB2, and results in the formation of N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)malonamic acid. Intermediate and branch metabolites were previously suggested to be part of the biotransformation pathway. Evidence is presented here in support of 2-aminophenol as the intermediate metabolite and 2-acetamidophenol as the branch metabolite, which was previously designated as BOA-X. Overall, 2-benzoxazolinone metabolism involves hydrolysis (FDB1) to produce 2-aminophenol, which is then modified (FDB2) by addition of a malonyl group to produce N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)malonamic acid. If the modification is prevented due to genetic mutation (fbd2), then 2-acetamidophenol may accumulate as a result of addition of an acetyl group to 2-aminophenol. This study resolves the overall chemistry of the 2-benzoxazolinone detoxification pathway, and we hypothesize that biotransformation of the related antimicrobial 6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone to produce N-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)malonamic acid also occurs via the same enzymatic modifications. Detoxification of these antimicrobials by F. verticillioides apparently is not a major virulence factor but may enhance the ecological fitness of the fungus during colonization of maize stubble and field debris. C1 USDA, ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. USDA, ARS, Toxicol & Mycotoxin Res Unit, Athens, GA 30604 USA. USDA, ARS, Qual Assessment Res Unit, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Glenn, AE (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Russell Res Ctr, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 25 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 69 IS 6 BP 3165 EP 3169 DI 10.1128/AEM.69.6.3165-3169.2003 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 752HZ UT WOS:000187156200017 PM 12788712 ER PT J AU Lu, Z Breidt, F Plengvidhya, V Fleming, HP AF Lu, Z Breidt, F Plengvidhya, V Fleming, HP TI Bacteriophage ecology in commercial sauerkraut fermentations SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI; LACTOBACILLUS-PLANTARUM; MODULAR EVOLUTION; LAMB PROTEIN; HOST-RANGE; IDENTIFICATION; ADSORPTION; FREQUENCY; STRAINS AB Knowledge of bacteriophage ecology in vegetable fermentations is essential for developing phage control strategies for consistent and high quality of fermented vegetable products. The ecology of phages infecting lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in commercial sauerkraut fermentations was investigated. Brine samples were taken from four commercial sauerkraut fermentation tanks over a 60- or 100-day period in 2000 and 2001. A total of 171 phage isolates, including at least 26 distinct phages, were obtained. In addition, 28 distinct host strains were isolated and identified as LAB by restriction analysis of the intergenic transcribed spacer region and 16S rRNA sequence analysis. These host strains included Leuconostoc, Weissella, and Lactobacillus species. It was found that there were two phage-host systems in the fermentations corresponding to the population shift from heterofermentative to homofermentative LAB between 3 and 7 days after the start of the fermentations. The data suggested that phages may play an important role in the microbial ecology and succession of LAB species in vegetable fermentations. Eight phage isolates, which were independently obtained two or more times, were further characterized. They belonged to the family Myoviridae or Siphoviridae and showed distinct host ranges and DNA fingerprints. Two of the phage isolates were found to be capable of infecting two Lactobacillus species. The results from this study demonstrated for the first time the complex phage ecology present in commercial sauerkraut fermentations, providing new insights into the bioprocess of vegetable fermentations. C1 N Carolina State Univ, USDA, ARS, Dept Food Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, USDA, N Carolina Agr Res Serv, Dept Food Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Breidt, F (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, USDA, ARS, Dept Food Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 31 TC 58 Z9 66 U1 1 U2 40 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 69 IS 6 BP 3192 EP 3202 DI 10.1128/AEM.69.6.3192-3202.2003 PG 11 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 752HZ UT WOS:000187156200021 PM 12788716 ER PT J AU Ownley, BH Duffy, BK Weller, DM AF Ownley, BH Duffy, BK Weller, DM TI Identification and manipulation of soil properties to improve the biological control performance of phenazine-producing Pseudomonas fluorescens SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GRAMINIS VAR TRITICI; BIOCONTROL AGENT PSEUDOMONAS-FLUORESCENS-2-79; SOILBORNE PLANT-PATHOGENS; TAKE-ALL DISEASE; GAEUMANNOMYCES-GRAMINIS; AMMONIUM-NITROGEN; NITRATE-NITROGEN; RHIZOSPHERE PH; FUSARIUM-WILT; WHEAT ROOTS AB Pseudomonas fluorescens 2-79RN(10) protects wheat against take-all disease caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici; however, the level of protection in the field varies from site to site. Identification of soil factors that exert the greatest influence on disease suppression is essential to improving biocontrol. In order to assess the relative importance of 28 soil properties on take-all suppression, seeds were treated with strain 2-79RN(10), (which produces phenazine-1-carboxylate [PCA(+)]) or a series of mutants with PCA(+) and PCA(-) phenotypes. Bacterized seeds were planted in 10 soils, representative of the wheat-growing region in the Pacific Northwest. Sixteen soil properties were correlated with disease suppression. Biocontrol activity of PCA(+) strains was positively correlated with ammonium-nitrogen, percent sand, soil pH, sodium (extractable and soluble), sulfate-sulfur, and zinc. In contrast, biocontrol was negatively correlated with cation-exchange capacity (CEC), exchangeable acidity, iron, manganese, percent clay, percent organic matter (OM), percent silt, total carbon, and total nitrogen. Principal component factor analysis of the 16 soil properties identified a three-component solution that accounted for 87 percent of the variance in disease rating (biocontrol). A model was identified with step-wise regression analysis (R-2 = 0.96; Cp statistic = 6.17) that included six key soil properties: ammonium-nitrogen, CEC, iron, percent silt, soil pH, and zinc. As predicted by our regression model, the biocontrol activity of 2-79RN(10) was improved by amending a soil low in Zn with 50 mug of zinc-EDTA/g of soil. We then investigated the negative correlation of OM with disease suppression and found that addition of OM (as wheat straw) at rates typical of high-OM soils significantly reduced biocontrol activity of 2-79RN(10). C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Entomol & Plant Pathol, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. ARS, Cereal Root Dis & Biol Control Res Unit, USDA, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Swiss Fed Res Stn Fruit Wine & Vegetable Prod, CH-8820 Wadenswil, Switzerland. RP Ownley, BH (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Entomol & Plant Pathol, 205 Ellington Plant Sci Bldg,2431 Ctr Dr, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. NR 49 TC 57 Z9 67 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 69 IS 6 BP 3333 EP 3343 DI 10.1128/AEM.69.6.3333-3343.2003 PG 11 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 752HZ UT WOS:000187156200039 PM 12788734 ER PT J AU Hong, Y Berrang, ME Liu, TR Hofacre, CL Sanchez, S Wang, LH Maurer, JJ AF Hong, Y Berrang, ME Liu, TR Hofacre, CL Sanchez, S Wang, LH Maurer, JJ TI Rapid detection of Campylobacter coli, C-jejuni, and Salmonella enterica on poultry carcasses by using PCR-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; BROILER-CHICKENS; IDENTIFICATION; GENE; SAMPLES; CONTAMINATION; GASTROENTERITIS; HYBRIDIZATION; TRANSMISSION; ENTERITIDIS AB Contamination of retail poultry by Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella enterica is a significant source of human diarrheal disease. Isolation and identification of these microorganisms require a series of biochemical and serological tests. In this study, Campylobacter ceuE and Salmonella invA genes were used to design probes in PCR-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), as an alternative to conventional bacteriological methodology, for the rapid detection of Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, and S. enterica from poultry samples. With PCR-ELISA (40 cycles), the detection limits for Salmonella and Campylobacter were 2 X 102 and 4 X 10(1) CFU/ml, respectively. ELISA increased the sensitivity of the conventional PCR method by 100- to 1,000-fold. DNA was extracted from carcass rinses and tetrathionate enrichments and used in PCR-ELISA for the detection of Campylobacter and S. enterica, respectively. With PCR-ELISA, Salmonella was detected in 20 of 120 (17%) chicken carcass rinses examined, without the inclusion of an enrichment step. Significant correlation was observed between PCR-ELISA and cultural methods (kappa = 0.83; chi-square test, P < 0.001) with only one false negative (1.67%) and four false positives (6.67%) when PCR-ELISA was used to screen 60 tetrathionate enrichment cultures for Salmonella. With PCR-ELISA, we observed a positive correlation between the ELISA absorbance (optical density at 405 nm) and the campylobacter cell number in carcass rinse, as determined by standard culture methods. Overall, PCR-ELISA is a rapid and cost-effective approach for the detection and enumeration of Salmonella and Campylobacter bacteria on poultry. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Avian Med, Coll Vet Med, Athens, GA 30603 USA. Univ Georgia, Athens Diagnost Lab, Coll Vet Med, Athens, GA 30603 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Stat, Sch Arts & Sci, Athens, GA 30603 USA. USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. Univ Georgia, Coll Agr & Environm Sci, Ctr Food Safety & Qual Enhancement, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. RP Maurer, JJ (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Avian Med, Coll Vet Med, Athens, GA 30603 USA. NR 63 TC 55 Z9 65 U1 1 U2 18 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 69 IS 6 BP 3492 EP 3499 DI 10.1128/AEM.69.6.3492-3499.2003 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 752HZ UT WOS:000187156200059 PM 12788755 ER PT J AU Krishnan, HB Kim, WS Sun-Hyung, J Kim, KY Jiang, GQ AF Krishnan, HB Kim, WS Sun-Hyung, J Kim, KY Jiang, GQ TI Citrate synthase mutants of Sinorhizobium fredii USDA257 form ineffective nodules with aberrant ultrastructure SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RHIZOBIUM-MELILOTI; AMINO-ACID; HOST-RANGE; DEHYDROGENASE MUTANT; ORGANIC-ACID; ROOT-NODULES; SYM PLASMID; BACTEROIDS; NODULATION; GENES AB The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle plays an important role in generating the energy required by bacteroids to fix atmospheric nitrogen. Citrate synthase is the first enzyme that controls the entry of carbon into the TCA cycle. We cloned and determined the nucleotide sequence of the gltA gene that encodes citrate synthase in Sinorhizobium fredii USDA257, a symbiont of soybeans (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) and several other legumes. The deduced citrate synthase protein has a molecular weight of 48,198 and exhibits sequence similarity to citrate synthases from several bacterial species, including Sinorhizobium meliloti and Rhizobium tropici. Southern blot analysis revealed that the fast-growing S. fredii strains and Rhizobium sp. strain NGR234 contained a single copy of the gene located in the bacterial chromosome. S. fredii USDA257 gltA mutant HBK-CS1, which had no detectable citrate synthase activity, had diminished nodulation capacity and produced ineffective nodules on soybean. Light and electron microscopy observations revealed that the nodules initiated by HBK-CS1 contained very few bacteroids. The infected cells contained large vacuoles and prominent starch grains. Within the vacuoles, membrane structures that appeared to be reminiscent of disintegrating bacteroids were detected. The citrate synthase mutant had altered cell surface characteristics and produced three times more exopolysaccarides than the wild type produced. A plasmid carrying the USDA257 gltA gene, when introduced into HBK-CS1, was able to restore all of the defects mentioned above. Our results demonstrate that a functional citrate synthase gene of S. fredii USDA257 is essential for efficient soybean nodulation and nitrogen fixation. C1 Univ Missouri, Plant Genet Res Unit, USDA ARS, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Agron, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Chonnam Natl Univ, Dept Agr Chem, Agr Plant Stress Res Ctr, Kwangju, South Korea. RP Krishnan, HB (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Plant Genet Res Unit, USDA ARS, 108W Curtis Hall, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 33 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 69 IS 6 BP 3561 EP 3568 DI 10.1128/AEM.69.6.3561-3568.2003 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 752HZ UT WOS:000187156200067 PM 12788763 ER PT J AU Materon, LA Zibilske, LM AF Materon, LA Zibilske, LM TI Remedial inoculation of Rhizobium meliloti strains and nodule occupancy on Medicago rigidula (L.) All. and M-truncatula Gaertn SO APPLIED SOIL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE delayed inoculation; competition; Rhizobium meliloti; Medicago; nitrogen fixation; medic ID DELAYED INOCULATION; COMPETITION; NODULATION; PREFERENCE; FIELD; RAB39 AB Because post-planting inoculation of soil with Rhizobium sp. is often practiced when seed inoculation fails, the potential of delayed (remedial) root inoculation as a feasible agricultural practice for two annual pasture legumes was investigated. Roots of Medicago rigidula International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) sel.716, and Medicago truncatula cv. Jemalong, were pre-exposed to Rhizobium meliloti strains. Subsequently, roots were exposed to a secondary inoculum after 6,48, and 168 h (8 days) to simulate remedial inoculation. Subsequent establishment of the secondary inoculum strains in the nodules was investigated. Combinations of highly effective (capacity for nitrogen fixation) and host compatible strains (ICARDA M15 and M28) for both hosts, and effective-ineffective strains (M28 and M34) for M. rigidula and M. truncatula, respectively, were used to determine the proportional nodule occupancy responses based on their differential resistance to spectinomycin and streptomycin, and in the case of M34, on nodule characteristics. When equal populations of M28 and M15 were applied immediately after inoculation, nodule population differences were not significant in M. rigidula but were significantly greater (P less than or equal to 0.01) for strain M28 in M. truncatula. M. trunculata plants, pre-exposed to M15 and receiving the ineffective M34 strain as a secondary inoculant, showed that predisposition of the plant to accept the primary inoculant was not a factor in nodule occupancy success. Nodule occupancy of the primary inoculant (M15) was suppressed significantly (P less than or equal to 0.01) by M34. This was not the case for all other combinations of effective strains in both legumes. Results indicate that the early events in the nodulation process of annual Medicago spp. coupled with host-specificity factors are perhaps the most critical for competition among R. meliloti strains for nodule occupancy. We conclude that remedial R. meliloti inoculation applied after the seed has been planted and colonized by soil bacteria may be of little benefit to legume growers. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Integrated Farming & Nat Resources Res Unit, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. Univ Texas Pan Amer, Edinburg, TX 78539 USA. RP Zibilske, LM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Integrated Farming & Nat Resources Res Unit, 2413 E Hwy 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 28 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0929-1393 J9 APPL SOIL ECOL JI Appl. Soil Ecol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 23 IS 2 BP 155 EP 163 DI 10.1016/S0929-1393(03)00021-0 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 685ZH UT WOS:000183294600007 ER PT J AU Bosworth, BG Wise, DJ Terhune, JS Wolters, WR AF Bosworth, BG Wise, DJ Terhune, JS Wolters, WR TI Family and genetic group effects for resistance to proliferative gill disease in channel catfish, blue catfish and channel catfishxblue catfish backcross hybrids SO AQUACULTURE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE catfish; proliferative gill disease; resistance AB The severity of gill damage (percentage of gill lamellae with lytic lesions) was determined in juveniles from 10 USDA 103 line channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus full-sib families, 10 channel catfishxblue catfish I. furcatus backcross hybrid (7/8 channel catfish, 1/8 blue catfish) full-sib families and a mixed-family group of blue catfish placed in a commercial catfish pond experiencing proliferative gill disease (PGD)-related fish mortalities. An initial challenge was conducted with all families, and a second challenge was conducted using the two most susceptible (most gill damage) channel catfish and backcross hybrid families and the two most resistant (least gill damage) channel catfish and backcross hybrid families. In the initial challenge, percentage gill damage was not different between channel catfish (12.3%) and backcross hybrids (11.6%), but was lower in blue catfish (0.2%). Mean percentage gill damage in the second challenge was not different among resistant backcross hybrid families (6.9%), resistant channel catfish families (7.6%) and blue catfish (4.8%), but was higher in susceptible backcross hybrid and channel catfish families (19.0% and 11.9% respectively). The correlation among family means for gill damage from challenge 1 and challenge 2 was r = 0.87. Consistent differences between channel catfish and blue catfish and between resistant and susceptible families within genetic groups for gill damage after PGD challenge suggest that there is a genetic component for resistance to PGD and that improving PGD resistance through selection may be possible. C1 ARS, Thad Cochran Natl Warmwater Aquaculture Ctr, USDA, Catfish Genet Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Thad Cochran Natl Warmwater Aquaculture Ctr, Stoneville, MS USA. RP Bosworth, BG (reprint author), ARS, Thad Cochran Natl Warmwater Aquaculture Ctr, USDA, Catfish Genet Res Unit, POB 38, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 10 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1355-557X J9 AQUAC RES JI Aquac. Res. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 34 IS 7 BP 569 EP 573 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2109.2003.00850.x PG 5 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 684EW UT WOS:000183193300008 ER PT J AU Madeira, PT Jacono, CC Tipping, P Van, TK Center, TD AF Madeira, PT Jacono, CC Tipping, P Van, TK Center, TD TI A genetic survey of Salvinia minima in the southern United States SO AQUATIC BOTANY LA English DT Article DE AMOVA; biological control; clonal reproduction; Cyrtobagous salviniae; PCA; polyploidy; RAPD; Salvinia minima; somatic mutation ID GENOTYPIC DIVERSITY; RAPD DATA; MARKERS; CURCULIONIDAE; EVOLUTIONARY; COLEOPTERA; FLORIDA AB The genetic relationships among 68 samples of Salvinia minima (Salviniaceae) were investigated using RAPD analysis. Neighbor joining, principle components, and AMOVA analyses were used to detect differences among geographically referenced samples within and outside of Florida. Genetic distances (Nei and Li) range up to 0.48, although most are under 0.30, still relatively high levels for an introduced, clonally reproducing plant. Despite the diversity AMOVA analysis yielded no indication that the Florida plants, as a group, were significantly different from the plants sampled elsewhere in its adventive, North American range. A single, genetically dissimilar population probably exists in the recent (1998) horticultural introduction to Mississippi. When the samples were grouped into 10 regional (but artificial) units and analyzed using AMOVA the between region variance was only 7.7%. Genetic similarity among these regions may indicate introduction and dispersal from common sources. The reduced aggressiveness of Florida populations (compared to other states) may be due to herbivory. The weevil Cyrtobagous salviniae, a selective feeder, is found in Florida but not other states. The genetic similarity also suggests that there are no obvious genetic obstacles to the establishment or efficacy of C. salviniae as a biological control agent on S. minima outside of Florida. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Invas Plant Res Lab, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. USGS, Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. RP Madeira, PT (reprint author), USDA ARS, Invas Plant Res Lab, 3205 Coll Ave, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. NR 32 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3770 J9 AQUAT BOT JI Aquat. Bot. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 76 IS 2 BP 127 EP 139 DI 10.1016/S0304-3770(03)00036-6 PG 13 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 691BV UT WOS:000183585700004 ER PT J AU Buckner, JS Hagen, MM AF Buckner, JS Hagen, MM TI Triacylglycerol and phospholipid fatty acids of the silverleaf whitefly: Composition and biosynthesis SO ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE silverleaf whitefly; nymph; adult; linoleic acid ID ACYRTHOSIPHON-PISUM HARRIS; LINOLEIC-ACID; TRIALEURODES-VAPORARIORUM; LIPID-COMPOSITION; ADULT WHITEFLIES; BEMISIA-TABACI; PEA APHID; INSECTS; METABOLISM; HOMOPTERA AB The identification and composition of the fatty acids of the major lipid classes (triacylglycerols and phospholipids) within Bemisia orgentifolii Bellows and Perring (Homoptera: Aleyrodidoe) nymphs were determined. Comparisons were made to fatty acids from the internal lipids of B. argentifolii adults. The fatty acids, as ester derivatives, were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography (CGC) and CGC-mass spectrometry (MS). All lipid classes contained variable distributions of eight fatty acids: the saturated fatty acids, myristic acid (14:0), palmitic acid (16:0), stearic acid (18:0), arachidic acid (20:0); the monounsaturated fatty acids, palmitoleic acid (16:1), oleic acid (18:1); the polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid (18:2), linolenic acid (18:3). Fourth instar nymphs had 5-10 times the quantities of fatty acids as compared to third instar nymphs and 1-3 times the quantities from adults. The fatty acid quantity differences between fourth and third instar nymphs were related to their size and weight differences. The percentage compositions for fatty acids from each lipid class were the some for the pooled groups of third and fourth instar nymphs. For nymphs and adults, triacylglycerols were the major source of fatty acids, with 18:1 and 16:0 acids as major components and the majority of the polyunsaturated fatty acids, 18:2 and 18:3 were present in the two phospholipid fractions, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine. Evidence was obtained that whiteflies indeed synthesize linoleic acid and linolenic acid de novo: radiolabel from [2-C-14] acetate was incorporated into 18:2 and 18:3 fatty acids of B. argentifolii adults and CGC-MS of pyrrolidide derivatives established double bonds in the Delta(9,12) and Delta(9,12,15) positions, respectively. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 53:66-79, 2003. Published 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.(dagger). C1 USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Buckner, JS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, 1605 Albrecht Blvd, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 32 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 7 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0739-4462 J9 ARCH INSECT BIOCHEM JI Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 53 IS 2 BP 66 EP 79 DI 10.1002/arch.10086 PG 14 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology GA 683VF UT WOS:000183170600002 PM 12761874 ER PT J AU Hammond, RW AF Hammond, RW TI Phylogeny of isolates of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus from the Ilarvirus ringtest and identification of group-specific features SO ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; COAT PROTEIN; MOLECULAR VARIABILITY; PCR PRODUCTS; RNA; DIFFERENTIATION; POLYMORPHISM; SEROTYPES; MOVEMENT; GENE AB Isolates of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV) were examined to establish the level of naturally occurring sequence variation in the coat protein (CP) gene and to identify group-specific genome features that may prove valuable for the generation of diagnostic reagents. Phylogenetic analysis of a 452 by sequence of 68 virus isolates, 20 obtained from the European Union Ilarvirus Ringtest held in October 1998, confirmed the clustering of the isolates into three distinct groups. Although no correlation was found between the sequence and host or geographic origin, there was a general trend for severe isolates to cluster into one group. Group-specific features have been identified for discrimination between virus strains. C1 USDA, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Hammond, RW (reprint author), USDA, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 28 TC 21 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0304-8608 J9 ARCH VIROL JI Arch. Virol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 148 IS 6 BP 1195 EP 1210 DI 10.1007/s00705-003-0013-0 PG 16 WC Virology SC Virology GA 693MZ UT WOS:000183722500013 PM 12756624 ER PT J AU Kara, PD Afonso, CL Wallace, DB Kutish, GF Abolnik, C Lu, Z Vreede, FT Taljaard, LCF Zsak, A Viljoen, GJ Rock, DL AF Kara, PD Afonso, CL Wallace, DB Kutish, GF Abolnik, C Lu, Z Vreede, FT Taljaard, LCF Zsak, A Viljoen, GJ Rock, DL TI Comparative sequence analysis of the South African vaccine strain and two virulent field isolates of Lumpy skin disease virus SO ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID RNA CAPPING ENZYME; BROAD SPECIES-SPECIFICITY; URACIL-DNA GLYCOSYLASE; HAMSTER OVARY CELLS; IFN-GAMMA RECEPTOR; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; MYXOMA VIRUS; INTERFERON RECEPTOR; MUTATIONAL ANALYSIS; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION AB The genomic sequences of 3 strains of Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) (Neethling type) were compared to determine molecular differences, viz. the South African vaccine strain (LW), a virulent field-strain from a recent outbreak in South Africa (LD), and the virulent Kenyan 2490 strain (LK). A comparison between the virulent field isolates indicates that in 29 of the 156 putative genes, only 38 encoded amino acid differences were found, mostly in the variable terminal regions. When the attenuated vaccine strain (LW) was compared with field isolate LD, a total of 438 amino acid substitutions were observed. These were also mainly in the terminal regions, but with notably more frameshifts leading to truncated ORFs as well as deletions and insertions. These modified ORFs encode proteins involved in the regulation of host immune responses, gene expression, DNA repair, host-range specificity and proteins with unassigned functions. We suggest that these differences could lead to restricted immuno-evasive mechanisms and virulence factors present in attenuated LSDV strains. Further studies to determine the functions of the relevant encoded gene products will hopefully confirm this assumption. The molecular design of an improved LSDV vaccine is likely to be based on the strategic manipulation of such genes. C1 Onderstepoort Vet Inst, Div Biotechnol, ZA-0110 Onderstepoort, South Africa. ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Greenport, NY USA. IGBMC, Illkirch Graffenstaden, France. RP Viljoen, GJ (reprint author), Onderstepoort Vet Inst, Div Biotechnol, Private Bag X5, ZA-0110 Onderstepoort, South Africa. RI Abolnik, Celia/N-9324-2014; OI Vreede, Frank/0000-0001-9935-2337 NR 70 TC 23 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0304-8608 J9 ARCH VIROL JI Arch. Virol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 148 IS 7 BP 1335 EP 1356 DI 10.1007/s00705-003-0102-0 PG 22 WC Virology SC Virology GA 694MZ UT WOS:000183779500006 PM 12827464 ER PT J AU Roadman, MJ Scudlark, JR Meisinger, JJ Ullman, WJ AF Roadman, MJ Scudlark, JR Meisinger, JJ Ullman, WJ TI Validation of Ogawa passive samplers for the determination of gaseous ammonia concentrations in agricultural settings SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE atmospheric nitrogen; agricultural emissions; nitrogen budget; gas sampling ID ATMOSPHERIC AMMONIA; EMISSIONS; DEPOSITION; NITROGEN; UK; AMBIENT; AIR; TRANSPORT; INVENTORY; BUILDINGS AB The Ogawa passive sampler (Ogawa USA, Pompano Beach, Florida) is a useful tool for monitoring atmospheric ammonia (NH3(g)) concentrations and assessing the effects of agricultural waste management practices on NH3(g) emissions. The Ogawa sampler, with filter-discs impregnated with citric acid, was used to trap and determine NH3(g) concentrations in a variety of agricultural settings. A wide range of NH3(g) concentrations can be monitored by varying the sampler exposure time, provided that no more than similar to 10 mug of NH3-N are adsorbed on the acid-coated filters. Concentrations less than 1 mug NH3-N m(-3) can be detected using long deployments (less than or equal to 14 days), while concentrations as great as 10 mg NH3-N m(-3) may be determined in very short (e.g. 5 min) deployments. Reproducibility ranged from 5% to 10% over the range of concentrations studied and passive determinations of NH3(g) were similar to those determined using dilute-acid gas scrubbers. Background levels of NH3(g) at a non-agricultural site in southern Delaware were typically < 1 mug NH3-N m(-3). The air entering a chicken house was 10 mug NH3-N m(-3), reflecting the background levels in agricultural settings in this region. Within the house, concentrations less than or equal to 8.5 mg NH3-N m(-3) were observed, reflecting the high rates of NH3(g) emission from chicken excreta. Using measured NH3(g) concentrations and poultry house ventilation rates, we estimate that each broiler grown to production size over 6 weeks contributes approximately 19 +/- 3 g of NH3-N to the atmosphere, a value consistent with other published results. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Delaware, Coll Marine Studies, Lewes, DE 19958 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Ullman, WJ (reprint author), Univ Delaware, Coll Marine Studies, 700 Pilottown Rd, Lewes, DE 19958 USA. NR 42 TC 71 Z9 72 U1 4 U2 18 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 37 IS 17 BP 2317 EP 2325 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00163-8 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 678WF UT WOS:000182889100002 ER PT J AU Lee, EH Tingey, DT Hogsett, WE Laurence, JA AF Lee, EH Tingey, DT Hogsett, WE Laurence, JA TI History of tropospheric ozone for the San Bernardino Mountains of Southern California, 1963-1999 SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE ozone trends; photochemical oxidants; air pollution; Southern California; San Bernardino Mountains ID POLLUTION MODELING SYSTEM; REGIONAL SCALES; URBAN AB A historical database of hourly O-3 concentrations for Crestline, California in 1963-1999 has been developed based on all relevant oxidant/ozone monitoring data taken since 1963. All data were obtained from the California Air Resources Board and the US Department of Agriculture Forest Service and have been standardized to be comparable to the current UV photometry calibration basis. A rigorous statistical analysis was performed to integrate these data with differing accuracies, reliabilities and representativeness of the study site into a temporally consistent research-quality data set for Crestline, California. Records of O-3 monitoring on a long-term consistent basis provide much needed information to better understand the chronic effects of pollutants on sensitive species. The database provides valuable information on the changing ambient air quality conditions in the San Bernardino Mountains of Southern California due initially to increases in population and vehicle usage and subsequently due to decreases in O-3 precursors from the implementation of more effective emission control strategies beginning in the late 1970s. An Excel spreadsheet containing the hourly O-3 concentrations for Crestline in 1963-1999 can be accessed at http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/ models.htm. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Lee, EH (reprint author), US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 23 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 37 IS 19 BP 2705 EP 2717 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00203-6 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 687CV UT WOS:000183359000012 ER PT J AU Gould, JR AF Gould, JR TI Comparing four methods of augmentative release of Eretmocerus nr. emiratus against Bemisia argentifolii SO BIOCONTROL LA English DT Article DE Aleyrodidae; Aphelinidae; augmentation; dispersal; Hemiptera; Hymenoptera; percent emergence; release methods ID ENCARSIA-FORMOSA HYMENOPTERA; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; EREMICUS HYMENOPTERA; INUNDATIVE RELEASES; WHITEFLY HOMOPTERA; ALEYRODIDAE; APHELINIDAE; POINSETTIA; TABACI; PARASITOIDS AB Four methods were tested for release of Eretmocerus nr. emiratus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) against the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), in cotton and melons. Ten thousand parasitoids were released in 0.1 ha plots as follows: (1) as adults in each of the four quadrants of the plot, (2) as pupae in gel-caps affixed to the undersides of leaves in the center of each of four quadrants, (3) at the center of the plot in shaded paper cups, and (4) to simulate release from a drop-box. Survival after 3 d, dispersal, mating success, sex-ratio, cost, and delivery speed were compared among the four methods. Significantly more parasitoids were recovered after 3 d when parasitoids were released using the paper cup method, however, few parasitoids were captured outside the area directly adjacent to the release point. More parasitoids were recaptured near the release points with the gel-cap and adult release methods, but because there were four release points per plot, the distribution was more uniform. Few parasitoids were recovered when parasitoids were released using a simulated drop-box method. Although the sex-ratio of released parasitoids was +/- 70% males, more than 30% of the recovered parasitoids were female. In melons, where the density of whiteflies was more than 20 times as great as in cotton, the sex-ratio of recaptured parasitoids was greater than 70% females for all treatments. The most expensive release method was the drop-box at $38.79 per ha, followed by $13.02 for adults, $7.62 for gel-caps, and $3.31 for the paper cups. The gel-cap method was superior in providing a much more even distribution of individuals throughout the field, especially in melons, but considerable time was necessary to prepare the gel-caps for release. Of the four release methods tested, releasing parasitoids in paper cups resulted in higher numbers recaptured, a low cost, and rapid delivery speed. Because E. nr. emiratus does not disperse far from the release point, however, a greater number of release points with fewer parasitoids per point should provide a more even distribution of parasitoids throughout the release field. C1 USDA, Otis Plant Protect Ctr, APHIS, Otis ANGB, MA 02542 USA. RP Gould, JR (reprint author), USDA, Otis Plant Protect Ctr, APHIS, Bldg 1398, Otis ANGB, MA 02542 USA. NR 40 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1386-6141 J9 BIOCONTROL JI Biocontrol PD JUN PY 2003 VL 48 IS 3 BP 241 EP 259 DI 10.1023/A:1023634620362 PG 19 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 673YG UT WOS:000182608200001 ER PT J AU Wang, XG Messing, RH Bautista, RC AF Wang, XG Messing, RH Bautista, RC TI Competitive superiority of early acting species: A case study of opiine fruit fly parasitoids SO BIOCONTROL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biological control; competitive superiority; Diachasmimorpha longicaudata; Fopius arisanus; interspecific competition; koinobiont parasitoids; tephritid fruit flies ID DIACHASMIMORPHA-LONGICAUDATA HYMENOPTERA; PHYSIOLOGICAL SUPPRESSION; BIOSTERES-LONGICAUDATUS; CERATITIS-CAPITATA; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; FLIES DIPTERA; TEPHRITIDAE; BRACONIDAE; KAUAI; SUPERPARASITISM AB Koinobiont parasitoids that attack an early host stage may have an advantage in suppressing competing parasitoids that attack later stages of the same host. We examined the competitive interaction between the two most important parasitoids of tephritid fruitflies in Hawaii, Fopius arisanus (Sonan), and Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). The former species attacks host eggs while the latter attacks host larvae, and both species emerge as adults from the host puparia. F arisanus physiologically suppressed egg development of D. longicaudata. Over 90% of D. longicaudata eggs died in the presence of F arisanus larvae within host larvae of either the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) or the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel). D. longicaudata appeared not to discriminate against hosts previously parasitized by E arisanus. The mechanism that E arisanus uses to eliminate D. longicaudata is similar to that which it employs to eliminate five other larval fruitfly parasitoids so far reported in Hawaii. This suggests that there is a broad competitive superiority of the early acting species in fruit fly parasitoids. We discuss the implication of this in relation to future biological control introductions against tephritid fruit flies. C1 Univ Hawaii, Coll Trop Agr & Human Resources, Kapaa, HI 96746 USA. ARS, Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Wang, XG (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Coll Trop Agr & Human Resources, 7370 Kuamoo Rd, Kapaa, HI 96746 USA. NR 47 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 17 PU CARFAX PUBLISHING PI BASINGSTOKE PA RANKINE RD, BASINGSTOKE RG24 8PR, HANTS, ENGLAND SN 0958-3157 J9 BIOCONTROL SCI TECHN JI Biocontrol Sci. Technol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 13 IS 4 BP 391 EP 402 DI 10.1080/0958315031000104514 PG 12 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 700XA UT WOS:000184135400002 ER PT J AU Brown, S Chaney, R AF Brown, S Chaney, R TI Biosolids compost reduces lead bioavailability in urban soils SO BIOCYCLE LA English DT Article C1 Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. USDA ARS, Anim Manure & By Prod Lab, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Brown, S (reprint author), Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 2 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU JG PRESS, INC PI EMMAUS PA 419 STATE AVE, EMMAUS, PA 18049 USA SN 0276-5055 J9 BIOCYCLE JI Biocycle PD JUN PY 2003 VL 44 IS 6 BP 20 EP 24 PG 5 WC Ecology; Soil Science SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture GA 691UZ UT WOS:000183625400021 ER PT J AU Richter, SC Young, JE Johnson, GN Seigel, RA AF Richter, SC Young, JE Johnson, GN Seigel, RA TI Stochastic variation in reproductive success of a rare frog, Rana sevosa: implications for conservation and for monitoring amphibian populations SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE variation in reproduction; population viability; egg mass counts; monitoring; reproductive success; amphibian; anuran; ranidae ID GOPHER FROG; AMBYSTOMA-MACULATUM; NATURAL MORTALITY; SURVIVAL; CAPITO; DYNAMICS; DECLINES; METAMORPHOSIS; IMPACTS; ECOLOGY AB Although amphibian populations are thought to be declining in many parts of the world, detailed information on populations in decline are often not available. From 1988 to 2001, we studied temporal variation in the reproductive biology of the only known population of dusky gopher frogs, Rana sevosa Goin and Netting. We found high annual variation in reproductive effort, mortality at the egg and larval stages, and hydroperiod length. No overall trends were apparent in terms of either number of egg masses deposited or in reproductive success, as we found extensive variation among years in the number of egg masses deposited, a high rate of reproductive failure, and no consistent relationship between the number of females present, the number of eggs deposited, and the number of metamorphs emerging. Given the complete isolation of this population from other gopher frogs and the high rate of reproductive failure, the probability of extinction of this population appears to be quite high (0.125-0.316). (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 SE Louisiana Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Hammond, LA 70402 USA. Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, So Inst Forest Genet, Saucier, MS 39574 USA. RP Richter, SC (reprint author), Okayama Univ, Dept Zool, 2401 Chautauqua, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM richter@ou.edu NR 33 TC 41 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 111 IS 2 BP 171 EP 177 AR PII S0006-3207(02)00260-4 DI 10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00260-4 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 660EW UT WOS:000181821700006 ER PT J AU Lewis, PA DeLoach, CJ Knutson, AE Tracy, JL Robbins, TO AF Lewis, PA DeLoach, CJ Knutson, AE Tracy, JL Robbins, TO TI Biology of Diorhabda elongata deserticola (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae), an Asian leaf beetle for biological control of saltcedars (Tamarix spp.) in the United States SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE Diorhabda elongata deserticola; Chrysomelidae; biocontrol of weeds; invasive plants; Tamarix; reproductive biology; degree-days; diapause AB Adults and larvae of Diorhabda elongata Brulle subspecies deserticola Chen feed on the foliage of saltcedars (Tamarix spp.). All three instars are black, the 2nd with an indistinct, and the 3rd with a distinct yellowish lateral stripe; full-grown larvae reach ca. 9 mm in length and pupate in cells in litter on the ground or a few cm below the soil surface. Adults are yellowish with two dark brown stripes on each elytron. Duration of the egg averaged 5 days, 1st instar 4.9 days, 2nd instar 4.8 days, 3rd instar 7.4 days, prepupa 4.8 days, and pupa 7.1 days at 24.1 degreesC. Preoviposition averaged 3.9 days and an average female oviposited over a 12-day period and laid 194 eggs. Degree-day accumulations for development were 234.2 for the three larval instars and 91.3 for the pupa above a developmental threshold of 12.5degreesC. Net reproductive rate (R(0)) in the laboratory at 28.6degreesC and on the best Tamarix accession was calculated at 88, generation time at 37 days, and innate capacity of increase (r(m)) at 0.112, giving a population doubling time of 6.2 days. In field cages in Colorado, Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, and California, overwintering adults emerged from late April to early May. Adults of the first generation emerged in early to mid-July, and 2nd generation adults emerged from mid-August to early September and overwintered. High populations of larvae developing in field cages caused defoliation, dieback, and sometimes death of the Tamarty trees. At the three study sites in Texas, maximum daylength was 14h 21 min and larvae exposed to these conditions produced adults in reproductive diapause early in the season and subsequently failed to overwinter. North of 38degrees latitude in the United States, populations of D. e. deserticola originating from Fukang, China and Chilik, Kazakhstan are active throughout the growing season, successfully overwinter, and are potentially a highly effective control agent for saltcedar. Published by Elsevier Science (USA). C1 USDA ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, Temple, TX 76502 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Res & Extens Ctr, Dallas, TX 75252 USA. RP Lewis, PA (reprint author), US Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Pest Survey, Detect & Exclus Lab, Otis ANGB, MA 02542 USA. EM phillip.a.lewis@aphis.usda.gov NR 39 TC 54 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD JUN PY 2003 VL 27 IS 2 BP 101 EP 116 DI 10.1016/S1049-9644(03)00002-1 PG 16 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 677CP UT WOS:000182789600001 ER PT J AU DeLoach, CJ Lewis, PA Herr, JC Carruthers, RI Tracy, JL Johnson, J AF DeLoach, CJ Lewis, PA Herr, JC Carruthers, RI Tracy, JL Johnson, J TI Host specificity of the leaf beetle, Diorhabda elongata deserticola (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) from Asia, a biological control agent for saltcedars (Tainarix : Tamaricaceae) in the Western United States SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE Diorhabda elongata deserticola; weeds; biological control weeds; host range; saltcedar; Tamarix; riparian ecosystems ID WEEDS; INVASION; SELECTION; INSECTS AB Four species of saitcedars, Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb., Tamarix chinensis Lour., Tamarix parviflora DC., and T canariensis Willd. and their hybrids, are exotic, invasive small trees from Asia that cause great damage to riparian ecosystems of the western United States. They displace native plant communities, degrade wildlife habitat (including that of many endangered species), increase soil salinity and wildfires, lower water tables, reduce water available for agriculture and municipalities, and reduce recreational use of affected areas. Phytophagous insects are abundant on saltcedar in the Old World and we selected Diorhabda elongata Brulle deserticola Chen as the top candidate biological control agent because of the great damage it causes, and its high host specificity, broad geographic range, and presumed adaptability in the United States. Literature review and our overseas surveys indicated that this insect is associated only with species of Tamarix and occasionally with Myricaria but not with Reumaria or Frankenia (all Tamaricales) in the Old World. In quarantine facilities in the United States, and overseas, we tested beetles from China and Kazakhstan on six species and three hybrids (26 accessions) of Tamarix and on 58 species of other plants, in 15 tests of different types, using 1852 adults and 3547 larvae, over 10 years. Survival from larvae to adults averaged 55-67% on the Tamarit species, 12% on Myricaria sp., and only 1.6% on the three Frankenia spp. No larvae completed their development on any of the other 54 plant species tested, where most larvae died during the first instar. Adults oviposited readily on T ramosissima accessions, less on Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karst. (athel), and only rarely on other plants. The host range of the D. e. deserticola we tested from Kazakhstan was not different from those we tested from China. Therefore, D. e. deserticola, is sufficiently host-specific and was approved for field release in North America. This is the first biological control agent introduced into the United States for control of saltcedar. Published by Elsevier Science (USA). C1 USDA ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, Temple, TX 76502 USA. USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Exot & Invas Weed Res Unit, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP DeLoach, CJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, 808 E Blackland Rd, Temple, TX 76502 USA. EM jdeloach@spa.ars.usda.gov NR 98 TC 65 Z9 68 U1 2 U2 14 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD JUN PY 2003 VL 27 IS 2 BP 117 EP 147 DI 10.1016/S1049-9644(03)00003-3 PG 31 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 677CP UT WOS:000182789600002 ER PT J AU Lewis, PA DeLoach, CJ Herr, JC Dudley, TL Carruthers, RI AF Lewis, PA DeLoach, CJ Herr, JC Dudley, TL Carruthers, RI TI Assessment of risk to native Frankenia shrubs from an Asian leaf beetle, Diorhabda elongata deserticola (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae), introduced for biological control of saltcedars (Tamarix spp.) in the western United States SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE Diorhabda elongata deserticola; saltcedar; Frankenia; Tamarix; weeds; classical biocontrol; insect host range; biocontrol nontarget impacts; riparian ecosystems AB Exotic, saltcedars, Tamarix spp. (Tamaricaceae: Tamaricales) from Central Asia and the Mediterranean area, have invaded much of the western United States. where they degrade natural riparian areas, reduce water supplies, and interfere with agriculture and recreation. The major taxa are Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb., Tametrix chinensis Lour., and hybrids with these and Tamarix canariensis Willd. throughout much of the West, and Tamarix parviflora DC. in parts of California. The biology and host range of the leaf beetle, Diorhabda elongata Brulle subspecies deserticola Chen from Central Asia, indicate that it is a safe and potentially effective biological control agent. Here we report that species of the somewhat related native North American shrubs, Frankenia spp. (Frankeniaceae: Tamaricales), appear to be at little risk from the introduction of Diorhabda elongata deserticola, In laboratory, greenhouse, and outdoor capes at Temple, Texas and Albany. California, 0-27%, of larvae were able to complete their development on four North American species of Frankenia compared to 53-56%, on Tamarix host species, depending on the species tested and the growing conditions of the plants. However, adults were not attracted to, did not feed upon, and rarely laid eggs on Frankenia spp. Forced closer contact with Frankenia in smaller cages and even removing all Tamarix host plants did not increase adult selection of Frankenia plants nor ovtposition on them. Adults from larvae reared on Frankenia did not show adaptation to nor increased utilization of the plant,, compared to those reared on Tamarix. D. e. deserticola, therefore, appears sufficiently host-specific for field release in North America. Published by Elsevier Science (USA). C1 USDA ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, Temple, TX 76502 USA. USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Exot & Invas Weed Res Unit, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Environm & Resource Sci, Reno, NV 89512 USA. RP Lewis, PA (reprint author), US Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Pest Survey, Detect & Exclus Lab, Bldg 1398, Otis ANGB, MA 02542 USA. NR 14 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD JUN PY 2003 VL 27 IS 2 BP 148 EP 166 DI 10.1016/S1049-9644(03)00004-5 PG 19 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 677CP UT WOS:000182789600003 ER PT J AU Yokoi, K Uthus, EO Nielsen, FH AF Yokoi, K Uthus, EO Nielsen, FH TI Nickel deficiency diminishes sperm quantity and movement in rats SO BIOLOGICAL TRACE ELEMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Experimental Biology 2001 Annual Meeting CY MAR 31-APR 04, 2001 CL ORLANDO, FLORIDA SP Amer Soc Nutr Sci DE nickel; sodium chloride; L-NAME; spermatozoa; reproduction; trace elements ID NUCLEOTIDE-GATED CHANNEL; NITRIC-OXIDE SYNTHESIS; FUNCTIONAL EXPRESSION; CATION CHANNEL; SYNTHESIS INHIBITION; NATRIURETIC-PEPTIDE; RETINAL RODS; CGMP; TESTIS; CELLS AB Early studies on nickel essentiality with rats and goats indicated that nickel deprivation impaired reproductive performance. Nickel also has been found to influence cyclic nucleotide gated channels (CNG); these types of channels are important in sperm physiology. Thus, two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that nickel deficiency affects sperm physiology in a manner consistent with nickel having an essential function related to CNG channel functions. The experiments were factorially arranged with four treatment groups of eight weanling rats in each. In experiment 1, the treatments were supplemental dietary nickel of 0 and 1 mg/kg and N-omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor) added to the drinking water (50 mg/100 mL) the last 3 wk of an 8-wk experiment. In experiment 2, the treatments were supplemental dietary nickel at 0 and 1 mg/kg and supplemental dietary sodium chloride (NaCl) at 0 and 80 g/kg. The NaCl and L-NAME variables were included to act as stressors affecting CNG channel activity. The basal diet contained per kilogram about 27 mug of nickel and 1 g of sodium. After 8 wk in experiment 1 and 16 wk in experiment 2, urine while fasting and testes and epididymis in both experiments, and seminal vesicles and prostates in experiment 2 were harvested for analysis. Nickel deprivation significantly decreased spermatozoa motility and density in the epididymides, epididymal transit time of spermatozoa, and testes sperm production rate. Nickel deficiency also significantly decreased the weights of the seminal vesicles and prostate glands. Excessive NaCl had no effect on sperm physiology; however, it decreased prostate gland weights. The findings support the hypothesis that nickel has an essential function that possibly could affect reproductive performance in higher animals, perhaps through affecting a CNG channel function. C1 ARS, USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Nielsen, FH (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 36 TC 84 Z9 90 U1 1 U2 4 PU HUMANA PRESS INC PI TOTOWA PA 999 RIVERVIEW DRIVE SUITE 208, TOTOWA, NJ 07512 USA SN 0163-4984 J9 BIOL TRACE ELEM RES JI Biol. Trace Elem. Res. PD SUM PY 2003 VL 93 IS 1-3 BP 141 EP 153 DI 10.1385/BTER:93:1-3:141 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 699XQ UT WOS:000184082600015 PM 12835498 ER PT J AU Fulton, RW Ridpath, JF Confer, AW Saliki, JT Burge, LJ Payton, ME AF Fulton, RW Ridpath, JF Confer, AW Saliki, JT Burge, LJ Payton, ME TI Bovine viral diarrhoea virus antigenic diversity: impact on disease and vaccination programmes SO BIOLOGICALS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Detecting and Controlling Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Infections CY APR 04, 2002 CL AMES, IOWA ID NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODIES; CATTLE; TYPE-1; INFECTION; BVDV; 1B AB Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infections in cattle are associated with a variety or "diverse" clinical forms. These include digestive tract, respiratory, foetal (varied, dependent on foetal age), haemorrhagic and systemic diseases such as mucosal disease, and immunosuppression and inapparent infections. The BVDV isolates themselves are "diverse" with genotype differences based on nucleotide sequences, antigenic variability and biotypes (presence or absence of cytopathology in cell culture). Two predominant genotypes are present in the US, BVDV1 and BVDV2. There are subtypes of BVDV1, namely BVDV1a and BVDV1b. Examination of BVDV isolates from cattle derived from diagnostic laboratory submissions indicates that BVDV1b subtype isolates were as prevalent if not more prevalent than BVDV1a isolates. There was an almost equal distribution of BVDV1b and BVDV1a isolates from cattle with history of respiratory disease, and more isolates, 6 versus 2, of BVDV1b than for BVDV1a in necropsy cases of pneumonia. There were significant antibody titre differences in sera from calves receiving modified live virus vaccines containing BVDV1a, with the BVDV1b antibody titres being significantly lower. A survey of the US licensed and marketed BVDV vaccines indicates that only one vaccine contains BVDV1b with the others containing BVDV1a or undesignated BVDV1. (C) 2003 The International Association for Biologicals. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Oklahoma Anim Dis Diagnost Lab, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Stat, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Fulton, RW (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, Room 250 Vet Med, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. NR 15 TC 69 Z9 72 U1 2 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1045-1056 J9 BIOLOGICALS JI Biologicals PD JUN PY 2003 VL 31 IS 2 BP 89 EP 95 DI 10.1016/S1045-1056(03)00021-6 PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 687BF UT WOS:000183355400002 PM 12770537 ER PT J AU Neill, JD Ridpath, JF AF Neill, JD Ridpath, JF TI Gene expression changes in BVDV2-infected MDBK cells SO BIOLOGICALS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Detecting and Controlling Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Infections CY APR 04, 2002 CL AMES, IOWA DE functional genomics; serial analysis of gene expression; virus/host interactions ID BOVINE VIRAL DIARRHEA; SERIAL ANALYSIS; OLIGONUCLEOTIDE ARRAYS; HUMAN CYTOMEGALOVIRUS; VIRUS-INFECTION; HIV-1 INFECTION; DAIRY-HERD; CALVES; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; IDENTIFICATION AB Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is a ubiquitous viral pathogen of cattle. The virus exists as one of two biotypes, cytopathic and non-cytopathic, based on the ability to induce cytopathic effect in cell culture. The non-cytopathic biotypes are able to establish non-apparent, persistent infections in both cell culture and in bovine foetuses of fewer than 150 days gestation. The mechanism by which viral tolerance is established is unknown. To examine the changes in gene expression that occur following infection of host cells with BVDV, serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE), a global gene expression technology was used. SAGE, a sequence-based technology, allows quantification of virtually every transcript in a cell type without prior sequence information. Transcript expression levels and identities are determined by DNA sequencing of libraries composed of 14 base DNA fragments (tags) derived from the 3' end of each cellular mRNA transcript. Comparison of data obtained from non-infected and BVDV2-infected cell libraries revealed a number of changes in gene expression. Many of these transcriptional changes could be placed into distinct biochemical pathways or functions. Both alpha and beta tubulins were downregulated, indicating possible dysfunction in cell division and other functions where microtubules play a major role. Expression of several genes encoding proteins involved in energy metabolism were downregulated, indicating possible decreased ATP synthesis. Genes encoding proteins involved in protein translation and post-translational modifications were generally upregulated. These data indicate that following infection with BVDV, changes in gene expression occur that are beneficial for virus replication while placing the cell at a metabolic disadvantage. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of The International Association for Biologicals. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Neill, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, 2300 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 32 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1045-1056 J9 BIOLOGICALS JI Biologicals PD JUN PY 2003 VL 31 IS 2 BP 97 EP 102 DI 10.1016/S1045-1056(03)00022-8 PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 687BF UT WOS:000183355400003 PM 12770538 ER PT J AU Liebler-Tenorio, EM Ridpath, JF Nei, JD AF Liebler-Tenorio, EM Ridpath, JF Nei, JD TI Lesions and tissue distribution of viral antigen in severe acute versus subclinical acute infection with BVDV2 SO BIOLOGICALS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Detecting and Controlling Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Infections CY APR 04, 2002 CL AMES, IOWA DE BVDV2; cattle; immunohistology; lesions ID VIRUS DIARRHEA VIRUS; SEVERE DISEASE; BOVINE; CALVES; CATTLE AB Differences in the distribution and spread of viral antigen, development of lesions and correlation between presence of viral antigen and lesions were compared between a low and highly virulent strain of BVDV2. Two groups of two-week- to two-month-old colostrum-deprived calves were inoculated intranasally with the naturally occurring low virulent BVDV2 strain 28508-5 or the highly virulent strain 1373. To study the sequence of virus spread and lesion development, calves were necropsied at days three, six, eight-nine and 12 to 14 post inoculation (pi). Viral antigen was detected by the indirect immunoperoxidase method in cryostat sections and lesions were evaluated in H&E-stained paraffin sections. Clinical signs and changes in lymphocyte and thrombocyte numbers confirmed the difference in virulence between the two strains. Both strains showed comparable initial infection and spread at day three pi. At day six pi, they were found widespread in lymphoid tissues and multifocally in intestinal mucosa. Lesions were very mild despite the large amount of antigen in the lymphoid tissues. After day six pi, differences between the low and highly virulent strains became more prominent. The strain of low virulence was cleared from the tissues, but there was a transient phase of depletion. The highly virulent strain continued to spread to different organs and there was severe depletion of lymphoid tissues without recovery. (C) 2003 The International Association for Biologicals. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Tierarztlichen Hsch Hannover, Inst Pathol, D-30559 Hannover, Germany. USDA ARS, NADC, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Liebler-Tenorio, EM (reprint author), Tierarztlichen Hsch Hannover, Inst Pathol, Buenteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany. NR 15 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1045-1056 J9 BIOLOGICALS JI Biologicals PD JUN PY 2003 VL 31 IS 2 BP 119 EP 122 DI 10.1016/S1045-1056(03)00026-5 PG 4 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 687BF UT WOS:000183355400007 PM 12770542 ER PT J AU Endsley, JJ Roth, JA Ridpath, J Neill, J AF Endsley, JJ Roth, JA Ridpath, J Neill, J TI Maternal antibody blocks humoral but not T cell responses to BVDV SO BIOLOGICALS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Detecting and Controlling Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Infections CY APR 04, 2002 CL AMES, IOWA DE BVDV; T lymphocyte subsets; maternal antibody; vaccination ID RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS; YOUNG CALVES; VACCINE AB Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) contributes significantly to health-related economic losses in the beef and dairy industry. Antibodies of maternal origin can be protective against BVDV infection, however, calves with low titres of maternal antibody or that do not receive colostrum may be at risk for acute BVDV infection. Interference by high titres of maternal antibodies prevents the development of an antibody response following vaccination with either a killed or attenuated BVDV vaccine. However, the T cell mediated immune response to BVDV may be generated in the absence of a detectable serum neutralizing antibody response. Two trials were conducted to evaluate the potential to elicit T cell mediated immune responses to BVDV in calves with circulating maternal antibody to BVDV. In the first trial, calves with high levels of circulating maternal antibody to BVDV 1 and BVDV 2 were experimentally infected with BVDV 2 (strain 1373) at two to five weeks of age. The T-cell mediated immune responses of the experimentally infected calves and non-infected calves were monitored monthly until circulating maternal antibody was no longer detectable in either treatment group. Calves experimentally infected with BVDV developed BVDV specific CD4(+), CD8(+) and delta T cell responses while high levels of maternal antibody were circulating. A second challenge with BVDV 2 (strain 1373) was performed in the experimentally infected and control calves once maternal antibody could no longer be detected. Previous exposure to BVDV in the presence of maternal antibody protected calves from clinical signs of acute BVDV infection compared to the control calves. In the second trial, three groups of calves with circulating maternal antibody to BVDV were given either a modified live vaccine (MLV) containing BVDV 1 and BVDV 2, a killed vaccine containing BVDV 1 and BVDV 2, or no vaccine, at seven weeks of age. Serum neutralizing antibody levels and antigen specific T cell responses were monitored for 14 weeks following vaccination. Calves vaccinated with MLV BVDV developed BVDV 1 and BVDV 2 specific CD4(+) T cell responses, and BVDV 2 specific gammadelta T cell responses, in the presence of maternal antibody. Vaccination with killed BVDV did not result in the generation of measurable antigen specific T cell immune responses. In this trial, a second vaccination was performed at 14 weeks to determine whether an anamnestic antibody response could be generated when calves were vaccinated in the presence of maternal antibody. Calves vaccinated with either a MLV or killed BVDV vaccine while they had maternal antibody developed an anamnestic antibody response to BVDV 2 upon subsequent vaccination. The results of these trials indicate that vaccinating young calves against BVD while maternal antibody is present may generate BVDV specific memory T and B cells. The data also demonstrated that seronegative calves with memory T and B cells specific for BVDV may be immune to, challenge with virulent BVDV. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of The International Association for Biologicals. C1 Iowa State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Microbiol & Prevent Med, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Vet Pathobiol, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Roth, JA (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Microbiol & Prevent Med, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RI Roth, James/A-7122-2009 OI Roth, James/0000-0003-3562-668X NR 9 TC 62 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1045-1056 J9 BIOLOGICALS JI Biologicals PD JUN PY 2003 VL 31 IS 2 BP 123 EP 125 DI 10.1016/S1045-1056(03)00027-7 PG 3 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 687BF UT WOS:000183355400008 PM 12770543 ER PT J AU Ridpath, JF AF Ridpath, JF TI BVDV genotypes and biotypes: practical implications for diagnosis and control SO BIOLOGICALS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Detecting and Controlling Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Infections CY APR 04, 2002 CL AMES, IOWA ID BOVINE VIRAL DIARRHEA; CROSS-NEUTRALIZATION ASSAYS; SWINE FEVER VIRUS; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; MUCOSAL-DISEASE; ANTIGENIC CHARACTERIZATION; GENOMIC SEQUENCE; PESTIVIRUSES; CALVES; VACCINES C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Virus & Prion Dis Livestock Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Ridpath, JF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Virus & Prion Dis Livestock Res Unit, B-11,2300 Dayton Ave,POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 48 TC 44 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1045-1056 J9 BIOLOGICALS JI Biologicals PD JUN PY 2003 VL 31 IS 2 BP 127 EP 131 DI 10.1016/S1045-1056(03)00028-9 PG 5 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 687BF UT WOS:000183355400009 PM 12770544 ER PT J AU Wang, S Tang, J Johnson, JA Mitcham, E Hansen, JD Hallman, G Drake, SR Wang, Y AF Wang, S Tang, J Johnson, JA Mitcham, E Hansen, JD Hallman, G Drake, SR Wang, Y TI Dielectric properties of fruits and insect pests as related to radio frequency and microwave treatments SO BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID IN-SHELL WALNUTS; CODLING MOTH; AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS; FOOD MATERIALS; COAXIAL PROBE; 3 GHZ; TEMPERATURE; ENERGY; VEGETABLES; CHERRIES AB Information on dielectric properties of commodities and insect pests is needed in developing thermal treatments for postharvest insect control based on radio frequency (RF) and microwave energy. Dielectric properties of six commodities along with four associated insect pests were measured between 1 and 1800 MHz using an open-ended coaxial-line probe technique and at temperatures between 20 and 60degreesC. The dielectric loss factor of fresh fruits and insects decreased with increasing frequency at constant temperatures. The loss factor of fresh fruits and insects increased almost linearly with increasing temperature at 27 MHz radio frequency, but remained nearly constant at 915 MHz microwave frequency. Both dielectric constant and loss factor of nuts were very low compared to those of fresh fruits and insects. The temperature effect on dielectric properties of nuts was not significant at 27 MHz. The large difference in the loss factor between insects and nuts at 27 MHz suggests possible differential heating of insects in nuts when treated at the same time in a RF system. (C) 2003 Silsoe Research Institute. All rights reserved Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Biol Syst Engn, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, Parlier, CA 93648 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Pomol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, Wapato, WA USA. USDA ARS, Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Tang, J (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Biol Syst Engn, 213 LJ Smith Hall, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RI Wang, Shaojin/C-4968-2012; Tang, Juming/A-4027-2009 OI Tang, Juming/0000-0001-9449-1004 NR 41 TC 121 Z9 134 U1 4 U2 35 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1537-5110 J9 BIOSYST ENG JI Biosyst. Eng. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 85 IS 2 BP 201 EP 212 DI 10.1016/S1537-5110(03)00042-4 PG 12 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA 690ZB UT WOS:000183579400007 ER PT J AU Garvin, SC Meyer, SE AF Garvin, SC Meyer, SE TI Multiple mechanisms for seed dormancy regulation in shadscale (Atriplex confertifolia : Chenopodiaceae) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE LA English DT Article DE after-ripening; germination; saltbush; soluble inhibitor; stratification; thermal time ID GERMINATION; FIELD; SALINITY; SALTBUSH AB Shadscale (Atriplex confertifolia (Torr. & Frem.) Wats.) is a dominant shrub species of western North American deserts. Its one-seeded utricles are enclosed in bracteoles, and its seeds are highly dormant at dispersal. We examined the role of soluble inhibitors, bracteole effects, after-ripening, and chilling in regulating dormancy for six shadscale populations. Seeds in bracteole-enclosed fruits required chilling to become germinable, and the fraction responsive to chilling was small for recently harvested seeds. This fraction increased during dry storage for 24 weeks, but the rate of increase decreased asymptotically. After-ripening rate was an exponential function of storage temperature over the range 22-50degreesC. After-ripening models based on these nonlinear relationships for each of four seed populations accounted for 96% of the change in the chilling-responsive fraction during 3 years of laboratory storage. Rate of change in the chilling-responsive fraction during laboratory storage was log-linearly related to the chilling-responsive fraction for recently harvested seeds. Excision of utricles from recently harvested fruits increased the chilling-responsive fraction but did not generally eliminate the chilling requirement. Leaching or dewinging to remove soluble inhibitors increased germination of otherwise nondormant seeds but did not relieve primary dormancy. Knowledge of dormancy loss mechanisms will facilitate prediction of germination phenology and seed bank persistence for shadscale under fluctuating field conditions. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Shrub Sci Lab, Provo, UT 84606 USA. RP Meyer, SE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Shrub Sci Lab, 735 N 500 E, Provo, UT 84606 USA. EM smeyer@fs.fed.us NR 21 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 7 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4026 J9 CAN J BOT JI Can. J. Bot.-Rev. Can. Bot. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 81 IS 6 BP 601 EP 610 DI 10.1139/B03-050 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 707YD UT WOS:000184536800009 ER PT J AU Ryerson, DE Swetnam, TW Lynch, AM AF Ryerson, DE Swetnam, TW Lynch, AM TI A tree-ring reconstruction of western spruce budworm outbreaks in the San Juan Mountains, Colorado, USA SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID FIR TUSSOCK MOTH; DOUGLAS-FIR; RADIAL GROWTH; FOREST ECOSYSTEMS; ROCKY-MOUNTAINS; PLANT STRESS; FRONT RANGE; GRAND FIR; INSECTS; REGULATORS AB Tree-ring records were used to reconstruct spatial and temporal patterns of western spruce budworm (Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman) outbreaks in mixed conifer forests of southern Colorado. Reconstructions in 11 host stands showed a regionally synchronous pattern of at least 14 outbreaks during the past 350 years. Intervals between outbreaks were highly variable within stands, but at the regional scale outbreak intervals were more consistent. Spectral analyses of regional outbreak time series confirmed periodicities at about 25, 37, and 83 years. Comparison with an independent drought reconstruction indicated that outbreaks typically corresponded to increased moisture, while relatively little budworm activity occurred during dry periods. In contrast to other published reconstructions in Colorado and New Mexico, reconstructions from this study area did not exhibit significant 20th-century changes in the frequency of outbreak occurrence or magnitude of growth reduction. Sharply reduced growth during outbreaks was not clearly visible on the increment core samples, and budworm-induced reductions in tree-ring growth were usually detectable only after comparison with nonhost tree-ring series. This finding emphasizes that defoliation effects on ring growth can be highly relativistic. Hence, caution should be exercised in reconstructing insect outbreak histories based only on visual detection approaches, or without comparison with nonhost or nondefoliated tree-ring control series. C1 Univ Arizona, Lab Tree Ring Res, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Swetnam, TW (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Lab Tree Ring Res, 104 W Stadium,Bldg 58, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. EM tswetnam@ltrr.arizona.edu RI Swetnam, Thomas/A-6052-2008 OI Swetnam, Thomas/0000-0001-7268-2184 NR 69 TC 42 Z9 44 U1 2 U2 15 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 33 IS 6 BP 1010 EP 1028 DI 10.1139/X03-026 PG 19 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 685JQ UT WOS:000183259800006 ER PT J AU van Mantgem, PJ Stephenson, NL Mutch, LS Johnson, VG Esperanza, AM Parsons, DJ AF van Mantgem, PJ Stephenson, NL Mutch, LS Johnson, VG Esperanza, AM Parsons, DJ TI Growth rate predicts mortality of Abies concolor in both burned and unburned stands SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID TREE MORTALITY; PRESCRIBED-FIRE; DOUGLAS-FIR; TROPICAL FORESTS; DIAMETER GROWTH; SHADE TOLERANCE; PONDEROSA PINE; MODELS; SURVIVAL; DEATH AB Tree mortality is often the result of both long-term and short-term stress. Growth rate, an indicator of long-term stress, is often used to estimate probability of death in unburned stands. In contrast, probability of death in burned stands is modeled as a function of short-term disturbance severity. We sought to narrow this conceptual gap by determining (i) whether growth rate, in addition to crown scorch, is a predictor of mortality in burned stands and (ii) whether a single, simple model could predict tree death in both burned and unburned stands. Observations of 2622 unburned and 688 burned Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. (white fir) in the Sierra Nevada of California, U.S.A., indicated that growth rate was a significant predictor of mortality in the unburned stands, while both crown scorch and radial growth were significant predictors of mortality in the burned stands. Applying the burned stand model to unburned stands resulted in an overestimation of the unburned stand mortality rate. While failing to create a general model of tree death for A. concolor, our findings underscore the idea that similar processes may affect mortality in disturbed and undisturbed stands. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Sequoia & Kings Canyon Field Stn, Three Rivers, CA 93271 USA. Sequoia & Kings Canyon Natl Pk, Off Sci & Nat Resources Management, Three Rivers, CA 93271 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP van Mantgem, PJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Sequoia & Kings Canyon Field Stn, 47050 Gen Highway, Three Rivers, CA 93271 USA. NR 45 TC 43 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 7 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 33 IS 6 BP 1029 EP 1038 DI 10.1139/X03-019 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 685JQ UT WOS:000183259800007 ER PT J AU Munger, GT Will, RE Borders, BE AF Munger, GT Will, RE Borders, BE TI Effects of competition control and annual nitrogen fertilization on gas exchange of different-aged Pinus taeda SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID MATURE SLASH PINE; LOBLOLLY-PINE; LEAF-AREA; NET PHOTOSYNTHESIS; STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE; GROWTH EFFICIENCY; CARBON-DIOXIDE; WEED-CONTROL; NUTRIENT; STANDS AB To determine the importance of competition control and annual fertilization on leaf gas exchange, light-saturated net photosynthesis (A(sat)), stomatal conductance (g(s)), and internal CO2 concentration (C-i) were measured multiple times in different-aged loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stands growing at a Piedmont (BF Grant) and Coastal Plain (Waycross) location in Georgia, U.S.A. At both locations, competition control decreased A(sat) and g(s) (A(sat) from 4.53 to 4.12 mumol.m(-2).s(-1), g(s) from 0.058 to 0.050 mol.m(-2).s(-1) at BF Grant; A(sat) from 4.22 to 4.01 mumol.m(-2).s(-1), g(s) from 0.054 to 0.049 mol.m(-2).s(-1) at Waycross). Overall, fertilization did not have a positive impact on A(sat), even though fertilization significantly increased foliar nitrogen concentration. At BF Grant, fertilization significantly decreased g(s) from 0.057 to 0.051 mol.m(-2).s(-1) and C-i from 217 to 205 mumol.mol(-1). In addition, the decrease in C-i associated with fertilization became larger with stand age. At Waycross, fertilization decreased C-i from 211 to 203 mumol.mol(-1) and the interaction between fertilization and stand age was significant for g(s) and C-i. These results indicate that silivcultural practices that increase resource availability and stand growth did not enhance leaf gas exchange. C1 Univ Georgia, DB Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Dept Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Fire Sci Lab, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP Will, RE (reprint author), Univ Georgia, DB Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Dept Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RI Will, Rodney/G-8111-2011 NR 34 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 33 IS 6 BP 1076 EP 1083 DI 10.1139/X03-034 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 685JQ UT WOS:000183259800011 ER PT J AU Koenig, WD Liebhold, AM AF Koenig, WD Liebhold, AM TI Regional impacts of periodical cicadas on oak radial increment SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID MAGICICADA; HOMOPTERA; CICADIDAE; OVIPOSITION; NYMPHS; TREES AB We investigated the effects of periodical cicadas (Magicicada spp.) on growth of their hosts using records of radial tree-ring growth on oaks (Quercus spp., a common host genus) and pines (Pinus spp., a common nonhost genus) growing within the ranges of 13- and 17-year broods. Growth of oaks was significantly depressed during years of adult emergence by about 4%. Effects in years following emergences or in years prior to emergences were variable or absent. Spectral analyses revealed a significant tendency for periodicity in the growth of oaks, but not pines, matching that of the life cycle of the broods. These results provide some of the first evidence for landscape-level effects of a root-feeding insect and demonstrate that periodical cicadas have a small but detectable effect on growth of their hosts on a geographical scale, considerably larger than previously suspected. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Carmel Valley, CA 93924 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Koenig, WD (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Hastings Reservat, Carmel Valley, CA 93924 USA. RI Liebhold, Andrew/C-1423-2008; Koenig, Walter/A-5509-2009; OI Liebhold, Andrew/0000-0001-7427-6534; Koenig, Walter/0000-0001-6207-1427 NR 26 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 7 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 33 IS 6 BP 1084 EP 1089 DI 10.1139/X03-037 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 685JQ UT WOS:000183259800012 ER PT J AU Stephens, SL Skinner, CN Gill, SJ AF Stephens, SL Skinner, CN Gill, SJ TI Dendrochronology-based fire history of Jeffrey pine - mixed conifer forests in the Sierra San Pedro Martir, Mexico SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID UPPER MONTANE FORESTS; PONDEROSA PINE; CLIMATE-CHANGE; BAJA-CALIFORNIA; AMERICAN SOUTHWEST; SOUTHERN CASCADES; BIOSPHERE RESERVE; REGIMES; USA; VARIABILITY AB Conifer forests in northwestern Mexico have not experienced systematic fire suppression or logging, making them unique in western North America. Fire regimes of Pinus jeffreyi Grev. & Balf. mixed conifer forests in the Sierra San Pedro Martir, Baja California, Mexico, were determined by identifying 105 fire dates from 1034 fire scars in 105 specimens. Fires were recorded between 1521 and 1980 and median fire return intervals were less than 15 years at all compositing scales. Significant differences in mean fire return intervals were detected from 1700 to 1800, 1800 to 1900, and 1900 to 1997, most often at intermediate spatial compositing scales, and the proportion of trees scarred in the fires of the 1700s was significantly different from the fires of either the 1800s, the 1900s, or the combined post-1800 period. Superposed epoch analysis determined that moderate and large spatial scale fires occurred on significantly dry years during the length of the record, but before 1800, these fires were preceded by significantly higher precipitation 1 year before the fire. The dominance of earlywood fires in the Sierra San Pedro Martir is similar to the seasonality found in the southwest United States and is different from the western slope of the Sierra Nevada and Klamath Mountains of California. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Redding, CA 96001 USA. Calif Polytech State Univ San Luis Obispo, Nat Resources Management Dept, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407 USA. Calif Polytech State Univ San Luis Obispo, Bioresource & Agr Engn Dept, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407 USA. RP Stephens, SL (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM stephens@nature.berkeley.edu NR 73 TC 92 Z9 101 U1 0 U2 29 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 33 IS 6 BP 1090 EP 1101 DI 10.1139/X03-031 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 685JQ UT WOS:000183259800013 ER PT J AU Koehn, AC Roberds, JH Doudrick, RL AF Koehn, AC Roberds, JH Doudrick, RL TI Variation among slash pine families in chlorophyll fluorescence traits SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID CARBON-ISOTOPE DISCRIMINATION; PHOTOSYNTHETIC GAS-EXCHANGE; ELEVATED CO2; TRANSCRIPT LEVELS; DIVERSE ORIGINS; GENE-EXPRESSION; LIGHT; GROWTH; PLANTS; YIELD AB Photochemical quenching, nonphotochemical quenching, and yield of photosystem II were measured on seedlings of full-sibling, open-, and self-pollinated slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) families. Our results reveal that genetic variation in photochemical quenching and yield of photosystem II exists within this species. The pattern of variation found in these traits is consistent with the variance profile expected to occur as a result of segregation among nuclear genes. Variation among families accounted for 17% of the total variation observed in photochemical quenching, whereas the component for trees within families made up slightly more than 25% of the total. Less variation, both among families as well as among trees within families, was found for yield of photosystem II. A strikingly different pattern was observed for nonphotochemical quenching. Other than the error term, only pretreatment effects contributed significantly to the variation observed. This suggests that nonphotochemical quenching is largely influenced by environmental factors. With regard to associations between fluorescence and growth traits, both height and diameter growth were found to be positively correlated with photochemical quenching (0.36 and 0.33, respectively) when selfed and open-pollinated families were analyzed along with control-pollinated families. C1 Alabama A&M Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Normal, AL 35762 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Saucier, MS 39574 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Koehn, AC (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Kimberly Res & Extens Ctr, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. NR 37 TC 9 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 5 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 33 IS 6 BP 1102 EP 1109 DI 10.1139/X03-035 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 685JQ UT WOS:000183259800014 ER PT J AU Dowd, MK AF Dowd, MK TI Preparation of enantiomeric gossypol by crystallization SO CHIRALITY LA English DT Article DE atropisomerism; enantiomer separation; enantiomer resolution; inclusion compounds; separation processes ID HUMAN BREAST-CANCER; RACEMIC GOSSYPOL; MOLECULAR-STRUCTURE; ACETIC-ACID; RESOLUTION; INHIBITION; CELLS; (-)-GOSSYPOL; HPLC AB Large enantiomorphic crystals of gossypol-acetone (1:3) were grown from acetone solutions of rac-gossypol-acetic acid (1:1) at 4degreesC. By controlling the initial gossypol concentration, crystallization time, and solution volume, single crystals were grown that weighed >50 mg, equivalent to >37 mg of enantiomeric gossypol. Even larger crystals were possible, but it was difficult to produce these reliably without contamination of the antipode. Essentially all of the acetone within the crystal form was removed by storing the crystals under vacuum for 3-4 days. By employing these techniques, gram quantities of enantiomeric gossypol were prepared in high chemical and optical purity. Based on measured and reported optical rotations, the optical purity of samples prepared by crystallization was greater than the optical purity of samples prepared by chromatographic separation of gossypol-amine diastereomers. The principal limitation of crystallization as a preparative method is the need to determine the chirality and purity of each product crystal. Nevertheless, the method competes favorably with preparative-scale chromatographic procedures. C1 ARS, Commod Utilizat Res Unit, So Reg Res Ctr, USDA, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Dowd, MK (reprint author), ARS, Commod Utilizat Res Unit, So Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 32 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0899-0042 J9 CHIRALITY JI Chirality PD JUN PY 2003 VL 15 IS 6 BP 486 EP 493 DI 10.1002/chir.10237 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Organic; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry GA 693JR UT WOS:000183714600002 PM 12774287 ER PT J AU Dowling, APG van Veller, MGP Hoberg, EP Brooks, DR AF Dowling, APG van Veller, MGP Hoberg, EP Brooks, DR TI A priori and a posteriori methods in comparative evolutionary studies of host-parasite associations SO CLADISTICS-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THE WILLI HENNIG SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE coevolution; A priori methods; A posteriori methods; Brooks parsimony analysis; reconciled tree analysis; TreeMap; parsimony; logical consistency; phylogenetic systematics; null hypothesis; total evidence; induction; deduction; falsification; verification; host-parasite associations ID HISTORICAL BIOGEOGRAPHY; VICARIANCE BIOGEOGRAPHY; CLADISTIC BIOGEOGRAPHY; PARSIMONY ANALYSIS; AREA CLADOGRAMS; PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS; COMPONENT ANALYSIS; COEVOLUTION; SPECIATION; STATEMENTS AB Brooks parsimony analysis (BPA) and reconciliation methods in studies of host-parasite associations differ fundamentally, despite using the same null hypothesis. Reconciliation methods may eliminate or modify input data to maximize fit of single parasite clades to a null hypothesis of cospeciation, by invoking different a priori assumptions, including a known host phylogeny. By examining the degree of phylogenetic congruence among multiple parasite clades, using hosts as analogs of taxa but not presuming a host phylogeny or any degree of cospeciation a priori, BPA modifies the null hypothesis of cospeciation if necessary to maintain the integrity of the input data. Two exemplars illustrate critical empirical differences between reconciliation methods and BPA: (1) reconciliation methods rather than BPA may select the incorrect general host cladogram for a set of data from different clades of parasites, (2) BPA rather than reconciliation methods provides the most parsimonious interpretation of all available data, and (3) secondary BPA, proposed in 1990, when applied to data sets in which host-switching produces hosts with reticulate histories, provides the most parsimonious and biologically realistic interpretations of general host cladograms. The extent to which these general host cladograms, based on cospeciation among different parasite clades inhabiting the same hosts, correspond to host phylogeny can be tested, a posteriori, by comparison with a host phylogeny generated from nonparasite data. These observations lead to the conclusion that BPA and reconciliation methods are designed to implement different research programs based on different epistemologies. BPA is an a posteriori method that is designed to assess the host context of parasite speciation events, whereas reconciliation methods are a priori methods that are designed to fit parasite phylogenies to a host phylogeny. Host-switching events are essential for explaining complex histories of host-parasite associations. BPA assumes coevolutionary complexity (historical contingency), relying on parsimony as an a posteriori explanatory tool to summarize complex results, whereas reconciliation methods, which embody formalized assumptions of maximum cospeciation, are based on a priori conceptual parsimony. Modifications of basic reconciliation methods, embodied in TreeMap 1.0 and TreeMap 2.02, represent the addition of weighting schemes in which the researcher specifies allowed departures from cospeciation a priori, with the result that TreeMap results more closely agree with BPA results than do reconciled tree analysis results. (C) 2003 The Willi Hennig Society. Published by Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 Univ Michigan, Museum Zool, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Biosyst Grp, NL-6703 BL Wageningen, Netherlands. ARS, US Natl Parasite Collect & Parasite Biol, Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Toronto, Dept Zool, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada. RP Dowling, APG (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Museum Zool, 1109 Geddes Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RI van Veller, Marco/B-8143-2009 OI van Veller, Marco/0000-0002-3204-5284 NR 84 TC 15 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0748-3007 J9 CLADISTICS JI Cladistics-Int. J. Willi Hennig Soc. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 19 IS 3 BP 240 EP 253 DI 10.1016/S0748-3007(03)00048-3 PG 14 WC Evolutionary Biology SC Evolutionary Biology GA 693JT UT WOS:000183714700005 ER PT J AU Marland, G Pielke, RA Apps, M Avissar, R Betts, RA Davis, KJ Frumhoff, PC Jackson, ST Joyce, LA Kauppi, P Katzenberger, J MacDicken, KG Neilson, RP Niles, JO Niyogi, DDS Norby, RJ Pena, N Sampson, N Xue, YK AF Marland, G Pielke, RA Apps, M Avissar, R Betts, RA Davis, KJ Frumhoff, PC Jackson, ST Joyce, LA Kauppi, P Katzenberger, J MacDicken, KG Neilson, RP Niles, JO Niyogi, DDS Norby, RJ Pena, N Sampson, N Xue, YK TI The climatic impacts of land surface change and carbon management, and the implications for climate-change mitigation policy SO CLIMATE POLICY LA English DT Article DE climate change; carbon sequestration; land use change; land surface change; surface energy balance ID AMAZONIAN DEFORESTATION; REGIONAL CLIMATE; CIRCULATION; LANDSCAPE; VEGETATION AB Strategies to mitigate anthropogenic climate change recognize that carbon sequestration in the terrestrial biosphere can reduce the build-up of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere. However, climate mitigation policies do not generally incorporate the effects of these changes in the land surface on the surface albedo, the fluxes of sensible and latent heat to the atmosphere, and the distribution of energy within the climate system. Changes in these components of the surface energy budget can affect the local, regional, and global climate. Given the goal of mitigating climate change, it is important to consider all of the effects of changes in terrestrial vegetation and to work toward a better understanding of the full climate system. Acknowledging the importance of land surface change as a component of climate change makes it more challenging to create a system of credits and debits wherein emission or sequestration of carbon in the biosphere is equated with emission of carbon from fossil fuels. Recognition of the complexity of human-caused changes in climate does not, however, weaken the importance of actions that would seek to minimize our disturbance of the Earth's environmental system and that would reduce societal and ecological vulnerability to environmental change and variability. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Natl Res Council Canada, Canadian Forestry Serv, Victoria, BC V8X 4M6, Canada. Duke Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Durham, NC 27710 USA. Meteorol Off, Hadley Ctr Climate Predict, Bracknell RB12 2SZ, Berks, England. Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Union Concerned Scientists, Cambridge, MA USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Bot, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Ft Collins, CO USA. Univ Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. Aspen Global Change Inst, Aspendale, Vic, Australia. Riau Forestry, Forestry Res & Dev, Riau, Indonesia. US Forest Serv, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Energy & Resources Grp, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Marine Earth & Atmospher Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Pew Ctr Global Climate Change, Arlington, VA USA. Sampson Grp Inc, Arlington, VA USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Geog, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. RP Marland, G (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Bethel valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Pielke, Roger/A-5015-2009; Neilson, Ronald/A-8588-2009 NR 27 TC 111 Z9 113 U1 6 U2 40 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1469-3062 J9 CLIM POLICY JI Clim. Policy PD JUN PY 2003 VL 3 IS 2 BP 149 EP 157 DI 10.1016/S1469-3062(03)00028-7 PG 9 WC Environmental Studies; Public Administration SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public Administration GA 702JD UT WOS:000184220000004 ER PT J AU Voigt, RG Brown, FR Fraley, JK Llorente, AM Rozelle, J Turcich, M Jensen, CL Heird, WC AF Voigt, RG Brown, FR Fraley, JK Llorente, AM Rozelle, J Turcich, M Jensen, CL Heird, WC TI Concurrent and predictive validity of the cognitive adaptive Test/Clinical Linguistic and Auditory Milestone Scale (CAT/CLAMS) and the Mental Developmental Index of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development SO CLINICAL PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article ID LINOLENIC ACID RATIO; YOUNG-CHILDREN; SCREENING-TEST; TERM INFANTS; DENVER AB The Cognitive Adaptive Test/Clinical Linguistic and Auditory Milestone Scale (CAT/CLAMS) was designed for use by primary pediatric health care providers to identify children with developmental delays. This study assesses the concurrent and predictive validity of CAT/CLAMS developmental quotient (DQ) scores and the Mental Developmental Index (MDI) of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development in healthy children without risk factors for developmental delay. Overall CAT/CLAMS DQ scores correlated significantly with Bayley MDI scores at both 12 (r=0.393; p=0.008) and 30 months (r=0.742; p=0.0001) of age. Overall CAT/CLAMS DQ scores at 12 months of age also correlated modestly with Bayley MDI scores at 30 months of age (r=0.181; p=0.036). Despite its modest predictive validity at 12 months, its satisfactory concurrent validity plus its ease and speed of administration make the CAT/CLAMS a reasonable choice for assessment of early development by primary pediatric health care providers. C1 Mayo Clin, Dept Pediat & Adolescent Med, Div Dev & Behav Pediat, Rochester, MN 55905 USA. McLeod Inst Neurodev Pediat, Florence, SC USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Psychiat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Voigt, RG (reprint author), Mayo Clin, Dept Pediat & Adolescent Med, Div Dev & Behav Pediat, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA. NR 27 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU WESTMINSTER PUBL INC PI GLEN HEAD PA 708 GLEN COVE AVE, GLEN HEAD, NY 11545 USA SN 0009-9228 J9 CLIN PEDIATR JI Clin. Pediatr. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 42 IS 5 BP 427 EP 432 DI 10.1177/000992280304200507 PG 6 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 689LL UT WOS:000183494500007 PM 12862346 ER PT J AU Doberl, M Konstantinov, A AF Doberl, M Konstantinov, A TI A new genus of flea beetles from Nepal (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) SO COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN LA English DT Article AB A new genus Paraminotella and a new species from Nepal, P. nigrita, are described. A key and illustrations of these taxa are provided. Variability of the median lobe of P. nepalensis is illustrated. C1 ARS, Systemat Entomol Lab, PSI, USDA,Natl Museum Nat Hist, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Doberl, M (reprint author), Seeweg 31, D-93326 Abensberg, Germany. NR 5 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU COLEOPTERISTS SOC PI NATCHEZ PA PO BOX 767, NATCHEZ, MS 39121 USA SN 0010-065X J9 COLEOPTS BULL JI Coleopt. Bull. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 57 IS 2 BP 205 EP 218 DI 10.1649/542 PG 14 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 693UL UT WOS:000183736700014 ER PT J AU Evans, JD Weaver, DB AF Evans, JD Weaver, DB TI Beenome soon: honey bees as a model 'nonmodel' system for comparative genomics SO COMPARATIVE AND FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS LA English DT Article ID APIS-MELLIFERA L.; WIDE ANALYSIS; BEHAVIOR; MICROARRAYS; DROSOPHILA; IMMUNITY; INSECT C1 USDA ARS, BARC East, Bee Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. B Weaver Apiaries Inc, Navasota, TX 77868 USA. RP Evans, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS, BARC East, Bee Res Lab, Bldg 476, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Evans, Jay/C-8408-2012 OI Evans, Jay/0000-0002-0036-4651 NR 17 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 1531-6912 J9 COMP FUNCT GENOM JI Compar. Funct. Genom. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 4 IS 3 BP 351 EP 352 DI 10.1002/cfg.288 PG 2 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 697YE UT WOS:000183970200008 PM 18629288 ER PT J AU Nelson, DR Charlet, LD AF Nelson, DR Charlet, LD TI Cuticular hydrocarbons of the sunflower beetle, Zygogramma exclamationis SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE methylalkanes; insects; males; females; larvae; eggs; gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; surface lipids ID BRANCHED ALKANES; LEPTINOTARSA-DECEMLINEATA; RETICULITERMES ISOPTERA; LIPIDS; COLEOPTERA; RHINOTERMITIDAE; ADULTS; CHRYSOMELIDAE; INTERCOLONY; HELICOVERPA AB Hydrocarbons were the major lipid class on the cuticular surface of adults, nymphs, and eggs of the sunflower beetle, Zygogramma exclamationis, characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Minor amounts of wax ester from 40 to 48 carbon atoms in size were only detected in larvae. The hydrocarbons ranged in size from 23 carbons (tricosene) to 56 carbons (trimethyltripentacontane) and were largely methylalkanes. The major components from females were 13,17,21-trimethylnonatriacontane (19%) and from larvae was n-nonacosane (17%). Males had 11,15- and 9,15-dimethylheptacosane (11%) and 13,17,21-trimethylnonatriacontane (11%) as the major components. In a sample of eggs, 13,17,21-nonatriacontane (16%) was the major component which was approximately 3 to 4-fold greater than the next most abundant hydrocarbons, dimethylheptacosanes, 2-methyloctacosane, methylnonacosanes, dimethyl- and trimethylheptatriacontanes and dimethylnonatriacontanes. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Nelson, DR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, 1605 Albrecht Blvd, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 33 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1096-4959 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS B JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B-Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 135 IS 2 BP 273 EP 284 DI 10.1016/S1096-4959(03)00080-0 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology GA 691XE UT WOS:000183630600007 PM 12798938 ER PT J AU Salvucci, ME AF Salvucci, ME TI Distinct sucrose isomerases catalyze trehalulose synthesis in whiteflies, Bemisia argentifolii, and Erwinia rhapontici SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dental carries; glucosyltransferase; palatinose; sucrose isomerase; sugar substitute; sweeteners; trehalulose; whiteflies ID CARBOHYDRATE-METABOLISM; ISOMALTULOSE SYNTHASE; BIOCHEMICAL-MECHANISM; SERRATIA-PLYMUTHICA; PHYSIOLOGICAL-ROLE; DENTAL-CARIES; ACTIVE-SITE; HONEYDEW; CONVERSION; GLUCOSYLTRANSFERASE AB Isomaltulose [alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1,6)-D-fructofuranose] and trehalulose [alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(I,I)-D-fructofuranose] are commercially valuable sucrose-substitutes that are produced in several microorganisms by the pal1 gene product, a sucrose isomerase. Trehalulose also occurs in the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifoli, as the major carbohydrate in the insect's honeydew. To determine if the enzyme that synthesizes trehalulose in whiteflies was similar to the well-characterized sucrose isomerase from microbial sources, the properties of the enzymes from whiteflies and the bacterium, Erwinia rhapontici, were compared. Partial purification of both enzymes showed that the enzyme from whiteflies was a 116 kD membrane-associated polypeptide, in contrast to the enzyme from E. rhapontici, which was soluble and 66 kD. The enzyme from E. rhapontici converted sucrose to isomaltulose and trehalulose in a 5:1 ratio, whereas the enzyme from whiteflies produced only trehalulose. Unlike the E. rhapontici enzyme, the whitefly enzyme did not convert isomaltulose to trehalulose, but both enzymes catalyzed the transfer of fructose to trehalulose using sucrose as the glucosyl donor. The results indicate that trehalulose synthase from whiteflies is structurally and functionally distinct from the sucrose isomerases described in bacteria. The whitefly enzyme is the first reported case of an enzyme that converts sucrose to exclusively trehalulose. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Salvucci, ME (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, 4135 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 29 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1096-4959 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS B JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B-Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 135 IS 2 BP 385 EP 395 DI 10.1016/S1096-4959(03)00092-7 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology GA 691XE UT WOS:000183630600016 PM 12798947 ER PT J AU Chapron, G Legendre, S Ferriere, R Clobert, J Haight, RG AF Chapron, G Legendre, S Ferriere, R Clobert, J Haight, RG TI Conservation and control strategies for the wolf (Canis lupus) in western Europe based on demographic models SO COMPTES RENDUS BIOLOGIES LA English DT Article DE wolf; Canis lupus; conservation; control; Europe; population modelling ID POPULATION VIABILITY; EXTRATERRITORIAL MOVEMENTS; WOLVES; MANAGEMENT; DISPERSAL; DYNAMICS; PREDATORS; SOFTWARE; PACKS; ULM AB Securing the long-term acceptance of large carnivores such as the wolf (Canis lupus) in Europe and North America raises a difficult challenge to conservation biologists: planning removals to reduce depredations on livestock while ensuring population viability. We use stochastic-stage-structured population models to investigate wolf population dynamics and to assess alternative management strategies. Among the various management strategies advocated by agencies, zoning that involves eliminating wolves outside a restricted area should be designed with caution, because probabilities of extinction are extremely sensitive to the maximum number of packs that a zone can support and to slight changes in stage specific survival probabilities. In a zoned population, viability is enhanced more by decreasing mortality rates in all classes than by increasing wolf zone size. An alternative to zoning is adaptive management, where there is no limit on pack number but population control can be operated whenever some predefined demographic conditions are met. It turns out that an adaptive management strategy that removes a moderate percentage (10%) of the population following each year of more than 5% of total population growth would provide visible actions addressing public concerns while keeping extinction probability low. (C) 2003 Academie des sciences. Published by Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved. C1 Ecole Normale Super, CNRS, Ecol Lab, UMR 7625, F-75230 Paris 05, France. Univ Arizona, Dept Ecol & Evolut Biol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Ecol Lab, UMR 7625, F-75252 Paris 05, France. USDA Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Chapron, G (reprint author), Ecole Normale Super, CNRS, Ecol Lab, UMR 7625, 46 Rue Ulm, F-75230 Paris 05, France. EM gchapron@carnivoreconservation.org OI Chapron, Guillaume/0000-0002-6727-1070 NR 73 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 9 U2 51 PU ELSEVIER FRANCE-EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER PI PARIS PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS, FRANCE SN 1631-0691 EI 1768-3238 J9 CR BIOL JI C. R. Biol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 326 IS 6 BP 575 EP 587 DI 10.1016/S1631-0691(03)00148-3 PG 13 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 727EQ UT WOS:000185644600006 PM 14558477 ER PT J AU Hansen, JD Lewis, LR AF Hansen, JD Lewis, LR TI Field survival of codling moth (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae) on artificially infested sweet cherries SO CROP PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE Cydia pomonella; Prunus avium; development; host ID CYDIA-POMONELLA; FRUIT AB Sweet cherries, Prunus avium (L.), from North America must be fumigated with methyl bromide before export to Japan to eliminate possible codling moth (CM), Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), infestation. To potentially eliminate this postharvest procedure, CM survival on 'Bing' cherries was examined in the field for the 1999 and 2000 seasons using caged trees, each with fruit of varying maturity, to determine the likelihood of these cherries as a preferred host. In the 1999 season, more infested fruits were on the floor of the cages than in the trees, fruit maturity did not alter larval development, and only three adult moths were found from the five cages, producing a cohort survival < 0.1 %. In the 2000 season, among five caged trees, only two weekly tree samples had infested fruits, and no further larval development was observed. This population decline was attributed to unrestricted larval movement and resulting predation. The observations from the two seasons suggest that cherry fruits are poor hosts for CM under field conditions. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. RP Hansen, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. NR 32 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0261-2194 J9 CROP PROT JI Crop Prot. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 22 IS 5 BP 721 EP 727 DI 10.1016/S0261-2194(03)00034-6 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 688UH UT WOS:000183454600005 ER PT J AU Parimi, S Meinke, LJ Nowatzki, TM Chandler, LD French, BW Siegfried, BD AF Parimi, S Meinke, LJ Nowatzki, TM Chandler, LD French, BW Siegfried, BD TI Toxicity of insecticide-bait mixtures to insecticide resistant and susceptible western corn rootworms (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) SO CROP PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE western corn rootworm; insecticide baits; invite EC; carbaryl; methyl-parathion; resistance ID DIABROTICITE BEETLES COLEOPTERA; MANAGEMENT; POPULATIONS; CUCURBITACINS; KANSAS AB Organophosphate resistant and susceptible populations of the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte. were subjected to adult feeding bioassays with different combinations of insecticide and a cucurbitacin bait. Five technical grade insecticides (methyl-parathion, carbaryl, fipronil, bifenthrin and indoxacarb) were used in combination with Invite EC(TM) as the feeding stimulant. Differences in susceptibility to the insecticide/bait combinations were observed among the resistant and susceptible populations for methyl-parathion and carbaryl. Susceptibility to fipronil, bifenthrin and indoxacarb was similar among the resistant and susceptible populations. Assays in which response to the insecticide/bait combination was compared with the bait alone indicated that methyl-parathion and bifenthrin were deterrent when compared to other treatments. These results suggest that the efficacy of Invite as a feeding stimulant in combination with certain insecticides may be compromised by previously identified resistance and by insecticides that antagonize the feeding stimulation of the cucurbitacin bait. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Entomol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. USDA ARS, Res River Valley Agr Res Ctr, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. USDA ARS, No Grain Insects Res Lab, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. RP Siegfried, BD (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Entomol, 202 Plant Ind Bldg, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 31 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0261-2194 J9 CROP PROT JI Crop Prot. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 22 IS 5 BP 781 EP 786 DI 10.1016/S0261-2194(03)00047-4 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 688UH UT WOS:000183454600013 ER PT J AU Harrison, HF Keinath, AP AF Harrison, HF Keinath, AP TI Glasshouse assessment of clomazone response of US pumpkin cultivars SO CROP PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE herbicide tolerance; cucurbit ID TOLERANCE AB Glasshouse experiments were conducted to assess differences in clomazone tolerance between US pumpkin cultivars that were first observed when the herbicide was used for weed control in a pumpkin variety evaluation experiment. Two Cucurbita maxima cultivars, Big Max and Mammoth Gold, were highly tolerant and did not exhibit shoot weight reduction at a potting-medium clomazone concentration of 64 mg kg(-1) (w/w), four times the clomazone concentration that severely injured and reduced the shoot weight of the less tolerant C. pepo variety, Magic Lantern. A subsequent experiment to assess the response of 67 pumpkin cultivars demonstrated that while most C. maxima cultivars tested were not sensitive to clomazone, the response of C. pepo cultivars varied greatly. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, US Vegetable Lab, Charleston, SC 29714 USA. Clemson Univ, Coastal Res & Educ Ctr, Charleston, SC 29714 USA. RP Harrison, HF (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Vegetable Lab, 2875 Savannah Highway, Charleston, SC 29714 USA. EM howardh@awod.com NR 8 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0261-2194 EI 1873-6904 J9 CROP PROT JI Crop Prot. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 22 IS 5 BP 795 EP 798 DI 10.1016/S0261-2194(03)00033-4 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 688UH UT WOS:000183454600015 ER PT J AU Healy, FG Latorre, C Albrecht, SL Reddy, PM Shanmugam, KT AF Healy, FG Latorre, C Albrecht, SL Reddy, PM Shanmugam, KT TI Altered kinetic properties of tyrosine-183 to cysteine mutation in glutamine synthetase of Anabaena variabilis strain SA1 is responsible for excretion of ammonium ion produced by nitrogenase SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CYANOBACTERIUM NOSTOC-MUSCORUM; DEREPRESSED MUTANT; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; FIXATION; SULFOXIMINE; DISCOVERY; MECHANISM; BACTERIA; OPERON; GENES AB A L-methionine-D,L-sulfoximine-resistant mutant of the cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis, strain SA1, excreted the ammonium ion generated from N-2 reduction. In order to determine the biochemical basis for the NH4+-excretion phenotype, glutamine synthetase (GS) was purified from both the parent strain SA0 and from the mutant. GS from strain SA0 (SA0-GS) had a pH optimum of 7.5, while the pH optimum for GS from strain SA1 (SA1-GS) was 6.8. SA1-GS required Mn+2 for optimum activity, while SA0-GS was Mg+2 dependent. SA0-GS had the following apparent K-m values at pH 7.5: glutamate, 1.7 mM; NH4+, 0.015 mM; ATP, 0.13 mM. The apparent K-m for substrates was significantly higher for SA1-GS at its optimum pH (glutamate, 9.2 mM; NH4+, 12.4, mM; ATP, 0.17 mM). The amino acids alanine, aspartate, cystine, glycine, and serine inhibited SA1-GS less severely than the SA0-GS. The nucleotide sequences of glnA (encoding glutamine synthetase) from strains SA0 and SA1 were identical except for a single nucleotide substitution that resulted in a Y183C mutation in SA1-GS. The kinetic properties of SA1-GS isolated from E. coli or Klebsiella oxytoca glnA mutants carrying the A. variabilis SA1 glnA gene were also similar to SA1-GS isolated from A. variabilis strain SAL These results show that the NH4+-excretion phenotype of A. variabilis strain SA1 is a direct consequence of structural changes in SA1-GS induced by the Y183C mutation, which elevated the K-m values for NH4+ and glutamate, and thus limited the assimilation of NH4+ generated by N-2 reduction. These properties and the altered divalent cation-mediated stability of A. variabilis SA1-GS demonstrate the importance of Y183 for NH4+ binding and metal ion coordination. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Microbiol & Cell Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, USDA ARS, Agron Physiol Lab, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Int Rice Res Inst, Las Banos, Philippines. RP Univ Florida, Dept Microbiol & Cell Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. EM shan@ufl.edu NR 43 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0343-8651 EI 1432-0991 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 46 IS 6 BP 423 EP 431 DI 10.1007/s00284-002-3914-3 PG 9 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 675HK UT WOS:000182687800007 PM 12732949 ER PT J AU Pittman, JK Hirschi, KD AF Pittman, JK Hirschi, KD TI Don't shoot the (second) messenger: endomembrane transporters and binding proteins modulate cytosolic Ca2+ levels SO CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY LA English DT Review ID TERMINAL AUTOINHIBITORY DOMAIN; CYCLIC ADP-RIBOSE; ENDOPLASMIC-RETICULUM; HIGHER-PLANTS; VACUOLAR MEMBRANE; CALCIUM-PUMP; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; H+/CA2+ ANTIPORTER; MOLECULAR-CLONING; N-TERMINUS AB Ca2+ signal transduction requires the meticulous regulation of cytosolic Ca2+, levels. Endomembrane Ca2+ transporters and binding proteins are important components in partitioning these Ca2+ signals to mediate cellular activity. Recently, many of these proteins have been characterized and mutant analysis suggests that these transporters form a network. Future attempts to manipulate plant Ca2+ signaling must address all aspects of this complex. C1 Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Vegetable & Fruit Improvement Ctr, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Pittman, JK (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. OI Pittman, Jon/0000-0001-7197-1494 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [CHRC 5 P30]; NIGMS NIH HHS [1R01 GM57427] NR 56 TC 37 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 4 PU CURRENT BIOLOGY LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 1369-5266 J9 CURR OPIN PLANT BIOL JI Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 6 IS 3 BP 257 EP 262 DI 10.1016/S1369-5266(03)00036-0 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 685KN UT WOS:000183262600008 PM 12753975 ER PT J AU Crippen, TL Sheffield, CL He, H Lowry, VK Kogut, MH AF Crippen, TL Sheffield, CL He, H Lowry, VK Kogut, MH TI Differential nitric oxide production by chicken immune cells SO DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE nitric oxide; chicken; heterophil; monocytes; HD11 cells; S-methylisothiourea ID HUMAN-NEUTROPHILS; INTERFERON-GAMMA; POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES; SYNTHASE; MACROPHAGES; EXPRESSION; NO; ACTIVATION; INHIBITOR; CLONING AB Nitric oxide is a rapidly reacting free radical which has cytotoxic effects during inflammatory responses and regulatory effects as a component of signal transduction cascades. We quantified the production of nitrite, a stable metabolite of nitric oxide, in chicken heterophils, monocytes and macrophages after stimulation by IFN-gamma, LPS and killed bacteria. Our results demonstrate a differential production of nitrite over 72 h by chicken peripheral blood heterophils, monocytes and the chicken macrophage cell line (HD11). HD11 cells produced an average of 10 fold more nitrite in comparison to monocytes and 30 fold more than heterophils upon stimulation. This production could be inhibited by S-methylisothiourea indicating that the inducible nitric oxide synthase enzyme was participating in the pathway leading to nitrite production. published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Anat & Publ Hlth, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Crippen, TL (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 40 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0145-305X J9 DEV COMP IMMUNOL JI Dev. Comp. Immunol. PD JUN-JUL PY 2003 VL 27 IS 6-7 BP 603 EP 610 DI 10.1016/S0145-305X(03)00035-1 PG 8 WC Immunology; Zoology SC Immunology; Zoology GA 674GH UT WOS:000182628700013 PM 12697316 ER PT J AU He, HQ Crippen, TL Farnell, MB Kogut, MH AF He, HQ Crippen, TL Farnell, MB Kogut, MH TI Identification of CpG oligodeoxynucleotide motifs that stimulate nitric oxide and cytokine production in avian macrophage and peripheral blood mononuclear cells SO DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE CpG; nitric oxide; IL-1 beta; IFN-gamma; cytokine; innate immune response; avian macrophage cell line; chicken ID BACTERIAL-DNA; IN-VIVO; DENDRITIC CELLS; TH1 RESPONSES; CUTTING EDGE; B-CELLS; ACTIVATION; INDUCTION; SEQUENCES; GAMMA AB Unmethylated CpG dinucleotides within specific flanking bases (referred to as CpG motif) are relatively abundant in bacterial DNA and are known to stimulate innate immune responses. In this study, synthetic CpG containing oligodeoxydinucleotides (CpG-ODNs) were evaluated for their ability to stimulate nitric oxide (NO), interleukin - 1beta (IL-1beta), and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production using an avian macrophage cell line (HD11) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Results showed ODNs containing the CpG motif can activate the HD11 cells and induce NO production. The optimal CpG-ODN motif for NO induction was GTCGTT. Increasing GTCGTT motifs in CpG-ODN significantly enhanced the stimulatory effect. Deviation of flanking bases of the CpG dinucleotide diminished the stimulatory activity. We also found CpG-ODN differentially stimulated expression of cytokine genes. The most active CpG motif for NO induction was also a strong stimulant for the IL-1beta gene expression in the HD11 cells, whereas different CpG motifs were found to induce IFN-gamma gene expression in PBMC. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP He, HQ (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 42 TC 72 Z9 78 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0145-305X J9 DEV COMP IMMUNOL JI Dev. Comp. Immunol. PD JUN-JUL PY 2003 VL 27 IS 6-7 BP 621 EP 627 DI 10.1016/S0145-305X(03)00013-2 PG 7 WC Immunology; Zoology SC Immunology; Zoology GA 674GH UT WOS:000182628700015 PM 12697318 ER PT J AU Hosoda, K Wang, MF Liao, ML Chuang, CK Iha, M Clevidence, B Yamamoto, S AF Hosoda, K Wang, MF Liao, ML Chuang, CK Iha, M Clevidence, B Yamamoto, S TI Antihyperglycentic effect of oolong tea in type 2 diabetes SO DIABETES CARE LA English DT Article ID CAFFEINE; MELLITUS; GLUCOSE; HYPOGLYCEMIA; HUMANS AB OBJECTIVE - To determine the efficacy of oolong tea for lowering plasma glucose in type 2 diabetic patients in Miaoli, Taiwan. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS - A total of 20 free-living subjects who had type 2 diabetes and took hyperglycemic drugs as prescribed were enrolled in the present study. Subjects consumed oolong tea (1,500 ml) or water for 30 days each in a randomized crossover design. Tea was not consumed for 14 days prior to treatments. RESULTS - Relative to initial concentrations, oolong tea markedly lowered concentrations of plasma glucose (from 229 +/- 53.9 to 162.2 +/- 29.7 mg/dl, P < 0.001) and fructosamine (from 409.9 &PLUSMN; 96.1 to 323.3 &PLUSMN; 56.4 μmol/l, P < 0.01), whereas the water control group had not changed (208.7 +/- 61.0 vs. 232.3 +/- 63.1 mg/dl for glucose and from 368.4 +/- 85.0 to 340.0 +/- 76.1 mumol/l for fructosamine). CONCLUSIONS - Oolong tea may be an effective adjunct to oral hypoglycemic agents in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. C1 Univ Tokushima, Sch Med, Dept Nutr, Appl Nutr Lab, Tokushima 7708503, Japan. Suntory Inst Bioorgan Res, Res Ctr, Osaka, Japan. Providence Univ, Dept Food & Nutr, Taichung, Taiwan. Chorng Kuang Hosp, Miaoli, Taiwan. USDA, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Yamamoto, S (reprint author), Univ Tokushima, Sch Med, Dept Nutr, Appl Nutr Lab, 3 Kuramoto, Tokushima 7708503, Japan. NR 17 TC 80 Z9 89 U1 3 U2 17 PU AMER DIABETES ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1701 N BEAUREGARD ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22311-1717 USA SN 0149-5992 J9 DIABETES CARE JI Diabetes Care PD JUN PY 2003 VL 26 IS 6 BP 1714 EP 1718 DI 10.2337/diacare.26.6.1714 PG 5 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 724UR UT WOS:000185505500009 PM 12766099 ER PT J AU Blumenthal, DM Jordan, NR Russelle, MP AF Blumenthal, DM Jordan, NR Russelle, MP TI Soil carbon addition controls weeds and facilitates prairie restoration SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE carbon addition; carbon; nitrogen ratio; invasion; biological; nitrogen immobilization; prairie restoration; sawdust; sucrose; weed competition and control ID PLANTS; SUCCESSION AB Soil nitrogen enrichment and consequent vigorous weed growth are thought to hinder the restoration of tallgrass prairie. Adding carbon to the soil may facilitate prairie restoration by inducing immobilization of plant-available nitrogen. Early attempts to use this method, however, have had mixed results. Success of C addition depends on three conditions: weeds must suppress prairie species in the absence of C addition, weeds must be nitrophilic relative to prairie species, and C addition must result in a large enough decrease in N to alter the balance of competition among weeds and prairie species. We examined these conditions by comparing productivity of 10 weeds and I I tallgrass prairie species under 14 levels of C addition, ranging from 84 to 3346 g C/m(2). Carbon was tilled into the soil prior to planting. To control for non-N effects of C addition, N was added to a subset of plots. Relative to untreated plots, the highest level of C addition resulted in an 86% decrease in available NO3-N, a 14X increase in early season light availability, a 54% decrease in weed biomass, and a sevenfold increase in prairie biomass. Nitrogen addition significantly reduced or reversed all of these effects. Significant species-specific responses to C addition included decreased biomass for six annual weeds and increased biomass for six prairie species, one annual weed, and three perennial weeds. These results suggest that C addition may be a useful tool for restoring N-limited plant communities. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Blumenthal, DM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Rangeland Resources Res Unit, Crops Res Lab, 1701 Ctr Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RI Blumenthal, Dana/J-3106-2012 NR 24 TC 178 Z9 188 U1 7 U2 73 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 13 IS 3 BP 605 EP 615 DI 10.1890/1051-0761(2003)013[0605:SCACWA]2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 707TA UT WOS:000184524900004 ER PT J AU Palik, B Mitchell, RJ Pecot, S Battaglia, M Pu, M AF Palik, B Mitchell, RJ Pecot, S Battaglia, M Pu, M TI Spatial distribution of overstory retention influences resources and growth of longleaf pine seedlings SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE dispersed vs. aggregate retention; forest regeneration; longleaf pine; overstory retention; Pinus palustris; plant competition; two-cohort stands ID GREEN-TREE RETENTION; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; CONIFEROUS FORESTS; RESIDUAL TREES; ECOSYSTEM; RESPONSES; PALUSTRIS; OREGON; GAPS; AVAILABILITY AB Increasingly, overstory retention is being used in forests traditionally managed for single-cohort structure. One rationale for retention is that residual stand structure better resembles the complex structure of forests after natural disturbance, helping to perpetuate ecosystem functions dependent on that structure. The benefits of retention come at the cost of reduced survival and growth of regeneration because of competition with residual trees. We argue that inhibition of regeneration depends not only on the number and size of residual trees, but also on their spatial arrangement, which ranges from dispersed to aggregated. We use a model of competition at the scale of seedlings to hypothesize that maximum stand-level resource availability, seedling growth, and seedling survival occur with aggregate retention, rather than dispersed retention, even with constant residual basal area. We test our hypotheses with a silvicultural experiment in longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) in Georgia, USA. Replicated treatments included an uncut control, dispersed retention, small-aggregate retention, and large-aggregate retention. We measured light, soil nitrogen, soil moisture, and growth of longleaf pine seedlings across the full range of overstory conditions in each treatment. Postharvest basal areas in the cut treatments were similar. Gap light index increased from the control to large-aggregate retention, as did nitrogen availability, measured on exchange resins. Nitrogen mineralization did not differ among treatments, nor did soil moisture or temperature. Seedling biomass increment increased significantly from the control to large-aggregate retention. Survival did not differ among treatments. We argue that these results are a consequence of exponential relationships between overstory competition intensity, resource availability, and seedling growth. Given this relationship, resources and seedling growth are low across a wide range of decreasing overstory competitor abundance but increase exponentially only at very low competitor abundance. This seedling-scale model translates into maximum stand scale resource availability and seedling growth with large-aggregate retention, compared to dispersed retention, because the probability of a seedling occupying a site free of overstory competition is greater with the former. Our research shows that one can improve competitive environments for regeneration by manipulating spatial distribution of residual trees without sacrificing the ecological benefits of overstory retention. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Res Stn, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 USA. Joseph W Jones Ecol Res Ctr, Newton, GA 31770 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol, Greensboro, NC 27402 USA. RP Palik, B (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Res Stn, 1831 Highwayt 169 E, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 USA. EM bpalik@fs.fed.us NR 50 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 1 U2 12 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 13 IS 3 BP 674 EP 686 DI 10.1890/1051-0761(2003)013[0674:SDOORI]2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 707TA UT WOS:000184524900009 ER PT J AU Parmenter, AW Hansen, A Kennedy, RE Cohen, W Langner, U Lawrence, R Maxwell, B Gallant, A Aspinall, R AF Parmenter, AW Hansen, A Kennedy, RE Cohen, W Langner, U Lawrence, R Maxwell, B Gallant, A Aspinall, R TI Land use and land cover change in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem: 1975-1995 SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE classification and regression tree analysis; exurban development; fire; Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem; land use and land cover change; remote sensing; urbanization ID LODGEPOLE PINE; NATIONAL-PARK; FIRE; CLASSIFICATION; BIODIVERSITY; PRODUCTIVITY; FORESTS; WEST AB Shifts in the demographic and economic character of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE) are driving patterns of land cover and land use change in the region. Such changes may have important consequences for ecosystem functioning. The objective of this paper is to quantify the trajectories and rates of change in land cover and use across the GYE for the period 1975-1995 using satellite imagery. Spectral and geographic variables were used as inputs to classification tree regression analysis (CART) to find "rules" which defined land use and land cover classes on the landscape. The resulting CART functions were used to map land cover and land use across seven Landsat TM scenes for 1995. We then used a thresholding technique to identify locations that differed in spectral properties between the 1995 and 1985 time periods. These "changed" locations were classified using CART functions derived from spectral and geographic data from 1985. This was similarly done for the year 1975 based on Landsat MSS data. Differences between the 1975, 1985, and 1995 maps. were considered change in land cover and use. We calibrated and tested the accuracy of our models using data acquired through manual interpretation of aerial photos. Elevation and vegetative indices derived from the remotely sensed satellite imagery explained the most variance in the land use and land cover classes (i.e., defined the "rules" most often). Overall accuracies from our study were good, ranging from 94% at the coarsest level of detail to 74% at the finest. The largest changes over the study period were the increases in burned, urban, and mixed conifer-herbaceous classes and decreases in woody deciduous, mixed woody deciduous-herbaceous, and conifer habitats. These changes have important implications for ecological function and biodiversity. The expansion of mixed conifer classes may increase fuel loads and enhance risk to the growing number of rural homes. The reduction of woody deciduous cover types is likely reducing population sizes for the numerous plant and animal species that specialize on this habitat type. Some of these species are also negatively influenced by the increase of rural homes in and near woody deciduous habitats. C1 Montana State Univ, Dept Ecol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USDA, Forest Sci Lab, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Montana State Univ, Dept Land Resource & Environm Sci, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. USGS, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. Montana State Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. RP Parmenter, AW (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Ctr Environm, 306 Rice Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 45 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 3 U2 21 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 13 IS 3 BP 687 EP 703 DI 10.1890/1051-0761(2003)013[0687:LUALCC]2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 707TA UT WOS:000184524900010 ER PT J AU Taylor, AH Skinner, CN AF Taylor, AH Skinner, CN TI Spatial patterns and controls on historical fire regimes and forest structure in the Klamath Mountains SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE California; dendroecology; fire history; fire regimes; forest age structure; landscape ecology; landscape structure; mixed conifer forest ID MIXED-CONIFER FOREST; UPPER MONTANE FORESTS; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; SOUTHERN CASCADES; SIERRA-NEVADA; NATIONAL-PARK; USA; VEGETATION; LANDSCAPE; RANGE AB Fire exclusion in mixed conifer forests has increased the risk of fire due to decades of fuel accumulation. Restoration of fire into altered forests is a challenge because of a poor understanding of the spatial and temporal dynamics of fire regimes. In this study the spatial and temporal characteristics of fire regimes and forest age structure are reconstructed in a 2325-ha mixed conifer forest in the Klamath Mountains. Forests were multiaged and burned frequently at low and moderate severity, but forest age structure did not vary with aspect, elevation, or topographic position. Recently there has been an increase in forest density and a forest compositional shift to shade-tolerant species. Median fire return intervals (FRI) ranged from 11.5 to 16.5 yr and varied with aspect but not with forest composition or elevation. The median area burned was 106 ha, and the pre-Euro-American fire rotation of 19 yr increased to 238 yr after 1905. Intra-annual position of fire scars in the tree rings indicates that 93% of fires occurred during the dry midsummer through fall period. Spatial patterns of sites with similar fire dates were spatially coherent and separated from others by topographic features that influence fire spread. Thus, patterns of fire occurrence tended to be fixed in space with timing of fires varying among groups of sites. Spatial and temporal patterns of fire occurrence suggest that managers using physical features to contain prescribed fire will create burn patterns consistent with historical fires in the Klamath Mountains. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Geog, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Redding, CA 96001 USA. RP Taylor, AH (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Geog, 302 Walker Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 82 TC 161 Z9 168 U1 8 U2 35 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 13 IS 3 BP 704 EP 719 DI 10.1890/1051-0761(2003)013[0704:SPACOH]2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 707TA UT WOS:000184524900011 ER PT J AU Rappole, JH King, DI Diez, J AF Rappole, JH King, DI Diez, J TI Winter- vs. breeding-habitat limitation for an endangered avian migrant SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE avian migrant; breeding habitat; Dendroica chrysoparia; endangered species; Golden-cheeked Warbler; habitat limitation; population limitation; remote sensing; winter habitat ID WARBLERS; BIRDS AB Migratory species have critical habitat needs during both breeding and wintering portions of the life cycle. Recent advances have made it possible to use satellite imagery and computer-assisted spatial analysis technology along with fieldwork to determine estimates for these critical habitat needs for the endangered Golden-cheeked Warbler, Dendroica chrysoparia. Using these procedures, we estimate that the Ashe juniper-oak breeding habitat for this species covers 6430 km(2) of central Texas, USA, whereas appropriate habitat in the known winter range covers 6750 km(2) of the Middle American cordillera. When combined with information on warbler breeding and wintering ecology, these figures indicate that the amount of available winter habitat (pine-oak above 1219 m [4000'] in elevation) supports only a fraction (15%) of the population that could be supported by the amount of estimated available breeding habitat, suggesting that Golden-cheeked Warbler populations could be limited by winter habitat availability. C1 Smithsonian Conservat & Res Ctr, Front Royal, VA 22630 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Holdsworth Nat Resources Ctr 203, US Forest Serv, NE Expt Stn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Rappole, JH (reprint author), Smithsonian Conservat & Res Ctr, 1500 Remount Rd, Front Royal, VA 22630 USA. NR 26 TC 30 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 17 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 13 IS 3 BP 735 EP 742 DI 10.1890/1051-0761(2003)013[0735:WVBLFA]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 707TA UT WOS:000184524900013 ER PT J AU Morris, B AF Morris, B TI Bio-functional legumes with nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and industrial uses SO ECONOMIC BOTANY LA English DT Article DE bio-functional; industrial; Lablab; legume; Leguminosae; Macroptilium; nutraceutical; pharmaceutical; Psophocarpus ID LABLAB-PURPUREUS; DOUBLE-BLIND; MACROPTILIUM-ATROPURPUREUM; NITROGEN-FIXATION; CANCER CELLS; WEIGHT-GAIN; BASAL DIET; FORAGE; SUPPLEMENTATION; LECTIN AB To help or prevent certain health problems and adequately feed people, there is a need for added contributions from legumes. Legumes produce primary and secondary metabolites and other phytochemicals such as nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and industrial products. In addition, legumes such as hyacinth bean seed contain nearly 10% more fiber while winged bean contains three times more fiber than common bean. The potential breast cancer fighting chemical known as kievitone is found in hyacinth bean but not in common bean nor soybean. Both agmatine and isovitexin are potential combatants of microbial organisms in mammals including humans. Agmatine and isovitexin are not found in soybean nor common bean, however they exist in winged bean. Studies regarding value added traits such as the bio-functional and biologically active components of legumes have only recently begun because most specialty phytochemicals are extracted from other plant sources. Not only can bio-functional legumes provide healthy food constituents for use as nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and pesticidals, but they can increase healthy food resources worldwide. Bio-functional legumes have been used in the past primarily for forage, pasture, minor food, green manuring, and erosion control. Current uses include these previously mentioned plus some fairly new ones such as hyacinth bean used as an ornamental and wildlife food. The future for these common bean relatives is for use in the health markets as new medicines or nutraceuticals and to provide farmers with additional crop production as phytopharmaceutical or nutraceutical crops. C1 Univ Georgia, USDA ARS, Plant Genet Resources Conservat Unit, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. RP Morris, B (reprint author), Univ Georgia, USDA ARS, Plant Genet Resources Conservat Unit, 1109 Expt St, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. NR 58 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 7 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 USA SN 0013-0001 J9 ECON BOT JI Econ. Bot. PD SUM PY 2003 VL 57 IS 2 BP 254 EP 261 DI 10.1663/0013-0001(2003)057[0254:BLWNPA]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 710EA UT WOS:000184666800008 ER PT J AU Kane, ES Pregitzer, KS Burton, AJ AF Kane, ES Pregitzer, KS Burton, AJ TI Soil respiration along environmental gradients in Olympic National Park SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE soil carbon dioxide efflux; soil temperature; soil moisture; Pacific Northwest; elevation; aspect; lapse rate; climate change; carbon cycling ID CARBON-DIOXIDE; WATER-CONTENT; MICROBIAL RESPIRATION; FOREST ECOSYSTEMS; PINUS-TAEDA; TEMPERATURE; NITROGEN; CO2; DECOMPOSITION; FLOOR AB Although mountainous landscapes dominate large areas of the Earth, our understanding of how elevation and aspect influence soil respiration in complex mountainous terrain is very limited. Therefore, we measured soil respiration throughout the growing season in 1999 and 2000 at 11 forested sites in Olympic National Park, Washington, USA along elevation-climatic gradients. The study sites ranged from temperate rain forest to alpine forests near tree line. Soil temperature was a significant predictor of soil respiration at all sites, and soil moisture explained additional variability at three sites (R-2 from 0.42 to 0.90, P less than or equal to 0.01). Soil temperatures at the highest-elevation sites were 4.5degreesC cooler than those at the lowest elevation, but there were no relationships between soil respiration rates at a given temperature and elevation or mean annual temperature that would indicate acclimation of soil respiration to the cooler temperatures at high-elevation sites. Experimental urea additions (1.0 and 2.0 g N m(-2) y(-1)) made at seven of the sites had no consistent effect on soil respiration. Total soil carbon dioxide (CO2) efflux during the growing season (May-September) varied from 0.34 to 0.75 kg C/m(2) and was greater at low-elevation sites with warmer soil temperatures and longer growing seasons. Elevation and the length of the frost-free season could both be used to predict growing season (r(2) = 0.53) and annual (r(2) = 0.81) soil CO2 efflux for the 10 sites located in steep mountainous terrain. Significant correlations also existed with mean annual temperature. These results suggest that warmer soils and a longer snow-free season associated with climatic warming could cause the mountainous ecosystems of the Olympic peninsula to evolve increasing amounts of CO2 from all elevations and aspects. C1 Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forestry & Wood Prod, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Stn, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. RP Pregitzer, KS (reprint author), Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forestry & Wood Prod, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. EM kspregit@mtu.edu NR 35 TC 23 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 22 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1432-9840 EI 1435-0629 J9 ECOSYSTEMS JI Ecosystems PD JUN PY 2003 VL 6 IS 4 BP 326 EP 335 DI 10.1007/s10021-002-0115-7 PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 691YY UT WOS:000183634600003 ER PT J AU Pinay, G O'Keefe, T Edwards, R Naiman, RJ AF Pinay, G O'Keefe, T Edwards, R Naiman, RJ TI Potential denitrification activity in the landscape of a western Alaska drainage basin SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE landscape; denitrification; Alaska; riparian zone; salmon ID PACIFIC SALMON; SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA; RIPARIAN FOREST; SASHIN CREEK; COHO SALMON; NITROGEN; DYNAMICS; SOIL; CARCASSES; HISTORY AB We examined denitrification potentials in six of the major landscape structure (riparian soils of both meandering and braided streams, peat lands, coniferous flats, alder slopes, and groundwater seeps) of the Lake Nerka catchment in southwest Alaska. We found significant potential denitrifying activity in all the soils of the main landscape patch types of the Lake Nerka catchment. The lowest potential denitrifying activity was measured in the peat lands. A highly significant relationship was found between soil organic matter and potential denitrification activity in three landforms-coniferous flats, groundwater seeps, and riparian soils of meandering streams. These three landscape structures also had the highest denitrifying potential. The finer soils of riparian zones along spawning streams, which corresponded to meandering streams, showed a significantly higher potential denitrification activity than the coarse riparian soils along nonspawning streams. These nonspawning streams corresponded to braided streams, where finer sediments were not as prevalent. Therefore, if this high potential denitrification measured in riparian soils of spawning streams is combined with large inputs of nitrate to anaerobic sites, it can result in N-15 signatures that mimic that of the marine-derived nitrogen provided by Pacific salmon in these Alaskan ecosystems. C1 CNRS, Ctr Ecol Fonct & Evolut, F-34293 Montpellier, France. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. US Forest Serv, Aquat & Land Interact Program, USDA, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Pinay, G (reprint author), CNRS, Ctr Ecol Fonct & Evolut, 1919 Route Mende, F-34293 Montpellier, France. RI Naiman, Robert /K-3113-2012 NR 34 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 2 U2 14 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1432-9840 J9 ECOSYSTEMS JI Ecosystems PD JUN PY 2003 VL 6 IS 4 BP 336 EP 343 DI 10.1007/s10021-002-0169-6 PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 691YY UT WOS:000183634600004 ER PT J AU Hitchcock, DR McCutcheon, SC Smith, MC AF Hitchcock, DR McCutcheon, SC Smith, MC TI Using rotifer population demographic parameters to assess impacts of the degradation products from trinitrotoluene phytoremediation SO ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY LA English DT Article DE phytoremediation; TNT; ecotoxicology; life tables; algae; rotifers ID BRACHIONUS-CALYCIFLORUS; CHRONIC TOXICITY; NANNOCHLORIS-OCULATA; WATER; DYNAMICS; ECOTOXICOLOGY; FIELD AB The objective of this study was to evaluate the chronic lethal and sublethal aquatic toxicity effects associated with the phytoremediation of water contaminated with 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) by the wetland plant species Myriophyllum aquaticum (parrot feather). Rotifers (Brachionus calyciflorus) feeding on an algal species (Nannochloropsis spp.) were used as the aquatic test organisms. Continuous flow laboratory microcosms were used to quantify effects on rotifer populations from TNT and the primary degradation product aminodinitrotoluene (ADNT) during and after phytoremediation. Rotifer demographic parameters from life tables, including survivorship, fecundity, reproductive values, net reproductive rate, generation time, intrinsic growth rate, and life expectancy, were used as measures of treatment effects. High-performance liquid chromatography analyses were performed to determine nitroaromatic concentrations. Results from this study have revealed significant differences in rotifer demographic parameters between microcosms with elevated initial TNT concentrations. Significant differences in demographic parameters also existed between the microcosms that did and did not receive phytoremediation treatment and the control microcosms. Study results have indicated that TNT phytoremediation via artificial wetlands not only may clean up hazardous waste at munitions sites but also may encourage the growth of aquatic populations such as rotifers. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Hitchcock, DR (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Ctr Forested Wetlands Res, POB 700, New Ellenton, SC 29809 USA. NR 30 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 8 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0147-6513 J9 ECOTOX ENVIRON SAFE JI Ecotox. Environ. Safe. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 55 IS 2 BP 143 EP 151 DI 10.1016/S0147-6513(03)00007-1 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 680WG UT WOS:000183001800002 PM 12742360 ER PT J AU Lee, AV Zhang, P Ivanova, M Bonnette, S Oesterreich, S Rosen, JM Grimm, S Hovey, RC Vonderhaar, BK Kahn, CR Torres, D George, J Mohsin, S Allred, DC Hadsell, DL AF Lee, AV Zhang, P Ivanova, M Bonnette, S Oesterreich, S Rosen, JM Grimm, S Hovey, RC Vonderhaar, BK Kahn, CR Torres, D George, J Mohsin, S Allred, DC Hadsell, DL TI Developmental and hormonal signals dramatically alter the localization and abundance of insulin receptor substrate proteins in the mammary gland SO ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BREAST-CANCER CELLS; END BUD FORMATION; GROWTH-FACTOR-I; PROLACTIN RECEPTOR; IGF-I; DUCTAL MORPHOGENESIS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; NUCLEAR TRANSLOCATION; TARGETED DISRUPTION; POSTNATAL-GROWTH AB Insulin receptor substrates (IRS) are central integrators of hormone, cytokine, and growth factor signaling. IRS proteins can be phosphorylated by a number of signaling pathways critical to normal mammary gland development. Studies in transgenic mice that overexpress IGF-I in the mammary gland suggested that IRS expression is important in the regulation of normal postlactational mammary involution. The goal of these studies was to examine IRS expression in the mouse mammary gland and determine the importance of IRS-1 to mammary development in the virgin mouse. IRS-1 and -2 show distinct patterns of protein expression in the virgin mouse mammary gland, and protein abundance is dramatically increased during pregnancy and lactation, but rapidly lost during involution. Consistent with hormone regulation, IRS-1 protein levels are reduced by ovariectomy, induced by combined treatment with estrogen and progesterone, and vary considerably throughout the estrous cycle. These changes occur without similar changes in mRNA levels, suggesting post-transcriptional control. Mammary glands from IRS-1 null mice have smaller fat pads than wild-type controls, but this reduction is proportional to the overall reduction in body size. Development of the mammary duct (terminal endbuds and branch points) is not altered by the loss of IRS-1, and pregnancy-induced proliferation is not changed. These data indicate that IRS undergo complex developmental and hormonal regulation in the mammary gland, and that IRS-1 is more likely to regulate mammary function in lactating mice than in virgin or pregnant mice. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Breast Ctr, Dept Med, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Breast Ctr, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Breast Ctr, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Breast Ctr, Dept Pathol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. ARS, USDA, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NCI, Mol & Cellular Endocrinol Sect, Ctr Canc Res, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Joslin Diabet Ctr,Res Div, Boston, MA 02215 USA. RP Lee, AV (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Breast Ctr, Dept Med, Room N1110,1 Baylor Plaza,MS 600, Houston, TX 77030 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [CA-94118]; NIDDK NIH HHS [DK-52197] NR 61 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 3 PU ENDOCRINE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 4350 EAST WEST HIGHWAY SUITE 500, BETHESDA, MD 20814-4110 USA SN 0013-7227 J9 ENDOCRINOLOGY JI Endocrinology PD JUN PY 2003 VL 144 IS 6 BP 2683 EP 2694 DI 10.1210/en.2002-221103 PG 12 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 683KH UT WOS:000183146900064 PM 12746333 ER PT J AU Fuhrer, J Booker, F AF Fuhrer, J Booker, F TI Ecological issues related to ozone: agricultural issues SO ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Future Directions in Air Quality Research: Ecological Atmospheric Regulatory/Policy/Economic and Educational Issues CY FEB 12-15, 2001 CL RES TRIANGLE PK, NC DE tropospheric ozone; ozone flux; ozone risk assessment; detoxification; antioxidants; agricultural crops; grassland ID CARBON-DIOXIDE ENRICHMENT; AIR-QUALITY STANDARDS; TRITICUM-AESTIVUM L; TOP FIELD CHAMBERS; ASCORBIC-ACID; ELEVATED CO2; AMBIENT AIR; CELL-DEATH; LEAF APOPLAST; PLASMA-MEMBRANE AB Research on the effects of ozone on agricultural crops and agro-ecosystems is needed for the development of regional emission reduction strategies, to underpin practical recommendations aiming to increase the sustainability of agricultural land management in a changing environment, and to secure food supply in regions with rapidly growing populations. Major limitations in current knowledge exist in several areas: (1) Modelling of ozone. transfer and specifically stomatal ozone uptake under variable environmental conditions, using robust and well-validated dynamic models that can be linked to large-scale photochemical models lack coverage. (2) Processes involved in the initial reactions of ozone with extracellular and cellular components after entry through the stomata, and identification of key chemical species and their role in detoxification require additional study. (3) Scaling the effects from the level of individual cells to the whole-plant requires, for instance, a better understanding of the effects of ozone on carbon transport within the plant. (4) Implications of long-term ozone effects on community and whole-ecosystem level processes, with an emphasis on crop quality, element cycling and carbon sequestration, and biodiversity of pastures and rangelands require renewed efforts. The UNECE Convention on Long Range Trans-boundary Air Pollution shows, for example, that policy decisions may require the use of integrated assessment models. These models depend on quantitative exposure-response information to link quantitative effects at each level of organization to an effective ozone dose (i.e., the balance between the rate of ozone uptake by the foliage and the rate of ozone detoxification). In order to be effective in a policy, or technological context, results from future research must be funnelled into an appropriate knowledge transfer scheme. This requires data synthesis, up-scaling, and spatial aggregation. At the research level, interactions must be considered between the effects of ozone and factors that are either directly manipulated by man through crop management, or indirectly changed. The latter include elevated atmospheric CO2, particulate matter, other pollutants such as nitrogen oxides, UV-B radiation, climate and associated soil moisture conditions. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Swiss Fed Res Stn Agroecol & Agr, FAL, Air Pollut Climate Grp, CH-8046 Zurich, Switzerland. N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Air Qual Plant Growth & Dev Res Unit, Raleigh, NC 27603 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27603 USA. RP Swiss Fed Res Stn Agroecol & Agr, FAL, Air Pollut Climate Grp, Reckenholzstr 191, CH-8046 Zurich, Switzerland. EM juerg.fuhrer@fal.admin.ch NR 99 TC 153 Z9 189 U1 7 U2 58 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0160-4120 EI 1873-6750 J9 ENVIRON INT JI Environ. Int. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 29 IS 2-3 BP 141 EP 154 DI 10.1016/S0160-4120(02)00157-5 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 671JP UT WOS:000182461900004 PM 12676202 ER PT J AU Laurence, JA Andersen, CP AF Laurence, JA Andersen, CP TI Ozone and natural systems: understanding exposure, response, and risk SO ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Future Directions in Air Quality Research: Ecological Atmospheric Regulatory/Policy/Economic and Educational Issues CY FEB 12-15, 2001 CL RES TRIANGLE PK, NORTH CAROLINA DE food webs; below-ground processes; risk assessment ID SAN-BERNARDINO MOUNTAINS; FOOD-WEB STRUCTURE; CLIMATE-CHANGE; FOREST ECOSYSTEMS; PINUS-PONDEROSA; LOBLOLLY-PINE; DEPOSITION; NITROGEN; CARBON; CALIFORNIA AB Research aimed at understanding the response of plants to ozone has been conducted for over four decades but little of it has addressed intact natural systems. Even so, there is sufficient scientific information at this time to support air quality standards that will protect natural terrestrial ecosystems from ozone. What is unknown is the risk associated with continued exposure of natural systems, including both above- and below-ground components, in combination with other stresses including changing temperature and precipitation, elevated carbon dioxide, pests and pathogens, invasive species, and other activities that may fragment the landscape. Research to support an assessment of the ecological risk associated with ozone as it exists, in a milieu of stresses, must include endpoints beyond those addressed in the past, primarily productivity and species composition. To estimate the risk to society of ozone impacts on natural systems, endpoints such as the integrity of soil food webs, the quantity and quality of water supplied from terrestrial ecosystems, wildlife and recreational values, and the transfer and fate of carbon, nutrients, and water within the systems must be quantified. Not only will this research provide the basis for a sound estimate of risk, but also it will improve our understanding of fundamental ecosystem processes. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Cornell Univ, Boyce Thompson Inst Plant Res, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Laurence, JA (reprint author), USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forest Serv, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 37 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0160-4120 J9 ENVIRON INT JI Environ. Int. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 29 IS 2-3 BP 155 EP 160 DI 10.1016/S0160-4120(02)00158-7 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 671JP UT WOS:000182461900005 PM 12676203 ER PT J AU Adams, MB AF Adams, MB TI Ecological issues related to N deposition to natural ecosystems: research needs SO ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Future Directions in Air Quality Research: Ecological Atmospheric Regulatory/Policy/Economic and Educational Issues CY FEB 12-15, 2001 CL RES TRIANGLE PK, NORTH CAROLINA DE nitrogen; carbon; acidic deposition; air pollution impacts; ecosystem impacts ID NITROGEN SATURATION; ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS; SOIL ACIDIFICATION; FOREST ECOSYSTEMS; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; SPECIES COMPOSITION; GROUND VEGETATION; CALLUNA-VULGARIS; DECIDUOUS FOREST AB There has and continues to be concern about the effects of elevated nitrogen (N) deposition on natural ecosystems. In this paper, research on natural ecosystems, including wetlands, heathlands, grasslands, steppe, naturally regenerated forests and deserts, is evaluated to determine what is known about nitrogen cycling in these ecosystems, the effects of elevated nitrogen on them and to identify research gaps. Aquatic ecosystems are not included in this review, except as they are part of the larger ecosystem. Research needs fall into several categories: (1) improved understanding and quantification of the N cycle, particularly relatively unstudied processes such as dry deposition, N fixation and decomposition/mineralization; (2) carbon cycling as affected by increased N deposition; (3) effects on arid ecosystems and other "neglected" ecosystems; (4) effects on complex ecosystems and interactions with other pollutants; (S) indicators and assessment tools for natural ecosystems. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA, Timber & Watershed Lab, Forest Serv, Parsons, WV 26287 USA. RP Adams, MB (reprint author), USDA, Timber & Watershed Lab, Forest Serv, POB 404, Parsons, WV 26287 USA. NR 121 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 6 U2 29 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0160-4120 J9 ENVIRON INT JI Environ. Int. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 29 IS 2-3 BP 189 EP 199 DI 10.1016/S0160-4120(02)00179-4 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 671JP UT WOS:000182461900009 PM 12676207 ER PT J AU Bytnerowicz, A Badea, O Barbu, I Fleischer, P Fraczek, W Gancz, V Godzik, B Grodzinska, K Grodzki, W Karnosky, D Koren, M Krywult, M Krzan, Z Longauer, R Mankovska, B Manning, WJ McManus, M Musselman, RC Novotny, J Popescu, F Postelnicu, D Prus-Glowacki, W Skawinski, P Skiba, S Szaro, R Tamas, S Vasile, C AF Bytnerowicz, A Badea, O Barbu, I Fleischer, P Fraczek, W Gancz, V Godzik, B Grodzinska, K Grodzki, W Karnosky, D Koren, M Krywult, M Krzan, Z Longauer, R Mankovska, B Manning, WJ McManus, M Musselman, RC Novotny, J Popescu, F Postelnicu, D Prus-Glowacki, W Skawinski, P Skiba, S Szaro, R Tamas, S Vasile, C TI New international long-term ecological research on air pollution effects on the Carpathian Mountain forests, Central Europe SO ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Future Directions in Air Quality Research: Ecological Atmospheric Regulatory/Policy/Economic and Educational Issues CY FEB 12-15, 2001 CL RES TRIANGLE PK, NORTH CAROLINA DE air quality; ozone; biodiversity; ecology; forests; Carpathian Mountains; Poland; Slovakia; Romania ID OZONE; AREAS AB An international cooperative project on distribution of ozone in the Carpathian Mountains, Central Europe was conducted from 1997 to 1999. Results of that project indicated that in large parts of the Carpathian Mountains, concentrations of ozone were elevated and potentially phytotoxic to forest vegetation. That study led to the establishment of new long-term studies on ecological changes in forests and other ecosystems caused by air pollution in the Retezat Mountains, Southern Carpathians, Romania and in the Tatra Mountains, Western Carpathians on the Polish-Slovak border. Both of these important mountain ranges have the status of national parks and are Man & the Biosphere Reserves. In the Retezat Mountains, the primary research objective was to evaluate how air pollution may affect forest health and biodiversity. The main research objective in the Tatra Mountains was to evaluate responses of natural and managed Norway spruce forests to air pollution and other stresses. Ambient concentrations of ozone (O-3), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx) as well as forest health and biodiversity changes were monitored on densely distributed research sites. Initial monitoring of pollutants indicated low levels of O-3, SO2, and NOx in the Retezat Mountains, while elevated levels of O-3 and high deposition of atmospheric sulfur (S) and nitrogen (N) have characterized the Tatra Mountains. In the Retezat Mountains, air pollution seems to have little effect on forest health; however, there was concern that over a long time, even low levels of pollution may affect biodiversity of this important ecosystem. In contrast, severe decline of Norway spruce has been observed in the Tatra Mountains. Although bark beetle seems to be the immediate cause of that decline, long-term elevated levels of atmospheric N and S depositions and elevated O-3 could predispose trees to insect attacks and other stresses. European and US scientists studied pollution deposition, soil and plant chemistry, O-3-sensitive plant species, forest insects, and genetic changes in the Retezat and Tatra Mountains. Results of these investigations are presented in a GIS format to allow for a better understanding of the changes and the recommendations for effective management in these two areas. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. Forest Res Inst, Bucharest, Romania. Forest Res Inst, Campulung Moldovenecs, Romania. Tatra NP Res Stn, State Forest, Tatranska Lomnic, Slovakia. Environm Syst Res Inst, Redlands, CA USA. Polish Acad Sci, Inst Bot, Krakow, Poland. Forest Res Inst, Krakow, Poland. Michigan Technol Univ, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. Tatra Natl Pk, Zakopane, Poland. Forestry Res Inst Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia. Univ Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Hamden, CT USA. Forest Res Inst, Deva, Romania. Geosyst, Bucharest, Romania. Adam Mickiewicz Univ Poznan, Poznan, Poland. Jagiellonian Univ, Krakow, Poland. US Forest Serv, USDA, NW Res Stn, Portland, OR USA. Univ Brasov, Brasov, Romania. RP Bytnerowicz, A (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, 4955 Canyon Crest Dr, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RI Godzik, Barbara/G-7791-2011; Bytnerowicz, Andrzej/A-8017-2013; Longuaer, Roman/D-7419-2014 OI Longuaer, Roman/0000-0003-1878-087X NR 20 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 4 U2 24 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0160-4120 J9 ENVIRON INT JI Environ. Int. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 29 IS 2-3 BP 367 EP 376 DI 10.1016/S0160-4120(02)00172-1 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 671JP UT WOS:000182461900031 PM 12676229 ER PT J AU Arbaugh, M Bytnerowicz, A Grulke, N Fenn, M Poth, M Temple, P Miller, P AF Arbaugh, M Bytnerowicz, A Grulke, N Fenn, M Poth, M Temple, P Miller, P TI Photochemical smog effects in mixed conifer forests along a natural gradient of ozone and nitrogen deposition in the San Bernardino Mountains SO ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Future Directions in Air Quality Research: Ecological Atmospheric Regulatory/Policy/Economic and Educational Issues CY FEB 12-15, 2001 CL RES TRIANGLE PK, NORTH CAROLINA DE multiple pollutants; pine; ozone; San Bernardino Mountains; stand composition ID PONDEROSA PINE; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; EXPOSURE; BIOMASS; GROWTH AB Toxic effects of photochemical smog on ponderosa and Jeffrey pines in the San Bernardino Mountains were discovered in the 1950s. It was revealed that ozone is the main cause of foliar injury manifested as chlorotic mottle and premature needle senescence. Various morphological, physiological and biochemical alterations in the affected plants have been reported over a period of about 40 years of multidisciplinary research. Recently, the focus of research has shifted from studying the effects of ozone to multiple pollutant effects. Recent studies have indicated that the combination of ozone and nitrogen may alter biomass allocation in pines towards that of deciduous trees, accelerate litter accumulation, and increase carbon sequestration rates in heavily polluted forests. Further study of the effects of multiple pollutants, and their long-term consequences on the mixed conifer ecosystem, cannot be adequately done using the original San Bernardino Mountains Air Pollution Gradient network. To correct deficiencies in the design, the new site network is being configured for long-term studies on multiple air pollutant concentrations and deposition, physiological and biochemical changes in trees, growth and composition of over-story species, biogeochemical cycling. including carbon cycling and sequestration, water quality, and biodiversity of forest ecosystems. Eleven sites have been re-established. A comparison of 1974 stand composition with data from 2000 stand composition indicate that significant changes in species composition have occurred at some sites with less change at other sites. Moist, high-pollution sites have experienced the greatest amount of forest change, while dryer low-pollution sites have experienced the least amount of stand change. In general, ponderosa pine had the lowest basal area increases and the highest mortality across the San Bernardino Mountains. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Riverside Forest Fire Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Arbaugh, M (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Riverside Forest Fire Lab, 4955 Canyon Crest Dr, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RI Bytnerowicz, Andrzej/A-8017-2013 NR 19 TC 20 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 16 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0160-4120 J9 ENVIRON INT JI Environ. Int. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 29 IS 2-3 BP 401 EP 406 DI 10.1016/S0160-4120(02)00176-9 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 671JP UT WOS:000182461900035 PM 12676233 ER PT J AU Gregoire, TG Valentine, HT AF Gregoire, TG Valentine, HT TI Line intersect sampling: Ell-shaped transects and multiple intersections SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL STATISTICS LA English DT Article DE conditional estimator; design-unbiasedness; line intercept sampling; particles ID MODEL-BASED INFERENCE; GAPS; AREA AB The probability of selecting a population element under line intersect sampling depends on the width of the particle in the direction perpendicular to the transect, as is well known. The consequence of this when using ell-shaped transects rather than straight-line transects are explicated, and modification that preserve design-unbiasedness of Kaiser's (1983) conditional and unconditional estimators are presented. A case against treating multiple intersections as multiple probabilistic events is argued on the basis, also, of preserving design-unbiased estimation. C1 Yale Univ, Sch Forestry & Environm Studies, New Haven, CT 06511 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Gregoire, TG (reprint author), Yale Univ, Sch Forestry & Environm Studies, New Haven, CT 06511 USA. NR 28 TC 18 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1352-8505 J9 ENVIRON ECOL STAT JI Environ. Ecol. Stat. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 10 IS 2 BP 263 EP 279 DI 10.1023/A:1023698813989 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Statistics & Probability SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics GA 675DV UT WOS:000182678500009 ER PT J AU Widodo, W Vu, JCV Boote, KJ Baker, JT Allen, LH AF Widodo, W Vu, JCV Boote, KJ Baker, JT Allen, LH TI Elevated growth CO2 delays drought stress and accelerates recovery of rice leaf photosynthesis SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE CO2 enrichment; drought stress; Oryza sativa; photosynthesis; starch; sucrose ID CARBON-DIOXIDE ENRICHMENT; SUCROSE-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE; HIGH ATMOSPHERIC CO2; ORYZA-SATIVA-L; WATER-STRESS; PHASEOLUS-VULGARIS; RIBULOSE-1,5-BISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE; CANOPY PHOTOSYNTHESIS; PARTIAL-PRESSURE; EXCHANGE-RATES AB Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]) and predicted changes in rainfall frequency and intensity could have considerable impact on crop growth and yield. Our objective was to assess rice leaf photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism in response to decreased soil water availability at elevated growth [CO2]. Rice (Oryza sativa [L] cv. IR-72) was grown season-long in eight sunlit, controlled-environment chambers at two daytime [CO2] of 350 mumol mol(-1) (ambient) and 700 mumol mol(-1) (elevated). Drought stress was imposed during panicle initiation and anthesis growth phases. At elevated [CO2], midday leaf photosynthetic CO2 exchange rates (CER) and concentrations of chlorophyll (Chl) were higher at most sampling dates, whereas total soluble protein (TSP) decreased on several sampling dates, compared with plants at ambient [CO2] Furthermore, elevated [CO2] increased midday leaf sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS) activity throughout the season, and enhanced midday leaf sucrose and starch accumulation during early reproductive phases, but not during later reproductive phases. Near the end of drought periods, water deficit caused substantial decreases in midday leaf CER and concentrations of Chl and TSP, with concomitant reductions in photosynthetic primary products and SPS activity. These drought-induced effects were more severe for plants grown at ambient than at elevated [CO2]. Plants grown under elevated [CO2] were able to maintain midday leaf photosynthesis, and to some extent other photosynthetic-related parameters, longer into the drought period than plants grown at ambient [CO2]. In addition, midday leaf CER recovered from water deficit more rapidly in the elevated [CO2] treatment. Thus, in the absence of other potential climate stresses, rice grown under future increases in atmospheric [CO2] may be better able to tolerate drought situations. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, CMAVE Crop Genet & Environm Res, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Agron, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. USDA ARS, Alternate Crops & Syst Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Vu, JCV (reprint author), USDA ARS, CMAVE Crop Genet & Environm Res, POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. OI Boote, Kenneth/0000-0002-1358-5496 NR 72 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 18 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0098-8472 J9 ENVIRON EXP BOT JI Environ. Exp. Bot. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 49 IS 3 BP 259 EP 272 AR PII S0098-8472(02)00091-6 DI 10.1016/S0098-8472(02)00091-6 PG 14 WC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 679FC UT WOS:000182909200007 ER PT J AU Williams, LR Taylor, CM Warren, ML Clingenpeel, JA AF Williams, LR Taylor, CM Warren, ML Clingenpeel, JA TI Environmental variability, historical contingency, and the structure of regional fish and macroinvertebrate faunas in Ouachita Mountain stream systems SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article DE assemblage structure; biogeography; canonical correspondence analysis; drainage basin; environmental gradients; local versus regional effects; Mantel test; multivariate analysis; variance partitioning ID COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; SPECIES RICHNESS; BENTHIC INVERTEBRATES; MULTIVARIATE-ANALYSIS; HABITAT STRUCTURE; PATTERNS; ASSEMBLAGES; ARKANSAS; SCALE; RIVER AB In 1990 - 1992, the United States Forest Service sampled six hydrologically variable streams paired in three different drainage basins in the Ouachita Mountains, Arkansas, U. S. A. Fishes, macroinvertebrates, and stream environmental variables were quantified for each stream. We used these data to examine the relationship between regional faunas ( based on taxonomy and trophic affiliation of fishes and macroinvertebrates) and measured environmental variables. Because fishes are constrained to their historically defined drainage basins and many insect taxa are able to cross basin barriers, we anticipated that both groups would respond differently to environmental variability. Fishes were influenced more by environmental variability that was unique to their historical drainage basins, but macroinvertebrates were associated more strongly with environmental variability that was independent of drainage basins. Thus, the individual drainage basins represented a historical constraint on regional patterns of fish assembly. For both fishes and macroinvertebrates, groupings based on taxonomy and trophic affiliation showed a similar response to environmental variability and there was a high degree of association between taxonomic and trophic correlation matrices. Thus, trophic group structure was highly dependent on the taxonomic make-up of a given assemblage. At the basin-level, fish and macroinvertebrate taxa were associated more strongly with environmental variability than the trophic groups, and these results have implications for basin-level studies that use trophic groupings as a metric to assess ecological patterns. Trophic categories may not be a useful ecological measure for studies at large spatial scales. C1 Ohio State Univ, Sch Nat Resources, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Ouachita Natl Forest, Hot Springs, AR 71902 USA. RP Williams, LR (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Sch Nat Resources, 2021 Coffey Rd, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. NR 72 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD JUN PY 2003 VL 67 IS 2 BP 203 EP 216 DI 10.1023/A:1025663022975 PG 14 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 719MX UT WOS:000185207800008 ER PT J AU Heagle, AS AF Heagle, AS TI Influence of elevated carbon dioxide on interactions between Frankliniella occidentalis and Trifolium repens SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Trifolium repens; white clover; carbon dioxide enrichment; Frankliniella occidentalis; Western flower thrips ID WHITE CLOVER; INSECT HERBIVORE; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; SPIDER-MITES; RESPONSES; OZONE; FIELD; THYSANOPTERA; POPULATIONS; ENRICHMENT AB Elevated CO2 concentrations can increase plant growth and change plant nutritive value for herbivores. Several reports indicate that leaf-chewing insects consume more foliage of plants grown at elevated CO2 concentrations than of plants grown at ambient CO2. Research with additional plant-pest systems is needed to determine if this phenomenon is widespread and if increased insect feeding might affect productivity. Effects of CO2 enrichment on foliar consumption and population size of Western flower thrips [Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)]) were measured on white clover (Trifolium repens L.). White clover infested with thrips was exposed for 24 h/d to approximate to396 (ambient) or 745 muLL(-1) (elevated) CO2 for up to 35 d in 10 greenhouse exposure chambers. At elevated CO2, clover shoot weight and laminae weight were approximate to50% greater, and laminar area was approximate to20% greater than at ambient CO2. Thrips population size was not significantly affected by CO2, but laminar area scarred by thrips feeding was approximate to90% greater at elevated than at ambient CO2. Because of increased growth, however, undamaged leaf area was approximately 15% greater at elevated than at ambient CO2. C1 ARS, USDA, Air Qual Plant Growth & Dev Res Unit, Raleigh, NC 27603 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Heagle, AS (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Air Qual Plant Growth & Dev Res Unit, Raleigh, NC 27603 USA. NR 26 TC 5 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 6 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 32 IS 3 BP 421 EP 424 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 699HZ UT WOS:000184052100001 ER PT J AU Vogt, JT Smith, WA Grantham, RA Wright, RE AF Vogt, JT Smith, WA Grantham, RA Wright, RE TI Effects of temperature and season on foraging activity of red imported fire ants (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) in Oklahoma SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SOLENOPSIS-INVICTA HYMENOPTERA; DESICCATION RESISTANCE; GROWTH; RATES; BAIT; SIZE AB Temperature and seasonal effects on foraging activity of Solenopsis invicta Buren (red imported fire ant) in Oklahoma were investigated by periodically quantifying the number of ants captured in baited vials for 2 yr. All temperature parameters (soil surface, 2 cm, 15 cm, mound surface, mound 5 em deep, and mound 10 cm deep) except ambient at I m above soil surface were significant predictors of foraging activity; soil temperature at 15 cm was the best individual predictor, explaining 34% of variability in foraging activity. A combined quadratic model including mound surface temperature and season (weeks) explained 63% of the variability in foraging activity. Comparison with a similar study conducted in Florida revealed differences in the percentage of the year favorable for maximal foraging (approximate to25% in Oklahoma versus 42-59% in Florida). These data suggest that recommendations for timing of insecticidal bait applications against S. invicta that are appropriate in more southern portions of the fire ant range may not be appropriate for Oklahoma. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Entomol & Plant Pathol, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Vogt, JT (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Biol Control Pests Res Unit, POB 67, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 15 TC 32 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 6 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 32 IS 3 BP 447 EP 451 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 699HZ UT WOS:000184052100005 ER PT J AU Coyle, DR McMillin, JD Hall, RB Hart, ER AF Coyle, DR McMillin, JD Hall, RB Hart, ER TI Effects of cottonwood leaf beetle (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) larval defoliation, clone, and season on Populus foliar phagostimulants SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Chrysomela scripta; resistance mechanisms; short-rotation forestry; temporal variation ID ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL QUINONE; FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR; FEEDING STIMULANTS; SCRIPTA COLEOPTERA; INDUCED RESISTANCE; CHEMICAL DEFENSE; HYBRID POPLAR; WILLOW SALIX; ASPEN; CHEMISTRY AB The cottonwood leaf beetle, Chrysomela scripta F., is a serious defoliator of plantation Populus in the United States. Current control methods include biorational and synthetic chemicals as well as selecting Populus clones resistant or tolerant to C. scripta defoliation. Specific ratios of long-chain fatty alcohols to alpha-tocopherylquinone (alpha-TQ) on the leaf surface of Populus spp. act as phagostimulants to adult C. scripta. The chemical concentrations and ratios vary among Populus clones; however, the effect of defoliation on the subsequent production of these chemicals is unknown. We investigated the effects of defoliation, clone, and season on Populus leaf surface chemical production. Chemical concentrations and ratios were monitored in 1998 and 1999 on eight Populus clones with and without larval C. scripta defoliation. Chemicals were extracted from the leaf surface and analyzed via gas chromatography. Larval C. scripta defoliation rarely caused changes in leaf surface chemistry at the defoliation levels tested; however, the production of these phagostimulants did vary by clone and season. Foliar alcohol and alpha-TQ concentrations and alpha-TQ:total alcohol ratios differed significantly among clones. Furthermore, alpha-TQ concentrations and alpha-TQ:total alcohol ratios varied temporally in some, but not all, clones. In general, foliar alcohol and alpha-TQ concentrations either did not vary or increased, but alpha-TQ:total alcohol ratios declined throughout the growing season. This research illustrates that the production of leaf surface phagostimulants is not a function of defoliation, but is most likely controlled by genetic and physiologic processes. Additionally, because Populus clones vary in their foliar chemistry, this variation could be exploited in tree breeding programs. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, New Ellenton, SC 29809 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Hlth Protect, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Nat Resources Ecol & Management, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Entomol, Ames, IA USA. RP Coyle, DR (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, POB 700, New Ellenton, SC 29809 USA. NR 55 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 7 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 32 IS 3 BP 452 EP 462 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 699HZ UT WOS:000184052100006 ER PT J AU Shukle, RH Wu, L AF Shukle, RH Wu, L TI The role of protease inhibitors and parasitoids on the population dynamics of Sitotroga cerealella (Lepidoptera : Gelechiidae) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Sitotroga cerealella; Angoumois grain moth; protease inhibitors; parasitoids; population dynamics ID GRAIN MOTH LEPIDOPTERA; TRYPSIN-INHIBITOR; TRICHOGRAMMA; HOST; PROTEINASE; RESISTANCE; SOYBEANS; STORAGES; GROWTH; PEST AB The Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella (Oliver), is one of the major storage pests of cereals, and no antibiotic resistance in wheat against this insect has been identified to date. Midgut proteases are vital to insects that digest food in the midgut and have been considered as targets for the control of insect pests. Protease inhibitors are attractive for their potential use in developing insect-resistant plant varieties via genetic engineering. Characterization of the midgut proteases of S. cercalella larvae revealed the major digestive proteases were trypsin-like and alpha-chymotrypsin-like serine proteases. The partial inhibition of proteolytic activity by pepstatin A, however, suggested the presence of another protease in the midgut sensitive to this inhibitor. The potential value of naturally occurring plant protease inhibitors as resistance factors for S. cerealella was assessed in bioassays using artificial seeds prepared by freeze-drying a flour paste in Teflon molds and then coating the seeds with gelatin. Soybean trypsin inhibitor (Kunitz inhibitor) had an adverse effect on the development of the insect and suggested a protease inhibitor might serve as a transgenic resistance factor. To evaluate the potential value of seed resistance in conjunction with an egg parasitoid on S. cerealella population dynamics a predictive model was developed. The model was directed toward grain storage in developing countries. While the model was hypothetical, outputs supported the use of resistant seed in conjunction with parasitoids to control the population growth of S. cerealella in a small seed storage room. C1 Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Entomol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Shukle, RH (reprint author), Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Entomol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. EM wu@purduc.edu NR 31 TC 9 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 2 PU ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 10001 DEREKWOOD LANE, STE 100, LANHAM, MD 20706-4876 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 32 IS 3 BP 488 EP 498 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 699HZ UT WOS:000184052100011 ER PT J AU McHugh, CW Kolb, TE Wilson, JL AF McHugh, CW Kolb, TE Wilson, JL TI Bark beetle attacks on ponderosa pine following fire in northern Arizona SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE logistic regression; Pinus ponderosa; tree mortality; Dendroctonus; Ips ID MORTALITY FOLLOWING FIRE; FOREST STRUCTURE; PRESCRIBED FIRE; TREE MORTALITY; COLONIZATION BEHAVIOR; STAND CONDITIONS; SIERRA-NEVADA; DOUGLAS-FIR; SCOLYTIDAE; COLEOPTERA AB There is little quantitative information on relationships between insect attacks and fire damage for ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex Lawson, in the southwestern United States. Tree mortality and insect attacks were measured on 1,367 trees for three years after a spring wildfire (4 May 1996), a summer wildfire (20 June 1996), and a fall prescribed fire (9 September 1995) in northern Arizona. Western pine beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte, mountain pine beetle, D. ponderosae Hopkins, roundheaded pine beetle, D. adjuncua Blandford, red turpentine beetle, D. valens LeConte, Ips species, and wood borers in the Buprestidae and Cerambycidae families were found in fire-damaged trees. The most frequently occurring insects, listed from most to least frequent, were wood borers, red turpentine beetle, Ips spp., western pine beetle, roundheaded pine beetle, and mountain pine beetle. Trees attacked by Dendroctonus and Ips spp. as a group had more crown damage from fire than unattacked trees. The percentage of trees attacked by Dendroctonus and Ips species was lowest during the fall fire (11%, 25 of 222 trees), intermediate during the summer fire (19%, 154 of 833 trees), and highest during the spring fire (41%,127 of 312 trees). More than one-half of all wood borer colonization (58%) and attacks by western pine beetle (68%), roundheaded pine beetle (56%), and Ips spp. (66%) occurred in the first year after the fire. Measures of tree damage from fire and insect attacks were used to develop logistic regression models of tree mortality to quantitatively investigate factors that influenced tree mortality. Tree mortality 3 yr postfire was low until crown damage by fire exceeded 70 - 80% for unattacked trees, 40 -50% for trees with partial attacks by Dendroctonus and IPS species, and 30-40% for trees with mass attacks. We concluded that several Dendroctonus and Ips species colonize fire-damaged ponderosa pines in northern Arizona and colonization is promoted by heavy crown damage from fire. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Fire Sci Lab, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. No Arizona Univ, Sch Forestry, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, CFFHP No Reg, Coeur Dalene, ID 83815 USA. RP McHugh, CW (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Fire Sci Lab, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. NR 75 TC 82 Z9 84 U1 4 U2 18 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 32 IS 3 BP 510 EP 522 PG 13 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 699HZ UT WOS:000184052100013 ER PT J AU Morrison, LW Porter, SD AF Morrison, LW Porter, SD TI Positive association between densities of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera : Formicidae), and generalized ant and arthropod diversity SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Solenopsis invicta; arthropod diversity; invasive species; partial correlation ID NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; CENTRAL TEXAS; NATIVE ANTS; SOUTHEASTERN TEXAS; PITFALL TRAPS; INVASION; COMMUNITY; POLYGYNE; COLONIES; ENERGY AB The invasive ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, is a threat to native arthropod biodiversity. We compared areas with naturally varying densities of mostly monogyne S. invicta and examined the association of S. invicta density with three diversity variables: (1) the species richness of ants, (2) the species richness of non-ant arthropods, and (3) the abundance of non-S. invicta ants. Pitfall traps were used to quantify S. invicta density and the three diversity variables; measurement of mound areas provided a complementary measure of S. invicta density. We sampled 45 sites of similar habitat in north central Florida in both the spring and autumn of 2000. We used partial correlations to elucidate the association between S. invicta density and the three diversity variables, extracting the effects of temperature and humidity on foraging activity. Surprisingly, we found moderate positive correlations between S. invicta density and species richness of both ants and non-ant arthropods. Weaker, but usually positive, correlations were found between S. invicta density and the abundance of non-S. invicta ants. A total of 37 ant species, representing 16 genera, were found to coexist with S. invicta over the 45 sites. These results suggest that S. invicta densities as well as the diversities of other ants and arthropods are regulated by common factors (e.g., productivity). Many invaded communities may be more resistant to S. invicta than generally believed, or possess an unexpected resilience for recovery if S. invicta can be permanently suppressed. C1 ARS, Ctr Med Agr Vet Entomol, USDA, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Morrison, LW (reprint author), ARS, Ctr Med Agr Vet Entomol, USDA, POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RI Morrison, Lloyd/A-8949-2013 OI Morrison, Lloyd/0000-0002-9375-843X NR 52 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 5 U2 19 PU ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ANNAPOLIS PA 3 PARK PLACE, STE 307, ANNAPOLIS, MD 21401-3722 USA SN 0046-225X EI 1938-2936 J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 32 IS 3 BP 548 EP 554 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 699HZ UT WOS:000184052100018 ER PT J AU Antony, B Palaniswami, MS Henneberry, TJ AF Antony, B Palaniswami, MS Henneberry, TJ TI Encarsia transvena (Hymenoptera : Aphelinidae) development on different Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Homoptera : Aleyrodidae) instars SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Encarsia transvena; Bemisia tabaci; parasitoid; hyperparasitoid; superparasitism; host suitability ID ERETMOCERUS-MUNDUS MERCET; ARGENTIFOLII HOMOPTERA; HOST RELATIONSHIPS; PARASITOIDS; FORMOSA; OVIPOSITION; SELECTION; LOCATION AB Encarsia transvena is a potentially useful parasitoid of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) in India. Development, host preference and parasitism by the parasitoid were studied at 25-30degreesC and 70-75% RH. Results showed that E. transvena is a solitary, arrhenotokous, heteronomous, autoparasitoid. Female eggs are laid internally in whitefly nymphs and develop as primary parasitoids. Males develop as hyperparasitoids, either on females of their own species or on other primary aphelinid parasitoids. Both sexes have an egg, three larval, a prepupal and pupal stage. Development from egg to adult took 11.3-15.0 d for females and 12.1-14.6 d for males. Superparasitism was common under cage condition, either on specific females or other primary parasitoids. E, transvena females were able to develop in all B. tabaci nymphal stages but preferred the third and early fourth instars. Oviposition and developmental periods of the parasitoid were longest on first and fourth (late) instars of B. tabaci. The highest percentages of parasitization occurred in third instar and fourth (early) instar B. tabaci and the lowest percentages in first and fourth (late) instars. The information should be useful in designing mass rearing protocols and in release trials for suppression of B. tabaci populations. C1 Indian Council Agr Res, Cent Tuber Crops Res Inst, Div Crop Protect, Trivandrum 695017, Kerala, India. ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, USDA, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Palaniswami, MS (reprint author), Indian Council Agr Res, Cent Tuber Crops Res Inst, Div Crop Protect, Trivandrum 695017, Kerala, India. OI Antony, Binu/0000-0002-6292-620X NR 34 TC 20 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 7 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 32 IS 3 BP 584 EP 591 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 699HZ UT WOS:000184052100022 ER PT J AU Palermo, BL Clancy, KM Koch, GW AF Palermo, BL Clancy, KM Koch, GW TI Feeding and oviposition behavior do not explain Douglas-fir resistance to defoliation by the western spruce budworm (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Choristoneura occidentalis; resistance; Douglas-fir; feeding behavior; oviposition behavior ID CHORISTONEURA-OCCIDENTALIS; NUTRITIONAL ECOLOGY; LARVAL PERFORMANCE; NONHOST FOLIAGE; HOST; PHENOLOGY; HERBIVORY; GROWTH; CHOICE; SIZE AB There is phenotypic variation among individual trees of interior Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii variety glauca [Beissn.] Franco) in their resistance to defoliation by the western spruce budworm (Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman). We are evaluating the factors associated with this resistance using grafted clones derived from parent trees that are resistant versus susceptible to budworm defoliation in the field. We tested the potential role of feeding and oviposition behavior in determining the resistance using C occidentalis larvae and moths from our nondiapausing laboratory colony, and foliage from grafted ramets (6 - 8-yr-old potted trees) of resistant and susceptible Douglas-firs. In the larval feeding bioassay, fifth instars were offered a choice between branches from susceptible and resistant ramets. There was no difference in the proportion of current-year buds and shoots consumed, indicating that larvae do not discriminate between foliage from susceptible and resistant trees. When offered a choice in cage arenas made of metal screen, female moths laid significantly more of their egg masses on susceptible foliage (54%), compared with resistant foliage (34%), artificial foliage (6%), or nonfoliage material (6%). Conversely, no oviposition preference was detected when resistant versus susceptible Douglas-fir twigs were the only substrates available in paper bag arenas. Western spruce budworm feeding and oviposition behavior do not appear to be important factors associated with Douglas-fir resistance. C1 No Arizona Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Clancy, KM (reprint author), No Arizona Univ, Dept Biol Sci, POB 5640, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. NR 35 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 32 IS 3 BP 626 EP 632 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 699HZ UT WOS:000184052100028 ER PT J AU Schaff, SD Pezeshki Sr Shields, FD AF Schaff, SD Pezeshki, SR Shields, FD TI Effects of soil conditions on survival and growth of black willow cuttings SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE bioengineering; black willow; erosion control; riverbank restoration; Salix nigra ID WATER-TABLE DECLINE; HYBRID POPLAR; RADIATA PINE; SALIX-NIGRA; COMPACTION; ROOT; RESPONSES; SEEDLINGS; VEGETATION; MANAGEMENT AB Current streambank restoration efforts focus on providing bank stability, enhancing water quality, and improving woody habitat using native vegetation rather than traditional engineering techniques. However, in most cases harsh site conditions limit restoration success. A two-year field study was conducted at Twentymile Creek, in northern Mississippi, investigating edaphic factors governing the survival of black willow (Salix nigra) cuttings used for streambank restoration. Low height growth, above-ground biomass production, and average leaf area were observed in willow cuttings grown in plots subjected to moisture deficits. However, sediment texture emerged as the dominant factor determining willow post growth, health, and survival, Shoot biomass, leaf biomass, and total above-ground biomass were 15-, 10-, and 14-fold greater for large willow cuttings (posts) grown in plots with sandy sediments relative to those grown in plots with similar moisture and soil redox potential but with silt and clay sediments. Average leaf size, average leaf mass and specific leaf area were all lower in fine textured plots. Under moisture conditions present at our sites, coarse-grained sediment (sand) was more conducive to willow growth, biomass production, and survival than were fine-grained sediments (silt/clay). Our results strongly suggest that soil texture and moisture conditions can determine restoration success. Therefore, it is critical that site conditions are factored into the selection of project locations prior to the initiation of willow planting restoration projects. C1 Univ Memphis, Dept Biol, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. RP Schaff, SD (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Savannah River Ecol Lab, PO Drawer E Aiken, Aiken, SC 29802 USA. EM sschaff@uga.edu NR 59 TC 37 Z9 40 U1 3 U2 18 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 31 IS 6 BP 748 EP 763 DI 10.1007/s00267-002-2909-y PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 711AK UT WOS:000184714800006 PM 14565695 ER PT J AU Coulston, JW Riitters, KH AF Coulston, JW Riitters, KH TI Geographic analysis of forest health indicators using spatial scan statistics SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE monitoring; spatial analysis; spatial clusters; forest fragmentation; forest insect; forest disease; hotspots ID UNITED-STATES; CLUSTER; FRAGMENTATION; LANDSCAPES; CANCER AB Geographically explicit analysis tools are needed to assess forest health indicators that are measured over large regions. Spatial scan statistics can be used to detect spatial or spatiotemporal clusters of forests representing hotspots of extreme indicator values. This paper demonstrates the approach through analyses of forest fragmentation indicators in the southeastern United States and insect and pathogen indicators in the Pacific Northwest United States. The scan statistic detected four spatial clusters of fragmented forest including a hotspot in the Piedmont and Coastal Plain region. Three recurring clusters of insect and pathogen occurrence were found in the Pacific Northwest. Spatial scan statistics are a powerful new tool that can be used to identify potential forest health problems. C1 US Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, So Res Stn, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Forestry, So Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Coulston, JW (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, So Res Stn, POB 12254, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 24 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 3 U2 17 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 31 IS 6 BP 764 EP 773 DI 10.1007/s00267-002-0023-9 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 711AK UT WOS:000184714800007 PM 14565696 ER PT J AU Casey, FXM Larsen, GL Hakk, H Simunek, J AF Casey, FXM Larsen, GL Hakk, H Simunek, J TI Fate and transport of 17 beta-estradiol in soil-water systems SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ESTROGENIC HORMONES; AGRICULTURAL SOILS; PERSISTENCE; DEGRADATION; ESTRADIOL; RUNOFF; LITTER; RIVER AB Over the past several years, there has been an increase in concern regarding reproductive hormones in the environment. To date, there exists limited research on the fate and transport of these chemicals in the environment. In this study, a series of laboratory batch sorption and miscible-displacement experiments were done using radiolabeled [C-14]17beta-estradiol. The 17beta-estradiol concentrations that were used were similar to those found in manures that are applied to field soils. Equilibrium batch experiments indicated high sorption affinity with correlations to mineral particle size and organic matter content. The sorption affinity appeared to be associated with the surface area and/or the cation-exchange capacity of the soil. The miscible-displacement breakthrough curves indicated chemical nonequilibrium transport, and a single highly polar metabolite was present in the column effluent along with sporadic and trace detections of estriol. Sorbed to the soil within the column were found 17beta-estradiol, estrone, and trace and sporadic detections of estriol. Two chemical nonequilibrium, miscible-displacement models were used to describe the column breakthrough curves; one without transformations and the other with transformations. Both models resulted in excellent descriptions of the data, which indicated nonunique solutions and less confidence in the parameter estimates. Nonetheless, the modeling and experimental results implied that degradation/transformation occurred in the sorbed phase and was rapid. Also, both models indicated that sorption was fully kinetic. C1 N Dakota State Univ, Dept Soil Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. USDA ARS, Anim Metab Unit, Biosci Res Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. USDA ARS, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Casey, FXM (reprint author), N Dakota State Univ, Dept Soil Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RI Simunek, Jiri/F-3196-2011; Casey, Francis/A-2135-2010 OI Casey, Francis/0000-0002-6035-7234 NR 25 TC 140 Z9 158 U1 7 U2 61 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUN 1 PY 2003 VL 37 IS 11 BP 2400 EP 2409 DI 10.1021/es026153z PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 685CB UT WOS:000183242300036 PM 12831024 ER PT J AU Schulz, R Moore, MT Bennett, ER Farris, JL Smith, S Cooper, CM AF Schulz, R Moore, MT Bennett, ER Farris, JL Smith, S Cooper, CM TI Methyl parathion toxicity in vegetated and nonvegetated wetland mesocosms SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE insecticides; risk mitigation; non-point-source pollution; vegetation; wetland communities ID LAMBDA-CYHALOTHRIN; AQUATIC PLANTS; CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS; AZINPHOS-METHYL; LOURENS RIVER; SOUTH-AFRICA; WATER; FATE; SEDIMENT; ATRAZINE AB Methyl parathion (MeP) was introduced into constructed wetlands for the purpose of assessing the influence of emergent vegetation on transport and toxicity of the pesticide. Two vegetated (90% cover, mainly Juncus effusus) and two nonvegetated wetland cells (each with a water body of 50 X 5.5 x 0.2 m) were each dosed with 6.5 m(3) of water containing active ingredient of MeP at 6.6 mg/L associated with suspended soil at 400 mg/L to simulate a storm runoff event. Acute toxicity was assessed by sampling benthic macroinvertebrates at 5,. 10, 20, and 40 m from the inlet before and 96 h after contamination and, by in situ exposure of Chironomus tentans (Diptera) up to 24 h after contamination: Methyl, parathion was detected throughout the nonvegetated wetland cells (70 mug/L at 20 m, 8 mug/L at 40 m), Whereas the pesticide was not transported through the vegetated wetland cells (20 mug/L at 20 m, <0.1 mug/L at 40 m). A three-way analysis of variance using contamination (repeated measure variable), location, and vegetation indicated significant negative effects of contamination on various insect taxa, such as mayfly nymphs and caddisfly larvae. Seven out of the total of 15 species revealed a significant contamination X vegetation effect, with individuals in the vegetated wetlands being less affected. Four species showed a significant contamination X location effect, confirming a higher toxicity in the inlet area of the wetlands. A significant three-way interaction of contamination X vegetation X location was detected in Chironomus sp., which was most strongly affected at the inlet area of the nonvegetated wetland cells. The in situ bioassay employing C. tentans confirmed the positive effect of wetland vegetation on MeP toxicity. These results demonstrate the importance of vegetation for pesticide mitigation in constructed wetlands. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. Univ Windsor, GLIER, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada. Arkansas State Univ, Environm Sci Program, State Univ, AR 72467 USA. RP Schulz, R (reprint author), Jealotts Hill Int Res Ctr, Syngenta Crop Prot AG, Bracknell RG42 6EY, Berks, England. EM ralf.schulz@syngenta.com RI Schulz, Ralf/G-3674-2011 NR 34 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 9 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 22 IS 6 BP 1262 EP 1268 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2003)022<1262:MPTIVA>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 727CQ UT WOS:000185639100011 PM 12785582 ER PT J AU Kane, AJ Park, RD McIlwraith, CW Rantanen, NW Morehead, JP Bramlage, LR AF Kane, AJ Park, RD McIlwraith, CW Rantanen, NW Morehead, JP Bramlage, LR TI Radiographic changes in Thoroughbred yearlings. Part 1: Prevalence at the time of the yearling sales SO EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE horse; Thoroughbred; radiograph; osteochondrosis ID STANDARD-BRED TROTTERS; OSTEOCHONDROSIS AB Reasons for performing study: Radiography in presale examinations of TB yearlings has become standard practice in recent years. Objectives: To describe the prevalence and distribution of radiographic changes in the fetlocks, carpi, tarsi, stifles and fore feet of Thoroughbred yearlings in central Kentucky when these joints were examined as part of routine pre- and post sale evaluations. Methods: Horses subjected to radiographs included the fore (n = 1127) and hind (n = 1102) fetlocks, carpi (n = 1130), tarsi (n = 1101), stifles (n = 660) and fore feet (n = 300). Radiographic changes were categorised by location and type of change present (e.g. lucency, fragment) for each series. Results: In the fore fetlocks 1.6% had fragmentation of the proximal dorsal first phalanx and 0.5% fragmentation of the proximal palmar aspect. In the hind fetlocks 5.9% had fragmentation at the plantar aspect and 3.3% fragmentation dorsally. Lucencies, fragments or loose bodies were detected at the dorsal aspect of the distal third metacarpus in 2.8% and, at the same location on the third metatarsus, 3.2%. Most yearlings (98%) had vascular channels in the proximal sesamoid bones and irregular vascular channels (>2 mm wide or with nonparallel sides) were more common (79%) than regular vascular channels (56%). The intermediate ridge of the distal tibia was the most common location for fragmentation in the tarsus (4.4%). Conclusions: While some radiographic changes, e.g. vascular channels in proximal sesamoid bones, are very common in Thoroughbred yearlings, others, e.g. fragmentation or subchondral lucency within joints are quite rare usually affecting less than 5% of the population. Potential relevance: Veterinarians should expect to find radiographic changes in Thoroughbreds presented for examination prior to the yearling sales. The rarity of some changes thought to affect soundness or racing performance will make further invesigation of these conditions in horses without clinical signs more difficult. C1 Colorado State Univ, Coll Vet Med & Biomed Sci, Equine Orthopaed Res Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Equine Med Associates, Lexington, KY 40583 USA. Rood & Riddle Equine Hosp, Lexington, KY 40511 USA. RP Kane, AJ (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, VS Ctr Epidemiol, Mail Stop 2E6,2150 Ctr Ave,Bldg B, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 23 TC 62 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 18 PU EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL LTD PI NEWMARKET PA GRASEBY HOUSE, ENXING ROAD, NEWMARKET CB8 0AU, SUFFOLK, ENGLAND SN 0425-1644 J9 EQUINE VET J JI Equine Vet. J. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 35 IS 4 BP 354 EP 365 DI 10.2746/042516403776014280 PG 12 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 700NY UT WOS:000184119100008 PM 12880003 ER PT J AU Kane, AJ McIlwraith, CW Park, RD Rantanen, NW Morehead, JP Bramlage, LR AF Kane, AJ McIlwraith, CW Park, RD Rantanen, NW Morehead, JP Bramlage, LR TI Radiographic changes in Thoroughbred yearlings. Part 2: Associations with racing performance SO EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE horse; Thoroughbred; radiograph; osteochondrosis; racing performance ID STANDARD-BRED TROTTERS; PROXIMAL SESAMOID BONES; OSTEOCHONDROSIS AB Reasons for performing study: Although the radiographic examination of yearlings has become commonplace at some large Thoroughbred sales, there are few data to support the decisions facing veterinarians who are asked to evaluate future racing potential. Objectives: To identify radiographic changes in the fetlocks, proximal sesamoid bones, carpi, tarsi, stifles and fore feet of Thoroughbred yearlings associated with future racing performance during ages 2 and 3 years. Methods: Radiographs from routine pre- and post sale examinations of 1162 yearlings were used to identify individual radiographic changes in sale yearlings. Starting a race, the percent of starts placed, money earned and earnings per start were used to assess racing performance and examined for associations with the radiographic changes observed. Results: Overall 946 (81%) yearlings started at least one race during ages 2 or 3 years. Fourteen of 24 (58%) yearlings with moderate or extreme palmar supracondylar lysis of the third metacarpus, 8 of 14 (57%) of those with enthesophyte formation on the proximal sesamoid bones and 19 of 30 (63%) of those with dorsal medial intercarpal joint disease started a race. The odds of starting a race when age 2 or 3 years were 3 times lower for yearlings with these changes (P<0.01) compared with yearlings that did not have these changes. Twenty-five of 36 (69%) yearlings with proximal dorsal fragmentation of the first phalanx in the hind fetlock started a race and these yearlings were also less likely (OR = 0.51, P = 0.07) to start a race. Yearlings with enthesophyte formation on hind proximal sesamoid bones placed in a smaller percentage of starts (16%, P = 0.01) earned less money ($987 US, P = 0.02) and had lower earnings per start ($252 US, P = 0.03) compared to starters without this change. Conclusions: Although many of the changes observed on radiographs of sale yearlings do not appear to influence future racing performance, some are associated with reduced performance. Potential relevance: The results of this study are best applied in parallel with the clinical impressions of veterinarians experienced in examining radiographs of sale yearlings. Some findings support those established in the literature as incidental findings and others suggest new areas for concern not previously reported as a problem in Thoroughbred sale yearlings. C1 Colorado State Univ, Coll Vet Med & Biomed Sci, Equine Orthoaed Res Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Equine Med Associates, Lexington, KY 40583 USA. Rood & Riddle Equine Hosp, Lexington, KY 40511 USA. RP Kane, AJ (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, VS Ctr Epidemiol, Mail Stop 2E6,2150 Ctr Ave,Bldg B, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 21 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 17 PU EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL LTD PI NEWMARKET PA GRASEBY HOUSE, ENXING ROAD, NEWMARKET CB8 0AU, SUFFOLK, ENGLAND SN 0425-1644 J9 EQUINE VET J JI Equine Vet. J. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 35 IS 4 BP 366 EP 374 DI 10.2746/042516403776014307 PG 9 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 700NY UT WOS:000184119100009 PM 12880004 ER PT J AU Sabatier, M Arnaud, MJ Turnlund, JR AF Sabatier, M Arnaud, MJ Turnlund, JR TI Magnesium absorption from mineral water SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Letter ID STABLE ISOTOPES; FRACTIONAL ABSORPTION; INTESTINAL-ABSORPTION; ZINC-ABSORPTION; BIOAVAILABILITY; HUMANS; MG-28 C1 Nestle Water Inst, F-88804 Vittel, France. Univ Calif Davis, USDA ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Sabatier, M (reprint author), Nestle Water Inst, BP 101, F-88804 Vittel, France. NR 14 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0954-3007 J9 EUR J CLIN NUTR JI Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 57 IS 6 BP 801 EP 802 DI 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601750 PG 2 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 693MN UT WOS:000183721500010 PM 12792665 ER PT J AU Kinraide, TB AF Kinraide, TB TI Toxicity factors in acidic forest soils: attempts to evaluate separately the toxic effects of excessive Al3+ and H+ and insufficient Ca2+ and Mg2+ upon root elongation SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SURFACE ELECTRICAL POTENTIALS; SPRUCE PICEA-ABIES; ALUMINUM; GROWTH; SOLUBILITY; CALCIUM; PH; ALLEVIATION; MECHANISMS; MEMBRANES AB The acidic soils of temperate forests and some pastures on former forest land characteristically contain large amounts of aluminium and hydrogen ions and small amounts of calcium and magnesium ions. The relative importance of these potential toxicity factors are assessed from published data from soils collected in the United States and Europe. Activities of ions in the soil solutions and at the surfaces of root-cell plasma membranes were computed with electrostatic models. Activities of Al3+ in soil solutions ({Al3+}) peaked at pH 4.1, and Al3+ activities at the surface of the plasma membrane ({Al3+}(0) ) achieved a broad maximum between pH 4.1 and 4.8; thus, Al3+ intoxication is likely to be more severe in soils at pH 4.1 than in more acidic ones. Intoxication (assessed by root elongation) correlated somewhat ambiguously with ion activities, but Al3+- and H+-induced depletion of Ca2+ and Mg2+, or both, from the cell surface appears to play a role in toxicity. By contrast, experiments in solution culture, where intercorrelation among {Al3+}, {H+}, and {Ca2+} could be avoided, clearly demonstrated the following extrinsic and intrinsic effects. 1 The ions Al3+ and H+ are intrinsic toxicants. 2 They are also extrinsic toxicants because of the electrostatic displacement of Ca2+ from the surface of the plasma membrane. 3 They are extrinsic ameliorants because each electrostatically displaces the other from the surface of the plasma membrane. 4 The ion Ca2+ is an extrinsic ameliorant because of the electrostatic displacement of Al3+ and H+ from the surface of the plasma membrane. 5 It is an intrinsic ameliorant of intrinsic H+ toxicity, but not intrinsic Al3+ toxicity. 6 It meets an intrinsic requirement. 7 The ion Mg2+ resembles Ca2+ in item 4 but not items 5 and 6 in short-term cultures. In acidic soils, Al3+ may prevent H+ from becoming an intrinsic toxicant (item 3) and may induce an insufficiency of Ca2+ and Mg2+ (item 2). These findings have implications for the mechanisms by which woodland plants tolerate very acidic soils. C1 ARS, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, USDA, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. RP ARS, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, USDA, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. EM tkinraide@afsrc.ars.usda.gov NR 31 TC 81 Z9 85 U1 0 U2 16 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1351-0754 EI 1365-2389 J9 EUR J SOIL SCI JI Eur. J. Soil Sci. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 54 IS 2 BP 323 EP 333 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2389.2003.00538.x PG 11 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 681JC UT WOS:000183032200011 ER PT J AU Classen, AT Boyle, SI Haskins, KE Overby, ST Hart, SC AF Classen, AT Boyle, SI Haskins, KE Overby, ST Hart, SC TI Community-level physiological profiles of bacteria and fungi: plate type and incubation temperature influences on contrasting soils SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Biolog; microbial functional diversity; soil microbial community; substrate utilization pattern ID CARBON-SOURCE-UTILIZATION; SUBSTRATE UTILIZATION PATTERNS; MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES; FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY; BIOLOG; GN; IMPACT; BIODIVERSITY; COLONIZATION; RHIZOSPHERE AB Temperature sensitivity of community-level physiological profiles (CLPPs) was examined for two semiarid soils from the southwestern United States using five different C-substrate profile microtiter plates (Biolog GN2, GP2, ECO, SFN2, and SFP2) incubated at five different temperature regimes. The. CLPPs produced from all plate types were relatively unaffected by these contrasting incubation temperature regimes. Our results demonstrate the ability to detect CLPP differences between similar soils with differing physiological parameters, and these differences are relatively insensitive to incubation temperature. Our study also highlights the importance of using both bacterial and fungal plate types when investigating microbial community differences by CLPP. Nevertheless, it is unclear whether or not the differences in CLPPs generated using these plates reflect actual functional differences in the microbial communities from these soils in situ. (C) 2003 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 No Arizona Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. No Arizona Univ, Sch Forestry, Coll Ecosyst Sci & Management, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. No Arizona Univ, Merriam Powell Ctr Environm Res, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. USDA, US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Classen, AT (reprint author), No Arizona Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Box 5640, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. RI Classen, Aimee/C-4035-2008 OI Classen, Aimee/0000-0002-6741-3470 NR 51 TC 95 Z9 160 U1 8 U2 46 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-6496 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL ECOL JI FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. PD JUN 1 PY 2003 VL 44 IS 3 BP 319 EP 328 DI 10.1016/S0168-6496(03)00068-0 PG 10 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 679UQ UT WOS:000182940700005 PM 19719613 ER PT J AU Kurtzman, CP Robnett, CJ AF Kurtzman, CP Robnett, CJ TI Phylogenetic relationships among yeasts of the 'Saccharomyces complex' determined from multigene sequence analyses SO FEMS YEAST RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Saccharomyces; Khuyveromyces; molecular systematics; multigene phylogeny; ribosomal DNA; elongation factor 1 alpha; actin-1; RNA polymerase II; cytochrome oxidase II ID RNA GENE-SEQUENCES; ASCOMYCETOUS YEASTS; SP-NOV; DNA; SUBUNIT; ZYGOSACCHAROMYCES; BRETTANOMYCES; DEBARYOMYCES; CEREVISIAE; BAYANUS AB Species of Saccharomyces, Arxiozyma, Eremothecium, Hanseniaspora (anamorph Kloeckera), Kazachstania, Kluyveromyces, Pachy-tichospora, Saccharomycodes, Tctrapisispora, Torulaspora, and Zygosaccharomyces, as well as three related anamorphic species assigned to Candida (C castellii, C glabrata, C humilis), were phylogenetically analyzed from divergence in genes of the rDNA repeat (18S, 26S, ITS), single copy nuclear genes (translation elongation factor 1alpha, actin-1, RNA polymerase 11) and mitochondrially encoded genes (small-subunit rDNA, cytochrome oxidase 11). Single-gene phylogenies were congruent for well-supported terminal lineages but deeper branches were not well resolved. Analysis of combined gene sequences resolved the 75 species compared into 14 clades, many of which differ from currently circumscribed genera. (C) 2003 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Microbiol Genom & Bioproc Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Kurtzman, CP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Microbiol Genom & Bioproc Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 30 TC 354 Z9 372 U1 2 U2 32 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1567-1356 J9 FEMS YEAST RES JI FEMS Yeast Res. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 3 IS 4 BP 417 EP 432 DI 10.1016/S1567-1356(03)00012-6 PG 16 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology; Mycology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology; Mycology GA 680VN UT WOS:000182999800009 PM 12748053 ER PT J AU Sivinski, J Aluja, M AF Sivinski, J Aluja, M TI The evolution of ovipositor length in the parasitic hymenoptera and the search for predictability in biological control SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE Hymenoptera; Diptera; Ichnuemonoidea; Braconidae; Opiinae; Chalcidoidea; Tephritidae ID FRUIT-FLIES DIPTERA; TEPHRITIDAE; MEXICO; HOST; DISTRIBUTIONS; VIRULENCE; VERACRUZ; ANATOMY; SYSTEMS; AGENTS AB Ovipositor lengths are thought to reflect the egg-laying and host-searching behaviors of parasitoids. For example, parasitoids that attack exposed foliage feeders often have short ovipositors compared to species that must penetrate a substrate to reach a host. However, the relationship between host accessibility and ovipositor length is not apparent in a guild of braconids that oviposits in the larvae of frugivorous Mexican tephritids. While the longest ovipositors are up to 5x longer than the shortest, all attack roughly the same stages of their shared hosts, often in the same fruits. Nor is there any evidence that the shorter ovipositors represent a saving of metabolic resources and energy that is redirected toward egg production or greater ability to move. It has been suggested that if the ovipositor length of an introduced parasitoid is substantially different from the ovipositors of species already present, then it is more likely to find an empty niche in its new environment, become established, and add to the control of its host. However, with the present lack of a simple explanation for the variety of ovipositor lengths within the Mexican guild it is not clear how predictive ovipositor length would be in this instance. Until the evolution and maintenance of the various lengths is better understood it may be more circumspect to practice fruit fly biological control through the conservation and augmentation of parasitoid species already present. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32605 USA. RP Sivinski, J (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32605 USA. NR 42 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 8 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 86 IS 2 BP 143 EP 150 DI 10.1653/0015-4040(2003)086[0143:TEOOLI]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 697ZJ UT WOS:000183972900006 ER PT J AU Thomas, DB Eger, JE Jones, W Ortega-Leon, G AF Thomas, DB Eger, JE Jones, W Ortega-Leon, G TI The African cluster bug, Agonoscelis puberula (Heteroptera : Pentatomidae), established in the new world SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE cluster bug; horehound; stink bug; invasive species ID HEMIPTERA AB An African species of Pentatomidae, Agonoscelis puberula Stal, is reported for the first time from Mexico, the southern United States and the islands of Jamaica and Hispaniola, where it has now established. The oldest Western Hemisphere record dates from 1985. This species has gone unrecognized probably because of its close resemblance to species of the New World genus Trichopepla Stal. The primary host plant of A. puberula is the introduced weed, common horehound, Marrubium vulgare L. It has also been reported damaging winter fruits in South Africa. C1 USDA ARS, Kika de la Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. Dow AgroSci, Tampa, FL 33629 USA. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Biol, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. RP Thomas, DB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Kika de la Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, 2413 E Hwy 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 17 TC 3 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 86 IS 2 BP 151 EP 153 DI 10.1653/0015-4040(2003)086[0151:TACBAP]2.0.CO;2 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 697ZJ UT WOS:000183972900007 ER PT J AU Weissling, T Giblin-Davis, R Center, B Heath, R Pena, J AF Weissling, T Giblin-Davis, R Center, B Heath, R Pena, J TI Oviposition by Metamasius hemipterus sericeus (Coleoptera : Dryophthoridae : Rhynchophorinae) SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE Dryophthoridae; Rhynchophorinae; silky cane weevil; fertility; fecundity ID CURCULIONIDAE; CRUENTATUS AB Metamasius hemipterus sericeus (Olivier) is a widely distributed weevil in Central and South America, as well as the West Indies. It was introduced into Florida, Miami-Dade County, in 1984. This insect generally is regarded as a secondary pest of sugarcane, bananas, palms and several other tropical plants grown as ornamentals. Larvae bore into stems and petioles, thus weakening the plant and providing a pathway for penetration by fungi or other pests. In addition to investigating the biology, this study was conducted to gather basic information to help optimize culturing efforts for large numbers of M. h. sericeus to be used for mass rearing of potential biological control organisms. After pairing males and females, it took an average of 27.0 days for females to begin oviposition. The oviposition period lasted 56.8 days. Females lived 142.3 days and laid an average of 51.6 eggs. Mean generation time was 63 days. Mean egg production during the oviposition period was 1.1 eggs/day. Egg eclosion averaged 81.3% during the oviposition period. C1 USDA ARS, Subtrop Hort Res Stn, Miami, FL 33158 USA. Univ Florida, Ft Lauderdale Res & Educ Ctr, Davie, FL 33314 USA. Univ Florida, Ctr Trop Res & Educ, Homestead, FL 33031 USA. RP Weissling, T (reprint author), USDA ARS, Subtrop Hort Res Stn, 13601 Old Cutler Rd, Miami, FL 33158 USA. NR 9 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 86 IS 2 BP 174 EP 177 DI 10.1653/0015-4040(2003)086[0174:OBMHSC]2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 697ZJ UT WOS:000183972900011 ER PT J AU Weems, HV Thompson, FC Rotheray, G Deyrup, MA AF Weems, HV Thompson, FC Rotheray, G Deyrup, MA TI The genus Rhopalosyrphus (Diptera : Syrphidae) SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE taxonomy; identification key; neotropics; nearctic AB The flower fly genus Rhopalosyrphus Giglio-Tos (Diptera: Syrphidae) is revised. The genus is redescribed; a key to species is presented; the phylogenetic relationships of the genus and species are hypothesized; the included species are described; with new species, R. ramulorum Weems & Deyrup, described from Florida (type) and Mexico; R. australis Thompson from Brazil and Paraguay (type); and the critical characters are illustrated. C1 USDA, Systemat Entomol Lab, Smithsonian Inst NHB168, Washington, DC 20560 USA. Royal Museum Scotland, Dept Nat Hist, Edinburgh EH1 1JF, Midlothian, Scotland. Archbold Biol Stn, Lake Placid, FL 33862 USA. RP Weems, HV (reprint author), USDA, Systemat Entomol Lab, Smithsonian Inst NHB168, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NR 27 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 86 IS 2 BP 186 EP 193 DI 10.1653/0015-4040(2003)086[0186:TGRDS]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 697ZJ UT WOS:000183972900013 ER PT J AU Huang, J Nuessly, GS McAuslane, HJ Nagata, RT AF Huang, J Nuessly, GS McAuslane, HJ Nagata, RT TI Effect of screening methods on expression of romaine lettuce resistance to adult banded cucumber beetle, Diabrotica balteata (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE Lactuca sativa; leaf disk; excised leaves; intact leaves ID FEEDING PREFERENCE; LATEX; PLANT; DEFENSE; APHID; SIZE AB Resistance in lettuce, Lactuca sativa L., to feeding by adult banded cucumber beetle, Diabrotica balteata (LeConte), was evaluated using three screening methods: leaf disks, excised leaves and intact leaves attached to plants. Dual-choice and no-choice bioassays were used to evaluate each method based on leaf area consumption. Methods of testing had a significant effect on the level of feeding damage by D. balteata on two lettuce cultivars, Tall Guzmaine and Valmaine. Valmaine expressed a significant degree of resistance to D. balteata damage when intact leaf and excised leaf methods were used in dual-choice bioassays between Tall Guzmaine and Valmaine, but the latter failed to show resistant characteristics in no-choice tests when excised leaves were used. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in D. balteata feeding between Tall Guzmaine and Valmaine in the leaf disk tests. Therefore, whole plants are the best method to evaluate lettuce cultivars for resistance to D. balteata. Reduction or cessation of resistance characters in excised Valmaine whole leaves and disks are discussed with references to potential changes in concentration of feeding stimulants and deterrents and changes in latex pressure. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Entomol & Nematol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Everglades Res & Educ Ctr, Belle Glade, FL 33430 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Hort Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Huang, J (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 20 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 86 IS 2 BP 194 EP 198 DI 10.1653/0015-4040(2003)086[0194:EOSMOE]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 697ZJ UT WOS:000183972900014 ER PT J AU Eitam, A Holler, T Sivinski, J Aluja, M AF Eitam, A Holler, T Sivinski, J Aluja, M TI Use of host fruit chemical cues for laboratory rearing of Doryctobracon areolatus (Hymenoptera : Braconidae), a parasitoid of Anastrepha spp. (Diptera : Tephritidae) SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE biological control; fruit fly; host location; oviposition ID RHAGOLETIS-POMONELLA; BRAZIL; LOCATION; STIMULI; MEXICO AB Doryetobracon areolatus (Szepligeti) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is a common parasitoid of Anastrepha spp. (Diptera: Tephritidae). An efficient method of laboratory rearing incorporates chemicals from pear fruits into oviposition units. Production for the F-1 and F-2 generations was 12.1 and 9.3 progeny per female, respectively. Mean daily progeny production by F-2 females was between 1-2 progeny per female for almost all ages from 9 to 22 days. A bioassay was designed to determine the source of chemical cues used for host location. Parasitoids were given a choice between two oviposition units: a positive control containing all possible cues, and a treatment unit with cues derived from either the host fly, host fruit, both, or none. The number of females active on each oviposition unit was recorded. This experiment demonstrated that chemical cues derived from the host fruit, probably the peel, are involved in host location. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Entomol & Nematol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. USDA, APHIS, Florida Div Plant Ind, Gainesville, FL 32614 USA. USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. Inst Ecol AC, Xalapa 91000, Veracruz, Mexico. RP Eitam, A (reprint author), Univ Haifa, Inst Evolut, IL-31905 Haifa, Israel. NR 28 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 2 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 86 IS 2 BP 211 EP 216 DI 10.1653/0015-4040(2003)086[0211:UOHFCC]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 697ZJ UT WOS:000183972900017 ER PT J AU Mohamed, AA Rayas-Duarte, P AF Mohamed, AA Rayas-Duarte, P TI The effect of mixing and wheat protein/gluten on the gelatinization of wheat starch SO FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE acetic acid protein extract; DSC; onset; peak; Delta H; TGA ID DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY; HEAT-TREATMENT; FRACTIONS; PROTEINS; FLOUR; SOYA AB Protein was extracted with 0.1 M acetic acid and gluten was isolated from durum and Hard Red Spring (HRS) wheat. The extracted and isolated proteins were used to investigate their effect on the gelatinization of starch using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Starch and protein in different ratios were mixed with water using a spatula in test tubes and tested in a Brabender Farinograph. The data showed that mixing was an important factor, affecting starch DSC gelatinization parameters, TGA profile path and final weight loss of the blends. The starch onset and peak temperatures and DeltaH of the mixed blend were compared with the unmixed blend. Mixing increased the onset and the peak temperatures of the starch gelatinization and decreased the DeltaH. Higher amounts of protein in the blend increased the onset and peak temperatures and decreased the DeltaH of the starch gelatinization. Protein extract and gluten were found to interact differently with starch and influence its gelatinization parameters and water evaporation, as measured by DSC and TGA, respectively. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Biomat Proc Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Mohamed, AA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Biomat Proc Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RI Mohamed, Abdellatif/O-5801-2015 NR 20 TC 30 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 21 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0308-8146 J9 FOOD CHEM JI Food Chem. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 81 IS 4 BP 533 EP 545 AR PII S0308-8146(02)00487-9 DI 10.1016/S0308-8146(02)00487-9 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 674QX UT WOS:000182648400008 ER PT J AU Whitaker, TB AF Whitaker, TB TI Standardisation of mycotoxin sampling procedures: an urgent necessity SO FOOD CONTROL LA English DT Article ID AFLATOXIN AB A mycotoxin sampling plan is defined by the mycotoxin test procedure (sample size, sample preparation method, and analytical method) and the accept/reject limit. Because of the variability associated with each step of the mycotoxin test procedure, the true mycotoxin concentration of a bulk lot cannot be determined with 100% certainty. As a result, some lots will be misclassified by the sampling program. Some good lots will be rejected by the sampling plan (seller's risk or false positives) and some bad lots will be accepted by the sampling plan (buyer's risk or false negatives). The magnitude of these risks is directly related to the magnitude of the variability associated with the mycotoxin test procedure. It is difficult for an exporter to have an effective control program when regulatory limits and sample designs differ greatly among trading countries. In order to facilitate trade and provide protection for the consumer, it would be desirable for all trading countries to have the same mycotoxin limits and sample plan. While standardization of sampling plans among trading nations is important, any standardised sampling plan must be designed to minimize both the seller's and buyer's risks to the lowest possible levels that resources will allow. Reducing the variability of the mycotoxin test procedure will reduce both the buyer's and seller's risks. It is important to understand the sources of error in the mycotoxin test procedure so the errors can be effectively reduced. The sampling step usually is the largest source of error due to the extreme mycotoxin distribution among kernels in the lot. As an example, sampling (5 kg), sample preparation (USDA subsampling mill and 250 g subsample), and analysis (TLC) accounted for 83%, 9%, and 8% of the total aflatoxin testing error, respectively, when testing raw shelled peanuts for aflatoxin. Examples are given to show how increasing sample size reduces sampling error; increasing the fineness of grind and using larger subsamples reduces sample preparation error, and increasing the number of aliquots analyzed and using improved technology (HPLC versus TLC) decreases analytical error. International organizations such as FAO/WHO have used scientific techniques to evaluate and design aflatoxin sampling plans for raw shelled peanuts traded in the export market. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Whitaker, TB (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Box 7625, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 6 TC 55 Z9 56 U1 2 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0956-7135 J9 FOOD CONTROL JI Food Control PD JUN PY 2003 VL 14 IS 4 BP 233 EP 237 DI 10.1016/S0956-7135(03)00012-4 PG 5 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 678PU UT WOS:000182876300005 ER PT J AU Smith, PM Luppold, WG Dasmohapatra, S AF Smith, PM Luppold, WG Dasmohapatra, S TI Estimating the size of the hardwood sawmill industry in Pennsylvania SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB The size of the hardwood sawmill industry in Pennsylvania in 1999 is estimated at 1.311 BBF by 556 mills. Study results show an 11 percent higher estimate of the volume of hardwood lumber produced and a 60 percent greater number of Pennsylvania sawmills in 1999 as compared to the 1.186 BBF of hardwood lumber by 339 sawmills estimated by the USDC Census Bureau for the same year (USDC 2001). The difference between our estimates and those of the USDC Census Bureau is believed to be the result of the difficulty in defining and locating small sawmills. Compared with Census, our study found 73 percent more sawmills with less than 20 employees (n = 473 in this study vs. 273 in USDC) in 1999. C1 Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. US Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, USDA, Princeton, WV 24740 USA. RP Smith, PM (reprint author), Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 30 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 53 IS 6 BP 19 EP 22 PG 4 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 692UZ UT WOS:000183679800005 ER PT J AU Williams, MS Patterson, PL AF Williams, MS Patterson, PL TI Comparing two area estimation techniques for established surveys using remotely sensed and ground data SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE forest area; area frame; paradigm AB Estimates of the area of forest using remotely sensed and ground data can be derived using two distinctly different paradigms. The first, which will be referred to as the "tessellated population paradigm," relies on the assumption that the area is divided into contiguous blocks that constitute an area frame. Inference is drawn using traditional finite population sampling methods. The other approach will be referred to as the point paradigm, which assumes that the sampling unit is a point on the ground. The estimators are derived assuming the number of ground plots in each remotely sensed category is random. The mechanisms that determine the variance of the estimators are different for both paradigms, with the variance of the point paradigm depending on the accuracy and size of each remotely sensed class, while the variance of the tessellated population paradigm depends predominantly on the fragmentation of the landscape in comparison with the size of the sampling unit. An analytical comparison of the estimators is not possible because of the difficulty associated with relating landscape fragmentation to the accuracy of the remotely sensed data. Thus, both estimators were tested by drawing samples from a series of artificial landscapes and satellite images using a plot configuration similar to the one used by the Forest Inventory and Analysis program of the United States. It is concluded that if the landscape is heavily fragmented and the accuracy is reasonably high, the point paradigm estimator is likely to have a smaller variance. The tessellated population estimators will usually have a smaller variance when the landscape has only a small degree of fragmentation. For the majority of the artificial populations studied, the estimator based on the tessellated population paradigm had the smallest variance. In situations where there would not be sufficient prior knowledge to determine which paradigm is superior or when the variance of both is expected to be about equal,the point paradigm is recommended because it is theoretically more tractable and easier to implement in the field. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Williams, MS (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 2150 A Ctr Dr,Suite 361, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 49 IS 3 BP 392 EP 401 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 687UA UT WOS:000183394300007 ER PT J AU Czaplewski, RL Patterson, PL AF Czaplewski, RL Patterson, PL TI Classification accuracy for stratification with remotely sensed data SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE forest inventory and monitoring; forest statistics AB Tools are developed that help specify the classification accuracy required from remotely sensed data. These tools are applied during the planning stage of a sample survey that will use poststratification, prestratification with proportional allocation, or double sampling for stratification. Accuracy standards are developed in terms of an "error matrix," which is familiar-to remote sensing specialists. In addition, guidance is provided to determine when new remotely sensed classifications are needed to maintain acceptable levels of statistical precision with stratification. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Czaplewski, RL (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 2150 Ctr Ave,Bldg A,Suite 350, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 5 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 49 IS 3 BP 402 EP 408 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 687UA UT WOS:000183394300008 ER PT J AU Karnosky, DF Zak, DR Pregitzer, KS Awmack, CS Bockheim, JG Dickson, RE Hendrey, GR Host, GE King, JS Kopper, BJ Kruger, EL Kubiske, ME Lindroth, RL Mattson, WJ Mcdonald, EP Noormets, A Oksanen, E Parsons, WFJ Percy, KE Podila, GK Riemenschneider, DE Sharma, P Thakur, R Sober, A Sober, J Jones, WS Anttonen, S Vapaavuori, E Mankovska, B Heilman, W Isebrands, JG AF Karnosky, DF Zak, DR Pregitzer, KS Awmack, CS Bockheim, JG Dickson, RE Hendrey, GR Host, GE King, JS Kopper, BJ Kruger, EL Kubiske, ME Lindroth, RL Mattson, WJ Mcdonald, EP Noormets, A Oksanen, E Parsons, WFJ Percy, KE Podila, GK Riemenschneider, DE Sharma, P Thakur, R Sober, A Sober, J Jones, WS Anttonen, S Vapaavuori, E Mankovska, B Heilman, W Isebrands, JG TI Tropospheric O-3 moderates responses of temperate hardwood forests to elevated CO2: a synthesis of molecular to ecosystem results from the Aspen FACE project SO FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Review DE aggrading aspen forest; carbon budgets; carbon sequestration; interacting pollutants ID POPULUS-TREMULOIDES CLONES; ATMOSPHERIC CARBON-DIOXIDE; TREMBLING ASPEN; BIOMASS ALLOCATION; GROWTH-RESPONSES; SOYBEAN RESPONSE; GENETIC-CONTROL; AMBIENT OZONE; AIR-POLLUTION; SPRING WHEAT AB 1. The impacts of elevated atmospheric CO2 and/or O-3 have been examined over 4 years using an open-air exposure system in an aggrading northern temperate forest containing two different functional groups (the indeterminate, pioneer, O-3-sensitive species Trembling Aspen, Populus tremuloides and Paper Birch, Betula papyrifera , and the determinate, late successional, O-3-tolerant species Sugar Maple, Acer saccharum). 2. The responses to these interacting greenhouse gases have been remarkably consistent in pure Aspen stands and in mixed Aspen/Birch and Aspen/Maple stands, from leaf to ecosystem level, for O-3-tolerant as well as O-3-sensitive genotypes and across various trophic levels. These two gases act in opposing ways, and even at low concentrations (1.5 x ambient, with ambient averaging 34-36 nL L-1 during the summer daylight hours), O-3 offsets or moderates the responses induced by elevated CO2. 3. After 3 years of exposure to 560 mumol mol(-1) CO2, the above-ground volume of Aspen stands was 40% above those grown at ambient CO2, and there was no indication of a diminishing growth trend. In contrast, O-3 at 1.5 x ambient completely offset the growth enhancement by CO2, both for O-3-sensitive and O-3-tolerant clones. Implications of this finding for carbon sequestration, plantations to reduce excess CO2, and global models of forest productivity and climate change are presented. C1 Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forest Resources & Environm Sci, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Univ Minnesota, Nat Resources Res Inst, Duluth, MN 55811 USA. Univ Toledo, Dept EEES, LEES Lab, Toledo, OH 43606 USA. Univ Kuopio, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland. Nat Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Serv, Fredericton, NB E3B 5P7, Canada. Univ Alabama, Dept Biol Sci, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. Estonian Inst Ecol, EE-2400 Tartu, Estonia. Suonenjoki Res Stn, FIN-77600 Suonenjoki, Finland. Forestry Res Inst Zvolen, Zvolen 96092, Slovakia. US Forest Serv, USDA, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. Environm Forestry Consultants LLC, New London, WI 54961 USA. RP Karnosky, DF (reprint author), Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forest Resources & Environm Sci, 1400 Townsend Dr, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. RI Noormets, Asko/A-7257-2009; Lindroth, Richard/A-8538-2009; Zak, Donald/C-6004-2012 OI Noormets, Asko/0000-0003-2221-2111; Lindroth, Richard/0000-0003-4587-7255; NR 109 TC 202 Z9 211 U1 2 U2 48 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-8463 J9 FUNCT ECOL JI Funct. Ecol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 17 IS 3 BP 289 EP 304 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2435.2003.00733.x PG 16 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 687FA UT WOS:000183364400001 ER PT J AU Snyder, KA Williams, DG AF Snyder, KA Williams, DG TI Defoliation alters water uptake by deep and shallow roots of Prosopis velutina (Velvet Mesquite) SO FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE carbon assimilation; hydrogen isotopes; oxygen isotopes; plant water sources; sap flow ID COLD DESERT COMMUNITY; STABLE-ISOTOPE; EUCALYPTUS-CAMALDULENSIS; SUMMER PRECIPITATION; COLORADO PLATEAU; STREAM WATER; PLANTS; TREES; SOIL; VEGETATION AB 1. Prosopis velutina Woot. (Velvet Mesquite) at a site with limited groundwater availability derived a greater percentage of water from shallow soil at the onset of the summer rainy season than did trees at a site with greater availability of groundwater. Predawn leaf water potentials (Psi(pd)) were not a strong indicator of shallow water use for this species with roots in multiple soil layers. 2. We experimentally defoliated P. velutina plants to determine if reduced-canopy photosynthesis would alter vertical patterns of root activity. After natural rain events, hydrogen isotope ratios of xylem sap indicated that defoliated P. velutina took up a greater percentage of its water from shallow soils than did undefoliated plants. 3. Irrigation with deuterium-labelled water further demonstrated that undefoliated plants were able to use shallow soil water. Defoliation appeared to affect the ability of trees to use deep-water sources. 4. Reduced carbon assimilation limited water uptake from deep soil layers. These data highlight that there are internal physiological controls on carbon allocation that may limit water uptake from different soil layers. During periods of high vapour pressure deficit or soil drought, when leaf gas exchange and carbon assimilation decline, this may create positive feedbacks where plants are unable to forage for deep water due to carbon limitations. C1 Univ Arizona, Sch Renewable Nat Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Snyder, KA (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, MSC 3JER,POB 30003, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RI Williams, David/A-6407-2014 OI Williams, David/0000-0003-3627-5260 NR 45 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 5 U2 20 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-8463 J9 FUNCT ECOL JI Funct. Ecol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 17 IS 3 BP 363 EP 374 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2435.2003.00739.x PG 12 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 687FA UT WOS:000183364400010 ER PT J AU Hudspeth, DSS Stenger, D Hudspeth, MES AF Hudspeth, DSS Stenger, D Hudspeth, MES TI A cox2 phylogenetic hypothesis for the downy mildews and white rusts SO FUNGAL DIVERSITY LA English DT Article DE Albugo; cytochrome c oxidase; Peronosclerospora; Peronospora; Peronosporales; Sclerosporales ID MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY; SAPROLEGNIOMYCETIDAE; SAPROLEGNIACEAE; RDNA AB Mitochondrially encoded cox2 sequences were used to infer evolutionary relationships of downy mildew and white rust taxa in a data set of 36 peronosporomycete isolates. The data set of 599 aligned nucleotides was analysed using neighbor joining, maximum parsimony, and maximum likelihood. These phylogenetic analyses did not infer separate monophyletic orders for the Pythiales versus downy mildews (Peronosporales), but do indicate that separation of monocotyledonus and dicotyledonous-infecting downy mildews into separate subclasses is not justified. Analyses of three species of Albugo, however, infer that Peronosporales are a polyphyletic group, unless this order is expanded to include species of the Pythiales and Rhipidiales. Whereas all examined downy mildew cox2 amino acid sequences bore the signature indel LEF/Y characteristic of the subclass Peronosporomycetidae the three Albugo species did not. Instead, the LEF/Y signature indel was replaced by a highly variable indel unique to each Albugo species. Collectively, these results indicate that the white rusts are only distantly related to downy mildews and constitute a distinct order basal to other orders within the Peronosporomycetidae. C1 No Illinois Univ, Dept Biol Sci, De Kalb, IL 60115 USA. Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Wheat Sorghum & Forage Res Unit, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. No Illinois Univ, Plant Mol Biol Ctr, De Kalb, IL 60115 USA. RP Hudspeth, DSS (reprint author), No Illinois Univ, Dept Biol Sci, De Kalb, IL 60115 USA. NR 17 TC 39 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 4 PU FUNGAL DIVERSITY PRESS PI YUNNAN PA YUNNAN UNIV, KUNMING, YUNNAN, PEOPLES R CHINA SN 1560-2745 J9 FUNGAL DIVERS JI Fungal Divers. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 13 BP 47 EP 57 PG 11 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 709PX UT WOS:000184634500004 ER PT J AU Dreiseitl, A Bockelman, HE AF Dreiseitl, A Bockelman, HE TI Sources of powdery mildew resistance in a wild barley collection SO GENETIC RESOURCES AND CROP EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE Blumeria graminis f. sp hordei; Erysiphe graminis f. sp hordei; Hordeum vulgare ssp spontaneum; sources of resistance ID HORDEUM-SPONTANEUM; PUCCINIA-HORDEI; POPULATIONS; DIVERSITY; SELECTIONS; INFECTION; LANDRACES; MOROCCO; EUROPE; ISRAEL AB A total of 1,383 accessions of wild barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum) held in the USDA-National Small Grains Collection, Aberdeen were screened for resistance to powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei) in the Czech Republic. They were subsequently tested at the seedling stage for reaction to selected powdery mildew pathotypes and simultaneously for their adult plant resistance in the field. One hundred and twenty-three accessions exhibited resistance to 22 pathotypes in the greenhouse tests (reaction type 2-3 or lower) as well as resistance to the natural population of this pathogen in the field in the Czech Republic during at least 2-year testing. These accessions represent large amount of promising sources in breeding barley for resistance to powdery mildew. C1 Agr Res Inst Kromeriz Ltd, CZ-76701 Kromeriz, Czech Republic. ARS, USDA Natl Small Grains Collect, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. RP Dreiseitl, A (reprint author), Agr Res Inst Kromeriz Ltd, CZ-76701 Kromeriz, Czech Republic. NR 24 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-9864 J9 GENET RESOUR CROP EV JI Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 50 IS 4 BP 345 EP 350 DI 10.1023/A:1023953819787 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 684JG UT WOS:000183201600002 ER PT J AU Aradhya, MK Dangl, GS Prins, BH Boursiquot, JM Walker, MA Meredith, CP Simon, CJ AF Aradhya, MK Dangl, GS Prins, BH Boursiquot, JM Walker, MA Meredith, CP Simon, CJ TI Genetic structure and differentiation in cultivated grape, Vitis vinifera L. SO GENETICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID PARENTAGE; WINE; POPULATIONS; VARIABILITY; ACCESSIONS; MARKERS; REPEATS AB 222 cultivated (Vitis vinifera) and 22 wild (V. vinifera ssp. sylvestris) grape accessions were analysed for genetic diversity and differentiation at eight microsatellite loci. A total of 94 alleles were detected, with extensive polymorphism among the accessions. Multivariate relationships among accessions revealed 16 genetic groups structured into three clusters, supporting the classical eco-geographic grouping of grape cultivars: occidentalis, pontica and orientalis. French cultivars appeared to be distinct and showed close affinity to the wild progenitor, ssp. sylvestris from south-western France (Pyrenees) and Tunisia, probably reflecting the origin and domestication history of many of the old wine cultivars from France. There was appreciable level of differentiation between table and wine grape cultivars, and the Muscat types were somewhat distinct within the wine grapes. Contingency x(2) analysis indicated significant heterogeneity in allele frequencies among groups at all loci. The observed heterozygosities for different groups ranged from 0(.)625 to 0(.)9 with an overall average of 0(.)771. Genetic relationships among groups suggested hierarchical differentiation within cultivated grape. The gene diversity analysis indicated narrow divergence among groups and that most variation was found within groups (similar to85%). Partitioning of diversity suggested that the remaining variation is somewhat structured hierarchically at different levels of differentiation. The overall organization of genetic diversity suggests that the germplasm of cultivated grape represents a single complex gene pool and that its structure is determined by strong artificial selection and a vegetative mode of reproduction. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Natl Clonal Germplasm Repository, USDA, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Viticulture & Enol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. ENSAM, INRA, UMR 1097, Equipe Vigne, Montpellier, France. RP Simon, CJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Natl Clonal Germplasm Repository, USDA, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 49 TC 158 Z9 167 U1 5 U2 32 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4221 USA SN 0016-6723 J9 GENET RES JI Genet. Res. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 81 IS 3 BP 179 EP 192 DI 10.1017/S0016672303006177 PG 14 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 700RH UT WOS:000184124600002 PM 12929909 ER PT J AU Huang, L Brooks, SA Li, WL Fellers, JP Trick, HN Gill, BS AF Huang, L Brooks, SA Li, WL Fellers, JP Trick, HN Gill, BS TI Map-based cloning of leaf rust resistance gene Lr21 from the large and polyploid genome of bread wheat SO GENETICS LA English DT Article ID TRITICUM-AESTIVUM L; MEIOTIC RECOMBINATION; DISEASE-RESISTANCE; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; PLANT TRANSFORMATION; AEGILOPS-SQUARROSA; HEXAPLOID WHEAT; COMMON WHEAT AB We report the map-based cloning of the leaf rust resistance gene Lr21, previously mapped to a gene-rich region at the distal end of chromosome arm 1DS of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Molecular cloning of Lr21 was facilitated by diploid/polyploid shuttle mapping strategy. Cloning of Lr21 was confirmed by genetic transformation and by a stably inherited resistance phenotype in transgenic plants. Lr21 spans 4318 bp and encodes a 1080-amino-acid protein containing a conserved nucleotide-binding site (NBS) domain, 13 imperfect leucine-rich repeats (LRRs), and a unique 151-amino-acid sequence missing from known NBS-LRR proteins at the N terminus. Fine-structure genetic analysis at the Lr21 locus detected a noncrossover (recombination without exchange of flanking markers) within a 1415-bp region resulting from either a gene conversion tract of at least 191 bp or a double crossover. The successful map-based cloning approach as demonstrated here now opens the door for cloning of many crop-specific agronomic traits located in the gene-rich regions of bread wheat. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Wheat Genet Resource Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, USDA ARS, Plant Sci & Entomol Unit, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Gill, BS (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Wheat Genet Resource Ctr, 4024 Throckmorton, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. OI Trick, Harold/0000-0001-5255-5575 NR 59 TC 215 Z9 258 U1 3 U2 31 PU GENETICS PI BALTIMORE PA 428 EAST PRESTON ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21202 USA SN 0016-6731 J9 GENETICS JI Genetics PD JUN PY 2003 VL 164 IS 2 BP 655 EP 664 PG 10 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 696GV UT WOS:000183880000027 PM 12807786 ER PT J AU Chen, NH Bianchi, TS Bland, JM AF Chen, NH Bianchi, TS Bland, JM TI Novel decomposition products of chlorophyll-alpha in continental shelf (Louisiana shelf) sediments: Formation and transformation of carotenol chlorin esters SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID MISSISSIPPI RIVER; MARINE-SEDIMENTS; FECAL PELLETS; STERYL ESTERS; WATER; SEA; PRESERVATION; PIGMENTS; MATTER; GROWTH AB In April 2000, we collected box cores from five stations along a cross-shelf transect on the Louisiana (LA) continental shelf. Novel esters of carotenols and chlorins (carotenoid chlorin esters, CCEs), which are highly specific grazing markers, were identified in surface and deep sediments (>10 cm) from the LA shelf. Chlorophyll-a inventory indicated that CCEs are one of the major decay products of chlorophyll-a in shelf sediments. Abundances of total CCEs (9-18%) in surface sediments along the cross-shelf transect were comparable to the abundance of pheophytin-a, pyropheophytin-a, and total steryl chlorin esters (SCEs). Prior work has identified four CCEs which have dehydrated fucoxantbin/fucoxanthinol as a substitute alcohol of phytol. We report on four newly identified CCEs associated with nondehydrated fuxocanthin/fucoxanthinol esterified to (pyro)pheophorbide-a. These nondehydrated CCEs were generally present in lower concentrations than their dehydrated counterparts, but were detectable by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) mass spectrometry coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). We attributed differences between this study and previous work to the time allowed for predepositional decay and grazing processes to occur. The rapid sedimentation of CCEs in the shallow water column (ca. 10 m) on the LA shelf allowed for effective burial of all CCEs compared to the deeper water column regions sampled by previous work. This speculation is supported by the fact that the concentrations of CCEs with nondehydrated fucoxanthin/fucoxanthinol were extremely low in sediments from the site on the outer LA shelf with a deeper (253 m) water column. We also tentatively identified an additional CCE and its isomer as fucoxanthinol didehydrate pyropheophorbide-a ester. We suggest that the formation and transformation of CCEs are primarily controlled by the following three biologically mediated reactions: demethoxycarbonylation, dehydration, and deacetylation. Our laboratory copepod grazing experiment also confirmed that CCEs can be excellent class-specific biomarkers of zooplankton grazing on phytoplankton. Copyright (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Tulane Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Chen, NH (reprint author), Univ Maryland Eastern Shore, Dept Nat Sci, Princess Anne, MD 21853 USA. NR 40 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 2003 VL 67 IS 11 BP 2027 EP 2042 DI 10.1016/S0016-7037(02)01297-8 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 679ZM UT WOS:000182951900006 ER PT J AU Karlen, DL Ditzler, CA Andrews, SS AF Karlen, DL Ditzler, CA Andrews, SS TI Soil quality: why and how? SO GEODERMA LA English DT Article DE soil quality; soil health; sustainability; land use planning ID INDICATORS; MANAGEMENT; ILLINOIS; IDENTIFICATION; CALIFORNIA; FRAMEWORK; SYSTEMS; HEALTH; IMPACT AB The soil quality concept evolved throughout the 1990s in response to increased global emphasis on sustainable land use and with a holistic focus emphasizing that sustainable soil management requires more than soil erosion control. The concept includes two areas of emphasis-education and assessment-both based soundly on principles of soil science. Soil quality test kits, farmer-based scorecards, visual assessment procedures, fact sheets, and video presentations were developed as educational materials because many people have no basis to recognize, understand or appreciate the complexity of soil resources. Assessment tools for indexing soil quality at various scales were pursued to show the multiple functions (e.g. nutrient and water cycling, filtering and buffering of contaminants, decomposition of crop residues and other organic matter sources, and recycling of essential plant nutrients) that soils provide as the foundation for sustainable land management. Worldwide research and technology transfer efforts have increased awareness that soil resources have both inherent characteristics determined by their basic soil formation factors and dynamic characteristics influenced by human decisions and management practices. Soil quality assessment and education are intended to provide a better understanding and awareness that soil resources are truly living bodies with biological, chemical, and physical properties and processes performing essential ecosystem services. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Natl Soil Survey Ctr, Lincoln, NE 68508 USA. RP Karlen, DL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 55 TC 126 Z9 146 U1 7 U2 87 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0016-7061 J9 GEODERMA JI Geoderma PD JUN PY 2003 VL 114 IS 3-4 BP 145 EP 156 DI 10.1016/S0016-7061(03)00039-9 PG 12 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 673BB UT WOS:000182558000002 ER PT J AU Andrews, SS Flora, CB Mitchell, JP Karlen, DL AF Andrews, SS Flora, CB Mitchell, JP Karlen, DL TI Growers' perceptions and acceptance of soil quality indices SO GEODERMA LA English DT Article DE decision tools; soil quality index; organic matter amendments; participatory research; on-farm research; focus groups; San Joaquin Valley ID ORGANIC-MATTER; INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; FARM-MANAGEMENT; ASSESSMENT-TOOL; WATER-QUALITY; ILLINOIS; SYSTEMS; INDICATORS; TILLAGE AB Soil quality (SQ) assessment tools may facilitate adaptive management decisions that promote sustainable agricultural practices. However, without input from the target audience, these decision tools' potential for adoption remains unknown. In an effort to consider the end-user in SQ index development, we examined fanner reactions to index outcomes and uses for soil quality information. We calculated SQ indices for side-by-side comparisons of alternative (organic amendment) and conventional practices in the San Joaquin Valley, CA. The indices integrated chemical, biological, and physical data collected over 3 years in a participatory, on-farm demonstration project. In a focus group format, we asked the participating farmers about their perceptions of SQ in the study fields. We then asked the farmers to compare their perceptions with the calculated SQ indices by rating the amount of agreement between the two on a scale from 1 to 10, with 10 being excellent agreement. The survey results showed a mean of 8 and standard deviation = 1 (N = 12). When we presented all participants with a variety of output options for soil quality indicator information, they were asked to rate each for usefulness and understandability. The apparent disparity among their preferences (high ratings for the most and the least integrated data) was explained by the suggestion of several farmers that it would be most useful to have access to several forms of the information. Participants also discussed how they would most likely use the tools and what information would be needed for them to change a management practice. A demonstrated link between soil quality and economics was the most discussed need. In response to the farmers' emphasis on economic outcomes, we compared our SQ index with yield results (as one component of net revenue) for participating fields. Pearson correlation coefficients showed statistically significant correlations between yield and SQ index outcomes. Correlations were stronger within subsets of the data grouped by crop or soil suborder. C1 Soil Qual Inst, USDA, NRCS, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, N Cent Reg Rural Dev, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Sociol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Vegetable Crops, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Andrews, SS (reprint author), Soil Qual Inst, USDA, NRCS, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 69 TC 33 Z9 43 U1 3 U2 20 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0016-7061 J9 GEODERMA JI Geoderma PD JUN PY 2003 VL 114 IS 3-4 BP 187 EP 213 DI 10.1016/S0016-7061(03)00041-7 PG 27 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 673BB UT WOS:000182558000004 ER PT J AU Corwin, DL Kaffka, SR Hopmans, JW Mori, Y van Groenigen, JW van Kessel, C Lesch, SM Oster, JD AF Corwin, DL Kaffka, SR Hopmans, JW Mori, Y van Groenigen, JW van Kessel, C Lesch, SM Oster, JD TI Assessment and field-scale mapping of soil quality properties of a saline-sodic soil SO GEODERMA LA English DT Article DE electrical conductivity; ECa; drainage water reuse; EM; salinity; San Joaquin Valley ID SPATIAL PREDICTION METHODS; SAN-JOAQUIN VALLEY; ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY; SHALLOW GROUNDWATER; MOLYBDENUM; IRRIGATION; MANAGEMENT; SELENIUM; CALIFORNIA; WATERS AB Salt-affected soils could produce useful forages when, irrigated with saline drainage water. To assess the productive potential and sustainability of using drainage water for forage production, a saline-sodic site (32.4 ha) in California's San Joaquin Valley was characterized for soil quality. The objectives were (1) to spatially characterize initial soil physicochemical properties relevant to maintaining soil quality on an and zone soil and (2) to characterize soil quality relationships and spatial variability. An initial mobile electromagnetic (EM) induction survey was conducted in 1999, with bulk soil electrical conductivity (ECa) readings taken at 384 geo-referenced locations, followed by an intensive mobile fixed-array survey with a total of 7288 geo-referenced ECa readings. Using the EM data and a spatial statistics program (ESAP v2.0), 40 sites were selected that reflected the spatial heterogeneity of the ECa measurements for the study area. At these sites, soil-core samples were taken at 0.3-m intervals to a depth of 1.2 m. Duplicate samples were taken at eight sites to study the local-scale variability of soil properties. Soil-core samples were analyzed for a variety of physical and chemical properties related to the soil quality of and zone soils. Soils were found to be highly spatially heterogeneous. For composite soil-core samples taken to a depth of 1.2 m, ECe (electrical conductivity of the saturation extract) varied from 12.8 to 36.6 dS m(-1), SAR from 28.8 to 88.8, and clay content from 2.5% to 48.3%. B and Mo concentrations varied from 11.5 to 32.2 mg l(-1) and 476.8 to 1959.6 mug l(-1), respectively. CaCO3, NO3- in the saturation extract, exchangeable Ca2+, Se, and As consistently had the highest coefficients of variation (CV) while pH(e), Pb, and Ca2+ in the saturation extract consistently had the lowest CVs at all depths. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to spatially partition the local- and global-scale variability. Local-scale variability was greatest for pH,. Laboratory measurements of saturated hydraulic conductivity (K-s) were very low (0.0000846-0.0456 cm h(-1)), whereas field measurements were considerably higher (0.49-1.79 cm h(-1)). Based on the Cl- data, the leaching fraction (LF) for the entire study area was estimated to be 17%. Soil quality was reflected in yield and chemical analysis of forage. Forage Mo contents determined from newly established Bermuda grass varied from 1 to 5 mg kg(-1) on a dry matter basis, and Cu/Mo ratios averaged 3.3, while forage yield in the establishment year declined with ECe, and failed to grow above ECe levels of approximately 22 dS m(-1). The initial soil quality assessment of the research site indicated that the sustainability of drainage water reuse at this location would depend upon maintaining, a sufficient LF with careful consideration and management of salinity, boron, molybdenum, and sodium levels. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Agron & Range Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Land Air & Water Resources, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Shimane Univ, Matsue, Shimane, Japan. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Environm Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. Dept Water & Environm, Wageningen, Netherlands. RP Corwin, DL (reprint author), USDA ARS, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RI Van Groenigen, Jan Willem/H-3037-2012 OI Van Groenigen, Jan Willem/0000-0001-9637-0601 NR 64 TC 60 Z9 68 U1 4 U2 34 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0016-7061 J9 GEODERMA JI Geoderma PD JUN PY 2003 VL 114 IS 3-4 BP 231 EP 259 DI 10.1016/S0016-7601(03)00043-0 PG 29 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 673BB UT WOS:000182558000006 ER PT J AU Jackson, LE Calderon, FJ Steenwerth, KL Scow, KM Rolston, DE AF Jackson, LE Calderon, FJ Steenwerth, KL Scow, KM Rolston, DE TI Responses of soil microbial processes and community structure to tillage events and implications for soil quality SO GEODERMA LA English DT Article DE carbon dioxide flux; denitrification; nitrate; nitrogen mineralization; phospholipid fatty acid analysis ID FATTY-ACID PROFILE; CARBON-DIOXIDE; NITROGEN MINERALIZATION; ORGANIC-MATTER; CROP RESIDUE; GAS FLUXES; BIOMASS; DYNAMICS; SYSTEMS; DENITRIFICATION AB The short-term responses of soil microbial processes and community structure to perturbation constitute one aspect of soil quality. Such responses are often associated with an increase in the emissions of greenhouse gases (i.e., CO2, NO, or N2O) and the accumulation and potential loss of nitrate by leaching. Here we describe our recent work on responses of soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics, microbial biomass, and microbial community structure to a tillage event in intensively managed vegetable crop systems in California. Our results indicate that CO2 emission is high for the first day after tillage, but respiration declines or remains constant, suggesting that physical processes are responsible for the high flux from the soil surface. Net mineralization and nitrate accumulation increase for several days after tillage, and this can be accompanied by higher denitrification rates. Tillage causes immediate changes in microbial community structure, based on phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis, but little concomitant change in total microbial biomass. Tillage events contribute to decreased soil quality by increasing emissions of greenhouse gases, and increasing the potential for nitrate leaching to groundwater, and these negative aspects must be weighed against the benefits of tillage for increasing the health and productivity of some crops. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Vegetable Crops, Davis, CA 95616 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Anim Manure & Byprod Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Land Air & Water Resources, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Jackson, LE (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Vegetable Crops, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RI Jackson, Louise/A-3562-2010 NR 49 TC 133 Z9 164 U1 2 U2 68 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0016-7061 J9 GEODERMA JI Geoderma PD JUN PY 2003 VL 114 IS 3-4 BP 305 EP 317 DI 10.1016/S0016-7061(03)00046-6 PG 13 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 673BB UT WOS:000182558000009 ER PT J AU Witty, JH Graham, RC Hubbert, KR Doolittle, JA Wald, JA AF Witty, JH Graham, RC Hubbert, KR Doolittle, JA Wald, JA TI Contributions of water supply from the weathered bedrock zone to forest soil quality SO GEODERMA LA English DT Article DE ponderosa pine; jeffrey pine; site productivity; regolith; granitic rock; roots ID OREGON; ROOTS; CLIMATE; ROCK AB One measure of forest soil quality is the ability of the soil to support tree growth. In mediterranean-type ecosystems, such as most of California's forests, there is virtually no rainfall during the summer growing season, so trees must rely on water stored within the substrate. Water is the primary limitation to productivity in these forests. Many forest soils in California are relatively thin, but are underlain by thick zones of weathered bedrock. Weathered granitic bedrock, the most prevalent lithology, has available water capacities (0.12-cm water/cm rock) that approach those of soils (0.2-cm water/cm soil) and, because the weathered rock zone is usually so much thicker (several meters) than the soil (< 1 m), it almost always constitutes the larger storage reservoir for plant-available water. The weathered bedrock retains the original rock fabric and is friable and easily excavated, but the primary minerals are not thoroughly altered to clay minerals, so it is not considered saprolite. Roots of ponderosa pine (Pinusponderosa) seedlings penetrate through the soil and encounter weathered bedrock within the first 2 years on many sites. Thus, the influence of the weathered bedrock zone on plant growth begins early. Root access to the weathered bedrock is restricted to fractures, which are often spaced about 50 cm apart. Water is extracted from the intervening rock matrix through unsaturated flow toward the root mat in the fractures and by mycorrhizal fungal hyphae that penetrate the rock matrix. At one site in the Sierra Nevada, 30-year-old Jeffrey pine (P. jeffreyi) depleted the soil-held water by mid-June and relied on water stored in the weathered bedrock until the rainy season began in October. In this case, the weathered bedrock supplied at least 70% of the water used by the trees during the growing season. In the same area, we found that thin soils are not a detriment to pine productivity when they are underlain by a thick zone of weathered bedrock. In mediterranean-type ecosystems, the weathered bedrock zone is an essential component of the plant water supply system and is thus an important contributor to forest soil quality. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Environm Sci, Soil & Water Sci Program, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Forest Fire Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. USDA, NRCS, Newtown Sq, PA 19073 USA. USDA, NRCS, Spokane, WA 99202 USA. RP Graham, RC (reprint author), Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Environm Sci, Soil & Water Sci Program, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. NR 34 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 6 U2 23 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0016-7061 J9 GEODERMA JI Geoderma PD JUN PY 2003 VL 114 IS 3-4 BP 389 EP 400 DI 10.1016/S0016-7601(03)00051-X PG 12 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 673BB UT WOS:000182558000014 ER PT J AU Butnor, JR Johnsen, KH Oren, R Katul, GG AF Butnor, JR Johnsen, KH Oren, R Katul, GG TI Reduction of forest floor respiration by fertilization on both carbon dioxide-enriched and reference 17-year-old loblolly pine stands SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE elevated atmospheric CO2; FACE; forest floor respiration; Pinus taeda; soil fertility; soil respiration ID ELEVATED ATMOSPHERIC CO2; FINE-ROOT PRODUCTION; SOIL RESPIRATION; PONDEROSA PINE; NITROGEN-FERTILIZATION; LITTER DECOMPOSITION; N FERTILIZATION; ORGANIC-MATTER; MICROBIAL RESPIRATION; TEMPERATE FOREST AB Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2e) increases soil respiration rates in forest, grassland, agricultural and wetland systems as a result of increased growth, root biomass and enhanced biological activity of soil microorganisms. Less is known about how forest floor fluxes respond to the combined effects of elevated CO2 and nutrient amendments; until now no experiments have been in place with large forest trees to allow even preliminary investigations. We investigated changes in forest floor respiration (S-ff) in a Pinus taeda L. plantation fumigated with CO2 by using free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) technology and given nutrient amendments. The prototype FACE apparatus (FACEp; 707 M) was constructed in 1993, 10 years after planting, on a moderate fertility site in Duke Forest, North Carolina, USA, enriching the stand to 55 Pa (CO2e). A nearby ambient CO2 (CO2a) plot (117 m(2)) was designated at the inception of the study as a reference (Ref). Both FACEp and Ref plot were divided in half and urea fertilizer was applied to one half at an annual rate of 11.2 g N m(-2) in the spring of 1998,1999 and 2000. Forest floor respiration was monitored continuously for 220 days - March through November 2000 by using two Automated Carbon Efflux Systems. Thirty locations (491 cm(2) each) were sampled in both FACEp and Ref, about half in each fertility treatment. Forest floor respiration was strongly correlated with soil temperature at 5 cm. Rates of Sff were greater in CO2e relative to CO2a (an enhancement of similar to178 g C m(-2)) during the measurement period. Application of fertilizer resulted in a statistically significant depression of respiration rates in both the CO2a and CO2e Plots (a reduction of similar to186 g C m(-2)). The results suggest that closed canopy forests on moderate fertility sites cycle back to the atmosphere more assimilated carbon (C) than similar forests on sites of high fertility. We recognize the limitations of this non-replicated study, but its clear results offer strong testable hypotheses for future research in this important area. C1 US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA. RP Butnor, JR (reprint author), US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, 3041 Cornwallis Rd, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RI Katul, Gabriel/A-7210-2008; Butnor, John/P-9738-2016 OI Katul, Gabriel/0000-0001-9768-3693; NR 77 TC 84 Z9 92 U1 3 U2 39 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 9 IS 6 BP 849 EP 861 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00630.x PG 13 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 693MJ UT WOS:000183721100005 ER PT J AU Terrill, TH Gelaye, S Mahotiere, S Amoah, EA Miller, S Windham, WR AF Terrill, TH Gelaye, S Mahotiere, S Amoah, EA Miller, S Windham, WR TI Effect of cutting date and frequency on yield and quality of kudzu in the southern United States SO GRASS AND FORAGE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE forage; forage legume; plant production; digestibility; protein bank ID RHIZOMA PEANUT AB Kudzu [Pueraria lobata (Wilid.) Ohwi.], a vigorous, perennial warm-season legume, grows widely throughout the south-eastern United States, predominantly as a volunteer species. It is tolerant of drought and acidic, infertile soils and may have potential as a low-input forage for livestock. A field experiment was undertaken to determine the effects of cutting date and frequency on yield and nutritive value of kudzu (20-year-old stand with no fertilizer or lime inputs) in central Georgia. The cutting treatments included an uncut control, and plots cut once (September), twice (July and September), and three times (June, July, and September) during the 1994 growing season. Dry matter (DM) production and forage quality were determined for total herbage, leaf and stem tissues from quadrat samples taken on all plots in June, July, September, and November (after a killing frost) in 1994, and in June, 1995. Total herbage and leaf DM production was highest for the three-harvest system and lowest in the no-cut control plots in 1994, but these results were reversed in the harvest made in 1995. Total herbage production and crude protein concentrations were similar in kudzu cut in the initial summer harvest (either June, July, or September) during the first year. Whole plant and stem in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) in these samples declined throughout the growing season, while leaf IVDMD was unchanged until the first frost. Kudzu has the potential to be a low-input forage for livestock, particularly as supplemental drought feed, or as a protein bank for summer or autumn grazing. C1 Ft Valley State Univ Agr Res Stn, Ft Valley, GA 31030 USA. ARS, USDA, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA USA. RP Terrill, TH (reprint author), Ft Valley State Univ Agr Res Stn, Ft Valley, GA 31030 USA. NR 22 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 7 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0142-5242 J9 GRASS FORAGE SCI JI Grass Forage Sci. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 58 IS 2 BP 178 EP 183 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2494.2003.00369.x PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 728AJ UT WOS:000185692800008 ER PT J AU Wood, BW Conner, PJ Worley, RE AF Wood, BW Conner, PJ Worley, RE TI Relationship of alternate bearing intensity in pecan to fruit and canopy characteristics SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE alternate bearing; irregular bearing; flowering; profit; yields; production; stress; breeding; culture; phytohormones; inhibitors; assimilates; carbohydrates ID VEGETATIVE CHARACTERISTICS; CARBOHYDRATE CONCENTRATION; FALL DEFOLIATION; CULTIVARS; QUALITY; GROWTH; YIELD; TREES; TIME; SET AB Alternate bearing is a major economic problem for producers of pecan nuts [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch], yet a fundamental understanding of alternate bearing remains elusive. Nut yields (over a period of up to 78 years) from a commercial-like orchard of 66 cultivars was used to calculate alternate bearing intensity (I). Best-fit regression analysis indicates no association between I and fruit ripening date (FRD) or nut volume; although, there was moderate association with post-ripening foliation periods (PRFP) in that I tends to decrease as the length of the PRFP decreases. Multiple regression models indicated that FRD and nut. volume were poor predictors of I: however, PRFP possessed significant inverse predictive power. Late-season canopy health, as measured by percentage of leaflet retention, decreased as FRD approached early-season ripening. Late-season photoassimilation rate was higher on foliage of trees with late FRDs than those with mid- or early-season ripening dates. These data provide new insight into the complex nature of alternate bearing in pecan and provide evidence for modifying the existing theories of alternate bearing of pecan. C1 USDA ARS, SE Fruit & Tree Nut Res Lab, Byron, GA 31008 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Hort, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Wood, BW (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Fruit & Tree Nut Res Lab, Byron, GA 31008 USA. NR 31 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD JUN PY 2003 VL 38 IS 3 BP 361 EP 366 PG 6 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 689ZW UT WOS:000183523700008 ER PT J AU Takeda, F Hummell, AK Peterson, DL AF Takeda, F Hummell, AK Peterson, DL TI Primocane growth in 'Chester thornless' blackberry trained to the rotatable cross-arm trellis SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Rubus; axillary bud; floricane; flower; fruit; inflorescence; lateral branch ID YIELD COMPONENTS AB A study was conducted to characterize vegetative growth of mature 'Chester Thornless' blackberry plants trained to the rotatable cross-arm (RCA) trellis in which up to six primocanes were retained. Cane emergence occurred from mid-April to late-May. The first (oldest) primocane attained a sufficient height to be trained in early May in 40% of plants, but younger primocanes could not be trained until late July. However, only 94%, 73%, 60%, and 42% of plants developed three, four, five, and six primocanes, respectively. In primocanes that were trained from 14 May to 3 June, eight or nine medium (0.7-1.3 m) to long (>1.3 m) lateral branches developed. Primocanes tied from 4 June to 16 July averaged less than six lateral branches that were mostly of medium and short (<0.7 m) categories. Primocanes trained after 16 July produced only two short lateral branches. The results indicated that training primocanes from mid-May to mid-June for 'Chester Thornless' blackberry on the RCA trellis would be advantageous to minimize labor costs. C1 USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Takeda, F (reprint author), USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, 45 Wiltshire Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 17 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD JUN PY 2003 VL 38 IS 3 BP 373 EP 376 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 689ZW UT WOS:000183523700010 ER PT J AU Takeda, F Hummell, AK Peterson, DL AF Takeda, F Hummell, AK Peterson, DL TI Effects of cane number on yield components in 'Chester thornless' blackberry on the rotatable cross-arm trellis SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Rubus; axillary bud; floricane; flower; fruit; inflorescence ID CULTIVARS AB Mature 'Chester Thornless' blackberry plants were trained to the rotatable cross-arm (RCA) trellis to determine the effect of retaining two, four, or six primocanes on plant productivity. Retention of only the two oldest primocanes and generally the most vigorous primocanes per plant yielded 14.1 kg of fruit compared to 17.1 kg per plant in which as many as six primocanes were retained. Increasing the number of canes did not result in significant yield increase (P = 0.09) because the primocanes trained in late-June and July produced only a few, and, in some cases, no lateral branches. Thus, retaining only those canes that become trainable early in the season decreased labor inputs and allowed primocane training to be completed prior to the onset of harvest. As a result, the effort to train and retain only those primocanes that reach the trainable height before mid-June may be advantageous to minimize labor costs, but will not effect plant productivity. C1 USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Takeda, F (reprint author), USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, 45 Wiltshire Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 18 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD JUN PY 2003 VL 38 IS 3 BP 377 EP 380 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 689ZW UT WOS:000183523700011 ER PT J AU Biggs, AR Miller, SS AF Biggs, AR Miller, SS TI Relative susceptibility of selected apple cultivars to Botryosphaeria dothidea SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Malus xdomestica; white rot; bot rot; cultivar evaluation; disease susceptibility ID FRUIT; ROT AB Twenty-three apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) cultivars were tested in the field and laboratory for their relative susceptibility to the white rot pathogen, Botryosphaeria dothidea. Wounded fruit were inoculated in the field at 2 to 3 weeks preharvest with mycelium from 14- to 21-day-old cultures. In the laboratory, detached fruit were similarly inoculated. Fruit were rated for relative susceptibility to the fungus with two criteria: disease severity of attached fruit in the field based on lesion growth (mm/degree-day) and disease severity of detached fruit in laboratory inoculations of wounded fruit (mean lesion diameter after 5 days). Based on the laboratory and field data from 2 years of study, cultivars were classified into three relative susceptibility groups: most susceptible: 'Fortune' and 'Pristine'; moderately susceptible: 'Golden Supreme', 'Creston', 'Ginger Gold', 'Sansal, 'Golden Delicious', 'Senshu', 'Orin', 'Sunrise', 'GoldRush', 'Arlet', 'Braeburn', 'Cameol, 'Enterprise', 'Fujil', 'Shizuka', 'Gala Supreme', and NY 75414; and least susceptible: 'Honeycrisp', 'Yataka', 'Suncrisp', and 'PioneerMac'. Compared to previous cultivar rankings, the results of the present study indicate that some new apple cultivars from the first NE-183 planting show greater resistance to Botryosphaeria dothidea than current standard cultivars. C1 W Virginia Univ, Kearneysville Tree Fruit Res & Educ Ctr, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Biggs, AR (reprint author), W Virginia Univ, Kearneysville Tree Fruit Res & Educ Ctr, POB 609, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. OI Biggs, Alan/0000-0001-8362-9530 NR 15 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD JUN PY 2003 VL 38 IS 3 BP 400 EP 403 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 689ZW UT WOS:000183523700016 ER PT J AU Ramming, DW Emershad, RL Foster, C AF Ramming, DW Emershad, RL Foster, C TI In vitro factors during ovule culture affect development and conversion of immature peach and nectarine embryos SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE embryo rescue; Prunus; breeding; stone fruit ID EXPLANT ORIENTATION; GROWTH; INVITRO; PRUNUS; VESSEL; AGENT; MEDIA; PH AB Various in vitro conditions for culture of ovules prior to extraction and culture of immature embryos of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] and nectarine [Prunuspersica (L.) Batsch var. nucipersica Schneid.] were investigated. Culture vessels consisting of test tubes, petri dishes, and polycarbonate jars were tested along with various types of support and nutrient media. Agar support was superior to liquid media with filter paper supports. Agar produced the largest embryos with 90% to 93% being converted into plants compared to liquid with only 1 % to 12 % embryo conversion. The best ovule orientation and support was with the micropyle down and pushed halfway into an agar-gelled medium. In experiments two and three, test tubes with vertical ovule orientation (micropyle end of ovule pushed into agar) produced larger embryos, the largest plants and the greatest percentage of embryos that converted into plants (60% and 91 %). Petri dish treatments were less successful in embryo conversion than test tubes and polyearbonate jars. The addition of activated charcoal (AC) to an agar-gelled medium produced significantly larger embryos with a similar conversion rate. The addition of an agar-gelled medium to culture vessels reduces preparation time compared to filter paper supports, and placing each ovule within a test tube eliminates cross contamination, making immature embryo culture more successful. C1 USDA ARS, Parlier, CA 93648 USA. RP Ramming, DW (reprint author), USDA ARS, 9611 S Riverbend Ave, Parlier, CA 93648 USA. NR 21 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD JUN PY 2003 VL 38 IS 3 BP 424 EP 428 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 689ZW UT WOS:000183523700023 ER PT J AU Reed, SM AF Reed, SM TI Self-fertility and time of stigma receptivity in Styrax japonicum SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Japanese snowbell; hybridization; breeding; pollen tube growth; self-compatibility ID FRUIT-SET; STYRACACEAE; OBASSIA AB The objectives of this study were to evaluate self-fertility and to determine the effectiveness of pollinations; made over a 4-day period in Japanese snowbell, S.japonicum Sieb. & Zucc. Pollen germination and pollen tube growth were observed in stained styles following cross- and self-pollinations made from 1 day before to 2 days after anthesis. One month after pollination, fruit set averaged 40% in cross-pollinations and 14% in self-pollinations. Two months later, about one-third of the fruit resulting from cross-pollinations had aborted and only one fruit remained from the self-pollinations. This study demonstrated that stigmas of S.japonicum are receptive for at least 4 days and that flowers should be emasculated prior to making controlled cross-pollinations. C1 Tennessee State Univ, Nursery Crop Res Stn, USDA ARS, US Natl Arboretum,Floral & Nursery Plants Res Uni, McMinnville, TN 37110 USA. RP Reed, SM (reprint author), Tennessee State Univ, Nursery Crop Res Stn, USDA ARS, US Natl Arboretum,Floral & Nursery Plants Res Uni, 472 Cadillac Lane, McMinnville, TN 37110 USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD JUN PY 2003 VL 38 IS 3 BP 429 EP 431 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 689ZW UT WOS:000183523700024 ER PT J AU McKenna, JR Epstein, L AF McKenna, JR Epstein, L TI Susceptibility of Juglans species and interspecific hybrids to Agrobacterium tumefaciens SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE crown gall; resistance; rootstocks; Paradox; Rhizobium radiobacter; walnut ID CROWN GALL RESISTANCE; VARIABLE RESPONSES; ROOTSTOCKS; WALNUT; VITIS; CULTIVARS; GENOTYPES; PLANTS AB Crown gall, caused by the common soil-borne bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens, can be an economic problem in walnut nurseries and production orchards in California. The principal rootstocks used for commercial walnut production in California are the native Northern California black walnut, Juglans hindsii, and "Paradox," which are interspecific hybrids between a black walnut, primarily J. hindsii, as the maternal parent, and J. regia, the English walnut, as the paternal parent. Recent evidence has shown that some commercial black walnut trees producing Paradox hybrid seedlings are actually hybrids between J. hindsii and two other North American black walnut species, J. major and J. nigra. Here, we document that there was a higher incidence of crown gall on Paradox (J. hindsh x J. regia) than on J. hindsii in three sites with natural soil inoculum. Paradox seedlings(with a female parent that was primarily J. hindsii with some J. nigra) inoculated with A. tumefaciens on the roots during transplanting had a higher incidence of crown gall than either J. hindsh or J. regia. When stems were inoculated with A. tumefaciens, J. hindsii V. regia populations had significantly larger galls than either J. hindsii or J. regia. Similarly, in stem inoculations on four out of six Paradox genotypes with a hybrid black walnut maternal parent, the progeny produced significantly larger galls than either J. hindsii or J. regia. However, two Paradox populations from black walnut hybrids that contained J. major, J. nigra, and J. hindsii produced galls that were no different in size than in the black walnut species and J. regia. Results suggest that J. regia and black walnut species are less susceptible to crown gall than most Paradox populations. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Pomol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Nematol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Plant Pathol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP McKenna, JR (reprint author), Purdue Univ, US Forest Serv, USDA, Hardwood Tree Improvement & Regenerat Ctr,Dept Fo, Forestry Bldg,195 Marsteller St, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RI Epstein, Lynn/F-1251-2013 NR 28 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD JUN PY 2003 VL 38 IS 3 BP 435 EP 439 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 689ZW UT WOS:000183523700026 ER PT J AU Luby, JJ Wildung, DK Galletta, GJ AF Luby, JJ Wildung, DK Galletta, GJ TI 'MNUS 248' (Mesabi (TM)) strawberry SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Fragaria xananassa; strawberry breeding C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Hort Sci, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, N Cent Res & Outreach Ctr, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 USA. USDA ARS, BARC W, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Luby, JJ (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Hort Sci, 1970 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 4 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD JUN PY 2003 VL 38 IS 3 BP 481 EP 483 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 689ZW UT WOS:000183523700039 ER PT J AU Bryant, R Moran, MS McElroy, SA Holifield, C Thome, KJ Miura, T Biggar, SF AF Bryant, R Moran, MS McElroy, SA Holifield, C Thome, KJ Miura, T Biggar, SF TI Data continuity of Earth Observing 1 (EO-1) Advanced Land Imager (ALI) and Landsat TM and ETM SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE Advanced Land Imager (ALI); data continuity; Earth Observing 1 (EO-1); Landsat Thematic Mapper 4 (TM4); Landsat Thematic Mapper 5 (TM5); Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM plus ); remote sensing ID THEMATIC MAPPER; CALIBRATION AB The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Landsat program has been dedicated to sustaining data continuity over the 20-year period during which Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhanced TM Plus (ETM+) sensors have been acquiring images of the earth's surface. In 2000, NASA launched the, Earth Observing-1 (EO-1) Advanced Land Imager (ALI) to test new technology that could improve the TM/ETM+ sensor series, yet ensure Landsat data continuity. The study reported here quantified the continuity of satellite-retrieved surface reflectance (p) for the three most recent Landsat sensors (Landsat-4 TM, Landsat-5 TM, and Landsat-7 ETM+) and the EO-1 ALI sensor. The study was based on ground-data verification and, in the case of the ETM+ to ALI comparison, coincident image analysis. Reflectance retrieved from all four sensors showed good correlation with ground-measured reflectance, and the sensor-to-sensor data continuity was excellent for all sensors and all bands. A qualitative analysis of the new ALI spectral bands (4p: 0.845-0.890 mum and 5p: 1.20-1.30 mum) showed that ALI band 5p provided information that was different from that provided by the ETM+/ALI shortwave infrared bands 5 and 7 for agricultural targets and that ALI hand 4p has the advantage over the existing ETM+ near-infrared (NIR) band 4 and ALI NIR band 4 of being relatively insensitive to water vapor absorption. The basic conclusion of this study is that the four sensors can provide excellent data continuity for temporal studies of natural resources. Furthermore, the new technologies put forward by the EO-1 ALI sensor have had no apparent effect on data continuity and should be considered for the upcoming Landsat-8 sensor payload. C1 USDA, ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. Univ Arizona, Ctr Opt Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Soil Water & Environm Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Bryant, R (reprint author), USDA, ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RI Thome, Kurtis/D-7251-2012; Miura, Tomoaki/B-5805-2008 NR 11 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 8 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD JUN PY 2003 VL 41 IS 6 BP 1204 EP 1214 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2003.813213 PN 1 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 711YM UT WOS:000184768700008 ER PT J AU Liang, SL Fang, HL Kaul, M Van Niel, TG McVicar, TR Pearlman, JS Walthall, CL Daughtry, CST Huemmrich, KF AF Liang, SL Fang, HL Kaul, M Van Niel, TG McVicar, TR Pearlman, JS Walthall, CL Daughtry, CST Huemmrich, KF TI Estimation and validation of land surface broadband albedos and leaf area index from EO-1 ALI data SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE atmospheric correction; Advanced Land Imager (ALI); broadband albedos; Earth Observing 1 (EO-1); leaf area index (LAI); validation ID PHOTOSYNTHETICALLY ACTIVE RADIATION; CANOPY REFLECTANCE MODEL; ATMOSPHERIC CORRECTION; NARROW-BAND; MISR DATA; CLIMATE; MODIS; ALGORITHM; IMAGERY; CONVERSIONS AB Advanced Land Imager (ALI) is a multispectral sensor onboard the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Earth Observing 1 (EO-1) satellite. It has similar spatial resolution to Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+), with three additional spectral bands. We developed new algorithms for estimating both land surface broadband albedo and leaf area index (LAI) from ALI data. A recently developed atmospheric correction algorithm for ETM+ imagery was extended to retrieve surface spectral reflectance from ALI top-of-atmosphere observations. A feature common to these algorithms is the use of new multispectral information from ALL The additional blue band of ALI is very useful in our atmospheric correction algorithm, and two additional ALI near-infrared bands are valuable for estimating both broadband albedo and LAI. Ground measurements at Beltsville, MD, and Coleambally, Australia, were used to validate the products generated by these algorithms. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. USDA, ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Commonwealth Sci & Ind Res Org, Land & Water, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. Boeing Co, Adv Network Centr Operat, Phantom Works, Seattle, WA 98124 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Joint Ctr Earth Syst Technol, Catonsville, MD 21250 USA. RP Liang, SL (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RI Van Niel, Thomas/A-7547-2011; liang, shunlin/C-2809-2015; McVicar, Tim/D-8614-2011 OI Van Niel, Thomas/0000-0001-8445-5448; NR 30 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 10 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD JUN PY 2003 VL 41 IS 6 BP 1260 EP 1267 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2003.813203 PN 1 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 711YM UT WOS:000184768700013 ER PT J AU Smith, ML Martin, ME Plourde, L Ollinger, SV AF Smith, ML Martin, ME Plourde, L Ollinger, SV TI Analysis of hyperspectral data for estimation of temperate forest canopy nitrogen concentration: Comparison between an airborne (AVIRIS) and a spaceborne (Hyperion) sensor SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS); Hyperion; nitrogen; temperate forest ID NEAR-INFRARED REFLECTANCE; CHEMISTRY; LEAF; SPECTROSCOPY; VEGETATION; LIGNIN AB Field studies among diverse biomes demonstrate that mass-based nitrogen concentration at leaf and canopy scales is strongly related to carbon uptake and cycling. Combined field and airborne imaging spectrometry studies demonstrate the capacity for accurate empirical estimation of forest canopy N concentration and other biochemical constituents at scales from forest stands to small landscapes. In this paper, we report on the utility of the first space-based imaging spectrometer, Hyperion, for estimation of temperate forest canopy N concentration as compared to that achieved with the airborne high-altitude imaging spectrometer, the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRLS). Overall accuracy of Hyperion estimates of forest canopy N concentration, as compared with field measurements, were within 0.25% dry mass, and AVIRIS-based estimates were within 0.19% dry mass, each well within the accuracy required to distinguish among forested ecosystems in nitrogen status. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Complex Syst Res Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Smith, ML (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RI Ollinger, Scott/N-3380-2014; OI Ollinger, Scott/0000-0001-6226-1431; Lepine, Lucie/0000-0003-1028-2534 NR 35 TC 71 Z9 80 U1 1 U2 20 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD JUN PY 2003 VL 41 IS 6 BP 1332 EP 1337 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2003.813128 PN 1 PG 6 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 711YM UT WOS:000184768700020 ER PT J AU Coops, NC Smith, ML Martin, ME Ollinger, SV AF Coops, NC Smith, ML Martin, ME Ollinger, SV TI Prediction of eucalypt foliage nitrogen content from satellite-derived hyperspectral data SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE Australia; biochemistry; Earth Observing 1(EO-1); Hyperion ID NEAR-INFRARED REFLECTANCE; CANOPY CHEMISTRY; CARBON-FRACTION; RED EDGE; LEAF; SPECTRA; MINERALIZATION; FORESTS; PIGMENT AB Hyperspectral remote sensing methods are advancing rapidly and offer the promise of estimation of pigment, biochemical, and water content dynamics. The recent Earth Observer 1 (EO-1) Hyperion mission, and associated field campaigns, has allowed a range of biophysical and biochemistry attributes of eucalypt foliage to be analyzed in conjunction with remotely sensed spectra. This paper reports on a study at Tumbarumba (Bago-Maragle State Forest), Australia, which has a wide variety of eucalypt species, ranging in productivity and age. EO-1 Hyperion imagery was obtained in April 2001, and a field program was undertaken involving the establishment of Plots, collection of standard forestry inventory data, and green leaf samples. Leaf nitrogen (N) content was measured from leaf samples using wet chemistry techniques and canopy N concentration estimated using leaf mass and proportional species leaf area index data. A number of models were developed from Hyperion reflectance, absorbance, and derivate transformations using partial least squares regression and multiple linear regression. The most significant calibration model predicted N with a correlation coefficient (r) = 0.9 (82% variance explained) and a validation r(2) = 0.62 (P < 0.01). The standard error of the estimate of foliar N was 0.16% equating to 13% of the mean observed %N at the site. These initial results indicate that predictions of canopy foliar N using Hyperion spectra is possible for native multispecies eucalypt forest Similar studies worldwide, particular those associated with the flux tower network, will allow these findings to be placed in context with other biomes and functional types. C1 Commonwealth Sci & Ind Res Org Forestry & Forest, Clayton, Vic 3169, Australia. USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Complex Syst Res Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Coops, NC (reprint author), Commonwealth Sci & Ind Res Org Forestry & Forest, Clayton, Vic 3169, Australia. RI Coops, Nicholas/J-1543-2012; Ollinger, Scott/N-3380-2014 OI Coops, Nicholas/0000-0002-0151-9037; Ollinger, Scott/0000-0001-6226-1431 NR 43 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 17 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD JUN PY 2003 VL 41 IS 6 BP 1338 EP 1346 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2003.813135 PN 1 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 711YM UT WOS:000184768700021 ER PT J AU Moran, MS Bryant, R Holifield, CD McElroy, S AF Moran, MS Bryant, R Holifield, CD McElroy, S TI Refined empirical line approach for retrieving surface reflectance from EO-1 ALI images SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE atmospheric measurements; image processing; remote sensing; satellite applications AB The refined empirical line (REL) approach was used to convert the Earth Observing 1 (EO-1) Advanced Land Imager (ALI) sensor digital number (dn) to surface spectral reflectance (rho(lambda)). The dn-to-rho(lambda) relation was derived from a bright target of known reflectance in the image, and the modeled estimates of the image dn at rho(lambda) = 0. The mean absolute percent difference (Delta(%)) between rho(lambda) retrieved from ALI using the REL approach and ground-measured rho(lambda) for 15 targets on six dates were 42%, 6%, and 13% in the ALI visible, near-infrared (NIR), and shortwave infrared (SWIR) spectral bands, respectively. The Delta(%) for rho(lambda) retrieved from ALI without any atmospheric correction were 155%, 9%, and 10% for visible, NIR, and SWIR bands, respectively. For the clear, dry atmospheric conditions in Arizona, REL correction was most crucial for the dark targets in the visible bands. Given the published values of an ALI dn for rho(lambda) = 0, the REL offers a simple approach for retrieving reflectance from multiple ALI images for temporal surface analysis. C1 USDA, ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP Moran, MS (reprint author), USDA, ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. NR 6 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD JUN PY 2003 VL 41 IS 6 BP 1411 EP 1414 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2003.813207 PN 1 PG 4 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 711YM UT WOS:000184768700029 ER PT J AU Zeidman, MI Sawhney, PS Herrington, PD AF Zeidman, MI Sawhney, PS Herrington, PD TI Fiber migration theory of ring-spun yarns SO INDIAN JOURNAL OF FIBRE & TEXTILE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE bicomponent yarn; fiber; fiber migration models; ring spinning ID TWISTED FILAMENTS; NORMAL FORCE; MODEL AB The well-known Treloar-Hearle (T-H) theory of fiber migration, although more realistic in defining the yarn structure than the helical model, suffers from certain internal inconsistencies such as singularities at the yarn core. This paper aims at re-examining the theory of fiber migration and establishing a new basis for the development of an improved model of ring-spun yarn structure with an emphasis on revisiting the fiber migration theory. Accordingly, the existing theories of Treloar and Hearle et al. have been reformulated and combined in a way that is more accurate for predicting the structural dynamics of a yarn. This gives a more acceptable description of yarn structure and, hence,leads to more accurate predictive models of load-deformation behavior of the yarn. A relationship between the process parameters and. the yarn structure is also suggested, which is important for the resulting yarn properties such as tensile strength, abrasion resistance and twist torque. Although it is realized that fiber migration and yarn mechanics are complex phenomena, this study is expected to contribute to the analysis and fundamental understanding-of the phenomena. C1 Shenker Coll Text Technol, Ramat Gan, Israel. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. Univ New Orleans, Dept Mech Engn, New Orleans, LA 70148 USA. NR 36 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL INST SCIENCE COMMUNICATION PI NEW DELHI PA DR K S KRISHNAN MARG, NEW DELHI 110 012, INDIA SN 0971-0426 J9 INDIAN J FIBRE TEXT JI Indian J. Fibre Text. Tes. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 28 IS 2 BP 123 EP 133 PG 11 WC Materials Science, Textiles SC Materials Science GA 701PB UT WOS:000184175000001 ER PT J AU Fabrick, JA Baker, JE Kanost, MR AF Fabrick, JA Baker, JE Kanost, MR TI cDNA cloning, purification, properties, and function of a beta-1,3-glucan recognition protein from a pyralid moth, Plodia interpunctella SO INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE insect immunity; innate immunity; pattern recognition proteins; indianmeal moth; beta-1,3-glucan; prophenoloxidase; hemolymph; immune response; insect ID LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE-BINDING-PROTEIN; COMPLEMENT-LIKE PROTEIN; C-TYPE LECTIN; MANDUCA-SEXTA; BOMBYX-MORI; DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; IMMUNOGLOBULIN SUPERFAMILY; INNATE IMMUNITY; PERIPLANETA-AMERICANA; BLABERUS-DISCOIDALIS AB Microorganisms possess distinctive biochemical or molecular patterns on their cell surfaces, such as those formed by the lipopolysaccharides, lipoteichoic acids, and/or peptidoglycans of bacteria and the beta-1,3-glucans of fungi. Pattern recognition proteins that bind to these surface moieties have been implicated in the activation of the innate immune response in insects and other invertebrates. We report the purification and cloning of a cDNA for a 53-kDa beta-1,3-glucan recognition protein (betaGRP) from the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). betaGRP cDNA contains an open reading frame that encodes 488 amino acids, of which the first 17 residues comprise the secretion signal peptide. The calculated molecular mass of the 471-residue mature protein is 53,311 Da. The protein consists of a carboxyl-terminal domain that is similar to other recognition proteins from invertebrates, beta-1, 3-glucanases from bacteria, and a beta-1,3-glucanase from the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. The amino-terminus of betaGRP shares sequence similarity with other invertebrate recognition molecules and the beta-1,3-glucanase from S. purpuratus. Affinity purification of a 53-kDa protein and subsequent sequencing of a peptide produced by tryptic cleavage confirmed the presence of the betaGRP in P. interpunctella larval hemolymph. RT-PCR analysis indicates that betaGRP is constitutively expressed in all life-stages. with no detectable induction following exposure of wandering larvae to microbial elicitors. Northern blot analysis indicates that the 1.8-kb betaGRP transcript is transcribed within the fat body. Recombinant betaGRP retains beta-1,3-glucan-binding activity, binds to lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid in vitro, causes aggregation of microorganisms, and activates the prophenoloxidase cascade in the presence of soluble beta-1,3-glucan. These data support the hypothesis that the 53-kDa betaGRP functions to recognize pathogen surface molecules as nonself and subsequently activates insect innate immune responses. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Biochem, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Kanost, MR (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Dept Biochem, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R37 GM041247] NR 44 TC 51 Z9 57 U1 2 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0965-1748 J9 INSECT BIOCHEM MOLEC JI Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 33 IS 6 BP 579 EP 594 DI 10.1016/S0965-1748(03)00029-8 PG 16 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA 691KB UT WOS:000183604200002 PM 12770576 ER PT J AU Arakane, Y Zhu, QS Matsumiya, M Muthukrishnan, S Kramer, KJ AF Arakane, Y Zhu, QS Matsumiya, M Muthukrishnan, S Kramer, KJ TI Properties of catalytic, linker and chitin-binding domains of insect chitinase SO INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE tobacco hornworm; chitin; hydrolase; domain; carbohydrate; antibody; enzyme; chitinase; baculovirus; linker; binding; proteolysis; kinetic analysis; glycosylation; circular dichroism; structure-function ID SITE-DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS; SERRATIA-MARCESCENS 2170; MANDUCA-SEXTA CHITINASE; BOMBYX-MORI; PERITROPHIC MATRIX; TOBACCO HORNWORM; GENOMIC CLONE; CLASS-I; CRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE; ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY AB Manduca sexta (tobacco hornworm) chitinase is a glycoprotein that consists of an N-terminal catalytic domain, a Ser/Thr-rich linker region. and a C-terminal chitin-binding domain. To delineate the properties of these domains, we have generated truncated forms of chitinase, which were expressed in insect cells using baculovirus vectors. Three additional recombinant proteins composed of the catalytic domain fused with one or two insect or plant chitin-binding domains (CBDs) were also generated and characterized. The catalytic and chitin-binding activities are independent of each other because each activity is functional separately. When attached to the catalytic domain. the CBD enhanced activity toward the insoluble polymer but not the soluble chitin oligosaccharide primarily through an effect on the K-m, for the former substrate. The linker region, which connects the two domains, facilitates secretion from the cell and helps to stabilize the enzyme in the presence of gut proteolytic enzymes. The linker region is extensively modified by O-glycosylation and the catalytic domain is moderately N-glycosylated. Immunological studies indicated that the linker region, along with elements of the CBD, is a major immunogenic epitope. The results support the hypothesis that the domain structure of insect chitinase evolved for efficient degradation of the insoluble polysaccharide to soluble oligosaccharides during the molting process. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Biochem, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Nihon Univ, Coll Bioresource Sci, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 2528510, Japan. RP USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. EM kramer@gmprc.ksu.edu RI Z., Q./I-4446-2013 NR 77 TC 74 Z9 81 U1 0 U2 18 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0965-1748 EI 1879-0240 J9 INSECT BIOCHEM MOLEC JI Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 33 IS 6 BP 631 EP 648 DI 10.1016/S0965-1748(03)00049-3 PG 18 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA 691KB UT WOS:000183604200007 PM 12770581 ER PT J AU Chen, YP Taylor, PB Shapiro, M Gundersen-Rindal, DE AF Chen, YP Taylor, PB Shapiro, M Gundersen-Rindal, DE TI Quantitative expression analysis of a Glyptapanteles indiensis polydnavirus protein tyrosine phosphatase gene in its natural lepidopteran host, Lymantria dispar SO INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Glyptapanteles indiensis; Lymantria dispar; PDV; gene expression; RT-PCR; RT-qcPCR ID CAMPOLETIS-SONORENSIS POLYDNAVIRUS; MICROPLITIS-DEMOLITOR POLYDNAVIRUS; VIRESCENS PROTHORACIC GLANDS; CELLULAR IMMUNE-RESPONSE; HELIOTHIS-VIRESCENS; CARDIOCHILES-NIGRICEPS; PSEUDOPLUSIA-INCLUDENS; PARASITOID WASP; MANDUCA-SEXTA; VIRUS AB In the present study, expression of a newly identified Glyptapanteles indiensis polydnavirus (GiPDV) gene encoding a putative protein tyrosine phosphatase (PDVPTP) was monitored in vivo in the parasitized host, L. dispar , using one step RT-PCR. Expression levels of the PDVPTP transcript were also evaluated in various host tissues at different times post parasitization (pp) using RT quantitative competitive PCR (RT-qcPCR). Expression levels varied, with the most abundant transcript detected in host haemolymph 2 h pp. The high expression level in host haemolymph at an early stage of parasitization suggested a potential role for viral PDVPTP in disruption of the host immune system and protection of the endoparasitoid egg from encapsulation. Additionally, the PDVPTP gene or its homolog(s) mapped to more than one GiPDV genomic DNA segment, which may account for its increased level of expression in the absence of virus replication. C1 ARS, Insect Biocontrol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, USDA, Beneficial Insects Intro Res Lab, Newark, DE 19713 USA. RP Gundersen-Rindal, DE (reprint author), ARS, Insect Biocontrol Lab, USDA, Bldg 011A,Rm 214,BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 36 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1075 J9 INSECT MOL BIOL JI Insect Mol. Biol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 12 IS 3 BP 271 EP 280 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2583.2003.00411.x PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA 676YE UT WOS:000182779500009 PM 12752661 ER PT J AU Yoder, JA Sammataro, D AF Yoder, JA Sammataro, D TI Potential to control Varroa mites (Acari : Varroidae) using chemical ecology SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ACAROLOGY LA English DT Article DE Acari; Varroidae; Varroa; bee mite; chemical ecology; honey bee; parasitic mite ID APIS-MELLIFERA; HONEY-BEES; MAMMALIAN SKIN; JACOBSONI; BROOD; SECRETION; LARVAE; SEMIOCHEMICALS; ARRESTMENT; ATTRACTION AB The potential of pheromone-assisted techniques for management and control of Varroa, the behavior of conspecific mites (Varroa destructor) towards each other, and their corresponding extracts, were examined. Neither actual mites nor extracts prompted significant attraction responses or avoidance reactions that were indicative of aggregation-attachment, sex or alarm (= allomonal defense secretion) pheromone production. A mite-exposed filter paper disc covered with mite excreta, however, was highly attractive to mites and shows use of an assembly pheromone. This confirms involvement of the fecal accumulation in concentrating mites on brood cell walls between bloodmeals. Interestingly, formation of clusters at the fecal accumulation performs functional values of those pheromones that are absent. We anticipate that supplementing trap baits with guanine, the main component of mite excreta, may be useful as a control tactic. Alternatively, the lack of a defense secretion makes V destructor vulnerable and ideal for control by introducing a mite predator. C1 Wittenberg Univ, Dept Biol, Springfield, OH 45501 USA. USDA, ARS, Carl Hayden Bee Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP Yoder, JA (reprint author), Wittenberg Univ, Dept Biol, Springfield, OH 45501 USA. NR 21 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 7 PU INDIRA PUBLISHING HOUSE PI WEST BLOOMFIELD PA P O BOX 250456, WEST BLOOMFIELD, MI 48325-0456 USA SN 0164-7954 J9 INT J ACAROL JI Int. J. Acarol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 29 IS 2 BP 139 EP 143 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 684MN UT WOS:000183211300008 ER PT J AU Williams, CB Jenkins, TG AF Williams, CB Jenkins, TG TI A dynamic model of metabolizable energy utilization in growing and mature cattle. I. Metabolizable energy utilization for maintenance and support metabolism SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef cattle; energy metabolism; models ID EMPTY BODY-WEIGHT; FEED-EFFICIENCY; BEEF-CATTLE; BIOLOGICAL TYPES; COMPUTER-MODEL; POSTWEANING GROWTH; FOOD-INTAKE; NUTRITION; STEERS; REQUIREMENTS AB Models to predict heat production attributable to maintenance and support metabolism in growing and mature cattle were developed on the basis of three concepts. The first concept is that animals fed fixed amounts of the same diet achieve weight equilibrium over an extended feeding period, and that the ME consumed at weight equilibrium is the maintenance requirement. The second concept is that a part of the heat production resulting from ME consumed above the maintenance requirement is associated with an elevation of vital functions (support metabolism), and this heat production can be modeled as a function of the level of feeding. The third concept is that previous levels of nutrition affect current estimates of heat production, and that this impact can be modeled as a delayed response in heat production associated with support metabolism. Experimental data on feed consumption showed that maintenance requirements varied in simple proportion to BW, not only for different breeds of mature cattle at BW equilibrium, but also for calves and growing steers held at BW stasis. Experimental data in which different breeds of cattle achieved weight equilibrium when fed fixed amounts of a specific diet were used to estimate breed parameters associated with maintenance for 21 breeds of cattle and 15 biological types of crossbred cattle. Level of feeding was estimated as a multiple of the maintenance intake and used to model heat production associated with support metabolism. Other experimental data on growing cattle were used to estimate breed parameters for predicting heat production associated with support metabolism for 21 breeds of cattle and 15 biological types of crossbred cattle. A distributed lag function was used to model the delayed response in heat production associated with support metabolism with changes in plane of nutrition. The models were tested by simulating experimental data for three breeds of weaned steers finished on high-energy diets. Results for the total heat production associated with maintenance and support metabolism expressed on a unit BW basis showed a similar response with stage of maturity when compared with other experimental data. C1 USDA ARS, Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Williams, CB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 34 TC 34 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 81 IS 6 BP 1371 EP 1381 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 745YA UT WOS:000186717800003 PM 12817483 ER PT J AU Williams, CB Jenkins, TG AF Williams, CB Jenkins, TG TI A dynamic model of metabolizable energy utilization in growing and mature cattle. II. Metabolizable energy utilization for gain SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef cattle; energy metabolism; models; weight gain ID BODY-WEIGHT CHANGES; BIOLOGICAL TYPES; FEED-EFFICIENCY; PROTEIN DEPOSITION; POSTWEANING GROWTH; COMPUTER-MODEL; BEEF-CATTLE; STEERS; PREDICT; LEVEL AB Component models were developed to predict the net efficiency of ME utilization for gain in cattle and to predict daily gain using recovered energy as the input. These models were integrated into a single model to predict daily gain from ME available for gain. One component model predicts the net efficiency of ME utilization for gain using constant partial net efficiencies of 0.2 and 0.75 for ME retention as protein and fat, respectively. This model predicts net efficiency of ME utilization for gain as a function of the ratio of the energy recovered in protein to the total energy recovered. The other component model predicts daily gain as a function of recovered energy and is represented by a system of ordinary differential equations that are numerically integrated on a daily basis. This model was developed by reformulating the equations in a published body composition model that uses daily gain to predict composition of gain since recovered energy is a function of gain and composition of gain. The equations in the two component models interact in that net efficiency is used to predict recovered energy from ME for gain, and in turn, recovered energy is used to predict gain in empty BW, which determines net efficiency through composition of gain. The numeric integration procedure provides an iterative solution for net efficiency. Simulated response of net efficiency for Hereford x Angus steers at 400 kg of empty BW decreased from 0.57 to 0.52 on diets with ME densities of 3.1 and 2.6 Mcal/kg of DM, and restricting the lower-quality diet to 75% of ad libitum intake resulted in a simulated net efficiency of 0.47. These responses in net efficiency were shown to be a result of composition of gain, with leaner gains resulting in lower net efficiencies. C1 USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Williams, CB (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 27 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 81 IS 6 BP 1382 EP 1389 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 745YA UT WOS:000186717800004 PM 12817484 ER PT J AU Williams, CB Jenkins, TG AF Williams, CB Jenkins, TG TI A dynamic model of metabolizable energy utilization in growing and mature cattle. III. Model evaluation SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef cattle; energy metabolism; models ID POSTWEANING PRODUCTION SYSTEM; DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL TYPES; EMPTY BODY-WEIGHT; SIMULATED INFLUENCE; BEEF-CATTLE; SHEEP; DIET; REQUIREMENTS; PERFORMANCE; EFFICIENCY AB Component models of heat production identified in a proposed system of partitioning ME intake and a dynamic systems model that predicts gain in empty BW in cattle resulting from a known intake of ME were evaluated. Evaluations were done in four main areas: 1) net efficiency of ME utilization for gain, 2) relationship between recovered energy and ME intake, 3) predicting gain in empty BW from recovered energy, and 4) predicting gain in empty BW from ME intake. An analysis of published data showed that the net partial efficiencies of ME utilization for protein and fat gain were approximately 0.2 and 0.75, respectively, and that the net efficiency of ME utilization for gain could be estimated using these net partial efficiencies and the fraction of recovered energy that is contained in protein. Analyses of published sheep and cattle experimental data showed a significant linear relationship between recovered energy and ME intake, with no evidence for a nonlinear relationship. Growth and body composition of Hereford x Angus steers simulated from weaning to slaughter showed that over the finishing period, 20.8% of ME intake was recovered in gain. These results were similar to observed data and comparable to feedlot data of 26.5% for a shorter finishing period with a higher-quality diet. The component model to predict gain in empty BW from recovered energy was evaluated with growth and body composition data of five steer genotypes on two levels of nutrition. Linear regression of observed on predicted values for empty BW resulted in an intercept and slope that were not different (P < 0.05) from 0 and 1, respectively. Evaluations of the dynamic systems model to predict gain in empty BW using ME intake as the input showed close agreement between predicted and observed final empty BW for steers that were finished on high-energy diets, and the model accurately predicted growth patterns for Angus, Charolais, and Simmental reproducing females from 10 mo to 7 yr of age. C1 USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Williams, CB (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 31 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 81 IS 6 BP 1390 EP 1398 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 745YA UT WOS:000186717800005 PM 12817485 ER PT J AU Southey, BR Rodriguez-Zas, SL Leymaster, KA AF Southey, BR Rodriguez-Zas, SL Leymaster, KA TI Discrete time survival analysis of lamb mortality in a terminal sire composite population SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE analysis; heritability; mortality; sheep; survival ID REGRESSION-MODELS; TRAITS; SHEEP; BREED AB Mortality records of 8,642 lambs from a composite population at the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center during the first year of life were studied using discrete survival analyses. Lamb mortality was studied across periods from birth to weaning, birth to 365 d of age, and weaning to 365 d of age. Animal-time data sets were created for each period using different time intervals: daily, weekly, fortnightly, and monthly. Each data set was analyzed using logistic and complementary log-log sire, animal, and maternal effects models. Explanatory variables included in the models were duration of time interval, sex, type of birth, contemporary group, age of dam, and type of upbringing (nursery or not). Similar estimates of explanatory variables were obtained within the same period across models and different time intervals. Heritability estimates from the complementary log-log models were greater than those from the comparable logistic models because of the difference in variance of the respective link functions. Heritability estimates from the complementary log-log sire model ranged from 0.13 to 0.21 for all periods. These estimates were greater than the complementary log-log animal model estimates that ranged from 0.04 to 0.12. Maternal effects were important early in life, with the maternal heritability slightly greater than the direct additive heritability. Negative correlations (-0.72 to -0.65) between direct additive and maternal effects was estimated. The similarity of results among survival analysis methods demonstrates that the discrete methodology is a viable alternative to estimate variance components in livestock survival data. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Anim Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. USDA, ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Southey, BR (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Anim Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 16 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 81 IS 6 BP 1399 EP 1405 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 745YA UT WOS:000186717800006 PM 12817486 ER PT J AU Lunstra, DD Cundiff, LV AF Lunstra, DD Cundiff, LV TI Growth and pubertal development in Brahman-, Boran-, Tuli-, Belgian blue-, Hereford- and Angus-sired F1 bulls SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef cattle; bulls; puberty; semen; testes ID SUBTROPICALLY ADAPTED BREEDS; YOUNG BEEF BULLS; CATTLE-CYCLE-III; X BOS-TAURUS; BIOLOGICAL TYPES; REPRODUCTIVE-PERFORMANCE; POSTWEANING GROWTH; CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS; PREWEANING GROWTH; SPERM PRODUCTION AB Growth and testicular development between 7 and 15 mo of age were evaluated in bulls produced by mating sires of six breeds (Hereford, Angus, Belgian Blue, Brahman, Boran, and Tuli) to Angus, Hereford, and MARC III (four-breed composite) cows. At 12 mo of age, Angus- and Hereford-sired bulls had the heaviest body weight (P < 0.08 to 0.001), whereas Brahman- and Belgian Blue-sired bulls were intermediate, and Boran- and Tuli-sired bulls weighed the least. Bulls sired by European breeds grew more rapidly after weaning (P < 0.01) than did Brahman-, Boran-, and Tuli-sired bulls, and these differences in growth rate were maintained through 15 mo of age, indicating that offspring of heat-adapted sire breeds (Brahman, Boran, and Tuli) have lower postweaning rates of gain, particularly during winter months, than do offspring of nonheat adapted sire breeds. Testis size was smaller initially (P < 0.01) and remained smaller in offspring of heat-adapted sire breeds through yearling age. By 15 mo of age, testis size was largest (P < 0.06 to 0.001) in Angus-sired bulls and had become similar among Hereford-, Brahman-, Boran- and Belgian Blue-sired bulls but remained smaller (P < 0.02 to 0.001) in Tuli-sired bulls. Thus, offspring of heat-adapted sire breeds had delayed testicular development compared with that of nonheat adapted sire breeds, particularly through yearling age. At puberty, Angus-sired bulls were 23 to 82 d younger (P < 0.05 to 0.001) than all other sire breeds except Hereford, and Brahman-sired bulls were older at puberty (P < 0.05 to 0.001) than were bulls of all other sire breeds except Boran. Testis size at puberty was quite similar among breeds of bulls (scrotal circumference = 27.9 +/- 0.1 cm) despite large breed differences in age, body weight, and hip height. Thus, measurement of yearling testis size was a reliable indicator of age at puberty among widely divergent breeds of bulls. In addition, the lower postweaning rates of gain and the smaller and slower testicular development in offspring of heat-adapted sire breeds should be noted by cattle producers considering use of such breeds in crossbreeding and breed improvement programs. C1 USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Reprod Res Unit, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Lunstra, DD (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Reprod Res Unit, POB 166,State Spur 18D W, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 44 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 81 IS 6 BP 1414 EP 1426 PG 13 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 745YA UT WOS:000186717800008 PM 12817488 ER PT J AU King, DA Dikeman, ME Wheeler, TL Kastnier, CL Koohmaraie, M AF King, DA Dikeman, ME Wheeler, TL Kastnier, CL Koohmaraie, M TI Chilling and cooking rate effects on some myofibrillar determinants of tenderness of beef SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE chilling; cooking; proteolysis; tenderness; rate ID POST-MORTEM CHANGES; SARCOMERE-LENGTH; BOVINE MUSCLE; LONGISSIMUS MUSCLE; MOLECULAR PROPERTIES; MEAT TENDERNESS; TEMPERATURE; PROTEOLYSIS; PH; TENDERIZATION AB Our objectives were to examine the effects of prerigor excision and rapid chilling vs. conventional carcass chilling of two muscles on proteolysis and tenderness during the postmortem storage, as well as the effects of fast and slow rates of cooking on myofibrillar characteristics and tenderness. The longissimus thoracis (LT) and triceps brachii (TB), long head muscles were removed 45 min after exsanguination from the left side of 12 carcasses and chilled in an ice bath to induce cold shortening (excised, rapidly chilled). At 24 h postmortem, the corresponding muscles were removed from the right side (conventionally chilled). All muscles were cut into 2.54-cm-thick steaks and assigned to one of two postmortem times (1 or 14 d), and to raw and cooking treatments. Steaks were cooked at 260degreesC (FAST) or 93degreesC (SLOW) in a forced-air convection oven to an internal temperature. of 700degreesC. Cooking loss, cooking time, and Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) were measured on cooked steaks. Sarcomere length (SL) and the extent of proteolysis of desmin were measured on raw and cooked steaks. As expected, the excised, rapidly chilled muscles had a much more rapid (P < 0.05) temperature decline than those that were conventionally chilled. The excised, rapidly chilled treatment resulted in shorter (P < 0.05) SL, and SL was shorter (P < 0.05) in LT than in TB steaks. Raw steaks had longer (P < 0.05) SL,than cooked steaks, regardless of chilling treatment. The FAST cooking resulted in shorter (P < 0.05) SL than SLOW cooking in conventionally chilled steaks, but cooking rate had no effect (P > 0.05) on SL of rapidly chilled steaks. Generally, TB steaks required longer (P < 0.05) cooking times and had higher (P < 0.05) cooking losses than LT steaks, and FAST-cooked steaks had greater (P < 0.05) cooking losses. than SLOW-cooked steaks. Rapidly chilled steaks had less (P < 0.05) degradation of desmin than conventionally chilled steaks (31 vs. 41%). Aging for 14 d increased (P < 0.05) desmin degradation. Rapid chilling of muscles resulted in much higher (P < 0.05) WBSF values, whereas aging resulted in lower (P < 0.05) WBSF values. The SLOW-cooked TB steaks were more tender, (P < 0.05) than FAST-cooked TB steaks and LT steaks cooked at either rate. Excised, rapidly chilled muscles underwent proteolysis, but it occurred at a slower rate during the first 24 h postmortem than it did in conventionally chilled muscles. Cooking rate did not affect tenderness of LT steaks, but SLOW cooking resulted in more tender TB steaks. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Anim Sci & Ind, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Dikeman, ME (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Dept Anim Sci & Ind, 249 Weber Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 NR 50 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 16 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 81 IS 6 BP 1473 EP 1481 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 745YA UT WOS:000186717800015 PM 12817495 ER PT J AU Sartin, JL Elsasser, TH Kahl, S Baker, J Daniel, JA Schwartz, DD Steele, B Whitlock, BK AF Sartin, JL Elsasser, TH Kahl, S Baker, J Daniel, JA Schwartz, DD Steele, B Whitlock, BK TI Estradiol plus progesterone treatment modulates select elements of the proinflammatory cytokine cascade in steers: Attenuated nitric oxide and thromboxane B-2 production in endotoxemia SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cattle; cortisol; endotoxins; growth promoters; prostacyclin; tumor necrosis factor ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; PHYSIOLOGICAL-RESPONSES; FACTOR-ALPHA; IN-VIVO; GROWTH; CALVES; PERFORMANCE; ACTIVATION; CORTISOL; DISEASE AB Estradiol plus progesterone (EP) implants have been shown to favorably alter the time course or decrease the. severity of many of the clinical manifestations associated with coccidiosis and endotoxemia in. calves. This study evaluated the effect of EP treatment. on plasma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF), thromboxane (TXB), prostacyclin (PRC), nitrite and nitrate (NO[x]), and cortisol. Holstein steer calves were divided into four groups: control, EP, endotoxin (LPS), and EP+LPS (n = five/group). Estradiol/progesterone pellets. (Synovex-S) were implanted subcutaneously when calves reached 20 wk of age. One week after implantation, calves were injected IV with endotoxin (i.e., lipopolysaccharide; LPS, 0.6 mug/kg of BW) or nonpyrogenic saline placebo. Body temperature was measured and blood was collected before injection and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 h thereafter. Plasma concentrations of TNF, cortisol, TXB, PRC, NO[x], were measured. Body temperature increased in both LPS and LPS-EP calves, but had returned to normal by 6 h in the LPS-EP group (P < 0.05). Plasma TNF and cortisol increased after LPS (P < 0.01), but were not differentially affected by EP treatment. Likewise, EP did not affect, the magnitude of increase in LPS-induced PRC, but EP decreased the magnitude of increase in TXB (P < 0.05). Plasma NO[x]] levels were increased (P < 0.01) in calves after LPS; treatment with EP attenuated the LPS-associated increase in, plasma NO[x] levels. These results suggest that EP exerts specific effects on different components of the proinflammatory cytokine cascade. Although the initiation of responses mediated by TNF, cortisol, and PRC do not seem to be differentially affected by EP, components of the nitric oxide- and TXB-axis responses to LPS are decreased in calves pretreated with EP. C1 Auburn Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Anat Physiol & Pharmacol, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Growth Biol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Sartin, JL (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Anat Physiol & Pharmacol, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Whitlock, Brian/H-4198-2016 OI Whitlock, Brian/0000-0001-7247-0982 NR 27 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 81 IS 6 BP 1546 EP 1551 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 745YA UT WOS:000186717800023 PM 12817503 ER PT J AU Soder, KJ Stout, WL AF Soder, KJ Stout, WL TI Effect of soil type and fertilization level on mineral concentration of pasture: Potential relationships to ruminant performance and health SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE fertilization; grazing; health; mineral; pasture; ruminants ID DAIRY-COWS; POTASSIUM; MAGNESIUM; CALCIUM; PHOSPHORUS; NUTRITION; SODIUM AB A three-year study was conducted to measure the effects of varying levels of dairy slurry application on mineral concentration of forages from three soils types. Slurry was applied to orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata [L.] cv. Pennlate) growing in 60-cm diameter drainage lysimeters to measure the effect of four levels of slurry (urine and feces) N application (0, 168, 336, and 672 kg of N.ha(-1).yr(-1)) on mineral (P, K, Ca, Mg) concentration of the forage on three soil types (Hagerstown, Hartleton, and Rayne). The results were then related to potential effects on performance and health of grazing ruminants. Forage P was not affected by slurry application (mean = 0.46% of DM). Forage grown on the Hartleton soil had the highest (P < 0.05) P concentration (0.6% of DM). Forage K increased (P < 0.05) with increased slurry (2.50, 2.85, 3.22, and 3.45% of DM, respectively), and was lowest (P < 0.05) for forage grown on the Rayne soil (2.69% of DM). Forage Ca decreased (P < 0.05) with increased slurry (0.59, 0.56, 0.50, and 0.49% of DM, respectively) and was not affected by soil type. Forage Mg also decreased (P < 0.05) with increased slurry (0.25, 0.24, 0.24, and 0.23% of DM, respectively), and was highest (P < 0.05) for the Hartleton soil (0.27% of DM). The variable results in mineral concentration associated with soil type may have, in part, been due to prior soil fertility. The P and Mg concentrations in all treatments were generally adequate for grazing ruminants. The K concentrations were high in relation to NRC recommendations for prepartum. dairy cows, which might predispose them to milk fever. The Ca concentrations were inadequate for lactating dairy cows. Comprehensive forage testing and diet formulation based on individual farm situations is the best strategy to ensure proper mineral nutrition of grazing animals. C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Soder, KJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, Bldg 3702,Curtin Rd, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 32 TC 23 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 81 IS 6 BP 1603 EP 1610 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 745YA UT WOS:000186717800029 PM 12817509 ER PT J AU Kidd, MT Barber, SJ Virden, WS Dozier, WA Chamblee, DW Wiernusz, C AF Kidd, MT Barber, SJ Virden, WS Dozier, WA Chamblee, DW Wiernusz, C TI Threonine responses of Cobb male finishing broilers in differing environmental conditions SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE broiler; environment; threonine; amino acid; breast yield ID REQUIREMENT; CHICKENS; CARCASS; GROWTH AB Underfeeding the amino acid Thr may result in suboptimal growth and carcass development, and overfeeding my result in increased diet cost. Adequate knowledge of Thr may be more important in finishing broilers due to increased feed consumption and increased maintenance needs. However, published reports on Thr in the finishing period (d 42 to 56) are few, and recommended requirement estimates vary from 0.60 to 0.75% total Thr. This study was conducted to better understand Thr needs during the 42-to-56-d period in broilers reared in different environmental conditions. Live performance and carcass responses of Cobb male broilers as affected by graduations of Thr were evaluated in clean or dirty floor pen environments. Quadratic responses for live performance and breast meat weight were generated for birds reared in the clean environment and ranged from 0.63 to 0.68% total Thr (0.56 to 0.61% digestible Thr). In contrast, birds reared in the dirty environment responded to Thr in a positive linear manner for live performance and carcass traits. One explanation for birds responding to higher levels of Thr in the dirty environment might have been an increased Thr need for gastrointestinal function. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Univ Georgia, Rural Dev Ctr, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. ARS, USDA, S Cent Poultry Res Ctr, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Cobb Vantress, Siloam Springs, AR 72761 USA. RP Kidd, MT (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 12 TC 11 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 1056-6171 J9 J APPL POULTRY RES JI J. Appl. Poult. Res. PD SUM PY 2003 VL 12 IS 2 BP 115 EP 123 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 705CH UT WOS:000184378300003 ER PT J AU Kidd, MT Zumwalt, CD Barber, SJ Dozier, WA Chamblee, DW Wiernusz, C AF Kidd, MT Zumwalt, CD Barber, SJ Dozier, WA Chamblee, DW Wiernusz, C TI Threonine responses of female Cobb 500 broilers from days 42 to 56 SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE amino acid; broiler; threonine ID DIETS; AGE AB Sound knowledge of amino acid needs for heavy broilers is critical in order to optimize profitability in the further processing market. Although research has delineated requirement estimates for the most limiting amino acids for heavy males, research concerning amino acid needs for females for the further processing market is limited. This study examined Thr, the third limiting. amino acid, needs in. Cobb 500 females from 42 to 56 d of age. Experiment l demonstrated that birds fed the test diet (corn, soybean meal, and peanut meal based) containing added Thr to 0.66% performed as well as birds receiving a traditional corn and soybean meal diet formulated to contain 0.66% Thr. Experiment 2 (0.45 to 0.80% total. Thr in 0.07% increments) and experiment 3 (0.52 to 0.72% total Thr in 0.04% increments) were conducted to establish dose responses to Thr for growth and carcass responses. Threonine had minimal effects on carcass attributes (experiments 2 and 3). A total dietary Thr level of 0.60% supported good growth in experiment 2. In experiment 3, however; good growth was attained in birds fed a total dietary Thr level of 0.67% of diet. These results indicate that the 1994 NRC Thr recommendation (0.68% of diet) from 42 to 56 d is safe for female broilers. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Poultry Sci, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. ARS, S Cent Poultry Res Unit, USDA, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Cobb Vantress, Siloam Springs, AR 72761 USA. RP Kidd, MT (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 10 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 1056-6171 J9 J APPL POULTRY RES JI J. Appl. Poult. Res. PD SUM PY 2003 VL 12 IS 2 BP 130 EP 136 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 705CH UT WOS:000184378300005 ER PT J AU Berrang, ME Northcutt, JK Fletcher, DL Cox, NA AF Berrang, ME Northcutt, JK Fletcher, DL Cox, NA TI Role of dump cage fecal contamination in the transfer of Campylobacter to carcasses of previously negative broilers SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE broiler; Campylobacter; dump cage; transport; transport module ID SPP.; TRANSPORT; RECOVERY; SALMONELLA; JEJUNI AB This study was undertaken to measure the potential for broiler carcass contamination with Campylobacter:due to exposure of live-birds to a contaminated dump cage. Broilers were obtained from commercial growout houses that had been previously identified as Campylobacter positive or negative by culturing feces. Broilers from a Campylobacter-positive house were placed into a new (never used) five-level commercial dump cage and held for 8 h. When broilers from the positive house were removed and processed, broilers from the Campylobacter-negative house were placed into the same openings of the dump cage. Broilers from the negative house remained in the cage, exposed to the feces of the Campylobacter-positive broilers, for 2, 4, or 6 h before being removed and processed. Carcasses from each group were examined for the presence and number of Campylobacter. After 2, 4, and 6 h of exposure to the contaminated dump cage, more than 50% of defeathered carcasses from previously negative broilers had detectable levels of Campylobacter. These data demonstrate that transportation of Campylobacter-negative broilers in a contaminated container can result in carcass contamination with Campylobacter. C1 ARS, USDA, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Poultry Sci, Athens, GA 30683 USA. RP Berrang, ME (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 19 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 1056-6171 J9 J APPL POULTRY RES JI J. Appl. Poult. Res. PD SUM PY 2003 VL 12 IS 2 BP 190 EP 195 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 705CH UT WOS:000184378300013 ER PT J AU Alborn, HT Brennan, MM Tumlinson, JH AF Alborn, HT Brennan, MM Tumlinson, JH TI Differential activity and degradation of plant volatile elicitors in regurgitant of tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta) larvae SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE plant volatiles; elicitors; insect herbivory; regurgitant; Manduca sexta; tobacco hornworm; Nicotiana tobaccum ID ORAL SECRETIONS; PARASITIC WASPS; IDENTIFICATION AB Plants respond to insect herbivory by emitting volatile compounds that attract natural enemies of the herbivores. Biosynthesis of many of these volatiles in plants is induced by herbivore-produced compounds. Components of tobacco hornworm (THW) regurgitant were investigated for their efficacy as elicitors of corn seedling volatiles. Two components that elicited the strongest release of volatiles were isolated and identified as N-linolenoyl-L-glutamine (18:3-GLN) and N-linolenoyl-L-glutamic acid (18:3-GLU). The approximately 10 times more active 18:3-GLN, which also is found in the regurgitant of several other Lepidopteran larvae, was rapidly degraded when THW regurgitant was left at room temperature, while 18:3-GLU degraded at a much slower rate. Different dietary sources of THW and tobacco bud worm larvae, including both host and nonhost plants, did not affect the amino acid composition of the fatty acid-amino acid conjugates in the regurgitant. C1 USDA, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Entomol & Nematol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Tumlinson, JH (reprint author), USDA, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, 1700 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RI Tumlinson, James/G-8358-2011 NR 12 TC 52 Z9 62 U1 1 U2 9 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 29 IS 6 BP 1357 EP 1372 DI 10.1023/A:1024209302628 PG 16 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 689HB UT WOS:000183484600006 PM 12918921 ER PT J AU White, J Harris, SS Dallal, GE Dawson-Hughes, B AF White, J Harris, SS Dallal, GE Dawson-Hughes, B TI Precision of single vs bilateral hip bone mineral density scans SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL DENSITOMETRY LA English DT Article DE bilateral hip scans; precision; DXA; bone mineral density (BMD) ID OLDER; WOMEN; MEN; AGE AB This study was performed to determine and compare the precision of single and bilateral hip bone mineral density (BMD) measurements and to determine the precision of spinal and total body measurements by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Precision (group root-mean-square average coefficient of variation) was determined in 6 subjects scanned six times each at the spine, both hips, and total body, with repositioning after each scan. Mean percentage coefficients of variance (%CVs) in BMD for single and bilateral hip scans were, respectively: 0.65% and 0.67% for the total hip, 1.16% and 1.03% for the trochanter, and 1.66% and 1.31%. for the femoral neck, respectively. Mean %CV was 1.04% for spine BMD (L2-L4), 0.67% for total body BMD, 1.12% for total body bone mineral content (BMC), 0.94% for total body fat tissue, and 0.77% for total body nonfat soft tissue. We conclude that precision overall is excellent and that femoral neck precision can be improved with bilateral compared with the traditional single hip scans. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Calcium & Bone Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Dawson-Hughes, B (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Calcium & Bone Metab Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 7 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU HUMANA PRESS INC PI TOTOWA PA 999 RIVERVIEW DRIVE SUITE 208, TOTOWA, NJ 07512 USA SN 1094-6950 J9 J CLIN DENSITOM JI J. Clin. Densitom. PD SUM PY 2003 VL 6 IS 2 BP 159 EP 162 DI 10.1385/JCD:6:2:159 PG 4 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 690TH UT WOS:000183564900010 PM 12794238 ER PT J AU Osgood, D Corella, D Demissie, S Cupples, LA Wilson, PWF Meigs, JB Schaefer, EJ Coltell, O Ordovas, JM AF Osgood, D Corella, D Demissie, S Cupples, LA Wilson, PWF Meigs, JB Schaefer, EJ Coltell, O Ordovas, JM TI Genetic variation at the scavenger receptor class B type I gene locus determines plasma lipoprotein concentrations and particle size and interacts with type 2 diabetes: The Framingham Study SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM LA English DT Article ID HIGH-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; SELECTIVE LIPID UPTAKE; SR-BI; HDL RECEPTOR; APOLIPOPROTEIN-E; INSULIN-RESISTANCE; TARGETED MUTATION; FINNISH FAMILIES; TRANSGENIC MICE AB The scavenger receptor class B type I ( SR- BI) is a key component in the reverse cholesterol transport pathway. We have previously reported three common polymorphisms associated with plasma lipids and body mass index. We hypothesized that diabetic status may interact with these polymorphisms in determining plasma lipid concentrations and particle size. We evaluated this hypothesis in 2463 nondiabetic ( 49% men) and 187 diabetic ( 64% men) participants in the Framingham Study. SR- BI and APOE genotypes, anthropometric, clinical, biochemical, and lifestyle variables were determined. After multivariate adjustment, we found a consistent association between the exon 8 polymorphism and high- density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration and particle size. Interaction effects were not significant for exon 8 and intron 5 polymorphisms. However, we found statistically significant interactions between SR- BI exon 1 genotypes and type 2 diabetes, indicating that diabetic subjects with the less common allele ( allele A) have lower lipid concentrations. For low- density lipoprotein cholesterol, the adjusted means ( +/- SE) were 3.31 +/- 0.03 and 3.29 +/- 0.04 mmol/ liter for G/ G and G/ A or A/ A in nondiabetics, respectively, compared with 3.19 +/- 0.10 and 2.75 +/- 0.01 mmol/ liter for G/ G and G/ A or A/ A in diabetics ( P = 0.03 for interaction). Similar results were obtained for HDL(2)- C. In conclusion, SR- BI gene variation modulates the lipid profile, particularly in type 2 diabetes, contributing to the metabolic abnormalities in these subjects. C1 Tufts Univ, Nutr & Genom Lab, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Lipid Metab Lab, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Boston, MA 02118 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02118 USA. Framingham Heart Dis Epidemiol Study, Framingham, MA 01702 USA. Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Gen Internal Med Dept, Boston, MA 02114 USA. RP Ordovas, JM (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Nutr & Genom Lab, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. EM jose.ordovas@tufts.edu OI Cupples, L. Adrienne/0000-0003-0273-7965; Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL54776]; PHS HHS [1-38038] NR 57 TC 74 Z9 79 U1 0 U2 6 PU ENDOCRINE SOC PI CHEVY CHASE PA 8401 CONNECTICUT AVE, SUITE 900, CHEVY CHASE, MD 20815-5817 USA SN 0021-972X J9 J CLIN ENDOCR METAB JI J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 88 IS 6 BP 2869 EP 2879 DI 10.1210/jc.2002-021664 PG 11 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 686JL UT WOS:000183318200074 PM 12788901 ER PT J AU Trott, DJ Moeller, MR Zuerner, RL Goff, JP Waters, WR Alt, DP Walker, RL Wannemuehler, MJ AF Trott, DJ Moeller, MR Zuerner, RL Goff, JP Waters, WR Alt, DP Walker, RL Wannemuehler, MJ TI Characterization of Treponema phagedenis-like spirochetes isolated from papillomatous digital dermatitis lesions in dairy cattle SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SERPULINA-PILOSICOLI; MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY; HUMAN PERIODONTITIS; RISK-FACTORS; HYODYSENTERIAE; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; INFECTIONS; LEPTOSPIRA; MEMBRANE; DISEASE AB Four spirochete strains were isolated from papillomatous digital dermatitis (PDD) lesions in Iowa dairy cattle and compared with two previously described spirochete strains isolated from dairy cattle in California. These six strains shared an identical 16S ribosomal DNA sequence that was 98% similar to Treponema phagedenis and 99% similar to the uncultivated PDD spirochete sequence DDLK-4. The whole-cell protein profiles resolved by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of these six strains were similar. However, these strains showed differences in the antigenic diversity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Genetic diversity was also detected by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of genomic DNA digests, revealing differences among five of the six strains. Serum immunoglobulin G antibodies from dairy cattle with active PDD lesions reacted with the LPS of all but one PDD spirochete strain. Likewise, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from cattle with active PDD lesions produced blastogenic responses to one of the two California isolates. Both antibody and lymphocyte blastogenic responses were reduced in convalescent dairy cattle, suggesting the immune response to these spirochetes has short duration. These results demonstrate genetic and antigenic diversity among T. phagedenis-like treponemes and provide further evidence for the involvement of these spirochetes in the pathogenesis of PDD. C1 Univ Queensland, Sch Vet Sci, St Lucia, Qld, Australia. Iowa State Univ, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA USA. Iowa State Univ, Vet Med Res Inst, Ames, IA USA. Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Calif Anim Hlth & Food Safety Lab, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Trott, DJ (reprint author), Univ Queensland, Sch Vet Sci, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. NR 47 TC 50 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 41 IS 6 BP 2522 EP 2529 DI 10.1128/JCM.41.6.2522-2529.2003 PG 8 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 688ZB UT WOS:000183466200042 PM 12791876 ER PT J AU Hale, SA Capuco, AV Erdman, RA AF Hale, SA Capuco, AV Erdman, RA TI Milk yield and mammary growth effects due to increased milking frequency during early lactation SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE milking frequency; milk yield; mammary growth ID DAIRY-COWS; SOMATOTROPIN; SECRETION; HORMONE; TIMES; GOAT; PROLIFERATION; TISSUE; GLAND AB Increased milking frequency (IMF) at the beginning of lactation has been shown to increase milk yield not only during IMF but also after its cessation. The objectives of this experiment evaluated the effects of increased milking frequency initiated during early lactation on mammary growth and effects on milk yield (MY). Thirty-one cows were divided into treatment groups: 1) 2X: cows milked twice daily (2X) beginning at parturition (d 1), 2) IMF1: cows milked four times daily (4X) from d 1 to 21 postpartum (PP) and 3) IMF4: cows milked 2X d 1 to 3 and 4X d 4 to 21 PP. The 4X cows were milked immediately before 2X cows and again approximately 3 h later, at the end of the normal milking routine. All cows were milked 2X from d 21 to 305 postpartum. Milk yields were 34.5, 37.8 and 37.6 kg/d during wk 1 to 44 for 2X, IMF1 and IMF4, respectively. Mammary biopsies from four cows per treatment were obtained on d 7 and 14 PP to evaluate mammary cell proliferation. Tritiated-thymidine incorporation tended to increase on d 7 in IMF1 cows, and arithmetic means of the percentage of cells expressing Ki-67 proliferation antigen were consistent with a proliferative response to IMF though not significant. Blood was sampled three times per wk during the first 2 wk and then once per wk during wk 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 10. Plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) averaged 20.1 ng/ml in IMF cows vs. 24.2 in 2X but was not accompanied by a change in bST. Prolactin was also not affected by treatment. Neither milk yield nor potential effects on mammary cell proliferation were correlated with systemic IGF-1. Implementing an IMF routine increases MY during treatment and elicits a carryover effect on the remainder of lactation. Milk yield responses after an IMF routine may be the result of increased mammary cell proliferation. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Anim Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. ARS, Gene Evaluat & Mapping Lab, ANRI, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Erdman, RA (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Anim Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 28 TC 79 Z9 89 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 86 IS 6 BP 2061 EP 2071 DI 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73795-3 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 683RQ UT WOS:000183163700022 PM 12836942 ER PT J AU Berry, SDK Jobst, PM Ellis, SE Howard, RD Capuco, AV Akers, RM AF Berry, SDK Jobst, PM Ellis, SE Howard, RD Capuco, AV Akers, RM TI Mammary epithelial proliferation and estrogen receptor alpha expression in prepubertal heifers: Effects of ovariectomy and growth hormone SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE estrogen receptor alpha; growth hormone; mammary; ovariectomy ID GLAND DEVELOPMENT; HOLSTEIN HEIFERS; GH RECEPTOR; MOUSE; RESPONSIVENESS; PROGESTERONE; MICE AB The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of ovariectomy and growth hormone on mammary epithelial cell proliferation and estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) expression within the bovine mammary gland. Two experiments were performed. In the first experiment, eight Holstein heifer calves aged between 1 and 3 mo were ovariectomized, while six calves served as controls. At 6 mo of age, calves were treated with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) to label proliferating cells and sacrificed 2 h later. Coinciding with reduced mammary mass (304 +/- 25 vs. 130 +/- 21 g), proliferation of mammary epithelial cells was significantly lower in ovariectomized heifers compared to control heifers (2.24 vs. 0.25%). ERalpha expression was restricted to mammary epithelial cells and was not observed within intra-lobular stroma of parenchymal tissue. The proportion of ERalpha positive cells was significantly higher in ovariectomized heifers than in controls (36.1% +/- 2.2 vs. 46.7% +/- 2.4). In the second experiment, mammary biopsies were taken from five 6-mo-old heifers, immediately preceding and 7 d following a single injection of bovine growth hormone. Mammary epithelial cell proliferation (assessed by incorporation of H-3-thymidine) was increased by growth hormone. The proportion of ERalpha positive mammary epithelial cells was not increased by growth hormone. In conclusion, reduced mammary epithelial cell proliferation following ovariectomy was associated with an increase in ERalpha expression, whereas increased proliferation caused by bovine growth hormone was not associated with changes in the proportion of ERalpha positive cells. C1 Virginia Tech, Dept Dairy Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. ARS, Gene Evaluat & Mapping Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Akers, RM (reprint author), Virginia Tech, Dept Dairy Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NR 26 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 86 IS 6 BP 2098 EP 2105 DI 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73799-0 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 683RQ UT WOS:000183163700026 PM 12836946 ER PT J AU Newton, GL Bernard, JK Hubbard, RK Allison, JR Lowrance, RR Gascho, GJ Gates, RN Vellidis, G AF Newton, GL Bernard, JK Hubbard, RK Allison, JR Lowrance, RR Gascho, GJ Gates, RN Vellidis, G TI Managing manure nutrients through multi-crop forage production SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE manure; forages; water quality; riparian buffers ID WATER-QUALITY; DAIRY MANURE; AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS; MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES; RIPARIAN FOREST; NITROGEN; IMPACTS; WETLAND; COMPOST; FARMS AB Concentrated sources of dairy manure represent significant water pollution potential. The southern United States may be more vulnerable to water quality problems than some other regions because of climate, typical farm size, and cropping practices. Dairy manure can be an effective source of plant nutrients and large quantities of nutrients can be recycled through forage production, especially when multi-cropping systems are utilized. Linking forage production with manure utilization is an environmentally sound approach for addressing both of these problems. Review of two triple-crop systems revealed greater N and P recoveries for a corn silage-bermudagrass hay-rye haylage system, whereas forage yields and quality were greater for a corn silage-corn silage-rye haylage system, when manure was applied at rates to supply N. Nutrient uptake was lower than application during the autumn-winter period, and bermudagrass utilized more of the remaining excess than a second crop of corn silage. Economic comparison of these systems suggests that the added value of the two corn silage crop system was not enough to off-set its increased production cost. Therefore, the system that included bermudagrss demonstrated both environmental and economic advantages. Review of the N and P uptake and calculated crop value of various single, double, and triple crop forage systems indicated that the per hectare economic value as well as the N and P uptakes tended to follow DM yields, and grasses tended to out-perform broadleaf forages. Taken across all systems, systems that included bermudagrass tended to have some of the highest economic values and uptakes of N and P. Manure applied at rates to supply N results in application of excess P, and production will not supply adequate quantities of forage to meet the herd's needs. Systems that lower manure application and supply supplemental N to produce all necessary forage under manure application will likely be less economically attractive due to additional costs of moving manure further and applying it to greater land areas, but will be environmentally necessary in most cases. Intensive forage systems can produce acceptable to high quality forage, protect the environment, and be economically attractive. The optimal manure-forage system will depend on the farm characteristics and specific local conditions. Buffers and nutrient sinks can protect streams and water bodies from migrating nutrients and should be included as a part of crop production systems. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Anim & Dairy Sci, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Agr & Appl Econ, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. ARS, SE Watershed Res Lab, USDA, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. ARS, Forage & Turf Res Unit, USDA, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Newton, GL (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Anim & Dairy Sci, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 66 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 86 IS 6 BP 2243 EP 2252 DI 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73815-6 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 683RQ UT WOS:000183163700042 PM 12836962 ER PT J AU Stabel, JR AF Stabel, J. R. TI Effective Methods for Postharvest Intervention in Dairy Processing SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE dairy processing; intervention; pathogen; postharvest AB Food safety has become a top priority for regulatory agencies in the United States. Illness and/or death due to contamination of food products with zoonotic pathogens are rare in the United States, but it does occur. Recent outbreaks of bovine spongiform encephalopathy and foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in the United Kingdom have increased concerns about contamination or transmission of pathogens, from farm animals to consumers. Raw milk contains a number of pathogens and the potential is high for these pathogens to cause disease in consumers if milk is not adequately treated to destroy or reduce the pathogen load. Proper intervention methods during the processing of food products significantly reduce the risks of transmission of infectious agents from the farm to the table. This paper summarizes methods of intervention used by dairy processing plants to improve the safety of dairy products for consumers. Methods include: inactivation by heat (pasteurization and ultra-high temperature), high hydrostatic pressure and mild heat, irradiation, pulsed electric fields, and fermentation. The efficacy of these methods for inactivation of pathogens such as Listeria, Yersinia, Salmonella, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, bovine leukemia virus, FMDV, and Mycobacterium paratuberculosis is consistently high. However, dairy products may potentially be contaminated post-processing in the dairy plant, and this potential must be considered when assessing the safety of dairy products for human consumption. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Bacterial Dis Livestock Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Stabel, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Bacterial Dis Livestock Res Unit, 2300 Dayton Rd, Ames, IA 50010 USA. EM jstabel@nadc.ars.usda.gov NR 50 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0022-0302 EI 1525-3198 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 86 SU S BP E10 EP E15 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA V34LZ UT WOS:000209089200002 ER PT J AU Chu, CC Jackson, CG Alexander, PJ Karut, K Henneberry, TJ AF Chu, CC Jackson, CG Alexander, PJ Karut, K Henneberry, TJ TI Plastic cup traps equipped with light-emitting diodes for monitoring adult Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera : aleyrodidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bemisia tabaci; Eretmocerus; Encarsia; LED-plastic cup trap; yellow sticky card trap ID ARGENTIFOLII HOMOPTERA; ERETMOCERUS-EREMICUS AB Equipping the standard plastic cup trap, also known as the CC trap, with lime-green light-emitting diodes (LED-plastic cup trap) increased its efficacy for catching Bemisia tabaci by 100%. Few Eretmocerus eremicus Rose and Zolnerowich and Encarsia formosa Gahan were caught in LED-plastic cup traps. The LED-plastic cup traps are less expensive than yellow sticky card traps for monitoring adult whiteflies in greenhouse crop production systems and are more compatible with whitefly parasitoids releases for Bemisia nymph control. C1 USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Chu, CC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, 4135 E Broadway, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 9 TC 17 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 96 IS 3 BP 543 EP 546 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-96.3.543 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 692EN UT WOS:000183648000007 PM 12852586 ER PT J AU Hibbard, BE Duran, DP Ellersieck, MR Ellsbury, MM AF Hibbard, BE Duran, DP Ellersieck, MR Ellsbury, MM TI Post-establishment movement of western corn rootworm larvae (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) in Central Missouri corn SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE western corn rootworm; Diabrotica virgifera virgifera; larval movement; resistance management ID DIABROTICA-VIRGIFERA-VIRGIFERA; SEED MIXTURES; SOIL; RESISTANCE; EGGS; POPULATIONS; INFESTATION; MANAGEMENT; COMPACTION; MIGRATION AB If registered, transgenic corn, Zea mays L., with corn rootworm resistance will offer a viable alternative to insecticides for managing Diabrotica spp. corn rootworms. Resistance management to maintain susceptibility is in the interest of growers, the Environmental Protection Agency, and industry, but little is known about many aspects of corn rootworm biology required for an effective resistance management program. The extent of larval movement by the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, that occurs from plant-to-plant or row-to-row after initial establishment was evaluated in 1998 and 1999 in a Central Missouri cornfield. Post-establishment movement by western corn rootworm larvae was clearly documented in two of four treatment combinations in 1999 where larvae moved up to three plants down the row and across a 0.46-m row. Larvae did not significantly cross a 0.91-m row after initial host establishment in 1998 or 1999, whether or not the soil had been compacted by a tractor and planter. In the current experiment, western corn rootworm, larvae moved from highly damaged, infested plants to nearby plants with little to no previous root damage. Our data do not provide significant insight into how larvae might disperse after initial establishment when all plants in an area are heavily damaged or when only moderate damage occurs on an infested plant. A similar situation might also occur if a seed mixture of transgenic and isoline plants were used and if transgenic plants with rootworm resistance are not repellent to corn rootworm larvae. C1 USDA ARS, Plant Genet Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. USDA ARS, Dept Entomol, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. USDA ARS, No Grain Insects Res Lab, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. RP Hibbard, BE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Plant Genet Res Unit, 204 Curtis Hall, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 37 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 7 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 96 IS 3 BP 599 EP 608 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-96.3.599 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 692EN UT WOS:000183648000015 PM 12852594 ER PT J AU Puterka, GJ Farone, W Palmer, T Barrington, A AF Puterka, GJ Farone, W Palmer, T Barrington, A TI Structure-function relationships affecting the insecticidal and miticidal activity of sugar esters SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biopesticide; biorational insecticide; polyol esters; surfactant; acyl sugar; sucrose octanoate ID NICOTIANA-GOSSEI; SUCROSE ESTERS; BEMISIA-ARGENTIFOLII; TOXICITY; SURFACTANT; HOMOPTERA; APHIDIDAE AB Synthetic sugar esters are a relatively new class of insecticidal compounds that are produced by reacting sugars with fatty acids. The objective of this research was to determine how systematic alterations in sugar or fatty acid components of sugar ester compounds influenced their insecticidal properties. Sucrose octanoate, sorbitol octanoate, sorbitol decanoate, sorbitol caproate, xylitol octanoate, xylitol decanoate and xylitol dodecanoate were synthesized and evaluated against a range of arthropod pests. Dosage-mortality studies were conducted on pear psylla (Cacopsylla pyricola Foerster) on pear, tobacco aphid (Myzus nicotianae) Blackman and tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta [Johannson]) on tobacco, and twospotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) on apple in laboratory bioassays. These sugar esters were compared with insecticidal soap (M-Pede, Dow AgroSciences L.L.C., San Diego, CA), to determine how toxicologically similar these materials were against the arthropod pests. Substitutions in either the sugar or fatty acid component led to significant changes in the physical properties and insecticidal activity of these compounds. The sugar esters varied in their solubility in water and in emulsion stability, yet, droplet spread upon pear leaves occurred at low concentrations of 80-160 ppm and was strongly correlated with psylla mortalities (R-2 = 0.73). Sequentially altering the sugar or fatty acid components from lower to higher numbers of carbon chains, or whether the sugar was a monosaccharide or disaccharide did not follow a predictable relationship to insecticidal activity. Intuitively, changing the hydrophile from sorbitol (C-6) to xylitol (C-5) would require a decrease in. lipophile chain length to maintain hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) relationships, yet an increase in lipophile chain length was unexpectedly needed for increasing insecticidal activity. Thus, the HLB of these materials did not correlate with pear psylla mortalities. Initial insect bioassays and dosage-mortality data found significant differences among sugar ester compounds' toxicity to the range of arthropod species. Sucrose octanoate high in monoester content had the highest activity against the range of arthropod pests at low concentrations of 1200-2400 ppm. No single chemical structure for the xylitol or sorbitol esters were optimally effective against the range of arthropods we tested and sorbitol octanoate and xylitol decanoate bad the highest insecticidal activity of this group. All of the sugar ester materials produced high T urticae mortalities on apple at very low concentrations of 400 ppm. Overall, most of the sugar esters that were examined bad superior insecticidal activity compared with insecticidal soap. Sugar ester chemistry offers a unique opportunity to design an insecticide or miticide specific to certain arthropod pests which would be valuable in crop integrated pest management (IPM) programs. Sucrose esters are currently used as additives in the food industry which makes them especially attractive as safe and effective insecticides. C1 USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Puterka, GJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, 45 Wiltshire Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 25 TC 54 Z9 61 U1 6 U2 24 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 96 IS 3 BP 636 EP 644 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-96.3.636 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 692EN UT WOS:000183648000020 PM 12852599 ER PT J AU Roehrdanz, RL AF Roehrdanz, RL TI Multiplex polymerase chain reaction method for differentiating western and northern corn rootworm larvae (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Diabrotica; corn rootworm; species diagnostics; mitochondrial DNA ID SEQUENCES AB Western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, and northern corn rootworm, D. barberi Smith and Lawrence, are sympatric species and serious pests of corn cultivation in North America. Comparison of nucleotide sequence of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I and H was used to design polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers that discriminate immature stages of the two species based on differences in amplicon size. Multiplex PCR can be used to give a positive test for each species in a single amplification reaction. This provides a method to identify field caught larvae and facilitates investigations of larval interaction and competition between the species. C1 USDA ARS, Red River Valley Agr Res Ctr, Biosci Res Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Roehrdanz, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Red River Valley Agr Res Ctr, Biosci Res Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 13 TC 5 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 5 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 96 IS 3 BP 669 EP 672 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-96.3.669 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 692EN UT WOS:000183648000024 PM 12852603 ER PT J AU Showler, AT AF Showler, AT TI Effects of routine late-season field operations on numbers of boll weevils (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) captured in large-capacity pheromone traps SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE boll weevil; Anthonomus grandis; cotton; trapping ID RIO-GRANDE VALLEY; TEXAS ROLLING PLAINS; OVERWINTERING SURVIVAL; SPRING EMERGENCE; COTTON; POPULATIONS; EFFICACY; MOVEMENT; AREAS; FALL AB Flat and cylindrical adhesive boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), pheromone traps captured significantly more (P less than or equal to 0.05) boll weevils than the Hercon (Hercon Environmental, Emigsville, PA) trap during the late cotton-growing season, and larger adhesive areas were associated with higher captures; a flat plywood board collected the most boll weevils because it had the largest surface area. The flat board trap, chosen for measuring large late-season adult boll weevil populations common to the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas in 2000 and 2001, collected more (P less than or equal to 0.05) weevils when deployed in proximity to natural and cultivated perennial vegetation, and mean numbers of captured boll weevils were higher (P less than or equal to 0.0001) on the leeward sides of the board traps than on the windward sides. The board trap had an estimated potential capacity of approximate to27,800 boll weevils, and the large capacity of the board trap allowed for more accurate measurements of large adult boll weevil populations than the more limited Hercon trap. Measurement of adult boll weevil numbers after the routine field operations of defoliation, harvest, shredding, and stalk-pulling, demonstrated that large populations of boll weevils persist in cotton fields even after the cotton crop has been destroyed. Increases (P less than or equal to 0.05) in the percentage variation of trapped boll weevils relative to the numbers collected just before each field operation were observed after defoliation, harvest, shredding, and stalk-pulling, but the percentage variations followed a quadratic pattern with significant correlation (P < 0.0001; 0.59 < adjusted r(2) < 0.73). Numbers of adult boll weevils caught on board traps deployed at 15.24-m intervals on windward and leeward edges of cotton fields suggested that boll weevil populations in flight after field disturbances might be affected by large-capacity trapping. C1 USDA ARS, SARC, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Showler, AT (reprint author), USDA ARS, SARC, 2413 E Highway 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 35 TC 12 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 96 IS 3 BP 680 EP 689 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-96.3.680 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 692EN UT WOS:000183648000026 PM 12852605 ER PT J AU Charlet, LD Knodel, JJ AF Charlet, LD Knodel, JJ TI Impact of planting date on sunflower beetle (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) infestation, damage, and parasitism in cultivated sunflower SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE sunflower beetle; Zygogramma exclamationis; biological control; cultural control; Myiopharus macellus ID CYLINDROCOPTURUS-ADSPERSUS COLEOPTERA; NORTHERN GREAT-PLAINS; SEASONAL ABUNDANCE; MOTH LEPIDOPTERA; GROWTH-STAGES; CURCULIONIDAE; DAKOTA; COCHYLIDAE; LARVAE AB The sunflower beetle, Zygogramma exclamationis (F.), is the major defoliating pest of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Planting date was evaluated as a potential management tool in a variety of production regions throughout North Dakota from 1997 to 1999, for its impact on sunflower beetle population density of both, adults and larvae, defoliation caused by both feeding stages, seed yield, oil content, and larval parasitism in cultivated sunflower. Results from this 3-yr study revealed that sunflower beetle adult and larval populations decreased as planting date was delayed. Delayed planting also reduced defoliation from adult and larval feeding, which is consistent with the lower numbers of the beetles present in the later seeded plots. Even a planting delay of only I wk was sufficient to significantly reduce feeding damage to the sunflower plant. Yield reduction caused by leaf destruction of the sunflower beetle adults and larvae was clearly evident in the first year of the study. The other component of sunflower yield, oil content, did not appear to be influenced by beetle feeding. The tachinid parasitoid, Myiopharus macellus (Rheinhard), appeared to be a significant mortality factor of sunflower beetle larvae at most locations regardless of the dates of planting, and was able to attack and parasitize the beetle at various larval densities. The results of this investigation showed the potential of delayed planting date as an effective integrated pest management tactic to reduce sunflower beetle adults, larvae, and their resulting defoliation. In addition, altering planting dates was compatible with biological control of the beetle, because delaying the planting date did not reduce the effectiveness of the parasitic fly, M. macellus, which attacks the sunflower beetle larvae. C1 USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Charlet, LD (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 20 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 6 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 96 IS 3 BP 706 EP 713 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-96.3.706 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 692EN UT WOS:000183648000029 PM 12852608 ER PT J AU Lohmeyer, KH All, JN Roberts, PM Bush, P AF Lohmeyer, KH All, JN Roberts, PM Bush, P TI Precision application of aldicarb to enhance efficiency of thrips (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) management in cotton SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cotton; aldicarb; Temik; Frankliniella fusca; precision placement; tobacco thrips AB Field studies were conducted during 1999-2001 in, two climatic/edaphic areas of Georgia (Southern Piedmont and East Gulf Coastal Plain) to test the hypothesis that precision placement of aldicarb with cotton seed in hill planting at spatially specific intervals could decrease insecticide use for management of tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca (Hinds). Precision-placed aldicarb controlled thrips during cotton seedling stages using per ha amounts of one-half or less than standard in-furrow application rates with no significant differences in yield. Residual analysis of cotton plants showed that plants in precision placement plots had as much or more aldicarb and aldicarb metabolites present as compared with cotton treated with conventional in-furrow treatments. Higher rates of precision-placed aldicarb did cause phytotoxic burning early in the growing season, but no significant impact on yield was observed. C1 USDA ARS, Knipling Bushland Livestock Insects Res Lab, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. RP Lohmeyer, KH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Knipling Bushland Livestock Insects Res Lab, 2700 Fredricksburg Rd, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 96 IS 3 BP 748 EP 754 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-96.3.748 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 692EN UT WOS:000183648000033 PM 12852612 ER PT J AU Palermo, BL Clancy, KM Koch, GW AF Palermo, BL Clancy, KM Koch, GW TI The potential role of ectomycorrhizal fungi in determining Douglas-fir resistance to defoliation by the western spruce budworm (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Chotistoneura occidentalis; fertilization; foliar nutrients; Laccarqa bicolor; larval feeding preferences; minerals ID PINYON PINES; GROWTH; PERFORMANCE; HERBIVORY; PHENOLOGY; SEEDLINGS; NITROGEN AB There is phenotypic variation among individual trees of interior Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca [Beissn.] Franco) in their resistance to defoliation by the western spruce budworm (Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman). We evaluated the potential role of ectomycorrhizal fungi in determining this resistance using half-sib seedlings derived from parent trees that are resistant versus susceptible to budworm defoliation in the field. The seedlings were inoculated with Laccaria bicolor ectomycorrhizal fungi, fertilized, or untreated. Approximately 48 d after treatment, late-instar larvae from a nondiapausing laboratory colony of C. occidentalis were allowed to feed on pairs of resistant versus susceptible seedlings for 1 wk. Chemical analyses of current-year shoots for nitrogen (N), phosphor-us (P), magnesium (Mg), and zinc (Zn) indicated that the fungus increased foliar concentrations of P and Mg in resistant seedlings, but it did not increase their growth rate. However L. bicolor had no effect on foliar concentrations of P or Mg in susceptible seedlings, even though seedling growth rates increased slightly in response to the inoculation. L. bicolor had no effect on foliar. levels of N or Zn in any of the seedlings. As expected, fertilization increased levels of N and P in the foliage of both resistant and susceptible seedlings, but it did not affect levels of Mg and Zn. Surprisingly, the fertilizer treatment had no effect on seedling growth rates. Despite these differences, late-instar budworms showed no feeding preference among untreated, mycorrhizal, or fertilized seedlings. The fact that seedlings from resistant versus susceptible Douglas-firs responded differently to the L. bicolor treatment lends preliminary support to the hypothesis that ecotmycorrhizae might play a role in Douglas-fir resistance to damage from the western spruce budworm. Finally, differences in foliar concentrations of N and P among untreated seedlings from different maternal trees suggested that foliar nutritional chemistry is influenced by the tree's genotype. C1 No Arizona Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Palermo, BL (reprint author), No Arizona Univ, Dept Biol Sci, POB 5640, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. NR 38 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 96 IS 3 BP 783 EP 791 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-96.3.783 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 692EN UT WOS:000183648000038 PM 12852617 ER PT J AU Sisterson, MS Liu, YB Kerns, DL Tabashnik, BE AF Sisterson, MS Liu, YB Kerns, DL Tabashnik, BE TI Effects of kaolin particle film on oviposition, larval mining, and infestation of cotton by pink bollworm (Lepidoptera : Gelechiidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE kaolin; particle films; Pectinophora gossypiella; pink bollworm; cotton; integrated pest management (IPM) ID SUPPRESSION AB We tested effects of kaolin particle film on oviposition, larval mining, and infestation of cotton by pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), in the laboratory, greenhouse, and field. In laboratory choice tests, females laid seven times more eggs on untreated bolls than on bolls treated with kaolin. When neonates were put on bolls in the laboratory, each boll with a treated and untreated half, larvae and mines were found 24 h later on the untreated half but not on the treated half. In oviposition choice tests with whole plants in the greenhouse, females laid four times more eggs on untreated plants than on treated plants and the number of eggs on bolls was five times higher for untreated plants than for treated plants. Kaolin treatments altered the distribution of eggs among plant parts, with untreated bolls receiving a higher percentage than treated bolls, whereas the opposite occurred for petioles. In field tests, treatment with kaolin alone reduced the proportion of bolls infested with pink bollworm, but a mixture of kaolin and the pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin was most effective. The results suggest that kaolin particle film may be useful against pink bollworm, particularly in conjunction with other control tactics. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Entomol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. USDA ARS, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. Univ Arizona, Yuma Agr Ctr, Yuma, AZ 85364 USA. RP Sisterson, MS (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Entomol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. FU NIGMS NIH HHS [1K12GM00708] NR 15 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 96 IS 3 BP 805 EP 810 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-96.3.805 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 692EN UT WOS:000183648000041 PM 12852620 ER PT J AU Lapointe, SL McKenzie, CL Hunter, WB AF Lapointe, SL McKenzie, CL Hunter, WB TI Toxicity and repellency of Tephrosia candida to larval and adult diaprepes root weevil (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE citrus; Diaprepes abbreviatus; cover crops; antibiosis; antifeedant ID ABBREVIATUS COLEOPTERA; ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODES; PLANT-RESISTANCE; CITRUS; SOIL; FLAVONOIDS; ROTENOIDS AB Leaves of the tropical legume Tephrosia candida DC deterred feeding by adults of the Diaprepes root weevil, Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.), compared with leaves of Citrus macrophylla Wester, a common citrus rootstock, or T vogelii Hook. f. When larvae were placed in pots containing plants of the three species for 28 d in a growth chamber, larval survival and weight gain were significantly reduced in pots containing plants of T candida compared with larvae in pots with C. macrophylla or T vogelii. Diet incorporation of lyophilized roots of T candida into an artificial diet increasingly inhibited the growth of larvae and increased larval mortality with increased concentration of roots, whereas roots from C. macrophylla or T vogelii had no effect compared with the diet-only control. T candida, but not T vogelii, contains at least one constituent that acts as an antifeedant toward adult D. abbreviatus and as a toxicant toward larvae. No antifeedant effect of roots of T candida toward larvae was observed in no-choice pot tests or in a diet incorporation bioassay. in pots, larval feeding damage to roots of T candida was evident. In the diet incorporation assay, 97% of larvae survived 29 d on a diet of cellulose powder (a nutritionally inert filler) despite losing weight. We conclude that decreased survival and weight gain of larvae-fed fresh or lyophilized roots of T candida were the result of ingestion of a toxicant and not deterrence from feeding. C1 USDA ARS, US Hort Res Lab, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. RP Lapointe, SL (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Hort Res Lab, 2001 S Rock Rd, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. NR 30 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 96 IS 3 BP 811 EP 816 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-96.3.811 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 692EN UT WOS:000183648000042 PM 12852621 ER PT J AU Valles, SM Perera, OP Strong, CA AF Valles, SM Perera, OP Strong, CA TI Relationship between the para-homologous sodium channel point mutation (g -> c at nucleotide 2979) and knockdown resistance in the German cockroach using multiplex polymerase chain reaction to discern genotype SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE kdr-type resistance; para; German cockroach; knockdown resistance; multiplex polymerase chain reaction ID PYRETHROID INSECTICIDES; MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; BLATTELLA-GERMANICA; DIAMONDBACK MOTH; MUSCA-DOMESTICA; GENE; KDR; DROSOPHILA; LINKAGE; LOCUS AB Extensive use of pyrethroid insecticides for urban pest control has led to widespread pyrethroid resistance in the German cockroach. A mutation at nucleotide position 2979 (G to C, causing a leucine to phenylalanine change) in the S6 transmembrane segment of domain H of the para-homologous voltage-gated sodium channel has been previously identified in knockdown-resistant cockroaches and demonstrated by site-directed mutagenesis to reduce channel sensitivity to pyrethroids. In a recent survey, 83% of pyrethroid-resistant German cockroach populations were found to possess this mutation. A German cockroach strain with a low incidence of the L993F mutation was subjected to selection pressure with cypermethrin and subsequently evaluated over several generations for the knockdown resistance phenotype. Correspondingly, we determined the genotype of individual cockroaches of each population at the 2979 position of the para-homologous gene. Genotype was discerned by development of a polymerase chain reaction method that employed a mismatched primer-template set. A direct relationship was observed between mean knockdown time and the presence of the kdr mutation. Furthermore, individuals homozygous for the kdr mutation exhibited a significantly higher mean knockdown time than heterozygotes or wildtype cockroaches. This is the first report demonstrating the progressive expression of the kdr allele in response to insecticide selection pressure. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RP Valles, SM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, 1600 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. NR 27 TC 3 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 96 IS 3 BP 885 EP 891 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-96.3.885 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 692EN UT WOS:000183648000053 PM 12852632 ER PT J AU Snodgrass, GL Scott, WP AF Snodgrass, GL Scott, WP TI Effect of ULV malathion use in boll weevil (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) eradication on resistance in the tarnished plant bug (Heteroptera : Miridae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE tarnished plant bug; Lygus lineolaris; malathion; boll weevil eradication ID HESPERUS KNIGHT HEMIPTERA; INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE; MISSISSIPPI DELTA; POPULATIONS; ARKANSAS; LOUISIANA; TOLERANCE; COTTON AB Tarnished plant bugs, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), from regions 1, 2, and 3 of the boll weevil, Anthonomous grandis Boheman, eradication program in Mississippi were collected from wild hosts and tested for malathion resistance during the spring and fall of 2000 and 2001. Plant bugs were also tested in region 1 in late-July and October of 1999, just before and after multiple applications of ultra-low-volume (ULV) malathion were used for reproduction-diapause control of boll weevils in August and September. Regions 1 (north Delta), 2 (south Delta), and 3 (hills) began boll weevil eradication in 1999,1998, and 1997, respectively. A glass-vial bioassay was used to determine resistance in plant bugs to malathion by comparing LC50 values against an LC50 value obtained for susceptible plant bugs. Comparison of the LC50 value obtained for plant bugs at a location in the spring was also made with the LC50 value obtained in the fall at the same location. After multiple applications of malathion made for reproduction-diapause boll weevil control in region 1 in August and September, malathion resistance increased by 4.9-, 6.5-, and 20.8-fold in plant bug populations from the three test locations. Results from testing bugs from all three eradication regions were similar. Malathion resistance usually increased significantly from spring to fall and then declined significantly from fall to spring of the next year. Despite reduced use of malathion in all three eradication regions for boll weevils in 2001, resistance to malathion in plant bugs still increased significantly from spring to fall at all test locations in regions 1 and 2 (the Delta). Malathion resistance did not increase significantly in plant bug populations in region 3 (the hills) in 2001 from spring to fall at three of four test locations in this year. Possible causes for the higher malathion resistance found in plant bugs in the Delta are discussed. Overall test results showed that the use of malathion in boll weevil eradication in cotton probably contributed to increases in resistance to malathion in plant bug populations in the eradication areas. However, the expression of this resistance was usually rapidly lost by spring of the following year. Boll weevil eradication did not seem to produce a permanent increase in the expression of malathion resistance in tarnished plant bug populations found in the eradication regions. C1 USDA ARS, So Insect Management Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Snodgrass, GL (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Insect Management Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 20 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 5 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 96 IS 3 BP 902 EP 908 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-96.3.902 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 692EN UT WOS:000183648000055 PM 12852634 ER PT J AU Rector, BG Liang, GM Gu, YY AF Rector, BG Liang, GM Gu, YY TI Effect of maysin on wild-type, deltamethrin-resistant, and Bt-resistant Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE corn earworm; cotton bollworm; cross-resistance; Helicoverpa; host plant resistance; Zea mays ID CORN-EARWORM; PYRETHROID RESISTANCE; FIELD STRAINS; ZEA; IDENTIFICATION; EVOLUTION; SILKS AB Larvae of the Old World corn earworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner), were fed diets containing lyophilized silks from maize genotypes expressing varying levels of maysin, a flavone glycoside known to be toxic to the New World corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea Boddie. Three different H. armigera colonies were tested: a wild-type colony (96-S), a colony selected for resistance to deltamethrin (Del-R), and a colony selected for resistance to the Cry1Ac protoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt-R). A colony of H. zea was also tested as a control. High-maysin silk diets significantly slowed the growth and arrested the development of larvae from all H. armigera colonies compared with low-maysin silk diets, maysin-lacking silk diets, and no-silk control diets. The effects on the H. armigera and H. zea colonies were similar across maysin levels, although H. zea is a larger insect than H. armigera and this overall size difference was observed. Among the H. armigera colonies, maysin effects were generally similar, although 7-d-old Del-R larvae were significantly smaller than 7-d-old Bt-R and 96-S larvae for one no-silk control and two maysin-containing silk treatments. The toxic effect of maysin on the Bt-R and Del-R colonies suggests that physiological mechanisms of H. armigera resistance to Cry1Ac and deltamethrin do not confer cross-resistance to maysin. C1 USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Breeding Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31794 USA. RP Rector, BG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Breeding Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31794 USA. NR 17 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 5 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 96 IS 3 BP 909 EP 913 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-96.3.909 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 692EN UT WOS:000183648000056 PM 12852635 ER PT J AU Horner, TA Dively, GP Herbert, DA AF Horner, TA Dively, GP Herbert, DA TI Development, survival and fitness performance of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) in MON810 Bt field corn SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Helicoverpa zea; plant resistance; transgenic corn; moderate dose ID BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS; INSECTICIDAL PROTEIN; EARWORM LEPIDOPTERA; TRANSGENIC CORN; BOLLWORM LEPIDOPTERA; AFLATOXIN PRODUCTION; SWEET CORN; RESISTANCE; LARVAE; BT AB Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) development, survival, and feeding injury in MON810 transgenic ears of field corn (Zea mays L.) expressing Bacillus thuringiensis variety kurstaki (Bt) Cry1Ab endotoxins were compared with non-Bt ears at four geographic locations over two growing seasons. Expression of Cry1Ab endotoxin resulted in overall reductions in the percentage of damaged ears by 33% and in the amount of kernels consumed by 60%. Bt-induced effects varied significantly among locations, partly because of the overall level and timing of H. zea infestations, condition of silk tissue at the time of egg hatch, and the possible effects of plant stress. Larvae feeding on Bt ears produced scattered, discontinuous patches of partially consumed kernels, which were arranged more linearly than the compact feeding patterns in non-Bt ears. The feeding patterns suggest that larvae in Bt ears are moving about sampling kernels more frequently than larvae in non-Bt ears. Because not all kernels express the same level of endotoxin, the spatial heterogeneity of toxin distribution within Bt ears may provide an opportunity for development of behavioral responses in H. zea to avoid toxin. MON810 corn suppressed the establishment and development of H. zea to late instars by at least 75%. This level of control is considered a moderate dose, which may increase the risk of resistance development in areas where MON810 corn is widely adopted and H. zea overwinters successfully. Sublethal effects of MON810 corn resulted in prolonged larval and prepupal development, smaller pupae, and reduced fecundity of H. zea. The moderate dose effects and the spatial heterogeneity of toxin distribution among kernels could increase the additive genetic variance for both physiological and behavioral resistance in H. zea populations. Implications of localized population suppression are discussed. C1 USDA, APHIS, PPQ, Riverdale, MD 20737 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Entomol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Tidewater Agr Res & Extens Ctr, Suffolk, VA 23437 USA. RP Horner, TA (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, PPQ, 4700 River Rd,Unit 133, Riverdale, MD 20737 USA. NR 47 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 11 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 96 IS 3 BP 914 EP 924 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-96.3.914 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 692EN UT WOS:000183648000057 PM 12852636 ER PT J AU Horner, TA Dively, GP Herbert, DA AF Horner, TA Dively, GP Herbert, DA TI Effects of MON810 Bt field corn on adult emergence of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Helicoverpa zea; adult emergence; transgenic corn; resistance management ID HELIOTHIS-VIRESCENS LEPIDOPTERA; PUPAL-DIAPAUSE; BOLLWORM; BODDIE AB A 3-yr study (1996-1998) was conducted to evaluate the effects of MON810 Bt corn on Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) emergence and to determine whether delayed larval development as a result of Bt intoxication results in higher levels of diapause induction and pupal mortality. In the 1997 study, there was no difference in prepupal mortality between corn types, although significantly more prepupae from Bt plots than from non-Bt plots died in emergence buckets before constructing pupal chambers in 1998. In all years, significantly fewer moths emerged from prepupae collected from Bt plots, suggesting that effects of the expressed Cry1Ab extended to the prepupal and pupal stages. Late plantings of corn showed the greatest reductions in moth emergence from Bt corn because environmental conditions were more conducive to trigger diapause at the time H. zea was developing in these plantings. This was supported by a significantly greater proportion of diapausing pupae remaining in the ground in the late plantings of both Bt and non-Bt corn. For April and early May plantings, larval feeding on Bt corn delayed the time to pupation, although there was no significant difference in moth emergence between corn types for those larvae that successfully pupated. Although Bt expression had less impact on the proportion of moths emerging, the actual number of moths emerging from Bt corn was significantly reduced because fewer larvae reached pupation. Delays in adult emergence, along with significant reductions in adult emergence from MON810 Bt corn, should reduce the rates of colonization in soybean and other late host crops but may also result in asynchrony of mating between individuals emerging from Bt and non-Bt corn. This, in turn, may contribute to the evolution of resistance to Bt corn. C1 USDA, APHIS, PPQ, Riverdale, MD 20737 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Entomol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Tidewater Agr Res & Extens Ctr, Suffolk, VA 23437 USA. RP Horner, TA (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, PPQ, 4700 River Rd,Unit 133, Riverdale, MD 20737 USA. NR 27 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 6 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 96 IS 3 BP 925 EP 930 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-96.3.925 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 692EN UT WOS:000183648000058 PM 12852637 ER PT J AU Horner, TA Dively, GP AF Horner, TA Dively, GP TI Effect of MON810 Bt field corn on Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) cannibalism and its implications to resistance development SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Helicoverpa zea; cannibalism; transgenic corn; resistance management AB Pairs of Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) larvae reared on diet-incorporated MON810 transgenic leaf tissue of field corn (Zea mays L.) were observed in the laboratory to characterize effects of sublethal levels of Bacillus thuringiensis variety kurstaki (Bt) Cry1Ab endotoxins on cannibalistic behavior and mortality. Feeding on sublethal levels of Bt corn reduced the frequency of cannibalistic behaviors exhibited by H. zea when uneven instars were paired together. Exposure to the Bt endotoxin had no significant effect on when cannibalistic mortality occurred or the level of mortality as a result of cannibalism. Assuming that H. zea larvae reared on nonBt corn tissue behaved in a similar way that resistant larvae would if feeding on Bt tissue, sublethal effects of Cry1Ab intoxication may reduce the chances of successful cannibalism by susceptible larvae and thus play a disproportionate role in the survival of multiple ear infestations. Furthermore, cannibalistic encounters could result in partially resistant larvae feeding on nontoxic food, thus temporarily providing an escape from exposure to the Bt endotoxin. These behavior alterations could increase the selective differential between susceptible individuals and those carrying resistance genes. C1 USDA, APHIS, PPQ, Riverdale, MD 20737 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Entomol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Horner, TA (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, PPQ, 4700 River Rd,Unit 133, Riverdale, MD 20737 USA. NR 13 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 5 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 96 IS 3 BP 931 EP 934 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-96.3.931 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 692EN UT WOS:000183648000059 PM 12852638 ER PT J AU Reed, CR Hagstrum, DW Flinn, PW Allen, RF AF Reed, CR Hagstrum, DW Flinn, PW Allen, RF TI Wheat in bins and discharge spouts, and grain residues on floors of empty bins in concrete grain elevators as habitats for stored-grain beetles and their natural enemies SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE grain elevator; population dynamics; natural enemies ID NEWLY HARVESTED WHEAT; GRANARY RESIDUES; KANSAS FARMS; INSECTS; COLEOPTERA AB Wheat stored in upright concrete bins at seven grain elevators in central Kansas was sampled intermittently for insects over a 2.5-yr period by collecting samples from the upper half of the grain mass, from the discharge spout at the base of the bins, and from residue remaining in empty bins before the 2000 wheat harvest. Samples were taken from the grain mass with a power vacuum sampler (PV) and from the discharge spouts (DS) by dropping grain onto the reclaim belt beneath the bins. The density and species distribution in the residue samples were compared with those found in the DS samples and samples from the grain mass (PV). Cryptolestes spp. dominated the insect populations in all types of samples, constituting >40% of all insects in the PV samples in three of five time periods and >60% of all insects in DS samples in four of the five time periods. Cryptolestes spp. was an early colonizer, being found in the grain mass shortly after new grain was added. Rhyzopertha dominica appeared to be slower to colonize grain and grain residue, but sometimes developed large populations (i.e., 2.4 +/- 0.7 adults/kg between July and December 2000). Sitophilus spp. weevils often were present in grain masses, were often abundant in grain in the discharge spouts (i.e., 11.1 +/- 2.9 adults/kg between July and December 2000), and were abundant in grain residue in empty bins in May/June 2000 (5.3 +/- 0.7 adults/kg). Differences in density and species distribution of insects in grain in the upper part of the grain mass and those in the discharge spouts indicated that the populations were not closely related. Grain in discharge spouts usually was densely infested, and parasitic wasps, natural enemies of several of the beetles, were found when the density of the pest insects was greater than approximate to 10/kg. The population of natural enemies appeared to increase when the density of pest insects increased after a lag of about one month, and decreased when the population of pest insects decreased. Grain in discharge spouts appeared to provide an incubation chamber for pest insects, and removing this grain periodically should reduce the resident populations. Residue in empty bins often was densely infested compared with samples from the grain masses. Cleaning the empty bins before refilling with newly-harvested wheat resulted in a significantly-reduced density of pest insects in discharge spouts later, and the effect lasted at least 12 wk after filling. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Grain Sci & Ind, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Reed, CR (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Dept Grain Sci & Ind, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RI Flinn, Paul/B-9104-2013 NR 25 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 9 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 96 IS 3 BP 996 EP 1004 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-96.3.996 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 692EN UT WOS:000183648000068 PM 12852647 ER PT J AU Marcon, PCRG Thomas, GD Siegfried, BD Campbell, JB Skoda, SR AF Marcon, PCRG Thomas, GD Siegfried, BD Campbell, JB Skoda, SR TI Resistance status of house flies (Diptera : Muscidae) from southeastern Nebraska beef cattle feedlots to selected insecticides SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Musca domestica; insecticide resistance; bioassay; permethrin; stirofos; methoxychlor ID MUSCA-DOMESTICA DIPTERA AB The status of resistance to three insecticides (permethrin, stirofos, and methoxychlor), relative to a laboratory-susceptible colony, was evaluated in field populations of house flies, Musca domestica L., collected from two beef cattle feedlots in southeastern Nebraska. Topical application and residual exposure to treated glass surfaces were suitable methods for determining the resistance status of house flies to permethrin, stirofos, or metboxychlor. However, in most cases, residual exposure was more sensitive in resistance detection (i.e., higher resistance ratios). The field populations tested were moderately resistant to permethrin (RR = 4.9-fold and RR = 7.3-fold, for topical application and residual exposure, respectively) and extremely resistant to stirofos and methoxychlor (not accurately quantifiable because of low mortality at the highest possible concentrations or doses). Probable explanations for the resistance status of these house fly populations and implications for global feedlot fly management are discussed. C1 Dupont Productos Agricolas Estacao Expt Agricola, BR-13140000 Paulina, SP, Brazil. Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Midwest Livestock Insects Res Lab, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Entomol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, W Cent Res & Extens Ctr, N Platte, NE 69101 USA. RP Marcon, PCRG (reprint author), Dupont Productos Agricolas Estacao Expt Agricola, Rua Bortola Ferro 500, BR-13140000 Paulina, SP, Brazil. NR 22 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 96 IS 3 BP 1016 EP 1020 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-96.3.1016 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 692EN UT WOS:000183648000070 PM 12852649 ER PT J AU Sawin, RS Lutman, MW Linz, GM Bleier, WJ AF Sawin, RS Lutman, MW Linz, GM Bleier, WJ TI Predators on Red-winged Blackbird nests in eastern North Dakota SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Agelaius phoeniceus; nest predation; North Dakota; predators; Red-winged Blackbird ID REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; PASSERINE NESTS; MARSH AB Predation has consistently been identified as the most common cause of nest failure for Red-winged Blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus). During May and June, 2000 and 200 1, we used infrared-triggered camera systems to identify potential nest predators on artificially relocated Red-winged Blackbird nests in eastern North Dakota. For some of the species observed, these observations represent the first documentation of predation on Red-winged Blackbird nests in the northern Great Plains. C1 N Dakota State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. USDA, Wildlife Serv, Phoenix, AZ 85029 USA. USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Great Plains Field Stn, Bismarck, ND 58501 USA. RP Sawin, RS (reprint author), 3405 Baywood Lane, Greenville, NC 27834 USA. NR 15 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 4 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD SUM PY 2003 VL 74 IS 3 BP 288 EP 292 PG 5 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 710BP UT WOS:000184661200013 ER PT J AU Pawlosky, RJ Hertrampf, E Flanagan, VP Thomas, PM AF Pawlosky, RJ Hertrampf, E Flanagan, VP Thomas, PM TI Mass spectral determinations of the folic acid content of fortified breads from Chile SO JOURNAL OF FOOD COMPOSITION AND ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE folic acid; mass spectrometry; fortified bread; isotope dilution ID FOODS AB Sixty-four samples of fortified bread that were collected from 50 bakeries within the vicinity of Santiago, Chile were assayed for their folic acid content using a high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) procedure with stable-isotope dilution. A C-13(5) analogue of folic acid was spiked into each sample as an internal standard and the analyte was extracted from bread into a phosphate buffer, purified on a solid phase cartridge, and analyzed by LC-MS in the negative ion mode using electrospray ionization. The relative standard error for the precision of the method was 3.8% based on the analyses of five replicate samples. The accuracy of the method was determined using a standard method of addition of the analyte into bread samples and folic acid was quantified over a concentration range that bracketed the fortification levels (100-900 ng g(-1) of bread). A subset of bread samples (n = 14) was also assayed using a microbiological assay (L. casei) and the results of these analyses were compared with the LC-MS determinations. The mean variation in the values as determined by the microbiological assay and the LC-MS method was on the order of 10%. Overall, it was found that in 38% of the bakery samples, the concentrations of folic acid were within the target values as specified by the program (151 and 264 mug g(-1)). Nineteen percent of the samples had folic acid concentrations that were below 151 mug g(-1) and 43% of the samples exceeded the upper level. C1 Univ Chile, Inst Nutr & Food Technol, Santiago, Chile. USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Food Composit Lab, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Pawlosky, RJ (reprint author), Lab Membrane Biochem & Biophys, Rm 114,12420 Parklawn Dr, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. RI Thomas, Paul/C-2777-2008; Thomas, Paul/A-6233-2011 OI Thomas, Paul/0000-0003-2887-4765 NR 5 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0889-1575 J9 J FOOD COMPOS ANAL JI J. Food Compos. Anal. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 16 IS 3 BP 281 EP 286 DI 10.1016/S0889-1575(03)00033-4 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 692NQ UT WOS:000183667500004 ER PT J AU Pehrsson, PR Haytowitz, DB Holden, JM AF Pehrsson, PR Haytowitz, DB Holden, JM TI The USDA's national food and nutrient analysis program: update 2002 SO JOURNAL OF FOOD COMPOSITION AND ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE NFNAP; key foods; critical nutrients AB The National Food and Nutrient Analysis Program (NFNAP) was designed in 1997 to develop robust and nationally representative estimates of the mean nutrient content of important foods in the food supply and significantly improve the quality of food composition data in the US Department of Agriculture's National Nutrient Databank. The underlying aims defining the process behind the NFNAP are: (1) evaluation of existing data; (2) identification of Key Foods and nutrients for analysis; (3) development of nationally based sampling plans; (4) analysis of samples; and (5) compilation and calculation of representative food composition data. Supported by a self-weighting stratified sampling design, the NFNAP approach has been applied to other sampling programs for the analysis of specific nutrients (e.g., fluoride-containing beverages and foods) and ethnic foods (e.g., American Indian foods). For select nutrients of potential health significance, additional sampling approaches allow for the estimation of serving-to-serving variability (e.g., highly processed foods). Under NFNAP, over 500 foods of the targeted 1000 important foods in the US food supply have been analyzed. Unrivaled research on food sampling, sample handling, and analytical methodology (e.g., for study of perishable nutrients in fresh produce) is integral to this effort. The NFNAP data are current, reflective of the market and nationally representative of the US food supply and therefore a crucial resource to health researchers, architects of nutrition policy, the nutrition and medical communities, and the food industry. They are released through the Web site: www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA, Agr Res Serv, Nutrient Data Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Pehrsson, PR (reprint author), USDA, Agr Res Serv, Nutrient Data Lab, Room 309 A,Bldg 005 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 9 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0889-1575 J9 J FOOD COMPOS ANAL JI J. Food Compos. Anal. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 16 IS 3 BP 331 EP 341 DI 10.1016/S0889-1575(03)00049-8 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 692NQ UT WOS:000183667500011 ER PT J AU Bodner, JE Perloff, BP AF Bodner, JE Perloff, BP TI Databases for analyzing dietary data - the latest word from What We Eat in America SO JOURNAL OF FOOD COMPOSITION AND ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE food database; nutrient database; food consumption survey; nutrient intake; Food Commodity Intake Database; FCID; dietary exposure to pesticides AB The Food Surveys Research Group, part of the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), processes several thousand 24-h dietary recalls each year for the government's survey of What We Eat in America. The latest available intake data are from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII) 1994-1996, 1998 which have been released in two forms: (1) the traditional form of food and nutrient intakes and (2) a new form described as the Food Commodity Intake Database. The latter form involved translating the CSFII data into the equivalent amounts of basic food commodities as defined by the US Environmental Protection Agency. Developed primarily for assessing risk from dietary exposure to pesticides, it provides the ability to study intakes for specific commodities, such as apples, regardless of how the food was used in various mixtures. Coding and processing survey data involves using extensive information about foods. Accordingly, ARS has developed and keeps up-to-date large technical food databases for this work, including the USDA food coding scheme, food measures and weights, recipes for food mixtures, and the Survey Nutrient Database. These databases, all publicly available, are widely used in food and nutrition research in the United States and have been used as models for databases supporting national food surveys in other countries. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Food Surveys Res Grp, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Bodner, JE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Food Surveys Res Grp, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 18 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0889-1575 J9 J FOOD COMPOS ANAL JI J. Food Compos. Anal. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 16 IS 3 BP 347 EP 358 DI 10.1016/S0889-1575(03)00048-6 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 692NQ UT WOS:000183667500013 ER PT J AU Bechtel, PJ AF Bechtel, PJ TI Properties of different fish processing by-products from pollock, cod and salmon SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESSING AND PRESERVATION LA English DT Article ID COLLAGEN; VISCERA AB Individual fish processing waste stream components can be used to make feed ingredients or other products. Waste stream components obtained from commercial fish processing plants included heads, viscera, frames, and skins from Alaska pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) and Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus); and heads, and viscera from pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha). The protein content of heads from all three species ranged from 13.9 to 16.4%; and the fat content ranged from 0.9 to 10.9%. Viscera protein content ranged from 13.0 to 15.3%, and the fat content from 2.0 to 19.1%. After heating to 85C the percent soluble protein in salmon heads was different (P < 0.05) from pollock or cod heads. Percent soluble protein of pollock and cod skin increased 8 fold (P < 0.05) after the 85C heat treatment. Connective tissue content was calculated from chemical determination of hydroxyproline content, and large differences in percent connective tissue content were found (1% for pollock viscera to 46% for skin). Estimated rat PER values ranged from a low of 2.1 for skin to a high of 3.1 for viscera and fillet samples (P < 0.05). C1 Univ Alaska, USDA, ARS Lab, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Studies, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Bechtel, PJ (reprint author), Univ Alaska, USDA, ARS Lab, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Studies, 245 ONeill Bldg, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. NR 22 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 4 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 0145-8892 J9 J FOOD PROCESS PRES JI J. Food Process Preserv. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 27 IS 2 BP 101 EP 116 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4549.2003.tb00505.x PG 16 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 689VN UT WOS:000183513800003 ER PT J AU Niemira, BA Fan, XT Sokorai, KJB Sommers, CH AF Niemira, BA Fan, XT Sokorai, KJB Sommers, CH TI Ionizing radiation sensitivity of Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 49594 and Listeria innocua ATCC 51742 inoculated on endive (Cichorium endiva) SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID IRRADIATION INACTIVATION; GAMMA-RADIATION; PRODUCE AB Ionizing radiation inactivates the pathogenic bacteria that can contaminate leafy green vegetables. Leaf pieces and leaf homogenate of endive (Cichorium endiva) were inoculated with the pathogen Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC 49594) or Listeria innocua (ATCC 51742), a nonpathogenic surrogate bacterium. The radiation sensitivity of the two strains was similar, although L. innocua was more sensitive to the type of suspending leaf preparation. During refrigerated storage after irradiation, the population of L. monocytogenes on inoculated endive was briefly suppressed by 0.42 kilogray (kGy), a dose calibrated to achieve a 99% reduction. However, the pathogen regrew after 5 days until it exceeded the bacterial levels on the control after 19 days in storage. Treatment with 0.84 kGy, equivalent to a 99.99% reduction, suppressed L monocytogenes throughout refrigerated storage. Doses up to 1.0 kGy had no significant effect on the color of endive leaf material, regardless of whether taken from the leaf edge or the leaf midrib. The texture of leaf edge material was unaffected by doses up to 1.0 kGy, whereas the maximum dose tolerated by leaf midrib material was 0.8 kGy. These results show that endive leaves may be treated with doses sufficient to achieve at least a 99.99% reduction of L. monocytogenes with little or no impact on the product's texture or color. C1 ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Niemira, BA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 19 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 3 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 66 IS 6 BP 993 EP 998 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 687MD UT WOS:000183379800012 PM 12800999 ER PT J AU Tu, SI Golden, M Fett, WF Gehring, A Irwin, P AF Tu, SI Golden, M Fett, WF Gehring, A Irwin, P TI Rapid detection of outbreak Escherichia coli O157 and Salmonella on alfalfa sprouts by immunomagnetic capture and time-resolved fluorescence SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SAFETY LA English DT Article ID CHEMICAL TREATMENTS; MULTISTATE OUTBREAK; SEEDS; INFECTIONS; GROWTH; SURVIVAL; FLUOROIMMUNOASSAY; TYPHIMURIUM; CHLORINE; STANLEY AB Commercially available alfalfa seeds were inoculated with low levels (similar to 4 CFU/g) of pathogenic bacteria and sprouted at 25C At 48 h, the spent irrigation water and sprouts were separately transferred to brain heart infusion (BHI) broth and enriched for 4 h at 37C and 160 rpm. Specific immunomagnetic beads (IMB) were then applied to capture the E. coli O157 or Salmonella in the enriched media. Separation and concentration of captured pathogens were achieved using magnetic particle concentrators (MPC). IMB captured E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. then formed sandwiched complexes with europium (Eu) labeled anti-E. coli O157 antibodies and samarium (Sm) labeled anti-Salmonella antibodies, respectively. After washing the complexes, the lanthanide labels were extracted out from the complexes by specific chelators to form strongly fluorescent Eu- and Sm-chelates. The specific time-resolved fluorescence (TRF) associated with Eu or Sm was measured to estimate the extent of capture of the E. coli O157 and Salmonella, respectively. The results indicated that the approach could detect E. coli O157 and many Salmonella spp. from spent irrigation water or sprouts grown from contaminated seeds. Nontargeted bacteria, e.g., native microflora present on the untreated seeds and inoculated Aeromonas and Citrobacter, exhibited no cross-reactivity and counts were not significantly different from background fluorescence of the IMB alone. Since pathogen detection was achieved within 6 h, the assay could detect contamination levels as low as 4 CFU/g of seeds and it showed no cross-reactivity with nonpathogenic microflora present on the sprouts, the developed methodology could be used as a rapid, sensitive and specific screening process for E. coli O157 and Salmonella spp. in sprouts and their irrigation water. C1 USDA ARS, NAA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Tu, SI (reprint author), USDA ARS, NAA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 36 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 3 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 0149-6085 J9 J FOOD SAFETY JI J. Food Saf. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 23 IS 2 BP 75 EP 89 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4565.2003.tb00353.x PG 15 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 697UQ UT WOS:000183962000001 ER PT J AU Huang, LH AF Huang, LH TI Growth kinetics of Clostridium perfringens in cooked beef SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SAFETY LA English DT Article ID CONSTANTLY RISING TEMPERATURES; MEAT; SPORULATION; PRODUCTS; STRAINS; WELCHII; MEDIA AB The objective of this work was to investigate the growth kinetics of a three-strain cocktail of Clostridium perfringens in cooked beef. The study was conducted by growing the heat-activated spores in ground beef under isothermal conditions between 17-50C A four-parameter Gompertz equation was used as a primary model to fit the growth curves along with a modified Ratkowsky model to analyze the temperature dependence of the bacterial growth. Results indicated that the Gompertz model could accurately describe the growth of C. perfringens in cooked beef The estimated theoretical minimum, optimum, and maximum growth temperatures of this organism in cooked beef were 9.8, 47.1, and 50.8C, respectively. A linear relationship between the durations of the lag and exponential phases of growth curves was observed in this study. Such a linear relationship can be used to generate a linear isothermal growth curve complete with the lag, exponential, and stationary phases without complex mathematical computation. The kinetic models and growth parameters obtained from this study potentially can be applied to the food industry to design appropriate cooling schedules and estimate the growth of C. perfringens in thermally processed beef products under temperature abuse conditions. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Food Safety Intervent Technol Res Unit, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Huang, LH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Food Safety Intervent Technol Res Unit, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 36 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 6 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 0149-6085 J9 J FOOD SAFETY JI J. Food Saf. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 23 IS 2 BP 91 EP 105 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4565.2003.tb00354.x PG 15 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 697UQ UT WOS:000183962000002 ER PT J AU Kadan, RS Bryant, RJ Pepperman, AB AF Kadan, RS Bryant, RJ Pepperman, AB TI Functional properties of extruded rice flours SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE rice flours; extrusion; fat absorption; functional properties; application in new foods ID PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES; EXTRUSION; TEXTURE; STARCH; FOODS AB The functional properties of a long-grain and a short-grain rice flour extruded at 70 to 120 degreesC and 22% moisture are reported. The bulk densities essentially stayed unchanged. Both water absorption and water solubility indices increased with an increase in extrusion temperature. The fat absorption indices decreased only at 55 degreesC. The cold-paste viscosities progressively increased, whereas the peak, breakdown, setback, and final viscosities decreased with an increase in extrusion temperature. A substitution of 25% of unextruded or 70 degreesC extruded long-grain rice flour into a wheat flour-based fried snack decreased its fat absorption by 35% to 50% without affecting the overall texture. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. USDA ARS, Dale Bumper Natl Rice Res Ctr, Stuttgart, AR USA. RP Kadan, RS (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 16 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 2 U2 6 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA 525 WEST VAN BUREN, STE 1000, CHICAGO, IL 60607-3814 USA SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD JUN-JUL PY 2003 VL 68 IS 5 BP 1669 EP 1672 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2003.tb12311.x PG 4 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 697MM UT WOS:000183947000021 ER PT J AU Thayer, DW Boyd, G Fett, WF AF Thayer, DW Boyd, G Fett, WF TI gamma-radiation decontamination of alfalfa seeds naturally contaminated with Salmonella Mbandaka SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Salmonella; Mbandaka; gamma-radiation; alfalfa; seed ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; MULTISTATE OUTBREAK; SPROUTS; HEAT; INFECTIONS; WATER; IDENTIFICATION; INACTIVATION; IRRADIATION; QUALITY AB Samples of alfalfa seeds inoculated with Salmonella Mbandaka isolated from a naturally contaminated lot were gamma-irradiated to 1 of 8 doses between 0 and 2.8 kGy, producing a maximum inactivation of 3.3 logs CFU/g. Analysis of the data indicates that the gamma-radiation D value is 0.81 +/- 0.02 kGy. An absorbed dose of 4 kGy, but not 3 kGy, eliminated viable S. Mbandaka from naturally contaminated seeds. Results of experiments with different percentages of inoculated seeds indicate that the dose required to inactivate a contaminating pathogen on alfalfa seeds is dependent upon the maximum contamination per seed, not the mean contamination of the lot. C1 USDA ARS, Food Safety Intervent Technol Res Unit, NAA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Thayer, DW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Food Safety Intervent Technol Res Unit, NAA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 24 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA 525 WEST VAN BUREN, STE 1000, CHICAGO, IL 60607-3814 USA SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD JUN-JUL PY 2003 VL 68 IS 5 BP 1777 EP 1781 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2003.tb12328.x PG 5 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 697MM UT WOS:000183947000038 ER PT J AU Sapers, GM Sites, JE AF Sapers, GM Sites, JE TI Efficacy of 1% hydrogen peroxide wash in decontaminating apples and cantaloupe melons SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE apples; cantaloupes; decontamination; wash; E. coli; hydrogen peroxide ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; LACTIC-ACID; MILD HEAT; INACTIVATION; ENTERITIDIS; SURVIVAL; LETTUCE; GROWTH; AGENTS AB Efficacy of 1% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in decontaminating apples and cantaloupes containing human pathogens was investigated. Apples inoculated with Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) were washed with 1% H2O2 at 20 or 40 degreesC for 15 or 30 min. Population reductions approaching 3 logs were obtained with all treatments. Comparable reductions were obtained with apples inoculated with 3 strains of E. coli O157:H7, associated with cider outbreaks, and a 5-strain cocktail. The 1% H2O2 treatment was ineffective against E. coli 766 (ATCC 9637; similar to Salmonella Poona) on inoculated cantaloupes. Treatment of apples with 1% H2O2 was carried out successfully in a wet dump tank. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Sapers, GM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 25 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 8 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA 525 WEST VAN BUREN, STE 1000, CHICAGO, IL 60607-3814 USA SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD JUN-JUL PY 2003 VL 68 IS 5 BP 1793 EP 1797 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2003.tb12331.x PG 5 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 697MM UT WOS:000183947000041 ER PT J AU Kane, AM Lyon, BG Swanson, RB Savage, EM AF Kane, AM Lyon, BG Swanson, RB Savage, EM TI Comparison of two sensory and two instrumental methods to evaluate cookie color SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE color; sensory; color references; spectrophotometer; digital camera ID OATMEAL AB Relationships between 2 instrumental and 2 sensory methods for cookie color assessment were determined. For sensory tests, panelists (n = 8 to 10) compared color of cookies (3 formulations x 2 cookie types) to equidistant physical color references in a light booth and to digital color references in a sensory workstation using unstructured line scales. For instrumental methods, the CIELAB color model and hue angle were deters mined with a spectrophotometer and with graphics software using digital camera images. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc comparisons verified differences (P < 0.05) among formulations within type by all methods. Except for b* values of chocolate chip cookies, the potential of all color assessment methods were validated by strong linear relationships (r > 0.94; P < 0.001). C1 USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Foods & Nutr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Lyon, BG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 15 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 9 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA 525 WEST VAN BUREN, STE 1000, CHICAGO, IL 60607-3814 USA SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD JUN-JUL PY 2003 VL 68 IS 5 BP 1831 EP 1837 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2003.tb12338.x PG 7 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 697MM UT WOS:000183947000048 ER PT J AU Yeung, CK Glahn, RR Miller, DD AF Yeung, CK Glahn, RR Miller, DD TI Iron bioavailability from common raisin-containing foods assessed with an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell culture model: Effects of raisins SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE raisins; iron bioavailability; wheat bran cereal; Caco-2; NaFeEDTA ID PHENOLIC-COMPOUNDS; EDTA COMPOUNDS; ASCORBIC-ACID; CACO-2 CELLS; ABSORPTION; FORTIFICATION; AVAILABILITY; CEREAL; CHELATE; COMPLEX AB The effects of raisins on iron bioavailabiliy from wheat bran cereal, bread, rice pudding, and, granola bars were studied. Iron bioavailability was assessed with an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell culture model. Raisins reduced iron bioavailability from all foods except granola bars. Raisins also reduced iron bioavailability from samples of wheat bran cereal and bread fortified with elemental iron or ferrous sulfate, but this inhibitory effect was less pronounced in samples fortified with sodium iron ethylenediaminetetraacetate (NaFeEDTA). Iron bioavailability was markedly higher for samples fortified with NaFeEDTA, suggesting that iron in the form of NaFeEDTA is more bioavailable than elemental iron or ferrous sulfate in raisin-containing foods. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Food Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Miller, DD (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Food Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 31 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 5 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA 525 WEST VAN BUREN, STE 1000, CHICAGO, IL 60607-3814 USA SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD JUN-JUL PY 2003 VL 68 IS 5 BP 1866 EP 1870 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2003.tb12344.x PG 5 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 697MM UT WOS:000183947000054 ER EF