FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Doehlert, DC McMullen, MS Riveland, NR AF Doehlert, DC McMullen, MS Riveland, NR TI Sources of variation in oat kernel size SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article AB Oat kernel size uniformity is important to the oat milling industry because of the size fractionations that occur in the milling process. We measured frequency of single, double. and triple kernel spikelets and kernel mass of primary, secondary, and tertiary kernels from each spikelet type (for a total of six kernel types) to determine relative influence of kernel type, panicle position, genotype, and environment on oat kernel size for 10 oat cultivars grown at four locations. Kernel type was the most important factor affecting kernel size. Primary kernels front triple kernel spikelets were larger than primary kernels from double kernel spikelets. Tertiary kernels were the smallest. Environments that produced larger kernels also produced higher frequencies of triple kernel spikelets. Some genotypes produced no triple kernel spikelets in any environment, whereas others produced varying proportions, depending on the environment. Kernels closer to the top of the particle were larger than those near the base. The presence of tertiary kernels was neither associated with lower groat percentage,, nor with increased proportions, of undersized kernels. Most undersized kernels were kernel types other than tertiary. C1 N Dakota State Univ, USDA ARS, Hard Red Spring & Durum Wheat Qual Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. Williston Res Extens Ctr, Williston, ND USA. RP Doehlert, DC (reprint author), N Dakota State Univ, USDA ARS, Hard Red Spring & Durum Wheat Qual Lab, Harris Hall, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 18 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 79 IS 4 BP 528 EP 534 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.2002.79.4.528 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 573RF UT WOS:000176844100012 ER PT J AU Meadows, F AF Meadows, F TI Pasting process in rice flour using rapid visco analyser curves and first derivatives SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID COOKED RICE; STARCH; PROTEIN; COOKING AB The objective of these studies was to gain a better understanding of the pasting process in rice. We chose six different medium grain rice flour samples with amylose contents of 0.41-24.9% and protein contents of 4.89-10.65%. By using the first derivative of Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA) curves, changes in the pasting rates could be obtained. We found that samples containing low amylose contents (CM101 [CA] 0.41% amylose and 7.04% protein) exhibited a single smooth transition during pasting. Pastes from all other samples, M201 (TX), Nato (LA), Koshihikari (CA), Mercury (LA), and Nanking Sel (LA) with higher amylose contents (10.65-24.9%) underwent multiple phase transitions and rate changes before the peak viscosity. Disruption of disulfide linkages using dithiothreitol (DTT) led to a decrease in the rate of the single pasting step observed for CM101 (CA). Rice containing larger concentrations of amylose showed an increase in the first, but a decrease in subsequent steps. Our data suggests that amylopectin and protein are mutually important in the initialization of pasting in rice. At later stages of pasting, amylose and its complexes seem to become important. C1 ARS, USDA, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Meadows, F (reprint author), Shire Labs Inc, 1550 E Gude Dr, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. NR 15 TC 15 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 79 IS 4 BP 559 EP 562 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.2002.79.4.559 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 573RF UT WOS:000176844100017 ER PT J AU Meadows, F Barton, FE AF Meadows, F Barton, FE TI Determination of rapid visco analyser parameters in rice by near-infrared spectroscopy SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID GRAIN MILLED SAMPLES; COOKED RICE; REFLECTANCE ANALYSIS; QUALITY; STARCH; TEXTURE; AMYLOSE AB The objective of these studies was to find alternative Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA) viscoelastic parameters that are predictable by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Currently, RVA instruments are widely used in assessing cooking and processing characteristics in rice. The ability to predict RVA parameters by NIRS would be useful in rapidly determining rice pasting qualities, but NIRS does not correlate with the traditional parameters (peak viscosity, final viscosity, breakdown, consistency, and setback). Alternative RVA parameters were sought by collecting RVA and NIRS data for a total of 86 short, medium, and long grain rice cultivars. The amylose contents were 0.41-24.90% (w/w) and protein concentrations were 8.47-11.35% (w/w). Partial least squares (PLS) regression models generated for the entire NIR spectrum against the RVA curve showed viscosity at 212-228 see (80degreesC +/- 1) varied linearly with NIR spectra (1,100 to -2,500 nm). Regression coefficient values were R = 0.961 for 212 sec and R = 0.903 for 228 sec. The PLS correlation coefficient for the prediction of amylose at 212-228 sec decreases along with the NIRS correlation to the same time frame. An opposite trend was observed for the correlation with protein at 212-228 sec. This comparison suggests the importance of amylose and protein in water absorption during this time frame. C1 ARS, USDA, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Meadows, F (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 19 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 4 U2 9 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 79 IS 4 BP 563 EP 566 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.2002.79.4.563 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 573RF UT WOS:000176844100018 ER PT J AU Hansen, J AF Hansen, J TI Beef in China: Agribusiness opportunities and challenges SO CHINA JOURNAL LA English DT Book Review C1 USDA ARS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Hansen, J (reprint author), USDA ARS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CONTEMPORARY CHINA CENTRE PI CANBERRA PA RESEARCH SCH PACIFIC STUDIES, AUSTRALIAN NATL UNIV, GPO BOX 4, CANBERRA, 2601, AUSTRALIA SN 1324-9347 J9 CHINA J JI China J. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 48 BP 226 EP 228 PG 3 WC Area Studies SC Area Studies GA 578XJ UT WOS:000177146100035 ER PT J AU Hoberg, EP AF Hoberg, EP TI Foundations for an integrative parasitology: Collections, archives, and biodiversity informatics SO COMPARATIVE PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 676th Meeting of the Helminthological-Society-of-Washington CY 2001 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Helminthol Soc Washington ID TAPEWORMS PLATYHELMINTHES; PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS; EVOLUTION; NEMATODA; EUCESTODA; BIOGEOGRAPHY; SYSTEMATICS; MORPHOLOGY; LIFE C1 ARS, US Natl Parasite Collect & Parasite Biol, Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, USDA, Baltimore, MD 20715 USA. RP Hoberg, EP (reprint author), ARS, US Natl Parasite Collect & Parasite Biol, Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, USDA, BARC E 1180,10300 Baltimore Ave, Baltimore, MD 20715 USA. NR 42 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU HELMINTHOLOGICAL SOC WASHINGTON PI LAWRENCE PA C/O ALLEN PRESS INC, 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 1525-2647 J9 COMP PARASITOL JI Comp. Parasitol. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 69 IS 2 BP 124 EP 131 DI 10.1654/1525-2647(2002)069[0124:FFAIPC]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Parasitology; Zoology SC Parasitology; Zoology GA 579RQ UT WOS:000177192000004 ER PT J AU Singh, SP Westermann, DT AF Singh, SP Westermann, DT TI A single dominant gene controlling resistance to soil zinc deficiency in common bean SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PHASEOLUS-VULGARIS L; PHOSPHORUS STRESS; EFFICIENCY AB Cultivated soils often are either deficient or possess toxic concentrations of one or more mineral elements that adversely affect emergence, growth, maturity, production potential, and/or nutritional quality of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Our objective was to study the inheritance of resistance to soil Zn deficiency. The resistant 'Matterhorn' was crossed with the susceptible 'T-39'. The F was backcrossed to Matterhorn (BC1) and T-39 (BC2), and advanced to the F-2. The two parents, F-1, F-2, BC1, and BC2 were evaluated in a Zn deficient field trial at Kimberly, Idaho in 2001. Plants were classified as tall-healthy or stunted with chlorotic leaves. Leaves were sampled from the two types of plants at flowering and analyzed for Zn concentration. The tall plants had an average leaf Zn concentration of 22.5 mg kg(-1). In contrast, stunted plants had a Zn concentration of 15.0 mg kg(-1). All F, plants were tall resembling Matterhorn, except that unlike Matterhorn (white flowers and seeds) they had purple flowers and black shiny seeds. Thus, the resistance to Zn deficiency was dominant. A segregation of 45 resistant (R) to 20 susceptible (S) plants was observed in the F-2, giving a good fit to 3 R:1 S (chi(2) = 1.1538, P = 0.28). All plants in BC1 were resistant. In BC2, 142 R and 139 S plants were observed, giving a ratio of 1 R to 1 S (chi(2) = 0.032, P = 0.86). This supports a single dominant gene controlling soil Zn deficiency resistance. The symbol Znd is proposed for the dominant allele controlling resistance to soil Zn deficiency, and znd for its susceptible counterpart. C1 Univ Idaho, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. RP Singh, SP (reprint author), Univ Idaho, 3793 N 3600 E, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. NR 26 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 42 IS 4 BP 1071 EP 1074 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 569KQ UT WOS:000176601900001 ER PT J AU Burson, BL Hussey, MA Actkinson, JM Shafer, GS AF Burson, BL Hussey, MA Actkinson, JM Shafer, GS TI Effect of pollination time on the frequency of 2n+n fertilization in apomictic buffelgrass SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PASPALUM-DILATATUM; HYBRIDIZATION; EGG AB Fertilization of an unreduced egg (2n + n) increases ploidy level and creates a new hybrid. It occasionally occurs in apomictic species but at a frequency too low to be a reliable method for genetic improvement. This investigation was undertaken to determine if 2n + n fertilization could be increased by early pollination. Six buffelgrass, Pennisetum ciliare (L.) Link [syn. Cenchrus ciliaris L.], accessions, five apomicts and one sexual, were self-pollinated and cross-pollinated with birdwoodgrass, P. ciliare (L.) Link var. setigerum (Vahl.) Leek, at 3, 2, 1, and 0 d before anthesis. The 2n + n progeny were identified by flow cytometry. DNA content (pg 2C(-1)) was determined for 1962 self-pollinated and 3072 cross-pollinated plants. Twenty-eight self-and 80 cross-pollinated plants had a higher DNA content and were products of 2n + n fertilization. The overall frequency of 2n + n fertilization when self- and cross-pollinated was 1.4 and 2.6%, respectively. For all protogynous intervals, the frequency ranged from 0 to 5.2% for self-pollinated plants and 0 to 8.2% for cross-pollinated plants. When self-pollinated, there was no correlation between time of pollination and recovery of 2n + n hybrids. When cross-pollinated, there was a linear relationship between time of pollination and number of 2n + n hybrids recovered. More 2n + n hybrids were recovered from crosses made 2 or 3 d before anthesis. Thus in apomictic buffelgrass, the frequency of 2n + n fertilization can be increased by pollinating early, and in apomictic species where sexual germplasm is not available, this approach has potential to produce new apomictic hybrids. C1 Texas A&M Univ, USDA ARS, Crop Germplasm Res Unit, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Yoder Bros Inc, Chualar, CA 93925 USA. RP Burson, BL (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, USDA ARS, Crop Germplasm Res Unit, 430 Heep Ctr, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 22 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 42 IS 4 BP 1075 EP 1080 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 569KQ UT WOS:000176601900002 ER PT J AU Edwards, JW Lamkey, KR AF Edwards, JW Lamkey, KR TI Quantitative genetics of inbreeding in a synthetic maize population SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID RECURRENT SELECTION; DEPRESSION RATES; INBRED RELATIVES; FOUNDER EVENTS; VARIANCE; COMPONENTS; EPISTASIS; DRIFT; LINES; COVARIANCES AB The average effects of inbreeding depression have been measured extensively in maize (Zea mays L.), but the influence of inbreeding on genetic variance has not been well studied. Two hundred random S-1, S-2, S-3, and S-4 lines were developed from the BS13(S)C0 population by single-seed descent and a set of 200 related half-sib families were de. developed from the S-1 lines. The lines and half-sib families were evaluated in replicated yield trials for six agronomic characters. Under a purely additive model, the expected variance among inbred individuals is exactly twice the variance of noninbred individuals. The observed variance of inbred individuals in our study was 1.18 times the variance of noninbred individuals or less for five of six traits studied. By contrast, variance of dominance deviations of inbred individuals ranged from 1.6 to 3.3 times the variance of dominance deviations of noninbred individuals for five of six traits studied. A negative covariance between dominance deviations and breeding values in inbred individuals was found for all six traits. An estimator of the degree of dominance for arbitrary allele frequencies was developed. The estimated average degree of dominance in BS13(S)C0 ranged from 1.28 to 2.76, corresponding to overdominance or pseudo-overdominance. Our results suggested that some regions of linked genes have large effects on inbreeding depression in this population. C1 Monsanto Co, Savoy, IL 61874 USA. Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Lamkey, KR (reprint author), Monsanto Co, 101 Tomaras Ave, Savoy, IL 61874 USA. RI Lamkey, Kendall/D-7631-2013 OI Lamkey, Kendall/0000-0001-8510-8798 NR 54 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 4 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 42 IS 4 BP 1094 EP 1104 PG 11 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 569KQ UT WOS:000176601900005 ER PT J AU Khalil, IH Carver, BF Krenzer, EG MacKown, CT Horn, GW Rayas-Duarte, P AF Khalil, IH Carver, BF Krenzer, EG MacKown, CT Horn, GW Rayas-Duarte, P TI Genetic trends in winter wheat grain quality with dual-purpose and grain-only management systems SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID BAKING QUALITY; YIELD COMPONENTS; GREAT-PLAINS; CULTIVARS; ENVIRONMENT; IMPROVEMENT; TRAITS; FORAGE; GENOTYPE; SOFT AB Hard winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain harvested from a dual-purpose (forage plus grain) crop is often perceived by users to have inferior end-use quality compared with that of a grain-only crop. In this paper, we determine if that perception has a scientific basis and if long-term genetic changes in grain quality are equally expressed under two management systems commonly practiced in the southern Great Plains. Uniform trials were established under grain-only and dual-purpose management systems, each featuring whole-plot treatments of a foliar fungicide and split-plot treatments of 12 hard red "inter (HRW) wheat cultivars spanning nearly 80 yr of genetic improvement. The study was conducted for 4 yr at the Wheat Pasture Research Center near Marshall. OK. Dual-purpose experiments were grazed from November through late February or early March of each year. Variables measured were kernel hardness,grain protein, flour yield. mixing time and tolerance, large-kernel fraction. kernel weight, and kernel diameter. The effect of fungicide treatment was not significant. Cultivar X system interactions were generally absent, and the correlation between management systems varied from r = 0.74 to 0.99 (P < 0.01), indicating a high level of consistency in quality between systems. Kernel weight in the dual-purpose system did not reach the same level as in the grain-only system for some cultivars, though kernel diameter was not negatively affected. Grain protein and dough strength, measured by mixing time and tolerance. were unaffected by management system. Significant genetic progress was observed in both systems for only the physical quality attributes (kernel weight and diameter, and percent large kernels). With exception of kernel weight, we detected no detrimental effect of the dual-purpose management system on cultivar performance. or on cultivar differences associated with breeding, for several characteristics commonly used to estimate bread wheat quality. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. USDA ARS, Grazinglands Res Lab, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. RP Carver, BF (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. NR 29 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 6 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 42 IS 4 BP 1112 EP 1116 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 569KQ UT WOS:000176601900007 ER PT J AU Milach, SCK Rines, HW Phillips, RL AF Milach, SCK Rines, HW Phillips, RL TI Plant height components and gibberellic acid response of oat dwarf lines SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID GENETIC-ANALYSIS; TRANSGENIC ARABIDOPSIS; HYPOCOTYL ELONGATION; NITROGEN-FERTILIZER; INTERNODE LENGTH; CULM LENGTH; PHYTOCHROME; PANICLE; MUTANTS; OVEREXPRESSION AB The use of oat (Avena sativa L.) dwarfing genes in breeding programs to improve lodging resistance has been limited, mainly because of decreases in yield and grain quality in many environments. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of the dominant Dw6, Dw7, and DwS dwarfing genes on plant height components and the gibberellic acid (GA) response of the dwarf lines. Plant height components including internode length, panicle length, and particle exertion were measured in plants of three nondwarf and nine dwarf lines grown in the field at St. Paul in 1992 and 1993. Five experiments were performed in growth chambers to assay the response of nondwarf and dwarf oat genotypes to exogenous GA applied at the seedling stage. The Dw6 gene in line OT207 caused a 34 to 37% reduction in plant height due to the reduction in the length of the three uppermost internodes but not internode number. The 46% reduction in height caused by the Dw7 gene in line NC2469-3 resulted from decreases in both internode number and elongation. The Dw8 gene present in derivatives of seven Japanese lines shortened all internodes but did not affect internode number, reducing plant height by about 50%. The dwarf lines that carry these dwarfing loci are responsive to exogenously added GA(3), GA(1) and GA(20), and thus the mutations appear not to involve disruptions of the conversion of GA(20) to GA(1). The results indicate that different strategies may be needed to adjust for the different plant height component effects of each of the three dwarfing genes for their use in oat cultivar development. C1 Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Fed Rio Grande Sul, Fac Agron, Dept Plantas Lavoura, BR-90012970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Inst Plant Mol Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Rines, HW (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, 411 Borlaug Hall,1991 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 48 TC 14 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 6 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 42 IS 4 BP 1147 EP 1154 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 569KQ UT WOS:000176601900013 ER PT J AU Antonious, GF Kasperbauer, MJ AF Antonious, GF Kasperbauer, MJ TI Color of light reflected to leaves modifies nutrient content of carrot roots SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID FAR-RED-LIGHT; DIETARY BETA-CAROTENE; OF-DAY RED; MULCH; END; TOBACCO; PLANTS; VEGETABLES; RADIATION; RESPONSES AB Improved yield and nutrient content of food crops are important to both growers and consumers. We hypothesized that color of light reflected from the soil surface to developing leaves of field grown plants could result in modified concentrations of nutrients in edible roots. Carrot (Daucus carota L.) was used as the test plant. The plants were grown in trickle-irrigated field plots that were covered with panels that reflected various combinations of far-red (FR), red (R), and blue light (BL) to the growing leaves. The highest FR to R photon ratio reflected to developing leaves resulted in greatest shoot weight and the lowest root-to-shoot weight ratio. However, an increased quantity of photosynthetic light resulted in greater total weight per plant. Roots from yellow- and white-covered plots had highest concentrations of beta-carotene and ascorbic acid. Those from yellow- and black-covered plots had highest concentration of phenolics. In general, concentrations were higher in cortex than in xylem tissues. We conclude that color of light reflected from the soil surface to developing leaves can influence yield and chemical composition of edible roots. This discovery suggests that color of light reflected to growing shoots may also influence chemical composition of plant species used as phytonutraceuticals. C1 Kent State Univ, Atwood Res Facil 218, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Frankfort, KY 40601 USA. USDA ARS, Coastal Plains Soil Water & Plant Res Ctr, Florence, SC 29501 USA. RP Antonious, GF (reprint author), Kent State Univ, Atwood Res Facil 218, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Frankfort, KY 40601 USA. EM gantonious@gwmail.kysu.edu NR 30 TC 14 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 7 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 42 IS 4 BP 1211 EP 1216 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 569KQ UT WOS:000176601900021 ER PT J AU Rao, SC Coleman, SW Mayeux, HS AF Rao, SC Coleman, SW Mayeux, HS TI Forage production and nutritive value of selected pigeonpea ecotypes in the southern Great Plains SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID DRY-MATTER; PERFORMANCE; WHEAT AB Stocker cattle production in portions of southern Great Plains depends on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and warm-season perennial grasses. Nutrient supply is limited in both quantity and quality from late July through November. To determine if pigeonpea [Cajanus Cajan (L.) Millsp.] could fill this deficit, a field study was conducted from 1996 to 1998. Seasonal forage production patterns, yield, and quality of three pigeonpea ecotypes (ICP8151, ICPX910007, and PBNA) were evaluated. Pigeonpeas produced 5 Mg ha(-1) dry matter by 26 August, with N concentration >20 g kg(-1) and digestible dry matter (DDM) > 500 g kg(-1). Ecotype ICPX910007 accumulated greatest dry matter in 136 d (16 Mg ha(-1)), followed by ICP8151 (13 Mg ha-1) and PBNA (9.5 Mg ha(-1)). Mean N concentration for PBNA was 28.6 g kg(-1) as compared with 23.3 and 23.0 g kg(-1) for ICP8151 and ICP910007, respectively. Digestible dry matter of PBNA was 614 g kg(-1), followed by 576 and 572 for ICP8151 and ICP910007, respectively. Leaf dry matter yield averaged across sampling dates and years for all ecotypes ranged from 2360 to 2600 kg ha(-1). Leaf quality was similar to that of alfalfa for all ecotypes. Environmental conditions such as cooler spring and summer temperatures and excess rainfall (1997) or extreme drought (1988) reduced yield of all ecotypes. Pigeonpea can provide high-quality forage that could be used as a primary or supplementary forage for grazing livestock at a time when other forages are less productive. C1 USDA ARS, Grazing Res Lab, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. USDA ARS, STARS, Brookesville, FL 34601 USA. RP Rao, SC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grazing Res Lab, 7207 W Cheyenne St, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. NR 29 TC 20 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 42 IS 4 BP 1259 EP 1263 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 569KQ UT WOS:000176601900027 ER PT J AU Burns, JC Chamblee, DS Giesbrecht, FG AF Burns, JC Chamblee, DS Giesbrecht, FG TI Defoliation intensity effects on season-long dry matter distribution and nutritive value of tall fescue SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID GROWTH-RATE AB Implementation of intensive grazing management requires knowledge about pasture growth rates and nutritive value throughout the grazing season. Such information is lacking because results from small-plot defoliation experiments generally focus on annual dry matter yields (DMYs) and season mean nutritive value. In this experiment, the influences of defoliation treatments on daily growth rate (DGR) and associated nutritive value of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) throughout the growing season were evaluated. A 3-yr study was conducted on a Typic Kanhapludult soil near Raleigh, NC. Eight defoliation treatments (31-, 15-, 10- and 8-cm canopy heights cut to a 5-cm stubble, 31-, 15-. and 11-cm canopy heights cut to a 9-cm stubble, and an 8-cm canopy height cut to a 4-cm stubble) were evaluated in a randomized complete block design. Daily growth rates (kg ha(-1)) were significantly (P less than or equal to 0.01) altered by defoliation treatments and by cars within treatments. When rainfall was near normal in both spring and late summer, tall fescue growth rates, depending on defoliation treatment, ranged from 34 to 55 kg ha(-1) d(-1) in May, from 7 to 18 kg ha(-1) d(-1) in late July, to 22 to 35 kg ha(-1) d(-1) in late September. In less favorable years, DGRs seldom exceeded 30 kg ha(-1) d(-1) in the spring or 15 to 30 kg ha(-1) d(-1) in the autumn. Depending on defoliation treatments, in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) ranged between 650 and 733 g kg(-1) in the spring, 479 and 687 g kg(-1) in midsummer, and 549 and 807 g kg(-1) by late summer. Crude protein (CP) and detergent fiber fraction concentrations were also examined. The approach used to estimate DGR and associated nutritive value changes throughout the growing season resulted in useful data that can be applied in developing intensive grazing management practices. C1 N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Burns, JC (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 24 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 8 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 42 IS 4 BP 1274 EP 1284 PG 11 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 569KQ UT WOS:000176601900029 ER PT J AU Bauchan, GR Campbell, TA Hossain, MA AF Bauchan, GR Campbell, TA Hossain, MA TI Chromosomal polymorphism as detected by C-banding patterns in Chilean alfalfa germplasm SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SATIVA SSP. CAERULEA; DIPLOID ALFALFA; KARYOTYPIC ANALYSIS; BANDED CHROMOSOMES; MEDICAGO; FALCATA; HYBRID AB A cytogenetic investigation was conducted on the tetraploid alfalfa [Medicago sativa subsp. sativa (L.) L. & L.] Chilean germplasm source PI 536534 using the combined techniques of C-banding and image analysis. Cluster and multiple correspondence analyses were utilized to compare the C-banding patterns of the Chilean germplasm source and the previously published African germplasm source. Cytogenetic analyses revealed polymorphisms for heterochromatic DNA in the 19 plants observed in detail. Abundant variability in the number, intensity, and location of constitutive heterochromatic DNA was noted; however, this variability was not sufficient to preclude recognition of homologous chromosomes. Five out of the 50 plants studied were aneuploids (2n = 4x + 1 = 33 or 2n = 4x - 1 = 31) because of the presence or absence of a chromosome with a satellite. The Chilean karyotype resembled the reference tetraploid African alfalfa karyotype; however, a reduction in the total amount of heterochromatic DNA was observed. Cluster analysis and multiple correspondence analysis based on all eight alfalfa genome chromosomes yielded no clear separation of Chilean and African germplasms. However, the analysis of C-banding patterns of Homolog 1 of Chromosome 8 in Chilean and African germplasms was effective in separating the two germplasm sources with the exception of two individuals from each germplasm source which clustered together. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Soyabean Genom & Improvement Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Bauchan, GR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Soyabean Genom & Improvement Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 30 TC 3 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 42 IS 4 BP 1291 EP 1297 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 569KQ UT WOS:000176601900031 ER PT J AU Bregitzer, P Zhang, SB Cho, MJ Lemaux, PG AF Bregitzer, P Zhang, SB Cho, MJ Lemaux, PG TI Reduced somaclonal variation in barley is associated with culturing highly differentiated, meristematic tissues SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID HORDEUM-VULGARE L.; AVENA-SATIVA L.; TRANSGENIC BARLEY; FERTILE BARLEY; PLANTS; TRANSFORMATION; IMPROVEMENT; CULTIVARS; CALLUS AB Modern plant breeding programs depend heavily on germplasm resources composed of closely related breeding lines and cultivars. Asexual introduction of recombinant DNA offers novel opportunities for crop improvement, but most transformation methods rely on tissue culture systems which are mutagenic. The resultant transgenic plants frequently contain undesirable genetic changes (somaclonal variation), in addition to the introduced transgene. Such plants may have reduced agronomic performance, which complicates their use as parents in a breeding program. The development of tissue culture systems that are less mutagenic should enable the production of transgenic plants with superior performance. In this study, agronomic traits were measured for plants regenerated from cultures of two barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes, using three different tissue culture systems, and compared with the performance of uncultured controls. Plants derived from all three systems were shown to have reduced performance for one or more agronomic traits, but there were clear differences attributable to the culture system. Plants derived from standard embryogenic callus tissues were shown to have the greatest reductions in agronomic performance. Two other tissue culture systems, which had been developed for increased regenerability, showed better performance. Plants derived from highly differentiated, meristematic tissues showed the least reductions in agronomic performance. Plants derived from a modification of the embryogenic callus system-which is characterized by an intermediate level of differentiation-showed intermediate levels of agronomic performance. These results demonstrate that modifications of methodology, in addition to improving plant regenerability, can reduce the level of somaclonal variation in regenerated plants. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Small Grains Germplasm Res Facil, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Bregitzer, P (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Small Grains Germplasm Res Facil, 1691 S 2700 W, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. NR 23 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 42 IS 4 BP 1303 EP 1308 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 569KQ UT WOS:000176601900033 ER PT J AU Zhou, XG Carter, TE Cui, ZL Miyazaki, S Burton, JW AF Zhou, XG Carter, TE Cui, ZL Miyazaki, S Burton, JW TI Genetic diversity patterns in Japanese soybean cultivars based on coefficient of parentage SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID YIELD AB Japan is a historical center of genetic diversity for soybean [Glycine mar (L.) Merr.], but diversity of modern Japanese cultivars is not well characterized. The objectives of this study were to quantify genetic diversity of Japanese cultivars via coefficient of parentage (Cl?), determine the relative importance of breeding factors in explaining that diversity, and incorporate results into a practical guide for management of diversity. All 86 public Japanese cultivars released and registered during 1950 to 1988 were subjected to CP and multivariate analysis. The mean CP for the 86 cultivars was low (0.04), indicating a potentially high degree of diversity in Japanese breeding. Eighty percent of all pairs of cultivars were completely unrelated by pedigree. The low mean CP for the cultivars was attributed to a continual incorporation of unique Japanese land races into the genetic base over time, to the introduction of foreign germplasm from China and the United States and Canada (US-CAN) as breeding stock, and to limited exchange of germplasm among Japanese breeding programs. Cluster analysis was an effective discriminator of diversity. Six clusters were identified which had a mean CP value equivalent to that of halfsibs or greater. These clusters encompassed a total of 54 cultivars, explained 57% of the variation in the CP relations, and had few ancestors in common. Each cluster was derived primarily from only a few programs. Backcrossing and full-sib matings were absent in Japanese pedigrees and, thus, clusters were formed primarily, from parent-offspring, full-sib, and half-sib relations. Cultivar attributes such as growing region, release era, maturity designation, and developing institution did not elucidate strong patterns of pedigree diversity. In practical breeding, one may maximize the chances of finding good specific Japanese X Japanese or Japanese X US-CAN crosses by choosing Japanese cultivars from a wide array of Japanese clusters rather than sampling extensively within a cluster. C1 N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Natl Inst Agrobiol Resources, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan. RP Carter, TE (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 33 TC 21 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 42 IS 4 BP 1331 EP 1342 PG 12 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 569KQ UT WOS:000176601900037 ER PT J AU Ratcliffe, RH Patterson, FL Cambron, SE Ohm, HW AF Ratcliffe, RH Patterson, FL Cambron, SE Ohm, HW TI Resistance in durum wheat sources to Hessian fly (Diptera : Cecidomyiidae) populations in eastern USA SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; GENES; REGISTRATION; GERMPLASM; INTRODUCTIONS AB Damage from Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say), infestation of soft red winter wheat, Triticum aestivum L, in the eastern USA has been reduced by the deployment of genes for resistance in commercial cultivars. Hessian fly populations in the eastern USA have developed virulence to previously deployed genes for resistance except for H13, deployed in 1998. Durum wheat, Triticum durum Desf., is an important source of resistance to Hessian fly. Four populations of Hessian fly, believed representative of the eastern USA, were selected for seedling tests of 26 durum genotypes which had shown resistance to Hessian fly biotypes B, D, or L in earlier laboratory tests. The putative number of genes conditioning resistance to laboratory biotype L was determined in backcross segregation analysis of 11 PI selections of unknown genotype. The number of genes for resistance to Hessian fly was also recorded of other durum genotypes in the test from observed segregation or published data. Some common wheat genotypes were included in tests with the four populations. Most of the 26 durum genotypes were resistant to the four eastern USA Hessian fly populations. The four Hessian fly populations were similar in avirulence to most durum germplasm lines but with differences in virulence to a few lines. The four populations were virulent to the previously deployed resistances provided by H3, H5, and H6. The northern two Hessian fly populations were virulent and the southern two populations were avirulent to the previously deployed resistance of H7H8. Resistance to laboratory biotypes D or L of the 26 durum genotypes was conditioned by one, two, or three genes, depending upon line. C1 USDA ARS, Crop Prod & Pest Control Res Univ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Agron, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Ratcliffe, RH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Crop Prod & Pest Control Res Univ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 18 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 42 IS 4 BP 1350 EP 1356 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 569KQ UT WOS:000176601900039 ER PT J AU McPhee, KE Muehlbauer, FJ AF McPhee, KE Muehlbauer, FJ TI Registration of 'Lifter' green dry pea SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP McPhee, KE (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, 303 Johnson Hall, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 1 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 42 IS 4 BP 1377 EP 1378 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 569KQ UT WOS:000176601900049 ER PT J AU McPhee, KE Muehlbauer, FJ AF McPhee, KE Muehlbauer, FJ TI Registration of 'Franklin' green dry pea SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP McPhee, KE (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, 303 Johnson Hall, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 42 IS 4 BP 1378 EP 1378 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 569KQ UT WOS:000176601900050 ER PT J AU Murphy, JP Navarro, RA Leath, S AF Murphy, JP Navarro, RA Leath, S TI Registration of NC99BGTAG11 wheat germplasm resistant to powdery mildew SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID COMMON WHEAT; GENE C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Plant Pathol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Murphy, JP (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 4 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 42 IS 4 BP 1382 EP 1382 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 569KQ UT WOS:000176601900056 ER PT J AU Gillaspie, AG AF Gillaspie, AG TI Registration of GC-86L-98 cowpea germplasm resistant to Cucumber mosaic virus and Blackeye cowpea mosaic virus SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS, Genet Resources Conservat Unit, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. RP Gillaspie, AG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Genet Resources Conservat Unit, 1109 Expt St, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 42 IS 4 BP 1385 EP 1385 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 569KQ UT WOS:000176601900061 ER PT J AU Waters, WR Harkins, KR Wannemuehler, MJ AF Waters, WR Harkins, KR Wannemuehler, MJ TI Five-color flow cytometric analysis of swine lymphocytes for detection of proliferation, apoptosis, viability, and phenotype SO CYTOMETRY LA English DT Article DE flow cytometry; porcine lymphocytes; PKH dyes; apoptosis; proliferation ID SERPULINA-HYODYSENTERIAE BACTERIN; ANNEXIN-V BINDS; SUBSET PROLIFERATION; CLONAL EXPANSION; IMMUNE-RESPONSES; CELL RECEPTOR; B-CELLS; IN-VIVO; T-CELLS; ACTIVATION AB Background: The objective of this study was to develop a method to simultaneously examine phenotype, proliferation, apoptosis, and death of antigen-stimulated porcine lymphocytes. Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from pigs vaccinated with a Brachyspira byodysenteriae bacterin. Results: Once isolated, PBMCs were stained with the fluorescent membrane intercalating dye, PKH67, and cultured with or without B. hyodysenteriae whole-cell sonicate antigen. Serial samples of nonstimulated and B. hyodysenteriae-stimulated PBMCs were harvested for flow cytometric analysis. Fluorochrome excitation was performed with spatially separated air-cooled argon and red helium neon laser beams. Five-coloranalysis included signal detection of PKH67 (proliferation), phycoerythrin (cell surface antigen), Texas Red phycoerythrin tandem (cell surface antigen), allophycocyanin (annexin V), and 7-amino-actinomysin D (7AAD; viability. For analysis, gates were set on live (annexin V-, 7AAD(-)), intact apoptotic (annexin V+, 7AAD(dim)), and live plus intact apoptotic (annexin V+/-, 7AAD(dim/-)) cells, and the phenotypes of PBMCs within these populations were determined during the course of the in vitro response. Dead cells (i.e., 7AAD(bright)) were excluded from the analysis. Conclusion: Application of this method for the determination of porcine lymphocyte subset proliferation is presented. Cytometry, 48146-152, 2002. (C) 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Iowa State Univ, Flow Cytometry Facil, Ames, IA USA. Iowa State Univ, Vet Med Res Inst, Ames, IA USA. RP Waters, WR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 25 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0196-4763 J9 CYTOMETRY JI Cytometry PD JUL 1 PY 2002 VL 48 IS 3 BP 146 EP 152 DI 10.1002/cyto.10122 PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA 570KB UT WOS:000176656500004 PM 12116360 ER PT J AU Chen, H Waldbieser, GC Rice, CD Elibol, B Wolters, WR Hanson, LA AF Chen, H Waldbieser, GC Rice, CD Elibol, B Wolters, WR Hanson, LA TI Isolation and characterization of channel catfish natural resistance associated macrophage protein gene SO DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE catfish innate immunity; macrophage function; natural resistance associated macrophage protein; lipopolysaccharide induced gene expression; membrane transport protein ID IRON-RESPONSIVE ELEMENTS; NRAMP1 GENE; ICTALURUS-PUNCTATUS; EDWARDSIELLA-ICTALURI; MESSENGER-RNA; RAINBOW-TROUT; HIGH-AFFINITY; CELL-LINES; EXPRESSION; CLONING AB Natural resistance associated macrophage protein I (Nramp1) affects the ability, of macrophages to kill pathogens. We cloned Nramp cDNA of channel catfish to identify potential molecular markers for disease resistance. Three different Nramp transcripts were identified: NrampCa-2912 nucleotides (nt). NrampCb-3245 nt, and NrampCe-3721 nt. At the 5' end. the transcripts have a common 2263 nt sequence containing the open reading frame. The differences are in the 3' untranslated region resulting from alternative splicing and polyadenylation. NrampCc is the predominant form expressed. The deduced 550 amino acid sequence of the channel catfish Nramp (NrampC) has high homology to Nramp from other vertebrates and a predicted conserved structure. The NrampC contains the 12 transmembrane domains, and the consensus transport motif. Posttranscriptional processing is also conserved. Phylogenetic analysis grouped NrampC with other fish Nramps and closer to Nramp2 than to Nramp1 of mammals. However. the catfish transcript does not contain an iron-responsive regulatory-protein binding site, a characteristic of Nramp2, and, like Nramp1. NrampC expression is induced in macrophage-rich tissues after exposure to lipopolysaccharide and in a macrophage cell line when Stimulated. Thus NrampC is structurally closer to mammalian Nramp2 but may function similar to Nramp1. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. USDA ARS, Catfish Genet Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. Clemson Univ, ENTOX, CIET, Pendleton, SC 29670 USA. RP Hanson, LA (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, Coll Vet Med, POB 6100, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 42 TC 23 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0145-305X J9 DEV COMP IMMUNOL JI Dev. Comp. Immunol. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 26 IS 6 BP 517 EP 531 AR PII S0145-305X(01)00096-9 DI 10.1016/S0145-305X(01)00096-9 PG 15 WC Immunology; Zoology SC Immunology; Zoology GA 570PQ UT WOS:000176667000003 PM 12031412 ER PT J AU Simon, A Thomas, RE AF Simon, A Thomas, RE TI Processes and forms of an unstable alluvial system with resistant, cohesive streambeds SO EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS LA English DT Article DE channel evolution; cohesive sediments; erodibility; knickpoint; unstable channels ID SIEVE RIVER; LOESS AREA; CHANNEL; ERODIBILITY; STABILITY; EROSION; SOILS; USA AB As a response to channelization projects undertaken near the turn of the 20th century and in the late 1960s. upstream reaches and tributaries of the Yalobusha River, Mississippi, USA, have been rejuvenated by upstream-migrating knickpoints. Sediment and woody vegetation delivered to the channels by mass failure of streambanks has been transported downstream to form a large sediment/debris plug where the downstream end of the channelized reach joins an unmodified sinuous reach. Classification within a model of channel evolution and analysis of thalweg elevations and channel slopes indicates that downstream reaches have equilibrated but that upstream reaches are actively degrading. The beds of degrading reaches are characterized by firm, cohesive clays of two formations of Palaeocene age. The erodibility of these clay beds was determined with a jet-test device and related to critical shear stresses and erosion rates. Repeated surveys indicated that knickpoint migration rates in these clays varied from 0.7 to 12 m a(-1), and that these rates and migration processes are highly dependent upon the bed substrate. Resistant clay beds of the Porters Creek Clay formation have restricted advancement of knickpoints in certain reaches and have caused a shift in channel adjustment processes towards bank failures and channel widening: Channel bank material accounts for at least 85 per cent of the material derived from the channel boundaries of the Yalobusha River system. Strategies to reduce downstream flooding problems while preventing upstream erosion and land loss are being contemplated by action agencies. One such proposal involves removal of the sediment/debris plug. Bank stability analyses that account for pore-water and confining pressures have been conducted for a range of hydrologic conditions to aid in predicting future channel response. If the sediment/debris plug is removed to improve downstream drainage, care should be taken to provide sufficient time for drainage of groundwater from the channel banks so as not to induce accelerated bank failures. Published in 2002 by John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. RP Thomas, RE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, POB 1157, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. NR 44 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 17 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0197-9337 J9 EARTH SURF PROC LAND JI Earth Surf. Process. Landf. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 27 IS 7 BP 699 EP 718 DI 10.1002/esp.347 PG 20 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 580TT UT WOS:000177251900002 ER PT J AU Railsback, SF Harvey, BC AF Railsback, SF Harvey, BC TI Analysis of habitat-selection rules using an individual-based model SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE foraging; habitat selection; individual-based model; model testing; modeling, state-based; movement motivation; rules for habitat selection, trout; salmonidae; stream fish ID GRAYLING THYMALLUS-ARCTICUS; LIFE-HISTORY VARIATION; RAINBOW-TROUT; ATLANTIC SALMON; COHO SALMON; BROWN TROUT; DOMINANCE HIERARCHIES; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; MICROHABITAT USE; JUVENILE SALMON AB Despite their promise for simulating natural complexity, individual-based models (IBMs) are rarely used for ecological research or resource management. Few IBMs have been shown to reproduce realistic patterns of behavior by individual organisms. To test our IBM of stream salmonids and draw conclusions about foraging theory, we analyzed the IBM's ability to reproduce six patterns of habitat selection by real trout in simulations contrasting three alternative habitat-selection objectives: maximizing current growth rate, Current probability, or "expected maturity" (EM). EM is the product of (1) predicted survival of starvation and other mortality risks over a future time horizon, and (2) the fraction of reproductive size attained over the time horizon. Minimizing the ratio of mortality risk to growth rate was not tested as a habitat-selection rule because it produces nonsensical results when any habitat yields negative growth rates. The IBM simulates habitat selection in response to spatial and temporal variation in mortality risks and food availability as fish compete for food. The model fish move each daily time step to maximize their habitat-selection objective with no other restrictions (e.g., territoriality) imposed. Simulations with habitat selected to maximize growth reproduced three of the six habitat-selection patterns; maximizing survival reproduced two patterns; and maximizing EM reproduced all six patterns. Two patterns (shifts in habitat with Changes in temperature and food availability) were not reproduced by the objectives that consider only current growth and risk but were explained by the EM objective that considers how future starvation risk depends on current energy reserves and energy intake. In 75-d simulations, population-level survival and biomass accumulation were hi-hest for fish moving to maximize EM. These results support the basic assumptions of state-based dynamic-model in g approaches to habitat selection. Our IBM appears successful because it avoids restrictive assumptions, incorporates competition for food, assumes salmonids make good habitat-selection decisions at a daily time step, and uses a habitat objective (EM) that provides reasonable trade-offs between growth and mortality risks. C1 Lang Railsback & Associates, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. US Forest Serv, Redwood Sci Lab, Pacific SW Res Stn, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. RP Railsback, SF (reprint author), Lang Railsback & Associates, 250 Calif Ave, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. OI Railsback, Steven/0000-0002-5923-9847 NR 46 TC 123 Z9 125 U1 6 U2 64 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD JUL PY 2002 VL 83 IS 7 BP 1817 EP 1830 DI 10.2307/3071767 PG 14 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 571LD UT WOS:000176718100004 ER PT J AU Struglia, R Winter, PL AF Struglia, R Winter, PL TI The role of population projections in environmental management SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE population projections; socioeconomic assessment; cultural diversity; natural resource management ID RECREATION; ETHNICITY AB California and other regions in the United States are becoming more populated and ethnically diverse, and thus, ecological impacts on the wildland-urban interface are a significant policy concern. In a socioeconomic assessment focused on the geographic regions surrounding four national forests in southern California, population projections are being formulated to assist in the update of forest plans. In southern California, the projected trend of explosive population growth combined with increased ethnic and racial diversity indicates four challenges for environmental management. First, patterns of recreation use on wildlands are likely to change, and management of these areas will have to address new needs. Second, as land-management agencies face changing constituencies, new methods of soliciting public involvement from ethnic and racial groups will be necessary. Third, growth in the region is likely to encroach upon wildland areas, affecting water, air, open space, and endangered species. Fourth, in order to address all these concerns in a climate of declining budgets, resource management agencies need to strengthen collaborative relationships with other agencies in the region. How environmental managers approach these changes has widespread implications for the ecological sustainability of forests in southern California. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Winter, PL (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, 4965 Canyon Crest Dr, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. NR 70 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 30 IS 1 BP 13 EP 23 DI 10.1107/s00267-001-0068-1 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 564DB UT WOS:000176298800002 PM 12053236 ER PT J AU Piirto, DD Rogers, RR AF Piirto, DD Rogers, RR TI An ecological basis for managing giant sequoia ecosystems SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE ecosystem management; environmental indicators; natural range of variability; giant sequoia ID MIXED CONIFER FOREST; NATIONAL-PARKS; FIRE HISTORY; CALIFORNIA; GIGANTEUM; GROVES; NATURALNESS; MANAGEMENT AB A strategy for management of giant sequoia groves is formulated using a conceptual framework for ecosystem management recently developed by Region Five of the USDA Forest Service. The framework includes physical, biological, and social dimensions. Environmental indicators and reference variability for key ecosystem elements are discussed in this paper. The selected ecosystem elements include: 1) attitudes, beliefs, and values; 2) economics and subsistence; 3) stream channel morphology; 4) sediment; 5) water; 6) fire; 7) organic debris; and 8) vegetation mosaic. Recommendations are made for the attributes of environmental indicators that characterize these elements. These elements and associated indicators will define and control management activities for the protection, preservation, and restoration of national forest giant sequoia ecosystems. C1 Calif Polytech State Univ San Luis Obispo, Nat Resources Management Dept, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Sequoia Natl Forest, Porterville, CA 93257 USA. RP Piirto, DD (reprint author), Calif Polytech State Univ San Luis Obispo, Nat Resources Management Dept, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407 USA. NR 69 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 4 U2 15 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 30 IS 1 BP 110 EP 128 DI 10.1007/s00267-001-2537-y PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 564DB UT WOS:000176298800011 PM 12053245 ER PT J AU Alexander, SJ Pilz, D Weber, NS Brown, E Rockwell, VA AF Alexander, SJ Pilz, D Weber, NS Brown, E Rockwell, VA TI Mushrooms, trees, and money: Value estimates of commercial mushrooms and timber in the Pacific Northwest SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE joint production; resource value; economics; mushrooms; nontimber forest products ID ABIES L KARST; MORCHELLA; BOUDIER; OREGON AB Wild edible mushrooms are harvested in the forests of the Pacific Northwest, where both trees and mushrooms grow in the same landscape. Although there has been some discussion about the value of trees and mushrooms individually, little information exists about the joint production of, and value for, these two forest products. Through four case studies, the information needed to determine production and value for three wild mushroom species in different forests of the Pacific Northwest is described, and present values for several different forest management scenarios are presented. The values for timber and for mushrooms are site- and species-specific. On the Olympic Peninsula in Washington, timber is highly valued and chanterelles are a low-value product by weight; timber has a soil expectation value (SEV) 12 to 200 times higher than chanterelles. In south-central Oregon, timber and American matsutake mushrooms have the potential to have about the same SEV. In eastern Oregon, timber is worth 20 to 110 times as much as the morels that grow in the forest. Production economics is concerned with choices about how much and what to produce with what resources. The choices are influenced by changes in technical and economic circumstances. Through our description and analysis of the necessary definitions and assumptions to assess value in joint production of timber and wild mushrooms, we found that values are sensitive to assumptions about changes in forest management, yields for mushrooms and trees, and costs. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Winema Natl Forest, Chemult, OR 97731 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Wallowa Whitman Natl Forest, Baker City, OR 97814 USA. RP Alexander, SJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 41 TC 37 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 25 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 30 IS 1 BP 129 EP 141 DI 10.1007/s00267-002-2610-1 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 564DB UT WOS:000176298800012 PM 12053246 ER PT J AU Yao, M McCrory, MA Ma, G Li, Y Dolnikowski, GG Roberts, SB AF Yao, M McCrory, MA Ma, G Li, Y Dolnikowski, GG Roberts, SB TI Energy requirements of urban Chinese adults with manual or sedentary occupations, determined using the doubly labeled water method SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE total energy expenditure; energy requirements; doubly labeled water; occupation; physical activity level; body composition ID BASAL METABOLIC-RATE; BODY-COMPOSITION; PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; EXPENDITURE; WOMEN; MEN; (H2O)-H-2-O-18; QUESTIONNAIRE; VALIDATION; EQUATIONS AB Objective: To examine total energy expenditure (TEE) in relation to occupation and reported leisure time activities in free-living Chinese adults, and to determine whether measured TEE values differ from current international dietary energy recommendations. Setting and subjects: Seventy three weight-maintaining adults aged 35 -49y, leading unrestricted lives in urban Beijing, with a wide variety of occupations. Design and methods: A cross-sectional study in which TEE was determined by doubly labeled water, body composition by deuterium oxide ((H2O)-H-2) dilution, resting energy expenditure (pREE) by prediction equations, and occupational and leisure time activities by questionnaire. Results: For men and women respectively, TEE averaged 12.10 +/- 0.32 and 9.53 +/- 10.23 MJ/day (P < 0.001), and physical activity level (PAL=TEE/pREE) was 1.77 +/- 0.04 and 1.66 +/- 0.02 (P<0.05). Fat-free mass (FFM) was the single best predictor of TEE (adjusted r(2)=0.71, P<0.001). Occupational category(light, moderate and heavy)further predicted TEE, independent of FFM (adjusted multiple r(2) = 0.82, P < 0.001). Both TEE adjusted for weight and PAL increased with occupational category. Measured TEE was slightly but significantly higher than the 1985 FAO/WHO/UNU estimates for women with light occupations, but did not differ from estimates for men with light occupations, or for adults with moderate or heavy occupations. Conclusion: Level of occupational activity, but not duration or type of leisure activity, significantly predicted TEE in free-living urban Chinese adults. Current energy requirement recommendations slightly underestimated the energy needs of women with light occupations but were accurate for men and women with moderate and heavy occupations. Sponsorship: NIH grants DK53404 and F32-DKO9747. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Energy Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Chinese Acad Prevent Med, Inst Nutr & Food Hyg, Beijing, Peoples R China. RP Roberts, SB (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Energy Metab Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RI Li, Yanping/H-6437-2011 FU NIDDK NIH HHS [DK53404, F32-DK09747] NR 54 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0954-3007 J9 EUR J CLIN NUTR JI Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 56 IS 7 BP 575 EP 584 DI 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601361 PG 10 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 575TA UT WOS:000176963200003 PM 12080396 ER PT J AU Jomantiene, R Davis, RE Valiunas, D Alminaite, A AF Jomantiene, R Davis, RE Valiunas, D Alminaite, A TI New group 16SrIII phytoplasma lineages in Lithuania exhibit rRNA interoperon sequence heterogeneity SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE 16S rDNA; rRNA operon; phytopathogenic mollicutes; PCR ID 16S RIBOSOMAL-RNA; WITCHES-BROOM DISEASE; MYCOPLASMALIKE ORGANISMS; PHYTOPATHOGENIC MOLLICUTES; MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; GRAPEVINE YELLOWS; FLAVESCENCE-DOREE; CLASSIFICATION; GENES; PHYLLODY AB Previously undescribed phytoplasmas were detected in diseased plants of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) exhibiting virescence of flowers, thistle (Cirsium arvense) exhibiting symptoms of white leaf, and a Gaillardia sp. exhibiting symptoms of stunting and phyllody in Lithuania. On the basis of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of 16S rDNA amplified in PCR, the dandelion virescence (DanVir), cirsium whiteleaf (CirWL), and gaillardia phyllody (GaiPh) phytoplasmas were classified in phylogenetic group 16SrIII (X-disease phytoplasma group), new subgroups III-P and III-R and subgroup III-B, respectively. RFLP and nucleotide sequence analyses revealed 16S rRNA interoperon sequence heterogeneity in the two rRNA operons, rrnA and rrnB, of both DanVir and CirWL. Results from phylogenetic analysis based on nucleotide sequences of 16S rDNA were consistent with recognition of the two new subgroups as representatives of distinct new lineages within the group 16SrIII phytoplasma subclade. The branching order of rrnA and rrnB sequences in the phylogenetic tree supported this interpretation and indicated recent common ancestry of the two rRNA operons in each of the phytoplasmas exhibiting interoperon heterogeneity. C1 ARS, Plant Mol Biol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Inst Bot, LT-2021 Vilnius, Lithuania. RP Davis, RE (reprint author), ARS, Plant Mol Biol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 42 TC 41 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0929-1873 J9 EUR J PLANT PATHOL JI Eur. J. Plant Pathol. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 108 IS 6 BP 507 EP 517 DI 10.1023/A:1019982418063 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 588UW UT WOS:000177720900003 ER PT J AU Carter, JP Rezanoor, HN Holden, D Desjardins, AE Plattner, RD Nicholson, P AF Carter, JP Rezanoor, HN Holden, D Desjardins, AE Plattner, RD Nicholson, P TI Variation in pathogenicity associated with the genetic diversity of Fusarium graminearum SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Fusarium head blight; SCAR; RAPD; chemotype ID HEAD BLIGHT; TRICHOTHECENE MYCOTOXINS; GIBBERELLA-ZEAE; REDUCED VIRULENCE; FIELD POPULATIONS; PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS; WHEAT SCAB; WINTER RYE; MAIZE; AGGRESSIVENESS AB We screened 188 isolates of Fusarium graminearum, which originated from northwest Europe, the USA and Nepal, for genetic diversity using a sequence-characterised amplified region polymorphism (SCAR). On the basis of this analysis, 42 of the 118 isolates were selected for random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. Three groups were identified, two of which, A and B, contained the isolates from Nepal, and a third, group C, contained the isolates from Europe and the USA. In pathogenicity tests on wheat and maize seedlings, group C isolates were more pathogenic than the group A and B isolates. The isolates were assigned chemotypes based on their ability to produce the trichothecene mycotoxins nivalenol (NIV) and deoxynivalenol (DON). Isolates from group A were equally likely to produce NIV or DON while group B isolates produced predominantly NIV, and group C isolates produced predominantly DON. Within group A, isolates of the two chemotypes were equally pathogenic to wheat but isolates with the NIV chemotype were significantly more pathogenic to maize. The results confirm that distinct genetic groups exist within F. graminearum and demonstrate that these groups have different biological properties, especially with respect to their pathogenicity to two of the most economically important hosts of this pathogen. C1 John Innes Ctr, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England. ARS, Mycotox Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Nicholson, P (reprint author), John Innes Ctr, Norwich Res Pk,Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England. RI Nicholson, Paul/I-4314-2012 NR 32 TC 104 Z9 112 U1 0 U2 23 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0929-1873 J9 EUR J PLANT PATHOL JI Eur. J. Plant Pathol. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 108 IS 6 BP 573 EP 583 DI 10.1023/A:1019921203161 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 588UW UT WOS:000177720900010 ER PT J AU Clarke, KE Rinderer, TE Franck, P Quezada-Euan, JG Oldroyd, BP AF Clarke, KE Rinderer, TE Franck, P Quezada-Euan, JG Oldroyd, BP TI The Africanization of honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) of the Yucatan: A study of a massive hybridization event across time SO EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE Africanized bee; Apis mellifera; gene flow; honeybee; hybridization; microsatellites ID MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA VARIABILITY; POPULATION-STRUCTURE; GENETIC-STRUCTURE; TROPICAL YUCATAN; BEE POPULATIONS; HYBRID ZONES; ORIGIN; MICROSATELLITE; PENINSULA; LIGUSTICA AB Until recently, African and European subspecies of the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) had been geographically separated for around 10,000 years. However, human-assisted introductions have caused the mixing of large populations of African and European subspecies in South and Central America, permitting an unprecedented opportunity to study a large-scale hybridization event using molecular analyses. We obtained reference populations from Europe. Africa, and South America and used these to provide baseline information for a microsatellite and mitochondrial analysis of the process of Africanization of the bees of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. The genetic structure of the Yucatecan population has changed dramatically over time. The pre-Africanized Yucatecan population (1985) comprised bees that were most similar to samples from southeastern Europe and northern and western Europe. Three years after the arrival of Africanized bees (1989). substantial paternal gene flow had occurred from feral Africanized drones into the resident European population, but maternal gene flow from the invading Africanized population into the local population was negligible. However by 1998, there was a radical shift with both African nuclear alleles (65%) and African-derived mitochondria (61%) dominating the genomes of domestic colonies. We suggest that although European mitochondria may eventually be driven to extinction in the feral population, stable introgression of European nuclear alleles has occurred. C1 Univ Sydney, Sch Biol A12, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. USDA ARS, Honey Bee Breeding Genet & Physiol Res Lab, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 USA. Ctr Biol & Gest Populat, F-34988 St Gely Fec, France. Univ Autonoma Yucatan, Fac Med Vet & Zootecnica, Yucatan 97100, Mexico. RP Clarke, KE (reprint author), Univ Sydney, Sch Biol A12, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. OI Franck, Pierre/0000-0002-1904-8325 NR 68 TC 63 Z9 63 U1 2 U2 43 PU SOC STUDY EVOLUTION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0014-3820 J9 EVOLUTION JI Evolution PD JUL PY 2002 VL 56 IS 7 BP 1462 EP 1474 PG 13 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 583WR UT WOS:000177434400014 PM 12206246 ER PT J AU Lucca, JJD Saari, JT Falcone, JC Schuschke, DA AF Lucca, JJD Saari, JT Falcone, JC Schuschke, DA TI Neointima formation in the rat carotid artery is exacerbated by dietary copper deficiency SO EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE copper; angioplasty; restenosis; carotid artery ID SMOOTH-MUSCLE-CELLS; INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; LYSYL OXIDASE; INJURY; MICROCIRCULATION; ANGIOPLASTY; RESTENOSIS; ACETYLCHOLINE; VASODILATION AB Dietary copper is an essential trace element with roles in both functional and structural aspects of the cardiovascular system. In particular, the vascular response to inflammatory stimuli is known to be significantly augmented in copper-deficient rats. The current study was designed to quantify the extent of injury-induced neointimal proliferation and stenosis in rats fed diets either adequate or deficient in copper. Male, weanling SpragueDawley rats were fed purified diets that were either adequate (CuA; 5.6 mug Cu/g) or deficient (CuD; 0.3 mug Cu/g) in copper for 4 weeks. Balloon injury was induced in the left external carotid arteries. Fourteen days after injury, histomorphometric analysis of cross-sections from carotid arteries showed increased neo-intimal formation in the CuD group compared with the CuA controls (neointima/media ratio: 4.55 +/- 0.93 vs 1.45 +/- 0.2, respectively). These results correspond with data indicating that the activity of Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD) is depressed in rats fed this CuD diet. Because superoxide anion and redox status are known to play a key role in the extent of neointimal formation in response to injury, we propose that the exaggerated neointimal proliferation seen in the CuD group is the result of the diminished Cu/Zn-SOD activity. C1 Univ Louisville, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Louisville, KY 40292 USA. USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Schuschke, DA (reprint author), Univ Louisville, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Louisville, KY 40292 USA. EM daschu01@louisville.edu NR 37 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND SN 1535-3702 EI 1535-3699 J9 EXP BIOL MED JI Exp. Biol. Med. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 227 IS 7 BP 487 EP 491 PG 5 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA 568EE UT WOS:000176528800012 ER PT J AU Shang, F Nowell, T Gong, X Smith, DE Dallal, GE Khu, P Taylor, A AF Shang, F Nowell, T Gong, X Smith, DE Dallal, GE Khu, P Taylor, A TI Sex-linked differences in cataract progression in Emory mice SO EXPERIMENTAL EYE RESEARCH LA English DT Letter ID RESTRICTION DELAYS CATARACT; CALORIE RESTRICTION; LENS OPACITIES; MOUSE; PREVALENCE; EYE; EPIDEMIOLOGY; AUSTRALIA; UBIQUITIN; ASCORBATE C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res, Ctr Aging, Lab Nutr & Vis Res, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Brigham & Womens Hosp, Ctr Ophthalm Res, Boston, MA 02115 USA. RP Shang, F (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res, Ctr Aging, Lab Nutr & Vis Res, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU PHS HHS [R01-13250, R01-08566] NR 26 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0014-4835 J9 EXP EYE RES JI Exp. Eye Res. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 75 IS 1 BP 109 EP 111 DI 10.1006/exer.2002.1174 PG 3 WC Ophthalmology SC Ophthalmology GA 600UK UT WOS:000178410000011 PM 12123642 ER PT J AU Wakelyn, PJ Hughs, SE AF Wakelyn, PJ Hughs, SE TI Evaluation of the flammability of cotton bales SO FIRE AND MATERIALS LA English DT Article AB Bales of cotton were classified by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) code regulations as a flammable solid (Class 4.1), which required hazardous goods papers to accompany waterborne shipments. Various scientific investigations were conducted to evaluate the flammability hazard of bales of cotton to determine if this hazardous designation was valid. Cigarette (NFPA 261/ ASTM E1352), match (NFPA 705) and open flame (CA TB 129) tests were conducted; the potential for self-heating and spontaneous combustion was evaluated; and the potential of cotton bales sustaining smouldering combustion in their interiors at various compression densities was studied. These studies showed that bales of cotton should not be required to have the hazardous designation, 'flammable solid', and led to the IMO and the US Department of Transportation (DOT) removing the designation for baled cotton [compressed to a density of 360 kg/m(3) (22.4 lb/ft(3)) or greater; meets ISO 8115], with effect from I January 1999. Published in 2002 by John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 Natl Cotton Council, Washington, DC 20036 USA. USDA ARS, Mesilla Park, NM 88047 USA. RP Wakelyn, PJ (reprint author), Natl Cotton Council, 1521 New Hampshire Ave, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 17 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 8 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0308-0501 J9 FIRE MATER JI Fire Mater. PD JUL-OCT PY 2002 VL 26 IS 4-5 BP 183 EP 189 DI 10.1002/fam.795 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 635WW UT WOS:000180423900006 ER PT J AU Trucksess, MW Dombrink-Kurtzman, MA Tournas, VH White, KD AF Trucksess, MW Dombrink-Kurtzman, MA Tournas, VH White, KD TI Occurrence of aflatoxins and fumonisins in Incaparina from Guatemala SO FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS LA English DT Article DE mycotoxins; aflatoxins; fumonisins; Incaparina; moulds; corn; cottonseed ID CORN AB The occurrence of aflatoxins and fumonisins in Incaparina was investigated. Incaparin a is a mixture of corn and cottonseed flour with added vitamins, minerals and a preservative. It has been marketed as a high-protein food supplement, particularly for children on protein-deficient diets. According to estimates, 80% of Guatemalan children in their first year are given Incaparin a to provide an adequate diet. Eight samples of Incaparin a manufactured in Guatemala were collected. Five were from three different geographical locations in the USA and three were from Guatemala. Seven were examined for fungal contamination and analysed for aflatoxins and fumonisins. Aspergillus flavus was the predominant fungus in all samples purchased in the USA and in one sample purchased from Guatemala, whereas Fusarium verticillioides was present in only two samples (one from the USA and one from Guatemala). All samples contained aflatoxins, ranging from 3 to 214 ng g(-1) and <2 to 32 ng g(-1) for aflatoxin B-1 and aflatoxin B-2, respectively; and one sample contained aflatoxin G(1) (7 ng g(-1)). Total aflatoxins present ranged from 3 to 244 ng g(-1). All samples contained fumonisins, ranging from 0.2 to 1.7 μg g(-1), <0.1 to 0.6 mug g(-1), and <0.1 to 0.2 μg g(-1) for fumonisins B-1, fumonisin B-2, and fumonisin B-3, respectively. Total fumonisins present ranged from 0.2 to 2.2 μg g(-1). The identity of aflatoxin B-1 was confirmed using both the chemical derivatization method and liquid chromatographic (LC)/mass spectrometric (MS) analysis. Appropriate regulatory action was recommended for the import of Incaparina and has been in effect since 22 December 1998. C1 US FDA, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, Washington, DC 20204 USA. USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Agr Res Serv, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Trucksess, MW (reprint author), US FDA, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, Washington, DC 20204 USA. NR 18 TC 16 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0265-203X J9 FOOD ADDIT CONTAM JI Food Addit. Contam. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 19 IS 7 BP 671 EP 675 DI 10.1080/02652030210125092 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology; Toxicology GA 572BR UT WOS:000176754000006 PM 12113662 ER PT J AU Eggleston, G AF Eggleston, G TI Deterioration of cane juice - sources and indicators SO FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID HARVEST METHOD; STORAGE TIME; DEXTRANSUCRASE; ACCEPTOR; QUALITY AB Laboratory tests, comparing microbial, enzymic, and chemical deterioration of sucrose in factory cane juice, were undertaken. Heat (boiling temperature) and biocide treated juice, as well as untreated juice, were deteriorated at 27 degreesC (to simulate factory ambient temperature) in an incubator over 71 h. The biocide-treated juice retained its dark brown colour, fresh odour, initial pH and degreesBrix levels over 71 h. In strong contrast, after 71 h the untreated juice was light brown, had a strong alcohol odour and markedly lower pH and degreesBrix levels. The colour of the heated juice decreased only after 23 h, and the juice was viscous after 71 h and had neither a fresh nor alcoholic odour. Sucrose, glucose, and fructose were analyzed using gas chromatography. Over the first 14 h of deterioration, 93.0% of sucrose losses were microbial, 5.7% enzymic and 1.3% were chemical (acid degradation). Ion chromatography with integrated pulsed amperometric detection (IC-IPAD) was used to simultaneously determine ethanol, mannitol, and oligosaccharides in deteriorated cane juice. The rate of formation of mannitol, produced from the reduction of fructose by mannitol dehydrogenase in dextran forming Leueonostoc bacteria, was much higher than associated oligosaccharides or ethanol formation. A further investigation of the use of mannitol as a sensitive indicator of future dextran-related processing problems at the cane factory is warranted. Ethanol was shown not to be very useful as an indicator of Leuconostoc bacterial cane deterioration. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Eggleston, G (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 23 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0308-8146 J9 FOOD CHEM JI Food Chem. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 78 IS 1 BP 95 EP 103 AR PII S0308-8146(01)00390-9 DI 10.1016/S0308-8146(01)00390-9 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 584RD UT WOS:000177481100015 ER PT J AU Greenberg, CH AF Greenberg, CH TI Response of white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) to coarse woody debris and microsite use in southern Appalachian treefall gaps SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Peromyscus leucopus; white-footed mouse; microsite use; coarse woody debris; treefall gaps; Southern Appalachians; natural disturbance ID SOUTHEASTERN PINE FOREST; SMALL-MAMMAL FAUNA; MANICULATUS; MOUNTAINS; HABITAT; DENSITY; ACORNS; POPULATIONS; GOSSYPINUS; ABUNDANCE AB The influence of treefall gaps and coarse woody debris (CWD) on white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) abundance was tested experimentally during 1996-1999 in a southern Appalachian hardwood forest. I compared the relative abundance and body size of P. leucopus among unsalvaged gaps that were created by wind disturbance and retained high CWD levels, salvage logged gaps where fallen and damaged tree boles had been removed. and closed-canopy controls. I also tested the relative use by mice of four microsite types: CWD, pits. woody brush, and open ground. One-hundred and forty-one R leucopus were captured 310 times during the study. There were no differences in capture success, body size. or sex ratio among treatments before or after salvage logging, but abundance varied among years. Capture success was higher at traps set adjacent to CWD (P < 0.05) and in pits (P < 0.10) than at traps set under brush or on open ground. In the southern Appalachians. windthrow-created canopy gaps and associated microsites do not affect habitat use by P. leucopus at a landscape level (as measured by relative abundance among treatments), but CWD influences the microdistribution of P. leucopus where it is present. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Bent Creek Expt Forest, Asheville, NC 28806 USA. RP Greenberg, CH (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Bent Creek Expt Forest, 1577 Brevard Rd, Asheville, NC 28806 USA. NR 40 TC 24 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD JUL 1 PY 2002 VL 164 IS 1-3 BP 57 EP 66 AR PII S0378-1127(01)00588-6 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00588-6 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 569LY UT WOS:000176604900005 ER PT J AU Collins, CS Conner, RN Saenz, D AF Collins, CS Conner, RN Saenz, D TI Influence of hardwood midstory and pine species on pine bole arthropods SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE arthropods; bark rugosity; foraging habitats; loblolly pine; midstory; Picoides borealis; pine boles; pine species; Pinus echinata; Pinus taeda; red-cockaded woodpeckers; shortleaf pine ID RED-COCKADED WOODPECKER; BREEDING BIOLOGY; DELICHON-URBICA; LONGLEAF PINE; BARK; ABUNDANCE; FLORIDA; FAUNA AB Arthropod density on the boles of loblolly pines (Pinus taeda) was compared between a stand with and stand without hardwood midstory and between a stand of loblolly and shortleaf pines (P. echinata) in the Stephen F. Austin Experimental Forest, Nacogdoches Co., Texas, USA from September 1993 through July 1994. Arthropod density was greatest (t = 5.67. 10 d.f., P < 0.001) in an open pine stand nearly devoid of hardwood midstory than in a pine stand with dense hardwood midstory. Loblolly pine had greater (t = 2.34, 10.9 d.f., P = 0.040) arthropod densities than shortleaf pine, Vegetative characteristics within a pine stand rather than bark rugosity appear to be the dominant factor determining arthropod density on the boles of pines. The red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis) should benefit from greater abundances of arthropods on the boles of pines particularly during the nesting season. In order to provide prime foraging habitat for the red-cockaded woodpecker, land managers should consider the vegetative community structure within foraging habitat. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Wildlife Habitat & Silviculture Lab, Nacogdoches, TX 75961 USA. RP Collins, CS (reprint author), US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Wildlife Habitat & Silviculture Lab, 506 Hayter St, Nacogdoches, TX 75961 USA. NR 44 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD JUL 1 PY 2002 VL 164 IS 1-3 BP 211 EP 220 AR PII S0378-1127(01)00595-3 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00595-3 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 569LY UT WOS:000176604900016 ER PT J AU McCarty, JP Levey, DJ Greenberg, CH Sargent, S AF McCarty, JP Levey, DJ Greenberg, CH Sargent, S TI Spatial and temporal variation in fruit use by wildlife in a forested landscape SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Review DE migratory birds; frugivory fruit consumption; fruit phenology; fruit production; managed forests; Savannah River Site ID VERTEBRATE-DISPERSED FRUITS; BIOLOGICAL SURVEY RECORDS; RED-COCKADED WOODPECKERS; SEED DISPERSAL; AMERICAN ROBINS; FRUGIVOROUS BIRDS; CROP SIZE; BOTTOMLAND HARDWOODS; CRATAEGUS-MONOGYNA; MYRICA-CERIFERA AB We monitored production and removal rates of fruit from 22 common plant species over 2 years in five habitats of a managed landscape in South Carolina (USA). Our long-term goal is to determine the importance of fruit as a resource for vertebrates and to provide recommendations for management of key species and habitats. This study lays the foundation for that goal by documenting fruit production and availability, variation in use by wildlife, and how these factors vary by plant species, habitat, and season. Six species produced >1 kg dry mass of pulp per hectare per year. Vertebrates consumed greater than or equal to50% of fruits in 17 of the 22 plant species. Fruit loss to insects and microbes was generally small and varied significantly among seasons, being lowest in fall and winter. The length of time ripe fruit survived on plants varied among species from 3 to 165 days. Survival time of fruits did not vary significantly among habitats but was significantly shorter in the summer than in fall or winter. Approximately, half the species produced fruit in the fall and winter and these fruits were primarily consumed by over-wintering wildlife. This pattern is inconsistent with the general belief that fruit production in the eastern United States is timed to correspond with periods of high bird abundance during fall migration. Production and consumption of winter fruits deserves further attention from forest managers, as relatively little other food is available in winter, energy demands of over-wintering birds are high. and current management practices often reduce fruit availability of key species (e.g., Myrica cerifera). We suggest that fruit is more important than generally realized in maintaining vertebrate diversity in temperate forests and that the focus of managers on hard mast production should be broadened to include fruiting plants. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Zool, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Asheville, NC 28806 USA. RP McCarty, JP (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Biol, Omaha, NE 68182 USA. EM tachycineta@yahoo.com RI McCarty, John/E-9797-2011 OI McCarty, John/0000-0002-6278-5451 NR 108 TC 44 Z9 48 U1 3 U2 24 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD JUL 1 PY 2002 VL 164 IS 1-3 BP 277 EP 291 AR PII S0378-1127(01)00612-0 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00612-0 PG 15 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 569LY UT WOS:000176604900022 ER PT J AU Curling, SF Clausen, CA Winandy, JE AF Curling, SF Clausen, CA Winandy, JE TI Relationships between mechanical properties, weight loss, and chemical composition of wood during incipient brown-rot decay SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID STRENGTH AB Incipient decay of wood by brown-rot fungi causes measurable strength losses in wood before measurable weight loss occurs. Previous studies have shown that the high levels of strength loss that occur during incipient brown-rot decay may be related to loss in hemicellulose. This study investigates the effect of decay on hemicellulose composition and the relationship of decay to the mechanical properties of the wood. An in vitro test method was used to allow progressive sampling of southern pine exposed to monocultures of brown-rot fungi. The wood was subsequently analyzed by mechanical testing and chemical analysis. The results demonstrated a ratio of strength to weight loss of approximately 4:1. The chemical data indicated that early strength loss (up to 40%) was associated with loss of arabinan and galactan components. Subsequent strength loss (greater than 40%) was associated with the loss of the mannan and xylan components. Significant loss of glucan (representing cellulose) was only detected at greater than 75 percent modulus of rupture loss. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53726 USA. RP Curling, SF (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53726 USA. NR 18 TC 66 Z9 75 U1 0 U2 10 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 52 IS 7-8 BP 34 EP 39 PG 6 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 584QE UT WOS:000177478500003 ER PT J AU Keegan, CE Niccolucci, MJ Fiedler, CE Jones, JG Regel, RW AF Keegan, CE Niccolucci, MJ Fiedler, CE Jones, JG Regel, RW TI Harvest cost collection approaches and associated equations for restoration treatments on national forests SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Forest managers are constantly faced with the need to reliably estimate harvest costs. Because of the inherently variable conditions under which logging occurs, estimating costs inexpensively is challenging. Yet cost estimates for timber harvest are especially important as new treatments aimed at ecosystem restoration are developed. The approach presented here combines elements of several cost-estimation methods to efficiently estimate stump-to-loaded-truck timber harvest costs for a range of ecosystem restoration prescriptions. This approach relies on detailed information from logging managers to build predictive models. Two equations are presented, one for tractor systems and one for skyline systems in Montana. Stump-to-loaded-truck harvest costs are expressed for harvest volumes ranging from 13 to 125 green tons per acre, for timber ranging from 6 to 10.5 inches in average diameter, and skidding/yarding distances ranging from 600 to 1,800 feet. The equations explained more than 60 percent of the variation in costs, with removal volume, average piece size, and average skidding/yarding distance as highly significant explanatory variables. For tractor and skyline systems, estimated harvest costs decrease $1.27 and $1.31 per green ton with each 1-inch increase in average diameter, decrease $0.06 and $0.13 per green ton for each ton increase in volume per acre removed, and increase $0.69 and $1.26 per green ton for each 100-foot increase in skidding/yarding distance, respectively. C1 Univ Montana, Sch Business, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Inventory & Monitoring Inst, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Sta, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. Univ Montana, Sch Forestry, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. Univ Montana, Sch Business, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. RP Keegan, CE (reprint author), Univ Montana, Sch Business, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. NR 8 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 52 IS 7-8 BP 96 EP 99 PG 4 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 584QE UT WOS:000177478500012 ER PT J AU Puebla-Osorio, N Proudman, JA Compton, AE Clements, KE Decuypere, E Vandesande, F Berghman, LR AF Puebla-Osorio, N Proudman, JA Compton, AE Clements, KE Decuypere, E Vandesande, F Berghman, LR TI FSH- and LH-cells originate as separate cell populations and at different embryonic stages in the chicken embryo SO GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FOLLICLE-STIMULATING-HORMONE; LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; IMMUNOCYTOCHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION; GTH-II; PITUITARY; ADENOHYPOPHYSIS; GONADOTROPINS AB The histological distribution of gonaclotrophs containing either LH or FSH, but not both gonadotropins, has been demonstrated before in the juvenile and adult chicken throughout the caudal and cephalic anterior pituitary lobes. In the present investigation, the distribution of FSH- and/or LH-containing gonadotrophs was further investigated in the chicken embryo by use of the same homologous antibodies as used in our earlier study. Fluorescent dual-labeling immunohistochemistry revealed that during embryogenesis LH and FSH reside exclusively in separate gonadotrophs, as has been described before in the post hatch bird. LH-immunoreactive cells were observed for the first time at day 9 of embryogenesis. This is as much as 4 days earlier than the FSH-immunoreactive cells, which appeared at day 13 of embryogenesis. Our results confirm that FSH- and LH-containing gonadotrophs are distributed throughout both lobes of the anterior pituitary. No conspicuous differences were observed between the sexes in any of the aspects investigated. The described situation is unique in that it seems to imply the existence of separate cell lineages for FSH-and LH-producing cells, as opposed to the single gonadotrope lineage described in all other species studied so far, with the exception of bovine. Our data indeed raise the question as to which signaling and/or transcription factors may cause the unique dichotomy observed in the chicken gonadotrophs. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. USDA ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Katholieke Univ Leuven, Lab Physiol & Domest Anim, Louvain, Belgium. Katholieke Univ Leuven, Lab Neuroendocrinol & Immunol Biotechnol, Louvain, Belgium. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Vet Pathobiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Puebla-Osorio, N (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 19 TC 17 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0016-6480 J9 GEN COMP ENDOCR JI Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 127 IS 3 BP 242 EP 248 AR PII S0016-6480(02)00054-0 DI 10.1016/S0016-6480(02)00054-0 PG 7 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 596MW UT WOS:000178169500005 PM 12225765 ER PT J AU Jarvis, NJ Zavattaro, L Rajkai, K Reynolds, WD Olsen, PA McGechan, M Mecke, M Mohanty, B Leeds-Harrison, PB Jacques, D AF Jarvis, NJ Zavattaro, L Rajkai, K Reynolds, WD Olsen, PA McGechan, M Mecke, M Mohanty, B Leeds-Harrison, PB Jacques, D TI Indirect estimation of near-saturated hydraulic conductivity from readily available soil information SO GEODERMA LA English DT Article DE pedotransfer function; near-saturated hydraulic conductivity; tension infiltrometer; geometric mean particle size; effective porosity ID PEDO-TRANSFER FUNCTIONS; DUAL-POROSITY MODEL; TENSION INFILTROMETERS; PEDOTRANSFER FUNCTIONS; PREFERENTIAL FLOW; UNSATURATED SOILS; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; WATER PROPERTIES; TRANSIENT FLOW; POROUS-MEDIA AB Application of process-based water flow and solute transport models is often hampered by insufficient knowledge of soil hydraulic properties. This is certainly true for dual- or multi-porosity models that account for non-equilibrium flow of water in macropores, where the saturated 'matrix' hydraulic conductivity is a particularly critical parameter. Direct measurement is possible, but this is impractical for larger scale studies (i.e. catchment or regional), where estimation methods (pedotransfer functions) are usually required. This paper presents pedotransfer functions for hydraulic conductivity at a pressure head of -10 cm, K-10, based on measurements of near-saturated hydraulic conductivity made with tension infiltrometers in 70 soil horizons at 37 different sites in 13 different countries. Pedotransfer functions were developed using texture classes, the geometric mean particle size, organic carbon content, bulk density and effective porosity as predictor variables. The pedotransfer functions explained no more than 12% to 29% of the variation in K-10 for the complete dataset. Some important sources of unexplained variation in K-10 may include errors and uncertainty in the (indirect) method used to measure K-10, differences in the way the tension infiltrometer is used, and also temporal changes in hydraulic conductivity due to tillage and/or surface sealing. The importance of tillage was emphasized by the fact that excluding arable topsoils from the analysis gave improved predictions (r(2) values between 26% and 44%) for pedotransfer functions based on texture classes, mean particle size and effective porosity. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V All rights reserved. C1 Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Soil Sci, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. Univ Turin, Dept Agron Silviculture & Land Management, I-10095 Grugliasco, Italy. Hungarian Acad Sci, Res Inst Soil Sci & Agr Chem, H-1025 Budapest, Hungary. Agr & Agri Food Canada, Greenhouse & Proc Crops Res Ctr, Harrow, ON N0R 1G0, Canada. Statoil F&U, N-7005 Trondheim, Norway. SAC, Environm Div, Land Management Dept, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, Midlothian, Scotland. Univ Helsinki, Dept Forest Ecol, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. Cranfield Univ Silsoe, Inst Water & Environm, Bedford MK45 4DT, England. Catholic Univ Louvain, Inst Land & Water Management, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium. RP Jarvis, NJ (reprint author), Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Soil Sci, POB 7014, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. RI Zavattaro, Laura/G-5095-2010; Rajkai, Kalman/B-3724-2014; Jacques, Diederik/C-5887-2009; OI Zavattaro, Laura/0000-0001-8199-7399; Jacques, Diederik/0000-0001-9393-2963 NR 46 TC 56 Z9 59 U1 2 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0016-7061 J9 GEODERMA JI Geoderma PD JUL PY 2002 VL 108 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 17 AR PII S0016-7061(01)00154-9 DI 10.1016/S0016-7061(01)00154-9 PG 17 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 566PA UT WOS:000176436200001 ER PT J AU Johnson, AC Wilcock, P AF Johnson, AC Wilcock, P TI Association between cedar decline and hillslope stability in mountainous regions of southeast Alaska SO GEOMORPHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE landslides; yellow-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis) decline; root strength; piezometers; soil saturation; pore pressure; infinite slope stability model; blowdown AB Old-growth forests experiencing widespread decline of yellow-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis) in southeast Alaska have a 3.8-fold increase in the frequency of landslides. We report here on an investigation of the cause of this increased slope instability. Time since death of cedar was assessed using surveys around landslide sites. Root decay on dead trees was used to estimate the decline in the apparent soil strength provided by roots. Changes in soil hydrology were measured with 120 piezometers located in areas of healthy cedar, healthy spruce/hemlock, and sites with cedar decline. Relative influences on slope stability by changes in soil moisture and root strength were evaluated with a simple stability model. At most sites, soil depth is <0.7 m, and the loss of root strength has an important and possibly dominant influence on slope instability. In soils deeper than I m, changes in pore pressure have a proportionately larger influence on slope stability. Landslides appear most likely when cedar decline reaches snag class IV (approximately 50 years after tree death), when most of the cedar root strength is lost and root strength from secondary growth has yet to develop. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, PNW Res Stn, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RP Johnson, AC (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, PNW Res Stn, 2770 Sherwood Lane,Suite 2A, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. NR 45 TC 14 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-555X J9 GEOMORPHOLOGY JI Geomorphology PD JUL 1 PY 2002 VL 46 IS 1-2 BP 129 EP 142 AR PII S0169-555X(02)00059-4 DI 10.1016/S0169-555X(02)00059-4 PG 14 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 570VL UT WOS:000176679400008 ER PT J AU Doran, JW Sims, JT AF Doran, JW Sims, JT TI Sustaining Earth and its people SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. RP Doran, JW (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 USA SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD JUL PY 2002 VL 47 IS 7 BP 5 EP 5 PG 1 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 575FC UT WOS:000176935400005 ER PT J AU Pijut, PM Moore, MJ AF Pijut, PM Moore, MJ TI Early season softwood cuttings effective for vegetative propagation of Juglans cinerea SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE butternut; adventitious rooting; threatened species ID BUTTERNUT CANKER AB Juglans cinerea L. (butternut) is a hardwood species valued for its wood and edible nuts. Information on the vegetative propagation of this species is currently unavailable. Our objective was to determine the conditions necessary for successful stem-cutting propagation of butternut. In 1999 and 2000, 10 trees (each year) were randomly selected from a 5- and 6-year-old butternut plantation located in Rosemount, Minn. Hardwood stem cuttings were collected in March, April, and May. Softwood cuttings were collected in June and July. K-IBA at 0, 29, or 62 mM in water and IBA at 0, 34, or 74 mM in 70% ethanol were tested for root induction on cuttings. The basal end of cuttings were dipped in a treatment solution for 10 to 15 seconds, potted in a peat : perlite mixture, and placed in a mist bed for 5 to 8 weeks. Rooted cuttings were gradually hardened off from the mist bed, allowed to initiate new growth, overwintered in a controlled cold-storage environment, and then outplanted to the field. For hardwood cuttings, rooting was greatest for those taken in mid-May (branches flushed out), 22% with 62 mM K-IBA and 28% with 74 mM IBA. Softwood cuttings rooted best when taken in June (current season's first flush of new growth or softwood growth 40 cm or greater) and treated with 62 mM K-IBA (77%) or 74 mM IBA (88%). For 1999, 31 out of 51 rooted softwood cuttings (60.8%) survived overwintering in cold storage and acclimatization to the field. For 2000, 173 out of 186 rooted softwood cuttings (93%) survived overwintering and acclimatization to the field. Chemical names used: indole-3-butyric acid-potassium salt (K-IBA); indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Res Stn, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Pijut, PM (reprint author), Purdue Univ, US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Stn,Hardwood Tree Improvement & Regenerat, 1159 Forestry Bldg, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RI Pijut, Paula/N-6789-2015 NR 29 TC 9 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD JUL PY 2002 VL 37 IS 4 BP 697 EP 700 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 574RW UT WOS:000176904200019 ER PT J AU Bell, RL van der Zwet, T Blake, RC AF Bell, RL van der Zwet, T Blake, RC TI 'Blake's Pride' pear SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Pyrus communis; cultivar; breeding; fire blight; Erwinia amylovora; disease resistance; fruit quality C1 USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. USDA ARS, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. RP Bell, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, 45 Wiltshire Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 9 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD JUL PY 2002 VL 37 IS 4 BP 711 EP 713 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 574RW UT WOS:000176904200024 ER PT J AU NeSmith, DS Draper, AD Spiers, JM AF NeSmith, DS Draper, AD Spiers, JM TI 'Alapaha' rabbiteye blueberry SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Vaccinium ashei; fruit breeding; cultivar; ripening date C1 Georgia Stn, Dept Hort, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. USDA ARS, Small Fruit Lab, Poplarville, MS 39470 USA. RP NeSmith, DS (reprint author), Georgia Stn, Dept Hort, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. NR 9 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD JUL PY 2002 VL 37 IS 4 BP 714 EP 715 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 574RW UT WOS:000176904200025 ER PT J AU Maas, JL Gouin, CC Hokanson, SC Hartung, JS AF Maas, JL Gouin, CC Hokanson, SC Hartung, JS TI Strawberry parent clones US 4808 and US 4809 resistant to bacterial angular leafspot disease caused by Xanthomonas fragariae SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID STRAINS C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Maas, JL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 13 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD JUL PY 2002 VL 37 IS 4 BP 716 EP 717 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 574RW UT WOS:000176904200026 ER PT J AU Hummer, KE Barney, DL AF Hummer, KE Barney, DL TI Currants SO HORTTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material DE Ribes; genetic resources; germplasm; Ribes nigrum; Ribes rubrum; Ribes sativum; Ribes sanguineum; Ribes hudsonianum ID RIBES C1 USDA ARS, Natl Clonal Germplasm Respository, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Univ Idaho, Sandpoint Res & Extens Ctr, Sandpoint, ID 83864 USA. RP Hummer, KE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Clonal Germplasm Respository, 33447 Peoria Rd, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 44 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 1063-0198 J9 HORTTECHNOLOGY JI HortTechnology PD JUL-SEP PY 2002 VL 12 IS 3 BP 377 EP 387 PG 11 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 566AZ UT WOS:000176405300011 ER PT J AU Drake, SR Elfving, DC Eisele, TA AF Drake, SR Elfving, DC Eisele, TA TI Harvest maturity and storage affect quality of 'Cripps Pink' (Pink Lady (R)) apples SO HORTTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE controlled atmosphere; starch index; postharvest ID BARTLETT PEARS; GALA APPLES; ATMOSPHERE STORAGE; DELICIOUS APPLES; O-2 AB Quality of 'Cripps Pink' apples (Malus x domestica) harvested at a starch index of 2 and 4 was evaluated over three crop seasons. Apple quality was evaluated after harvest and after regular atmosphere (RA) and controlled-atmosphere (CA) storage at 1% O-2 and 1% CO2 1% O-2 and 3% CO2, and 1% O-2 and 5% CO2 (1 year only) at 1 C-Q (33 to 34 F-Q). Over three seasons, commercially acceptable fruit quality was achieved on either harvest date following both long-term RA and CA storage. Fruit size was not different between apples harvested at a starch index of 2 or 4. Firmness and acids remained at acceptable levels [62 N (14 lb) and greater than or equal to0.50%, respectively] in 'Cripps Pink' apples regardless of maturity, storage time or storage conditions.Delaying harvest after a starch index of 2 was achieved increased soluble solids concentration (SSC), SSC to TA (titratable acidity) ratio, peel color, malic acid and citric acid concentrations but decreased fructose content. 'Cripps Pink' apples responded well to CA storage conditions of 1% O-2 with 1% or 3% CO2 but displayed significant firmness loss and greatly increased internal breakdown at 1% O-2 and 5% CO2 at 1 C-Q. C1 USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. Washington State Univ, Ctr Tree Fruit Res & Extens, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. Tree Top Inc, Selah, WA 98942 USA. RP Drake, SR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, 1104 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. NR 24 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 1063-0198 J9 HORTTECHNOLOGY JI HortTechnology PD JUL-SEP PY 2002 VL 12 IS 3 BP 388 EP 391 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 566AZ UT WOS:000176405300012 ER PT J AU Pomper, KW Layne, DR Reed, EB AF Pomper, KW Layne, DR Reed, EB TI Determination of the optimal rate of slow-release fertilizer for enhanced growth of pawpaw seedlings in containers SO HORTTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Asimina triloba; root : shoot ratio; kentucky banana ID NORTH-AMERICAN PAWPAW; GERMINATION AB Growth of pawpaw (Asimina triloba) seedlings in containers was examined in a factorial greenhouse experiment with four treatment levels of the slow-release fertilizer, Osmocote 14-14-14 (14N-6.1P-11.6K), incorporated in Pro-Mix BX potting substrate at 0, 0.13, 0.26 or 0.81 kg.m(-1) (0, 0.22, 0.44, or 1.37 lb/yard(3)) and three treatment levels of liquid-feed fertilizer of Peters 20-20-20 (20N-8.7P-16.6K) water-soluble fertilizer at 0, 250, or 500 mg-L.(-1) (ppm). When plants were harvested 18 weeks after sowing, seedlings subjected to the highest rate of Osmocote 14-14-14 at 0.81 kg.m(-1) and liquid-feed at 500 mg.L-1 had the greatest total biomass, about 3-fold greater than nonfertilized plants. In a separate greenhouse experiment, growth of seedlings was examined with Osmocote 14-14-14 as the sole fertilizer source at six treatment levels of. 0, 0.81, 2.22, 4.43, 8.86, or 17.7 kg.m(-1) (0, 1.37, 3.74, 7.47, 14.9, or 29.9 lb/yard(3)). Early seedling growth was hastened in the 2.22 kg.m(-1) treatment rate, but delayed in 17.7 kg.m(-1) treatment rate, when compared to nonfertilized control plants. When seedlings were harvested 17 weeks after sowing, plants had the greatest shoot, root, and total dry weight with Osmocote 14-14-14 at a rate of 2.22 kg.m(-3). Root:shoot ratio decreased from about 1.5 without Osmocote 14-14-14, to about 0.65 at rates of 2.22 kg.m(-3) or greater. Based on the results of this study, the slow-release fertilizer, Osmocote 14-14-14, ran be used effectively as a sole fertilizer source when incorporated into potting substrate at a rate of 2.22 kg.m(-3) or at a reduced rate of 0.81 kg.m(-3) when supplemented with weekly applications of liquid-feed fertilizer at a rate of 500 mg.L-1 of Peters 20-20-20, to enhance production of container-grown pawpaw seedlings. C1 Kentucky State Univ, USDA Natl Clonal Germplasm Repository Asimina Sp, Frankfort, KY 40601 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Hort, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Kentucky State Univ, Hort Program, Frankfort, KY 40601 USA. Kentucky State Univ, Land Grant Program, Frankfort, KY 40601 USA. RP Pomper, KW (reprint author), Kentucky State Univ, USDA Natl Clonal Germplasm Repository Asimina Sp, Frankfort, KY 40601 USA. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 1063-0198 J9 HORTTECHNOLOGY JI HortTechnology PD JUL-SEP PY 2002 VL 12 IS 3 BP 397 EP 402 PG 6 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 566AZ UT WOS:000176405300014 ER PT J AU Hansen, JD Albano, DJ Heidt, ML AF Hansen, JD Albano, DJ Heidt, ML TI Efficacy of using in-carton fumigation with the quarantine treatment against codling moth on apples intended for export to Japan SO HORTTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material DE Cydia pomonella; cold storage; Malusxdomestica; methyl bromide ID LEPIDOPTERA; TORTRICIDAE; RESIDUES AB The two-component quarantine treatment was shown to be effective against at least 7,000 codling moth (Cydia pomonella) fifth instar larvae infesting 'Fuji' apples (Malusxdomestica) in each required confirmation test involving two sizes of cartons. After cold storage for 55 days at 36 degreesF (2.2 degreesC), infested fruit were placed in vented cartons, either 20-lb [7 x 12 x 12.5 inches (17.8 x 30.5 x 31.8 cm)], or 40-lb [12 x 12.5 x 20.5 inches (30.5 x 31.8 x 52.1 cm)], then fumigated with 0.056 oz/ft(3)(56 g.m(-3)) of methyl bromide for 2 hours at 50 degreesF (10.0 degreesC). After each treatment, either no survivors were present or no moribund larvae survived beyond the first week of post evaluation of the larvae. C1 USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. RP Hansen, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, 5230 Konnowae Pass Rd, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 1063-0198 J9 HORTTECHNOLOGY JI HortTechnology PD JUL-SEP PY 2002 VL 12 IS 3 BP 441 EP 443 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 566AZ UT WOS:000176405300023 ER PT J AU Abbott, TP Wohlman, A Isbell, T Momany, FA Cantrell, C Garlotta, DV Weisleder, D AF Abbott, TP Wohlman, A Isbell, T Momany, FA Cantrell, C Garlotta, DV Weisleder, D TI 1,3-di(3-methoxybenzyl) thiourea and related lipid antioxidants SO INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Association-for-the-Advanced-of-Industrial-Crops CY OCT 15-17, 2000 CL ST LOUIS, MISSOURI SP Assoc Adv Ind Crops DE thiourea; antioxidant; vegetable oil; meadowfoam; limnanthes ID BRINE SHRIMP; FORCE-FIELD; MEADOWFOAM AB Natural lipids and oils are subject to oxidative degradation affecting color, odor, viscosity, and lubricity, which lowers the quality of the commercial products containing these lipids. In the food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries, maintaining high quality color and odor of oils and other lipids is important. Meadowfoam (Lininanthes alba) seed oil is more oxidatively stable than other vegetable oils and imparts this oxidative stability to other oils when mixed in combinations. This study was conducted to identify antioxidants in meadowfoam oil and to determine their properties. Structurally-related compounds were synthesized to compare to the antioxidant compound in meadowfoam. Compounds isolated from meadowfoam oil (L. alba), were concluded to be either a source of 1,3-di(3-methoxybenzyl) thiourea (3MBTU) or oxidation products from it. 3-Methoxybenzyl isothiocyanate (3MBITC) and 3-methoxybenzyl amine (3MBAm), which were identified in the oil as degradation products of the glucosinolate glucolimnanthin, reacted readily to form 3MBTU in meadowfoam oil, water and ethanol. 1,3-di(3-methoxybenzyl) urea, the oxygenated form of 3MBTU, was isolated from crude meadowfoam oil. 3MBTU and other disubstituted thioureas containing at least one 3-methoxybenzyl substituent were made from isothiocyanates and amines and the lipid solubility, antioxidant properties, toxicity (LC50), stability and spectral absorbance properties were determined. 3MBTU was an effective antioxidant in two different oxidative stability tests for mono- and polyunsaturated oils at the 0.1% level. It was also a stronger UVB absorber than most of the other disubstituted thioureas tested. Molecular models and calculations explained some of these results. The toxicity of 3MBTU was also very low compared with other thioureas and some commonly used lipid antioxidants. Solubility in meadowfoam oil was highest for 3MBTU, among those tested at 50 degreesC. In conclusion, 3MBTU, from meadowfoam oil, meadowfoam by-products, or synthesized appears to meet many of the criteria for an effective lipid antioxidant. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Fanning Corp, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. RP Abbott, TP (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 15 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-6690 J9 IND CROP PROD JI Ind. Crop. Prod. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 16 IS 1 BP 43 EP 57 AR PII S0926-6690(02)00006-7 DI 10.1016/S0926-6690(02)00006-7 PG 15 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 562UX UT WOS:000176218300005 ER PT J AU Shogren, RL Lawton, JW Tiefenbacher, KF AF Shogren, RL Lawton, JW Tiefenbacher, KF TI Baked starch foams: starch modifications and additives improve process parameters, structure and properties SO INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS LA English DT Article DE starch; foam; biodegradable; packaging ID BIODEGRADABLE MATERIALS; COMPOSITES; MORPHOLOGY AB Single-use packaging articles made of expanded polystyrene (EPS) are currently used to serve and pack a variety of food and non-food products. Recently, there have been efforts to develop and commercialize materials from renewable resources such as starch to replace EPS. Starch based foams are, however, brittle and sensitive to water, and thus require expensive coating steps when exposure to cold or hot liquids is required. In this report, various modified starches and additives were tested in baked foam plate formulations to improve strength and water resistance properties in lieu of coating. Foam plates made from chemically modified starches had shorter baking times, lighter weights and higher elongations at break than unmodified starch. Plates made from genetically modified (waxy) starches and polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) had elongations to break at low humidities, which were much higher than those made from normal starches and PVOH. Addition of softwood fibers increased starch foam plate strengths at low and high humidities. Addition of monostearyl citrate to starch batter formulations gave the best improvement in water resistance among the compounds tested. Baked foams made from potato amylopectin, PVOH, aspen fiber and monostearyl citrate appeared to have adequate flexibility and water resistance to function as clamshell-type hot sandwich containers. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 ARS, Plant Polymer Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Franz Haas Machinery Amer, Richmond, VA USA. RP Shogren, RL (reprint author), ARS, Plant Polymer Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 20 TC 61 Z9 70 U1 4 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-6690 J9 IND CROP PROD JI Ind. Crop. Prod. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 16 IS 1 BP 69 EP 79 AR PII S0926-6690(02)00010-9 DI 10.1016/S0926-6690(02)00010-9 PG 11 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 562UX UT WOS:000176218300007 ER PT J AU Florin-Christensen, M Suarez, CE Hines, SA Palmer, GH Brown, WC McElwain, TF AF Florin-Christensen, M Suarez, CE Hines, SA Palmer, GH Brown, WC McElwain, TF TI The Babesia bovis merozoite surface antigen 2 locus contains four tandemly arranged and expressed genes encoding immunologically distinct proteins SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM; IDENTIFICATION; EPITOPES; IMMUNIZATION; ANTIBODIES; DIVERSITY AB Members of the variable merozoite surface antigen (vmsa) gene family of Babesia bovis encode membrane proteins involved in erythrocyte invasion. In this study, we have identified and sequenced the complete 8.3-kb genomic locus containing msa-2, a member of the vmsa family, in the biologically cloned Mexico Mo7 strain. Four tandemly arranged copies of msa-2-related genes were found in the locus. The four genes, designated msa-2a, (which corresponds to the originally described msa-2 gene), msa-2a(2), msa-2b, and msa-2c, were shown to be transcribed and expressed and encode proteins with open reading frames ranging in size from 266 (MSA-2c) to 317 (MSA-2a(1)) amino acids. MSA-2a(1) and -2a(2) are the most closely related of the four proteins (90% identity), differing by (i) the number of 24-amino-acid repeats that comprise a surface-exposed B-cell epitope and (ii) the presence of a 32-amino-acid area of recombination between MSA-2a(2) and -2b. In contrast, msa-2c is most closely related to the previously described babr 0.8 gene in Australia strains of B. bovis. Comparison of MSA-2 proteins in the Argentina R1A strain of B. bovis with the Mexico Mo7 clone revealed a relatively high degree of conservation (83.6, 69.4, 79.1, and 88.7% amino acid identity for MSA-2a, -2a, -2b, and -2c, respectively), in contrast to the extensive MSA-1 sequence variation (52% identity) between the same two strains. Postinfection bovine immune serum contains antibodies that bound to each of the recombinant MSA-2 proteins. Blocking assays demonstrated the presence of unique B-cell epitopes in MSA-2a(1), -2b, and -2c. The results support the evolution of the msa-2 locus through at least two gene duplications, with selection for multiple related but antigenically distinct merozoite surface proteins. C1 Washington State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Program Vector Borne Dis, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. USDA ARS, Anim Dis Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP McElwain, TF (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Program Vector Borne Dis, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RI Suarez, Carlos/A-3121-2008 NR 29 TC 52 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 70 IS 7 BP 3566 EP 3575 DI 10.1128/IAI.70.7.3566-3575.2002 PG 10 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 564ET UT WOS:000176302600031 PM 12065497 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Barr, BC Barta, JR Bjerkas, I Bjorkman, C Blagburn, BL Bowman, DD Buxton, D Ellis, JT Gottstein, B Hemphill, A Hill, DE Howe, DK Jenkins, MC Kobayashi, Y Koudela, B Marsh, AE Mattsson, JG McAllister, MM Modry, D Omata, Y Sibley, LD Speer, CA Trees, AJ Uggla, A Upton, SJ Williams, DJL Lindsay, DS AF Dubey, JP Barr, BC Barta, JR Bjerkas, I Bjorkman, C Blagburn, BL Bowman, DD Buxton, D Ellis, JT Gottstein, B Hemphill, A Hill, DE Howe, DK Jenkins, MC Kobayashi, Y Koudela, B Marsh, AE Mattsson, JG McAllister, MM Modry, D Omata, Y Sibley, LD Speer, CA Trees, AJ Uggla, A Upton, SJ Williams, DJL Lindsay, DS TI Redescription of Neospora caninum and its differentiation from related coccidia SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Review DE Neospora caninum; redescription; tachyzoites; tissue cysts; oocysts; life cycle; Hammondia heydorni; Toxoplasma gondii ID CAMEL CAMELUS-DROMEDARIUS; NATURALLY INFECTED-DOG; IN-VITRO ISOLATION; POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; TOXOPLASMA-GONDII; HAMMONDIA-HEYDORNI; TISSUE CYSTS; BOVINE NEOSPORA; SURFACE-ANTIGEN; ULTRASTRUCTURE AB Neospora caninum is a protozoan parasite of animals, which before 1984 was misidentified as Toxoplasma gondii. Infection by this parasite is a major cause of abortion in cattle and causes paralysis in dogs. Since the original description of N. caninum in 1988, considerable progress has been made in the understanding of its life cycle, biology, genetics and diagnosis. In this article, the authors redescribe the parasite, distinguish it from related coccidia, and provide accession numbers to its type specimens deposited in museums. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. on behalf of Australian Society for Parasitology Inc. C1 USDA, Parisite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Anim & Nat Resources Inst,Agr Res Serv, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Sci, Davis, CA 95617 USA. Univ Guelph, Ontario Vet Coll, Dept Pathobiol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Norwegian Sch Vet Sci, Dept Morphol Genet & Aquat Biol, N-0033 Oslo, Norway. Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Ruminant Med & Vet Epidemiol, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. Cornell Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Auburn Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Moredun Res Inst, Int Res Ctr, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, Midlothian, Scotland. Univ Technol Sydney, Dept Cell & Mol Biol, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia. Univ Bern, Inst Parasitol, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. Univ Kentucky, Gluck Equine Res Ctr, Lexington, KY 40546 USA. Obihiro Univ Agr & Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathol, Obihiro, Hokkaido 0808555, Japan. Univ Vet & Pharmaceut Sci, Dept Parasitol, Brno, Czech Republic. Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Parasitol, CR-37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic. Univ Missouri, Dept Vet Pathobiol, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Natl Vet Inst, Dept Parasitol, SWEPAR, SE-75189 Uppsala, Sweden. Swedish Univ Agr Sci, SE-75189 Uppsala, Sweden. Univ Illinois, Dept Vet Pathobiol, Urbana, IL 61802 USA. Obihiro Univ Agr & Vet Med, Dept Vet Physiol, Obihiro, Hokkaido 0808555, Japan. Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Microbiol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA. Univ Tennessee, Coll Agr Sci & Nat Resources, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Univ Tennessee, Tennessee Agr Expt Stn, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Univ Liverpool Liverpool Sch Trop Med, Liverpool L3 5QA, Merseyside, England. Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Dept Biomed Sci & Pathobiol, Ctr Mol Med & Infect Dis, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), USDA, Parisite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Anim & Nat Resources Inst,Agr Res Serv, Bldg 1001,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Sibley, L. David/C-4616-2008; McAllister, Milton/C-8146-2013; Modry, David/G-7815-2014; Lindsay, David/G-8891-2016; Ellis, John/L-6988-2016; OI McAllister, Milton/0000-0001-5457-2678; Lindsay, David/0000-0002-0592-8321; Ellis, John/0000-0001-7328-4831; Barta, John/0000-0001-6896-2271 NR 121 TC 116 Z9 123 U1 0 U2 19 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0020-7519 J9 INT J PARASITOL JI Int. J. Parasit. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 32 IS 8 BP 929 EP 946 AR PII S0020-7519(02)00094-2 DI 10.1016/S0020-7519(02)00094-2 PG 18 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 577XE UT WOS:000177087500001 PM 12076623 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Lindsay, DS Rosenthal, BM Sreekumar, C Hill, DE Shen, SK Kwok, OCH Rickard, LG Black, SS Rashmir-Raven, A AF Dubey, JP Lindsay, DS Rosenthal, BM Sreekumar, C Hill, DE Shen, SK Kwok, OCH Rickard, LG Black, SS Rashmir-Raven, A TI Establishment of Besnoitia darlingi from opossums (Didelphis virginiana) in experimental intermediate and definitive hosts, propagation in cell culture, and description of ultrastructural and genetic characteristics SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Besnoitia darlingi; opossum; Didelphis virginiana; cat; felis catus; ultrastructure; molecular; schizont; cell culture ID SARCOCYSTIS-NEURONA; MICE; CATS AB Besnoitia darlingi from naturally infected opossums (Didelphis virginiana) from Mississippi, USA, was propagated experimentally in mice, cats, and cell culture and was characterised according to ultrastructural, genetic, and life-history characteristics. Cats fed tissue cysts from opossums shed oocysts with a prepatent period of nine or 11 days. Oocysts, bradyzoites, or tachyzoites were infective to outbred and interferon-gamma gene knockout mice. Tachyzoites were successfully cultivated and maintained in vitro in bovine monocytes and African green monkey cells and revived after an 18-month storage in liquid nitrogen. Schizonts were seen in the small intestinal lamina propria of cats fed experimentally-infected mouse tissues. These schizonts measured up to 45 x 25 mum, and contained many merozoites. A few schizonts were present in mesenteric lymph nodes and livers of cats fed tissue cysts. Ultrastructurally, tachyzoites and bradyzoites of B. darlingi were similar to other species of Besnoitia. A close relationship to B. besnoiti and an even closer relationship to B. jellisoni was indicated for B. darlingi on the basis of the small subunit and ITS-1 portions of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. on behalf of Australian Society for Parasitology Inc. C1 USDA, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Agr Res Serv, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr,Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Ctr Mol Med & Infect Dis, Dept Biomed Sci & Pathobiol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Mississippi Vet Diagnost Lab, Jackson, MS 39216 USA. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), USDA, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Agr Res Serv, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr,Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Bldg 1001,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Lindsay, David/G-8891-2016; OI Lindsay, David/0000-0002-0592-8321; Rosenthal, Benjamin/0000-0002-0224-3773; Chirukandoth, Sreekumar/0000-0003-2875-4034 NR 33 TC 32 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0020-7519 J9 INT J PARASITOL JI Int. J. Parasit. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 32 IS 8 BP 1053 EP 1064 AR PII S0020-7519(02)00060-7 DI 10.1016/S0020-7519(02)00060-7 PG 12 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 577XE UT WOS:000177087500012 PM 12076634 ER PT J AU Heidari, M Hamir, A Cutlip, RC Brogden, KA AF Heidari, M Hamir, A Cutlip, RC Brogden, KA TI Antimicrobial anionic peptide binds in vivo to Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica attached to ovine alveolar epithelium SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS LA English DT Article DE antimicrobial peptides; anionic; Mannheimia haemolytica; sheep; pulmonary; respiratory tract ID BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE FLUID; CYSTIC-FIBROSIS; AIRWAY SURFACE; HUMAN LUNG; IN-VITRO; ANTIBIOTICS; DEFENSE AB Endogenous antimicrobial peptide activity in vivo has rarely been demonstrated. To assess this, Mannheimia haemolytica (log(10) 10.20 cfu) was deposited into the lungs of adult sheep, which were killed at 0, 5, 10 and 20 min for necropsy. At 0 min, M. haemolytica appeared normal and monoclonal antibody to antimicrobial anionic peptide (AP) and Protein A-colloidal gold identified AP already bound to the bacterial surface. At 5-20 min, many organisms were distorted with flocculated intracellular constituents characteristic of AP cellular damage indicating that AP can bind to and presumably help inactivate organisms in vivo. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. and International Society of Chemotherapy. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Resp Dis Livestock Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Virus & Prion Dis Livestock Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Brogden, KA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Resp Dis Livestock Res Unit, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 25 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0924-8579 J9 INT J ANTIMICROB AG JI Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents PD JUL PY 2002 VL 20 IS 1 BP 69 EP 72 AR PII S0924-8579(02)00048-1 DI 10.1016/S0924-8579(02)00048-1 PG 4 WC Infectious Diseases; Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Infectious Diseases; Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 588FM UT WOS:000177691400011 PM 12127715 ER PT J AU Kuchler, F Lin, BH AF Kuchler, F Lin, BH TI The influence of individual choices and attitudes on adiposity SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBESITY LA English DT Article DE adiposity; gender; attitudes ID UNITED-STATES; BREAKFAST; OBESITY AB OBJECTIVE: To determine which dietary and lifestyle choices and which attitudes toward diet and health most contribute to adiposity and whether those factors differ by gender. METHODS: Multiple regression was used to estimate the effect of energy intake, energy expenditure, resources, demographics, and attitudes toward diet and health on self-reported body mass index (BMI) in a nationally representative sample of the US population. SAMPLE: This study used secondary data from the 1994-1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII) and its telephone follow-up, the Diet and Health Knowledge Survey (DHKS). CSFII is a nationally representative survey of individuals which obtained 24 h recalls of all food intake on two nonconsecutive days. The DHKS data set obtained information on knowledge and attitudes toward dietary guidance and health from individuals 20y of age and over, who participated in the CSFII. Our sample consisted of responses from 5512 individuals. RESULTS: We found that many of the variables previously found to or hypothesized to influence body weight do so. Our analysis shows that choices and attitudes do matter for adiposity. Moreover, the analysis shows that the choices males and females make often have quite different effects on BMI. For females all the variables we constructed to represent energy intake, energy expenditure, and financial and human resources are significant. Most of the variables that characterize attitudes toward diet and health are significant. For males, far fewer variables are significant. Our tests for gender-related differences show that whether or not males believe their weight is predetermined has no influence on BMI. In contrast, women who do not believe that their weight is predetermined have lower BMI values than those who believe weight is genetically determined. DISCUSSION: While our qualitative conclusion - choices and attitudes affect BMI - is unsurprising, the quantitative aspects are important. The analysis shows that factors affecting BMI differ systematically by gender. Understanding these systematic differences is critical to the design of information campaigns. Our analysis suggests that entirely different campaigns are necessary to communicate the importance of diet and lifestyle choices to men and to women. C1 ERS, USDA, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Kuchler, F (reprint author), ERS, USDA, 1800 M St,NW Room 4077, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 14 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0307-0565 J9 INT J OBESITY JI Int. J. Obes. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 26 IS 7 BP 1017 EP 1022 DI 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802009 PG 6 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 565BK UT WOS:000176348100018 PM 12080457 ER PT J AU Rurangirwa, FR Brayton, KA McGuire, TC Knowles, DP Palmer, GH AF Rurangirwa, FR Brayton, KA McGuire, TC Knowles, DP Palmer, GH TI Conservation of the unique rickettsial rRNA gene arrangement in Anaplasma SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae; Anaplasmataceae; Anaplasma; Rickettsia ID RIBOSOMAL-RNA GENES; ORDER RICKETTSIALES; GENOME SEQUENCE; SPOTTED-FEVER; TYPHUS GROUPS; PROWAZEKII; MARGINALE; ORGANIZATION; COWDRIA; ORIGIN AB The organization of the rRNA genes of Anaplasma marginale, the type species of the genus Anaplasma, was identified to determine if the atypical rRNA gene arrangement identified in rickettsiae preceded divergence of the order Rickettsiales into the families Anaplasmataceae and Rickettsiaceae. The rRNA genes are encoded by two unlinked units, each present in a single copy per A. marginale genome. The 16S rRNA gene is separated from the linked 23S and 5S rRNA genes by a minimum of 100 kb. Similar to species belonging to the genus Rickettsia, the typical bacterial 16S-23S spacer region containing tRNA genes has been lost in A. marginale. In contrast, the fmt gene located upstream of the 23S rRNA gene in most Rickettsia spp. is not maintained in A. marginale, consistent with the fmt arrangement being a relatively late event in the evolution of rickettsial species. C1 Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Program Vector Borne Dis, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. USDA, Agr Res Serv, Anim Dis Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Rurangirwa, FR (reprint author), Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Program Vector Borne Dis, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI44005] NR 23 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AG, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1466-5026 J9 INT J SYST EVOL MICR JI Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 52 BP 1405 EP 1409 DI 10.1099/ijs.0.02145-0 PN 4 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 575BD UT WOS:000176925200047 PM 12148657 ER PT J AU Collender, RN Frizell, JA AF Collender, RN Frizell, JA TI Small commercial banks and the Federal Home Loan Bank system SO INTERNATIONAL REGIONAL SCIENCE REVIEW LA English DT Article AB Increased competition within the financial services industry has raised concerns about the ability of small banks to adequately fund local rural development. To address these concerns, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999 broadened small-bank access to Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) financing. Statistical analyses indicate that the following factors were significantly associated with the decisions of small banks headquartered in nonmetropolitan counties to obtain FHLB membership: bank size, affiliation with a bank holding company, exposure to interest rate risk, loan portfolio quality, liquidity pressure, dividend rates on FHLB stock, and binding membership requirements related to residential real estate-related assets. Many, but not all, of these factors were also significantly associated with the membership decisions of small banks headquartered in metropolitan counties. The decisions of both nonmetropolitan and metropolitan banks to use FHLB funding is significantly related to interest rate risk exposure, liquidity pressure, and net interest margins. Neither population trend nor rural county type variables are consistently significant in explaining either which small banks join FHLBs or which member banks borrow from FHLBs. C1 USDA, Econ Res Serv, Food & Rural Econ Div, Rural Business & Dev Policy Branch, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Collender, RN (reprint author), USDA, Econ Res Serv, Food & Rural Econ Div, Rural Business & Dev Policy Branch, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 4 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA SN 0160-0176 J9 INT REGIONAL SCI REV JI Int. Reg. Sci. Rev. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 25 IS 3 BP 279 EP 303 DI 10.1177/016176025003004 PG 25 WC Environmental Studies; Planning & Development; Urban Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public Administration; Urban Studies GA 576JF UT WOS:000177000100004 ER PT J AU Raese, JT Drake, SR AF Raese, JT Drake, SR TI Calcium spray materials and fruit calcium concentrations influence apple quality SO JOURNAL AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB Bearing 'Delicious' and 'Golden Delicious' apple trees in three northcentral Washington orchards were treated with up to 12 calcium (Ca) spray materials over five years to determine their effect on fruit quality. In most cases, Ca spray materials, with the notable exception of CaSO4, increased Ca concentrations in the fruit cortex and peel, and reduced the incidence of bitter pit and scald. Fruit firmness and to a lesser extent titratable acids were frequently enhanced with Ca spray materials, especially CaCl2, but soluble solid concentrations were seldom affected. In 'Delicious' apples, fruit appearance and to a lesser degree total red skin area and internal browning control were improved with sprays of CaCl2 or Stopit. None of the Ca spray materials caused unacceptable russet markings on the fruit, but some Ca spray injury occurred on leaves, especially 'Golden Delicious' with the exception of CaSO4 sprays. There was also no apparent affect of Ca sprays on fruit size. Therefore, certain Ca sprays, especially CaCl2-based materials are advantageous for improving fruit quality of 'Delicious' and 'Golden Delicious' apples. C1 USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Raese, JT (reprint author), USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, 1104 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. NR 15 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER POMOLOGICAL SOC PI UNIVERSITY PK PA 102 TYSON BUILDING, UNIVERSITY PK, PA 16802 USA SN 1527-3741 J9 J AMER POMOLOG SOC JI J. Amer. Pomolog. Soc. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 56 IS 3 BP 136 EP 143 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 584FL UT WOS:000177456500003 ER PT J AU Hansen, JD Drake, SR Heidt, ML AF Hansen, JD Drake, SR Heidt, ML TI Codling moth survival in cherry: Effect of cultivars and fruit maturity SO JOURNAL AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID LEPIDOPTERA; TORTRICIDAE AB The codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is a quarantine pest for sweet cherries, Prunus avium (L.), exported to Japan. Development of rearing techniques for codling moth on cherries would improve the disinfestation methods and increase the understanding of the pest-host relationship. Hence, codling moth development from first instar to adult was studied in the laboratory on sets of immature and mature fruits of 'Bing', 'Cashmere', 'Chelan', 'Rainier', and 'Van' cultivars. Immature apples were used as controls. Larvae developing from cherries took significantly longer to become adults than those from apples. The highest adult emergence from infested cherries was from 'Chelan' with 16% from immature fruits and 8% from mature fruits, whereas emergence was < 6% from other cherry cultivars. Adult emergence from apples was 62 to 77%. Weight and fecundity of female adults from cherries were significantly less than those reared from apples. These results demonstrate that although codling moth can be reared from cherry under controlled laboratory conditions, host suitability of the fruit is poor, and postharvest disinfestation treatments for fruits intended for export need not be as severe as those for other quarantine pests. C1 USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Hansen, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. NR 21 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER POMOLOGICAL SOC PI UNIVERSITY PK PA 102 TYSON BUILDING, UNIVERSITY PK, PA 16802 USA SN 1527-3741 J9 J AMER POMOLOG SOC JI J. Amer. Pomolog. Soc. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 56 IS 3 BP 156 EP 163 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 584FL UT WOS:000177456500006 ER PT J AU Porter, MM Nelson, ME Singh, MAF Layne, JE Morganti, CM Trice, I Economos, CD Roubenoff, R Evans, WJ AF Porter, MM Nelson, ME Singh, MAF Layne, JE Morganti, CM Trice, I Economos, CD Roubenoff, R Evans, WJ TI Effects of long-term resistance training and detraining on strength and physical activity in older women SO JOURNAL OF AGING AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LA English DT Article DE aging; weight training; neurological ID MUSCLE STRENGTH; ELDERLY MEN; EXERCISE; ADULTS; IMPROVEMENTS; MAINTENANCE; ADHERENCE; PROGRAM; TRIAL; RISK AB Resistance training (RT) increases strength in older adults, but there have been few studies of long-term RT or detraining in older adults. Postmenopausal participants (51-71 years of age) were randomized to RT or a control group for Year 1. For Year 2, participants chose whether to resistance train or not. Three groups emerged: train/train (n = 8; 60 +/- 4 years), train/no train (n 11; 62 3 years), or controls (n = 17; 58 +/- 6 years). Both training groups increased strength (p < .05) in Year 1. In Year 2, train/train maintained strength, whereas train/no train lost strength for knee extension (p < .001) but not for arm pull-down. Controls did not change. Reported physical activity levels were significantly increased in trainers in Year I and remained high regardless of RT in Year 2 (p < .05). Therefore, sustained changes in strength and physical activity behavior might be possible even if RT is discontinued. C1 Univ Manitoba, Fac Phys Educ & Recreat Studies, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Nutr Exercise Physiol & Sarcopenia Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ Sydney, Sch Exercise & Sports Sci, Lidcombe, Australia. Univ Arkansas Med Sci, Metab & Exercise Program, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA. RP Porter, MM (reprint author), Univ Manitoba, Fac Phys Educ & Recreat Studies, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. NR 22 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU HUMAN KINETICS PUBL INC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1607 N MARKET ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820-2200 USA SN 1063-8652 J9 J AGING PHYS ACTIV JI J. Aging Phys. Act. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 10 IS 3 BP 260 EP 270 PG 11 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Gerontology; Sport Sciences SC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Sport Sciences GA 575RM UT WOS:000176961800002 ER PT J AU Arnade, C Trueblood, MA AF Arnade, C Trueblood, MA TI Estimating a profit function in the presence of inefficiency: An application to Russian agriculture SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND RESOURCE ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE distance function; profit function; Russia; supply response; technical efficiency ID TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY; MODELS; SYSTEM AB The relationships among cost functions, distance functions, and technical inefficiency are utilized to show how technical inefficiency scores can be incorporated into the specification of a profit function and a related system of output supply and input demands. A method also is introduced for incorporating allocative efficiency scores into the same system. The theoretical and empirical approach requires fewer assumptions than those made in many studies. An illustrative example is provided for Russian agriculture for 1994-95, a period when significant technical and allocative inefficiency was known to exist. The results demonstrate inefficiency limits the supply response to prices, thus leading to lower estimates of output response compared to a traditional supply model in which efficiency is assumed. C1 USDA, ERS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Arnade, C (reprint author), USDA, ERS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 33 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU WESTERN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI LOGAN PA C/O E BRUCE GODFREY, UTAH STATE UNIV, ECONOMICS DEPT, LOGAN, UT 84322-3530 USA SN 0162-1912 J9 J AGR RESOUR ECON JI J. Agric. Resour. Econ. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 27 IS 1 BP 94 EP 113 PG 20 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 684EH UT WOS:000183192100006 ER PT J AU Hesler, LS Riedell, WE Kieckhefer, RW Haley, SD AF Hesler, LS Riedell, WE Kieckhefer, RW Haley, SD TI Responses of Rhopalosiphum padi (Homoptera : Aphididae) on cereal aphid-resistant wheat accessions SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND URBAN ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Triticum aestivum L.; Rhopalosiphum padi L.; insect resistance; antibiosis; antixenosis ID CHERRY-OAT APHID; SOUTH-DAKOTA; WINTER-WHEAT; YIELD LOSSES; REGISTRATION; POPULATIONS; HYBRIDS; GRAINS AB Host-plant resistance to cereal aphids may be especially advantageous in crops with a narrow profit margin such as wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). We evaluated resistance (antibiosis, antixenosis, and differential production of alate aphids) to Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) among eight wheat accessions, including six with resistance to other cereal aphids and one to R. padi. Accessions differed in antixenosis to both alate and apterous R. padi. Among accessions, MV4 was the most antixenotic to either alatae or apterae. With alatae, accessions KS92WGRC24, GRS 1201, STARS-9303W, and TAM 107 were antixenotic compared with 'Halt', TAM 110, and 'Vista'. Accession STARS-9303W was also more antixenotic to alatae than GRS 1201 or TAM 107. With apterae, KS92WGRC24, STARS-9303W, TAM 107, and 'Vista' were antixenotic when compared with GRS 1201 or TAM 110. Accessions KS92WGRC24 and TAM 107 were also more antixenotic to apterae than 'Halt.' Time to reproduction for R. padi did not differ among wheat accessions. When first instars were placed on seedlings, the proportion that developed wings did not differ among accessions. Low levels of resistance can be important in limiting aphid infestations, but stronger and more consistent levels of resistance in MV4 are needed for it to have a meaningful impact on R. padi in the field and for its inclusion in a program to breed for aphid resistance. C1 USDA ARS, No Grain Insects Res Lab, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. RP Hesler, LS (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Grain Insects Res Lab, 2923 Medary Ave, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. RI Haley, Scott/C-1228-2013 NR 36 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 6 PU SOUTH CAROLINA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI CLEMSON PA PO BOX 582, CLEMSON, SC 29633 USA SN 1523-5475 J9 J AGR URBAN ENTOMOL JI J. Agr. Urban Entomol. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 19 IS 3 BP 133 EP 140 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 776KC UT WOS:000189114300002 ER PT J AU Vogt, JT Shelton, TG Merchant, ME Russell, SA Tanley, MJ Appel, AG AF Vogt, JT Shelton, TG Merchant, ME Russell, SA Tanley, MJ Appel, AG TI Efficacy of three citrus oil formulations against Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera : Formicidae), the red imported fire ant SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND URBAN ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Solenopsis invicta; orange oil; organic; drench ID D-LIMONENE; TOXICITY AB Experiments were conducted in Alabama, Oklahoma, and Texas to assess efficacy of raw citrus peel extract (orange oil) and a commercial citrus oil formulation for control of Solenopsis invicta Buren, the red imported fire ant. A recipe containing orange oil (equal parts orange oil, cattlemen's molasses, and compost tea at 47 mL L-1 water), orange oil premixed with water to form an emulsion, and the commercial product all resulted in 80% or greater control when applied in 3.8 L of water as a mound drench. In most trials, the level of activity in mounds receiving citrus oil alternatives was statistically comparable with conventional diazinon formulations. Citrus oil alone presented mixing problems prior to application; some possible solutions are discussed. Citrus oil formulations and commercial products appear to be viable alternatives for people who do not wish to apply conventional insecticides against S. invicta. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Entomol & Plant Pathol, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Vogt, JT (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biol Control Pests Res Unit, POB 67, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 19 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 9 PU SOUTH CAROLINA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI CLEMSON PA PO BOX 582, CLEMSON, SC 29633 USA SN 1523-5475 J9 J AGR URBAN ENTOMOL JI J. Agr. Urban Entomol. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 19 IS 3 BP 159 EP 171 PG 13 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 776KC UT WOS:000189114300005 ER PT J AU Hansen, JD Heidt, ML AF Hansen, JD Heidt, ML TI Laboratory infestation of sweet cherry by codling moth (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae): Factors affecting survival SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND URBAN ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Cydia pomonella; Prunus avium; development; host status; phytosanitation; biology ID METHYL-BROMIDE; FRUIT AB Sweet cherries, Prunus avium L., from the United States must be fumigated to control codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tor-tricidae), before exporting them to Japan. However, the status of sweet cherry as a true host for codling moth has been debated because of the limited survival of the pest. Previously, laboratory methods have been developed to rear the codling moth on sweet cherries to increase the understanding of the factors affecting host susceptibility and insect survival. Here, studies were conducted to determine potential factors that may influence rearing success of codling moth in cherry. Postharvest age of the cherry did not significantly affect codling moth survival. The type of container holding codling moth-infested fruits severely altered insect survival. A closed container resulted in a higher survival rate despite its promotion of fungal disease. Enclosed fruit retained more integrity than fruit in a more ventilated container. California cherries (cultivars 'Bing', 'Brooks', and 'Tulare') were no more susceptible to codling moth attack than cherries from the Pacific Northwest (cultivars 'Bing', 'Cashmere', 'Chelan', 'Rainier', and 'Van'). The walnut strain of codling moth was no more invasive than the Washington State laboratory strain used in previous studies. C1 USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. RP Hansen, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU SOUTH CAROLINA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI CLEMSON PA PO BOX 582, CLEMSON, SC 29633 USA SN 1523-5475 J9 J AGR URBAN ENTOMOL JI J. Agr. Urban Entomol. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 19 IS 3 BP 173 EP 181 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 776KC UT WOS:000189114300006 ER PT J AU Smith, JR AF Smith, JR TI Heterodera glycines race 2 and the yield of common bean in Puerto Rico SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PUERTO RICO LA English DT Article DE soybean cyst nematode; SCN; common bean ID SOYBEAN CYST NEMATODE; SNAP BEANS AB Heterodera glycines, a destructive pathogen of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.), was recently discovered in Puerto Rico. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) can also be a host for H. glycines, but there are no reports of the effect of H. glycines on seed yield of bean. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the Puerto Rico race-2 population of H. glycines on yield components of common bean. Three resistant and three non-resistant bean lines were exposed to three infestation densities (0, 4,000, and 8,000 eggs and juveniles per pot) of H. glycines race 2. A factorial arrangement of lines and infestation densities was used in a randomized complete block design with six replications in a greenhouse in Isabela, Puerto Rico, in 2000. Data for seed number, pod number, and seed yield per plant were collected. H. glycines had no effect on any yield component. Observed differences in yield components were due to genotypic factors unrelated to H. glycines. Initial conclusions indicate that H. glycines will not affect yield of common bean in Puerto Rico. Follow-up studies of common bean and H. glycines, using course-textured soils, are recommended. C1 USDA ARS, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Smith, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS, 141 Expt Stn Rd,POB 345, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. EM rsmith@ars.usda.gov NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU UNIV PUERTO RICO, AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION PI RIO PIEDRAS PA PO BOX 21360, RIO PIEDRAS, PUERTO RICO 00927 USA SN 0041-994X J9 J AGR U PUERTO RICO JI J. Agric. Univ. P. R. PD JUL-OCT PY 2002 VL 86 IS 3-4 BP 117 EP 122 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA 719PH UT WOS:000185211800002 ER PT J AU Semidey, N Orengo-Santiago, E Mas, EG AF Semidey, N Orengo-Santiago, E Mas, EG TI Weed suppression and soil erosion control by living mulches in upland coffee plantations SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PUERTO RICO LA English DT Article C1 Dept Crop Protect, Mayaguez, PR 00681 USA. Univ Puerto Rico, Coll Agr Sci, Agr Expt Stn, Dept Hort, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, San Juan, PR USA. RP Semidey, N (reprint author), Dept Crop Protect, POB 9030, Mayaguez, PR 00681 USA. NR 5 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU COLL AGRICULTURAL SCI, AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STN PI RIO PIEDRAS PA UNIV PUERTO RICO, MAYAGUEZ CAMPUS, RIO PIEDRAS, PR 00928 USA SN 0041-994X J9 J AGR U PUERTO RICO JI J. Agric. Univ. P. R. PD JUL-OCT PY 2002 VL 86 IS 3-4 BP 155 EP 157 PG 3 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA 719PH UT WOS:000185211800007 ER PT J AU Cifone, D Dominici, FP Pursel, VG Turyn, D AF Cifone, D Dominici, FP Pursel, VG Turyn, D TI Inability of heterologous growth hormone (GH) to regulate GH binding protein in GH-transgenic swine SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE binding proteins; pigs; somatotropin ID SKELETAL-MUSCLE; MOUSE GH; RECEPTOR; SERUM; MICE; EXPRESSION; IDENTIFICATION; PURIFICATION; PREGNANCY; LIVER AB Transgenic pigs expressing bovine, ovine, or human growth hormone (GH) structural genes fused to mouse metallothionein-I (mMT-bGH), ovine MT (oMT-oGH), or mouse transferrin (mTf-hGH) promoters were used to study the effects of GH on the regulation of serum GH-binding protein (GHBP). In the 14 transgenic pigs studied, circulating concentrations of heterologous GH ranged from 15 to 2,750 ng/mL. Using chromatographic methods, specific binding of GH was detected in serum from normal pigs but was undetectable in serum from all the transgenic pigs used, probably as a result of the high serum concentrations of heterologous GH present in these animals. Thus, to avoid interference of binding by high GH concentrations, serum samples were subjected to immunoblotting using a specific anti-GHBP antibody. A specific 54-kDa band was detected in normal pig serum as well as in sera from mMT-bGH, oMT-oGH, and mTf-hGH pigs. Additionally, sera from transgenic mMT-bGH pigs and their sibling controls were subjected to immunoprecipitation with an anti-GHBP antibody followed by immunoblotting with the same antibody. With this technique, we detected two specific bands of 53 and 45 kDa that could represent different degrees of glycosylation of GHBP. As determined by densitometric analysis the amount of GHBP in transgenic pig sera was similar to that detected in sera of the respective control animals. The amount of circulating GHBP remained unchanged even in oMT-oGH and mTf-hGH pigs that were exposed from birth to circulating concentrations of GH as high as 2,750 ng/mL. Thus, we conclude that heterologous GH do not act as modulators of the serum GHBP in pigs. C1 Univ Buenos Aires, Fac Farm & Bioquim, Inst Quim & Fisicoquim Biol, RA-1113 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. USDA ARS, Gene Evaluat & Mapping Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Turyn, D (reprint author), Univ Buenos Aires, Fac Farm & Bioquim, Inst Quim & Fisicoquim Biol, Junin 956, RA-1113 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. NR 31 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 80 IS 7 BP 1962 EP 1969 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 576EU UT WOS:000176990500030 PM 12162666 ER PT J AU Wen, L Kallenbach, RL Williams, JE Roberts, CA Beuselinck, PR McGraw, RL Benedict, HR AF Wen, L Kallenbach, RL Williams, JE Roberts, CA Beuselinck, PR McGraw, RL Benedict, HR TI Performance of steers grazing rhizomatous and nonrhizomatous birdsfoot trefoil in pure stands and in tall fescue mixtures SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Festuca arundinacea; forage; Lotus corniculatus; performance; quality; steers ID FORAGE QUALITY AB This study investigated the performance of steers grazing rhizomatous birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) (RBFT) compared to nonrhizomatous birdsfoot trefoil (BFT) in pure stands or when interseeded with endophyte-free tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.; TF). Five forage treatments of RBFT, BFT, TF, RBFT+TF, and BFT+TF (four replicate paddocks per treatment) were continuously stocked in spring and fall of 1998 and spring of 1999. Grazing for individual treatments was terminated when pasture mass fell below 900 kg/ha. Average daily gain was greatest (P < 0.10) in pure stands of BFT and RBFT, but total forage production, and thus grazing days, for these treatments was low. Average daily gain for steers grazing BFT+TF and RBFT+TF treatments was not different from (spring and fall 1998) or greater (P < 0.10) (spring 1999) than that for TF. Total forage production of BFT+TF and RBFT+TF was greater (P < 0.10) than that of TF in spring 1998. In fall 1998, BFT+TF produced more (P < 0.10) total forage than either RBFT+TF or TF, and in spring 1999, RBFT+TF had less (P < 0.10) total forage than TF or BFT+TF. Total steer days on mixed pastures were greater (P < 0.10) than that for TF in spring and fall 1998 but not different from those for TF in spring 1999. In all three trials total weight gain/hectare was greater (P < 0.10) for RBFT+TF and BFT+TF than for TF. The RBFT+TF and BFT +TF had greater (P < 0.05) CP than TF in spring and fall 1998 and less (P < 0.05) NDF and ADF in fall 1998. We concluded that either RBFT or BFT could be interseeded with tall fescue to enhance ADG and total steer days. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Anim Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Agron, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. USDA ARS, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Williams, JE (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Anim Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 23 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 80 IS 7 BP 1970 EP 1976 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 576EU UT WOS:000176990500031 PM 12162667 ER PT J AU Al-Khaldi, SF Martin, SA Rasooly, A Evans, JD AF Al-Khaldi, SF Martin, SA Rasooly, A Evans, JD TI DNA microarray technology used for studying foodborne pathogens and microbial habitats: minireview SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; GENE-EXPRESSION; BACTERIAL PATHOGENESIS; MULTIPLEX PCR; RFB LOCUS; GENOMICS; MALATE; HYBRIDIZATION; METABOLISM AB Microarray analysis is an emerging technology that has the potential to become a leading trend in bacterial identification in food and feed improvement. The technology uses fluorescent-labeled probes amplified from bacterial samples that are then hybridized to thousands of DNA sequences immobilized on chemically modified glass slides. The whole gene or open reading frame(s) is represented by a polymerase chain reaction fragment of double-strand DNA, approximately 1000 base pair (bp) or 20-70 bp single-strand oligonucleotides. The technology can be used to identify bacteria and to study gene expression in complex microbial populations, such as those found in food and gastrointestinal tracts. Data generated by microarray analysis can be potentially used to improve the safety of our food supply as well as ensure the efficiency of animal feed conversion to human food, e.g., in meat and milk production by ruminants. This minireview addresses the use of microarray technology in bacterial identification and gene expression in different microbial systems and in habitats containing mixed populations of bacteria. C1 US FDA, CFSAN, Div Microbiol Studies, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Anim & Dairy Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Al-Khaldi, SF (reprint author), US FDA, CFSAN, Div Microbiol Studies, HFS-517,5100 Paint Branch Pkwy, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. NR 36 TC 46 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 1 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 85 IS 4 BP 906 EP 910 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 578EX UT WOS:000177105400015 PM 12180686 ER PT J AU Dorner, JW AF Dorner, JW TI Simultaneous quantitation of Aspergillus flavus/A. parasiticus and aflatoxins in peanuts SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID DROUGHT-STRESSED PEANUTS; PREHARVEST AFLATOXIN; CONTAMINATION; TEMPERATURE; INOCULUM; INVASION AB A method was developed for simultaneous quantitation of Aspergillus flavus/A. parasiticus and aflatoxins in peanuts. Peanut samples were ground with an equal weight of water in a vertical cutter mixer to produce a slurry. Separate subsamples were taken for dilution-plating to determine total colony forming units (CFU)/g of A. fiavus/A. parasiticus and for liquid chromatographic analysis to determine aflatoxin concentrations. Dry-grinding peanuts for homogenization of aflatoxins produced high temperatures that killed most of the A. flavus/A. parasiticus propagules. Addition of water to produce a slurry kept the temperature from rising above levels that killed the fungi. A 7 min grind time provided optimal homogenization for both the fungi and aflatoxins, so long as the temperature of the slurry did not exceed 45degreesC. In the analysis of 60 shelled peanut samples, total aflatoxin concentrations ranged from 0 to 10 000 ng/g and total A. fiavus/A. parasiticus ranged from 1.4 x 10(3) to 3.2 x 10(6) CFU/g. Regression analysis showed a significant positive correlation (p < 0.0001) between the quantities of A. fiavus/A. parasiticus and aflatoxin (R-2 = 0.82). C1 USDA ARS, Natl Peanut Res Lab, Dawson, GA 31742 USA. RP Dorner, JW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Peanut Res Lab, POB 509,1011 Forrester Dr SE, Dawson, GA 31742 USA. NR 23 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 1 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 85 IS 4 BP 911 EP 916 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 578EX UT WOS:000177105400016 PM 12180687 ER PT J AU Vandeven, M Whitaker, T Slate, A AF Vandeven, M Whitaker, T Slate, A TI Statistical approach for risk assessment of aflatoxin sampling plan used by manufacturers for raw shelled peanuts SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID VARIABILITY; LOTS AB Processed food manufacturers often use acceptance sampling plans to screen out lots with unacceptable levels of contamination from incoming raw material streams. Sampling plan designs are determined by specifying sample sizes, sample preparation methods, analytical test methods, and accept/reject criteria. Sampling plan performance can be indicated by plotting acceptance probability versus contamination level as an operating characteristic (OC) curve. In practice, actual plan performance depends on the level of contamination in the incoming lot stream. This level can vary considerably over time, among different crop varieties, and among locales. To better gauge plan performance, a method of coupling an OC curve and crop distributions is proposed. The method provides a precise probabilistic statement about risk and can be easily performed with commercial spreadsheet software. C1 Kraft Foods Res E, Appl Stat, E Hanover, NJ 07936 USA. N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Biol & Agr Engn Dept, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Vandeven, M (reprint author), Kraft Foods Res E, Appl Stat, 200 DeForest Ave,POB 1944, E Hanover, NJ 07936 USA. NR 15 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 5 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 85 IS 4 BP 925 EP 932 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 578EX UT WOS:000177105400018 PM 12180689 ER PT J AU Harmel, RD Richardson, CW Hanson, CL Johnson, GL AF Harmel, RD Richardson, CW Hanson, CL Johnson, GL TI Evaluating the adequacy of simulating maximum and minimum daily air temperature with the normal distribution SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID STOCHASTIC WEATHER SIMULATION; MODEL; VARIABILITY AB Weather simulation models are commonly used to generate synthetic daily weather for use in studies of crop growth, water quality, water availability, soil erosion, climate change, and so on. Synthetic weather sequences are needed if long-term measured data are not available, measured data contain missing records, collection of actual data is cost or time prohibitive, or when necessary to simulate impacts of future climate scenarios. Most weather generators are capable of producing one or more components of weather such as precipitation, temperature, solar radiation, humidity, and wind speed. This study focused on one generation component, the procedure commonly used by weather simulation models to generate daily maximum and minimum temperature. The normal distribution is used by most weather generators (including USCLIMATE, WXGEN, LARS-WG, CLIMGEN, and CLIGEN) to generate daily maximum and minimum temperature values. The objective of this study was to analyze the adequacy of generating temperature data from the normal distribution. To accomplish this objective, the assumption of normality in measured daily temperatures was evaluated by testing the hypothesis that daily minimum and maximum temperature are normally distributed for each month. In addition, synthetic temperature records generated with the normal distribution were compared with measured temperature records. Based on these analyses, it was determined that measured daily maximum and minimum temperature are generally not normally distributed in each month but often are slightly skewed, which contradicts the assumption of normality used by most weather generators. In addition, generating temperature from the normal distribution resulted in several physically improbable values. C1 ARS, USDA, Temple, TX 76502 USA. ARS, USDA, Boise, ID USA. NCRS, USDA, Portland, OR USA. RP Harmel, RD (reprint author), ARS, USDA, 808 E Blackland Rd, Temple, TX 76502 USA. RI Harmel, Daren/L-5162-2013 NR 19 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 41 IS 7 BP 744 EP 753 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(2002)041<0744:ETAOSM>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 559KM UT WOS:000176025400005 ER PT J AU Rorig, ML Ferguson, SA AF Rorig, ML Ferguson, SA TI The 2000 fire season: Lightning-caused fires SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article AB A large number of lightning-caused fires burned across the western United States during the summer of 2000. In a previous study, the authors determined that a simple index of low-level moisture (85-kPa dewpoint depression) and instability (85-50-kPa temperature difference) from the Spokane, Washington, upper-air soundings was very useful for indicating the likelihood of "dry'' lightning (occurring without significant concurrent rainfall) in the Pacific Northwest. This same method was applied to the summer-2000 fire season in the Pacific Northwest and northern Rockies. The mean 85-kPa dewpoint depression at Spokane from 1 May through 20 September was 17.7degreesC on days when lightning-caused fires occurred and was 12.3degreesC on days with no lightning-caused fires. Likewise, the mean temperature difference between 85 and 50 kPa was 31.3degreesC on lightning-fire days, as compared with 28.9degreesC on non-lightning-fire days. The number of lightning-caused fires corresponded more closely to high instability and high dewpoint depression than to the total number of lightning strikes in the region. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. RP Rorig, ML (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, 4043 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. NR 8 TC 26 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 41 IS 7 BP 786 EP 791 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(2002)041<0786:TFSLCF>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 559KM UT WOS:000176025400008 ER PT J AU Garber, EAE AF Garber, EAE TI Mineral deficiency and the use of the FETAX bioassay to study environmental teratogens SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE FETAX; Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay; Xenopus; minerals; bioassay ID XENOPUS-LAEVIS; DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY; WATER; ASSAY; EMBRYOTOXICITY; MALFORMATIONS; VALIDATION AB The Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay: Xenopus (FETAX) bioassay has been employed extensively to screen compounds for teratogenic activity. Recent laboratory studies have indicated that low potassium concentrations retard Xenopus laevis development. The effects of varying concentrations of minerals on Xenopus laevis embryo length and development were examined to determine the utility of the FETAX bioassay in the study of environmental teratogens. Water samples collected from 18 wetlands in Minnesota and North Dakota correlated with low mineral levels, causing delayed embryonic development in the FETAX bioassay. When the concentration of sodium or potassium was <5 ppm, Xenopus laevis development was delayed. As a result, it was difficult to assess teratogenic activity after 96 h of incubation. Furthermore, the length of the embryos-an indication of development-paralleled changes in mineral composition. Comparisons between different wetlands based on changes in one specific mineral were not possible due to a synergism between various minerals. If the concentration of sodium and/or potassium was <5 ppm but greater than or equal to2 ppm, extension of the FETAX bioassay to 120 h allowed organogenesis to proceed through stage 46, as required for scoring in accordance with ASTM guidelines for the FETAX bioassay. In those cases in which the concentration of sodium and/or potassium were <2 ppm, the embryos could not develop to stage 46 within 120 h and the FETAX bioassay was not suitable for detecting teratogenic activity. Published in 2002 by John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Garber, EAE (reprint author), Sci Consultants, 1901 5th St So, Fargo, ND 58103 USA. NR 17 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0260-437X J9 J APPL TOXICOL JI J. Appl. Toxicol. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 22 IS 4 BP 237 EP + DI 10.1002/jat.845 PG 5 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 579HR UT WOS:000177173000003 PM 12210540 ER PT J AU MacDonald, GE Querns, R Shilling, DG McDonald, SK Bewick, TA AF MacDonald, GE Querns, R Shilling, DG McDonald, SK Bewick, TA TI Activity of endothall on Hydrilla SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC PLANT MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Hydrilla verticillata; herbicides; dinoseb; simazine; diuron; gramicidin; diquat; mode-of-action; conductivity; photosynthesis inhibition; uncoupler; ionophore AB Endothall was compared to compounds with known mechanisms-of-action in an attempt to elucidate its mode-of-action on hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata [L.f.] Royle). In measurements of ion leakage over time, endothall caused 30% greater cellular damage in darkness than in light after 30 hours of exposure. Endothall did not affect chlorophyll fluorescence but inhibited photosynthetic oxygen evolution of hydrilla shoots after 2 hours. Endothall reduced respiration at 100 muM but stimulated respiration at 1000 muM. In comparative studies of phytotoxicity, the effects of endothall most closely resembled those of the ionophore, gramicidin or the uncoupler, dinoseb. This suggests the activity of endothall in hydrilla is membrane associated, possibly through the inhibition of ATP production in photosynthesis and respiration. The cessation of ATP production would cause a loss of cell membrane integrity, which more accurately explains the rapid, contact-type symptomology associated with endothall activity on hydrilla. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Agron, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Mid Florida Res & Educ Ctr, Apopka, FL 32703 USA. Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USDA, CSREES, Washington, DC 20024 USA. RP MacDonald, GE (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Agron, Newell Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 22 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 5 PU AQUATIC PLANT MANAGEMENT SOC, INC PI LEHIGH ACRES PA PO BOX 1477, LEHIGH ACRES, FL 33970 USA SN 0146-6623 J9 J AQUAT PLANT MANAGE JI J. Aquat. Plant Manage. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 40 BP 68 EP 71 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 611LW UT WOS:000179019800005 ER PT J AU Rayamajhi, MB Van, TK Center, TD Goolsby, JA Pratt, PD Racelis, A AF Rayamajhi, MB Van, TK Center, TD Goolsby, JA Pratt, PD Racelis, A TI Biological attributes of the canopy-held Melaleuca seeds in Australia and Florida, US SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC PLANT MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE fruit set; invasive tree; Melaleuca quinquenervia; paperbark tree; seed biology; seed germination; seed viability ID OXYOPS-VITIOSA; SOUTH FLORIDA; QUINQUENERVIA; FIELD AB The paperbark tree Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T. Blake (melaleuca) is invasive in southern Florida, U.S., but benign in its native range (eastern Queensland and northeastern New South Wales, Australia). As part of an ongoing study to explain this dual nature, we compared the biological attributes of canopy held seeds between the two countries by collecting infructescences (capsule clusters) from branches of open-grown trees in dry to seasonally flooded habitats and comparing branch-position cohorts in terms of capsule densities and seed quality. The infructescence lengths were similar in both countries, but gaps (scars from aborted capsules) within infructescence axes were more common on trees in Australia than on trees in the U.S. This difference was associated with high incidences of flower or fruit abortion in Australia. Consequently, capsule density on infructescence axes was three per cm in Australia compared to eight per cut in the U.S. This resulted in 18 and 49 capsules per infructescence in Australia and the U.S., respectively. Each infructescence in Australia contained ca. 5,000 seeds with <20 via e, compared to ca. 13,000 seeds in the U.S. with >1,200 viable. Seed quality also differed with 9% vs. 14% of seeds containing embryos, 39% vs. 63% of embryonic seeds being viable, and 34% vs. 52% of viable seeds being germinable in Australia and Florida, respectively. The proportional viability and germinability of embryonic seeds did not vary consistently among infructescence-position cohorts in Australia, whereas in the U.S., the proportions were greatest in middle-aged and least in youngest and oldest infructescences. Overall quality and quantity of canopy held seeds were reduced in Australia when compared to the U.S. C1 Univ Florida, Ft Lauderdale Res & Educ Ctr, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. USDA ARS, Invas Plant Res Lab, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. CSIRO, USDA ARS, Australian Biol Control Lab, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068, Australia. RP Rayamajhi, MB (reprint author), Univ Florida, Ft Lauderdale Res & Educ Ctr, 3205 Coll Ave, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. NR 25 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU AQUATIC PLANT MANAGEMENT SOC, INC PI LEHIGH ACRES PA PO BOX 1477, LEHIGH ACRES, FL 33970 USA SN 0146-6623 J9 J AQUAT PLANT MANAGE JI J. Aquat. Plant Manage. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 40 BP 87 EP 91 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 611LW UT WOS:000179019800009 ER PT J AU Barrow, JR Osuna, P AF Barrow, JR Osuna, P TI Phosphorus solubilization and uptake by dark septate fungi in fourwing saltbush, Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article DE mycorrhiza; phosphorus; arid; endophytic fungi ID ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI; ROCK PHOSPHATE; PLANTS; RHIZOSPHERE; ENDOPHYTES; SYMBIOSIS; BACTERIA; DROUGHT; ECOLOGY; WHEAT AB Fourwing saltbush, Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt., is an ecologically important range plant in and south-western U.S.A. rangelands. Native populations of this chenopodiacious shrub are more extensively colonized by melanized dark septate fungi (DS) than by conventional mycorrhizal fungi. Seedling radicles of A. canescens are colonized at germination by a DS fungus identified as Aspergillus ustus that cannot be removed by heat or sterilization. The association of A. canescens with A. ustus was evaluated by comparing naturally colonized control seedlings receiving no P (0P) or adequate plant available P (AA-P) receiving 30 p.p.m. supplied as KH2PO4 in the root zone to seedlings whose roots were separated from plant unavailable P (as rock phosphate (RP) or tricalcium phosphate (TCP)) by a barrier that only allowed access by the fungus. A. ustus penetrated A. canescens roots with hyaline septate hyphae, formed melanized runner hyphae at the root surface, and extended through the root exclusion barrier into RP and TCR In these treatments A. ustus obtained plant carbon, increased shoot and root biomass, and phosphorus use efficiency. A. ustus grew well in culture on RP and TCP and internally colonized in vitro Ri-T DNA D. carota roots. The mutualistic association of DS fungi in and ecosystems is discussed. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Dept Biol, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Barrow, JR (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Fornada Expt Range,POB 30003,MSC 3FER, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NR 28 TC 46 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 13 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 51 IS 3 BP 449 EP 459 DI 10.1006/jare.2001.0925 PG 11 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 599WZ UT WOS:000178359300009 ER PT J AU Malcolm, JR Markham, A Neilson, RP Garaci, M AF Malcolm, JR Markham, A Neilson, RP Garaci, M TI Estimated migration rates under scenarios of global climate change SO JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE global warming; plant migration; biomes; greenhouse effect; biodiversity ID EASTERN NORTH-AMERICA; RECRUITMENT LIMITATION; PLANT MIGRATION; VEGETATION RESPONSE; SPECIES MIGRATION; DYNAMICS; FOREST; MODEL; CONSEQUENCES; BIODIVERSITY AB Aim Greenhouse-induced warming and resulting shifts in climatic zones may exceed the migration capabilities of some species. We used fourteen combinations of General Circulation Models (GCMs) and Global Vegetation Models (GVMs) to investigate possible migration rates required under CO(2) -doubled climatic forcing. Location Global. Methods Migration distances were calculated between grid cells of future biome type x and nearest same-biome-type cells in the current climate. In 'base-case' calculations, we assumed that 2 x CO(2) climate forcing would occur in 100 years, we used ten biome types and we measured migration distances as straight-line distances ignoring water barriers and human development. In sensitivity analyses, we investigated different time periods of 2 x CO(2) climate forcing, more narrowly defined biomes and barriers because of water bodies and human development. Results In the base-case calculations, average migration rates varied significantly according to the GVM used (BIOME3 vs. MAPSS), the age of the GCM (older- vs. newer-generation GCMs), and whether or not GCMs included sulphate cooling or CO(2) fertilization effects. However, high migration rates (greater than or equal to 1000 m year(-1)) were relatively common in all models, consisting on average of 17% grid cells for BIOME3 and 21% for MAPSS. Migration rates were much higher in boreal and temperate biomes than in tropical biomes. Doubling of the time period of 2 x CO(2) forcing reduced these areas of high migration rates to c . 12% of grid cells for both BIOME3 and MAPSS. However, to obtain migration rates in the Boreal biome that were similar in magnitude to those observed for spruce when it followed the retreating North American Glacier, a radical increase in the period of warming was required, from 100 to >1000 years. A reduction in biome area by an order of magnitude increased migration rates by one to three orders of magnitude, depending on the GVM. Large water bodies and human development had regionally important effects in increasing migration rates. Main conclusions In conclusion, evidence from coupled GCMs and GVMs suggests that global warming may require migration rates much faster than those observed during post-glacial times and hence has the potential to reduce biodiversity by selecting for highly mobile and opportunistic species. Several poorly understood factors that are expected to influence the magnitude of any such reduction are discussed, including intrinsic migrational capabilities, barriers to migration, the role of outlier populations in increasing migration rates, the role of climate in setting range limits and variation in species range sizes. C1 Univ Toronto, Fac Forestry, Toronto, ON M5S 3B3, Canada. World Wildlife Fund, Washington, DC 20037 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Corvallis, OR USA. RP Malcolm, JR (reprint author), Univ Toronto, Fac Forestry, Toronto, ON M5S 3B3, Canada. EM jay.malcolm@utoronto.ca RI Neilson, Ronald/A-8588-2009 NR 64 TC 175 Z9 184 U1 14 U2 83 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0305-0270 J9 J BIOGEOGR JI J. Biogeogr. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 29 IS 7 BP 835 EP 849 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2699.2002.00702.x PG 15 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 576VH UT WOS:000177026400001 ER PT J AU Morrison, LW AF Morrison, LW TI Determinants of plant species richness on small Bahamian islands SO JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE Bahamas; disturbance; insular species richness; island biogeography; linear regression; logistic regression; predictor variable ID TERRESTRIAL FOOD WEBS; HABITAT DIVERSITY; AREA; BIOGEOGRAPHY; POPULATIONS; DENSITIES; MARINE; ENERGY; MODEL; SCALE AB Aim I investigated the determinants of plant species richness in two archipelagos, comparing the predictive power of different explanatory variables. I evaluated both conventional variables and alternative variables not commonly used in such analyses. I also investigated the effect of island location in relation to neighbouring landmasses on plant species richness and the predictive ability of regression models. Location Archipelagos of small islands in the central Exumas and near the north-east coast of Andros, Bahamas. Methods I surveyed plant species richness and obtained measures of seven predictor variables: total island area, the ratio of perimeter to total area, vegetated area, the ratio of vegetated area to total area, distance to the nearest large island, elevation and protection from surrounding islands. All seven predictor variables were evaluated as determinants of plant species richness in simple and stepwise multiple linear regressions. Analyses were conducted for each archipelago overall, and then separately for three categories of islands in the Exumas. Total area, elevation, and distance were evaluated as predictors of vegetation incidence in simple and stepwise multiple logistic regressions for both archipelagos. Results Some expression of insular area was always the best single predictor of plant species richness in the linear regressions. Total area was a relatively poor predictor compared with other expressions of insular area. Distance, elevation, and protection explained relatively little of the overall variation in plant species number, although all variables were selected as significant in some models. A greater amount of variation in plant species richness was explained by the linear regression models in the Exumas (69.0%) compared with Andros (60.9%). Different variables were entered into the models for the three categories of islands in the Exumas, and adjusted coefficients of multiple determination ranged from 68.9% to 85.7%. In the logistic regressions, the model including total area and distance yielded almost 90% correct classification of vegetation incidence in the Exumas; no significant variables were selected for Andros. A group of exposed, outer islands supported many fewer species than more sheltered islands, on the basis of total island area or elevation. Main conclusions The three variables commonly used in studies of determinants of insular species richness - total island area, distance, and elevation - were relatively poor predictors in most analyses. Alternative expressions of insular area - indicative of disturbance or shape in combination with area - were usually better predictors than total area and may more realistically reflect habitable area. Alternative predictors explained similar amounts of variation in plant species richness compared with commonly used predictors, and combinations of all variables into a single stepwise model resulted in increased predictive power. The predictive power of the models tended to be higher for groups of islands that were more sheltered by neighbouring islands. Exposed islands, although separated by relatively small distances from nearby protected islands, may be impacted by storms much more severely and possess many fewer species. The location of small islands relative to large landmasses, as well as their geological histories, should be taken into account in such analyses. C1 Univ Texas, Sch Biol Sci, Sect Integrat Biol, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Univ Texas, Brackenridge Field Lab, Austin, TX 78712 USA. RP Morrison, LW (reprint author), ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RI Morrison, Lloyd/A-8949-2013 OI Morrison, Lloyd/0000-0002-9375-843X NR 40 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 14 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0305-0270 J9 J BIOGEOGR JI J. Biogeogr. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 29 IS 7 BP 931 EP 941 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2699.2002.00730.x PG 11 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 576VH UT WOS:000177026400010 ER PT J AU Williams, CE Collier, CC Nemacheck, JA Liang, CZ Cambron, SE AF Williams, CE Collier, CC Nemacheck, JA Liang, CZ Cambron, SE TI A lectin-like wheat gene responds systemically to attempted feeding by avirulent first-instar Hessian fly larvae SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE wheat; Triticum aestivum L.; Hessian fly; beta-glucosidase aggregating factor; BGAF; jacalin-like lectin; defense response; resistance; PR gene; incompatible interaction; Genbank number AF483596 ID ACQUIRED-RESISTANCE; BETA-GLUCOSIDASE; WINTER-WHEAT; LYCOPERSICON-ESCULENTUM; DIPTERA-CECIDOMYIIDAE; DISEASE RESISTANCE; TRITICUM-AESTIVUM; PROTEIN; BARLEY; TOMATO AB Through gene-for-gene interactions, wheat plants respond to specific biotypes of Hessian fly upon the initiation of first-instar larval feeding. Leaves of plants containing the H9 resistance gene responded to avirulent biotype L larvae with rapid changes in the levels of several mRNA transcripts and initiation of an incompatible interaction. A low-copy gene, Hfr-1 (Hessian fly-response gene 1), responded with increased mRNA levels for two days before returning to preinfestation levels by day five. Hfr-1 mRNA was constitutively expressed in uninfested control plants as well as in plants infested with virulent larvae. The cDNA sequence was similar to a maize gene encoding a beta-glucosidase aggregating factor (BGAF), to jacalin-like mannose-binding lectins, and to several plant genes that respond to microbial infections. The potential roles of Hfr-1 in defending wheat against Hessian fly damage are discussed. C1 USDA ARS, Crop Prod & Pest Control Res Unit, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Entomol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Williams, CE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Crop Prod & Pest Control Res Unit, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 55 TC 59 Z9 66 U1 1 U2 7 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 28 IS 7 BP 1411 EP 1428 AR UNSP pp516-joec-374133 DI 10.1023/A:1016200619766 PG 18 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 572YY UT WOS:000176803600008 PM 12199504 ER PT J AU Lloyd, SW Grimm, CC AF Lloyd, SW Grimm, CC TI Fast temperature-programmed gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for food analysis SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHIC SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID LOSSES C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Lloyd, SW (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PRESTON PUBLICATIONS INC PI NILES PA 7800 MERRIMAC AVE PO BOX 48312, NILES, IL 60648 USA SN 0021-9665 J9 J CHROMATOGR SCI JI J. Chromatogr. Sci. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 40 IS 6 BP 309 EP 314 PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 573EF UT WOS:000176815800001 PM 12137201 ER PT J AU Palmer, MV Gosch, G Lyon, R Waters, WR Whipple, DL AF Palmer, MV Gosch, G Lyon, R Waters, WR Whipple, DL TI Apoptosis in lymph node granulomas from white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) experimentally infected with Mycobacterium bovis SO JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PROGRAMMED CELL-DEATH; NECROSIS; TUBERCULOSIS; MONOCYTES; DISEASES; ONCOSIS AB Apoptosis is a morphologically and biochemically distinct mechanism of cell death seen in many physiological conditions as well as in various infectious diseases. To examine apoptosis in tuberculous white-tailed deer, 32 deer were each given an intra-tonsillar injection of 300 colony-forming units of Mycobacterium bovis. Medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes were collected at 15, 28, 42, 56, 89, 180, 262 and 328 days after inoculation. Microscopical sections of lymph nodes were labelled for apoptotic cells by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase nick end labelling (TUNEL) method. TUNEL, and other morphological changes within developing granulomas, were analysed and quantified by computerized image analysis. TUNEL within granulomas was greatest 28 days after inoculation and had declined to negligible levels by 328 days. Granuloma enlargement was due primarily to an increase in size of the caseo-necrotic core of the granuloma and not to increased inflammatory cellular infiltrate. These findings suggested that cell death within M. bovis-induced granulomas in white-tailed deer was due mainly to mechanisms other than apoptosis. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 ARS, Bacterial Dis Lifestock Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Iowa State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Ames, IA USA. RP Palmer, MV (reprint author), ARS, Bacterial Dis Lifestock Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, 2300 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 23 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0021-9975 J9 J COMP PATHOL JI J. Comp. Pathol. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 127 IS 1 BP 7 EP 13 DI 10.1053/jcpa.2002.0557 PG 7 WC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences SC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences GA 601RV UT WOS:000178462500002 PM 12354540 ER PT J AU Onwulata, CI Konstance, RP Tomasula, PM AF Onwulata, CI Konstance, RP Tomasula, PM TI Viscous properties of microparticulated dairy proteins and sucrose SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE gel; microparticulation; viscoelasticity ID GELS AB Slurries of whey protein concentrate (WPC) or sodium caseinate (Na-CN) mixed with sucrose (36% T.S.) were subjected to microparticulation by a high shear homogenizer operated at 27,000 rpm for 2, 4, and 6 min to facilitate gel formation. After microparticulation treatment, the milk protein and sucrose slurries were evaporated at 85degreesC for 60 min under a partial vacuum (20 to 45 min of Hg) to form composite gels. Particle sizes and viscoelastic properties were determined before microparticulation treatment. Microparticulation reduced the particle size of WPC-sucrose slurries from an average size of 330 to 188 nm after 4 min and NaCN-sucrose slurries from 270 to 35 nm after 2 min. The WPC-sucrose composites were gel-like, but NaCN-sucrose composites did not gel. Viscoelastic properties of heated WPC-sucrose composites were liquid-like, exhibiting significant reduction in storage modulus and complex viscosity. Microparticulation reduced particle sizes, which resulted in softer gels as time of shearing increased. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Onwulata, CI (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. EM Conulata@arserrc.gov NR 18 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 85 IS 7 BP 1677 EP 1683 DI 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74240-9 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 579HH UT WOS:000177172200005 PM 12201517 ER PT J AU Perkins, KH VandeHaar, MJ Burton, JL Liesman, JS Erskine, RJ Elsasser, TH AF Perkins, KH VandeHaar, MJ Burton, JL Liesman, JS Erskine, RJ Elsasser, TH TI Clinical responses to intramammary endotoxin infusion in dairy cows subjected to feed restriction SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE energy balance; mastitis; acute phase response; dairy cow ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI MASTITIS; MAMMARY-GLAND; CATTLE; EXPRESSION; MOLECULES; ADHESION; GROWTH; PLASMA; MILK AB Nonpregnant, midlactation primiparous Holstein cows were fed ad libitum (n = 12) or at 80% of maintenance energy requirements (n = 12) to determine whether feed restriction influences clinical response to endotoxin-induced mastitis. After 2 wk of ad libitum or restricted feeding, one mammary quarter per cow was infused with 100 mug of endotoxin. Within 3 to 6 h of intramammary infusion, endotoxin increased mean rectal temperature, heart rate, and milk somatic cell count and immunoglobulin (IgG) concentration; and decreased blood leukocyte count and rumen motility in both restricted and ad libitum-fed cows. Mean serum and milk tumor necrosis factor-alpha (NF-alpha) concentrations showed only modest increases following endotoxin infusion. Restricted fed cows had slightly different acute fever responses and significantly increased heart and respiration rates than ad libitum fed cows. However, feed restriction did not influence mean total leukocyte count, rumen motility, serum TNF-alpha concentrations or milk IgG and TNF-alpha concentrations. Thus, results of this study suggest that energy balance does not significantly alter clinical symptoms following acute endotoxin-induced mastitis, at least in midlactation cows. As such, negative energy balance may not underlie the increases in severe coliform mastitis commonly observed in periparturient dairy cows. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Large Anim Clin Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. USDA ARS, Growth Biol Lab, BAR East, Beltsville, MD USA. RP VandeHaar, MJ (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NR 20 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 85 IS 7 BP 1724 EP 1731 DI 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74246-X PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 579HH UT WOS:000177172200011 PM 12201523 ER PT J AU Broderick, GA Mertens, DR Simons, R AF Broderick, GA Mertens, DR Simons, R TI Efficacy of carbohydrate sources for milk production by cows fed diets based on alfalfa silage SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE alfalfa silage; carbohydrate source; nonprotein N; milk yield ID LACTATING DAIRY-COWS; EXPELLER SOYBEAN-MEAL; VOLATILE FATTY-ACIDS; CITRUS PULP; RUMINAL FERMENTATION; NUTRIENT UTILIZATION; STARCH DIGESTION; SOLE FORAGE; CORN GRAIN; PERFORMANCE AB The effectiveness of three carbohydrate sources, high-moisture ear corn (HMEC), cracked shelled corn (CSC), and a 50:50 mixture of HMEC plus dried citrus pulp (DCP), fed with or without supplemental rumen-undegraded protein as expeller soybean meal (ESBM), was assessed in 48 multiparous dairy cows. All diets contained (dry mater [DM] basis) 50% alfalfa silage, 10% ryegrass silage, 28% NDF, and one of six concentrates: A) 38% HMEC; B) 38% CSC; C) 19% DCP plus 19% HMEC; D) 27% HMEC plus 12% ESBM; E) 27% CSC plus 12% ESBM; or F) 13% DCP, 13% HMEC, and 12% ESBM. Diets A, B, and C averaged 19% crude protein, of which 53% was nonprotein nitrogen (NPN), and diets D, E, and F averaged 22% crude protein, of which 40% was NPN. Cows were fed a high-energy covariate diet for 2 wk, blocked into eight groups of six, based on covariate protein yield, then randomly assigned to diets that were fed for 12 wk. Feeding ESBM increased DM intake, yields of milk, fat-corrected milk, fat, protein, SNF, and milk and blood urea concentration and decreased weight loss. There were no production differences between HMEC and CSC. However, DM intake, yields of milk, fat-corrected milk, fat, protein, lactose, SNF, and milk SNF content all were lower on the diets containing DCP versus HMEC and CSC. A 6 x 6 Latin square trial conducted at the same time with six ruminally cannulated cows showed similar effects of diet on DM intake and milk production. Ruminal ammonia was elevated by ESBM but not ruminal total amino acids and branched-chain volatile fatty acids. Ruminal propionate was highest on HMEC diets and lowest on DCP diets; acetate, butyrate and acetate-to-propionate ratio were lowest on HMEC diets and highest on DCP diets. These results indicated that, compared to HMEC and CSC, feeding the pectin-rich carbohydrate source DCP altered ruminal fermentation but depressed intake and milk production in lactating cows. C1 USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Christian Agr Coll, Dronton, Netherlands. RP Broderick, GA (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, 1925 Linden Dr W, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 43 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 85 IS 7 BP 1767 EP 1776 DI 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74251-3 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 579HH UT WOS:000177172200016 PM 12201528 ER PT J AU Powell, RL VanRaden, PM AF Powell, RL VanRaden, PM TI International dairy bull evaluations expressed on national, subglobal, and global scales SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE genetic evaluation; international ranking; national scale; dairy cattle ID MULTIPLE-TRAIT; MODEL; SIRES AB Genetic evaluations on a global scale were calculated for Holstein bulls using the May 2001 International Bull Evaluation Service (Interbull) evaluations expressed on each of 27 national scales. National scale data were weighted by the country's proportion of total daughters from all bulls (population size) to represent market share. Correlations between Interbull evaluations on national scales and evaluations on a global scale ranged from 0.961 to 0.998 (mean of 0.988). Number of top 100 bulls for protein yield that were in common between national and global scales ranged from 54 to 94 and was related significantly to mean genetic correlation between a country and the other 26 countries. Weighting of evaluations on national scales by population size, inverse of population size weight, or equal weight produced practically the same group of top bulls and correlations among the three global scales were 0.999. Thus, the method for combining Interbull evaluations expressed on national scales had only minor impact and was much less important than use of all data. Subglobal scales were established by a clustering technique that gave two to five groups. For grazing countries or other atypical systems, a subglobal scale may provide better guidance, although a scale representing three grazing countries did not provide the expected improvement over a global scale in the relationship with the three country scales. If conditions in nonparticipating countries are generally represented by participating countries, most needs are met by a global scale. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Anim Improvement Programs Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Powell, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Anim Improvement Programs Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 11 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 85 IS 7 BP 1863 EP 1868 DI 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74260-4 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 579HH UT WOS:000177172200025 PM 12201537 ER PT J AU Broderick, GA Koegel, RG Walgenbach, RP Kraus, TJ AF Broderick, GA Koegel, RG Walgenbach, RP Kraus, TJ TI Ryegrass or alfalfa silage as the dietary forage for lactating dairy cows SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE ryegrass silage; alfalfa silage ID DRY-MATTER; RUMINAL FERMENTATION; INTERNAL MARKERS; VOLUNTARY INTAKE; TIMOTHY HAY; FORMIC-ACID; GROWTH-RATE; MILK-YIELD; DIGESTIBILITY; MACERATION AB Renewed interest exists in using grass forages to dilute the higher crude protein (CP) and lower digestible fiber present in legumes fed to lactating dairy cows. A 3 x 3 Latin square feeding study with 4-wk periods was conducted with 24 Holstein cows to compare ryegrass silage, either untreated control or macerated (intensively conditioned) before ensiling, with alfalfa silage as the sole dietary forage. Ryegrass silages averaged [dry matter (DM) basis] 18.4% CP, 50% neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and 10% indigestible acid detergent fiber (ADF) (control) and 16.6% CP, 51% NDF, and 12% indigestible ADF (macerated). Alfalfa silage was higher in CP (21.6%) and lower in NDF (44%) but higher in indigestible ADF (26%). A lower proportion of the total N in macerated ryegrass silage was present as nonprotein N than in control ryegrass and alfalfa silages. Diets were formulated to contain 41% DM from either ryegrass silage, or 51% DM from alfalfa silage, plus high moisture corn, and protein concentrates. Diets averaged 17.5% CP and 28 to 29% NDF. The shortfall in CP on ryegrass was made up by feeding 7.6% more soybean meal. Intake and milk yields were similar on control and macerated ryegrass; however, DM intake was 8.3 kg/d greater on the alfalfa diet. Moreover, feeding the alfalfa diet increased BW gain (0.48 kg/d) and yield of milk (6.1 kg/d), FCM (6.8 kg/d), fat (0.26 kg/d), protein (0.25 kg/d), lactose (0.35 kg/d), and SNF (0.65 kg/d) versus the mean of the two ryegrass diets. Both DM efficiency (milk/DM intake) and N efficiency (milk-N/N-intake) were 27% greater, and apparent digestibility was 16% greater for DM and 53% greater for NDF and ADF, on the ryegrass diets. However, apparent digestibility of digestible ADF was greater on alfalfa (96%) than on ryegrass (average = 91%). Also, dietary energy content (estimated as net energy of lactation required for maintenance, milk yield, and weight gain) per unit of digested DM was similar for all three diets. Results of this trial indicated that, relative to ryegrass silage, feeding alfalfa silage stimulated much greater feed intake, which supported greater milk production. C1 USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Deere & Co, Ottumwa, IA 52501 USA. RP Broderick, GA (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, 1925 Linden Dr W, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 39 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 14 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 85 IS 7 BP 1894 EP 1901 DI 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74264-1 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 579HH UT WOS:000177172200029 PM 12201541 ER PT J AU Schroder, RFW Athanas, MM Camp, MJ AF Schroder, RFW Athanas, MM Camp, MJ TI The effect of simulated solar radiation on western corn rootworm (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) adults fed D & C Red # 28, a photoactive xanthene dye SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cucurbitacin E glycoside; phloxine B; Citrullus lanatus; diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte; light intensity ID DIABROTICITE BEETLES COLEOPTERA; PESTICIDAL APPLICATIONS; BAIT AB Western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, adults were fed a bitter Hawkesbury watermelon juice bait containing varying concentrations (0.00075-0.1%) of D & C Red # 28, a photoactive xanthene dye. Using a tabletop sunlight exposure system, the insects were irradiated at light intensities of 250-500 W/m(2). At 500 W/m(2) and 30 min exposure, a median lethal concentration (LC50) was obtained at a dye concentration of 0.00364%. At a dye concentration of 0.75%, the median lethal time (LT50) ranged from 24 min at 250 W/m(2), to 15 min at 500 W/m(2). C1 USDA ARS, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Biometr Consulting Serv, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Athanas, MM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 USA SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 37 IS 3 BP 254 EP 258 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 585EG UT WOS:000177510800006 ER PT J AU Park, T Bowker, JM Leeworthy, VR AF Park, T Bowker, JM Leeworthy, VR TI Valuing snorkeling visits to the Florida Keys with stated and revealed preference models SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE coral reef management; nonmarket valuation; recreation demand models; stated and revealed; preference; contingent valuation surveys; count data models ID WORLDS CORAL-REEFS AB Coastal coral reefs, especially in the Florida Keys, are declining at a disturbing rate. Marine ecologists and reef scientists have emphasized the importance of establishing nonmarket values of coral reefs to. assess the cost effectiveness of coral reef management and remediation programs. The purpose of this paper is to develop a travel cost-contingent valuation model of demand for trips to the Florida Keys focusing on willingness to pay (WTP) to preserve the current water quality and health of the coral reefs. The stated and revealed preference models allow the marginal valuation of recreationists to adjust depending on current and planned trip commitments in valuing nonmarginal policy changes in recreational opportunities. The integrated model incorporates key factors for establishing baseline amenity values for tourist dive sites, including perceptions of reef quality and dive conditions, the role of substitute sites, and the quality and availability of tourist facilities and recreation opportunities. The travel cost and WTP model differ in identifying critical variables and provide insight into the adjustment of trip decisions across alternative destination sites and the valuation of trips. In contrast to the travel cost model, a measure of the availability of substitute sites and total recreation activities does not have a significant impact on WTP valuations reported by snorkelers. Snorkelers engage in a relatively focused set of activities, suggesting that these recreationists may not shift expenditures to other sites or other recreation activities in the Florida Keys when confronted with increased access costs for the snorkeling experience. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Agr & Appl Econ, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Agr & Appl Econ, Athens, GA 30602 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Forest Res Stn, Outdoor Recreat & Wilderness Assessment Grp, Athens, GA 30602 USA. US Dept Commerce, Strateg Environm Assessment Div, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Park, T (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Agr & Appl Econ, 313C Conner Hall, Athens, GA 30602 USA. EM tpark@agecon.uga.edu NR 24 TC 30 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 18 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0301-4797 EI 1095-8630 J9 J ENVIRON MANAGE JI J. Environ. Manage. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 65 IS 3 BP 301 EP 312 DI 10.1006/jema.2002.0552 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 588WF UT WOS:000177724600006 PM 12357661 ER PT J AU Allaire, SE Yates, SR Ernst, FF Gan, J AF Allaire, SE Yates, SR Ernst, FF Gan, J TI A dynamic two-dimensional system for measuring volatile organic compound volatilization and movement in soils SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID METHYL-BROMIDE; PROPARGYL BROMIDE; CHAMBER TECHNIQUE; CLOSED-CHAMBER; NITROUS-OXIDE; 1,3-DICHLOROPROPENE; EMISSIONS; FLUX; RESPIRATION; COEFFICIENT AB There is an important need to develop instrumentation that allows better understanding of atmospheric emission of toxic volatile compounds associated with soil management. For this purpose, chemical movement and distribution in the soil profile should be simultaneously monitored with its volatilization. A two-dimensional rectangular soil column was constructed and a dynamic sequential volatilization flux chamber was attached to the top of the column. The flux chamber was connected through a manifold valve to a gas chromatograph (GC) for real-time concentration measurement. Gas distribution in the soil profile was sampled with gas-tight syringes at selected times and analyzed with a GC. A pressure transducer was connected to a scanivalve to automatically measure the pressure distribution in the gas phase of the soil profile. The system application was demonstrated by packing the column with a sandy loam in a symmetrical bed-furrow system. A 5-h furrow irrigation was started 24 h after the injection of a soil fumigant, propargyl bromide (3-bromo-1-propyne; 3BP). The experience showed the importance of measuring lateral volatilization variability, pressure distribution in the gas phase, chemical distribution between the different phases (liquid, gas, and sorbed), and the effect of irrigation on the volatilization. Gas movement, volatilization, water infiltration, and distribution of degradation product,(Br-) were symmetric around the bed within 10%. The system saves labor cost and time. This versatile system can be modified and used to compare management practices, estimate concentration-time indexes for pest control, study chemical movement, degradation, and emissions, and test mathematical models. C1 Univ Laval, Fac Sci Agr & Alimentat, Dept Sols & Genie Agroalimentaire, St Foy, PQ G1K 7P4, Canada. USDA ARS, Brown Jr Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Allaire, SE (reprint author), Univ Laval, Fac Sci Agr & Alimentat, Dept Sols & Genie Agroalimentaire, Cite Univ, St Foy, PQ G1K 7P4, Canada. NR 27 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 31 IS 4 BP 1079 EP 1087 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 574YL UT WOS:000176918200002 PM 12175024 ER PT J AU McKay, LD Harton, AD Wilson, GV AF McKay, LD Harton, AD Wilson, GV TI Influence of flow rate on transport of bacteriophage in shale saprolite SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID FRACTURED CLAY TILL; POROUS-MEDIA; HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; PARTICLE-TRANSPORT; COLLOID TRANSPORT; FIELD EXPERIMENTS; SANDY AQUIFER; WASTE-WATER; MICROORGANISMS; MIGRATION AB The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of flow rate on transport and retention of bacteriophage tracers in a fractured shale saprolite, which is a highly weathered, fine-grained subsoil that retains much of the fabric of the parent bedrock. Synthetic ground water containing PRD-1, MS-2, and bromide was passed through a saturated column of undisturbed shale saprolite at rates ranging from 0.0075 to 0.96 in d(-1). First arrival of the bacteriophage tracers in effluent samples in each of the experiments occurred within 0.01 to 0.04 pore volumes (PV) of the start of injection, indicating that bacteriophage were advectively transported mainly through fractures or macropores. Bacteriophage transport velocities, based on first arrival in the effluent, were very similar to fracture flow velocities calculated using the cubic law for flow in a fractured material. For MS-2, maximum concentration and mass of tracer recovered both increased steadily as flow rate increased. For PRD-1, these values initially increased, but were nearly constant at flow rates above 0.039 m d(-1), indicating that approximately 50% of the observed losses were independent of How rate. Evaluation of the data indicates that physical straining and electrostatic or hydrophobic attachment to fracture or macropore walls were the dominant retention processes. Inactivation and gravitational settling playing secondary roles, except at the slowest flow rates. The study suggests that microbial contamination from sources such as septic fields and sewage ponds may pose a threat to the quality of ground water and surface water in areas with saprolitic subsoils. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Geol Sci, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. RP McKay, LD (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Geol Sci, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. NR 49 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 31 IS 4 BP 1095 EP 1105 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 574YL UT WOS:000176918200004 PM 12175026 ER PT J AU Hartel, PG Summer, JD Hill, JL Collins, JV Entry, JA Segars, WI AF Hartel, PG Summer, JD Hill, JL Collins, JV Entry, JA Segars, WI TI Geographic variability of Escherichia coli ribotypes from animals in Idaho and Georgia SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANCE PATTERNS; FECAL POLLUTION; DISCRIMINANT-ANALYSIS; NONPOINT SOURCES; INDICATOR BACTERIA; WATERS; DIFFERENTIATION; IDENTIFICATION; STREPTOCOCCI; BACTEROIDES AB Several genotypic methods have been developed for determining the host origin of fecal bacteria in contaminated waters. Some of these methods rely on a host origin database to identify environmental isolates. It is not well understood to what degree these host origin isolates are geographically variable (i.e., cosmopolitan or endemic). This is important because a geographically limited host origin database may or may not be universally applicable. The objective of our study was to use one genotypic method, ribotyping, to determine the geographic variability of the fecal bacterium, Escherichia coli, from one location in Idaho and three locations in Georgia for cattle (Bos taurus), horse (Equus caballus), swine (Sus scrofa), and chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus). A total of 568 fecal E. coli isolates from Kimberly, ID (125 isolates), Athens, GA (210 isolates), Brunswick, GA (1102 isolates), and Tifton, GA (131 isolates), yielded 213 ribotypes. The percentage of ribotype sharing within an animal species increased with decreased distance between geographic locations for cattle and horses, but not for swine and chicken. When the E. coli ribotypes among the four host species were compared at one location, the percent of unshared ribotypes was 86, 89, 81, and 79% for Kimberly, Athens, Brunswick, and Tifton, respectively. These data suggest that there is good ribotype separation among host animal species at each location. The ability to match environmental isolates to a host origin database may depend on a large number of environmental and host origin isolates that ideally are not geographically separated. C1 Univ Georgia, Dep Crop & Soil Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. RP Hartel, PG (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dep Crop & Soil Sci, 3111 Plant Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 34 TC 78 Z9 83 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 31 IS 4 BP 1273 EP 1278 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 574YL UT WOS:000176918200024 PM 12175046 ER PT J AU Maguire, RO Edwards, AC Sims, JT Kleinman, PJA Sharpley, AN AF Maguire, RO Edwards, AC Sims, JT Kleinman, PJA Sharpley, AN TI Effect of mixing soil aggregates on the phosphorus concentration in surface waters SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID PARTICLE-SIZE FRACTIONS; BUFFERING CAPACITY; SORPTION; SEDIMENTS; RUNOFF; PLANTS; INDEX; FORMS AB At any time, the phosphorus (P) concentration in surface waters is determined by a complex interaction of inputs of soluble P and sorption-desorption reactions of P with sediments. This study investigated what factors control P in solution when various soil aggregates were mixed, seen as being analogous to selective soil erosion events, transport, and mixing within river systems. Fifteen soils with widely differing properties were each separated into three aggregate size fractions (2-52 mum, 53-150 mum, and 151-2000 mum). Resin P, water-soluble phosphorus (WSP), and the phosphorus buffer capacity (PBC = resin P/WSP) were measured for each aggregate size fraction and WSP was also measured for 11 mixes of the aggregate fractions. The smallest aggregates tended to be enriched with resin P relative to the larger aggregates and the whole soils, while the opposite was true for WSP. As the PBC was a function of resin P and WSP, the PBC was greatest in the 2- to 52-mum aggregate size fraction in most cases. When two aggregate size fractions were mixed, the measured WSP was always lower than the predicted WSP (i.e., the average of the WSP in the two individual aggregates), indicating that WSP released by one aggregate fraction could be resorbed by another aggregate fraction. This resorption of P may result in lower than expected solution P concentration in some surface waters. The strength with which an eroded aggregate can release or resorb P to or from solution is in part determined by that aggregate's PBC. C1 Univ Delaware, Dep Plant & Soil Sci, Newark, DE 19717 USA. Use Res Inst, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, Scotland. USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Res Unit, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Maguire, RO (reprint author), Univ Delaware, Dep Plant & Soil Sci, Newark, DE 19717 USA. EM rmaguire@udel.edu NR 32 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 3 U2 11 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 31 IS 4 BP 1294 EP 1299 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 574YL UT WOS:000176918200027 PM 12175049 ER PT J AU Thompson, RB Meisinger, JJ AF Thompson, RB Meisinger, JJ TI Management factors affecting ammonia volatilization from land-applied cattle slurry in the mid-Atlantic USA SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID SURFACE APPLICATION; NITROGEN; GRASSLAND; PIG; TEMPERATURE; DEPOSITION AB Ammonia (NH3) volatilization commonly causes a substantial loss of crop-available N from surface-applied cattle slurry. Field studies were conducted with small wind tunnels to assess the effect of management factors on NH3 volatilization. Two studies compared NH3 volatilization from grass sward and bare soil. The average total NH3 loss was 1.5 times greater from slurry applied to grass sward. Two studies examined the effect of slurry dry matter (DM) content on NH3 loss under hot, summer conditions in Maryland, USA. Slurry DM contents were between 54 and 134 g kg(-1). Dry matter content did not affect total NH3 loss, but did influence the time course of NH3 loss. Higher DM content slurries had relatively higher rates of NH3 volatilization during the first 12 to 24 h, but lower rates thereafter. Under the hot conditions, the higher DM content slurries appeared to dry and crust more rapidly causing smaller rates of NH3 volatilization after 12 to 24 h, which offset the earlier positive effects of DM content on NH3 volatilization. Three studies compared immediate incorporation with different tillage implements. Total NH3 loss from unincorporated slurry was 45% of applied slurry NH4+-N, while losses following immediate incorporation with a moldboard plow, tandem-disk harrow, or chisel plow were, respectively, 0 to 3, 2 to 8, and 8 to 12%. These ground cover and DM content data can be used to improve predictions of NH3 loss under specific farming conditions. The immediate incorporation data demonstrate management practices that can reduce NH3 volatilization, which can improve slurry N utilization in crop-forage production. C1 Univ Almeria, Dpto Prod Vegetal, Almeria, Spain. USDA ARS, Anim & Nat Res Inst, BARC, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Meisinger, JJ (reprint author), Univ Almeria, Dpto Prod Vegetal, Almeria, Spain. RI Thompson, Rodney/G-8950-2013 OI Thompson, Rodney/0000-0002-9323-5911 NR 27 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 4 U2 22 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 31 IS 4 BP 1329 EP 1338 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 574YL UT WOS:000176918200032 PM 12175054 ER PT J AU Torbert, HA Daniel, TC Lemunyon, JL Jones, RM AF Torbert, HA Daniel, TC Lemunyon, JL Jones, RM TI Relationship of soil test phosphorus and sampling depth to runoff phosphorus in calcareous and noncalcareous soils SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID SURFACE RUNOFF; QUALITY; LOSSES; DRAINAGE; MANURE; PLOTS AB A study was initiated to investigate the relationship between soil test P and depth of soil sampling with runoff losses of dissolved molybdate reactive phosphorus (DMRP). Rainfall simulations were conducted on two noncalcareous soils, a Windthorst sandy loam (fine, mixed, thermic Udic Paleustalf) and a Blanket clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Pachic Argiustoll), and two calcareous soils, a Purves clay (clayey, smectitic, thermic Lithic Calciustoll) and a Houston Black clay (fine, smectitic, thermic Udic Haplustert). Soil (0- to 2.5-, 0- to 5-, and 0- to 15-cm depths) and runoff samples were collected from each of the four soils in permanent pasture exhibiting a wide range in soil test P levels (as determined by Mehlich III and distilled water extraction) due to prior manure applications. Simulated rain was used to produce runoff, which was collected for 30 min. Good regression equations were derived relating soil test P level to runoff DMRP for all four soil types, as indicated by relatively high r(2) values (0.715 to 0.961, 0- to 5-cm depth). Differences were observed for the depth of sampling, with the most consistent results observed with the 0- to 5-cm sampling depth. Runoff DMRP losses as a function of the concentration of P in soil were lower in calcareous soils (maximum of 0.74 mg L-1) compared with noncalcareous soils (maximum of 1.73 mg L-1). The results indicate that a soil test for environmental P could be developed, but it would require establishing different soil test P level criteria for different soils or classes of soils. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Dynam Lab, Auburn, AL 36832 USA. Univ Arkansas, Crop Soil & Environm Sci Dep, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. USDA, NRCS, Ft Worth, TX 76115 USA. Texas A&M Univ Agr, Res & Extens Ctr, Stephenville, TX 76401 USA. RP Torbert, HA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Dynam Lab, 411 S Donahue Dr, Auburn, AL 36832 USA. NR 30 TC 77 Z9 87 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 31 IS 4 BP 1380 EP 1387 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 574YL UT WOS:000176918200037 PM 12175059 ER PT J AU Dao, TH Daniel, TC AF Dao, TH Daniel, TC TI Particulate and dissolved phosphorus chemical separation and phosphorus release from treated dairy manure SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID WATER-TREATMENT; POULTRY LITTER; COAGULATION; ALUMINUM; GROWTH; WASTE; SULFATE; REMOVAL; RICH; ION AB In confined animal feeding operations, liquid manure systems present special handling and storage challenges because of the large volume of diluted wastes. Water treatment polymers and mineral phosphorus (P) immobilizing chemicals [Al-2(SO4)(3)(.)18H(2)O, FeCl(3)(.)6H(2)O, and Class C fly ash] were used to determine particulate and dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) reduction mechanisms in high total suspended solid (TSS) dairy manure and the P release from treated manure and amended soils. Co-application exceeded the aggregation level achieved with individual manure amendments and resulted in 80 and 90% reduction in metal salt and polymer rates, respectively. At marginally effective polymer rates between 0.01 and 0.25 g L-1, maximal aggregation was attained in combination with 1 and 10 g L-1 of aluminum sulfate (3 and 30 mmol Al3+ L-1) and iron chloride (3.7 and 37 mmol Fe3+ L-1) in 30 g L-1 (TSS30) and 100 g L-1 TSS (TSS100) suspensions, respectively. Fly ash induced particulate destabilization at rates greater than or equal to50 g L-1 and reduced solution-phase DRP at all rates A g L-1 by 52 and 71% in TSS30 and TSS100 suspensions, respectively. Aluminum and Fe salts also lowered DRP at rates less than or equal to10 g L-1 and higher concentrations redispersed particulates and increased DRP due to increased suspension acidity and electrical conductivity. The DRP release from treated manure solids anti a Typic Paleudult amended with treated manure was reduced, although the amendments increased Mehlich 3-extractable P. Therefore, the synergism of flocculant types allowed input reduction in aggregation aid chemicals, enhancing particulate and dissolved P separation and immobilization in high TSS liquid manure. C1 USDA ARS, Anim Manure & By Prod Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Arkansas, Crop Soil & Environm Sci Dep, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Dao, TH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Anim Manure & By Prod Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 36 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 31 IS 4 BP 1388 EP 1398 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 574YL UT WOS:000176918200038 PM 12175060 ER PT J AU Gaston, LA Locke, MA AF Gaston, LA Locke, MA TI Differences in microbial biomass, organic carbon, and dye sorption between flow and no-flow regions of unsaturated soil SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID BRILLIANT BLUE FCF; PREFERENTIAL FLOW; DEGRADATION; TRANSPORT; EARTHWORM; MOBILITY; TILLAGE; TRACER; PATHS AB Transport models in which the liquid phase is partitioned between conducting and nonconducting regions allow the possibility that degradation and sorption are different in these regions. However, there is little information on biological or chemical differences between conducting and nonconducting regions of the soil matrix. Previous work by the authors on Br- transport through unsaturated, intact soil cores of Dundee silty clay loam (fine-silty, mixed, active, thermic Typic Endoaqualf) indicated non-equilibrium conditions that could be well-described by a two-region model. Fitted parameters indicated little solute transfer between flow regions, suggesting that dye movement in unsaturated soil might delineate conducting and nonconducting regions of this soil. Steady-state, unsaturated flow was established in intact cores (10 by 30 cm) of the Dundee soil, then Br- and erioglaucine dye were displaced through these cores. The soil cores were then sectioned into 5-cm segments and stained soil was separated from unstained soil. Microbial biomass C, organic C, and dye sorption K-0 (= g(sorbed) kg(soil)(-1)/g L-1) values for stained and unstained soil were determined. Stained soil had higher microbial biomass C but generally lower organic C and lower affinity for dye sorption than unstained soil from the same depth increment. Fraction of immobile water, dispersion, and mass transfer between conducting and nonconducting regions were consistent with previous results. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Ag Ctr, Dep Agron, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Gaston, LA (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Ag Ctr, Dep Agron, 104 Sturgis Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 18 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 31 IS 4 BP 1406 EP 1408 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 574YL UT WOS:000176918200040 PM 12175062 ER PT J AU Everson, WV Ware, MW Dubey, JP Lindquist, HDA AF Everson, WV Ware, MW Dubey, JP Lindquist, HDA TI Isolation of purified oocyst walls and sporocysts from Toxoplasma gondii SO JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE flow cytometry; fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS); gradient sedimentation; iodixanol ID DRINKING-WATER; SPOROZOITES; OUTBREAK; SOIL; ULTRASTRUCTURE; TACHYZOITES; INFECTION; SURVIVAL AB Toxoplasma gondii oocysts are environmentally resistant and can infect virtually all warm-blooded hosts, including humans and livestock. Little is known about the biochemical basis for this resistance of oocysts, and mechanism for excystation of T. gondii sporozoites. The objective of the present study was to evaluate different methods (mechanical fragmentation, gradients, flow cytometry) to separate and purify T. gondii oocyst walls and sporocysts. Oocyst walls were successfully separated and purified using iodixanol gradients. Sporocysts were successfully separated and purified using iodixanol and Percoll gradients. Purification was also achieved by flow cytometry. Flow cytometry with fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) yielded analytical quantities of oocyst walls and intact sporocysts. Flow cytometry with FACS also proved useful for quantitation of purity obtained following iodixanol gradient fractionation. Methods reported in this paper will be useful for analytical purposes, such as proteomic analysis of components unique to this life cycle stage, development of detection methods, or excystation studies. C1 US EPA, Microbiol & Chem Exposure Assessment Res Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. USDA ARS, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Anim & Nat Res Inst, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Lindquist, HDA (reprint author), US EPA, Microbiol & Chem Exposure Assessment Res Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 20 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 6 PU SOC PROTOZOOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 1066-5234 J9 J EUKARYOT MICROBIOL JI J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 49 IS 4 BP 344 EP 349 DI 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2002.tb00381.x PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 584GA UT WOS:000177457800012 PM 12188226 ER PT J AU Dickens, JC Oliver, JE Hollister, B Davis, JC Klun, JA AF Dickens, JC Oliver, JE Hollister, B Davis, JC Klun, JA TI Breaking a paradigm: male-produced aggregation pheromone for the Colorado potato beetle SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE pheromone; insect; neural regulation; juvenile hormone; feedback loop; host plant; Colorado potato beetle; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ID GREEN LEAF VOLATILES; SEX-PHEROMONE; LEPTINOTARSA-DECEMLINEATA; BARK BEETLE; PLANTS; RESPONSES AB A male-produced aggregation pheromone was identified for the Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). While male beetles produced only minor amounts of the pheromone, its production could be enhanced by topical application of juvenile hormone III (JHIII) (eightfold), by antennectomy (40-fold) or by the combined treatment of JH III and antennectomy (almost 200-fold); this enhancement enabled the identification of the compound as (S)-3,7-dimethyl-2-oxo-oct-6-ene-1,3-diol [(S)-CPB I], a unique structure for an insect pheromone. Antennal receptors of both sexes responded selectively to the (S)-enantiomer. Both male and female Colorado potato beetles were attracted to serial source loads of (S)-CPB I in laboratory bioassays; (R)-CPB I was inactive or inhibitory, as demonstrated by the inactivity of the racemate. This is the first identification of a pheromone for the Colorado potato beetle and differs from the paradigm of a female-produced pheromone for this insect. The attractant is also the first male-produced pheromone identified for the Chrysomelidae. The discovery that both JH III and antennectomy increase levels of the pheromone (S)-CPB I indicates the existence of a feedback system involving antennal input, and this system may be under hormonal control. C1 ARS, USDA, Inst Plant Sci, Vegetable Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, USDA, Inst Plant Sci, Chem Affecting Insect Behav Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Dickens, JC (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Inst Plant Sci, Chem Affecting Insect Behav Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM dickensj@ba.ars.usda.gov RI Marion-Poll, Frederic/D-8882-2011 OI Marion-Poll, Frederic/0000-0001-6824-0180 NR 37 TC 48 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 12 PU COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD PI CAMBRIDGE PA BIDDER BUILDING CAMBRIDGE COMMERCIAL PARK COWLEY RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4DL, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0022-0949 EI 1477-9145 J9 J EXP BIOL JI J. Exp. Biol. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 205 IS 13 BP 1925 EP 1933 AR UNSP JEB4079 PG 9 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 575RB UT WOS:000176960600011 PM 12077169 ER PT J AU Ukuku, DO Fett, WF AF Ukuku, DO Fett, WF TI Relationship of cell surface charge and hydrophobicity to strength of attachment of bacteria to cantaloupe rind SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; EXTRACELLULAR-MATRIX; SOLID-SURFACES; ADHESION; PSEUDOMONAS; APPLES; LEAVES AB The cantaloupe melon has been associated with outbreaks of Salmonella infections. It is suspected that bacterial surface charge and hydrophobicity may affect bacterial attachment and complicate bacterial detachment from cantaloupe surfaces. The surface charge and hydrophobicity of strains of Salmonella, Escherichia coli (O157:H7 and non-O157:H7), and Listeria monocytogenes were determined by electrostatic and hydrophobic interaction chromatography, respectively. Initial bacterial attachment to cantaloupe surfaces and the ability of bacteria to resist removal by washing with water were compared with surface charge and hydrophobicity. Whole cantaloupes were submerged in inocula containing individual strains or in cocktails containing Salmonella, E. coli, and L. monocytogenes, either as a mixture of strains containing all three genera or as a mixture of strains belonging to a single genus, for 10 min. Inoculated cantaloupes were dried for I h in a biosafety cabinet and then stored for up to 7 days at 4degreesC. Inoculated melons were washed with water, and bacteria still attached to the melon surface, as well as those in the wash water, were enumerated. Initial bacterial attachment was highest for individual strains of E. coli and lowest for L. monocytogenes, but Salmonella exhibited the strongest attachment on days 0, 3, and 7. When mixed-genus cocktails were used, the relative degrees of attachment of the three genera ware altered. The attachment of Salmonella strains was the strongest, but the attachment of E. coli was more extensive than that of L. monocytogenes on days 0, 3, and 7. There was a linear correlation between bacterial cell surface hydrophobicity (r(2) = 0.767), negative charge (r(2) = 0.738), and positive charge (r(2) = 0.724) and the strength of bacterial attachment to cantaloupe surfaces. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Ukuku, DO (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 45 TC 70 Z9 70 U1 3 U2 19 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 65 IS 7 BP 1093 EP 1099 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 570PW UT WOS:000176667500004 PM 12117240 ER PT J AU Barkocy-Gallagher, GA Kang, DH Koohmaraie, M AF Barkocy-Gallagher, GA Kang, DH Koohmaraie, M TI Fate of field-isolated Escherichia coli O157 in ground beef at different storage temperatures SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID BACTERIAL PROFILE; SPOILAGE BACTERIA; CARCASS TISSUE; ORGANIC-ACID; HOT-WATER; STRAINS; SURVIVAL; CATTLE; COMPETITION; ALKALINE AB The survival of six Escherichia coli O157 strains. including five strains recently isolated from beef carcasses and strain ATCC 43895, was evaluated at 0, 1, 7, and 14 days in ground beef held at -20, 1, 4. and 7degreesC. Only small losses in cell numbers occurred at -20 and 1degreesC: in general. cell numbers decreased during the first day of storage and then remained unchanged through day 14. At -20degreesC, statistically significant reductions in cell numbers were observed only for strains 55AC1 and 299AB3 due to greater losses in the first day. At 1degreesC, strain 131AC1 did not decrease in cell numbers during the first day of storage. but both this strain and strain 55AC1 experienced statistically significant reductions in viable cell numbers by day 14. primarily due to losses after day 7. At 4degreesC, after an initial loss of cell numbers for four strains, minor increases were observed for all six strains by day 14. The differences were statistically significant for strains 114AC1, 299AB3, and ATCC 43895. but were small enough to question whether they refect actual growth. When the inoculated ground beef was stored at 7degreesC for 14 days. growth of all six strains was statistically significant. with populations increasing between 0.9 and 1.5 log(10) CFU/g. This study demonstrates that there are small differences in the abilities of various E. coli O157 strains to survive and sometimes grow in fresh ground beef at cold storage temperatures. but overall these differences do not appear to be meaningful. The differences cannot be attributed to recency of isolation, since strain ATCC 43895 behaved similarly to recently isolated strains, Storage temperatures of 4degreesC or below limited growth of E. coli O157 isolates, but did not have a noteworthy effect on survival. C1 USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Agr Res Serv, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Koohmaraie, M (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Agr Res Serv, POB 166,Clay Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. EM koohmaraie@email.marc.usda.gov RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 NR 15 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 65 IS 7 BP 1106 EP 1109 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 570PW UT WOS:000176667500006 PM 12117242 ER PT J AU Trachoo, N Frank, JF Stern, NJ AF Trachoo, N Frank, JF Stern, NJ TI Survival of Campylobacter jejuni in biofilms isolated from chicken houses SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID DIRECT VIABLE COUNT; LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; COCCOID FORMS; STAINLESS-STEEL; WATER; BACTERIA; TEMPERATURE; GROWTH; CELLS; COLI AB Campylobacter jejuni is a thermophilic and microaerophilic enteric pathogen associated with poultry. Biofilms may be a source of C. jejuni in poultry house water systems since they can protect constituent microorganisms from environmental stress. In this study. the viability of C. jejuni in biofilms of gram-positive chicken house isolates (P1. Y1, and W1) and a Pseudomonas sp. was determined using a cultural method (modified brucella agar) and direct viable count (DVC). Two-day biofilms grown on polyvinyl chloride (PVC) coupons in R2A broth at 12 and 23degreesC were incubated with C. jejuni for a 6-h attachment period. Media were then refreshed every 24 h for 7 days to allow biofilm growth. Two-day biofilms of PI, Y1, and Pseudomonas spp. enhanced attachment (P < 0.01) of C. jejuni (4.74, 4.62, and 4.78 log cells/cm(2), respectively) compared to W1 and controls without preexisting biofilm (4.31 and 4.22 log cells/cm2, respectively). On day 7, isolates PI and Y1 and Pseudomonas biofilms covered 5.4. 7.0. and 21.5% of the surface. respectively. compared to 4.9% by W1. Viable C. jejuni on the surface decreased (P < 0.05) with time. with the greatest reduction Occurring on surfaces without a preexisting biofilm. The number of viable C. jejuni determined by DVC was greater than that determined by the cultural method, indicating that C. jejuni may form a viable but nonculturable state within the biofilm. Both DVC and the cultural method indicate that biofilms enhance (P < 0.01) the survival of C. jejuni during incubation at 12 and 23degreesC over a 7-day period. C1 Univ Georgia, Ctr Food Safety, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Athens, GA 30605 USA. USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Microbiol Safety Res Unit, Athens, GA 30613 USA. RP Frank, JF (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Ctr Food Safety, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Athens, GA 30605 USA. EM frank@flavor.fst.uga.edu NR 44 TC 70 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 11 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 65 IS 7 BP 1110 EP 1116 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 570PW UT WOS:000176667500007 PM 12117243 ER PT J AU Sharma, RR Demirci, A Beuchat, LR Fett, WF AF Sharma, RR Demirci, A Beuchat, LR Fett, WF TI Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 on inoculated alfalfa seeds with ozonated water under pressure SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SAFETY LA English DT Article ID CHEMICAL TREATMENTS; SALMONELLA; SPROUTS; EFFICACY; GROWTH AB Alfalfa seeds inoculated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 (similar to10(5) CFU/g) were subjected to low hydrostatic pressure. Seeds immersed in ozonated water at 4C were held at 8 and 12 psi ozone pressure for 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 min. Alternatively; seeds were continuously sparged with ozone for up to 64 min and then held at 12 psi for 5 min. Controls consisted of sparging and pressurization with air. Thirty-two minute treatments of continuous ozone sparging followed by pressurization of seeds at 12 psi for 5 min were repeated with the addition of four surfactants (Tween 20, Tween 80, SPAN 20, and SPAN 80) in the treatment water. Enumeration of E. coli O157:H7 on treated, untreated, and control seeds was done on tryptic soy agar supplemented with 50 mug/mL of nalidixic acid. The reduction in population of E. coli O157:H7 on seeds treated with the 8 and 12 psi hydrostatic pressure in ozonated water ranged from 0.74 - 1.56 log(10) CFU/g and 0.72 - 1.62 log(10) CFU/g, respectively. Control treatments carried out with air pressurization of seeds resulted in maximum population reductions of 1.55 log(10) and 1.83 log(10) CFU/g for 8 and 12 psi, respectively. For seeds treated with continuous ozone sparging (2 - 64 min) followed by pressurization at 12 psi for 5 min, the highest reduction was 2.03 log(10) CFU/g. Reductions were, however, not significantly different (P > 0.05) from control treatment (with air) which reduced the populations by 0.57 - 2.19 log(10) CFU/g. The presence of surfactants during continuous sparging of water followed by pressurization at 12 psi was not beneficial. None of the treatments adversely affected the germination of the seeds. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Agr & Biol Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Life Sci Consortium, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Georgia, Ctr Food Safety, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Food Safety Intervent Technol Res Unit, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Demirci, A (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Agr & Biol Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 20 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 7 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 0149-6085 J9 J FOOD SAFETY JI J. Food Saf. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 22 IS 2 BP 107 EP 119 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4565.2002.tb00334.x PG 13 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 573TZ UT WOS:000176848400004 ER PT J AU Schroeder, H AF Schroeder, H TI Experiencing nature in special places: Surveys in the north-central region SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE public participation; recreation; wilderness AB The experiences people have in natural environments can be very important to them, even though these experiences are sometimes hard to categorize and measure. In a series of qualitative surveys, I asked people to describe special outdoor places and explain in their own words what these places meant to them. Their responses revealed many similarities in the highly valued experiences that occurred across diverse respondents and places. By treating special places with care, managers and planners can help ensure that opportunities for such experiences will continue to be available to people. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Res Stn, Evanston, IL 60201 USA. RP Schroeder, H (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Res Stn, 1033 Univ Pl,Suite 360, Evanston, IL 60201 USA. NR 11 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 100 IS 5 BP 8 EP 14 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 574EM UT WOS:000176875500006 ER PT J AU Sharov, AA Leonard, D Liebhold, AM Roberts, EA Dickerson, W AF Sharov, AA Leonard, D Liebhold, AM Roberts, EA Dickerson, W TI "Slow the Spread": A national program to contain the gypsy moth SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE entomology and pathology; integrated pest management; invasive species ID LYMANTRIIDAE; LEPIDOPTERA; MANAGEMENT AB Invasions by alien species can cause substantial damage to our forest resources. The gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) represents one example of this problem, and we present here a new strategy for its management that concentrates on containment rather than suppression of out-breaks. The "Slow the Spread" project is a combined federal and state government effort to slow gypsy moth spread by detecting isolated colonies in grids of pheromone-baited traps placed along the expanding population front from Wisconsin to North Carolina. Detected colonies are treated using Bacillus thuringiensis or mating disruption. Analyses to date indicate that this project has reduced spread by more than 50 percent. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Entomol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Hlth Protect, Asheville, NC USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Forest Expt Stn, Morgantown, WV USA. N Carolina Dept Agr & Consumer Serv, Div Plant Ind, Raleigh, NC USA. RP Sharov, AA (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Entomol, Price Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RI Liebhold, Andrew/C-1423-2008 OI Liebhold, Andrew/0000-0001-7427-6534 NR 14 TC 80 Z9 92 U1 2 U2 25 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 100 IS 5 BP 30 EP 35 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 574EM UT WOS:000176875500009 ER PT J AU Domier, LL McCoppin, NK Larsen, RC D'Arcy, CJ AF Domier, LL McCoppin, NK Larsen, RC D'Arcy, CJ TI Nucleotide sequence shows that Bean leafroll virus has a Luteovirus-like genome organization SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID YELLOW DWARF VIRUS; SOYBEAN-DWARF; SUBGENOMIC RNA; COAT PROTEIN; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; TRANSLATION; STRAINS; REGION; POTATO; IDENTIFICATION AB The complete nucleotide sequence of the Bean leafroll virus (BLRV) genomic RNA and the termini of its smallest subgenomic RNAs were determined to better understand its mechanisms of gene expression and replication and its phylogenetic position within the Luteoviridae. The number and placement of open reading frames (ORFs) within the BLRV genome was Luteovirus-like. The nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequences of BLRV were most similar to those of Soybean dwarf virus (SbDV). Phylogenetic analyses employing the neighbour-joining method and sister-scanning analysis indicated that the BLRV nonstructural proteins were closely related to those of Barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV (BYDV-PAV), a Luteovirus. The region surrounding the frameshift at the junction between ORFs I and 2 also contained sequences very similar to those of BYDV-PAV and a Dianthovirus, Red clover necrotic mosaic virus. Similar analyses showed that the structural proteins were most similar to those of the Polerovirus genus. The 3'-noncoding regions downstream of ORF5 contained sequences similar to translational control elements identified in the BYDV-PAV genome. These data suggest that BLRV, like SbDV, is derived either through selection from a common ancestor with BYDV-PAV or that BLRV is the product of two recombination events between luteovirus-like and polerovirus-like ancestors where the 5'2900 nt and 3'700 nt of the BLRV genome are from a Luteovirus and the intervening sequences are derived from a Polerovirus. C1 USDA ARS, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. USDA ARS, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. RP Domier, LL (reprint author), USDA ARS, 1102 S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 37 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AG, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0022-1317 J9 J GEN VIROL JI J. Gen. Virol. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 83 BP 1791 EP 1798 PN 7 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA 568KT UT WOS:000176541500030 PM 12075101 ER PT J AU Kelly, RD Hunt, ER Reiners, WA Smith, WK Welker, JM AF Kelly, RD Hunt, ER Reiners, WA Smith, WK Welker, JM TI Relationships between daytime carbon dioxide uptake and absorbed photosynthetically active radiation for three different mountain/plains ecosystems SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE CO2 flux; absorbed PAR; carbon cycle; remote sensing; airborne flux measurements ID BOREAL FOREST; PROCESS MODEL; WATER-VAPOR; AIRCRAFT; SATELLITE; FLUXES; PRODUCTIVITY; VEGETATION; EXCHANGE; LATENT AB [1] Mean midday values of eddy covariance CO2 flux and absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (APAR), derived from solar irradiance and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), were measured from May to September 1999 with an aircraft at 60-90 m above ground level over three different ecosystems dominated by native plant species in southeastern Wyoming (mixed conifer forest, mixed short-grass prairie, and sagebrush shrubland). The midday net CO2 uptake at each site followed seasonal trends, with summer values occurring later over the forest than over the other sites. At the landscape scale, linear relationships were observed between CO2 uptake and APAR for the grassland and shrubland, with increasing APAR leading to increasing CO2 uptake. Over the forest, however, the CO2 uptake was only weakly related to APAR, but an additional linear relationship with infrared surface temperature (TIR) implied that respiration may have been more important than APAR in determining net CO2 uptake by the forest. The regression slope for net CO2 uptake versus APAR for the grassland data agreed with those from other observations. C1 Univ Wyoming, Dept Atmospher Sci, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Bot, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Wake Forest Univ, Dept Biol, Winston Salem, NC 27109 USA. Colorado State Univ, Nat Resources Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Kelly, RD (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, Dept Atmospher Sci, POB 3038, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RI Welker, Jeffrey/C-9493-2013 NR 41 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 107 IS D14 AR 4223 DI 10.1029/2001JD001181 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 610TQ UT WOS:000178977300006 ER PT J AU Hanson, GJ Simon, A AF Hanson, GJ Simon, A TI Discussion of "Erosion function apparatus for scour rate predictions" by J. L. Briaud, F. C. K. Ting, H. C. Chen, Y. Cao, S. W. Han, and K. W. Kwak SO JOURNAL OF GEOTECHNICAL AND GEOENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Editorial Material ID ERODIBILITY C1 USDA, ARS, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. USDA ARS, Oxford, MS 39655 USA. RP Hanson, GJ (reprint author), USDA, ARS, 1301 N Western, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 1090-0241 J9 J GEOTECH GEOENVIRON JI J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 128 IS 7 BP 627 EP 628 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2002)128:7(627) PG 2 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 566JE UT WOS:000176423300009 ER PT J AU Grajal-Martin, MJ Muehlbauer, FJ AF Grajal-Martin, MJ Muehlbauer, FJ TI Genomic location of the Fw gene for resistance to fusarium wilt race 1 in peas SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article ID STARCH-GEL ELECTROPHORESIS; BUFFERS AB Resistance to fusarium wilt in peas (Pisum sativum L.) caused by Fusarium oxysporum Schlect. f. sp. pisi race 1 (van Hall) Snyd. & Hans. is conferred by a single dominant gene, Fw. The gene was located in the pea genome by analyzing progenies from crosses involving genetic markers across all pea linkage groups. Phenotyping of the progenies for reaction to race 1 of the fusarium wilt pathogen was determined by field screening in a "wilt-sick" plot in Pullman, Washington. Fw was shown to be located on linkage group III, about 13 map units from Lap-1 and b and 14 map units from Td. The relatively large distances between these markers and Fw precludes the use of the linked markers in marker-assisted selection for wilt resistance. Additional markers in this region of the pea genome will be required if marker-assisted selection for Fw is to be successful. C1 Inst Canario Invest Agrarias, Tenerife 38080, Spain. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Grajal-Martin, MJ (reprint author), Inst Canario Invest Agrarias, Apartado 60, Tenerife 38080, Spain. NR 12 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 93 IS 4 BP 291 EP 293 DI 10.1093/jhered/93.4.291 PG 3 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 610JR UT WOS:000178957400012 PM 12407219 ER PT J AU Fiedler, FR Frasier, GW Ramirez, JA Ahuja, LR AF Fiedler, FR Frasier, GW Ramirez, JA Ahuja, LR TI Hydrologic response of grasslands: Effects of grazing, interactive infiltration, and scale SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE rangeland; hydrologic aspects; infiltration ID HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; RUNOFF; MICROTOPOGRAPHY; VARIABILITY; RAINFALL AB Data collected at two measurement scales from a semiarid grassland are presented and analyzed to explore the hydrologic effects of grazing, interactions between overland flow and infiltration, and scale issues. Rainfall-runoff simulations were used to quantify the areal (3 by 10 m plot scale) response, and small-diameter (9 cm) disk infiltrometers were used to estimate point-scale hydraulic conductivity of bare and vegetated soil. Plot-scale data show that grazing increases runoff overall, a common result, but infiltrometer measurements indicate that only the point-scale hydraulic conductivity of vegetated soil is changed by grazing. In light of this and the well-known relationship between microtopography and vegetation in semiarid grasslands, we hypothesize that small-scale surface interactions (in particular, the so-called run-on phenomenon) are a significant component of the observed effects of grazing, as well as a factor in the hydrologic response of grasslands. Results obtained from high-resolution numerical simulations support this hypothesis. This phenomenon is not captured by classical infiltration theory or by the usual methods of statistical parameterization. In general, interactions are more likely to be important as spatial variability increases, and the relative importance of these interactions will be a function of the spatial structure of the variability and the hydrodynamics of overland flow, as controlled by microtopography. C1 Univ Idaho, Dept Civil Engn, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. USDA ARS, Crops Res Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Fiedler, FR (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Dept Civil Engn, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. NR 20 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 14 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 1084-0699 J9 J HYDROL ENG JI J. Hydrol. Eng. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 7 IS 4 BP 293 EP 301 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2002)7:4(293) PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 563YZ UT WOS:000176286700002 ER PT J AU Zurek, L Watson, DW Krasnoff, SB Schal, C AF Zurek, L Watson, DW Krasnoff, SB Schal, C TI Effect of the entomopathogenic fungus, Entomophthora muscae (Zygomycetes : Entomophthoraceae), on sex pheromone and other cuticular hydrocarbons of the house fly, Musca domestica SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Entomophthora muscae; Musca domestica; sex pheromone; cuticular hydrocarbons; behavior ID MUSCIDAE; DIPTERA; HOST; BIOSYNTHESIS; COMPONENTS; BEHAVIOR; FLIES; AGE AB House fly (Musca domestica) males are highly attracted to dead female flies infected with the entomopathogenic fungus Entomophthora muscae. Because males orient to the larger abdomen of infected flies, both visual and chemical cues may be responsible for the heightened attraction to infected flies. Our behavioral assays demonstrated that the attraction is sex-specific-males were attracted more to infected females than to infected males, regardless of cadaver size. We examined the effect of K muscae on the main component of the house fly sex pheromone, (Z)-9-tricosene, and other cuticular hydrocarbons including n-tricosane, n-pentacosane, (Z)-9-heptacosene, and total hydrocarbons of young (7 days old) and old (18 days old) virgin females. Young E. muscae-infected female flies accumulated significantly less sex pheromone and other hydrocarbons on their cuticular surface than uninfected females, whereas the cuticular hydrocarbons of older flies were unaffected by fungus infection. These results suggest that chemical cues other than (Z)-9-tricosene, visual cues other than abdomen size, or a combination of both sets of cues might be responsible for attraction of house fly males to E muscae-infected females. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Entomol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. ARS, USDA, Plant Protect Res Unit, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Schal, C (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Entomol, POB 7613, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RI Schal, Coby/A-8717-2010 OI Schal, Coby/0000-0001-7195-6358 NR 25 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 13 U2 26 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 80 IS 3 BP 171 EP 176 AR PII S0022-2011(02)00109-X DI 10.1016/S0022-2011(02)00109-X PG 6 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 608GG UT WOS:000178837300004 PM 12384083 ER PT J AU Bruck, DJ Lewis, LC AF Bruck, DJ Lewis, LC TI Carpophilus freemani (Coleoptera : Nitidulidae) as a vector of Beauveria bassiana SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Iowa State Univ, Genet Lab, USDA ARS, Corn Insects & Crop Genet Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Bruck, DJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Hort Crops Res Lab, 3420 NW Orchard Ave, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. NR 16 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 80 IS 3 BP 188 EP 190 AR PII S0022-2011(02)00107-6 DI 10.1016/S0022-2011(02)00107-6 PG 3 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 608GG UT WOS:000178837300006 PM 12384085 ER PT J AU During, A Hussain, MM Morel, DW Harrison, EH AF During, A Hussain, MM Morel, DW Harrison, EH TI Carotenoid uptake and secretion by CaCo-2 cells: beta-carotene isomer selectivity and carotenoid interactions SO JOURNAL OF LIPID RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE cis isomers; alpha-carotene; lycopene; lutein; chylomicrons; human intestinal model ID RICH LIPOPROTEIN FRACTION; INTESTINAL-ABSORPTION; TRANSPORT; LYCOPENE; LUTEIN; MEN; CHYLOMICRONS; METABOLISM; CLEAVAGE; FERRETS AB In presence of oleate and taurocholate, differentiated CaCo-2 cell monolayers on membranes were able to assemble and secrete chylomicrons. Under these conditions, both cellular uptake and secretion into chylomicrons of beta-carotene (beta-C) were curvilinear, time-dependent (2-16 h), saturable, and concentration-dependent (apparent K-m of 7-10 muM) processes. Under linear concentration conditions at 16 h incubation, the extent of absorption of all-trails P-C was 11% (80 % in chylomicrons), while those of 9-cis- and 13-cis-beta-C were significantly lower (2-3%). The preferential uptake of the all-trans isomer was also shown in hepatic stellate HSGT6 cells and in a cell-free system from rat liver (microsomes), but not in endothelial EAHY cells or U937 monocyte-macrophages. Moreover, extents of absorption of alpha-carotene (alpha-C), lutein (LUT), and lycopene (LYC) in CaCo-2 cells were 10%, 7%, and 2.5%, respectively. Marked carotenoid interactions were observed between LYC/beta-C and beta-C/alpha-C. The present results indicate that P-C conformation plays a major role in its intestinal absorption and that cis isomer discrimination is at the levels of cellular uptake and incorporation into chylomicrons. Moreover, the kinetics of cellular uptake and secretion of P-C, the inhibition of the intestinal absorption of one carotenoid by another, and the cellular specificity of isomer discrimination all suggest that carotenoid uptake by intestinal cells is a facilitated process. Carotenoid uptake and secretion by CaCo-2 cells: P-carotene isomer selectivity and carotenoid interactions. C1 USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Suny Downstate Med Ctr, Dept Anat & Cell Biol, Brooklyn, NY 11203 USA. Suny Downstate Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Brooklyn, NY 11203 USA. Univ Sci Philadelphia, Dept Pharmacol, Philadelphia, PA 19404 USA. RP During, A (reprint author), USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI During, Alexandrine/I-5405-2015; OI During, Alexandrine/0000-0002-6878-0870 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [R01 HL049879, HL49879, HL64272] NR 43 TC 133 Z9 135 U1 1 U2 14 PU LIPID RESEARCH INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0022-2275 J9 J LIPID RES JI J. Lipid Res. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 43 IS 7 BP 1086 EP 1095 DI 10.1194/jlr.M200068-JLR200 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 574DL UT WOS:000176873100012 PM 12091493 ER PT J AU Miller, RJ Davey, RB George, JE AF Miller, RJ Davey, RB George, JE TI Modification of the food and agriculture organization larval packet test to measure amitraz-susceptibility against ixodidae SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Rhipicephalus sanguineus; Boophilus microplus; resistance; amitraz; discriminating dose; southern cattle tick ID ACARI; RESISTANCE AB Modifications of exposure time, substrate, and formulation were made to the Food and Agriculture Organization Larval Packet Test (LPT) to determine a combination suitable for measuring the susceptibility of Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) to amitraz. Exposure time influenced the slope of the dose-response when paper was used as a substrate for amitraz. However, time did not influence the dose-response slope when nylon fabric was used as air amitraz substrate. Formulated amitraz produced results with less deviation from the log-probit model than technical amitraz. The combination of formulated amitraz and nylon fabric as a substrate for amitraz produced results that best fit the log-probit model. The modified FAO procedure (formulated amitraz/nylon substrate combination) was used to assay a Brazilian strain of B. microplus and a Panamanian strain of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille). Resistance ratios (95% CI) of 26.3 (25.7-26.9) and 7.3 (5.5-9.9) were calculated for the B. microplus and R. sanguineus strains, respectively. A discriminating dose of 0.03% amitraz was determined for B. microplus. This technique will help to locate amitraz resistant tick populations, provide data for improved control practices, and aid in the discovery of resistance mechanisms through synergist studies and verification of molecular techniques. C1 USDA ARS, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res La, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. RP Miller, RJ (reprint author), USN, Dis Vector Ecol Control Ctr, 19950 7th Ave NE,Suite 201, Poulsbo, WA 98370 USA. NR 14 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 7 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 39 IS 4 BP 645 EP 651 PG 7 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 600CA UT WOS:000178372000014 PM 12144297 ER PT J AU Stiller, D Goff, WL Johnson, LW Knowles, DP AF Stiller, D Goff, WL Johnson, LW Knowles, DP TI Dermacentor variabilis and Boophilus microplus (Acari : Ixodidae): Experimental vectors of Babesia equi to equids SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Amblyomma americanum; Boophilus microplus; Babesia equi; vectors; equids; ticks ID HORSES; PIROPLASMOSIS; TRANSMISSION; ANAPLASMOSIS; ANTIBODY AB The experimental vector competence of five laboratory-reared ixodid tick species representing three genera [Amblyomma americanum (L.), Boophilus microplus (Canestrini), D. andersoni Stiles, D. occidentalis Marx, and D. variabilis (Say)] for Babesia equi (Laveran 1901) was evaluated by delayed transfer of male ticks from infected to susceptible equids or by infesting the latter animals with adult ticks previously fed as nymphs on infected equids. After feeding for 5, 6, or 13 d on acquisition hosts, ticks were forcibly removed and held off the host at 26degreesC, approximate to93% RH, and a photoperiod of 14:10 (L:D) h for 6, 12, or 27 d. Intrastadial transmission to susceptible ponies by D. variabilis males, and transstadial transmission to susceptible burros by B. microplus adults, was demonstrated by blood smear and indirect immunofluorescence serology. The data indicated that male D. variabilis and adult B. microplus, tick species that occur on equids in North America and, in the case of the latter tick, also extensively in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, may be competent natural vectors of B. equi. C1 Univ Idaho, USDA ARS, Anim Dis Res Unit, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. RP Stiller, D (reprint author), Univ Idaho, USDA ARS, Anim Dis Res Unit, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. NR 25 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 39 IS 4 BP 667 EP 670 PG 4 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 600CA UT WOS:000178372000018 PM 12144301 ER PT J AU Schmidtmann, ET Craig, ME English, LM Herrero, MV AF Schmidtmann, ET Craig, ME English, LM Herrero, MV TI Sampling for sand flies (Diptera : Psychodidae) among prairie dog colonies on ranches with histories of vesicular stomatitis in new Mexico and Colorado SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE sand flies; vesicular stomatitis; livestock; western United States; arthropod-borne disease; vectors ID NEW-JERSEY SEROTYPE; LUTZOMYIA-SHANNONI DIPTERA; WESTERN UNITED-STATES; VIRUS; GEORGIA AB The possible presence of sand flies (Diptera: Psycbodidae) among colonies of Gunnison's prairie dogs, Cynomys gunnisoni Baird, was investigated on or near ranches with histories of vesicular stomatitis (VS) in domestic livestock in the mid-Rio Grande River Valley, NM, and west-slope region of Colorado. Sampling was conducted at six locations, three in each region, using three methods: standard down-draft suction / light traps, up-draft suction / light traps (both supplemented with CO,), and burrow-emergence traps. Two male and four female sand flies, Lutzolnyia apache, Young and Perkins were recovered from prairie dog colony and sand-sagebrush association habitats on a cattle ranch in Socorro County, NM. Sand flies were captured only in up-draft suction / light traps. This record is of interest for the following reasons: (1) sand flies have not been reported from the Rio Grande River Valley of New Mexico, (2) sand flies are biological vectors of VS viruses in other areas, (3) the mid-Rio Grande River Valley has been a focus of VS virus activity in domestic livestock during recent outbreaks, and (4) the source of vesicular stomatitis viruses that infect livestock in the western United States is unknown, but may involve introductions of virus from Mexico or an endemic cycle maintained by vector insects. C1 USDA ARS, Arthropod Borne Anim Dis Res Lab, Univ Stn, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Schmidtmann, ET (reprint author), USDA ARS, Arthropod Borne Anim Dis Res Lab, Univ Stn, Box 3965, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. NR 19 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 39 IS 4 BP 680 EP 684 PG 5 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 600CA UT WOS:000178372000021 PM 12144304 ER PT J AU Shaver, YJ Nagpal, ML Rudner, R Nakamura, LK Fox, KF Fox, A AF Shaver, YJ Nagpal, ML Rudner, R Nakamura, LK Fox, KF Fox, A TI Restriction fragment length polymorphism of rRNA operons for discrimination and intergenic spacer sequences for cataloging of Bacillus subtilis sub-groups SO JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Article DE rRNA operon; intergenic spacer region; Bacillus subtilis; ribotyping; restriction fragment length polymorphism ID 16S-23S RDNA SPACER; RIBOSOMAL-RNA GENES; PCR-AMPLIFICATION; STRAINS; REGION; BACTERIA; 16S; DIFFERENTIATION; IDENTIFICATION; ATROPHAEUS AB Restriction fragment length polymorphism of rRNA operons (RFLP) and 16S-23S rRNA intergenic region (ISR) sequences of Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis, B. subtilis subsp. spizizenii. and B. atrophaeus were compared. ISR sequences of the B. subtilis subspecies were extremely similar (W23 versus 168 rrn H, J, G,W 96.8% rrn D, E 98.4%; rrnB, 97.9%) and, therefore, not useful for their differentiation. However, RFLP of rRNA operons of the B. subtilis subspecies were distinct in terms of numbers and organization within the genome (e.g. the 168 sub-group generally contained 8.3- and 8.0-kb fragments absent in the W23 sub-group). The more distantly related R. atrophaeus was distinct from both B. subtilis subspecies in terms of ISR sequence and rRNA operon number and organization. RFLP of rRNA operons discriminates the two sub-groups of Bacillus subtilis that are indistinguishable by ISR sequence. However, ISR sequence defines the relatedness of B. subtilis to other species (e.g. B. atrophaeus) within the genus Bacillus. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All tights reserved. C1 Univ S Carolina, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. CUNY Hunter Coll, Dept Biol Sci, New York, NY 10021 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Fox, A (reprint author), Univ S Carolina, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. NR 26 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-7012 J9 J MICROBIOL METH JI J. Microbiol. Methods PD JUL PY 2002 VL 50 IS 2 BP 215 EP 223 AR PII S0167-7012(02)00036-2 DI 10.1016/S0167-7012(02)00036-2 PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology GA 556TH UT WOS:000175864700012 PM 11997172 ER PT J AU Russell, JB Mantovani, HC AF Russell, JB Mantovani, HC TI The bacteriocins of ruminal bacteria and their potential as an alternative to antibiotics SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Review ID GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA; LACTIC-ACID BACTERIA; SEC-DEPENDENT BACTERIOCIN; PRECURSOR LIPID II; STREPTOCOCCUS-BOVIS; BUTYRIVIBRIO-FIBRISOLVENS; ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES; CELLULOLYTIC BACTERIA; PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS; MEDIATED ANTAGONISM AB Beef cattle have been fed ionophores and other antibiotics for more than 20 years to decrease ruminal fermentation losses (e.g methane and ammonia) and increase feed efficiency, and these improvements have been explained by an inhibition of Gram-positive ruminal bacteria. Ionophores are not used to treat human disease, but there has been an increased perception that antibiotics should not be used as feed additives. Some bacteria produce small peptides (bacteriocins) that inhibit Gram-positive bacteria. In vitro experiments indicated that the bacteriocin, nisin, and the ionophore, monensin, had similar effects on ruminal fermentation. However, preliminary results indicated that mixed ruminal bacteria degraded nisin, and the ruminal bacterium, Streptococcus bovis, became highly nisin-resistant. A variety of ruminal bacteria produce bacteriocins, and bacteriocin production has, in some cases, been correlated with changes in ruminal ecology. Some ruminal bacteriocins are as potent as nisin in vitro, and resistance can be circumvented. Based on these results, ruminal bacteriocins may provide an alternative to antibiotics in cattle rations. C1 Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Microbiol Sect, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Russell, JB (reprint author), Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RI Mantovani, Hilario/J-5287-2012 NR 91 TC 43 Z9 46 U1 2 U2 13 PU KARGER PI BASEL PA ALLSCHWILERSTRASSE 10, CH-4009 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 1464-1801 J9 J MOL MICROB BIOTECH JI J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 4 IS 4 BP 347 EP 355 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 572LL UT WOS:000176776100001 PM 12125815 ER PT J AU Logsdon, SD Laird, DA AF Logsdon, SD Laird, DA TI Dielectric spectra of bound water in hydrated Ca-smectite SO JOURNAL OF NON-CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Dielectric Spectroscopy Conference CY APR 12-15, 2001 CL JERUSALEM, ISRAEL SP Minist Sci, Culture & Sport Israel, USN, Off Res Lab, Agilent Technologies, Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Tel Aviv Univ, Israel Dielectr Soc, Tower Semiconductor Ltd, INTEL, NOVOCONTROL ID 2/1 PHYLLOSILICATES; MONTMORILLONITE; RELAXATION; ALLOPHANE; IMOGOLITE AB Water contained in larger pores is considered to have the properties of free water, but water associated with colloid surfaces is often called bound water. The objective of this study is to utilize dielectric spectra to elucidate properties of various forms of bound water in Ca-smectite. The <2 mum fraction of Wyoming bentonite was Ca-saturated and prepared as oriented films. The loosely-stacked oriented films were equilibrated above saturated salt solutions to control relative humidity (RH), then compressed with a hydraulic press, and finally packed into coaxial cells. A vector network analyzer was used to indirectly determine the complex dielectric spectra. The gravimetric water contents ranged from 0.209 to 0.421 kg kg(-1) for RH ranging from 54% to 98%, and static electrical conductivity (EC) ranged from 0.002 to 0.051 S m(-1). Volumetric water contents ranged from 0.203 to 0.506 m(3)m(-3), and variable amounts of air were present in the different samples, ranging from 0.040 to 0.438 m(3)m(-3). Increased water content increased the EC because of greater continuity of water and lower tortuosity. Both the real and imaginary component of the permittivity were about an order of magnitude smaller at 54% RH than at 98% RH. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Logsdon, SD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RI Laird, David/E-8598-2014 NR 14 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-3093 J9 J NON-CRYST SOLIDS JI J. Non-Cryst. Solids PD JUL 1 PY 2002 VL 305 IS 1-3 BP 243 EP 246 AR PII S0022-3093(02)01109-2 DI 10.1016/S0022-3093(02)01109-2 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 563NC UT WOS:000176261600031 ER PT J AU Robinson, DA Friedman, SP AF Robinson, DA Friedman, SP TI The effective permittivity of dense packings of glass beads, quartz sand and their mixtures immersed in different dielectric backgrounds SO JOURNAL OF NON-CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Dielectric Spectroscopy Conference CY APR 12-15, 2001 CL JERUSALEM, ISRAEL SP Minist Sci, Culture & Sport Israel, USN, Off Res Lab, Agilent Technologies, Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Tel Aviv Univ, Israel Dielectr Soc, Tower Semiconductor Ltd, INTEL, NOVOCONTROL ID SOIL-WATER CONTENT; POROUS-MEDIA; WET SOIL; BEHAVIOR; CONSTANT; SPHERES; MODELS AB Dielectric methods, which measure the effective dielectric permittivity of granular materials, e.g., rocks, sediments and soils are often applied to estimate water or oil content. To test physically based models requires that the permittivity values of all phases are known. Measurements of the solid permittivity of glass spheres, quartz sand grains and their mixtures are made using an immersion method. The results obtained are tested against several classical models including the Maxwell Garnett, the symmetric effective medium approximation (SEMA) and the non-SEMA. The results demonstrate inadequate predictions between these models and the measured data. However, the Maxwell Garnett model comes close to predicting the effective permittivity of the media. Divergence between this model and the measurements is known to be due to interaction effects between grains that is not accounted for by a model based simply on the mixing of volumetric fractions of the components. With water as the background (contrast of 10 for glass) the Maxwell Garnett model overestimates the effective permittivity similar to5% as the contrast reduces this error decreases. For contrasts <4 the error for the permittivity estimate using the Maxwell Garnett formula was <3%. The modeling is simply used to demonstrate that the permittivity of the inclusions, for practical purposes, can be considered a linear function of the volumetric fraction times its respective permittivity. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Volcani Ctr, Inst Soil Water & Environm Sci, ARO, Bet Dagan, Israel. RP Robinson, DA (reprint author), USDA ARS, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RI Robinson, David/A-6287-2010 OI Robinson, David/0000-0001-7290-4867 NR 26 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-3093 J9 J NON-CRYST SOLIDS JI J. Non-Cryst. Solids PD JUL 1 PY 2002 VL 305 IS 1-3 BP 261 EP 267 AR PII S0022-3093(02)01099-2 DI 10.1016/S0022-3093(02)01099-2 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 563NC UT WOS:000176261600034 ER PT J AU Donangelo, CM Woodhouse, LR King, SM Viteri, FE King, JC AF Donangelo, CM Woodhouse, LR King, SM Viteri, FE King, JC TI Supplemental zinc lowers measures of iron status in young women with low iron reserves SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE zinc; iron; absorption; supplementation; humans ID ABSORPTION; METABOLISM; NUTRITION; HUMANS; DIET AB Zinc and iron compete during intestinal absorption, but postabsorptive interactions between these nutrients are less clear. Understanding these interactions is important to determine when supplementation with iron or zinc is proposed. The effect of zinc supplementation (22 mg Zn/d as zinc gluconate) or of iron supplementation (100 mg Fe/d as ferrous sulfate) for 6 wk on iron and zinc metabolism and absorption was evaluated in young women with low iron reserves. Young adult women (ages 20-28 y), nonanemic but with low iron stores (plasma ferritin < 20 mug/L), participated in the 70-d study. The women were divided in two groups (zinc-supplemented, n = 11; iron-supplemented, n = 12). The supplements were taken at bedtime. Iron and zinc biochemical indices and intestinal absorption were measured on d 1 and 56. Radioiron and stable isotopes of zinc were used to measure iron and zinc absorption from a test meal. In the iron-supplemented group, blood hemoglobin, plasma ferritin and the percentage of transferrin saturation increased (P < 0.01). Zinc indices did not change. In the zinc-supplemented group, plasma ferritin and the percentage of transferrin saturation decreased (P < 0.05), whereas the plasma transferrin receptor and erythrocyte zinc protoprophyrin levels increased (P < 0.05). Plasma and urinary zinc also increased (P < 0.01). Iron absorption (%) from the test meal increased (P < 0.01), whereas zinc absorption (06) decreased (P < 0.01) compared with baseline in the Zn-supplemented women. Our results indicate that the use of iron supplements in women with marginal iron status improves iron indices with no effect on zinc status. However, use of a modest zinc supplement improves zinc indices, but also appears to induce a cellular iron deficiency and, possibly, further reduce iron status. C1 USDA ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Davis, CA USA. Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Inst Quim, Dept Bioquim, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Nutr Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP King, JC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Davis, CA USA. NR 30 TC 40 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 132 IS 7 BP 1860 EP 1864 PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 569NP UT WOS:000176608700011 PM 12097660 ER PT J AU Wu, XL Cao, GH Prior, RL AF Wu, XL Cao, GH Prior, RL TI Absorption and metabolism of anthocyanins in elderly women after consumption of elderberry or blueberry SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE anthocyanin; metabolite; elderberry (Sambucus nigra); blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) ID IN-VITRO; PHENOLIC ANTIOXIDANTS; QUERCETIN GLUCOSIDES; SMALL-INTESTINE; HUMAN URINE; RED WINE; RATS; HUMANS; BIOAVAILABILITY; JUICE AB The absorption and metabolism of anthocyanins (ACN) in humans was studied in four elderly women given 12 g elderberry extract (EBX) (720 mg total ACN), and six elderly women given 189 g lowbush blueberry (BB) (690 mg total ACN). The two major ACN in EBX, cyanidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-sambubioside, as well as four metabolites: 1) peonidin 3-glucoside, 2) peonidin 3-sambubioside, 3) peonidin monoglucuronide, and 4) cyanidin-3-glucoside monoglucuronide were identified in urine within 4 h of consumption using HPLC-MS/MS with diode-array detector detection and retention time. Total EBX ACN excretion was 554 +/- 90 mug (mean +/- SD, n = 4) (0.077% of intake/4 h, wt/wt). In 5 of 6 women fed BB, urine samples contained ACN, which were identified as the original forms based upon comparisons to the BB food sample, which contained 24 ACN, 22 of which were identified by HPLC-MS/MS. Reasonable correlations between BB and urine proportions of the different ACN were obtained except for ACN arabinosides. Total urinary excretion during the first 6 h was 23.2 +/- 10.9 mug (mean +/- SD, n = 5) (0.004% of intake/6 h, wt/wt). Plasma ACN levels were below detection limits using 2 mL plasma in women that consumed BB. This study demonstrates for the first time that in vivo methylation of cyanidin to peonidin and glucuronide conjugate formation occurs after people consume ACN and demonstrates the low absorption and excretion of ACN compared with other flavonoids. C1 USDA, Agr Res Serv, Arkansas Childrens Hosp, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA. USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Prior, RL (reprint author), USDA, Agr Res Serv, Arkansas Childrens Hosp, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA. EM PriorRonaldL@uams.edu NR 41 TC 246 Z9 254 U1 2 U2 36 PU AMER SOC NUTRITIONAL SCIENCE PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, RM L-2407A, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 132 IS 7 BP 1865 EP 1871 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 569NP UT WOS:000176608700012 PM 12097661 ER PT J AU Behall, KM Howe, JC Anderson, RA AF Behall, KM Howe, JC Anderson, RA TI Apparent mineral retention is similar in control and hyperinsulinemic men after consumption of high amylose cornstarch SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE amylose; resistant starch; hyperinsulinemia; minerals; chromium; humans ID URINARY CHROMIUM EXCRETION; CHAIN FATTY-ACIDS; RESISTANT STARCH; DIETARY FIBER; CALCIUM-ABSORPTION; NONSTARCH POLYSACCHARIDES; POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; METABOLIC VARIABLES; FECAL BULK; OAT-BRAN AB The effects on apparent mineral retention after long-term consumption of a high amylose diet containing 30 g resistant starch (RS) were investigated in 10 control and 14 hyperinsulinemic men. Subjects consumed products (bread, muffins, cookies, corn flakes and cheese puffs) made with standard (70% amylopectin, 30% amylose; AP) or high amylose (70% amylose, 30% amylopectin; AM) cornstarch for two 14-wk periods in a crossover pattern. Starch products replaced usual starches in the habitual diet for 10 wk followed by 4 wk of consuming the controlled diets. During wk 12, all urine, feces and duplicate foods were collected for 7 d. Urinary chromium losses after a glucose tolerance test or 24-h collections of the hyperinsulinemic and control subjects did not differ and were not altered by diet. Except for zinc, the two subject types did not differ significantly in apparent mineral balance. Apparent retentions of calcium and magnesium were not significantly affected by diet (AM vs. AP) or type-by-diet interaction. Apparent iron retention tended to be greater after AM than AP consumption (P < 0.09). Apparent copper retention was greater after consuming AP than after AM (P < 0.02), whereas apparent zinc retention was greater after consuming AM than after AP (P < 0.018). Zinc also showed a significant type-by-diet interaction (P < 0.034) with control subjects retaining less zinc after consuming AP than after AM. In summary, a high amylose cornstarch diet containing 30 g RS could be consumed long term without markedly affecting, and possibly enhancing, retention of some minerals. C1 USDA, Agr Res Serv, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Diet & Human Performance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA, Agr Res Serv, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Nutrient Data Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA, Agr Res Serv, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Nutrient Requirements & Funct Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Behall, KM (reprint author), USDA, Agr Res Serv, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Diet & Human Performance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 48 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 132 IS 7 BP 1886 EP 1891 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 569NP UT WOS:000176608700015 PM 12097664 ER PT J AU Chung, CS Nagey, DA Veillon, C Patterson, KY Jackson, RT Moser-Veillon, PB AF Chung, CS Nagey, DA Veillon, C Patterson, KY Jackson, RT Moser-Veillon, PB TI A single 60-mg iron dose decreases zinc absorption in lactating women SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE zinc absorption; iron supplementation; lactation; stable isotopes ID PLASMA-MASS-SPECTROMETRY; STABLE ISOTOPES; BIOLOGICAL-MATERIALS; DIETARY ZINC; SUPPLEMENTATION AB This study determined whether a single 60-mg dose of ferrous sulfate interferes with fractional zinc absorption (FZA) at 7-9 wk of lactation. In a crossover design, 5 exclusively breast-feeding women were given either a single 60-mg iron supplement or no supplement. FZA was measured by analyzing zinc stable isotope tracers (Zn-70 and Zn-67) in urine samples collected for 7 d after isotope dosing. A 0.7-mumol intravenous (IV) infusion of Zn-70 as ZnCl2 in saline was followed by a 0.03-mmol oral dose of Zn-67 as ZnCl2 given with a standardized meal. After a 7-d wash-out period, the supplement given was reversed and a second FZA measurement was taken. FZA was calculated from isotopic enrichments in urine measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Hemoglobin, plasma ferritin and transferrin receptor, and plasma 5'-nucleotidase, plasma zinc and erythrocyte zinc did not differ before the two measurements of zinc absorption. When women were given a single iron supplement, FZA was significantly lower, 21.7 +/- 1.7% compared with 26.9 +/- 2.6% when no supplement was given (P = 0.032). A single 60-mg iron dose significantly decreases FZA during early lactation. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Nutr & Food Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Gynecol & Obstet, Baltimore, MD USA. USDA, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Moser-Veillon, PB (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Nutr & Food Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 23 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 132 IS 7 BP 1903 EP 1905 PG 3 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 569NP UT WOS:000176608700018 PM 12097667 ER PT J AU Hontecillas, R Wannemeulher, MJ Zimmerman, DR Hutto, DL Wilson, JH Ahn, DU Bassaganya-Riera, J AF Hontecillas, R Wannemeulher, MJ Zimmerman, DR Hutto, DL Wilson, JH Ahn, DU Bassaganya-Riera, J TI Nutritional regulation of porcine bacterial-induced colitis by conjugated linoleic acid SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE lipid nutrition; colitis; conjugated linoleic acid; interferon-gamma; PPAR-gamma; growth suppression ID INFLAMMATORY-BOWEL-DISEASE; ACTIVATED RECEPTOR-GAMMA; SERPULINA-HYODYSENTERIAE BACTERIN; N-3 FATTY-ACIDS; CROHNS-DISEASE; PPAR-GAMMA; IMMUNE-SYSTEM; GENE-EXPRESSION; IFN-GAMMA; T-CELLS AB Excessive intake of saturated fatty acids and/or linoleic acid favors the induction of an array of lipid mediators and cytokines enhancing inflammatory responses. Conversely, dietary supplementation with (n-3) fatty acids or vitamin D ameliorates inflammation and autoimmune diseases. Although it was well accepted that conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) prevented diseases with a common inflammatory pathogenesis (i.e., cancer and atherosclerosis), no studies were available on the roles of CLA in mucosal inflammation. The present study was designed to investigate the anti-inflammatory actions and molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of colonic health by CLA. We hypothesized that colonic inflammation can be ameliorated by dietary CLA supplementation. To test this hypothesis, inflammation of the colonic mucosa was triggered by challenging pigs fed either soybean oil-supplemented or CLA-supplemented diets with an enteric bacterial pathogen (i.e., Brachyspira hyodysenteriae). Immunoregulatory cytokines and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) mRNA expression were assayed in colonic lymph nodes and colon of pigs. Colonic mucosal lesions and lymphocyte subset distribution were evaluated by histology and immunohistochemistry. Supplementation of CLA in the diet before the induction of colitis decreased mucosal damage; maintained cytokine profiles (i.e., interferon-gamma and interleukin-10) and lymphocyte subset distributions (i.e., CD4(+) and CD8(+)), resembling those of noninfected pigs; enhanced colonic expression of PPAR-gamma; and attenuated growth failure. Therefore, CLA fed preventively before the onset of enteric disease attenuated inflammatory lesion development and growth failure. C1 Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Coll Vet Med, Vet Med Res Inst, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Ames, IA 50010 USA. USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Bassaganya-Riera, J (reprint author), Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Coll Vet Med, Vet Med Res Inst, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 51 TC 99 Z9 104 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 132 IS 7 BP 2019 EP 2027 PG 9 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 569NP UT WOS:000176608700037 PM 12097686 ER PT J AU Nord, M Andrews, M Winicki, J AF Nord, M Andrews, M Winicki, J TI Frequency and duration of food insecurity and hunger in US households SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION EDUCATION AND BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article DE food security; hunger; community health statistics; frequency of hunger ID UNITED-STATES AB Objective: This study examines the extent to which food insecurity and hunger in US households are occasional, recurring, or frequent/chronic. Design/Variables: The federal food security scale measures the severity of food insecurity in surveyed households and classifies households as to their food security status during the previous year. The Current Population Survey Food Security Supplement (CPS-FSS) collects the data elements used to calculate the food security scale. Supplementary data on the frequency of occurrence of the behaviors and experiences comprising the food security scale are also collected by the CPS-FSS, but most of this information is not included in the food security scale. This study analyzes these supplementary data along with the food security scale and its constituent items using data from the Food Security Supplement of the nationally representative CPS conducted in August 1998. Results: About two thirds of households classified as food insecure by the federal food security scale experience the condition as recurring, and around one fifth experience these conditions as frequent or chronic. The monthly prevalence of hunger is about 60% of the annual prevalence, and the daily prevalence is about 13% to 18% of the annual prevalence. Conclusions and Implications: Nutritionists can use these findings to enhance the informative value of food insecurity and hunger statistics from national, state, and local surveys when interpreting them to policy makers and to the general public. C1 Econ Res Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Winicki, J (reprint author), Econ Res Serv, USDA, 1800 M St NW,Room 2091, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 14 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 3 PU B C DECKER INC PI HAMILTON PA 20 HUGHSON ST SOUTH, PO BOX 620, L C D 1, HAMILTON, ONTARIO L8N 3K7, CANADA SN 1499-4046 J9 J NUTR EDUC BEHAV JI J. Nutr. Educ. Behav. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 34 IS 4 BP 194 EP 201 DI 10.1016/S1499-4046(06)60093-6 PG 8 WC Education, Scientific Disciplines; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Education & Educational Research; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 580UZ UT WOS:000177255700004 PM 12217262 ER PT J AU Mohamed, AI Hussein, AS Bhathena, SJ Hafez, YS AF Mohamed, AI Hussein, AS Bhathena, SJ Hafez, YS TI The effect of dietary menhaden, olive, and coconut oil fed with three levels of vitamin E on plasma and liver lipids and plasma fatty acid composition in rats SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE menhaden oil; olive oil; coconut oil; vitamin E; serum lipids; liver lipids; plasma fatty acid ID FED BEEF TALLOW; FISH-OIL; SALMON DIET; ADULT MEN; LIPOPROTEIN; METABOLISM; CHOLESTEROL; MEMBRANES; FLUIDITY; HUMANS AB The effect of dietary fats with varying degrees of unsaturation in the presence of different concentrations of vitamin E on tissue lipid levels was studied in rats. Rats were fed either menhaden oil, olive oil or coconut oil at 15% levels with either 0.1, 0.3 or 0.6 mg/g of vitamin E as a-tocopherol for four weeks. Rat serum and liver were analyzed for total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triacylglycerol and phospholipids. In addition, fatty acid composition of serum lipids was also analyzed. Serum total cholesterol and triacylglycerol were significantly lower in rats fed menhaden oil than in those fed olive or coconut oil, while the HDL-cholesterol was significantly higher in serum of rats fed menhaden and olive oil than in those fed coconut oil. Levels of vitamin E in the diet had only a significant effect on serum cholesterol and liver phospholipids. The Pearson correlation coefficient showed a significant positive relationship between serum triacylglycerol and total cholesterol, and a negative correlation between triacylglycerol and HDL-cholesterol, and between total and HDL-cholesterol. In the liver, total cholesterol was significantly higher in rats fed coconut oil than in rats fed menhaden oil. Total liver phospholipids were lower in rats fed either coconut oil or olive oil compared to those fed menhaden oil, especially with higher levels of vitamin E intake. Higher levels of vitamin E in the diet appear to increase triacylglycerol and phospholipids in livers of rats fed menhaden oil. In the liver a significant negative correlation was observed between phospholipids and cholesterol. The type and degree of unsaturation (polyunsaturated fatty acids in menhaden oil, monounsaturated fatty acids in olive oil and saturated fatty acids in coconut oil) significantly affected plasma and tissue lipids. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Virginia State Univ, Agr Res Stn, Petersburg, VA 23806 USA. United Arab Emirates Univ, Al Ain, U Arab Emirates. USDA ARS, BHNRC, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Ann, MD 21853 USA. RP Mohamed, AI (reprint author), Virginia State Univ, Agr Res Stn, Petersburg, VA 23806 USA. NR 44 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0955-2863 J9 J NUTR BIOCHEM JI J. Nutr. Biochem. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 13 IS 7 BP 435 EP 441 AR PII S0955-2863(02)00196-1 DI 10.1016/S0955-2863(02)00196-1 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 577QW UT WOS:000177074000008 ER PT J AU Youssef, SA Shalaby, AA Mazyad, HM Hadidi, A AF Youssef, SA Shalaby, AA Mazyad, HM Hadidi, A TI Detection and identification of Prune dwarf virus and Plum pox virus by standard and multiplex RT-PCR probe capture hybridization (RT-PCR-ELISA) SO JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE PDV; PPV; RNA extraction; detection; RT-PCR-ELISA; amplification; DIG-labeling; cDNA capture probe; nucleotide sequence ID COMPLETE NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; SOUR CHERRY STRAIN; SENSITIVE DETECTION; POTYVIRUS PPV AB Prune dwarf virus (PDV) and Plum pox virus (PPV) are two of the most common viruses infecting stone fruit trees, which are economically important worldwide. To improve the detection of PDV and PPV by PCR technology, we investigated the possibility of detection of these viruses in standard and multiplex RTPCR-ELISA assays. Total RNA was extracted from cherry, peach, or plum leaves and cherry pollen of PDV-infected or uninfected trees. Total RNA was also extracted from PPV-infected or uninfected leaves. Samples were extracted using commercially available RNA extraction kits. A RT-PCR-ELISA assay was developed for the detection of PDV in a single reaction or with PPV in a multiplex reaction. The use of a PDV-specific capture probe or a PPV-specific capture probe allowed the detection of each virus in a single RT-PCR-ELISA assay. Simultaneous use of the PDV-specific and PPV-specific capture probes permitted the sensitive detection of both viruses in a multiplex RT-PCR-ELISA assay. Nucleotide sequence analyses of the cloned RTPCR fragments of PDV or PPV obtained from total RNA extracts of infected leaves from different geographical locations revealed > 90% identity with published sequences, which confirmed the identity of each virus isolate investigated. C1 USDA ARS, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Minist Agr & Land Reclamat, Agr Res Ctr, Plant Pathol Res Inst, Giza 12619, Egypt. RP Youssef, SA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 20 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU EDIZIONI ETS PI PISA PA PIAZZA CARRARA 16-19, 56126 PISA, ITALY SN 1125-4653 J9 J PLANT PATHOL JI J. Plant Pathol. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 84 IS 2 BP 113 EP 119 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 578GA UT WOS:000177108000005 ER PT J AU Wei, JZ Chatterton, NJ Harrison, PA Wang, RRC Larson, SR AF Wei, JZ Chatterton, NJ Harrison, PA Wang, RRC Larson, SR TI Characterization of fructan biosynthesis in big bluegrass (Poa secunda) SO JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE 6-SFT; cDNA; fructan synthesis; fructosyltransferase; gene expression; Poa ID LOLIUM-TEMULENTUM L; SUCROSE 1-FRUCTOSYLTRANSFERASE; TRANSGENIC TOBACCO; CYNARA-SCOLYMUS; EXCISED LEAVES; BARLEY LEAVES; KEY ENZYME; FUNCTIONAL-ANALYSIS; CLONING; 6-FRUCTOSYLTRANSFERASE AB Most cool-season grasses contain multiple types of fructans. One exception is big bluegrass (Poa secunda Presl.). When grown under specific controlled environmental conditions it synthesizes only beta-2,6-linked fructans. This study analyzed fructan accumulations, enzyme activities and gene expression in big bluegrass. Detachment/illumination and cool treatments effectively induced the accumulation of fructans in leaf tissues. Enzyme assays indicated that 6-SST (sucrose: sucrose 6-fructosyltransferase)- and 6-SFT (sucrose: fructan 6-fructosyltransferase)-like activities were the major enzyme activities involved in fructan biosynthesis in big bluegrass leaves. A full-length cDNA of the putative 6-SFT gene was cloned using RT-PCR and RACE techniques. The deduced amino acid sequence showed 69% identity with barley 6-SFT Homology was also high with other fructosyltransferases and some invertases. The abundance of putative 6-SFT mRNA showed a coincidence with fructan accumulation and 6-SFT activity. We suggest that 6-SFT is the major enzyme involved in fructan biosynthesis in big bluegrass but it may also exhibit limited 6-SST activity. C1 Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Chatterton, NJ (reprint author), Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 49 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU URBAN & FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA BRANCH OFFICE JENA, P O BOX 100537, D-07705 JENA, GERMANY SN 0176-1617 J9 J PLANT PHYSIOL JI J. Plant Physiol. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 159 IS 7 BP 705 EP 715 DI 10.1078/0176-1617-0781 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 578BX UT WOS:000177098500004 ER PT J AU Farrell, HM Qi, PX Wickham, ED Unruh, JJ AF Farrell, HM Qi, PX Wickham, ED Unruh, JJ TI Secondary structural studies of bovine caseins: Structure and temperature dependence of beta-casein phosphopeptide (1-25) as analyzed by circular dichroism, FTIR spectroscopy, and analytical ultracentrifugation SO JOURNAL OF PROTEIN CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE casein structure; protein functionality; milk proteins ID GLOBULAR-PROTEINS; IMMUNOGENIC PEPTIDE; CONFORMATION; CD; ALPHA(S1)-CASEIN(136-196); PHOSPHORYLATION; PRECIPITATION; POLYPEPTIDES; HELICES; TURNS AB The defining structural feature of all of the caseins is their common phosphorylation sequence. In milk, these phosphoserine residues combine with inorganic calcium and phosphate to form colloidal complexes. In addition, nutritional benefits have been ascribed to the phosphopeptides from casein. To obtain a molecular basis for the functional, chemical, and biochemical properties of these casein peptides, the secondary structure of the phosphopeptide of bovine beta-casein (1-25) was reexamined using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopies. Both methods predict secondary structures for the peptide which include polyproline II elements as well as beta-extended sheet and turn-like elements. These structural elements were highly stable from 5degrees to 70degreesC. Reexamination of previously published H-1 NMR data using chemical shift indices suggests structures in accord with the CD and FTIR data. Dephosphorylation showed little or no secondary structural changes, as monitored by CD and FTIR, but the modified peptide demonstrated pronounced self-association. The polymers formed were not highly temperature sensitive, but were pressure sensitive as judged by analytical ultracentrifugation at selected rotor speeds. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations demonstrated relatively large volume changes for the dephosphorylated peptide, in accord with the pressure dependent aggregation observed in the analytical ultracentrifuge data. In contrast the native peptide in MD remained relatively rigid. The physical properties of the peptide suggest how phosphorylation can alter its biochemical and physiological properties. C1 ARS, USDA, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Farrell, HM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 61 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 6 U2 27 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0277-8033 J9 J PROTEIN CHEM JI J. Protein Chem. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 21 IS 5 BP 307 EP 321 AR UNSP 0277-8033/02/0700-0307/0 PG 15 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 587FH UT WOS:000177629500001 PM 12206505 ER PT J AU Pfister, JA Gardner, DR Stegelmeier, BL Knight, AP Waggoner, JW Hall, JO AF Pfister, JA Gardner, DR Stegelmeier, BL Knight, AP Waggoner, JW Hall, JO TI Plains larkspur (Delphinium geyeri) grazing by cattle in Wyoming SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE toxic plants; diet selection; cattle grazing; methyllycaconitine; alkaloids ID NORDITERPENOID ALKALOIDS; INFESTED RANGELAND; TALL; CONSUMPTION; EXPERIENCE; QUALITY; SHEEP AB Plains larkspur (Delphinium geyeri Greene) is a major cause of cattle deaths in the northern Great Plains of Wyoming and Colorado. We examined the amount and timing of larkspur ingestion by grazing cattle in relation to larkspur phenology, nutrient concentrations, and weather conditions. Four summer grazing trials were conducted near Cheyenne (1996 and 1997) and Laramie, Wyo. (1998 and 1999). All trials began when plains larkspur was vegetative or in the early bud stage. In the first 2 studies, 6 yearling heifers grazed from 3 May to 4 August 1996; the same animals plus 5 cow-calf pairs grazed from 13 May to 10 August 1997. During both 1996 and 1997, cattle ate 0.5 to 1% of bites as larkspur during May. then consumption decreased to nearly 0 during the remainder of both summers. When eaten, larkspur was typically consumed during cool, foggy weather conditions. In the last 2 studies, 6 cow-calf pairs grazed near Laramie, Wyo., from 13 May to 30 June 1998, and 6 different cow-calf pairs grazed from 2 June to 20 July 1999. Cattle ate substantial amounts of plains larkspur (herd average similar to3%) during the vegetative and bud stages from mid-May into early June, 1998. Cattle may have eaten more larkspur during 1998 because drought reduced spring availability of green grass. Consumption 2 of larkspur was negatively related (r(2) = 0.43) to daily, temperature in 1998, but not during 1999. During 1999 cattle ate essentially no plains larkspur during the vegetative and bud stages, but ate larkspur (herd average similar to5%) during the flower and pod stages when larkspur plants were beginning to desiccate and ambient temperatures were above average. This series of trials indicates that it will be difficult to predict plains larkspur consumption based on larkspur growth patterns or weather. Although cattle sometimes increase plains larkspur consumption when temperatures are cooler than normal, this pattern is not consistent enough to serve as a basis for management recommendations. C1 ARS, USDA, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, Logan, UT 84341 USA. Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Renewable Resources, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Anim Dairy & Vet Sci, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Pfister, JA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, 1150 E 1400 N, Logan, UT 84341 USA. NR 31 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 5 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 55 IS 4 BP 350 EP 359 DI 10.2307/4003471 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 573FU UT WOS:000176819300005 ER PT J AU McEldowney, RR Flenniken, M Frasier, GW Trlica, MJ Leininger, WC AF McEldowney, RR Flenniken, M Frasier, GW Trlica, MJ Leininger, WC TI Sediment movement and filtration in a riparian meadow following cattle use SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE vegetation filter strip; stem density; rainfall simulation; NPS pollution; grazing; trampling ID OVERLAND-FLOW; SIMULATED RAINFALL; BUFFER STRIPS; SOIL-EROSION; VEGETATION; RUNOFF; COVER; INFILTRATION; COMMUNITIES; RESISTANCE AB Improper livestock grazing practices in western U.S. riparian areas may reduce the nutrient and pollutant removal function of riparian communities, resulting in degradation of surface water quality. Short duration-high intensity cattle use in 3 x 10 in plots was evaluated in a montane riparian meadow in northern Colorado to quantify livestock effects on sediment movement and filtration under simulated rainfall (approximate to100 mm hour(-1)) plus overland flow (approximate to25 mm hour(-1)) conditions. Four treatments: 1) control, 2) mowed to 10 cm stubble height, 3) trampled by cattle, and 4) cattle grazed plus trampled (grazed) were evaluated. Sixty kg of sediment was introduced to overland flow in each plot. Sediment movement was evaluated using sediment traps positioned in microchannels and on vegetation islands at 5 distances downslope from the upper end of the plots and by sediment front advancement. Most sediment deposition occurred within the first meter downslope from application. About 90% of the applied sediment was filtered from runoff within 10 in in the control and mowed treatments, while approximately 84 and 77% of the applied sediment was trapped in the trampled and grazed treatment plots, respectively. The primary variables that influenced sediment fittration were stem density and surface random roughness. Stem density was the most influential variable that affected sediment filtration. Cattle grazing reduced the stem density by 40%. Monitoring of stem density should aid land managers in regulating cattle use of riparian communities and facilitate the protection of surface water quality from sediment in overland flow. C1 SAIC, Littleton, CO 80127 USA. Larimer Cty Open Lands, Loveland, CO 80537 USA. ARS, USDA, Crops Res Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Dept, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP McEldowney, RR (reprint author), SAIC, 8100 Shaffer Pkwy,Suite 100, Littleton, CO 80127 USA. NR 48 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 11 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 55 IS 4 BP 367 EP 373 DI 10.2307/4003473 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 573FU UT WOS:000176819300007 ER PT J AU Ralphs, MH Greathouse, G Knight, AP Doherty, D Graham, JD Stegelmeier, BL James, LF AF Ralphs, MH Greathouse, G Knight, AP Doherty, D Graham, JD Stegelmeier, BL James, LF TI Prior feeding practices do not influence locoweed consumption SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Oxytropis sericea; alfalfa hay; grass hay; cattle; poisonous plant ID OXYTROPIS-SERICEA; ASTRAGALUS-LENTIGINOSUS; CATTLE; LIVESTOCK AB Anecdotal evidence suggests that cattle fed alfalfa hay during the winter are inclined to graze locoweed on spring range. Two studies were conducted to compare the influence of feeding alfalfa hay vs grass hay during the winter on subsequent consumption of white locoweed (Oxytropis sericea Nutt. ex T&G) in the spring. Eight cows were daily fed alfalfa hay (15.2% CP in 1998, 17.1% CP in 2000) and 8 cows were daily fed grass hay (10.7% CP in 1998, 12.1% CP in 2000) plus 20% protein molasses block during the January-April winter feeding period. Treatment groups grazed in separate pastures (8 ha) on white locoweed-infested range in May and June in northern Colorado in 1998 and in northeast New Mexico in 2000. Diets were estimated by bite count. There was no difference in locoweed Consumption between the 2 groups (P > 0.22). Cattle grazed locoweed for 5% of diets in Colorado and 10% of diets in New Mexico. Feeding alfalfa hay over winter did not predispose cattle to graze locoweed in the spring. Previous research showed other feeding practices or supplements do not affect locoweed consumption or poisoning. Prevention of locoweed poisoning requires denying access to locoweed when it is relatively more palatable than associated forages. C1 ARS, USDA, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, Logan, UT 84341 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Clin Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Union Cty Extens, Clayton, NM 88415 USA. RP Ralphs, MH (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, Logan, UT 84341 USA. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 55 IS 4 BP 390 EP 393 DI 10.2307/4003476 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 573FU UT WOS:000176819300010 ER PT J AU Ralphs, MH Gardner, DR Graham, JD Greathouse, G Knight, AP AF Ralphs, MH Gardner, DR Graham, JD Greathouse, G Knight, AP TI Clipping and precipitation influences on locoweed vigor, mortality, and toxicity SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE white locoweed; Oxytropis sericea; poisonous plant; population cycle AB White locoweed (Oxytropis sericea Nutt. in T&G) is widespread throughout the short-grass prairies and mountain grasslands and causes chronic poisoning of cattle, sheep, and horses. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of clipping (simulated grazing) on vigor, mortality and toxic alkaloid concentration of white locoweed. One hundred locoweed plants were marked at each of 3 locations (New Mexico, Colorado, and Utah). Plants were stratified into 2 age/size classes: young/small < 5 stalks; older/large > 7 stalks (n = 50 in each clash). Pairs of plants within each age class that were as similar as possible were selected, and I of each pair (n = 25) was clipped at ground level annually for 4 years. Vigor indices included number of stalks, number of flowering heads, leaf length, and flowering head height. Mortality was recorded and the toxic alkaloid swainsonine was measured. Clipping did not consistently reduce vigor. Flowering heads/plant declined in most clipped plants (P < 0.05), but stalks/plant declined only in large clipped plants in Utah and small clipped plants in New Mexico (P < 0.01), and clipping did not greatly affect leaf length or flowering head height. Clipping did not increase mortality, and did not affect swainsonine concentration. However, there was a natural die-off that may have been related to precipitation. There were negative correlations between precipitation and locoweed mortality (r = - 0.42 to -0.84), with most of the marked plants dying during the recent drought. Grazing locoweed for short periods would likely not affect its vigor or toxicity, but its population dynamics were affected by drought. C1 ARS, USDA, Poisonous Plant Lab, Logan, UT 84341 USA. Union Cty Extens, Clayton, NM 88415 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Clin Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Ralphs, MH (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Poisonous Plant Lab, Logan, UT 84341 USA. NR 18 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 4 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 55 IS 4 BP 394 EP 399 DI 10.2307/4003477 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 573FU UT WOS:000176819300011 ER PT J AU Ralphs, MH Sanders, KD AF Ralphs, MH Sanders, KD TI Population cycles of broom snakeweed in the Colorado Plateau and Snake River Plains SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE broom snakeweed; Gutierrezia sarothrae; population cycle; poisonous plant ID DEPLETION; RESPONSES; DROUGHT AB Broom snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. & Rusby) is one of the most widespread range weeds in North America. The objective of this study was to monitor broom snakeweed populations in the salt-desert shrub community of the Colorado Plateau and in crested wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum (Link) Schultes) seedings typical of the Snake River Plains and Great Basin, and determine if its population cycles are related to precipitation patterns. Foliar cover of broom snakeweed and associated plant species was measured along 7.6 or 33 m transects by the line intercept technique. Density of snakeweed age classes (seedling, juvenile, mature) was counted in I m 2 quadrats at the beginning and end of each transect. Correlations were made between snakeweed cover and density, and seasonal precipitation. The snakeweed population at the Colorado Plateau site completed 2 cycles over the 13 year study period, dying out in the drought of 1989-90 and again in 2001. There were positive correlations between density of snakeweed classes and seasonal precipitation: seedlings with spring precipitation (r = 0.63); juveniles with winter precipitation (r = 0.69); and mature plants with previous fall precipitation (r = 0.62). Only 1 cycle occurred at the Snake River Plains site. Following the snakeweed invasion into crested wheatgrass seedings in the mid 1980's, the population was at the top of its population cycle when the study began in 1990, dropped back and fluctuated between 6-10% cover from 1992 to 1999, and died out in 2001. Although density of mature plants did not change much during the middle part of the study, the change in snakeweed cover was correlated with spring (r = 0.81) and total precipitation (r = 0.60), reflecting increase and decrease in size of plants in response to precipitation. C1 ARS, USDA, Poisonous Plant Lab, Logan, UT 84341 USA. Univ Idaho, Twin Falls, ID 83303 USA. RP Ralphs, MH (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Poisonous Plant Lab, 1150 E 1400 N, Logan, UT 84341 USA. NR 33 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 55 IS 4 BP 406 EP 411 DI 10.2307/4003479 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 573FU UT WOS:000176819300013 ER PT J AU Jensen, K Pompelli, G AF Jensen, K Pompelli, G TI Manufacturing site location preferences of small agribusiness firms SO JOURNAL OF SMALL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; DECISIONS; DIFFERENTIALS AB This study examined the perceived importance of site location characteristics identified in a 1999 survey of 198 small Tennessee agribusinesses. Responding firms ranked proximity to buyers/customers, labor, and raw materials above other factors, However the relative importance of all factors varied by industry subsector For example, compared to food processing firms, textile milling and lumber/wood products firms perceived community incentives as less important. Projected firm growth and current location also affected the perceived importance of site location factors. The diversity of perceived factor importance across agribusiness subsectors supports the idea that incentives and promotion of site location factors to attract small agribusiness may need to be tailored to meet specific firms' needs. C1 Univ Tennessee, Knoxville, TN USA. USDA, Econ Res Serv, Agr & Trade Outlook Branch, Washington, DC USA. RP Jensen, K (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Knoxville, TN USA. NR 23 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 7 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0047-2778 J9 J SMALL BUS MANAGE JI J. Small Bus. Manag. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 40 IS 3 BP 204 EP 218 DI 10.1111/1540-627X.00051 PG 15 WC Management SC Business & Economics GA 561CY UT WOS:000176120900003 ER PT J AU Garen, D AF Garen, D TI USDA-NRCS needs computer software SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Letter C1 USDA, NRCS, Portland, OR USA. RP Garen, D (reprint author), USDA, NRCS, Portland, OR USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 57 IS 4 BP 82A EP 83A PG 2 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 592WQ UT WOS:000177960200005 ER PT J AU Heilman, P Hatfield, JL Rojas, K Ma, L Huddleston, J Ahuja, L Adkins, M AF Heilman, P Hatfield, JL Rojas, K Ma, L Huddleston, J Ahuja, L Adkins, M TI How good is good enough? SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article ID DECISION-SUPPORT SYSTEM; WATER-QUALITY; MANAGEMENT-SYSTEMS C1 USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, Great Plains Syst Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO USA. USDA ARS, Informat Technol Ctr, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Heilman, P (reprint author), USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ USA. NR 21 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 57 IS 4 BP 92A EP 101A PG 10 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 592WQ UT WOS:000177960200007 ER PT J AU Lager, KM Mengeling, WL Wesley, RD AF Lager, KM Mengeling, WL Wesley, RD TI Evidence for local spread of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus SO JOURNAL OF SWINE HEALTH AND PRODUCTION LA English DT Article DE swine; porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus; indirect transmission; biosecurity ID SYNDROME PRRS VIRUS; PHYLOGENETIC-RELATIONSHIPS; GENETIC-VARIATION; FIELD STRAINS; UNITED-STATES; PIG-DISEASE; SWINE HERD; BOAR SEMEN; TRANSMISSION; INFECTION AB This report presents evidence from a field investigation indicating that indirect area spread of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus occurred among swine farms in north-central Iowa. The mode of transmission was not determined. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, MWA, Virus & Prion Dis Livestock Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Lager, KM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, MWA, Virus & Prion Dis Livestock Res Unit, POB 70,2300 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 32 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC SWINE PRACTITIONERS PI PERRY PA 902 1ST AVE, PERRY, IA 50220-1703 USA SN 1537-209X J9 J SWINE HEALTH PROD JI J. Swine. Health Prod. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 10 IS 4 BP 167 EP 170 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 565TE UT WOS:000176384900007 ER PT J AU Guthrie, JF Nord, M AF Guthrie, JF Nord, M TI Federal activities to monitor food security SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article C1 USDA, Serv Econ Res, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER DIETETIC ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 216 W JACKSON BLVD #800, CHICAGO, IL 60606-6995 USA SN 0002-8223 J9 J AM DIET ASSOC JI J. Am. Diet. Assoc. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 102 IS 7 BP 904 EP 906 DI 10.1016/S0002-8223(02)90202-6 PG 3 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 571HD UT WOS:000176711200004 PM 12146547 ER PT J AU Liu, CK Latona, NP DiMaio, GL AF Liu, CK Latona, NP DiMaio, GL TI Effects of fatliquor on vacuum drying of leather SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID ACOUSTIC-EMISSION; RESISTANCE; ENERGY AB The effect of fatliquor was not included in our previous vacuum drying studies for chrome-tanned leather. Therefore, a follow-up vacuum drying study was performed to evaluate the effect of fatliquor. By using the SAS statistical program, we have formulated the relationship between fatliquor concentration and drying rate. This study also focused on how fatliquor affects the strength, elongation, stiffness and toughness of the vacuum dried leather. A second order polynomial regression equation was derived to plot 3-D response surfaces that clearly illustrate the relationship between the fatliquor concentration and drying rate, as well as the resultant physical properties. Measurements showed the drying rate decreases as the fatliquor concentration increases by a factor of (1 - f)(1/2), where f is the fatliquor concentration fraction. Observation showed that the tensile strength, elongation, and toughness all increase steadily with an increased fatliquor concentration, whereas the Young's modulus decreased. A correlation was observed between elongation and Young's modulus. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Liu, CK (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 20 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSN PI LUBBOCK PA TEXAS TECH UNIV, BOX 45300, LUBBOCK, TX 79409-5300 USA SN 0002-9726 J9 J AM LEATHER CHEM AS JI J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 97 IS 7 BP 284 EP 293 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 596EH UT WOS:000178150800004 ER PT J AU Peterson, JW Muzzey, KL Haytowitz, D Exler, J Lemar, L Booth, SL AF Peterson, JW Muzzey, KL Haytowitz, D Exler, J Lemar, L Booth, SL TI Phylloquinone (vitamin K-1) and dihydrophylloquinone content of fats and oils SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE dihydrophylloquinone; fats; HPLC; hydrogenation; margarine; oils; phylloquinone; vitamin K ID FOODS; MARGARINES AB Assessment of vitamin K (VK) dietary intakes has been limited by the incompleteness of VK food composition data for the U.S. food supply, particularly for VK-rich oils. The phylloquinone (VK-1) and 2',3'-dihydrophylloquinone (dK) concentrations of margarines and spreads (n = 43), butter (n = 4), shortening (n = 4), vegetable oils (n = 6), and salad dressings (n = 24) were determined by RP-HPLC with fluorescence detection. Each sample represented a composite of units or packages obtained from 12 or 24 outlets, which were geographically representative of the U.S. food supply. Butter, which is derived from animal fat sources, had less VK-1 compared to vegetable oil sources. The VK-1 and dK of the: margarines and spreads increased with fat content and the degree of hydrogenation, respectively. In some margarines or spreads and in all shortenings, the dK concentrations were higher than the corresponding VK-1 concentrations. As the fat content of salad dressings increased, the VK-1 concentrations also increased. Fat-free foods had <1 mug/100 g of either form of the vitamin. No dK was detected in the salad dressings or oils tested. Some margarines, spreads, and salad dressings may be significant sources of vitamin K in the U.S. food supply. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. USDA ARS, Nutrient Data Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Booth, SL (reprint author), 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 20 TC 18 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 79 IS 7 BP 641 EP 646 DI 10.1007/s11746-002-0537-z PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 574ED UT WOS:000176874700004 ER PT J AU Dunn, RO AF Dunn, RO TI Low-temperature flow properties of vegetable oil/cosolvent blend diesel fuels SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE cloud point; cold filter plugging point; cosolvency; diesel fuel; differential scanning calorimetry; low-temperature flow test; phase equilibria; pour point ID METHANOL; MICROEMULSIONS; OILS; SOLUBILIZATION; SYSTEMS; ESTERS; PHASE AB Vegetable oils are an attractive renewable source for alternative diesel fuels. However, the relatively high kinematic viscosity of vegetable oils must be reduced to make them more compatible with conventional compression-ignition engines and fuel systems. Cosolvent blending is a low-cost and easy-to-adapt technology that reduces viscosity by diluting the vegetable oil with a low-M.W. alcohol (methanol or ethanol). The cosolvent (A), which consists of one or more amphiphilic compounds, is added to solubilize the otherwise nearly immiscible oil-polar alcohol mixture. This work investigates cold flow properties and phase equilibrium behavior associated with blends consisting of soybean oil (SBO) and methanol where A = 8:1 (mol) n-butanol/oleyl alcohol; 6:1 (mol) 2-octanol/triethyl-ammonium linoleate; and 4:1 (mol) 2-octanol/Unadol 40 (alcohols from SBO FA); and a blend of 2:1 (vol/vol) No. 2 diesel fuel/SBO and 95% ethanol where A = n-butanol. Cloud point (CP), pour point, cold filter plugging point (CFPP), and low-temperature flow test (LTFT) results were compared with corresponding phase separation temperature (T-phi) data measured at equilibrium. Although CP data were measured under non-equilibrium experimental conditions, a nearly linear correlation was found between T-phi and CP. Statistical analysis showed that To may also be correlated with CFPP and LTFT. Analysis of heating and cooling DSC curves indicated that peak temperatures may be employed to predict cold flow properties and T-phi behavior for SBO/cosolvent blends. Cooling curve parameters correlated more readily than heating curve parameters. Finally, relatively low quantities of heat evolved during freezing indicated that crystallization in the SBO/cosolvent blends studied in this work occurs easily during cooling. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Food & Ind Oils Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Dunn, RO (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Food & Ind Oils Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 34 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 79 IS 7 BP 709 EP 715 DI 10.1007/s11746-002-0547-x PG 7 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 574ED UT WOS:000176874700014 ER PT J AU Krahl, J Bunger, J Schroder, O Munack, A Knothe, G AF Krahl, J Bunger, J Schroder, O Munack, A Knothe, G TI Exhaust emissions and health effects of particulate matter from agricultural tractors operating on rapeseed oil methyl ester SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE biodiesel; exhaust emissions; nitrogen oxides; particulate matter; rapeseed methyl ester ID TOXICOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE; MUTAGENICITY TEST; DIESEL FUEL; COMBUSTION AB Exhaust emissions and their effects on the environment and human health, such as mutagenicity of particulate matter (PM) and ozone-forming potential, must be considered when using an alternative fuel. In the present work, a test engine and two agricultural tractors ran on rapeseed oil methyl ester (biodiesel) or conventional diesel fuel as well as blends thereof. The objective was to detect any disproportionately positive or negative effects depending on blend levels, because conventional diesel fuel and biodiesel can be blended in every ratio. Generally, emissions of regulated compounds changed linearly with the blend level. The known positive and negative effects of biodiesel varied accordingly. Overall, no optimal blend was found. Increasing biodiesel content of the fuel caused a linear increase in benzene emissions in the agricultural five-mode engine test, an effect that may be explained from previous studies on precombustion chemistry. In using the test engine, it was found that PM from biodiesel significantly reduced mutagenic potential compared with that from diesel fuel, although in this work PM masses were found to be reproducibly higher for biodiesel from rapeseed oil compared with conventional diesel fuel. Ozone precursors increased 10-30% when using biodiesel compared with conventional diesel fuel. Emissions of aldehydes and alkenes are mainly responsible for this effect. N2O emissions increased when using a catalytic converter. C1 Univ Appl Sci Coburg, D-96406 Coburg, Germany. Fed Agr Res Ctr, Inst Technol & Biosyst Engn, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany. Univ Gottingen, Ctr Environm & Occupat Med, D-37073 Gottingen, Germany. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Krahl, J (reprint author), Univ Appl Sci Coburg, Postbox 1652, D-96406 Coburg, Germany. RI Fernandez-Tirado, Francisca/F-3380-2010 NR 25 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 79 IS 7 BP 717 EP 724 DI 10.1007/s11746-002-0548-9 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 574ED UT WOS:000176874700015 ER PT J AU Takeda, F Strik, BC Peacock, D Clark, JR AF Takeda, F Strik, BC Peacock, D Clark, JR TI Cultivar differences and the effect of winter temperature on flower bud development in blackberry SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Rubus; differentiation; floral primordia; floricanes; inflorescence; microscopy ID EASTERN THORNLESS BLACKBERRY; RASPBERRY; GROWTH AB Transition to reproductive development and subsequent development of floral primordia (e.g., sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils) were determined in several blackberry (Rubus subgenus Rubus Watson) cultivars (Boysen, Cherokee, Chester Thornless, Marion, and Thornless Evergreen) growing in one or more locations (Clarksville, Ark., Aurora and Hillsboro, Ore., and Kearneysville, W. Va.). Also, daily maximum, mean, and minimum temperatures were recorded at three sites (Clarksville, Aurora, and Kearneysville) for the September to April sampling period. In buds of 'Boysen' and 'Marion' from Oregon, sepal primordia were first observed in November and December, respectively. Further floral bud development continued into January. Sepal development in 'Cherokee' buds occurred in October in Oregon and in December in Arkansas. At all three sites, the buds of 'Chester Thornless' blackberry remained undifferentiated until spring. The average mean temperatures in Oregon were generally well above 5 degreesC during the bud sampling period, but were near 0 degreesC on most days from mid-December to January in Arkansas and from December to late-February in West Virginia. The phenology of flower bud differentiation varied among the cultivars and was strongly influenced by prevailing winter temperatures. The results suggest that the shortening day lengths of late summer trigger flower bud development in blackberry. Floral bud development in blackberry, once initiated, was continuous; however, periods of low temperature (<2 degreesC) can arrest development. C1 USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Hort, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Hort, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Takeda, F (reprint author), USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, 45 Wiltshire Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 34 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 127 IS 4 BP 495 EP 501 PG 7 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 562QQ UT WOS:000176210800006 ER PT J AU Bartoszewski, G Mujer, CV Niemirowicz-Szczytt, K Smigocki, AC AF Bartoszewski, G Mujer, CV Niemirowicz-Szczytt, K Smigocki, AC TI Cloning of a wound inducible Lycopersicon esculentum cytochrome P450 gene and lack of regeneration of transgenic plants with sense or antisense constructs SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE tomato; biotechnology; zeatin; cytokinin ID CATHARANTHUS-ROSEUS; NICOTIANA-PLUMBAGINIFOLIA; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; EXPRESSION; HERBICIDE; MONOOXYGENASES; PROTEIN; TOBACCO; ENZYME AB A Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. (tomato) cDNA clone with high similarity to a Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Viv. (tobacco) cytochrome P450 gene was isolated using 5' and 3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The isolated cDNA (GenBank Accession No. AF249329) has an open reading frame of 1494 base pairs (bp) and encodes a protein of 498 amino acids with 75% identity to the N. plumbaginifolia cytochrome P450 (CYP72A2) and 45% to a Catharanthus roseus G. Don (Madagaskar periwinkle) CYP72A1 protein sequence. By Southern-blot analysis, one or two highly homologous genes were detected in the L. esculentum genome. Expression of the cloned P450 gene was regulated by circadian rhythm and enhanced by wounding. Leaf transcripts were detected in the light but not dark. Highest transcript levels were observed 3 hours after mechanical wounding. No increase in expression was seen in response to applications of zeatin as with the N. plumbaginifolia gene. Of the tissues analyzed, shoot tips and young leaves and fruit had the highest detectable transcript levels. Attempts to transform more than 1400 cotyledon explants of L. esculentum with sense or antisense CYP72A2 gene constructs produced no transgenic plants. C1 USDA ARS, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Agr Univ Warsaw, Fac Hort & Landscape Architecture, Dept Plant Genet Breeding & Biotechnol, PL-02787 Warsaw, Poland. RP Smigocki, AC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Bartoszewski, Grzegorz/B-2211-2012; Bartoszewski, Grzegorz/M-8458-2016 OI Bartoszewski, Grzegorz/0000-0002-6197-770X NR 24 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 127 IS 4 BP 535 EP 539 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 562QQ UT WOS:000176210800012 ER PT J AU Fazio, G Staub, JE Chung, SM AF Fazio, G Staub, JE Chung, SM TI Development and characterization of PCR markers in cucumber SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE simple sequence repeats; SSR; sequence characterized amplified regions; SCAR; single nucleotide polymorphisms; SNP; marker optimization ID AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIC DNA; DOWNY MILDEW RESISTANCE; SIMPLE SEQUENCE REPEATS; SATIVUS L; GENETIC DIVERSITY; MICROSATELLITE MARKERS; ASSISTED SELECTION; INVITRO AMPLIFICATION; LINKAGE RELATIONSHIPS; DISEASE-RESISTANCE AB Highly polymorphic microsatellites; or simple sequence repeat (SSR), along with sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), markers are reliable, cost-effective, and amenable for large scale analyses. Molecular polymorhisms are relatively rare in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) (3% to 8%). Therefore, experiments were designed to develop SSR, SCAR and SNP markers, and optimize reaction conditions for PCR. A set of 110 SSR markers was constructed using a unique, strategically applied methodology that included the GeneTrapper (Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, Md.) kit to select plasmids harboring microsatellites. Of these markers, 58 (52%) contained dinucleotide repeats (CT, CA, TA), 21 (19%) possessed trinucleotide repeats (CTT, ATT, ACC, GCA), 3 (2.7%) contained tetranucleotide repeats (TGCG, TTAA, TAAA), 4 (3.6%) enclosed pentanucleotide repeat (ATTTT, GTTTT, GGGTC, AGCCC), 3 (2.7%) contained hexanucleotide repeats (CCCAAA, TAAAAA, GCTGGC) and 21 possessed composite repeats. Four SCARS (L18-3 SCAR, AT1-2 SCAR, N6-A SCAR, and N6-B SCAR) and two PCR markers based on SNPs (L18-2H19 A and B) that are tightly linked to multiple lateral branching (i.e., a yield component) were also developed. The SNP markers were developed from otherwise monomorphic SCAR markers, producing genetically variable amplicons. The markers L18-3 SCAR and AT1-2 SCAR were codominant. A three-primer strategy was devised to develop a codominant SCAR from a sequence containing a transposable element, and a new codominant SCAR product was detected by annealing temperature gradient (ATG) PCR. The use of a marker among laboratories can be enhanced by methodological optimization of the PCR. The utility of the primers developed was optimized by ATG-PCR to increase reliability and facilitate technology transfer. This array of markers substantially increases the pool of genetic markers available for genetic investigation in Cucumis. C1 USDA ARS, Vegetable Crops Unit, Dept Hort, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Staub, JE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Vegetable Crops Unit, Dept Hort, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 70 TC 56 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 127 IS 4 BP 545 EP 557 PG 13 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 562QQ UT WOS:000176210800014 ER PT J AU Staub, JE Dane, F Reitsma, K Fazio, G Lopez-Sese, A AF Staub, JE Dane, F Reitsma, K Fazio, G Lopez-Sese, A TI The formation of test arrays and a core collection in cucumber using phenotypic and molecular marker data SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE genetic resources; genetic diversity; isozymes; germplasm; principal component analysis; core subsets; situation specific arrays; disease resistance; abiotic stress ID AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIC DNA; GENETIC DIVERSITY; SATIVUS L; LINKAGE RELATIONSHIPS; GERMPLASM COLLECTION; LOCI; ISOZYME; CONSERVATION; POPULATIONS; INHERITANCE AB Genetic relationships among 970 cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plant introductions (PIS) in the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) were assessed by observing variation at 15 isozyme loci. Allozyme frequency data for these PIs were compared to allozyme variation in heirloom and modern (H&M) cultivars released from 1846-1985 (HM cultivars; 178 accessions), and experimental commercial (EC) germplasm (EC germplasm; 82 accessions) in use after 1985. Multivariate analysis defined four distinct groups of accessions (Groups A-D), where Group A consisted of PIs received by the NPGS before 1992, Group B contained PIS from India and China obtained by NPGS after 1992, Group C consisted of EC germplasm, and Group D contained H&M cultivars. Morphological, abiotic stress (water and heat stress tolerance) and disease resistance evaluation data from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) for the PIS examined were used in conjunction with estimates of population variation and genetic distance estimates to construct test arrays and a core collection for cucumber. Disease resistance data included the evaluation of angular leafspot [Pseudomonas lachrymans (E.F. Smith) Holland], anthracnose [Colletotrichum lagenarium (Ross.) Ellis & Halst], downy mildew [Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Berk. & Curt) Rostow], rhizoctonia fruit rot (Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn), and target leafspot [Corynespora cassiicola (Berk. & Curt) Wei] pathogenicity. The test arrays for resistance-tolerance to angular leafspot, anthracnose, downy mildew, rhizoctonia fruit rot, target leafspot, and water and heat stress consisted of 17, 16, 17, 16, 17, 16, and 16 accessions, respectively. The core collection consisted of accessions in these test arrays (115) and additional 32 accessions that helped circumscribe the genetic diversity of the NPGS collection. The core collection of 147 accessions (115 + 32) represents approximate to11% of the total collection's size (1352). Given estimates of genetic diversity and theoretical retention of diversity after sampling, this core collection could increase curatorial effectiveness and the efficiency of end-users as they attempt to identify potentially useful germplasm. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Vegetable Crops Unit, Dept Hort, USDA ARS, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Auburn Univ, Dept Hort, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Iowa State Univ, USDA, N Cent Plant Intro Stn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, Dept Hort, Vegetable Crops Unit, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Staub, JE (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Vegetable Crops Unit, Dept Hort, USDA ARS, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Lopez-Sese, Anabel/C-5085-2008 OI Lopez-Sese, Anabel/0000-0001-5686-0884 NR 54 TC 18 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 127 IS 4 BP 558 EP 567 PG 10 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 562QQ UT WOS:000176210800015 ER PT J AU Gokce, AF McCallum, J Sato, Y Havey, MJ AF Gokce, AF McCallum, J Sato, Y Havey, MJ TI Molecular tagging of the Ms locus in onion SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Allium cepa; amplified fragment length polymorphisms; aldehyde dehydrogenase; restriction fragment length polymorphisms; single nucleotide polymorphisms; single stranded conformational polymorphisms ID OPEN-POLLINATED POPULATIONS; ALLIUM-CEPA L.; CYTOPLASMIC GENOTYPES; DNA POLYMORPHISM; MAP; IDENTIFICATION; SOFTWARE; FERTILE; GENOME; LINES AB Cytoplasmic-genic male sterility (CMS) is used to produce hybrid onion (Allium cepa L.) seed. For the most widely used source of onion CMS, male sterility is conditioned by the interaction of the male-sterile (S) cytoplasm and the homozygous recessive genotype at a nuclear male-fertility restoration locus (Ms). Maintainer lines are used to seed propagate male-sterile lines, possess normal (N) male-fertile cytoplasm, and are homozyous recessive at the Ms locus. Due to the biennial nature of onion, it takes 4 to 8 years of crossing and scoring of progeny phenotypes to establish if maintainer lines can be extracted from an uncharacterized population or family. Identification of nuclear markers tightly linked to the Ms locus would allow for molecular-facilitated selection of maintainer lines. We evaluated testcross progenies from a segregating family for nuclear restoration of male fertility over at least three environments. Although segregations in the F, family fit the expected 1:2:1 ratio (P = 0.973), the proportion of male-sterile testcross progenies showed significant (P < 0.01) year effects and it is therefore imperative to score male-fertility restoration over environments. Too many male-sterile testcross progenies were often observed, indicating that the dominant allele conditioning male-fertility restoration for S cytoplasm may not show complete penetrance. Segregations of amplified fragment length polymorphisms and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) revealed RFLPs flanking the Ms locus at 0.9 and 8.6 cM. An onion cDNA showing highly significant homology to the aldehyde dehydrogenase conditioned by the rf2 locus of maize was identified and mapped to linkage group 1, independent of the Ms locus. A sample of commercial onion germplasm was evaluated for putative allelic diversity at the RFLP loci linked to Ms. The genomic region corresponding to the cDNA (AOB272) revealing the closest RFLP to Ms was sequenced to reveal numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms. Single-stranded conformational polymorphisms and single nucleotide extensions were developed that revealed genomic variation at AOB272-EcoRI. The use of these molecular markers to select maintainer lines in onion is discussed. C1 Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, Dept Hort, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Crop & Food Res, Christchurch, New Zealand. Hokkaido Natl Agr Expt Stn, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062, Japan. RP Havey, MJ (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, Dept Hort, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 32 TC 25 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 127 IS 4 BP 576 EP 582 PG 7 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 562QQ UT WOS:000176210800017 ER PT J AU Giovannelli, JL Farnham, MW Wang, M Strand, AE AF Giovannelli, JL Farnham, MW Wang, M Strand, AE TI Development of sequence characterized amplified region markers linked to downy mildew resistance in broccoli SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Brassica oleracea; Peronospora parasitica; cotyledon-stage resistance ID CYTOPLASMIC MALE-STERILITY; BULKED SEGREGANT ANALYSIS; BRASSICA-OLERACEA; RUST RESISTANCE; RESTORER GENE; RAPD MARKERS; IDENTIFICATION; INHERITANCE; NAPUS; MAPS AB Downy mildew, caused by the fungal parasite Peronospora parasitica (Pers.: Fr.) Fr., is a destructive disease of Brassica oleracea L. crops, including broccoli (B. oleracea, Italica Group). The development and deployment of downy mildew resistant broccoli cultivars is a priority for breeders and producers. Identification of genetic markers linked to downy mildew resistance genes should facilitate selection for resistance and pyramiding of resistance genes into cultivars. The objectives of this study were to 1) identify RAPD markers linked to a single dominant gene for resistance in broccoli, 2) clone and sequence the linked RAPD markers, and 3) develop and evaluate SCAR markers as screening tools for resistance. Bulked segregant analysis led to the identification of eight linked RAPD markers following a screen of 848 decamers. Two of the linked RAPD fragments, UBC359(620) and OPM16(750), were converted to dominant SCAR markers linked in coupling to the resistance locus at 6.7 and 3.3 cM, respectively. The SCAR marker based on UBC359620 sequence exhibited less accuracy (94%) than the original RAPD (96%) in differentiating resistant and susceptible plants, but the accuracy (97%) of the OPM16(750)-SCAR was not different than the original RAPD. These SCAR markers are among the first genetic markers found linked to a gene conferring cotyledon-stage downy mildew resistance in B. oleracea. Results of this work provide breeders with useful information and tools for the systematic development of resistant cultivars. C1 USDA ARS, US Vegetable Lab, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. Univ Charleston, Dept Biol, Charleston, SC 29424 USA. RP Giovannelli, JL (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Vegetable Lab, 2875 Savannah Hwy, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. NR 28 TC 11 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 127 IS 4 BP 597 EP 601 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 562QQ UT WOS:000176210800020 ER PT J AU McClendon, MT Inglis, DA McPhee, KE Coyne, CJ AF McClendon, MT Inglis, DA McPhee, KE Coyne, CJ TI DNA markers linked to Fusarium wilt race 1 resistance in pea SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Pisum sativum; Fusarium oxysporum f.sp pisi; amplified fragment length polymorphism; random amplified polymorphic DNA ID GENE CONFERRING RESISTANCE; PISUM-SATIVUM; MOSAIC-VIRUS; LINKAGE MAP AB Dry pea (Pisum sativum L.) production in many areas of the world may be severely diminished by soil inhabiting pathogens such as Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi race 1, the causal organism of fusarium wilt race 1. Our objective was to identify closely linked marker(s) to the fusarium wilt race 1 resistance gene (Fw) that could be used for marker assisted selection in applied pea breeding programs. Eighty recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from the cross of Green Arrow (resistant) and PI 179449 (susceptible) were developed through single-seed descent, and screened for disease reaction in race 1 infested field soil and the greenhouse using single-isolate inoculum. The RILs segregated 38 resistant and 42 susceptible fitting the expected 1:1 segregation ratio for a single dominant gene (chi(2) = 0.200). Bulk segregant analysis (BSA) was used to screen 64 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) primer pairs and previously mapped random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers to identify candidate markers. Eight AFLP primer pairs and 15 RAPD primers were used to screen the RIL mapping population and generate a linkage map. One AFLP marker, ACG:CAT_222, was within 1.4 cM of the Fw gene. Two other markers, AFLP marker ACC:CTG_159 at 2.6 cM linked to the susceptible allele, and RAPD marker Y15_1050 at 4.6 cM linked to the resistant allele, were also identified. The probability of correctly identifying resistant lines to fusarium wilt race 1, with DNA marker ACG:CAT_222, is 96% percent. These markers will be useful for marker assisted breeding in applied pea breeding programs. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Mt Vernon Res & Extens Unit, Dept Plant Pathol, Mt Vernon, WA 98273 USA. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Grain Legume Genet & Physiol Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Western Reg Plant Introduct Stn, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Coyne, CJ (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, 398 Johnson Hall, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. EM coynec@wsu.edu NR 35 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 127 IS 4 BP 602 EP 607 PG 6 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 562QQ UT WOS:000176210800021 ER PT J AU Posa-Macalincag, MCT Hosfield, GL Grafton, KF Uebersax, MA Kelly, JD AF Posa-Macalincag, MCT Hosfield, GL Grafton, KF Uebersax, MA Kelly, JD TI Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis of canning quality traits in kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE common bean; RAPD markers; major genes; composite interval mapping; genome; Phaseolus core map; linkage groups; canned bean appearance ID COMMON BACTERIAL-BLIGHT; DISEASE RESISTANCE; MOLECULAR MARKERS; CULINARY QUALITY; FOOD QUALITY; EDIBLE BEANS; WHITE MOLD; DRY; CONFIRMATION; HERITABILITY AB Canning quality of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), of which the degree of splitting (SPLT) and overall appearance (APP) of canned beans are major components, is a complex trait that exhibits quantitative inheritance. The objectives of this study were to identify major genes that affect APP and SPLT in kidney bean, and map the location of these loci to the integrated core map of common bean. The analysis was performed using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers and two populations of kidney bean, consisting of 75 and 73 recombinant inbred lines (RILs), respectively. The two populations 'Montcalm' x 'California Dark Red Kidney 82' and 'Montcalm' x 'California Early Light Red Kidney' - were planted in six year-location combinations in Michigan, Minnesota and North Dakota from 1996 to 1999. Correlations between APP and SPLT were high (0.91 to 0.97). Heritability estimates for APP and SPLT ranged from 0.83 to 0.85 in the two populations. Major genes for these traits were identified on two linkage groups. The first QTL, associated with seven RAPD markers, was putatively mapped to the B8 linkage group of the core bean linkage map. Desirable canning quality appeared to be derived from Montcalm at this locus. The second QTL, associated with four markers, appeared to be derived from the California parents. The second linkage group was not assigned to a linkage group in the core map. Population and environment-specificity were observed for the markers identified. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, USDA ARS, Sugarbeet & Bean Res, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Food Sci & Human Nutr, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Hosfield, GL (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NR 41 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 127 IS 4 BP 608 EP 615 PG 8 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 562QQ UT WOS:000176210800022 ER PT J AU Pooler, MR Riedel, LGH Bentz, SE Townsend, AM AF Pooler, MR Riedel, LGH Bentz, SE Townsend, AM TI Molecular markers used to verify interspecific hybridization between hemlock (Tsuga) species SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE AFLP; DNA fingerprinting; ITS; plant breeding; RAPD; SCAR; SSR ID WOOLLY ADELGID HOMOPTERA; SITE STS MARKERS; CHLOROPLAST DNA; PATERNAL INHERITANCE; ARBITRARY GENES; BLACK SPRUCE; REGION AB Controlled pollinations were made between five hemlock (Tsuga) species from eastern North America and Asia, resulting in over 5700 germinating seedlings. A subset of putative hybrid seedlings from each cross was tested for authenticity by various DNA marker systems. The most reliable and useful system for verifying hybrids was amplified fragment-length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Hybridizations between the eastern North American species, T. canadensis [L.] Carriere and T. caroliniana Engelm., and the Asian species, T. chinensis (Franch.) E. Pritz., were used as a model to test the inheritance, reliability, and ease of use of these markers. Using AFLP markers, we were able to verify 58 hybrids between T. caroliniana and T. chinensis, one hybrid between T. caroliniana and T. canadensis, but could rind no definitive hybrids between T. canadensis and T. chinensis. Results using other marker systems, including RAPD, SCAR, ITS, and SSR, are also presented. C1 USDA ARS, US Natl Arboretum, Washington, DC 20002 USA. USDA ARS, US Natl Arboretum, Glenn Dale, MD 20769 USA. RP Pooler, MR (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Natl Arboretum, 3501 New York Ave NE, Washington, DC 20002 USA. NR 29 TC 18 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 127 IS 4 BP 623 EP 627 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 562QQ UT WOS:000176210800024 ER PT J AU Jenkins, SR AF Jenkins, SR TI Compendium of animal rabies prevention and control, 2002 SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. New York State Hlth Dept, New York, NY USA. RP Jenkins, SR (reprint author), Virginia Dept Hlth, Off Epidemiol, POB 2448,Room 113, Richmond, VA 23218 USA. NR 3 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD JUL 1 PY 2002 VL 221 IS 1 BP 44 EP 48 DI 10.2460/javma.2002.221.44 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 567NK UT WOS:000176490700026 PM 12420823 ER PT J AU Engelbrecht, BMJ Wright, SJ De Steven, D AF Engelbrecht, BMJ Wright, SJ De Steven, D TI Survival and ecophysiology of tree seedlings during El Nino drought in a tropical moist forest in Panama SO JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE El Nino Southern Oscillation; tropical forest; Panama; Quararibea asterolepis; seedling survival; stomatal conductance; Tetragastris panamensis; Trichilia tuberculata; water relations ID RAIN-FOREST; SEASONAL DROUGHT; CARBON-DIOXIDE; UNDERSTORY; RESPONSES; IMPACT; GROWTH; GAP AB In tropical forests, severe droughts caused by El Nino events may strongly influence the water relations of tree seedlings and thereby increase their mortality. Data on known-aged seedlings of three common shade-tolerant canopy tree species (Trichilia tuberculata, Tetragastris panamensis and Quararibea asterolepis) in a Panamanian moist forest are presented. Seedling survival during a severe El Nino dry season (1997-98) was compared with prior long-term survival data, and levels of drought stress were assessed by measuring plant water potentials and gas exchange characteristics. Contrary to prediction, dry-season seedling survival was not dramatically reduced in any species compared with that expected in 'normal' years. In Trichilia and Quararibea, pre-dawn water potentials averaged -2 MPa and midday water potentials about -3 MPa. Stomatal conductances were very low, averaging 26 mmol m(-2) s(-1) for Tetragastris and 11-13 mmol m(-2) s(-1) for Trichilia and Quararibea. Photosynthetic rates also were very low but consistently positive, averaging 0.8-1.1 mumol m(-2) s(-1). The findings suggest that, once established, seedlings of common tree species in this semi-deciduous forest may be tolerant of drought events. C1 Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, Balboa, Panama. Univ Utah, Dept Biol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Ctr Forested Wetlands Res, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. RP Engelbrecht, BMJ (reprint author), Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, Apdo 2072, Balboa, Panama. RI Engelbrecht, Bettina/E-9914-2012; Wright, Stuart/M-3311-2013 OI Wright, Stuart/0000-0003-4260-5676 NR 30 TC 18 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 16 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4221 USA SN 0266-4674 J9 J TROP ECOL JI J. Trop. Ecol. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 18 BP 569 EP 579 DI 10.1017/S0266467402002377 PN 4 PG 11 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 582KK UT WOS:000177349500005 ER PT J AU Ridpath, JF Hietala, SK Sorden, S Neill, JD AF Ridpath, JF Hietala, SK Sorden, S Neill, JD TI Evaluation of the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction/probe test of serum samples and immunohistochemistry of skin sections for detection of acute bovine viral diarrhea infections SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID BVDV INFECTIONS; TYPE-2 BVDV; VIRUS BVDV; CATTLE; ANTIBODIES; GENOTYPES; HERD AB Bovine viral diarrhea viruses (BVDV) cause both acute and persistent infections. While diagnostic tests have been designed to detect animals persistently infected (PI) with BVDV, the reliability of these tests in detecting acute BVDV infections is not known. It is also possible that acute BVDV infections may be confused with persistent infections in surveys for PI animals. In this study, 2 tests presently in use in diagnostic laboratories to test for PI animals, polymerase chain reaction amplification followed by probe hybridization (RT-PCR/probe) of serum samples and immunohistochemical detection of viral antigen in skin biopsies (IHC), were evaluated for their ability to detect acute BVDV infections. Sixteen colostrum-deprived, BVDV-free, and BVDV-antibody-free calves were infected with 6 different BVDV strains. Clinical signs, seroconversion, and virus isolation indicated that inoculated animals did replicate Virus. Virus Could be detected in 19% (3/16) of acutely infected animals by the RT-PCR/probe technique. No acutely infected animals were positive by IHC. C1 ARS, Virus & Prion Dis Livestock Res Unit, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Calif Anim Hlth & Food Safety Immunol & Biotechno, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Iowa State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Vet Diagnost Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Ridpath, JF (reprint author), ARS, Virus & Prion Dis Livestock Res Unit, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 17 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 14 IS 4 BP 303 EP 307 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 577KU UT WOS:000177060700005 PM 12152809 ER PT J AU Wesley, IV Larson, DJ Harmon, KM Luchansky, JB Schwartz, AR AF Wesley, IV Larson, DJ Harmon, KM Luchansky, JB Schwartz, AR TI A case report of sporadic ovine listerial menigoencephalitis in Iowa with an overview of livestock and human cases SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; POLYMORPHIC DNA RAPD; MONOCYTOGENES STRAINS; EPIDEMIC LISTERIOSIS; RANDOM AMPLIFICATION; FOOD; OUTBREAKS; MENINGOENCEPHALITIS; INFECTION; DIAGNOSIS AB A case of ovine listeriosis was examined in a flock of sheep. The index case was a male lamb, which was part of a flock of 85 sheep located in central Iowa. Because the sheep were raised on a premise where soybean sprouts were also cultivated for the organic foods market, the potential of a public health concern was addressed. To identify the source of contaminations, clinical and environmental samples were cultured for Listeria monocytogenes. Isolates were serotyped and analyzed using pulsed-field get electrophoresis (PFGE). Listeria monocytogenes (serotype 1) was recovered from the brain of a male lamb with clinical signs of listerial encephalitis. Isolates of serotypes 1 and 4 were also cultured from feces of clinically healthy lambs, compost piles, and soybean cleanings. By PFGE, the clinical isolate was distinctly different from the other isolates. Environmental isolates were identified as L. monocytogenes serotypes I and 4, However, by PFGE, none matched the profile of the single clinical isolate. Thus, the ultimate source of contamination is unknown. C1 ARS, Preharvest Food Safety & Enter Dis Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Iowa State Univ, Vet Diagnost Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Food Res Inst, Madison, WI 53711 USA. Food Safety Net Serv Ltd, San Antonio, TX 78216 USA. RP Wesley, IV (reprint author), ARS, Preharvest Food Safety & Enter Dis Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 48 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 14 IS 4 BP 314 EP 321 PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 577KU UT WOS:000177060700007 PM 12152811 ER PT J AU Zarnke, RL Li, H Crawford, TB AF Zarnke, RL Li, H Crawford, TB TI Serum antibody prevalence of malignant catarrhal fever viruses in seven wildlife species from Alaska SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Alaska; malignant catarrhal fever virus; serology; wildlife ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; RUMINANTS; SHEEP AB Blood samples were collected from seven species of free-ranging ungulates in Alaska. Sera were tested for evidence of exposure to malignant catarrhal fever viruses (MCFV) by means of a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Antibody prevalences were as follows: muskox (Ovibos moschatus) 100 positive samples of 104 tested (96%); Dall sheep (Ovis dalli) 212 of 222 (95%); elk (Cervus elaphus) 14 of 51 (27%); bison (Bison bison) 34 of 197 (17%); caribou (Rangifer tarandus) nine of 232 (4%); Sitka black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis) one of 49 (2%); and moose (Alces alces) three of 219 (1%). Antibody prevalence in a bison population from the Interior was stable over a 5 yr period. These results indicate that at least one virus in the MCF group is enzootic in Dall sheep and muskox in Alaska. Lower antibody prevalences in the other species in this survey suggest that MCFV are latent or subclinical in these free-ranging ruminants. Whole blood samples were collected from 14 Dall sheep and subjected to a polymerase chain reaction assay. Fragments of ovine herpesvirus-2 DNA were detected in six of the samples. The significance of these findings for the health of free-ranging ungulates in Alaska is unknown. C1 Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Anim Dis Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Zarnke, RL (reprint author), Alaska Dept Fish & Game, 1300 Coll Rd, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. EM randy_zarnke@fishgame.state.ak.us NR 14 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSOC, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 EI 1943-3700 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 38 IS 3 BP 500 EP 504 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 593UX UT WOS:000178013100002 PM 12238366 ER PT J AU Kreeger, TJ DeLiberto, TJ Olsen, SC Edwards, WH Cook, WE AF Kreeger, TJ DeLiberto, TJ Olsen, SC Edwards, WH Cook, WE TI Safety of Brucella abortus strain RB51 vaccine in non-target ungulates and coyotes SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Alces alces; Antilocapra americana; bighorn sheep; Brucella abortus; Canis latrans; coyote; moose; mule deer; Odocoileus hemionus; Ovis canadensis; pronghorn; strain RB51; vaccination ID BACTERIOLOGIC SURVEY; RESPONSES; ELK AB Brucellosis is endemic in free-ranging elk (Cervus elaphus) and bison (Bison bison) in the Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA; USA). It is possible that an oral brucellosis vaccine could be developed and disseminated in the GYA to reduce disease transmission. Should this occur, non-target species other than elk and bison may come in contact With the vaccine resulting in morbidity or mortality. To assess biosafety, bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis; n=10), pronghorn (Antilocapra americana; n=9), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus; n=11), moose (Alces alces shirasi; n=10), and coyotes (Canis latrans; n=24) were given a single oral dose of at least 1.0x10(10) colony-forming units of Brucella abortus strain RB51 vaccine (RB51). Animals were randomly divided into vaccinated and control groups. Ungulates were captured, blood sampled, and swabs taken from the nares, rectum, and vagina for bacterial culture on day 0, 42, and 84 post-inoculation (PI). On day 42, the vaccinated group became a control group and vice versa in a crossover design. Blood and swab samples were taken from coyotes on days 0, 14, 28, and 42 PI. There was no crossover for the coyote study. Two coyotes from each group were also euthanized and cultured for RB51 on days 42, 84, 168, and 336 PI. Blood samples were analyzed for hematologic changes and antibodies to RB51 using a modified dot-blot assay. No morbidity or mortality as a result of vaccination was observed in any animal. There were no differences in hematologic parameters at any time for ungulate species; vaccinated coyotes had higher hematocrit, hemoglobin, and eosinophil counts (Pless than or equal to0.006). All individuals, except some moose, seroconverted to RB51. Strain RB51 was cultured from oropharyngeal lymph nodes from one coyote 42 days PI and from a moose 117 days PI. This study suggested that a single oral dose of RB51 was safe in these species. C1 Wyoming Game & Fish Dept, Wheatland, WY 82201 USA. Utah State Univ, USDA, APHIS,WS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Logan, UT 84322 USA. ARS, Zoonot Dis Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Wyoming Game & Fish Dept, Laramie, WY 82070 USA. RP Kreeger, TJ (reprint author), Wyoming Game & Fish Dept, 2362 Highway 34, Wheatland, WY 82201 USA. NR 26 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 38 IS 3 BP 552 EP 557 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 593UX UT WOS:000178013100009 PM 12238372 ER PT J AU Welsh, HH Lind, AJ AF Welsh, HH Lind, AJ TI Multiscale habitat relationships of stream amphibians in the Klamath-Siskiyou Region of California and Oregon SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Review DE Ascaphus truei; California; Dicamptodon tenebrosus; Klamath-Siskiyou Region; multiscale habitat analyses; Oregon; Pacific giant salamander; stream amphibians; tailed frog ID NORTH COASTAL CALIFORNIA; YOUNG GROWTH FORESTS; FROG ASCAPHUS-TRUEI; DOUGLAS-FIR FORESTS; TAILED FROG; NORTHWESTERN CALIFORNIA; RHYACOTRITON VARIEGATUS; BREEDING AMPHIBIANS; PACIFIC TREEFROG; RIPARIAN CANOPY AB Regional amphibian distribution patterns can vary greatly depending oil species and the spatial scale of inquiry (e.g., landscape to microenvironment). These differences appear to be related both to habitat selection among species as well as availability of suitable habitats across scales. We sampled amphibians in 39 second- and third-order streams in the conifer-hardwood forests of northwestern California and southwestern Oregon, USA (the Klamath-Siskiyou Region) during 1984 and 1985. We concurrently measured spatial, structural, compositional, and climatic attributes of the forest and stream environment-attributes representing landscape, macroenvironment, and microenvironment scales-to determine key habitat relationships. We captured 7 species, 97% of which were larval and paedomorphic Pacific giant salamanders (Dicamptodon tenebrosus) and larval and adult tailed frogs (Ascaphus truei). Streams in late seral forests supported both the highest diversity of amphibians and the highest densities of A. lruei. Overall, A. truei distribution was patchy in occurrence, while D. tenebrosus distribution was widespread throughout the region at all scales. The incidence of A. truei was assessable at the landscape, macroenvironment, and microenvironment scales; however, variation in density was most predictable at the microenvironment. scale. Changes in density of D. tenebrosus were detected only at the microenvironment scale. Tree size class and plant species composition variables distinguishing younger from older, more structurally complex forests, and forest microclimates and in-stream attributes best determined the presence and density for both life stages of A. truei. However, only in-stream conditions were good predictors of D. tenebrosus density. A. truei Occupied a narrower range of habitat conditions than D. tenebrosus, exhibiting all ecological dependence oil lotic and riparian environments found more reliably in late seral forests. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Redwood Sci Lab, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. RP Welsh, HH (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Redwood Sci Lab, 1700 Bayview Dr, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. EM hwelsh@fs.fed.us NR 109 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 3 U2 19 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 66 IS 3 BP 581 EP 602 DI 10.2307/3803126 PG 22 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 584PG UT WOS:000177475600004 ER PT J AU Brandeis, TJ Newton, M Filip, GM Cole, EC AF Brandeis, TJ Newton, M Filip, GM Cole, EC TI Cavity-nester habitat development in artificially made Douglas-fir snags SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE beetle colonization; decay development; Douglas-fir; Fomitopsis cajanderi; Fomitopsis pinicola; fungal inoculation; Oregon; Phellinus pini; Phlebiopsis gigantea; Pseudotsuga menziesii; snags; wildlife habitat ID FORESTS; OREGON AB Standing dead trees, or snags, are a source of foraging habitat and nesting cavities for wildlife. We evaluated the efficacy of creating Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) snags (by girdling, silvicide treatment, and topping) and their influence on deterioration rate by describing bark beetle activity, fungal colonization, and use by cavity nesters. To compare the development of artificial with natural fungal infection, we inoculated snags with Fomitopsis pinicola, Fomitopsis cajanderi, Phellinus pini, and Phlebiopsis gigantea. Silvicide-treated and fully topped trees took just over 1 year to die; girdled trees took slightly over 2 years to die. Trees topped at mid-crown that died took almost 3 years. Top breakage began 4 years after treatment. Neither snag-creation methods nor artificial inoculation directly affected bark beetle (Dendroctonus spp., Ips spp.) activity or the presence of externally visible fungal fruiting bodies 4 years after treatment. Native decay fungi, particularly Trichaptum abietinum and Cryptoporus volvatus, extensively colonized snag sapwood. Snag-creation method and artificial inoculation did not appreciably affect woodpecker activity after 4 years. Rather, length of time the snag had been dead had the most influence on bird use. All snags except the living mid-crown topped trees provided foraging habitat and may be a suitable condition for cavity-nest excavation. Pileated woodpeckers (Dryocopus pileatus), hairy woodpeckers (Picoides villosus), and other species excavated and de-barked the created snags during foraging, and possibly during nesting activity. C1 US Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, San Juan, PR 00928 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Brandeis, TJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, San Juan, PR 00928 USA. NR 32 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 5 U2 26 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 66 IS 3 BP 625 EP 633 DI 10.2307/3803129 PG 9 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 584PG UT WOS:000177475600007 ER PT J AU Mack, DE Raphael, MG Laake, JL AF Mack, DE Raphael, MG Laake, JL TI Probability of detecting marbled murrelets at sea: Effects of single versus paired observers SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE at-sea surveys; Brachyramphus marmoratus; covariates; line transect; marbled murrelet; observer variability; Washington ID LINE TRANSECT SURVEYS; AERIAL SURVEYS AB Density estimates for marbled murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus) are obtained from at-sea surveys, but survey methods vary among regions. We compared the performance of a single observer with that of an observer operating in a paired-observer team in detecting marbled murrelets during marine surveys in the San,Juan Islands, Washington, USA. Performance was measured against an independent observer (10) who selected a sample of birds; we used this sample to determine the proportion detected by the observer(s). To represent probability of success, we used a function that was the product of a half-normal detection function modified to incorporate scale covariates and a logistic function to represent detection probability on the line, g(0). We used Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) to select the set of covariates (murrelet group size and behavior, observer, wave height, cloud cover, and the number of primary observers) that best explained variability in g(0) and scale (effect of distance on detection probability). Single observers detected 80% of 274 targets, and paired observers detected 84% of 343 targets selected by the IO. Detection probability was affected by observer, murrelet behavior, and group size; wave height influenced the effect of distance on detection probability. Estimates of detection probability on the line [g(0)] ranged from 0.78 to 0.95 with a single observer; average estimates from paired observers were similarly biased (0.84 to 0.93), but less variable. Options for surveying include retaining single- or paired-observer Surveys and accepting bias and variability from g(0) < 1, attempting to reduce bias by using 2 or more observers in a different configuration with a different search pattern, or using an independent observer to remove bias. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. NMFS, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Mack, DE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, 3625 93rd Ave SW, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. NR 29 TC 9 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 3 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 66 IS 3 BP 865 EP 873 DI 10.2307/3803151 PG 9 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 584PG UT WOS:000177475600029 ER PT J AU Cole, DN Stewart, WP AF Cole, DN Stewart, WP TI Variability of user-based evaluative standards for backcountry encounters SO LEISURE SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE backcountry management; carrying capacity; crowding norms; encounter standards; limits of acceptable change ID NORMS; MANAGEMENT AB Backcountry visitors are often surveyed regarding their personal evaluative standards (or norms)for acceptable levels of encounters with other groups. In this study, backpackers at Grand Canyon National Park were asked about the acceptability of encounters at several times: at home prior to their trip, once each day during their trip, and at-home after their trip. Thus it was possible to assess spatial and temporal variability within individuals, as well as variation among individuals, in both the ability to provide a personal evaluative standard about number of encounters and the standard provided. Results suggest that backcountry visitors differentiate between zones in the Grand Canyon backcountry managed to provide diverse settings, including visitor density. However, there was substantial variation in the standards provided both among individuals and over time within individuals. C1 US Forest Serv, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Missoula, MT 59801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Leisure Studies, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. RP Cole, DN (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Missoula, MT 59801 USA. NR 13 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0149-0400 J9 LEISURE SCI JI Leis. Sci. PD JUL-DEC PY 2002 VL 24 IS 3-4 BP 313 EP 324 DI 10.1080/01490400290050763 PG 12 WC Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism; Sociology SC Social Sciences - Other Topics; Sociology GA 584WU UT WOS:000177492400006 ER PT J AU Kelley, DS Warren, JM Simon, VA Bartolini, G Mackey, BE Erickson, KL AF Kelley, DS Warren, JM Simon, VA Bartolini, G Mackey, BE Erickson, KL TI Similar effects of c9,t11-CLA and t10,c12-CLA on immune cell functions in mice SO LIPIDS LA English DT Article ID CONJUGATED LINOLEIC-ACID; GROWTH; LYMPHOCYTES; MODULATION; YOUNG; ALTER AB Published results regarding the effects of CLA on immune cell functions have ranged from stimulation to inhibition. In those studies, a mixture of CLA isomers were used, and food intake was not controlled. We have examined whether the discrepancies in the results of earlier studies may be due to the lack of controlled feeding and whether the two isomers of CLA may differ in their effects on immune cell functions. Three groups of C57BL/6 female mice were fed either a control, c9,t11-CLA-, or t10,c12-CLA (0.5 wt%)-supplemented diet, 5 g/d, for 56 d. At the end of the study, the number of immune cells in spleens, bone marrows, or in circulation; proliferation of splenocytes in response to T and B cell mitogens; and prostaglandin secretion in vitro did not differ among the three groups. Both CLA isomers significantly increased in vitro tumor necrosis factor a and interleukin (IL)-6 secretion and decreased IL-4 secretion by splenocytes compared to those in the control group. Thus, the two CLA isomers had similar effects on all response variables tested. The discrepancies among the results from previous studies did not seem to be caused by the differences in the isomer composition of CLA used. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Nutr, USDA, ARS,WHNRC, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Cell Biol & Human Anat, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Kelley, DS (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Nutr, USDA, ARS,WHNRC, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 18 TC 46 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0024-4201 J9 LIPIDS JI Lipids PD JUL PY 2002 VL 37 IS 7 BP 725 EP 728 DI 10.1007/s11745-002-0954-7 PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 585HY UT WOS:000177520400012 PM 12216844 ER PT J AU Sonstegard, TS Capuco, AV White, J Van Tassell, CP Connor, EE Cho, J Sultana, R Shade, L Wray, JE Wells, KD Quackenbush, J AF Sonstegard, TS Capuco, AV White, J Van Tassell, CP Connor, EE Cho, J Sultana, R Shade, L Wray, JE Wells, KD Quackenbush, J TI Analysis of bovine mammary gland EST and functional annotation of the Bos taurus gene index SO MAMMALIAN GENOME LA English DT Article ID HUMAN GENOME; SEQUENCES AB Functional genomic studies of the mammary gland require an appropriate collection of cDNA sequences to assess gene expression patterns from the different developmental and operational states of underlying cell types. To better capture the range of gene expression, a normalized cDNA library was constructed from pooled bovine mammary tissues, and 23,202 expressed sequence tags (EST) were produced and deposited into GenBank. Assembly of these EST with sequences in the Bos taurus Gene Index (BtGI) helped to form 5751 of the current 23,883 tentative consensus (TC) sequences. The majority (87%) of these 5751 assemblies contained only one to three mammary-derived EST. In contrast, 18% of the mammary EST assembled with TC sequences corresponding to 12 genes. These results suggest library normalization was only partially effective, because the reduction in EST for genes abundantly transcribed during lactation could be attributed to pooling. For better assessment of novel content in the mammary library and to add to existing annotation of all bovine sequence elements, gene ontology assignments, and comparative sequence analyses against human genome sequence, human and rodent gene indices, and an index of orthologous alignments of genes across eukaryotes (TOGA) were performed, and results were added to existing BtGI annotation. Over 35,000 of the bovine elements significantly matched human genome sequence, and the positions of some alignments (3%) were unique relative to those using human expressed sequences. Because 3445 TC sequences had no significant match with any data set, mammary-derived cDNA clones representing 23 of these elements were analyzed further for expression and novelty. Only one clone met criteria suggesting the corresponding gene was a divergent ortholog or expressed sequence unique to cattle. These results demonstrate that bovine sequence expression data serve as a resource for characterizing mammalian transcriptomes and identifying those genes potentially unique to ruminants. C1 ARS, USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Inst Genom Res, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. ARS, USDA, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Sonstegard, TS (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. OI Van Tassell, Curtis/0000-0002-8416-2087 NR 14 TC 40 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0938-8990 J9 MAMM GENOME JI Mamm. Genome PD JUL PY 2002 VL 13 IS 7 BP 373 EP 379 DI 10.1007/s00335-001-2145-4 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 580LU UT WOS:000177236700007 PM 12140684 ER PT J AU Sommers, CH Niemira, BA Tunick, M Boyd, G AF Sommers, CH Niemira, BA Tunick, M Boyd, G TI Effect of temperature on the radiation resistance of virulent Yersinia enterocolitica SO MEAT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Yersinia enterocolitica; ionizing radiation; temperature; pork ID CRYSTAL VIOLET BINDING; INITIAL FREEZING-POINT; GAMMA-IRRADIATION; PLASMID; FOODS; PORK; SURVIVAL AB Yersinia enterocolitica, a food-borne pathogen, can be eliminated from meat using ionizing radiation. Commercial facilities may irradiate meat at refrigeration or frozen temperature, or packed in dry ice if the facility does not have refrigeration capabilities. The effect of temperature on the radiation resistance of Y. enterocolitica that contained the 70 kb large virulence plasmid was determined. A mixture of four Y. enterocolitica strains was inoculated into ground pork, which was then vacuum-packed, equilibrated to refrigeration or sub-freezing temperatures, and irradiated to doses of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 kGy. The D-10 value, the radiation dose required to reduce the number of viable Y. enterocolitica by 90%, increased as product temperature decreased with values of 0.19, 0.19, 0.21, 0.40, 0.40. 0.38, and 0.55 kGy being obtained at + 5, 0, -5, -10. -15, -20 and -76 degreesC, respectively. Meat product temperature should be considered when selecting a radiation dose required for elimination of Y. enterocolitica. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA, ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Sommers, CH (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RI Tunick, Michael/C-9761-2010 NR 23 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0309-1740 J9 MEAT SCI JI Meat Sci. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 61 IS 3 BP 323 EP 328 AR PII S0309-1740(01)00200-5 DI 10.1016/S0309-1740(01)00200-5 PG 6 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 547DV UT WOS:000175318500014 PM 22060857 ER PT J AU Sunehag, AL Haymond, MW AF Sunehag, AL Haymond, MW TI Splanchnic galactose extraction is regulated by coingestion of glucose in humans SO METABOLISM-CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL LA English DT Article AB When compared with galactose alone, coingestion of glucose with galactose decreases plasma galactose. The objective of this study was to determine if this was due to increased peripheral clearance or increased first pass clearance of galactose. Five adult volunteers were studied on 2 occasions during infusion of [6,6-H-2(2)]glucose and [1-C-13] galactose and ingestion of galactose alone at 11, 22, and 33 mumol (.) kg(-1) (.) min(-1) or galactose plus glucose at 11, 22, and 33 mumol (.) kg(-1) (.) min(-1) of each sugar. At 33 mumol (.) kg(-1) (.) min(-1) of galactose alone (1) plasma galactose increased to 2.3 +/- 0.3 mmol/L and galactose rates of appearance (Ra) to 18.3 +/- 1.6 mumol (.) kg(-1) (.) min(-1); (2) plasma glucose and glucose Ra were unaffected; (3) splanchnic extraction of galactose plateaued at approximately 15 mumol (.) kg(-1) (.) min(-1); and (4) galactose became the primary source of glucose Ra (75% +/- 9%). Coingestion of glucose and galactose at 33 mumol (.) kg(-1) (.) min(-1) each resulted in (1) decreased plasma galactose (0.3 +/- 0.1 mmol/L) and galactose Ra (6.4 +/- 1.8 mumol (.) kg(-1) (.) min(-1)); (2) increased plasma glucose and insulin; (3) doubling of splanchnic extraction of galactose; and (4) decreased contribution of galactose to glucose Ra (11% +/- 4%). We conclude that coingestion of glucose with galactose increases the splanchnic extraction, but decreases the conversion of galactose to glucose. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Haymond, MW (reprint author), Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. FU NICHD NIH HHS [1 R01 HD37957]; NIDDK NIH HHS [R01DK55478-01] NR 12 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0026-0495 J9 METABOLISM JI Metab.-Clin. Exp. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 51 IS 7 BP 827 EP 832 DI 10.1053/meta.2002.33346 PG 6 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 569AY UT WOS:000176578200004 PM 12077725 ER PT J AU Hoberg, EP AF Hoberg, EP TI Taenia tapeworms: their biology, evolution and socioeconomic significance SO MICROBES AND INFECTION LA English DT Review DE Taenia tapeworms; biology; evolution; cysticercosis; human taeniasis ID CRASSICEPS INVASIVE CYSTICERCOSIS; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; SOLIUM CYSTICERCOSIS; TAIWAN TAENIA; FOOD SAFETY; HUMANS; SAGINATA; DISEASE; NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS; INFECTION AB A biological context for understanding human pathogens and parasites emanates from evolutionary studies among tapeworms of the genus Taenia. Human taeniasis and cysticercosis represent archaic associations and remain significant challenges for socioeconomic development, public health and food safety, and a continuing threat to animal production on a global basis. (C) 2002 Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, US Natl Parasite Collect, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Hoberg, EP (reprint author), ARS, US Natl Parasite Collect, USDA, BARC E 1180,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM ehoberg@anri.barc.usda.gov NR 45 TC 59 Z9 63 U1 2 U2 21 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1286-4579 J9 MICROBES INFECT JI Microbes Infect. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 4 IS 8 BP 859 EP 866 AR PII S1286-4579(02)01606-4 DI 10.1016/S1286-4579(02)01606-4 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 580KT UT WOS:000177234300011 PM 12270733 ER PT J AU Legg, JP French, R Rogan, D Okao-Okuja, G Brown, JK AF Legg, JP French, R Rogan, D Okao-Okuja, G Brown, JK TI A distinct Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera : Sternorrhyncha : Aleyrodidae) genotype cluster is associated with the epidemic of severe cassava mosaic virus disease in Uganda SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cassava mosaic geminiviruses; CMD; EACMV-Ug; molecular markers; mtCO1; whiteflies ID HUMAN MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; POPULATION-GROWTH; SPECIES COMPLEX; SEQUENCES; BIOTYPES AB During the 1990s, an epidemic of cassava mosaic virus disease caused major losses to cassava production in Uganda. Two factors associated with the epidemic were the occurrence of a novel recombinant begomovirus, EACMV-Ug, and unusually high populations of the whitefly vector, Bemisia tabaci. Here we present molecular evidence for the occurrence of two cassava-colonizing B. tabaci genotype clusters, Ug1 and Ug2, one of which, Ug2, can be consistently associated with the CMD epidemic in Uganda at the time of collection in 1997. By contrast, a second genotype cluster, Ug1, only occurred 'at' or 'ahead of' the epidemic 'front', sometimes in mixtures with Ug2. Comparison of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene sequences for Ug1 and Ug2 and well-studied B. tabaci reference populations indicated that the two Ugandan populations exhibited approximate to8% divergence, suggesting they represent distinct sub-Saharan African lineages. Neither Ugandan genotype cluster was identified as the widely distributed, polyphagous, and highly fecund B biotype of Old World origin, with which they both diverged by approximate to8%. Within genotype cluster divergence of Ug1 at 0.61+/-0.1% was twice that of Ug2 at 0.35+/-0.1%. Mismatch analysis suggested that Ug2 has undergone a recent population expansion and may be of non-Ugandan origin, whereas Ug1 has diverged more slowly, and is likely to be an indigenous genotype cluster. C1 Eastern & So Africa Reg Ctr, Int Inst Trop Agr, Kampala, Uganda. Nat Resources Inst, Chatham ME4 4TB, Kent, England. ARS, USDA, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Plant Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Legg, JP (reprint author), Lambourn & Co Ltd, Carolyn House,26 Dingwall Rd, Croydon CR9 3EE, England. NR 41 TC 64 Z9 72 U1 5 U2 11 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 11 IS 7 BP 1219 EP 1229 DI 10.1046/j.1365-294X.2002.01514.x PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 564NW UT WOS:000176321300009 PM 12074729 ER PT J AU Chauhan, RS Farman, ML Zhang, HB Leong, SA AF Chauhan, RS Farman, ML Zhang, HB Leong, SA TI Genetic and physical mapping of a rice blast resistance locus, Pi-CO39(t), that corresponds to the avirulence gene AVR1-CO39 of Magnaporthe grisea SO MOLECULAR GENETICS AND GENOMICS LA English DT Article DE bacterial artificial chromosome; cereals; disease resistance; positional cloning; Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs) ID ARTIFICIAL CHROMOSOME LIBRARIES; DISEASE-RESISTANCE; PYRICULARIA-GRISEA; NUCLEOTIDE-BINDING; ORYZA-SATIVA; RFLP MARKERS; REPEAT CLASS; PI-TA; GENOME; POPULATION AB We have identified, genetically mapped and physically delineated the chromosomal location of a new rice blast resistance locus, designated Pi-CO39(t). This locus confers resistance to Magnaporthe grisea isolates carrying the AVR1-CO39 avirulence locus. The A AVR1-CO39 locus is conserved in non-rice (cereals and grasses)-infecting isolates of M. grisea, making Pi-C039(t) useful for engineering M. grisea resistance in rice and other cereals. The resistance in the rice line CO39 was inherited as a single dominant locus in segregating populations derived from F-2 and F-3 crosses between disease-resistant (CO39) and susceptible (51583) rice genotypes. Microsatellite, RFLP and resistance gene analog (RGA) markers were used to map the Pi-C039(t) locus to a 1.2-cM interval between the probenazole-responsive (RPR1) gene (0.2 cM) and RFLP marker S2712 (1.0 cM) on the short arm of rice chromosome 11. RFLP markers G320 and F5003, and resistance gene analogs RGA8, RGA38 and RGAC039 were tightly linked to the Pi-C039(t) locus (no recombination detected in a sample of similar to2400 gametes). A large-insert genomic library of CO39 was constructed in the binary plant transformation vector pCLD04541. A library screen using RGA8, RGA38 and probes derived from the ends of CO39 clones, as well as BAC end probes from the corresponding locus in the rice cv. Nipponbare, resulted in the assembly of three CO39 contigs of 180 kb, 110 kb and 145 kb linked to the Pi-C039(t) locus. A 650-kb contig was also constructed representing the susceptible locus, pi-CO39(t), in the Nipponbare genome. The two genomes are highly divergent with respect to additions, deletions and translocations at the Pi-C039(t) locus, as revealed by the presence or absence of mapping markers. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Plant Pathol, USDA ARS, Plant Dis Resistance Res Unit, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Inst Genom & Biotechnol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Univ Kentucky, Dept Plant Pathol, Lexington, KY 40546 USA. RP Leong, SA (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Plant Pathol, USDA ARS, Plant Dis Resistance Res Unit, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Leong, Sally /I-8550-2012 NR 52 TC 54 Z9 71 U1 1 U2 10 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1617-4615 J9 MOL GENET GENOMICS JI Mol. Genet. Genomics PD JUL PY 2002 VL 267 IS 5 BP 603 EP 612 DI 10.1007/s00438-002-0691-4 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 584CL UT WOS:000177449600006 PM 12172799 ER PT J AU Grubisha, LC Trappe, JM Molina, R Spatafora, JW AF Grubisha, LC Trappe, JM Molina, R Spatafora, JW TI Biology of the ectomycorrhizal genus Rhizopogon. VI. Re-examination of infrageneric relationships inferred from phylogenetic analyses of ITS sequences SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE boletales; indels; phylogeny; Rhizopogonaceae; Suillus ID CLADISTIC-ANALYSIS; HOST-SPECIFICITY; CONIFERS; EVOLUTION; IDENTIFICATION; PATTERNS; PINACEAE; NUCLEAR; CULTURE; FUNGI AB Rhizopogon (Basidiomycota, Boletales) is a genus of hypogeous fungi that form ectomycorrhizal associations mostly with members of the Pinaceae. This genus comprises an estimated 1001 species, with the greatest diversity found in coniferous forests of the Pacific northwestern United States. Maximum parsimony analyses of 54 nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences including 27 Rhizopogon and 10 Suillus species were conducted to test sectional relationships in Rhizopogon and examine phylogenetic relationships with the closely related epigeous genus, Suillus. Sequences from 10 Rhizopogon type collections were included in these analyses. Rhizopogon and Suillus were both monophyletic. Rhizopogon section Rhizopogon is not monophyletic and comprised two clades, one of which consisted of two well supported lineages characterized by several long insertions. Rhizopogon sections Amylopogon and Villosuli formed well supported groups, but certain species concepts within these sections were unresolved. Four species from section Fulviglebae formed a strongly supported clade within section Villosuli. Subgeneric taxonomic revisions are presented. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Grubisha, LC (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, 111 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 36 TC 57 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 19 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 94 IS 4 BP 607 EP 619 DI 10.2307/3761712 PG 13 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 577YC UT WOS:000177089800006 PM 21156534 ER PT J AU Camara, MPS Palm, ME van Berkum, P O'Neill, NR AF Camara, MPS Palm, ME van Berkum, P O'Neill, NR TI Molecular phylogeny of Leptosphaeria and Phaeosphaeria SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE ITS sequence; Phaeoseptoria; Phoma; Plenodomus; Septoria; Stagonospora; systematics ID RIBOSOMAL DNA-SEQUENCES; SECTION PLENODOMUS; MONOGRAPH AB The objectives of this study were to determine the phylogenetic relationships of species of Leptosphaeria, and Phaeosphaeria and evaluate the phylogenetic significance of morphological characters of the teleomorph, anamorph, and host. Sequences of the entire ITS region, including the 5.8S rDNA, of 59 isolates representing 54 species were analyzed and tire phylogeny inferred Using parsimony and distance analyses. Isolates grouped into three well-supported clades. The results of this study support the separation of Phaeosphaeria from Lepiosphaeria sensu, stricto. Leptosphaeria bicolor and the morphologically similar Leptosphaeria. laiwanensis formed a separate, well-supported clade. We conclude that peridial wall morphology anamorph characteristics, and to a lesser extent host, are phylogenetically significant at the generic level. Ascospore and conidial morphology are taxonomically useful at the species level. C1 USDA ARS, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Syst Bot & Mycol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. USDA ARS, Soybean Genom & Improvement Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Camara, MPS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Syst Bot & Mycol Lab, Rm 329,Bldg 011A,BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 43 TC 47 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 2 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 94 IS 4 BP 630 EP 640 DI 10.2307/3761714 PG 11 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 577YC UT WOS:000177089800008 PM 21156536 ER PT J AU Camara, MPS O'Neill, NR van Berkum, P AF Camara, MPS O'Neill, NR van Berkum, P TI Phylogeny of Stemphylium spp. based on ITS and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene sequences SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Pleospora; systematics ID ALTERNARIA THEMES; VESICARIUM; INFECTION AB The phylogenetic relationships among 44 isolates representing 16 species of Slemphylium were inferred from ITS and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gpd) sequence data. The results generally agree with morphological species concepts. There was strong support for monophyly of the genus Stemphylium. Analysis of the gpd fragment in particular was useful for establishing well-supported relationships among the species and isolates of Stemphylium. Species of Stemphylium that appear to have lost the ability to produce a sexual state are scattered among the species with the ability to reproduce sexually (Pleospora spp.). Species that are pathogenic to alfalfa are resolved into two groups. Stemphylium botryosum and two isolates with morphological characters similar to S. globuliferum had identical sequences at both loci. These two loci in S. vesicarium, S. alfalfae and S. herbarum are nearly identical but differ from S. botryosum. The separation of S. vesicarium, S. herbarum and S. alfalfae into separate species by morphometric evidence was not Supported by the molecular data. Morphological and developmental characters Such as size and shape of conidia, conidiophores, and ascospores, and size and time of maturation of pseudothecia are useful for diagnosing species. However, other morphological characters such as septum development and small variations in conidial wall ornamentation are not as useful. C1 USDA ARS, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Soybean Genom & Improvement Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP O'Neill, NR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 28 TC 48 Z9 57 U1 2 U2 6 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 94 IS 4 BP 660 EP 672 DI 10.2307/3761717 PG 13 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 577YC UT WOS:000177089800011 PM 21156539 ER PT J AU Dugan, FM Peever, TL AF Dugan, FM Peever, TL TI Morphological and cultural differentiation of described species of Alternaria from Poaceae SO MYCOTAXON LA English DT Article DE species concept; Trichoconiella ID WESTERN CANADA; THEMES; FUNGI; FUSARIOTOXINS; PREVALENCE; BARLEY; TOXINS; WHEAT; SEED AB Thirteen graminicolous species currently or previously assigned to the genus Alternaria are illustrated from type, authentic and/or representative cultures and exsiccati. Concise descriptions and a key to morphological characters are provided and tested against small-spored, chain-forming strains isolated by the authors. An additional eleven names for which material was unavailable, insufficient for accurate description, or of only incidental occurrence on Poaceae are listed. A small number of small-spored, chain-forming strains were poorly accommodated within the descriptions and may represent unnamed species. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Western Reg Plant Introd Stn, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Dugan, FM (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Western Reg Plant Introd Stn, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 76 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU MYCOTAXON LTD PI ITHACA PA PO BOX 264, ITHACA, NY 14851-0264 USA SN 0093-4666 J9 MYCOTAXON JI Mycotaxon PD JUL-SEP PY 2002 VL 83 BP 229 EP 264 PG 36 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 615BU UT WOS:000179226600018 ER PT J AU Nouhra, E Castellano, MA Trappe, JM AF Nouhra, E Castellano, MA Trappe, JM TI NATS truffle and truffle-like fungi 9: Gastroboletus molinai sp nov (Boletaceae, Basidiomycota), with a revised key to the species of Gastroboletus SO MYCOTAXON LA English DT Article DE Basidiomycete; sequestrate; bolete AB A new sequestrate species in the Boletaceae, Gastroboletus molinai, is described from Butte County, California. A revised key to all Gastroboletus species is presented. C1 Univ Nacl Cordoba, Inst Multidisciplinario Biol Vegetal, RA-5000 Cordoba, Argentina. USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Nouhra, E (reprint author), Univ Nacl Cordoba, Inst Multidisciplinario Biol Vegetal, Casilla Correo 495, RA-5000 Cordoba, Argentina. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU MYCOTAXON LTD PI ITHACA PA PO BOX 264, ITHACA, NY 14851-0264 USA SN 0093-4666 J9 MYCOTAXON JI Mycotaxon PD JUL-SEP PY 2002 VL 83 BP 409 EP 414 PG 6 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 615BU UT WOS:000179226600034 ER PT J AU Ellis, JD Pirk, CWW Hepburn, HR Kastberger, G Elzen, PJ AF Ellis, JD Pirk, CWW Hepburn, HR Kastberger, G Elzen, PJ TI Small hive beetles survive in honeybee prisons by behavioural mimicry SO NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN LA English DT Article ID COLONIES AB We report the results of a simple experiment to determine whether honeybees feed their small hive beetle nest parasites. Honeybees incarcerate the beetles in cells constructed of plant resins and continually guard them. The longevity of incarcerated beetles greatly exceeds their metabolic reserves. We show that survival of small hive beetles derives from behavioural mimicry by which the beetles induce the bees to feed them trophallactically. Electronic supplementary material to this paper can be obtained by using the Springer LINK server located at htpp://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00114-002-0326-y. C1 Rhodes Univ, Dept Zool & Entomol, ZA-6140 Grahamstown, South Africa. Graz Univ, Inst Zool, Dept Neurobiol, A-1800 Graz, Austria. USDA, Kika de la Garze Subtrop Res Ctr, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Hepburn, HR (reprint author), Rhodes Univ, Dept Zool & Entomol, ZA-6140 Grahamstown, South Africa. RI Pirk, Christian /E-4180-2010; Ellis, James/L-7985-2013 OI Pirk, Christian /0000-0001-6821-7044; NR 7 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0028-1042 J9 NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN JI Naturwissenschaften PD JUL PY 2002 VL 89 IS 7 BP 326 EP 328 DI 10.1007/s00114-002-0326-y PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 583CM UT WOS:000177388200011 PM 12216866 ER PT J AU Beiser, A Au, R Seshadri, S Wilson, P Wolf, PA DeCarli, C Elias, M D'Agostino, RB Jacques, P Selhub, J Rosenberg, I Mayer, J AF Beiser, A Au, R Seshadri, S Wilson, P Wolf, PA DeCarli, C Elias, M D'Agostino, RB Jacques, P Selhub, J Rosenberg, I Mayer, J TI Higher levels of plasma homocysteine are associated with subsequent lower brain volume and poorer performance on tests of attention and concentration: The Framingham offspring study SO NEUROBIOLOGY OF AGING LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Boston Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Boston, MA USA. Boston Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02118 USA. Calif State Univ Sacramento, Davis Alzheimers Dis Ctr, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. Boston Univ, Dept Math & Stat, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RI DeCarli, Charles/B-5541-2009 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0197-4580 J9 NEUROBIOL AGING JI Neurobiol. Aging PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 23 IS 1 SU 1 MA 1639 BP S449 EP S449 PG 1 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Neurosciences SC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Neurosciences & Neurology GA 584KG UT WOS:000177465301610 ER PT J AU Corrada, MM Breitner, JCS Brookmeyer, R Hallfrisch, J Muller, DC Kawas, CH AF Corrada, MM Breitner, JCS Brookmeyer, R Hallfrisch, J Muller, DC Kawas, CH TI Reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease with antioxidant vitamin intake: The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging SO NEUROBIOLOGY OF AGING LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Johns Hopkins Alzheimers Dis Res Ctr, Baltimore, MD USA. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD USA. USDA, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NIA, Gerontol Res Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Inst Brain Aging & Dementia, Irvine, CA USA. EM mcorrada@jhsph.edu NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0197-4580 J9 NEUROBIOL AGING JI Neurobiol. Aging PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 23 IS 1 SU 1 MA 1021 BP S272 EP S272 PG 1 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Neurosciences SC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Neurosciences & Neurology GA 584KG UT WOS:000177465301001 ER PT J AU Brandeis, TJ Newton, M Cole, EC AF Brandeis, TJ Newton, M Cole, EC TI Biotic injuries on conifer seedlings planted in forest understory environments SO NEW FORESTS LA English DT Article DE animal damage; thinning; underplanting; understory; Vexar (R) tubing ID DOUGLAS-FIR SEEDLINGS; GROWTH AB We investigated how partial overstory retention, understory vegetation management, and protective Vexar(R) tubing affected the frequency and severity of biotic injuries in a two-storied stand underplanted with western redcedar (Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, grand fir (Abies grandis (Dougl.) Lindl), and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.). The most prevalent source of damage was browsing by black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionis columbiana); deer browsed over 74% of Douglas-fir and over 36% of western redcedar seedlings one or more times over the four years of this study. Neither the spatial pattern of thinning (even or uneven) nor the density of residual overstory affected browsing frequency. Spraying subplots may have slightly increased browsing frequency, but the resulting reduction of the adjacent understory vegetation increased the volume of all seedlings by 13%, whether or not they were browsed. Vexar(R) tubing did not substantially affect seedling survival, browsing damage frequency, or fourth-year volume. Greater levels of overstory retention reduced frequency of second flushing. Chafing by deer and girdling by rodents and other small mammals began once seedlings surpassed 1 m in height. Essentially all grand fir seedlings exhibited a foliar fungus infection. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Int Inst Trop Forestry, San Juan, PR 00928 USA. RP Brandeis, TJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Int Inst Trop Forestry, POB 25000, San Juan, PR 00928 USA. NR 27 TC 11 Z9 15 U1 3 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4286 J9 NEW FOREST JI New For. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 24 IS 1 BP 1 EP 14 DI 10.1023/A:1020553021748 PG 14 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 600LJ UT WOS:000178391500001 ER PT J AU Ocamb, CM Juzwik, J Martin, FB AF Ocamb, CM Juzwik, J Martin, FB TI Fusarium spp. and Pinus strobus seedlings: root disease pathogens and taxa associated with seed SO NEW FORESTS LA English DT Article DE F. moniliforme; F. oxysporum; F. polyphialidicum; F. proliferatum; F. sporotrichioides; Fusarium equiseti ID EASTERN WHITE-PINE; DOUGLAS-FIR; FUNGI; OXYSPORUM; SLASH; SOIL; ROT AB Eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) seeds were sown in soil infested with Fusarium proliferatum, root necrosis developed on seedling roots, and F. proliferatum was reisolated from symptomatic roots; thus, demonstrating that F. proliferatum is pathogenic to eastern white pine seedlings. Soils infested with F. acuminatum or F. sporotrichioides resulted in few diseased seedlings. Seedlings with root rot generally showed reductions in seedling height. All Fusarium species tested were recovered from rhizosphere soil samples. Three seedlots of Pinus strobus were examined for Fusarium infestation. Fusarium species were recovered from most seeds in two seedlots. Fusarium proliferatum and F. sporotrichioides were the predominant species isolated. Additional species not previously reported from P. strobus included: F. acuminatum, F. chlamydosporum, F. equiseti, F. graminearum, F. moniliforme, F. poae, F. polyphialidicum, F. heterosporum, F. sambucinum, and F. semitectum. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Res Stn, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Appl Stat, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Ocamb, CM (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 39 TC 12 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4286 J9 NEW FOREST JI New For. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 24 IS 1 BP 67 EP 79 DI 10.1023/A:1020589121134 PG 13 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 600LJ UT WOS:000178391500006 ER PT J AU Mosier, AR AF Mosier, AR TI Environmental challenges associated with needed increases in global nitrogen fixation SO NUTRIENT CYCLING IN AGROECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE air pollution; ammonia; biological N fixation; crop production; fuel combustion; N-fertilizer; nitrate; nitrous oxide; NOx ID NITRIC-OXIDE EMISSIONS; DEPOSITION; INVENTORY; SOILS; TRANSPORT; CYCLE; N2O AB Human-induced input of fixed nitrogen (N) into the earth biosphere, primarily through combustion of fossil fuels, crop biological N-fixation and N-fertilizer use, has provided many human benefits. These benefits have not come, however, without significant cost. According to data compiled by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, synthetic N fertilizer input into global agricultural systems increased from by approximately 430% (similar to19 to similar to82 Tg N) from 1965 to 1998. During this period, global grain production, human population and global fossil fuel consumption increased about 250%, 190% and 240%, respectively. Although fuel consumption increased faster than population growth globally, land used to produce grain decreased from 0.2 to 0.12 ha/person over this 30-yr period. Grain production, however, increased 16%/person. Agricultural production increase has come through the use of new crop varieties which respond to increased N-fertilization, pesticide use, irrigation and mechanization. Even though agricultural production has increased dramatically, fertilizer N use efficiency remains relatively low. Globally fertilizer N use efficiency was approximately 50% in 1996. Since fertilizer N is not used efficiently in most parts of the world, N use in excess of crop potential utilization leads to losses to the environment through volatilization and leaching. These N losses result in N fertilization of pristine terrestrial and aquatic systems through NHx and NO(y)deposition and contribute to global greenhouse gases through N2O production and local elevated ozone concentrations due to NOx emission. Inefficient use of N and energy is exacerbated by the global inequity of use distribution. Some areas don't have enough while others use too much. Additionally, dietary patterns of food consumption which tend to be more inefficient, i.e. cereal-based diets compared to animal-based diets, are changing in global terms. The resulting increasing inefficiencies in N utilization in food production and in energy use lead to large-scale input of N into down wind and down stream terrestrial and aquatic systems. Increasing N-use-efficiency remains a clear goal by which to maintain food production while decreasing excessive N use and unwanted distribution in the environment. C1 USDA ARS, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Mosier, AR (reprint author), USDA ARS, POB E, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 41 TC 26 Z9 29 U1 4 U2 25 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1385-1314 J9 NUTR CYCL AGROECOSYS JI Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 63 IS 2-3 BP 101 EP 116 DI 10.1023/A:1021101423341 PG 16 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 617JQ UT WOS:000179358900001 ER PT J AU Zhang, R Wienhold, BJ AF Zhang, R Wienhold, BJ TI The effect of soil moisture on mineral nitrogen, soil electrical conductivity, and pH SO NUTRIENT CYCLING IN AGROECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE ammonium; inorganic nitrogen; nitrate; water-filled pore space ID NITRATE AB Inorganic nitrogen in the soil is the source of N for non-legume plants. Rapid methods for monitoring changes in inorganic N concentrations would be helpful for N nutrient management. The effect of varying soil moisture content on soil mineral nitrogen, electrical conductivity (EC), and pH were studied in a laboratory experiment. Soil NO3-N increased as soil water-filled pore space (WFPS) increased from 0 to 80 cm(3) cm(-3). At soil moisture levels greater than 80 cm(3) cm(-3), NO3-N concentration declined rapidly and NH4-N concentration increased, likely due to anaerobic conditions existing at higher WFPS levels. Soil pH did not change as soil moisture increased from 100 g kg(-1) to 400 g kg(-1) and increased from 6.2 to 6.6 at higher levels of soil moisture. Soil EC was correlated with soil mineral N concentration when measured in situ with a portable EC meter (R-2=0.85) or in the laboratory as 1:1 soil water slurries (R-2=0.92). Results suggest that EC can be used to rapidly detect changes in soil inorganic N status in soils where salts and free carbonates are not present in large amounts. C1 Chinese Acad Agr Sci, Inst Soils & Fertilizers, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China. Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Soil & Water Conservat Res Unit, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Zhang, R (reprint author), Chinese Acad Agr Sci, Inst Soils & Fertilizers, Zhong Guan Cun S St 12, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China. NR 10 TC 12 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 13 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1385-1314 J9 NUTR CYCL AGROECOSYS JI Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 63 IS 2-3 BP 251 EP 254 DI 10.1023/A:1021115227884 PG 4 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 617JQ UT WOS:000179358900014 ER PT J AU Seale, JL Klein, G Friedmann, J Jensen, GL Mitchell, DC Smiciklas-Wright, H AF Seale, JL Klein, G Friedmann, J Jensen, GL Mitchell, DC Smiciklas-Wright, H TI Energy expenditure measured by doubly labeled water, activity recall, and diet records in the rural elderly SO NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE diet records; energy intake; physical activity; energy expenditure; rural elderly ID PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; ROOM CALORIMETRY; VALIDATION; WOMEN AB OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether energy expenditure estimated from physical activity and energy intake were equivalent to total daily energy expenditure in an elderly rural population. METHODS: Twenty-seven elderly male (n = 14) and female (n = 13) subjects (mean age. 74 y) were recruited from a rural Pennsylvania population. Over a 2-wk period, total daily energy expenditure was measured by doubly labeled water (TEE) and estimated from 7-d physical activity recall factors multiplied by A eight (PA(WT)). estimated basal metabolic rate (PA(BMR)) and resting energy expenditure from indirect calorimetry, (PA(REE)). and energy intake from 3-d self-reported diet records (EI). Analysis of variance was used to determine significant %vithin-subject differences in physical activity, energy intake, and energy expenditure. RESULTS: PA(REE) (men: 13.69 +/- 3.23 MJ, women: 9.51 +/- 2.40 MJ) and PA(BMR) (men: 13.69 +/- 2.99 MJ, women: 10.15 +/- 2.21 MJ) were not significantly different from TEE (men: 12.43 +/- 1.63 MJ, women: 9.44 +/- 0.90 MJ). EI (men: 8.66 +/- 2.34 MJ. women: 7.12 +/- 0.93 MJ) was significantly less than TEE, and PA(WT) (men: 17.03 +/- 4.07 MJ. women: 12.86 +/- 3.41 MJ) was significantly greater than TEE. CONCLUSIONS: Whereas 7-d physical activity recall determined with an age-and gender-specific estimate of resting metabolic rate or measured using indirect calorimetry accurately estimated TEE for this group of rural elderly, self-reported diet records consistently underestimated and physical activity recall determined with weight alone consistently overestimated energy expenditure measured by doubly labeled water. C1 USDA, ARS, Diet & Human Performance Lab, BHNRC, Beltsville, MD USA. Penn State Geisinger Hlth Syst, Nutr Res Ctr, Danville, PA USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Med Ctr, Div Gastroenterol, Nashville, TN USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Nutr, University Pk, PA USA. RP Seale, JL (reprint author), BARC East, 10300 Baltimore Ave,Bldg 308,Rm 313, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 28 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0899-9007 J9 NUTRITION JI Nutrition PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 18 IS 7-8 BP 568 EP 573 AR PII S0899-9007(02)00804-3 DI 10.1016/S0899-9007(02)00804-3 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 569GT UT WOS:000176593700006 PM 12093431 ER PT J AU Eisenstein, J Roberts, SB Dallal, G Saltzman, E AF Eisenstein, J Roberts, SB Dallal, G Saltzman, E TI High-protein weight-loss diets: Are they safe and do they work? A review of the experimental and epidemiologic data SO NUTRITION REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE dietary protein; energy intake; thermogenesis; weight loss; high-protein diet; urinary calcium loss; bone loss ID 24-H ENERGY-EXPENDITURE; DEPENDENT DIABETES-MELLITUS; HIGH-CARBOHYDRATE DIET; YOUNG-ADULT WOMEN; ANIMAL PROTEIN; OBESE SUBJECTS; BREAST-CANCER; CALCIUM-METABOLISM; RENAL-FUNCTION; INDUCED THERMOGENESIS AB Recommendations for increased consumption of protein are among the most common approaches of popular or fad diets. This review summarizes the effects of dietary protein on satiety, energy intake, thermogenesis, and weight loss, as well as its effect on a variety of health outcomes in adults. In short-term studies, dietary protein modulates energy intake via the sensation of satiety and increases total energy expenditure by increasing the thermic effect of feeding. Whereas these effects did not contribute to weight and fat loss in those studies in which energy intake was fixed, one ad libitum study does suggest that a high-protein diet results in a greater decrease in energy intake, and therefore greater weight and fat loss. In terms of safety, there is little long-term information on the health effects of high-protein diets. From the available data, however, it is evident that the consumption of protein greater than two to three times the U.S. Recommended Daily Allowance contributes to urinary calcium loss and may, in the long term, predispose to bone loss. Caution with these diets is recommended in those individuals who may be predisposed to nephrolithiasis or kidney disease, and particularly in those with diabetes mellitus. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Energy Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Eisenstein, J (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Energy Metab Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 150 TC 162 Z9 164 U1 4 U2 30 PU INT LIFE SCIENCES INST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST SUBSCRIPTION OFFICE, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0029-6643 J9 NUTR REV JI Nutr. Rev. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 60 IS 7 BP 189 EP 200 DI 10.1301/00296640260184264 PN 1 PG 12 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 575JC UT WOS:000176942300001 PM 12144197 ER PT J AU Angelo, G Wood, RJ AF Angelo, G Wood, RJ TI Novel intracellular proteins associated with cellular vitamin D action SO NUTRITION REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE novel cellular proteins; vitamin D action; vitamin D resistance; New World primates ID WORLD PRIMATE CELLS; INTESTINAL CALCIUM-ABSORPTION; D-DIRECTED TRANSACTIVATION; D-RECEPTOR; BINDING-PROTEIN; FUNCTIONAL-CHARACTERIZATION; RESISTANCE; 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN-D; FAMILY AB Work with vitamin D-resistant New World primates has revealed novel cellular proteins involved in vitamin D action. An "intracellular vitamin D-binding protein" functions to bind vitamin D metabolites in the cell and enhances vitamin D action, By contrast, a "vitamin D response element-binding protein" inhibits vitamin D receptor binding to the DNA and is responsible for vitamin D resistance in New World primates. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Mineral Bioavailabil Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Angelo, G (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Mineral Bioavailabil Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT LIFE SCIENCES INST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST SUBSCRIPTION OFFICE, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0029-6643 J9 NUTR REV JI Nutr. Rev. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 60 IS 7 BP 209 EP 211 PN 1 PG 3 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 575JC UT WOS:000176942300003 PM 12144199 ER PT J AU Ronnenberg, AG Goldman, MB Chen, DF Aitken, IW Willett, WC Selhub, J Xu, XP AF Ronnenberg, AG Goldman, MB Chen, DF Aitken, IW Willett, WC Selhub, J Xu, XP TI Preconception folate and vitamin B-6 status and clinical spontaneous abortion in Chinese women SO OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ADVERSE PREGNANCY OUTCOMES; PLASMA TOTAL HOMOCYSTEINE; NEURAL-TUBE DEFECTS; RISK FACTOR; PLACENTAL ABRUPTION; FOLIC-ACID; HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA; COMPLICATIONS; PREECLAMPSIA; INFARCTION AB OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between preconception homocysteine and B vitamin status and risk of clinical spontaneous abortion in women from Anqing, China. METHODS: All women were aged 21-34 years, had never smoked, and were primigravid. Patients (n = 49) were women with a clinically recognized pregnancy who experienced a fetal death before 100 days' gestation. Controls (n = 409) were women who maintained a pregnancy that ended in a live birth. Homocysteine, folate, and vitamins B-6 and B-12 concentrations were measured in plasma obtained before conception. RESULTS: Mean vitamin B-6 concentration was lower in patients than in controls (34.0 versus 37.9 nmol/L, P = .04). In addition, the risk of spontaneous abortion tended to increase with decreasing plasma vitamin B, and folate concentration (P for trend = .06 and .07, respectively), although the significance of these trends was further reduced in logistic models that included age, body mass index, and both vitamins. The risk of spontaneous abortion was four-fold higher among women with suboptimal plasma concentrations of both folate and vitamin B, (folate less than or equal to 8.4 nmol/L and vitamin B-6 less than or equal to 49 nmol/L) than in those with higher plasma concentrations of both vitamins (odds ratio 4.1, 95% confidence interval 1.2, 14.4). Homocysteine and vitamin B-12 status were not associated with spontaneous abortion risk. CONCLUSION: Suboptimal preconception folate and vitamin B-6 status, especially when they occur together, may increase the risk of clinical spontaneous abortion. Additional prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings and to determine whether antenatal B vitamin supplementation reduces spontaneous abortion risk. (C) 2002 by The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth, Program Populat Genet,Dept Maternal & Child Hlth, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Nutr, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Med,Dept Environm Hlth & Channing Lab, Boston, MA USA. Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Vitamin Bioavailabil Lab, Boston, MA USA. New England Res Inst, Watertown, MA USA. Beijing Med Univ, Ctr Ecogenet & Reprod Hlth, Beijing, Peoples R China. Anhui Med Univ, Anqing Biomed Inst, Anhua, Peoples R China. RP Ronnenberg, AG (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth, Program Populat Genet,Dept Maternal & Child Hlth, FXB101,665 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA. FU NICHD NIH HHS [1R01HD/OH32505] NR 30 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0029-7844 J9 OBSTET GYNECOL JI Obstet. Gynecol. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 100 IS 1 BP 107 EP 113 AR PII S0029-7844(02)01978-6 DI 10.1016/S0029-7844(02)01978-6 PG 7 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA 568CG UT WOS:000176524400016 PM 12100811 ER PT J AU Mech, SG Zollner, PA AF Mech, SG Zollner, PA TI Using body size to predict perceptual range SO OIKOS LA English DT Article ID WHITE-FOOTED MICE; HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; ROOT VOLES; SCALE; POPULATION; MAMMALS; ECOLOGY; HETEROGENEITY; LANDSCAPES; DISPERSAL AB We examined the relationship between body size and perceptual range (the distance at which an animal can perceive landscape elements) for a group of forest-dwelling rodents. We used previously published data on orientation ability at various distances for three sciurid species (gray squirrel, fox squirrel and chipmunk) and one murid species (white-footed mouse) to build a predictive model. We found a significant positive relationship between perceptual range and body mass. Although this model was built using a 15.5 m high horizon, we used this relation to predict the perceptual range of root voles (3.9-4.3 m) orienting towards a 0.5 m high horizon which was consistent with other empirical work suggesting a value of something less than 5 m. This model illustrates a relationship between perceptual range and body size and can be used to develop starting points for future investigations of perceptual range for similar organisms. C1 Memphis State Univ, Dept Biol, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Res Stn, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. RP Washington State Univ, Sch Biol Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. EM sgmech@wsu.edu RI Zollner, Patrick/A-8727-2010 OI Zollner, Patrick/0000-0001-8263-7029 NR 41 TC 57 Z9 57 U1 1 U2 26 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0030-1299 EI 1600-0706 J9 OIKOS JI Oikos PD JUL PY 2002 VL 98 IS 1 BP 47 EP 52 DI 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.980105.x PG 6 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 581BQ UT WOS:000177271600005 ER PT J AU Pratt, PD AF Pratt, PD TI Phytoseiid mite fauna on gorse, Ulex europaeus L., in western Oregon, USA with new records for Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot and Amblyseius graminis (Chant) (Acari : Phytoseiidae) SO PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS, Invas Plant Res Lab, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. RP Pratt, PD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Invas Plant Res Lab, 3205 Coll Ave, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOL SOC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA CALIFORNIA ACAD OF SCIENCES GOLDEN GATE PARK, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94118 USA SN 0031-0603 J9 PAN-PAC ENTOMOL JI Pan-Pacific Entomol. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 78 IS 3 BP 215 EP 218 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 616PN UT WOS:000179312300007 ER PT J AU Lapillonne, A Travers, R DiMaio, M Salle, BL Glorieux, FH AF Lapillonne, A Travers, R DiMaio, M Salle, BL Glorieux, FH TI Urinary excretion of cross-linked N-telopeptides of type 1 collagen to assess bone resorption in infants from birth to 1 year of age SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE newborns; bone turnover; biochemical marker; bone remodeling; type 1 collagen ID PRETERM INFANTS; VITAMIN-D; BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS; SOLUTE EXCRETION; TURNOVER; CHILDREN; LIFE; CREATININE; PEPTIDES; CALCIUM AB Objectives. To evaluate noninvasively bone resorption in infants and more specifically, to assess the accuracy of urinary collagen type 1 cross-linked N-telopeptide (NTX) excretion normalized to creatinine (NTX/Cr) in a spot urine sample as a reflection of daily NTX production in infants and to compute normative values for NTX excretion from birth to 1 year of age. Methods. NTX/Cr values obtained from a single spot urine sample were compared with daily urinary NTX excretion and NTX/Cr obtained in 24-hour urine collected from 8 hospitalized infants. Normative values for NTX excretion were collated with a cross-sectional study in 70 healthy French infants (42 boys, 28 girls) aged 0 to 374 days (weight: 2700-11 340 g; length: 46-76.5 cm) and free of diseases or treatments that could influence growth, bone mineralization, or renal function. Results. NTX/Cr values from single spot urine sample were significantly and linearly correlated with both daily NTX excretion (r = 0.783) and daily NTX/Cr (r = 0.952). In healthy infants, NTX excretion is low at birth, increases dramatically and significantly during the first 10 days of life, remains significantly elevated for approximately 3 months, and then decreases progressively to return to values similar to that observed at birth by 1 year of age. Conclusions. These data provide new insights regarding the use of spot urine analysis for assessing NTX excretion during the first year of life. The normative data demonstrate significant age-related variations in this marker, which probably reflect adaptation to extrauterine life and accelerated bone turnover in infancy and which should be considered for the interpretation of this noninvasive bone resorption marker in the clinical setting. C1 Hop Edouard Herriot, Dept Neonatol, Lyon, France. Hop Edouard Herriot, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Lyon, France. Hop Edouard Herriot, INSERM, U403, Lyon, France. Shriners Hosp Children, Genet Unit, Montreal, PQ, Canada. McGill Univ, Montreal, PQ, Canada. RP Lapillonne, A (reprint author), Baylor Univ, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 27 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD JUL PY 2002 VL 110 IS 1 BP 105 EP 109 DI 10.1542/peds.110.1.105 PG 5 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 568TP UT WOS:000176560200029 PM 12093954 ER PT J AU Rottkamp, CA Atwood, CS Joseph, JA Nunomura, A Perry, G Smith, MA AF Rottkamp, CA Atwood, CS Joseph, JA Nunomura, A Perry, G Smith, MA TI The state versus amyloid-beta: the trial of the most wanted criminal in Alzheimer disease SO PEPTIDES LA English DT Review DE Alzheimer disease; cell death; neurodegeneration; neurotoxicity; oxidative stress; phosphorylated tau ID TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY; PRECURSOR PROTEIN GENE; CELL-CYCLE; OXIDATIVE STRESS; A-BETA; APOLIPOPROTEIN-E; TRANSGENIC MICE; FREE-RADICALS; SENILE PLAQUES; AXONAL INJURY AB Investigators studying the primary culprit responsible for Alzheimer disease have, for the past two decades, primarily focused on amyloid-beta (Abeta). Here, we put Abeta on trial and review evidence amassed by the prosecution that implicate Abeta and also consider arguments and evidence gathered by the defense team who are convinced of the innocence of their client. As in all trials, the arguments provided by the prosecution and defense revolve around the same evidence, with opposing interpretations. Below, we present a brief synopsis of the trial for you, the jury, to decide the verdict. Amyloid-beta: guilty or not-guilty? (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Case Western Reserve Univ, Inst Pathol, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Asahikawa Med Coll, Dept Psychiat & Neurol, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078, Japan. RP Smith, MA (reprint author), Case Western Reserve Univ, Inst Pathol, 2085 Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. RI Smith, Mark/A-9053-2009; Perry, George/A-8611-2009 OI Perry, George/0000-0002-6547-0172 NR 155 TC 68 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0196-9781 J9 PEPTIDES JI Peptides PD JUL PY 2002 VL 23 IS 7 BP 1333 EP 1341 AR PII S0196-9781(02)00069-4 DI 10.1016/S0196-9781(02)00069-4 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 586UG UT WOS:000177603400015 PM 12128090 ER PT J AU Saari, JT AF Saari, JT TI Dietary copper deficiency reduces the elevation of blood pressure caused by nitric oxide synthase inhibition in rats SO PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE copper; nitric oxide; blood pressure; N-G-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester ID LONG-EVANS RAT; HYPERTENSION; RESTRICTION AB Nitric oxide (NO)-mediated vasodilation is diminished in blood vessels of copper (Cu)-deficient rats. This study examined whether Cu deficiency affects blood pressure regulation via an effect on NO metabolism. Male, weanling rats were fed diets ranging from 0.4 to 7.2 mg Cu/kg diet for 5 weeks. Blood pressure was measured via arterial cannulation before and after intravenous injection of N-G-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 10 mg/kg body weight), a NO synthase inhibitor. Plotting blood pressure against the liver Cu concentration (22-241 nmol/g) revealed that control mean arterial blood pressure (MAP; 104-152 mm Hg) was not correlated with the liver Cu concentration. However, both MAP after L-NAME treatment (MAP(1), 148-190 mm Hg) and the elevation of MAP caused by L-NAME (DeltaMAP; 8-68 mm Hg) were positively correlated with the liver Cu concentration (r = 0.52 for MAP(1), r = 0.42 for DeltaMAP; p < 0.05). This finding suggests that NO plays a significant role in maintaining basal blood pressure in Cu-adequate rats that is impaired by Cu deficiency. Copyright (C) 2002 S. Karger AG, Basel. C1 USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Saari, JT (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 17 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU KARGER PI BASEL PA ALLSCHWILERSTRASSE 10, CH-4009 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0031-7012 J9 PHARMACOLOGY JI Pharmacology PD JUL PY 2002 VL 65 IS 3 BP 141 EP 144 DI 10.1159/000058040 PG 4 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 566EJ UT WOS:000176413800004 PM 12037377 ER PT J AU McDuffie, JR Calis, KA Booth, SL Uwaifo, GI Yanovski, JA AF McDuffie, JR Calis, KA Booth, SL Uwaifo, GI Yanovski, JA TI Effects of orlistat on fat-soluble vitamins in obese adolescents SO PHARMACOTHERAPY LA English DT Article ID GASTROINTESTINAL LIPASE INHIBITOR; CUTANEOUS SYNTHESIS; HEALTHY-VOLUNTEERS; CONTROLLED TRIAL; DOUBLE-BLIND; K STATUS; ABSORPTION; CHOLESTEROL; REDUCTION; RETINOL AB Study Objectives. To determine whether orlistat causes fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies in African-American and Caucasian adolescents. Design. Prospective, open-label pilot study. Setting. Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center of the National Institutes of Health. Patients. Seventeen adolescents with body mass indexes above the 95th percentile for age, race, and gender who also had at least one obesity-related comorbid condition. Intervention. Subjects received orlistat 120 mg 3 times/day and a daily multivitamin supplement containing vitamin A 5000 IU, vitamin D 400 TU, vitamin E 300 IU, and vitamin K 25 mug. Measurements and Main Results. During 3-6 months of orlistat treatment, acute absorption of retinol (vitamin A) was not significantly altered, but absorption of a-tocopherol (vitamin E) was significantly reduced compared with baseline levels (p<0.001). Serum levels of vitamins A and E did not change significantly however, there was a nonsignificant decrease in vitamin K. Mean vitamin D levels were significantly reduced compared with baseline (p<0.02) after I month of orlistat, despite multivitamin supplementation. Conclusion. It may be prudent to monitor vitamin D concentrations in adolescents who take orlistat, even when a multivitamin is prescribed. C1 NICHD, Unit Growth & Obes, DEB, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NIH, Warren Grant Magnuson Clin Ctr, Drug Informat Serv, Dept Pharm, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Tufts Univ, Ctr Aging, Jean Mayer US Dept Agr Human Nutr Res, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP McDuffie, JR (reprint author), NICHD, Unit Growth & Obes, DEB, NIH, 10 Ctr Dr,MSC 1862, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RI Uwaifo, Gabriel/M-2361-2016 OI Uwaifo, Gabriel/0000-0002-6962-9304 NR 49 TC 68 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 7 PU PHARMACOTHERAPY PUBLICATIONS INC PI BOSTON PA NEW ENGLAND MEDICAL CENTER, 806, 750 WASHINGTON ST, BOSTON, MA 02111 USA SN 0277-0008 J9 PHARMACOTHERAPY JI Pharmacotherapy PD JUL PY 2002 VL 22 IS 7 BP 814 EP 822 DI 10.1592/phco.22.11.814.33627 PG 9 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 569RV UT WOS:000176616700002 PM 12126214 ER PT J AU Bishop, DL Chatterton, NJ Harrison, PA Hatfield, RD AF Bishop, DL Chatterton, NJ Harrison, PA Hatfield, RD TI Changes in carbohydrate coordinated partitioning and cell wall remodeling with stress-induced pathogenesis in wheat sheaths SO PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE arabinogalactans; carbohydrates; cell wall remodeling; ferulates; Fusarium proliferatum; syringyl lignin; stress-induced pathogenesis; wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). ID ARABINOGALACTAN-PROTEIN; POWDERY MILDEW; CROSS-LINKING; DIFERULIC ACID; GROWN WHEAT; PLANT; METABOLISM; LEAVES; INDUCTION; LIGNIN AB Plant cell walls are dynamic structures that undergo specific remodeling events during plant defence responses. Changes in the coordinated partitioning of carbohydrates between the cytosol and the extracellular milieu may direct sheath cell wall remodeling that occurs in a wheat-endophytic interaction with a Fusarium proliferatum (Fp.) species. Increased levels of apoplastic myoinositol and glucose were apparent in the endophyte-positive F.p.-infected sheaths from asymptomatic greenhouse-grown wheat. The F.p.-infected plants exhibited a resistant-like response under conditions of host stress. Cellular concentrations of galactinol, glucose, fructose, sucrose and melibiose increased in wheat sheaths infected with the F.p. species compared to the non-infected control sheaths. In addition, the symptomatic F.p.-infected plants showed increased accumulation of arabinogalactans, syringyl lignin and ferulate dimers in the sheath epidermal walls in contact with the endophyte. These were distinct from the carbohydrate, lignin and ferulate deposition patterns in the non-infected control sheaths. Further examination of sheath walls in F.p.-infected and control wheat using laser scanning confocal microscopy revealed a distinct spectral emission profile localized to the epidermal walls in F.p.-infected plants that was concomitant with the enhanced deposition of wall-bound ferulates. Increased levels of total ferulate dimers, particularly the 8-O-4 and 5-5 linkages were found in the F.p.-infected compared to control sheaths. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Bishop, DL (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 68 TC 11 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 10 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0885-5765 J9 PHYSIOL MOL PLANT P JI Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 61 IS 1 BP 53 EP 63 DI 10.1006/pmpp.2002.0416 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 615FM UT WOS:000179235200006 ER PT J AU Bishop, DL AF Bishop, DL TI Gene expression of a vacuolar peroxidase with stress-induced pathogenesis in wheat sheaths SO PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE fungal endophytes; gene expression; peroxidase; wheat (triticum aestivum L) ID CELL-WALLS; INDUCTION; INFECTION; LEAVES; LIGNIFICATION; CLONING; ACID; PURIFICATION; ELONGATION; RESISTANCE AB Changes in peroxidase composition and gene expression of a vacuolar-localized peroxidase (cDNA, pCD1311), which has previously been reported to be involved in resistant interactions between barley and Erysiphe graminis were examined in two wheat-endophytic fungal pathosystems. These changes were examined in wheat infected with endophytic, Fusarium proliferatum (F.p.) that produced symptomatic plants only under conditions of host stress and Fusarium culmorum, a ubiquitous and potent pathogen. Increased apoplastic peroxidase specific activity and the induction of three novel cationic peroxidase isozymes (pI 8.0, 9.0, 10.0) occurred only in sheaths infected with the F.p. Induction of these isozymes was not found in wheat sheaths infected with F culmorum that exhibited a classical susceptible response or in the non inoculated, control sheaths. A 1.5 kb mRNA transcript accumulated in the F.p.-infected wheat sheaths and not in those infected with F. culmorum or in the non infected controls. Further investigation using in situ hybridization analysis revealed that accumulation of pCD1311-related mRNA transcripts in F.p.-infected sheaths occurred in the epidermal, vascular bundle sheath and xylem cells and coincided to the localized areas of F.p. infection. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Bishop, DL (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 35 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0885-5765 J9 PHYSIOL MOL PLANT P JI Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 61 IS 1 BP 65 EP 71 DI 10.1006/pmpp.2002.0417 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 615FM UT WOS:000179235200007 ER PT J AU Grunwald, NJ Hinojosa, MAC Covarrubias, OR Pena, AR Niederhauser, JS Fry, WE AF Grunwald, NJ Hinojosa, MAC Covarrubias, OR Pena, AR Niederhauser, JS Fry, WE TI Potato cultivars from the Mexican National Program: Sources and durability of resistance against late blight SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Letter DE breeding; germ plasm; Phytophthora infestans; S. tuberosum ID PHYTOPHTHORA-INFESTANS POPULATIONS; NEVADO-DE-TOLUCA; FIELD-RESISTANCE; INTRARACIAL VARIATION; POLYGENIC RESISTANCE; DISEASE RESISTANCE; GENERAL RESISTANCE; HOST-RESISTANCE; WESTERN SLOPES; MONT DEBARY AB The Mexican National Potato Program has produced several cultivars with high levels of field resistance. We evaluated the durability of resistance to potato late blight of a selection of 12 such cultivars using data from 1960 to the present. Data were extracted from the field notebooks located in the archives of the Mexican National Potato Program in the John S. Niederhauser Library in Toluca, Mexico. There was a trend indicating that field resistances to potato late blight of Mexican cultivars released between 1965 to 1999 were durable. At least two of the cultivars, namely 'Sangema' and 'Tollocan', have been gown on at least 4 to 5% of the potato acreage and over long periods of time without decay in levels of field resistance. Pedigrees of the 12 cultivars indicate that most of the field resistance was introgressed from Solanum demissum. Field resistance might also be derived from commonly grown land-race cultivars such as 'Amarilla de Puebla' and 'Leona'. These have been grown in Mexico since about the 1780s. They have the appearance of S. andigena-derived material but their genetic background is unknown. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. INIFAP, Metepec 52142, Edo Mexico, Mexico. RP Grunwald, NJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, 24106 N Bunn Rd, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. EM ngrunwald@pars.ars.usda.gov RI Grunwald, Niklaus/B-9535-2008; Grunwald, Niklaus/K-6041-2013 OI Grunwald, Niklaus/0000-0003-1656-7602; Grunwald, Niklaus/0000-0003-1656-7602 NR 54 TC 20 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD JUL PY 2002 VL 92 IS 7 BP 688 EP 693 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2002.92.7.688 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 565ZA UT WOS:000176399400001 PM 18943263 ER PT J AU Gulya, TJ Shiel, PJ Freeman, T Jordan, RL Isakeit, T Berger, PH AF Gulya, TJ Shiel, PJ Freeman, T Jordan, RL Isakeit, T Berger, PH TI Host range and characterization of Sunflower mosaic virus SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; POTYVIRUS AB Sunflower mosaic is caused by a putative member of the family Potyviridae. Sunflower mosaic virus (SuMV) was characterized in terms of host range, physical and biological characteristics, and partial nucleotide and amino acid sequence. Cells infected with SuMV had cytoplasmic inclusion bodies typical of potyviruses. Of 74 genera tested only species in Helianthus, Sanvitalia, and Zinnia, all Asteraceae, were systemic hosts. Commercial sunflower hybrids from the United States, Europe, and South Africa were all equally susceptible. The mean length of purified particles is approximately 723 am. The virus was transmitted by Myzus persicae and Capitphorus elaegni, and also was seedborne in at least one sunflower cultivar. Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests with a broad-spectrum potyvirus monoclonal antibody were strongly positive. SuMV-specific polyclonal antisera recognized SuMV and, to a lesser extent, Tobacco etch virus (TEV). When tested against a panel of 31 potyvirus-differentiating monoclonal antibodies, SuMV was distinct from any potyvirus previously tested. SuMV shared four epitopes with TEV but had a reaction profile more similar to Tulip breaking virus (TBV). SuMV did not possess epitopes unique only to TBV The predicted coat protein had a molecular weight of 30.5 kDa. The 3' end of the virus genome was cloned and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis of the coat protein amino acid sequence revealed that SuMV is a distinct species within the family Potyviridae, most closely related to TEV. C1 Univ Idaho, Dept Plant Soil & Entomol Sci, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. USDA ARS, US Natl Arboretum, Floral & Nursery Plants Res Unit, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Plant Pathol & Microbiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Berger, PH (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Dept Plant Soil & Entomol Sci, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. NR 26 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD JUL PY 2002 VL 92 IS 7 BP 694 EP 702 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2002.92.7.694 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 565ZA UT WOS:000176399400002 PM 18943264 ER PT J AU Schaad, NW Opgenorth, D Gaush, P AF Schaad, NW Opgenorth, D Gaush, P TI Real-time polymerase chain reaction for one-hour on-site diagnosis of Pierce's disease of grape in early season asymptomatic vines SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biosensor; detection; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; xylem tissues ID XYLELLA-FASTIDIOSA; PCR; STRAINS; BACTERIA; MULTIPLICATION; PATHOTYPES; MOVEMENT; PLANTS; ASSAY AB Molecular-based techniques, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), can reduce the time needed for diagnosis of plant diseases when compared with classical isolation and pathogenicity tests. However, molecular techniques still require 2 to 3 days to complete. To the best of our knowledge, we describe for the first time a real-time PCR technique using a portable Smart Cycler for one-hour on-site diagnosis of an asymptomatic plant disease. Pierce's disease (PD) of grape, caused by the fastidious bacterium Xylella fastidiosa, causes serious losses in grapes in California and the southeastern United States. The disease has been difficult to diagnose because typical leaf scorching symptoms do not appear until late (June and after) in the season and the organism is very difficult to isolate early in the season. Sap and samples of macerated chips of secondary xylem from trunks of vines were used in a direct real-time PCR without extraction of DNA. Using two different sets of primers and probe, we diagnosed PD in 7 of 27 vines (26%) from four of six vineyards sampled 10 to 12 days after bud break in Kern, Tulare, and Napa counties of California. The diagnosis was confirmed by isolation of Xylella fastidiosa from two of the original PCR positive samples and later from symptomatic leaf petioles of four out of four vines from one vineyard that were originally PCR positive. C1 USDA ARS, Foreign Dis Weed Sci Res Unit, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. Calif Dept Food & Agr, Sacramento, CA 95832 USA. RP Schaad, NW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Foreign Dis Weed Sci Res Unit, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. NR 37 TC 80 Z9 86 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD JUL PY 2002 VL 92 IS 7 BP 721 EP 728 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2002.92.7.721 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 565ZA UT WOS:000176399400005 PM 18943267 ER PT J AU Brown, JK Idris, AM Alteri, C Stenger, DC AF Brown, JK Idris, AM Alteri, C Stenger, DC TI Emergence of a new Cucurbit-infecting begomovirus species capable of forming viable reassortants with related viruses in the Squash leaf curl virus cluster SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bipartite geminivirus; whitefly Bemisia tabaci ID GOLDEN MOSAIC-VIRUS; HOST-RANGE; TRANSMITTED GEMINIVIRUS; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; VIRAL REPLICATION; GENE-EXPRESSION; DNA-REPLICATION; COAT PROTEIN; TOP VIRUS; ORIGIN AB Cucurbit leaf curl virus (CuLCV), a whitefly-transmitted geminivirus previously partially characterized from the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, was identified as a distinct bipartite begomovirus species. This virus has near sequence identity with the previously partially characterized Cucurbit leaf crumple virus from California. Experimental and natural host range studies indicated that CuLCV has a relatively broad host range within the family Cucurbitaceae and also infects bean and tobacco. The genome of an Arizona isolate, designated CuLCV-AZ, was cloned and completely sequenced. Cloned CuLCV-AZ DNA A and B components were infectious by biolistic inoculation to pumpkin and progeny virus was transmissible by the whitefly vector, Bemisia tabaci, thereby completing Koch's postulates. CuLCV-AZ DNA A shared highest nucleotide sequence identity with Squash leaf curl virus-R (SLCV-R), SLCV-E, and Bean calico mosaic virus (BCaMV) at 84, 83, and 80%, respectively. The CuLCV DNA B component shared highest nucleotide sequence identity with BCaMV, SLCV-R, and SLCV- E at 71, 70, and 68%, respectively. The cis-acting begomovirus replication specificity element, GGTGTCCTGGTG, in the CuLCV AZ origin of replication is identical to that of SLCV-R, SLCV-E, and BCaMV, suggesting that reassortants among components of CuLCV-AZ and these begomoviruses may be possible. Reassortment experiments in pumpkin demonstrated that both reassortants of CuLCV-AZ and SLCV-E A and B components were viable. However, for CuLCV-AZ and SLCV-R, only one reassortant (SLCV-R DNA A/CuLCV-AZ DNA B) was viable on pumpkin, even though the cognate component pairs of both viruses infect pumpkin. These results demonstrate that reassortment among sympatric begomovirus species infecting cucurbits are possible, and that, if generated in nature, could result in begomoviruses bearing distinct biological properties. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Plant Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Plant Pathol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Brown, JK (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Plant Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RI Alteri, Christopher/G-3243-2015 OI Alteri, Christopher/0000-0002-6367-5684 NR 45 TC 39 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD JUL PY 2002 VL 92 IS 7 BP 734 EP 742 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2002.92.7.734 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 565ZA UT WOS:000176399400007 PM 18943269 ER PT J AU Jun, J Abubaker, J Rehrer, C Pfeffer, PE Shachar-Hill, Y Lammers, PJ AF Jun, J Abubaker, J Rehrer, C Pfeffer, PE Shachar-Hill, Y Lammers, PJ TI Expression in an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus of genes putatively involved in metabolism, transport, the cytoskeleton and the cell cycle SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE arbuscular mycorrhiza; cell cycle; cytoskeleton; meiosis; gene expression; metabolism; transport ID GLOMUS-MOSSEAE; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; CARBON METABOLISM; SCHIZOSACCHAROMYCES-POMBE; GIGASPORA-ROSEA; INTRARADICES; SYMBIOSIS; NUCLEAR; ROOTS; YEAST AB Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are multinucleate, coenocytic, obligate symbionts with no known sexual stages and very wide host and habitat ranges. While contributing vitally to the growth of land plants they face unique challenges in metabolism, transport, growth and development. To provide clues to the strategies that AM fungi have adopted, random sequencing of cDNA's from Glomus intraradices was undertaken. Putative genes for enzymes, transporters, structural proteins and cell-cycle regulatory factors were discovered. Among the EST's of particular interest are sequences with homology to known trehalase, arsenite transporter, cysteine synthase, tubulins, actin, dynein, cell cycle regulatory proteins, and three meiosis-related proteins. The significance of these sequences is discussed in the context of what is known about AM metabolism, transport, growth and phylogeny. C1 New Mexico State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Las Cruces, NM 88001 USA. USDA ARS, ERRC, Wyndmoor, PA USA. RP Shachar-Hill, Y (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Las Cruces, NM 88001 USA. RI Shachar-Hill, Yair/B-6165-2013 OI Shachar-Hill, Yair/0000-0001-8793-5084 NR 55 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD JUL PY 2002 VL 244 IS 1-2 BP 141 EP 148 DI 10.1023/A:1020253525838 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 594ZD UT WOS:000178081600014 ER PT J AU Bago, B Pfeffer, PE Zipfel, W Lammers, P Shachar-Hill, Y AF Bago, B Pfeffer, PE Zipfel, W Lammers, P Shachar-Hill, Y TI Tracking metabolism and imaging transport in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Metabolism and transport in AM fungi SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi; carbon metabolism; monoxenic cultures; multiphoton microscopy; nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; nutrient translocation ID GLOMUS-MOSSEAE; CARBON METABOLISM; GERMINATED SPORES; ENZYME-ACTIVITIES; IN-VIVO; ROOTS; INTRARADICES; LIPIDS; MICROSCOPY; SYMBIOSIS AB In the last few years the application of modern techniques to the study of arbuscular mycorrhizas has greatly increased our understanding of the mechanisms underlying carbon metabolism in these mutualistic symbioses. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) monoxenic cultures, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy together with isotopic labeling, and analyses of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) have shed light on the metabolic processes taking place in these interactions, particularly in the case of the mycobiont. More recently, in vivo multiphoton microscopy has provided us with some new insights in the allocation and translocation processes which play crucial roles in the distribution of host plant-derived C throughout the fungal colony. In this mini-review we highlight recent advances in these fields, with special attention to the visualization of oleosomes (i.e., lipid bodies) as they move along the long, coenocytic AM fungal hyphae. Volumetric measurements of such oleosomes have allowed us to estimate the flux of triacylglycerides from the intraradical to the extraradical phase of the AM fungal colony. We raise questions and postulate regulatory mechanisms for C metabolism and translocation within the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colony. C1 CSIC, Estac Expt Zaidin, E-18008 Granada, Spain. USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY USA. New Mexico State Univ, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Bago, B (reprint author), Univ Valencia, CSIC, GV, Ctr Invest Desertif, Cami Marjal S-N, Valencia 46470, Spain. RI Shachar-Hill, Yair/B-6165-2013; Zipfel, Warren/B-4059-2016 OI Shachar-Hill, Yair/0000-0001-8793-5084; Zipfel, Warren/0000-0003-2640-329X NR 57 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 7 U2 27 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD JUL PY 2002 VL 244 IS 1-2 BP 189 EP 197 DI 10.1023/A:1020212328955 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 594ZD UT WOS:000178081600018 ER PT J AU Van der Hoeven, R Ronning, C Giovannoni, J Martin, G Tanksley, S AF Van der Hoeven, R Ronning, C Giovannoni, J Martin, G Tanksley, S TI Deductions about the number, organization, and evolution of genes in the tomato genome based on analysis of a large expressed sequence tag collection and selective genomic sequencing SO PLANT CELL LA English DT Article ID POLYPHENOL OXIDASE; INHIBITOR-II; PLANTS; POTATO; CHROMOSOMES; CLONING AB Analysis of a collection of 120,892 single-pass ESTs, derived from 26 different tomato cDNA libraries and reduced to a set of 27,274 unique consensus sequences (unigenes), revealed that 70% of the unigenes have identifiable homologs in the Arabidopsis genome. Genes corresponding to metabolism have remained most conserved between these two genomes, whereas genes encoding transcription factors are among the fastest evolving. The majority of the 10 largest conserved multigene families share similar copy numbers in tomato and Arabidopsis, suggesting that the multiplicity of these families may have occurred before the divergence of these two species. An exception to this multigene conservation was observed for the E8-like protein family, which is associated with fruit ripening and has higher copy number in tomato than in Arabidopsis. Finally, six BAC clones from different parts of the tomato genome were isolated, genetically mapped, sequenced, and annotated. The combined analysis of the EST database and these six sequenced BACs leads to the prediction that the tomato genome encodes similar to35,000 genes, which are sequestered largely in euchromatic regions corresponding to less than one-quarter of the total DNA in the tomato nucleus. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Breeding, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Biol, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. Inst Genom Res, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Cornell Univ, USDA, Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Boyce Thompson Inst Plant Res, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Tanksley, S (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Breeding, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. EM sdt4@cornell.edu RI Martin, Gregory/F-6262-2011 OI Martin, Gregory/0000-0003-0044-6830 NR 35 TC 210 Z9 222 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 1040-4651 EI 1532-298X J9 PLANT CELL JI Plant Cell PD JUL PY 2002 VL 14 IS 7 BP 1441 EP 1456 DI 10.1105/tpc.010478 PG 16 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences; Cell Biology GA 577MR UT WOS:000177065400002 PM 12119366 ER PT J AU Aspuria, ET Ooura, C Chen, GQ Uchimiya, H Oono, Y AF Aspuria, ET Ooura, C Chen, GQ Uchimiya, H Oono, Y TI GFP accumulation controlled by an auxin-responsive promoter as a non-destructive assay to monitor early auxin response SO PLANT CELL REPORTS LA English DT Article DE auxin; green fluorescent protein; gene expression; Arabidopsis; root elongation ID GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN; GENE-EXPRESSION; INDOLEACETIC-ACID; ARABIDOPSIS; TRANSFORMATION; INHIBITORS; PS-IAA4/5 AB We have constructed transgenic Arabidopsis lines that contain a gene for green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of auxin-responsive domains A and B of the promoter from the pea PS-IAA4/5 gene. The chimeric transgene was named BA-mgfp5-ER. GFP was detected after the application of indole-3-acetic acid at concentrations as low as 100 nM in epidermal cells in the root elongation zone. The induction of the reporter gene was highly specific to auxin and was correlated with the auxin-induced change in epidermal cell shape. No GFP accumulation was observed in the lateral root meristem that was formed as a result of exogenous auxin application. These results suggest that auxin signals were transmitted through several distinct pathways depending on the cell type. The intensity of the GFP signal was strong enough to be observed through the plastic lid of the culture dish using a dissecting microscope, thereby enabling GFP expression to be monitored in an aseptic environment. Thus, the BA-mgfp5-ER transgenic plant can be a powerful too] for screening mutants that are defective in auxin signaling and the expression of early auxin-response genes. C1 Japan Atom Energy Res Inst, Adv Sci Res Ctr, Takasaki, Gumma 3701292, Japan. Univ Philippines, Dept Hort, Los Banos Coll, Laguna 4031, Philippines. Univ Tokyo, Inst Mol & Cellular Biosci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130032, Japan. USDA ARS, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Oono, Y (reprint author), Japan Atom Energy Res Inst, Adv Sci Res Ctr, Takasaki, Gumma 3701292, Japan. NR 23 TC 5 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0721-7714 J9 PLANT CELL REP JI Plant Cell Reports PD JUL PY 2002 VL 21 IS 1 BP 52 EP 57 DI 10.1007/s00299-002-0484-6 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 584DC UT WOS:000177451100009 ER PT J AU Manoharan, M Dahleen, LS AF Manoharan, M Dahleen, LS TI Genetic transformation of the commercial barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivar Conlon by particle bombardment of callus SO PLANT CELL REPORTS LA English DT Article DE genetic transformation; bar gene; regeneration; Conlon; barley ID FERTILE TRANSGENIC BARLEY; STABLE TRANSFORMATION; PROTOPLASTS; PLANTS; REGENERATION AB Commercial barley cultivars are difficult to transform because of the lack of an efficient regeneration system. By modifying certain components in the standard culture medium, we have developed a reproducible and more efficient regeneration system. Herbicide-resistant transgenic plants from barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Conlon) were obtained using this medium. Embryo-derived callus was bombarded with pAHC25, which contains the screenable marker gus (beta-glucuronidase) and the selectable marker bar (bialaphos resistance gene), both driven by the maize ubiquitin promoter (Ubil) and followed by the nos terminator. Following bombardment, callus was transferred to callus-induction medium supplemented with 5 mg/l bialaphos for selection. Resistant calli were subsequently transferred to maintenance medium containing 5 mg/l bialaphos for further selection and finally transferred to regeneration medium with 5 mg/l bialaphos. Green shoots that developed on the regeneration medium were transferred to rooting medium containing 3 mg/l bialaphos. Eighty-five transgenic plants were obtained from 13 independent transformation events. Progeny tests showed Mendelian inheritance for the transgenes. This is the first report of the production of large numbers of transgenic plants from a commercial cultivar adapted to Midwestern US barley production. C1 USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, Cereal Crops Res Unit, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Dahleen, LS (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, Cereal Crops Res Unit, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 29 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0721-7714 J9 PLANT CELL REP JI Plant Cell Reports PD JUL PY 2002 VL 21 IS 1 BP 76 EP 80 DI 10.1007/s00299-002-0477-5 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 584DC UT WOS:000177451100013 ER PT J AU Mueller, DS Hartman, GL Nelson, RL Pedersen, WL AF Mueller, DS Hartman, GL Nelson, RL Pedersen, WL TI Evaluation of glycine max germ plasm for resistance to Fusarium solani f. sp glycines SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID SUDDEN-DEATH-SYNDROME; STEM ROT RESISTANCE; SOYBEAN PUBESCENCE; SOUTHERN CHINA; CAUSAL AGENT; GERMPLASM; PATHOGENICITY; GREENHOUSE; FREQUENCY AB Sudden death syndrome, caused by Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines, has caused increased losses in soybean production in recent years. This study was done to identify potential sources of resistance to sudden death syndrome. Using a greenhouse screening procedure, 6,037 soybean plant introductions (PIs) were compared with a susceptible check, Great Lakes 3302, and two moderately resistant checks, PI 520.733 and PI 567.374, for resistance to sudden death syndrome. Only 57 PIs had foliar disease ratings that were not significantly different from PI 567.374 (P less than or equal to 0.05) 3 weeks after inoculation. Six PIs had lower ratings than PI 567.374 at 4 weeks after inoculation, while none had lower area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) values. When comparing the PIs to PI 520.733, 209 PIs had foliar disease ratings not significantly different from PI 520.733 (P: 0.05) 3 weeks after inoculation. Eight PIs had significantly lower disease severity ratings 4 weeks after inoculation, and 38 PIs had significantly lower AUDPC values than PI 520.733. Additionally, root lesion lengths were measured 4 weeks after inoculation and ranged from 25.2 to 41.5 min for all the PIs; none of the entries had smaller lesion lengths than the susceptible check Great Lakes 3302. The correlation between lesion length and disease foliar severity rating was not significant. There also were no plant morphological characteristics (i.e., flower color or seed coat color) associated with higher sudden death syndrome foliar symptoms. Eighteen PIs previously identified as moderately resistant with differing agronomic traits were inoculated with five different isolates of Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines. Results indicated that resistance in these 18 PIs was effective against all five isolates of Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines. Isolate Mont-1 caused the greatest disease severity ratings. These PIs that exhibited low foliar severity ratings may provide new sources of resistance for the development of new sudden death syndrome-resistant lines and cultivars. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, USDA ARS, Soybean Maize Germplasm Pathol & Genet Res Unit, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Pedersen, WL (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 31 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 86 IS 7 BP 741 EP 746 AR UNSP D-2002-0429-03R DI 10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.7.741 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 565GY UT WOS:000176362500007 ER PT J AU Cook, RJ Weller, DM El-Banna, AY Vakoch, D Zhang, H AF Cook, RJ Weller, DM El-Banna, AY Vakoch, D Zhang, H TI Yield responses of direct-seeded wheat to rhizobacteria and fungicide seed treatments SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE no-till; soilborne pathogens ID RHIZOCTONIA ROOT-ROT; FLUORESCENT PSEUDOMONADS; TAKE-ALL; GROWTH; SOIL; SUPPRESSION; DISEASES; TILLAGE AB Field trials were conducted with winter and spring wheat in eastern Washington and northern Idaho over several years to determine the benefit, as measured by grain yield, of seed treatments with rhizobacteria and formulated fungicides in cropping systems favorable to root diseases. The trials were conducted with wheat direct-seeded (no-till) in fields with a history of intensive cereals and one or more of the root diseases: take-all caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici., Rhizoctonia root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG8 and R. oryzae, and Pythium root rot caused mainly by Pythium irregulare and P. ultimum. The seed treatments included Bacillus sp. L324-92, Pseudomonas fluorescens Q69c-80, Pseudomonas fluorescens Q8r1-96, difenoconazole + metalaxyl (Dividend + Apron), difenoconazole + mefenoxam (Dividend + Apron XL = Dividend XL), tebuconazole + metalaxyl (Raxil XT), and tebuconazole + thiram (Raxil-thiram). Controls were nontreated seed planted into both nontreated (natural) soil and soil fumigated with methyl bromide just prior to planting. Although the data indicate a trend in higher wheat yields with two rhizobacteria treatments over the nontreated control (171 and 264 kg/ha, respectively), these higher yields were not significantly different from the nontreated control (P = 0.06). Fungicide seed treatments alone similarly resulted in yields that were 100 to 300 kg/ha higher than the nontreated control, but only the yield responses to Dividend on winter wheat (289 kg/ha) and Dividend + Apron on spring wheat (263 kg/ha) were significant (P less than or equal to 0.05). The greatest yield increases over the nontreated control occurred with certain rhizobacteria-fungicide combinations, with three treatments in the range of 312 to 486 kg/ha (6.1 to 17.7%; P less than or equal to 0.05). Some rhizobacteria-fungicide combinations brought average yields to within 85 to 90% of those obtained with soil fumigation. Only soil fumigation produced a measurable reduction in the incidence of take-all and Rhizoctonia root rot, as assessed on washed roots. No reliable method exists for visual quantification of Pythium root rot on wheat. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Zagazig Univ, Dept Crops, Zagazig, Egypt. Washington State Univ, Program Stat, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Cook, RJ (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 19 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 86 IS 7 BP 780 EP 784 AR UNSP D-2002-0422-03R DI 10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.7.780 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 565GY UT WOS:000176362500014 ER PT J AU Fraedrich, SW Cram, MM AF Fraedrich, SW Cram, MM TI The association of a Longidorus species with stunting and root damage of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article AB A Longidorus species was consistently associated with patches of stunted and chlorotic loblolly pine seedlings at a forest-tree nursery in Georgia. Seedlings from affected areas had poorly developed root systems that lacked lateral and feeder roots. Longidorus population densities in composite soil samples from the margins of patches ranged from 9 to 67 nematodes per 100 cm 3 of soil. In a growth chamber experiment, seedling root dry weight decreased with respect to the initial Longidorus dose as well as the final Longidorus populations in containers., The dry root weight of seedlings were 0.117, 0.090, 0.066, and 0.065 g in containers initially infested with 0, 50, 100, and 200 Longidorus, respectively. Lateral and fine roots were lacking on seedlings at the highest doses. Populations of Longidorus increased in all containers during the experiment. Damage to loblolly pine seedlings caused by Longidorus is a previously undescribed problem in southern pine nurseries. Proper diagnosis of the problem by nematode testing laboratories may require the use of extraction techniques specific for larger nematodes such as Longidorus. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Fraedrich, SW (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, 320 Green St, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 16 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 86 IS 7 BP 803 EP 807 AR UNSP D-2002-0521-02R DI 10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.7.803 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 565GY UT WOS:000176362500018 ER PT J AU Eizenga, GC Lee, FN Rutger, JN AF Eizenga, GC Lee, FN Rutger, JN TI Screening Oryza species plants for rice sheath blight resistance SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE Thanatephorus cucumeris ID RHIZOCTONIA-SOLANI; CULTIVATED RICE; REGISTRATION AB Rice wild relatives, Oryza species, are one possible source of sheath blight (Rhizoctonia solani) resistance genes. However, Oryza spp. cannot be screened in the field as is done for cultivated rice (O. sativa) because the plant canopy does not favor disease development and many plants drop mature seed. Thus, a growth chamber-greenhouse method of screening Oryza spp. and their early generation progeny is needed. Primary-secondary and ratoon tillers of rice cultivars-germplasm which ranged from moderately resistant to very susceptible were evaluated first for sheath blight susceptibility. Plants were inoculated by placing R. solani-colonized toothpicks at the leaf collar, then incubating plants in a growth chamber. After 7 days, plants were visually rated for sheath blight severity, and the lesion length of each leaf was measured. Ranking of cultivar-germplasm susceptibility by visual rating of primary-secondary tillers corresponded to the ranking from field ratings. Visual ratings correlated best with combined lesion length of the second and third leaves. For ratoon tillers, visual ratings correlated best with second-leaf lesion length. Next, this method was used with ratoon tillers to evaluate sheath blight susceptibility of 21 Oryza spp. accessions and F-1 progeny from crosses between 17 accessions and cultivated rice. This method proved useful on a limited scale for screening germplasm that could not be evaluated under field conditions. C1 USDA ARS, Dale Bumpers Natl Rice Res Ctr, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. Univ Arkansas, Rice Res & Extens Ctr, Stuttgart, AR USA. RP Eizenga, GC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Dale Bumpers Natl Rice Res Ctr, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. NR 28 TC 33 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 86 IS 7 BP 808 EP 812 AR UNSP D-2002-0517-01R DI 10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.7.808 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 565GY UT WOS:000176362500019 ER PT J AU Chou, JC Mulbry, WW Cohen, JD AF Chou, JC Mulbry, WW Cohen, JD TI N-carbobenzyloxy-D-aspartic acid as a competitive inhibitor of indole-3-acetyl-L-aspartic acid hydrolase of Enterobacter agglomerans SO PLANT GROWTH REGULATION LA English DT Article DE amidohydrolase; auxin conjugates; Enterobacter hydrolase; enzyme inhibitor; indole-3-acetylaspartic acid ID PSEUDOMONAS-SAVASTANOI; LYSINE SYNTHETASE; BOUND AUXINS; ZEA-MAYS; GENE; IDENTIFICATION; PURIFICATION; CONJUGATION; EXPRESSION; CLONING AB The gene for a specific IAA-asp hydrolase from Enterobacter agglomerans, iaaspH, is a potentially useful tool for modification of IAA homeostasis in higher plants that use the IAA-asp oxidation pathway for auxin catabolism. In order to optimize the utility of this gene for plant modification and to increase the success of obtaining iaaspH transformed plants from culture, we have investigated aspects of IAA-asp hydrolase catalysis. The catalytic characteristics of the IAA-asp hydrolase from Enterobacter agglomerans was studied using ten compounds that are structural analogues of IAA-asp. These compounds were tested as potential IAA-asp hydrolase substrates as well as for inhibition of IAA-asp hydrolysis. Among them, N-carbobenzyloxy-D-aspartic acid (N-CBZ-D-asp) and N-CBZ-L-asp were found to be the strongest inhibitors with more than 80% inhibition of IAA-asp hydrolysis. Aspartyl-L-aspartic acid and a asp-ser-asp-pro-arg peptide also showed strong inhibitory activities, reducing rates of IAA-L-asp hydrolysis, when added at equal molar amounts relative to the substrate, by 60% and 65%, respectively. N-CBZ-D-asp was chosen for further kinetic studies and for studies of its toxicity in relation to seed germination because it was a strong inhibitor, exhibited a very low rate of hydrolysis by the IAA-asp hydrolase and was commercially available. N-CBZ-D-asp was shown to be a competitive inhibitor for the Enterobacter agglomerans IAA-asp hydrolase with a K-i value of 1.22 mM. Studies of tomato seed germination showed that N-CBZ-D-asp did not affect the rate of seed germination at up to 1 mM, but the growth rate of seedlings was significantly reduced when the concentration in the medium was 0.5 mM and higher. These results indicate that, at suitable concentrations, N-CBZ-D-asp should be a useful tool for control of low level expression of the iaaspH in transgenic plants during critical stages of plant regeneration from culture. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Hort Sci, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. ARS, Anim Manure & Bioprod Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Chou, JC (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Hort Sci, 328 Alderman Hall,1970 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. OI Cohen, Jerry/0000-0003-2816-8676 NR 31 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6903 J9 PLANT GROWTH REGUL JI Plant Growth Regul. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 37 IS 3 BP 241 EP 248 DI 10.1023/A:1020872309961 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 606DC UT WOS:000178717300006 ER PT J AU Skadsen, RW Sathish, P Federico, ML Abebe, T Fu, JM Kaeppler, HF AF Skadsen, RW Sathish, P Federico, ML Abebe, T Fu, JM Kaeppler, HF TI Cloning of the promoter for a novel barley gene, Lem1, and its organ-specific promotion of Gfp expression in lemma and palea SO PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cereals; development; gene expression; gfp; tissue-specific promoter; transient expression ID HIGHER-PLANTS; IDENTIFICATION; GIBBERELLIN; PROTEIN; BINDING; MAIZE; ACID; GENERATION; COMPLEXES; MUTATION AB The differential display method was used to identify a novel barley gene, Lem1, expressed primarily in the outer organs (lemma and palea) that enclose developing florets and seeds. The promoter was isolated from a BAC genomic clone and used in a translational fusion with a green fluorescent protein gene (Gfp) to produce a transient expression vector. After particle bombardment, Gfp was expressed only in lemmas, paleas and awns of developing spikelets. Lem1 did not promote Gfp expression in vegetative leaves or in mature spikes, although expression of co-bombarded uidA (GUS) occurred under the regulation of a ubiquitin promoter. This reproduced the developmentally regulated pattern of mRNA accumulation. Deletion studies showed that the promoter activity is confined to a cis element within 80 bp of the transcription start site. Upstream from this, the promoter contains putative auxin-, ethylene- and gibberellin-responsive elements or homologues. Lem1 was found to be a single intronless gene encoding an acidic 102 amino acid protein, possibly associated with membranes. In a two-rowed barley, Lem1 mRNA was absent in the lateral spikelets, which fail to develop, and present only in the developing median spikelets. This suggests that Lem1 may play a role in organ development. C1 ARS, USDA, Cereal Crops Res Unit, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Agron, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Skadsen, RW (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Cereal Crops Res Unit, 501 N Walnut St, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 33 TC 23 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4412 J9 PLANT MOL BIOL JI Plant Mol.Biol. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 49 IS 5 BP 545 EP 555 DI 10.1023/A:1015509400123 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 554CD UT WOS:000175714700011 PM 12090629 ER PT J AU Gaxiola, RA Fink, GR Hirschi, KD AF Gaxiola, RA Fink, GR Hirschi, KD TI Genetic manipulation of vacuolar proton pumps and transporters SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ARABIDOPSIS DET3 MUTANT; H+-ATPASE; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; NA+/H+ EXCHANGER; PLANT-CELLS; YEAST; SALT; EXPRESSION; HOMEOSTASIS; TOLERANCE C1 Univ Connecticut, Coll Agr & Nat Resources, Dept Plant Sci, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. MIT, Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA. Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Human & Mol Genet, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Vegetable & Fruit Improvement Ctr, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Gaxiola, RA (reprint author), Univ Connecticut, Coll Agr & Nat Resources, Dept Plant Sci, 1390 Storrs Rd, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. FU NIGMS NIH HHS [1R01 GM57427] NR 42 TC 84 Z9 87 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 129 IS 3 BP 967 EP 973 DI 10.1104/pp.020009 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 577CW UT WOS:000177045000007 PM 12114553 ER PT J AU Pineros, MA Magalhaes, JV Alves, VMC Kochian, LV AF Pineros, MA Magalhaes, JV Alves, VMC Kochian, LV TI The physiology and biophysics of an aluminum tolerance mechanism based on root citrate exudation in maize SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TRITICUM-AESTIVUM L; ZEA-MAYS-L; ORGANIC-ACIDS; WHEAT ROOTS; TRANSITION ZONE; TROPICAL MAIZE; ANION CHANNEL; APICAL CELLS; DISTAL PART; TOXICITY AB Al-induced release of Al-chelating ligands (primarily organic acids) into the rhizosphere from the root apex has been identified as a major Al tolerance mechanism in a number of plant species. In the present study, we conducted physiological investigations to study the spatial and temporal characteristics of AI-activated root organic acid exudation, as well as changes in root organic acid content and Al accumulation, in an AI-tolerant maize (Zea mays) single cross (SLP 181/71 x Cateto Colombia 96/71). These investigations were integrated with biophysical studies using the patch-clamp technique to examine Al-activated anion channel activity in protoplasts isolated from different regions of the maize root. Exposure to Al nearly instantaneously activated a concentration-dependent citrate release, which saturated at rates close to 0.5 nmol citrate h(-1) root(-1), with the half-maximal rates of citrate release occurring at about 20 mum Al3+ activity. Comparison of citrate exudation rates between decapped and capped roots indicated the root cap does not play a major role in perceiving the Al signal or in the exudation process. Spatial analysis indicated that the predominant citrate exudation is not confined to the root apex, but could be found as far as 5 cm beyond the root cap, involving cortex and stelar cells. Patch clamp recordings obtained in whole-cell and outside-out patches confirmed the presence of an Al-inducible plasma membrane anion channel in protoplasts isolated from stelar or cortical tissues. The unitary conductance of this channel was 23 to 55 pS. Our results suggest that this transporter mediates the AI-induced citrate release observed in the intact tissue. In addition to the rapid Al activation of citrate release, a slower, Al-inducible increase in root citrate content was also observed. These findings led us to speculate that in addition to the Al exclusion mechanism based on root citrate exudation, a second internal Al tolerance mechanism may be operating based on Al-inducible changes in organic acid synthesis and compartmentation. We discuss our findings in terms of recent genetic studies of Al tolerance in maize, which suggest that Al tolerance in maize is a complex trait. C1 Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Brazilian Agr Res Maize & Sorghum Res Ctr, BR-35701970 Sete Lagoas, Brazil. RP Kochian, LV (reprint author), Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. OI Kochian, Leon/0000-0003-3416-089X; Pineros, Miguel/0000-0002-7166-1848 NR 34 TC 118 Z9 134 U1 2 U2 27 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 129 IS 3 BP 1194 EP 1206 DI 10.1104/pp.002295 PG 13 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 577CW UT WOS:000177045000027 PM 12114573 ER PT J AU Baerson, SR Rodriguez, DJ Tran, M Feng, YM Biest, NA Dill, GM AF Baerson, SR Rodriguez, DJ Tran, M Feng, YM Biest, NA Dill, GM TI Glyphosate-resistant goosegrass. Identification of a mutation in the target enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SITE-DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS; HERBICIDE GLYPHOSATE; ELEUSINE-INDICA; 3-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE; CONFERS RESISTANCE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; LOLIUM-RIGIDUM; ACTIVE-SITE; EXPRESSION; PLANTS AB The spontaneous occurrence of resistance to the herbicide glyphosate in weed species has been an extremely infrequent event, despite over 20 years of extensive use. Recently, a glyphosate-resistant biotype of goosegrass (Eleusine indica) was identified in Malaysia exhibiting an LD50 value approximately 2- to 4-fold greater than the sensitive biotype collected from the same region. A comparison of the inhibition of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) activity by glyphosate in extracts prepared from the resistant (R) and sensitive (S) biotypes revealed an approximately 5-fold higher IC50(glyphosate) for the (R) biotype. Sequence comparisons of the predicted EPSPS mature protein coding regions from both biotypes revealed four single-nucleotide differences, two of which result in amino acid changes. One of these changes, a proline to serine substitution at position 106 in the (R) biotype, corresponds to a substitution previously identified in a glyphosate-insensitive EPSPS enzyme from Salmonella typhimurium. Kinetic data generated for the recombinant enzymes suggests that the second substitution identified in the (R) EPSPS does not contribute significantly to its reduced glyphosate sensitivity. Escherichia coli aroA- (EPSPS deficient) strains expressing the mature EPSPS enzyme from the (R) biotype exhibited an approximately 3-fold increase in glyphosate tolerance relative to strains expressing the mature EPSPS from the (S) biotype. These results provide the first evidence for an altered EPSPS enzyme as an underlying component of evolved glyphosate resistance in any plant species. C1 Monsanto Co, St Louis, MO 63198 USA. RP Baerson, SR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Nat Prod Utilizat Res Unit, POB 8048, University, MS 38677 USA. NR 47 TC 177 Z9 193 U1 8 U2 46 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 129 IS 3 BP 1265 EP 1275 DI 10.1104/pp.001560 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 577CW UT WOS:000177045000034 PM 12114580 ER PT J AU Turano, FJ Muhitch, MJ Felker, FC McMahon, MB AF Turano, FJ Muhitch, MJ Felker, FC McMahon, MB TI The putative glutamate receptor 3.2 from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtGLR3.2) is an integral membrane peptide that accumulates in rapidly growing tissues and persists in vascular-associated tissues SO PLANT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Arabidopsis; gene expression; putative glutamate receptor; tissue localization ID PLANTS; SEQUENCE; GENE AB The accumulation and localization of the transcript and peptide corresponding to the gene that encodes the putative glutamate receptor isoenzyme 3.2 in Arabidopsis thaliana (AtGLR3.2) is reported. Polyclonal antibodies, raised to the C-terminal region of AtGLR3.2, were used to determine that the putative plant glutamate receptor is an integral membrane protein with an apparent molecular weight of 111 +/- 1 kDa. RNA blot analysis revealed temporal accumulation of the AtGLR3.2 transcript in developing seedlings, results that were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction with reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Accumulation of the AtGLR3.2 transcript was highest in rapidly dividing tissues. Immumoblot analysis established that the presence of the AtGLR3.2 peptide mirrored, in most cases, the accumulation of the AtGLR3.2 transcript and suggests that AtGLR3.2 peptide accumulation is controlled in part by gene expression or RNA turnover. Affinity purified antibodies were used to localize the AtGLR3.2 protein in thin tissue sections. Immunohistochemical staining was intense and generalized in the rapidly dividing tissues of the developing floral buds, but mostly confined to the vascular tissue of the more mature hypocotyl, leaf and floral shoot tissues. Localization of the AtGLR3.2 protein to the rapidly growing tissues and vascular tissues is consistent with its proposed role in the translocation of calcium. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 George Washington Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Washington, DC 20052 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Cereal Prod & Food Sci Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. USDA ARS, Foreign Dis Weed Sci Res Unit, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. RP Turano, FJ (reprint author), George Washington Univ, Dept Biol Sci, 2023 G St NW,Lisner Hall,Room 340, Washington, DC 20052 USA. NR 12 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0168-9452 J9 PLANT SCI JI Plant Sci. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 163 IS 1 BP 43 EP 51 AR PII S0168-9452(02)00057-2 DI 10.1016/S0168-9452(02)00057-2 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 584ZZ UT WOS:000177499800005 ER PT J AU McConn, MM Nakata, PA AF McConn, MM Nakata, PA TI Calcium oxalate crystal morphology mutants from Medicago truncatula SO PLANTA LA English DT Article DE calcium oxalate; crystal morphology; Medicago (cmd mutants); mutant (crystal morphology) ID CRYSTALLIZATION; PLANTS AB Plants accumulate crystals of calcium oxalate in a variety of shapes and sizes. The mechanism(s) through which a plant defines the morphology of its crystals remains unknown. To gain insight into the mechanisms regulating crystal shapes, we conducted a mutant screen to identify the genetic determinants. This is the first reported mutant screen dedicated to the identification of crystal morphology mutants. A single leaf was harvested from individual Medicago truncatula L. plants that had been chemically mutagenized. Each leaf was visually inspected, using crossed-polarized light microscopy. for alterations in crystal shape and size. Seven different crystal morphology defective (cmd) mutants were identified. Six cmd mutants were recessive and one dominant. Genetic analysis of the six recessive mutants suggested that each mutant was affected at a different locus. Each cmd mutant represents a new locus different than any previously identified. The plant phenotype of the cmd mutants appeared similar to that of the wild type in overall growth and development. This observation, coupled with the finding that several of the mutants had drastically altered the amount of calcium they partition into the oxalate crystal, questions current hypotheses regarding crystal function. Comparisons between the mutant crystals and those present in other legumes indicated the likelihood that simple point mutations contributed to the evolution of the variations in prismatic crystal shapes commonly observed in these plants today. The availability of cmd mutants provides the opportunity to investigate aspects of crystal shape and size that have been recalcitrant to previous approaches. C1 Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Nakata, PA (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 22 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0032-0935 J9 PLANTA JI Planta PD JUL PY 2002 VL 215 IS 3 BP 380 EP 386 DI 10.1007/s00425-002-0759-8 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 579LP UT WOS:000177179700004 PM 12111218 ER PT J AU Willett, JL Doane, WM AF Willett, JL Doane, WM TI Effect of moisture content on tensile properties of starch/poly(hydroxyester ether) composite materials SO POLYMER LA English DT Article DE starch; moisture content; mechanical properties ID POLY(HYDROXY ESTER ETHER); STARCH; BLENDS; MORPHOLOGY; VISCOSITY AB The effect of moisture content on the mechanical properties of starch/poly(hydroxyester ether) (PHEE) composite materials has been characterized. Cornstarch with either 1 or 10% moisture content was extruded with PHEE. Total moisture content (TMC) during subsequent injection molding ranged from 1.0 to 10% (total solids basis). Starch granule structure, determined by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, was progressively disrupted but not completely destroyed (as in thermoplastic starch) as TMC during molding increased. Tensile strength and modulus values were not significantly impacted when the TMC was 6% or less. As TMC increased above 6%, both properties decreased rapidly, while strain to break increased. Tensile strength increased when samples prepared at high TMC were equilibrated to a lower value. Changes in weight average molecular weight of the PHEE during processing were not significant as measured by gel permeation chromatography, even at the highest moisture contents. The effects of TMC on mechanical properties of starch/PHEE materials are shown to be due to changes in the viscoelastic response of the PHEE matrix, by comparison of starch/PHEE results to those of neat PHEE [Polymer 42 (2001) 5643]. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Plant Polymer Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Bradley Univ, Dept Chem, Peoria, IL 61625 USA. RP Willett, JL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Plant Polymer Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 21 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0032-3861 J9 POLYMER JI Polymer PD JUL PY 2002 VL 43 IS 16 BP 4413 EP 4420 AR PII S0032-3861(02)00274-4 DI 10.1016/S0032-3861(02)00274-4 PG 8 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 568HM UT WOS:000176536400012 ER PT J AU Ju, Z Curry, EA AF Ju, Z Curry, EA TI Effects of 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one vapor on peel browning of 'Delicious' and 'Granny Smith' apples: open vs. closed system SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one; alpha-farnesene; diphenylamine; storage; scald; Malus domestica Borkh ID SUPERFICIAL SCALD DEVELOPMENT; ALPHA-FARNESENE BIOSYNTHESIS; OXIDATION-PRODUCTS; PHENOLICS; MODEL AB An open and a closed system were used to evaluate the effects of 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (MHO) vapor on peel browning or scald development of 'Delicious' and 'Granny Smith' (scald susceptible) or 'Fuji' and 'Gala' (scald resistant) apples. In the open system, fruit were placed on the top of a beaker containing MHO and held in a ventilation hood with airflow of 0.56 m s(-1) at 20 degreesC for 4 days. In the closed system, an open beaker containing MHO, together with 30 apples, was sealed in a 30-1 jar, which was opened for 1 h every 2 days for 7 days at 20 degreesC. Differing scald susceptibilities for 'Delicious' and 'Granny Smith' were created using fruit at harvest (least susceptible), fruit stored in regular air (RA) for 4 months or controlled atmosphere (CA) for 6 months 0 degreesC (most susceptible), or fruit treated with DPA at harvest and then stored in RA for 4 months or CA for 6 months at 0 degreesC (less susceptible). At harvest, MHO induced peel browning over 100% of the treated area of the four cultivars in the open system but induced no browning on fruit in the closed system. Fruit treated similarly with acetone or ethanol showed peel browning in the open system but not in the closed system. Scald developed after 4 months RA storage in 'Delicious' and 'Granny Smith' and after 6 months CA storage in 'Granny Smith'. Scald increased in these fruit after 7 days at 20 degreesC. DPA treatment inhibited scald both during storage and during the poststorage period at 20 degreesC. In the open system, MHO treatment increased MHO concentrations in fruit peel by 100-fold and induced uniform peel browning in the treated area within 24 h in both cultivars regardless of storage condition or DPA treatment. The severity of the symptom increased with time. In the closed system, although MHO treatment increased MHO concentration in fruit peel by 3-10 fold compared with untreated controls, it did not change scald development regardless of cultivar, storage condition, or DPA treatment. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Curry, EA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, 1104 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. NR 22 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 25 IS 3 BP 265 EP 272 AR PII S0925-5214(01)00191-0 DI 10.1016/S0925-5214(01)00191-0 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 567KL UT WOS:000176483900003 ER PT J AU Hara, AH Yalemar, JA Jang, EB Moy, JH AF Hara, AH Yalemar, JA Jang, EB Moy, JH TI Irradiation as a possible quarantine treatment for green scale Coccus viridis (Green) (Homoptera : Coccidae) SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE green scale; irradiation; disinfestation; coffee; gardenia ID GAMMA-IRRADIATION; CUT FLOWERS; RADIATION AB The green scale, Coccus viridis (Green), can be controlled effectively by irradiation at a minimum absorbed dose of 250 Gy. Reproductive capacity of irradiated gravid adults was reduced greatly and any resulting offspring were not able to develop beyond the crawler stage. Development of nymphs to the adult stage was not arrested completely nor was development of immature stages eliminated, but all survivors were sterile. Generally, higher doses of irradiation ( greater than or equal to 400 Gy) caused faster kill of all life stages than lower doses (250 Gy). At 250 Gy, there was prolonged survival of green scale, with 8.8-11.4% of nymphs and up to 8.8% of crawlers alive 3 months after irradiation; 100% mortality of the most resistant adult stage took longer than 20 weeks post-treatment. An absorbed dose of 500, 750 or 1000 Gy caused 100% mortality in all stages of the green scale by 7, 6, and 3 weeks post-treatment, respectively. Adults appeared to be more resistant to treatments greater than or equal to 500 Gy. Irradiation doses greater than or equal to 500 Gy killed crawlers by 3-5 weeks post-treatment and rendered nymphs and adult green scale sterile until their eventual death. When irradiated at 250 Gy, survival of non-infested gardenia plants and green scale-infested gardenia and coffee plants were reduced by 69, 56, and 18%, respectively, as compared with non-irradiated plants. Nonreversible, sublethal phytotoxicity included tip browning of young leaves, absence of new leaf growth in gardenia plants, failure to form new leaves in coffee plants, and eventual plant death. While irradiation at 250 Gy is sufficient to provide quarantine security for crops that are hosts of green scale, product quality will need to be evaluated on a case-by-case basis since certain commodities, such as gardenia seedlings, have sustained phytotoxic effects. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Hawaii, Coll Trop Agr & Human Resources, Dept Plant & Environm Protect Sci, Beaumont Agr Res Ctr, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. Univ Hawaii, Coll Trop Agr & Human Resources, Dept Plant & Environm Protect Sci, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. USDA ARS, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Coll Trop Agr & Human Resources, Dept Mol Biosci & Biosyst Engn, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Hara, AH (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Coll Trop Agr & Human Resources, Dept Plant & Environm Protect Sci, Beaumont Agr Res Ctr, 461 W Lanikaula, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. NR 28 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 4 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 25 IS 3 BP 349 EP 358 AR PII S0925-5214(01)00187-9 DI 10.1016/S0925-5214(01)00187-9 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 567KL UT WOS:000176483900011 ER PT J AU Huff, GR Huff, WE Balog, JM Rath, NC Xie, H Horst, RL AF Huff, GR Huff, WE Balog, JM Rath, NC Xie, H Horst, RL TI Effect of dietary supplementation with vitamin D metabolites in an experimental model of turkey osteomyelitis complex SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D-3; 25 hydroxyvitamin D-3; dexamethasone; Escherichia coli; turkey ID CULTURED HUMAN MACROPHAGES; BROILER-CHICKENS; IMMUNE-SYSTEM; ENDOGENOUS OVERPRODUCTION; 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D-3; 25-HYDROXYVITAMIN D-3; TUBERCLE-BACILLI; 25-HYDROXYCHOLECALCIFEROL; DEXAMETHASONE; RESPONSES AB Supplementation with vitamin D-3 was previously shown to protect Escherichia coli challenged birds that underwent two dexamethasone (DEX) treatments at 5 and 12 wk of age in an experimental model of turkey osteomyelitis complex (TOC). The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of dietary supplementation with 10 p,g of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D)/kg feed or 99 mug of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25D)/kg feed on disease resistance in the same model. Birds were fed the supplemented diets continuously and ad libitum. Seven hundred twenty turkey poults were placed into 24 floor pens in a 3 x 2 x 2 design (three vitamin D treatments, two DEX treatments, two E. coli treatments, with two replicate pens per treatment). At 5 wk of age, half of the birds were treated with DEX, and half of the DEX-treated birds and half of the nontreated birds were challenged with E. coli. All mortalities and lame birds were necropsied. At 9 wk, all of the DEX- or E. coli-treated birds were given another series of DEX injections; 2 wk later 10 birds per pen were necropsied. At 12 wk, survivors of the previous challenges were given a third DEX treatment, and all birds were necropsied 2 wk later. After the first series of DEX injections, mortality was increased in the 25D-supplemented birds that were given the DEX treatment and the E. coli challenge. After the second series of DEX injections, the main effect mean BW was significantly lower in birds given 1,25D as compared to controls and 25D-supplemented birds. Mortality was higher in 1,25D-supplemented birds that were challenged with E. coli at 5 wk and treated with DEX at 9 wk as compared to 25D-supplemented birds. The 1,25D-treated birds that were treated with DEX at 5 and 9 wk and challenged with E. coli at 5 wk had higher mortality and air sacculitis scores as compared to controls and 25D-treated birds. The main effect mean mortality was significantly higher in birds given 1,25D as compared to controls and 25D-treated birds. The percentage of birds with TOC lesions was decreased from 27% to 0 by 25D and 1,25D in the groups given two DEX treatments and E. coli challenge. After the third DEX treatment, BW of 1,25D-suppplemented birds was decreased, and mortality and air sacculitis scores were increased. Bone strength was generally increased by supplementation with 1,25D, whereas 25D supplementation increased bone strength only in birds challenged at 5 wk and treated with DEX at Weeks 9 and 12. In this study, supplementation with vitamin D metabolites decreased TOC incidence in E. coli-challenged birds given two DEX treatments. However, toxic effects were observed in most supplemented DEX-treated birds and may be attributed to an additive effect of DEX treatment, E. coli septicemia, and vitamin D supplementation. C1 Univ Arkansas, USDA ARS, Poultry Prod & Prod Safety Res Unit, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, ARS, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Huff, GR (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, USDA ARS, Poultry Prod & Prod Safety Res Unit, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. NR 55 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 3 U2 5 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 81 IS 7 BP 958 EP 965 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 576EH UT WOS:000176989500007 PM 12162356 ER PT J AU Schroder, RFW Athanas, MM AF Schroder, RFW Athanas, MM TI Biological observations of Centistes gasseni Shaw (Hymenoptera : Braconidae), a parasitoid of Diabrotica spp. (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE Acalymma vittatum; biological control; Centistes gasseni; Diabrotica balteata; Diabrotica barberi; Diabrotica speciosa; Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi; Diabrotica virgifera virgifera; host specificity ID GYPSY-MOTH; BEHAVIOR AB In 1992-1993, Centistes gasseni Shaw was imported into the United States, and in the laboratory successfully parasitized: southern corn rootworm, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber, banded cucumber beetle. D. balteata LeConte; western corn rootworm, D. virgifera virgifera LeConte; and striped cucumber beetle, Acalymma vittatum (E). Males and females of C. gasseni lived an average of 15.4 and 12.9 days (with a maximum of 30 and 29 days), respectively. A single female oviposited in 383 host Diabrotica over her lifetime, from which 158 cocoons were recovered. Additional observations on the biology and rearing of the parasitoid are presented. C1 USDA ARS, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 23 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 11 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 104 IS 3 BP 554 EP 562 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 570DG UT WOS:000176642900002 ER PT J AU Scheffer, SJ AF Scheffer, SJ TI New host record, new range information, and a new pattern of voltinism: Possible host races within the holly leafminer Phytomyza glabricola Kulp (Diptera : Agromyzidae) SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE host race formation; sympatry; Aquifoliaceae; gallberry; inkberry AB The agromyzid leafminer Phytomyza glabricola is reported from the holly Ilex coriacea, a plant not previously reported to host leafminers. The known geographic range of P. glabricola is extended to include Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, North Carolina, and South Carolina. In these areas, it can be found feeding on sympatric populations of its hosts L coriacea and L glabra. Phytomyza glabricola reared from L coriacea are univoltine, having only a single generation a year, while on I. glabra this species is multivoltine with at least two generations a year. This suggests that either this leafminer exhibits a high degree of host-associated phenotypic plasticity in life history or that host races are present. C1 USDA ARS, PSI, BARC W, Systemat Entomol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Scheffer, SJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, PSI, BARC W, Systemat Entomol Lab, Bldg 005,Rm 137,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 17 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 104 IS 3 BP 571 EP 575 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 570DG UT WOS:000176642900004 ER PT J AU Norrbom, AL AF Norrbom, AL TI A new species and key for the genus Zonosemata Benjamin (Diptera : Tephritidae) SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE Zonosentata; fruit flies; taxonomy; host plant; distribution; Solanum AB New taxonomic, host, and distribution data for species of Zonosemata are presented. One new species. Z. guybushi, reared from fruit of Solanum lanceifolium in Costa Rica. is described, and a revised key to the eight known species of this genus is provided. A neotype is designated for Z. electa (Say). C1 USDA, Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Nat Hist, PSI,Systemat Entomol Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Norrbom, AL (reprint author), USDA, Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Nat Hist, PSI,Systemat Entomol Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NR 21 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 104 IS 3 BP 614 EP 623 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 570DG UT WOS:000176642900008 ER PT J AU Smith, DR Shinohara, A AF Smith, DR Shinohara, A TI A new genus and new species of Cephidae (Hymenoptera) from Sulawesi Utara, Indonesia SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE Sulawesius; Indonesia; Athetocephinae AB Sulawesius grandoculus, n. gen., n. sp.. is described from Sulawesi Utara, Indonesia. The genus does not fit into the current classification of the Cephidae, but it is provisionally placed in the Athetocephinae, a subfamily previously known only from Madagascar. C1 USDA, Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Nat Hist, PSI,Systemat Entomol Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Smith, DR (reprint author), USDA, Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Nat Hist, PSI,Systemat Entomol Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NR 9 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 104 IS 3 BP 624 EP 628 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 570DG UT WOS:000176642900009 ER PT J AU McRoberts, RE Wendt, DG Nelson, MD Hansen, MH AF McRoberts, RE Wendt, DG Nelson, MD Hansen, MH TI Using a land cover classification based on satellite imagery to improve the precision of forest inventory area estimates SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article ID THEMATIC MAPPER DATA; VOLUME ESTIMATION; TIMBER VOLUME; TM DATA; REFLECTANCE; PLANTATIONS; GROWTH; OREGON; AGE AB Estimates of forest area were obtained for the states of Indiana, Iowa, Minnesota, and Missouri in the United States using stratified analyses and observations from forest inventory plots measured in federal fiscal year 1999. Strata were created by aggregating the land cover classes of the National Land Cover Data (NLCD), and strata weights were calculated as proportions of strata pixel counts. The analyses focused on improving the precision of unbiased forest area estimates and included evaluation of the correspondence between forest/nonforest aggregations of the NLCD classes and observed attributes of forest inventory plots, evaluation of the utility of the NLCD as a stratification tool, and estimation of the effects on precision of image registration and plot location errors. The results indicate that the combination of NLCD-based stratification of inventory plots and stratified analyses increases the precision of forest area estimates and that the estimates are only slightly adversely affected by image registration and plot location errors. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, US Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP McRoberts, RE (reprint author), USDA, US Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, 1992 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 31 TC 43 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 81 IS 1 BP 36 EP 44 AR PII S0034-4257(02)00330-3 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(01)00330-3 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 673QK UT WOS:000182591500003 ER PT J AU Bailey, VL Smith, JL Bolton, H AF Bailey, VL Smith, JL Bolton, H TI Fungal-to-bacterial ratios in soils investigated for enhanced C sequestration SO SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE bacteria; fungi; selective inhibition; phospholipid fatty acids; carbon storage ID SUBSTRATE-INDUCED RESPIRATION; MICROBIAL COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; NO-TILLAGE AGROECOSYSTEMS; FOREST SOILS; SELECTIVE-INHIBITION; BIOMASS; RHIZOSPHERE; INCUBATION; BIOVOLUME; RESIDUES AB Fungi and bacteria govern most of the transformations and ensuing long-term storage of organic C in soils. We assessed the relative contributions of these two groups of organisms to the microbial biomass and activity of soils from five different ecosystems with treatments hypothesized to enhance soil C sequestration: (1) desert (an elevation gradient allowed comparison of soil developed in a cooler, moister climate with soil developed in a warmer, drier climate), (2) restored tallgrass prairie (land reverted to native prairie in 1979 and neighboring land farmed to row crops for similar to100 year), (3,4) two forest types (Douglas fir and loblolly pine, unfertilized control and N-fertilized plots), and (5) agricultural land (conventional- and no-till management systems). The selective inhibition technique, using captan (fungicide) and oxytetracycline hydrochloride (bactericide), was used to determine the activities (respiration) of fungi and bacteria in each of these soils and substrate-induced respiration was used to measure total active soil microbial biomass C. Phospholipid fatty acid analysis was used to determine the composition of the soil microbial biomass and determine if the activities and structure of the microbial communities were related. Differences in fungal-to-bacterial (F:B) activities between treatments at a site were greatest at the prairie sites. The restored prairie had the highest F:B (13.5) and high total C (49.9 g C kg(-1) soil); neighboring soil farmed to corn had an 17:13 of 0.85 and total C of 36.0 g C kg(-1) soil. Within the pairs of study soils, those that were tilled had lower fungal activities and stored C than those that were managed to native or no-till systems. In all pairs of soils, soils that had higher absolute fungal activities also had more total soil C and when two extreme cases were removed fungal activity was correlated with total soil C (R-2 = 0.85). Thus, in this small set of diverse soils, increased fungal activities, more than 17:13 ratios, were associated with increased soil C. Practices that involved invasive land management decreased fungal activity and stored soil C compared to similar soils that were less intrusively managed. (C) 2002 Baltelle. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. ARS, USDA, Pullman, WA USA. RP Bailey, VL (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, 902 Battelle Blvd,MSIN P7-50, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RI Bolton, Harvey/E-5583-2011; OI Bailey, Vanessa/0000-0002-2248-8890 NR 34 TC 219 Z9 257 U1 8 U2 148 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-0717 J9 SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM JI Soil Biol. Biochem. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 34 IS 7 BP 997 EP 1007 AR PII S0038-0717(02)00033-0 DI 10.1016/S0038-0717(02)00033-0 PG 11 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 575ZD UT WOS:000176977600011 ER PT J AU Rawls, WJ Pachepsky, YA AF Rawls, WJ Pachepsky, YA TI Using field topographic descriptors to estimate soil water retention SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE salt water retention; topography; land surface shape; regression tree; soil texture ID CORN GRAIN-YIELD; ENVIRONMENTAL CORRELATION; LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS; PEDOTRANSFER FUNCTIONS; PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; PREDICTION; CLASSIFICATION; VARIABILITY; PARAMETERS; EQUATIONS AB In field-, watershed-, and regional-scale projects, soil water retention is often estimated from soil textural classes shown in soil maps. The textural classes are relatively broad, often only the dominating textural class is shown, cartographers routinely use error-prone field judgments of soil texture, and soil texture is known to vary along slopes and to depend on the land surface shape. We, therefore, hypothesized that including topographic information in water retention estimation would increase accuracy. To test this hypothesis, we extracted data on 216 soil pedons for soils of moderate and large extent from the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) soil characterization database. Textural classes, genetic horizon numbers, slopes, position on the slope classes, and land surface shape classes were the field descriptors that we used to estimate water retention at -33 and -1500 kPa potentials for each horizon in each pedon. Because our input variables were both categorical and continuous, regression trees were used for subdividing the samples into the smallest number of the most homogeneous groups, which we tentatively called topotextural groups (TTG). The jackknife cross-validation was used to prune the regression trees to prevent overparameterization. Ten or fewer TTGs were defined for both the -33 and the -1500 kPa retention. The TTGs were different for the two matric potential levels. Using topographic variables and soil horizon seemed to be the most accurate way to make up for errors made in field determination of texture. For the A horizon, the topotextural grouping resulted in estimates that were more accurate than those using laboratory textures only. Although most of the topographic variables in this work are categorical, those variables seemed to be useful for improving estimates of water retention. C1 USDA ARS, BARC E, REE, BA,HRSL, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, BARC E, REE, BA,ANRI,AWPL, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Pachepsky, YA (reprint author), USDA ARS, BARC E, REE, BA,HRSL, Bldg 007,Rm 106, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. OI Pachepsky, Yakov/0000-0003-0232-6090 NR 49 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 11 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 167 IS 7 BP 423 EP 435 DI 10.1097/00010694-200207000-00001 PG 13 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 577FZ UT WOS:000177052000001 ER PT J AU Locke, MA Reddy, KN Gaston, LA Zablotowicz, RM AF Locke, MA Reddy, KN Gaston, LA Zablotowicz, RM TI Adjuvant modification of herbicide interactions in aqueous soil suspensions SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE adjuvant; surfactant; sorption; herbicide; atrazine; cyanazine; norflurazon ID TRICHLOROETHENE DESORPTION; SURFACTANT; SORPTION; WATER; SOLUBILITY; NORFLURAZON; REMEDIATION; CYANAZINE; BROMACIL AB The effects of adjuvant on the sorption and desorption of cyanazine (2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino]-2-methylpropanenitrile), atrazine (6-chloro-N-ethyl-N'-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine), and norflurazon (4-chloro-5-(methylamino)-2-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-3(2H)-pyridazinone) in several soils were studied for the potential of adjuvant use in remediating herbicide-contaminated soils. The soils evaluated represented a wide range of soil texture, organic carbon, and pH. Sorption of C-14-labeled herbicide was determined using batch equilibrium methods (equilibrated in water or adjuvant at 2.5 g L-1). Adjuvants used were classified as nonionic, cationic, and anionic. Desorption at two initial herbicide concentrations was done with water or adjuvant. Adjuvants generally increased the water solubility of these herbicides (10 to 91%). Cyanazine and atrazine sorption (K-d) was reduced in most soils with nonionic adjuvant (ranged 1.18 to 4.50 and 1.59 to 4.28, respectively) compared with water alone (1.36 to 5.59 and 1.75 to 4.59, respectively), whereas norflurazon sorption was increased with nonionic adjuvant (range: 3.88 to 8.76 in water; 4.66 to 9.82 in adjuvant). Similarly, more cyanazine and atrazine were desorbed by solutions containing adjuvant than in water, indicating that adjuvants may be useful in remediating some soils contaminated with certain herbicides. Adjuvant effects on sorption-desorption are, however, herbicide and soil-type specific. C1 USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Dept Agron, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Locke, MA (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, POB 350, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. OI Zablotowicz, Robert/0000-0001-8070-1998 NR 31 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 167 IS 7 BP 444 EP 452 DI 10.1097/00010694-200207000-00003 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 577FZ UT WOS:000177052000003 ER PT J AU Wilson, MA Burt, R Ottersberg, RJ Lammers, DA Thorson, TD Langridge, RW Kreger, AE AF Wilson, MA Burt, R Ottersberg, RJ Lammers, DA Thorson, TD Langridge, RW Kreger, AE TI Isotic mineralogy: Criteria review and application in Blue Mountains, Oregon SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE andisol; classification; tephra ID SURFACE-AREA; SOILS; FLUORIDE AB The isotic family was established in U.S. Soil Taxonomy to create a division in the mixed mineralogy class identifying soils exhibiting properties of noncrystalline minerals. Application of the isotic class has resulted in correlation problems of soil series in various regions of the country. This study of 56 pedons in the Blue Mountains physiographic province of eastern Oregon examines isotic and andic properties of soils with the following objectives: (i) review theory and background related to the current criteria for the isotic class; (ii) examine these criteria on selected pedons in the Blue Mountains; and (iii) discuss the current approach to the use of the isotic family classification in this geographic region. The criterion, 1500 kPa water retention/clay percentage greater than or equal to 0.6, is derived from the rationale of water adsorbed on surfaces of soil materials and is often used as a criterion for appropriate dispersion during particle-size analysis. The reaction of NaF with noncrystalline soil minerals (e.g., allophane) results in the exchange of hydroxyl ions from the mineral surface with fluoride. The nonlinear increase in pH of NaF establishes the semiquantitative nature of the test. For this study, NaF pH has correlation coefficients of 0.80, 0.72, and 0.34 for acid oxalate-extractable Al, Si, and Fe, respectively. The relationship of NaF pH with properties related to andic materials suggests that different OH sites exist in these soils and that they react at varying rates and release differing amounts of acid oxalate-extractable elements. Calculated clay based on 1500 kPa water retention and using criteria in Soil Taxonomy (2.5 rule) always exceeds measured clay for all horizons. A better relationship of calculated and measured clay was achieved with a factor of 1.7 (rather than 2.5). This factor is derived assuming a linear slope of 0.6 (rather than 0.4) between 1500 kPa water retention and clay. In the Blue Mountains survey area, pedons in the isotic versus mixed families do not correlate with specific geographic areas, moisture/temperature regimes, or parent materials. Lack of mappable differences of these two classes results in no discernible differences in properties affecting interpretations as we currently view them. C1 USDA, NRCS, NSSC, Lincoln, NE 68508 USA. Cordilleran Serv Inc, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. USDA, USFS, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USDA, NRCS, Portland, OR 97204 USA. USDA, USFS, Wallows Whitman Natl Forest, Baker City, OR 97814 USA. RP Wilson, MA (reprint author), USDA, NRCS, NSSC, 100 Centennial Mall N,Rm 152,MS 41, Lincoln, NE 68508 USA. NR 32 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 167 IS 7 BP 465 EP 477 DI 10.1097/01.ss.0000022700.98626.aa PG 13 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 577FZ UT WOS:000177052000005 ER PT J AU Leij, FJ Ghezzehei, TA Or, D AF Leij, FJ Ghezzehei, TA Or, D TI Analytical models for soil pore-size distribution after tillage SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SOLUTE TRANSPORT; WATER RETENTION; COEFFICIENTS; EVOLUTION; EQUATION; MEDIA; SPACE; TIME AB Tillage causes soil fragmentation thereby increasing the proportion of interaggregate (structural) pore space. The resulting tilled layer tends to be structurally unstable as manifested by a gradual decrease in interaggregate porosity until a new equilibrium has been reached between external loads and internal capillary forces at a rate governed by the soil rheological properties. The soil pore-size distribution (PSD) will change accordingly with time. We have previously applied the Fokker-Planck equation (FPE) to describe the evolution of the PSD as the result of drift, dispersion, and degradation processes that affect the pore space in unstable soils. In this study, we provide closed-form solutions for PSD evolution, which can be used to predict temporal behavior of unsaturated soil hydraulic properties. Solutions and moments of the PSD were obtained in case: (i) drift and degradation coefficients depend on time and the dispersivity is constant and (ii) drift and dispersivity are also linearly related to pore size. Both solutions can model the reduction in pore size during the growing season awhile the second solution can account for a reduction in the dispersion of the PSD. The solutions for PSD were plotted for a mathematically convenient expression for the drift and degradation coefficients and for an expression derived from a model for soil aggregate coalescence. Experimental data on the settlement of a Millville (coarse-silty, carbonatic, mesic Typic Haploxeroll) silt loam during wetting and drying cycles were used to determine time-dependent drift and degradation coefficients according to this coalescence model. The solution for the PSD was used to independently predict the water retention curve, which exhibited a satisfactory agreement with experimental retention data at the end of two drying cycles. C1 USDA ARS, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Environm Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Plants Soils & Biometeorol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Leij, FJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. RI Ghezzehei, Teamrat/G-7483-2011; Or, Dani/D-8768-2012 OI Ghezzehei, Teamrat/0000-0002-0287-6212; Or, Dani/0000-0002-3236-2933 NR 30 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 12 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 66 IS 4 BP 1104 EP 1114 PG 11 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 569ET UT WOS:000176588300003 ER PT J AU Rawls, WJ Pachepsky, YA AF Rawls, WJ Pachepsky, YA TI Soil consistence and structure as predictors of water retention SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; REGRESSION TREE ANALYSIS; PEDOTRANSFER FUNCTIONS; MORPHOLOGY; VEGETATION; POROSITY; AIR AB It is impractical to measure water retention for large-scale hydrologic, agronomic, and ecological applications or at the design stages of many projects, therefore, water retention estimates are often used. Field soil descriptions routinely include structure and consistence characterization. The objective of this work was to use the National Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) database to evaluate the potential for structural and consistence properties to serve as predictors of soil hydraulics properties. Total of approximate to2140 samples were found that had (i) values of water contents at -33 kPa and -1500 kPa, (ii) structure characterized with grade, size, and shape, (iii) consistence characterized with dry and moist consistency, stickiness, and plasticity, and (iv) textural class determined in the field and from lab textural analysis. Because structural and consistence parameters were represented by categories rather than numbers, regression trees were used for recursive partitioning of the data sets into groups to decrease overall variability measured as the sum of squared errors within groups. Plasticity class, grade class, and dry consistency class were leading predictors of water retention at both -33 kPa and -1500 kPa matric potentials. The accuracy of estimates from structural and consistence parameters was lower than from textural classes. Using soil structural and consistence parameters along with textural classes provided a small, although significant improvement in accuracy of water retention estimates as compared with estimation from texture alone. Soil structural and consistence parameters can serve as predictors of soil water retention because those parameters reflect soil basic properties that affect soil hydraulic properties. C1 USDA ARS, BARC E, Anim Waste Pathogen Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, BARC E, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Pachepsky, YA (reprint author), USDA ARS, BARC E, Anim Waste Pathogen Lab, Bldg 173,Rm 203, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. OI Pachepsky, Yakov/0000-0003-0232-6090 NR 54 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 15 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 66 IS 4 BP 1115 EP 1126 PG 12 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 569ET UT WOS:000176588300004 ER PT J AU Chandler, DG Saxton, KE Kjelgaard, J Busacca, AJ AF Chandler, DG Saxton, KE Kjelgaard, J Busacca, AJ TI A technique to measure fine-dust emission potentials during wind erosion SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; SALTATION; SOILS AB Suspendable-size soil particles are released during wind erosion and transported downwind, impacting regional air quality. Of particular concern are those particles with a mean aerodynamic diameter of <10 mum (PM10) and the finer subset of those <2.5 mum (PM2.5). To estimate the air quality impact of wind erosion, the potential release from nondispersed soil of PM10 and PM2.5 particles must be quantified for both those readily entrained existing particles and those generated by aggregate abrasion. A new laboratory technique was devised to determine the potential emission of these size particles by both processes front nondispersed soil samples. An emission cone in which the soil sample was suspended and rotationally abraded in an air stream was coupled with a standard measuring instrument for either PM10 or PM2.5. Data of nondispersed soil samples compared with those dispersed showed significantly less emission potentials for the nondispersed. The PM2.5, portion of the PM10 values ranged from 30 to 55% indicating significant air quality impacts by wind erosion in this region based on either standard. Results from Washington State showed spatial patterns closely related to soil morphology, and a linear relationship between dispersed and self-abrader PM10, but not PM2.5. C1 Utah State Univ, Dept Plants Soils & Biometeorol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Biol Syst Engn Dep, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Geol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Chandler, DG (reprint author), Utah State Univ, Dept Plants Soils & Biometeorol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RI Chandler, David/E-4543-2013 OI Chandler, David/0000-0002-8662-2892 NR 25 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 66 IS 4 BP 1127 EP 1133 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 569ET UT WOS:000176588300005 ER PT J AU Martens, DA AF Martens, DA TI Identification of phenolic acid composition of alkali-extracted plants and soils SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CELL-WALLS; OXIDATION-PRODUCTS; ORGANIC-MATTER; FERULIC ACID; LEAF LITTER; LIGNIN; DECOMPOSITION; CHROMATOGRAPHY; ROOTS; POLYSACCHARIDES AB Phenolic acids (PAs) released from plant residues have been implicated as important components in a variety of soil processes. To evaluate the role of plant PAs in soil processes, a quantitative alkaline extraction, solid-phase purification, and gas chromatographic protocol was developed for identification of the composition and concentration of plant and soil PAs. Water-soluble or EDTA-exchangeable PAs were not detected in soil. Alkaline hydrolysis (I M NaOH) at ambient temperatures was required to extract ester-linked phenolics and alkaline hydrolysis (4 M NaOH) with heat extracted ether-linked PAs present in plant and soil material. Purification of NaOH-extracted PAs by polymeric solid-phase extraction with gas chromatographic flame ionization and mass spectral analysis of nonderivatized extracts resulted in a highly reproducible and accurate method for the saponifiable PAs. The method quantified plant and soil PAs as ethanone (acetylbenzene), benzaldehyde, and benzoic- and cinnamic-acid derivatives. The majority of soil PAs was identified as modified cinnamic acids originating from vascular plant tissue. Comparison or the described method with a standard acid digestion (12 M H2SO4) and gravimetric determination of lignin in plant residues found that interferences formed by strong acid digestion of plant residues such as soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] or clover (Trifolium pratense L.) containing higher carbohydrate and protein contents resulted in an overestimation of plant lignin content when measured by the acid digestion-gravimetric method. Since the majority of soil PAs originate from vascular plants and are not microbial in origin, the composition of ester-linked PAs in soils may be an important indicator of the quantity of plant residue C present in soils under different management systems. C1 USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85718 USA. RP Martens, DA (reprint author), USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, 2000 E Allen Rd, Tucson, AZ 85718 USA. NR 39 TC 42 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 21 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 66 IS 4 BP 1240 EP 1248 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 569ET UT WOS:000176588300018 ER PT J AU Skjemstad, JO Reicosky, DC Wilts, AR McGowan, JA AF Skjemstad, JO Reicosky, DC Wilts, AR McGowan, JA TI Charcoal carbon in US agricultural soils SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CA-ORGANIC INTERACTIONS; AGGREGATE STABILITY; CASO4.2H2O; BIOMASS; CACO3 AB High levels of charcoal C resulting from repeated historical burning of grasslands, open woodlands, and agricultural crop residues have been reported in soils from Australia and Germany. In this study, five U.S. soils were selected from long-term research plots in widely different agricultural areas. The charcoal C content was estimated on each soil using a combination of physical separation, high energy photo-oxidation and solid-state C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. These analyses showed that all five soils contained measurable amounts of charcoal C, <53 mum in size and ranging from 1.8 to 13.6 g C kg(-1) soil and constituted up to 35% of the soil total organic C (TOC). Scanning electron microscopy showed that the charcoal material had a plant-like morphology but were blocky and had fractured edges. These particles were similar in morphology to those separated from Australian and German soils. The implications of this material, which must be highly resistant to microbiological decomposition, to the soil C cycle are discussed. C1 CSIRO Land & Water, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia. CRC Greenhouse Accounting, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia. USDA ARS, N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, Morris, MN 56267 USA. RP Skjemstad, JO (reprint author), CSIRO Land & Water, Private Bag 2, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia. NR 34 TC 182 Z9 210 U1 2 U2 36 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 66 IS 4 BP 1249 EP 1255 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 569ET UT WOS:000176588300019 ER PT J AU Shaver, TM Peterson, GA Ahuja, LR Westfall, DG Sherrod, LA Dunn, G AF Shaver, TM Peterson, GA Ahuja, LR Westfall, DG Sherrod, LA Dunn, G TI Surface soil physical properties after twelve years of dryland no-till management SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; INFILTRATION; MACROPOROSITY; NITROGEN; CARBON; SYSTEM AB Water is the principle limiting factor in dryland cropping systems. Surface soil physical properties influence infiltration and cropping systems under no-till management may affect these properties through residue addition. The objectives of this study were: (i) to determine how cropping intensity and topographic position affect soil bulk density, porosity, sorptivity, and aggregate stability in the surface 2.5 cm of soils at three eastern Colorado sites; and (ii) to relate these properties to crop residue returned to the soil surface. No-till cropping systems had been in place on three slope positions, at three sites, for 12 yr prior to this study. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-corn (Zea mays L.)-fallow (WCF) and continuous cropping (CC) systems were compared with wheat-fallow (WF) on summit and toeslope positions at two sites (Sterling and Stratton), and at the third site (Walsh) wheat-sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]-fallow (WSF) replaced WCF. Cropping systems (CC and WCF or WSF) that returned more crop residue decreased bulk density and increased total and effective porosities compared with WE Site and slope positions that produced more crop residue also improved these properties. However, sorptivity developed no significant differences as a result of cropping system. Macroaggregates made up a higher percentage of total aggregates in CC and WCF or WSF compared with WF in proportion to residue added and were also a function of clay content of the soil at different sites and slope positions. These factors enhance the potential for greater infiltration and hence greater water availability for crops. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USDA ARS, Great Plains Syst Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Shaver, TM (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RI Peterson, Gary/B-8119-2013 NR 26 TC 85 Z9 90 U1 2 U2 23 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 66 IS 4 BP 1296 EP 1303 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 569ET UT WOS:000176588300024 ER PT J AU Herrick, JE Jones, TL AF Herrick, JE Jones, TL TI A dynamic cone penetrometer for measuring soil penetration resistance SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SOYBEAN YIELD; ROOT-GROWTH; STRENGTH; PERSISTENCE; TILLAGE; INDEX AB Recognition of the importance of soil compaction is increasing, but instrument cost, measurement repeatability, and data interpretation limit its measurement on agricultural and rangelands. The dynamic penetrometer described here follows American Society of Agricutlural Engineers standards, but replaces the proving ring with a strike plate, a shaft extension, and a sliding hammer. The penetrometer cone is pushed into the soil by successive hammer blows. Penetration resistance is calculated as the work by the soil needed to stop cone movement divided by the penetration distance. The work by the soil is defined as the kinetic energy of the hammer when it impacts the strike plate. Construction cost is approximately $100 to $150. The standard drop height and hammer mass ensure measurements are consistent between operators. C1 USDA ARS, Jornada Exp Range, Washington, DC 20250 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Dept Agron & Hort, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Herrick, JE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Jornada Exp Range, MSC 3JER, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 25 TC 92 Z9 99 U1 2 U2 33 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 66 IS 4 BP 1320 EP 1324 PG 5 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 569ET UT WOS:000176588300027 ER PT J AU Jenkinson, BJ Franzmeier, DP Lynn, WC AF Jenkinson, BJ Franzmeier, DP Lynn, WC TI Soil hydrology on an end moraine and a dissected till plain in west-central Indiana SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; AERATION AB Soil hydrologic properties are a function of precipitation (P)-evapo-transpiration relations, stratigraphy, and geomorphology. An understanding of soil hydrology helps us predict many soil and ecosystem properties. We studied soil hydrology on an end moraine and on a dissected till plain in west-central Indiana. We measured hydraulic head, water table level, redox potential (E-H), and temperature, with piezometers (0.25-, 0.50-, 1.0-, 2.0-, 4.5-in depth), observation wells, platinum electrode,,, (0.25-, 0.50-, and 1.0-m), and thermocouples (0.25-, 0.50-, 1.0-, and 2.0-m), respectively, in soils along two soil topo-sequences for 9 yr. Water table levels drop rapidly when hardwood trees first leaf out in the spring, and rise rapidly after the, trees go dormant in the fall. The Thornthwaite model underestimates evapo-transpiration in the forest in the spring. In the dissected plain underlain with dense till, water is held up by the slowly permeable till. Water moves from the interior of the till plain to the dissected bevel where it periodically rises within 1 m of the surface but does not cause redoximorphic features. Soils on the crest of a moraine are similar in morphology to those on the till plain bevel, but have essentially no high water table because there is no upslope contributing area to serve as a water source. In the wetter soils, reduction begins when a soil horizon becomes wet but not saturated, and proceeds more rapidly when the horizon is saturated. There is a lag period of 2 to 8 wk between initial saturation of the soil at 25 cm and minimum E-H. C1 Purdue Univ, Dept Agron, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. USDA, NRCS, Lincoln, NE 68508 USA. RP Franzmeier, DP (reprint author), Purdue Univ, Dept Agron, 1150 Lilly, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 28 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 8 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 66 IS 4 BP 1367 EP 1376 PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 569ET UT WOS:000176588300033 ER PT J AU Huang, C Norton, LD AF Huang, C Norton, LD TI Second reply to Kinnell's comments on "Vertical hydraulic gradient and run-on water and sediment effects on erosion process and sediment regimes" SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Inst Soil & Water Conservat, Shaanxi 712100, Peoples R China. RP Huang, C (reprint author), Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, 1196 SOIL Bldg, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 5 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 66 IS 4 BP 1404 EP 1406 PG 3 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 569ET UT WOS:000176588300037 ER PT J AU Franzluebbers, AJ AF Franzluebbers, AJ TI Special issue: Conservation tillage and stratification of soil properties - Introduction SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USDA ARS, J Phil Campbell Sr Nat Resources Con Ctr, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. RP Franzluebbers, AJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, J Phil Campbell Sr Nat Resources Con Ctr, 1420 Expt Stn Rd, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 3 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 66 IS 2 SI SI BP 93 EP 94 AR PII S0167-1987(02)00017-X DI 10.1016/S0167-1987(02)00017-X PG 2 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 570CW UT WOS:000176641700001 ER PT J AU Franzluebbers, AJ AF Franzluebbers, AJ TI Soil organic matter stratification ratio as an indicator of soil quality SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th Conference of the International-Soil-Tillage-Research-Organization CY JUL 02-07, 2000 CL FT WORTH, TX SP Int Soil Tillage Res Org DE conservation tillage; cropping intensity; potential nitrogen mineralization; soil microbial biomass; soil organic carbon; soil quality ID WHEAT MANAGEMENT-SYSTEMS; CO2 EVOLUTION; SEASONAL-CHANGES; ZERO-TILLAGE; GREAT-PLAINS; CARBON; NITROGEN; POOLS; RESIDUE; CLIMATE AB Soil quality is a concept based on the premise that management can deteriorate, stabilize, or improve soil ecosystem functions. It is hypothesized that the degree of stratification of soil organic C and N pools with soil depth, expressed as a ratio, could indicate soil quality or soil ecosystem functioning, because surface organic matter is essential to erosion control, water infiltration, and conservation of nutrients. Stratification ratios allow a wide diversity of soils to be compared on the same assessment scale because of an internal normalization procedure that accounts for inherent soil differences. Stratification ratios of soil organic C were 1.1, 1.2 and 1.9 under conventional tillage (CT) and 3.4, 2.0 and 2.1 under no tillage (NT) in Georgia, Texas, and Alberta/British Columbia, respectively. The difference in stratification ratio between conventional and NT within an environment was inversely proportional to the standing stock of soil organic C to a depth of 15-20 cm across environments. Greater stratification of soil C and N pools with the adoption of conservation tillage under inherently low soil organic matter conditions (i.e., warmer climatic regime or coarse-textured soil) suggests that standing stock of soil organic matter alone is a poor indication of soil quality. Stratification of biologically active soil C and N pools (i.e., soil microbial biomass and potential activity) were equally or more sensitive to tillage, cropping intensity, and soil textural variables than stratification of total C and N. High stratification ratios of soil C and N pools could be good indicators of dynamic soil quality, independent of soil type and climatic regime, because ratios >2 would be uncommon under degraded conditions. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, J Phil Campbell Sr Nat Res Conservat Ctr, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. RP Franzluebbers, AJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, J Phil Campbell Sr Nat Res Conservat Ctr, 1420 Expt Stn Rd, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. EM afranz@arches.uga.edu NR 28 TC 318 Z9 383 U1 21 U2 143 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 66 IS 2 SI SI BP 95 EP 106 AR PII S0167-1987(02)00018-1 DI 10.1016/S0167-1987(02)00018-1 PG 12 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 570CW UT WOS:000176641700002 ER PT J AU Zibilske, LM Bradford, JM Smart, JR AF Zibilske, LM Bradford, JM Smart, JR TI Conservation tillage induced changes in organic carbon, total nitrogen and available phosphorus in a semi-arid alkaline subtropical soil SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th Conference of the International-Soil-Tillage-Research-Organization CY JUL 02-07, 2000 CL FT WORTH, TEXAS SP Int Soil Tillage Res Org DE plow tillage; ridge tillage; no-tillage; organic carbon; organic nitrogen; phosphorus; stratification ID MICROBIAL BIOMASS CARBON; LONG-TERM CHANGES; CROP-ROTATION; MANAGEMENT-SYSTEMS; NO-TILLAGE; CONVENTIONAL-TILLAGE; MATTER DYNAMICS; CO2 EVOLUTION; SURFACE SOIL; PLOWED SOILS AB A multi-year experiment was conducted to compare the effects of conservation tillage (no-till and ridge-till) with conventional plow tillage on organic C, N, and resin-extractable P in an alkaline semi-arid subtropical soil (Hidalgo sandy clay loam, a fine-loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Calciustoll) at Weslaco, TX (26degrees9'N 97degrees57'W). Tillage comparisons were established on irrigated plots in 1992 as a randomized block design with four replications. Soil samples were collected for analyses I month before cotton planting of the eighth year of annual cotton (planted in March) followed by corn (planted in August). No-till resulted in significantly (p < 0.01) greater soil organic C in the top 4 cm of soil, where the organic C concentration was 58% greater than in the top 4 cm of the plow-till treatment. In the 4-8 cm depth, organic C was 15% greater than the plow-till control. The differences were relatively modest, but consistent with organic C gains observed in hot climates where conservation tillage has been adopted. Higher concentrations of total soil N occurred in the same treatments, however a significant (p < 0.01) reduction in N was detected below 12 cm in the ridge-till treatment. The relatively low amount of readily oxidizable C (ROC) in all tillage treatments suggests that much of the soil organic C gained is humic in nature which would be expected to improve C sequestration in this soil. Against the background of improved soil organic C and N, bicarbonate extractable P was greater in the top 8 cm of soil. Some of the improvement, however, appeared to come from a redistribution or "mining" of P at lower soil depths. The results indicate that stratification and redistribution of nutrients were consistent with known effects of tillage modification and that slow improvements in soil fertility are being realized. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Integrated Farming & Nat Resources Res Unit, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Zibilske, LM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Integrated Farming & Nat Resources Res Unit, 2413 E Hwy 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 68 TC 96 Z9 113 U1 4 U2 34 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 66 IS 2 SI SI BP 153 EP 163 AR PII S0167-1987(02)00023-5 DI 10.1016/S0167-1987(02)00023-5 PG 11 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 570CW UT WOS:000176641700007 ER PT J AU Bauer, PJ Frederick, JR Busscher, WJ AF Bauer, PJ Frederick, JR Busscher, WJ TI Tillage effect on nutrient stratification in narrow- and wide-row cropping systems SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th Conference of the International-Soil-Tillage-Research-Organization CY JUL 02-07, 2000 CL FT WORTH, TEXAS SP Int Soil Tillage Res Org DE wheat; soybean; corn; subsoiling; conservation tillage; phosphorous; potassium; calcium; magnesium ID COASTAL-PLAIN SOILS; PENETRATION RESISTANCE; DEEP TILLAGE; LOAMY SAND; YIELD; MANAGEMENT; WHEAT; PH AB Recent research has indicated that conservation systems with narrow-rows have potential for higher crop productivity on southeastern USA Coastal Plains Soil. The objective of this study was to determine how surface tillage and subsoiling affect nutrient distribution in the soil profile in narrow- and wide-row systems. A secondary objective was to determine the effect of row position on soil pH and nutrient concentrations in the wide-row system. Soil samples were collected in 1996 from plots that had been growing soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) double cropped with wheat (Tritiucum aestivum L.) for 3 years and then again in 1999 after 3 years of continuous corn (Zea mays L.). Narrow-row spacing was 19 cm for soybean and 38 cm for corn. Wide-row spacing was 76 cm for both soybean and corn. Wheat was grown in 19 cm wide-rows. Soil samples were randomly collected from throughout the plots in the narrow-row culture. In the wide-row culture, separate samples were collected from the row and from between rows. Treatments were surface tillage (disc tillage (DT) and no surface tillage (NT)), with different frequencies of subsoiling. The soil type was Goldsboro loamy sand (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic, Aquic Kandiudult). Soil samples from four depths (the surface 5 cm of the A horizon, the remainder of the A horizon, the E horizon, and the top 7.5 cm of the B horizon) were analyzed for pH, P, K, Ca, and Mg. Nutrient concentrations and pH differed little between row spacings at any depth after either 3 or 6 years. Differences due to subsoiling appeared mainly due to nutrient removal as the treatments with more intense subsoiling had higher yield and lower concentrations of nutrients (except K). Concentrations of P, Mg, and Ca at the soil surface tended to be higher in NT than in DT, especially in the mid-rows of the 76 cm wide-row systems. The data suggest only small differences in soil nutrient stratification can be expected as growers adopt narrow-row crop production systems with intensive subsoiling. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Coastal Plains Soil Water & Plant Res Ctr, Florence, SC 29501 USA. Clemson Univ, Pee Dee Res & Educ Ctr, Florence, SC 29506 USA. RP Bauer, PJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Coastal Plains Soil Water & Plant Res Ctr, 2611 W Lucas St, Florence, SC 29501 USA. NR 20 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 66 IS 2 SI SI BP 175 EP 182 AR PII S0167-1987(02)00025-9 DI 10.1016/S0167-1987(02)00025-9 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 570CW UT WOS:000176641700009 ER PT J AU Franzluebbers, AJ AF Franzluebbers, AJ TI Water infiltration and soil structure related to organic matter and its stratification with depth SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th Conference of the International-Soil-Tillage-Research-Organization CY JUL 02-07, 2000 CL FT WORTH, TEXAS SP Int Soil Tillage Res Org DE bulk density; conservation tillage; macroaggregation; mean-weight diameter; soil organic carbon; soil quality ID RESIDUE MANAGEMENT; TILLAGE AB Soil organic matter is a key attribute of soil quality that impacts soil aggregation and water infiltration. Two soils (Typic Kanhapludults), one under long-term management of conventional tillage (CT) and one under long-term management of no tillage (NT), were sampled to a depth of 12 cm. Soil cores (15 cm diameter) were either left intact or sieved and repacked to differentiate between short-term (sieving) and long-term (tillage management) effects of soil disturbance on water infiltration, penetration resistance, soil bulk density, macroaggregate stability, and soil organic carbon (SOC). Mean weekly water infiltration was not different between sieved and intact cores from long-term CT (22 cm h(-1)), but was significantly greater in intact (72 cm h(-1)) than in sieved (28 cm h(-1)) soil from long-term NT. The stratification ratio of SOC (i.e., of 0-3 cm depth divided by that of 6-12 cm depth) was predictive of water infiltration rate, irrespective of short- or long-term history of disturbance. Although tillage is used to increase soil porosity, it is a short-term solution that has negative consequences on surface soil structural stability, surface residue accumulation, and surface-SOC, which are critical features that control water infiltration and subsequent water transmission and storage in soil. The stratification ratio of SOC could be used as a simple diagnostic tool to identify land management strategies that improve soil water properties (e.g., infiltration, water-holding capacity, and plant-available water). Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, J Phil Campbell Sr Nat Resources Consevat Ctr, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. RP Franzluebbers, AJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, J Phil Campbell Sr Nat Resources Consevat Ctr, 1420 Expt Stn Rd, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. NR 19 TC 175 Z9 227 U1 13 U2 102 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 66 IS 2 SI SI BP 197 EP 205 AR PII S0167-1987(02)00027-2 DI 10.1016/S0167-1987(02)00027-2 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 570CW UT WOS:000176641700011 ER PT J AU MacDonald, JM Handy, CR Plato, GE AF MacDonald, JM Handy, CR Plato, GE TI Competition and prices in USDA commodity procurement SO SOUTHERN ECONOMIC JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID MARKETS AB We evaluate United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) food procurement auctions. The Department spends nearly $1 billion a year for products for domestic feeding programs, such as the National School Lunch Program, and another $2.5 billion for international food programs. USDAs purchasing relies primarily on auction mechanisms designed to induce "hard" manufacturer price competition. We compare private-sector prices to low bids in 25,000 auctions, and find that typical private-sector prices substantially exceed USDA low bids for comparable products. We also assess the effects of competition on low bids. Low bids fall as the number of bidders increases, and the effects are nonlinear. Additional bidders have a very small effect on prices when there are already five or six bidders, but a stronger effect in markets with only one or two bidders. Even in this highly transparent bidding environment, competition matters. C1 USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP MacDonald, JM (reprint author), USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 11 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 4 PU UNIV NORTH CAROLINA PI CHAPEL HILL PA SOUTHERN ECONOMIC JOURNAL, CHAPEL HILL, NC 27514 USA SN 0038-4038 J9 SOUTH ECON J JI South. Econ. J. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 69 IS 1 BP 128 EP 143 DI 10.2307/1061560 PG 16 WC Economics SC Business & Economics GA 571VM UT WOS:000176739900009 ER PT J AU Evans, JD Akin, DE Morrison, WH Himmelsbach, DS Foulk, JA AF Evans, JD Akin, DE Morrison, WH Himmelsbach, DS Foulk, JA TI Modifying dew-retted flax fibers by means of an air-atomized enzyme treatment SO TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CELL-WALL POLYSACCHARIDES; DEGRADING ENZYMES; IDENTIFICATION; CULTIVARS; GALACTANS; QUALITY; FUNGI AB The use of atomization or an aerosol formation is investigated as a vehicle for enzyme treatment of dew-retted flax fibers. A cellulase/endoglucanase from Trichoderma reesei is applied by atomization to dew-retted fibers at concentrations of 0, 50, and 100 U. Enzyme activity post-atomization is verified by GLC analyses of sugars hydrolyzed from the treated fibers. Cellulase treatment results in the release of glucose and galactose moieties in a dose response manner. Fiber strength determination also demonstrates a dose response effect in relation to treatment with 50 and 100 U of enzyme, yielding strength decreases of 17 and 56%, respectively. Visualization of treated flax fibers by polarized light microscopy reveal the presence of structural aberrations previously identified as nodes, and treatment with the atomized enzyme coincides with fiber disruption at these regions. Mid-IR attenuated total reflectance spectra of fiber mats show a reduction in bound water and loss of acetylated components at the fiber surface resulting from enzyme treatment. Collectively, these results demonstrate the effectiveness of atomization as a means of applying enzymes for fiber modification, and the results also have implications for the flax fiber structure. C1 USDA ARS, Cotton Qual Res Stn, Clemson, SC 29633 USA. RP Evans, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 33 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU TEXTILE RESEARCH INST PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 625, PRINCETON, NJ 08540 USA SN 0040-5175 J9 TEXT RES J JI Text. Res. J. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 72 IS 7 BP 579 EP 585 DI 10.1177/004051750207200704 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Textiles SC Materials Science GA 572AE UT WOS:000176750700004 ER PT J AU Parikh, DV Calamari, TA Sawhney, APS Blanchard, EJ Screen, FJ Warnock, M Muller, DH Stryjewski, DD AF Parikh, DV Calamari, TA Sawhney, APS Blanchard, EJ Screen, FJ Warnock, M Muller, DH Stryjewski, DD TI Improved chemical retting of kenaf fibers SO TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID NONWOVENS AB Moldable nonwoven fabrics for automotive applications make up a large market, but they are currently made from synthetic fibers that are not easily biodegraded, Incorporating kenaf fibers into automotive nonwovens may enhance their biodegradability, while imparting improved acoustical insulation and reducing vehicle weight (kenaf fiber density is 1.4 versus 2.55 for glass). Traditional biological (water) retting of kenaf is tedious, time consuming, costly, and environmentally sensitive. As a consequence, it does not provide necessary incentives for a new, potentially large kenaf market. Continuing research efforts at the Southern Regional Research Center (SRRC) have resulted in simplified chemical retting procedures for two mechanically harvested, distinctly different varieties of kenaf, the forage harvested Tainung-2 (T-2, 3.75-7.5 cm short fibers) and the naturally retted cultivar Everglades-41 (E-41. 100-125 cm long ribbons). In this paper, an improved caustic formulation for effective retting and a special soap finish for improved carding of kenaf fibers are suggested. Development of some nonwoven fabrics containing SRRC-refined kenaf fibers for automative applications are discussed in a subsequent paper. Successful use of kenaf in automotive nonwovens is expected to lead to a considerable expansion in kenaf cultivation. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. Univ Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. Univ Bremen, D-2800 Bremen, Germany. RP Parikh, DV (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 14 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 5 PU TEXTILE RESEARCH INST PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 625, PRINCETON, NJ 08540 USA SN 0040-5175 J9 TEXT RES J JI Text. Res. J. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 72 IS 7 BP 618 EP 624 DI 10.1177/004051750207200709 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Textiles SC Materials Science GA 572AE UT WOS:000176750700009 ER PT J AU Price, JB Cui, XL Calamari, TA Meredith, WR AF Price, JB Cui, XL Calamari, TA Meredith, WR TI Cotton wax and its relationship with fiber and yarn properties part II: Wax content and yarn properties SO TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Skeins of yams spun from a wide range of cottons are dewaxed by Soxhlet extraction with ethanol. After drying, their mechanical properties are determined by single yam tensile tests. Dewaxing produces a significant increase in yam tenacity and a slight decrease in elongation at break. Yam tensile properties are regressed on data sets of fiber properties that include wax content. Yam strength is explained primarily by fiber strength and fiber fineness, although fiber strength and Micronaire value provided a reasonably good estimate. Wax content, which appears to be closely related to the specific surface area of the fiber, and hence Micronaire value, fails to qualify for entry into regression equations for yam strength. C1 USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Prod Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Price, JB (reprint author), USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 7 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU TEXTILE RESEARCH INST PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 625, PRINCETON, NJ 08540 USA SN 0040-5175 J9 TEXT RES J JI Text. Res. J. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 72 IS 7 BP 631 EP 637 DI 10.1177/004051750207200711 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Textiles SC Materials Science GA 572AE UT WOS:000176750700011 ER PT J AU Graham, MA Marek, LF Shoemaker, RC AF Graham, MA Marek, LF Shoemaker, RC TI PCR sampling of disease resistance-like sequences from a disease resistance gene cluster in soybean SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE disease; resistance; cluster soybean ID ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; CONFER RESISTANCE; LOCUS; HOMOLOGS; ANALOGS; IDENTIFICATION; SPECIFICITY; PATHOGENS; BACTERIAL; FIDELITY AB Clusters of Resistance-like genes (RLGs) have been identified from a variety of plant species. In soybean, RLG-specific primers and BAC-fingerprinting were used to develop a contig of overlapping BACs for a cluster of RLGs on soybean linkage group J. The resistance genes Rps2 (Phytophthora stem and root rot) and Rmd-c (powdery mildew) and the ineffective nodulation gene Rj2 were previously mapped to this region of linkage group J. PCR hybridization was used to place two TIR/NBD/LRR cDNAs on overlapping BACs from this contig. Both of the cDNAs were present on BAC 34P7. Fingerprinting of this BAC suggested as many as twelve different RLGs were present. Given the high nucleotide identity shared between cDNAs LM6 and MG13 (>90%), direct sequencing of this region would be difficult. More sequence information was needed about the RLGs within this region before sequencing could be undertaken. By comparing the genomic sequences of cDNAs LM6 and MG13 we identified conserved regions from which oligonucleotide primers specific to BAC 34P7 RLGs could be designed. The nine primer pairs spanned the genomic sequence of LM6 and produced overlapping RLG products upon amplification of BAC 34P7. Amplification products from 12 different RLGs were identified. On average, nucleotide identity between RLG sequences was greater than 95%. Examination of RLG sequences also revealed evidence of additions, deletions and duplications within targeted regions of these genes. Using previously mapped cDNAs we were able to quickly and inexpensively access multiple RLGs within a single specific cluster. C1 Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, Corn Insect & Crop Genet Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Interdept Plant Physiol Major, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Shoemaker, RC (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, Corn Insect & Crop Genet Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM rcsshoe@iastate.edu NR 33 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 105 IS 1 BP 50 EP 57 DI 10.1007/s00122-001-0846-4 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 579LE UT WOS:000177178800007 ER PT J AU Holland, JB Portyanko, VA Hoffman, DL Lee, M AF Holland, JB Portyanko, VA Hoffman, DL Lee, M TI Genomic regions controlling vernalization and photoperiod responses in oat SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE Avena; flowering; mapping; QTLs ID QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI; HEXAPLOID OAT; ARABIDOPSIS; REQUIREMENT; MAIZE; GENES AB Oat genotypes vary for photoperiod and vernalization responses. Vernalization often promotes earlier flowering in fall-sown but not spring-sown cultivars. Longer photoperiods also promote earlier flowering, and the response to longer photoperiods tends to be greater in cultivars from higher latitudes. To investigate the genetic basis of photoperiod and vernalization responses in oat, we mapped QTLs for flowering time under four combinations of photoperiod and vernalization treatments in the Ogle x TAM O-301 mapping population in growth chambers. We also mapped QTLs for flowering time in early spring and late-spring field plantings to determine the genetic basis of response to early spring planting in oat. Three major flowering-time QTLs (on linkage groups OT8, OT31 and OT32) were detected in most conditions. QTLs with smaller effects on flowering were less-consistently observed among treatments. Both vernalization-sensitive and insensitive QTLs were discovered. Longer photoperiod or vernalization alone tended to decrease the effects of flowering-time QTLs. Applied together, longer photoperiod and vernalization interacted synergistically, often on the same genomic regions. Earlier spring planting conferred an attenuated vernalization treatment on seeds. The major flowering-time QTLs mapped in this study matched those mapped previously in the Kanota X Ogle oat mapping population. Between these two studies, we found a concordance of flowering-time QTLs, segregation distortion, and complex genetic linkages. These effects may all be related to chromosomal rearrangements in hexaploid oat. Comparative mapping between oat and other grasses will facilitate molecular analysis of vernalization response in oat. C1 N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN USA. USDA ARS, Natl Small Grains Germplasm Res Facil, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Holland, JB (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, Dept Crop Sci, Box 7620, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. OI Holland, James/0000-0002-4341-9675 NR 24 TC 39 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 105 IS 1 BP 113 EP 126 DI 10.1007/s00122-001-0845-5 PG 14 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 579LE UT WOS:000177178800015 ER PT J AU Stellflug, JN AF Stellflug, JN TI Use of naloxone challenge to predict sexual performance of rams before the fall breeding season SO THERIOGENOLOGY LA English DT Article DE rams; naloxone; sexual behavior; LH; testosterone ID GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING-HORMONE; LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; TESTOSTERONE; SECRETION; EWE; BEHAVIOR AB Serving capacity tests (SCT) identify rains as sexually active, sexually inactive. or low sexual performers. Labor and time requirements make SCT impractical and expensive. Therefore, a hormone-based test for libido was developed using the responses of LH and testosterone (T) after naloxone. This test effectively identified sexually active and inactive rains during the breeding season (November and December). The current study evaluated the effectiveness of this method at a different time of the year. Objectives were to determine if the blood test can detect differences in libido during late July and August, and to characterize LH and T profiles up to 120 film postnaloxone treatments at this time of year. Two experiments were conducted using i.v. naloxone at 0.75 mg/kg BW. Sexually active (SA) and sexually inactive (SIA) rams were identified using SCT. In Experiment 1, 16 SA and 18 SIA rams of several breeds were identified based on SCT conducted before naloxone tests, In Experiment 2, 72 Suffolk x white face rams were given SCT after naloxone tests and were of unknown sexual activity at the time of the naloxone tests. Mixed model analyses for repeated measures with repeated factors (month and sample time) and a covariate for mean LH or T before naloxone treatment were used for LH and T data. Proc Logistics modeled probabilities that rams were sexually active. The LH response to naloxone increased but did not differ (P > 0.09) by rain class (SA or SIA) or month, The T response peaked 75-90 min after naloxone treatment and was still elevated at 120 min. Testosterone differed (P < 0.03) for ram class by month by time in Experiment 1 and differed (P < 0.01) between months in Experiment 2. Proc Logistics incorrectly indicated that SA and SIA rams were all sexually active. This study indicates that the naloxone challenge test cannot discriminate between SA and SIA rains during July and August. Further research is required to determine the time of year when this sire identification test for libido has significant accuracy. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, US Sheep Expt Stn, Dubois, ID 83423 USA. RP Stellflug, JN (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Sheep Expt Stn, HC 62,Box 2010, Dubois, ID 83423 USA. NR 19 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0093-691X J9 THERIOGENOLOGY JI Theriogenology PD JUL 1 PY 2002 VL 58 IS 1 BP 123 EP 134 AR PII S0093-691X(02)00914-7 DI 10.1016/S0093-691X(02)00914-7 PG 12 WC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA 581WK UT WOS:000177317100013 PM 12182356 ER PT J AU Reese, CD Harvey, BC AF Reese, CD Harvey, BC TI Temperature-dependent interactions between juvenile steelhead and Sacramento pikeminnow in laboratory streams SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SQUAWFISH PTYCHOCHEILUS-GRANDIS; TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN; RAINBOW-TROUT; NORTHERN PIKEMINNOW; COMPETITIVE INTERACTIONS; WATER TEMPERATURE; SALMO-GAIRDNERI; SNAKE RIVERS; CALIFORNIA AB We examined the temperature dependence of interactions between juvenile steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss and juvenile Sacramento pikeminnow Ptychocheilus grandis in laboratory streams. Growth of dominant steelhead in water 20-23degreesC was reduced by more than 50% in trials with Sacramento pikeminnow compared with trials with steelhead alone. Comparison of the two-species treatment with one with an equal density of fish comprised of steelhead alone indicated that the per capita effect of Sacramento pikeminnow was similar to the intraspecific effect of steethead in water 20-23degreesC. In contrast, the growth of dominant steelhead in water 15-18degreesC was unaffected by Sacramento pikeminnow. The temperature-dependence of the effect of Sacramento pikeminnow on dominant steelhead was also reflected in the size of the area defended by steelhead and in the behavior of Sacramento pikeminnow under the two thermal regimes. Compared with all other treatment combinations, dominant steelhead defended the smallest areas when accompanied by Sacramento pikeminnow in warm water. Behavioral interactions with steelhead initiated by Sacramento pikeminnow were about 50 times more frequent in warm water. For the growth of subdominant steelhead, the effect of intraspecific competition exceeded the interspecific effect of Sacramento pikeminnow regardless of water temperature. While thermal regime affects the distributions of these two species, this experiment suggests that it also affects the outcome of competition between them. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Redwood Sci Lab, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. RP Harvey, BC (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Redwood Sci Lab, 1700 Bayview Dr, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. NR 27 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 131 IS 4 BP 599 EP 606 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2002)131<0599:TDIBJS>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 568JF UT WOS:000176538100002 ER PT J AU Roghair, CN Dolloff, CA Underwood, MK AF Roghair, CN Dolloff, CA Underwood, MK TI Response of a brook trout population and instream habitat to a catastrophic flood and debris flow SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SALVELINUS-FONTINALIS; WOODY DEBRIS; DISTURBANCE; COMMUNITIES; RECOVERY; STREAM; ECOSYSTEMS AB In June 1995, a massive flood and debris flow impacted fish and habitat along the lower 1.9 km of the Staunton River, a headwater stream located in Shenandoah National Park, Virginia, In the area affected by debris flow, the stream bed was scoured and new substrate materials were deposited, trees were removed from a 30-m-wide band in the riparian area, and all fish were eliminated. In the area that was unaffected by debris flow, habitat was moderately altered by the flood and fish populations persisted at decreased densities. Basinwide fish population and habitat surveys provided data to compare (1) the pre- and postevent population densities of brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis and instream habitat conditions and (2) postevent population density, brook trout growth, and instream habitat in the debris-flow-affected and unaffected areas. By June 1998, brook trout had recolonized the entire debris- flow-affected area, and population density exceeded preevent levels. Brook trout growth was significantly greater in the debris-flow-affected area than in the unaffected area through fall 1998, but it was not significantly greater in 1999. Population density appeared to have a negative influence on fish growth. A 1995 postevent habitat survey revealed increases in the number of pools and riffles and substrate size and decreases in pool and riffle surface area and depth. By 1999, the total number, surface area, and depth of pools and riffles had returned to near preevent levels and substrate size had decreased. Between 1995 and 1999, the amount of large woody debris increased in the debris-flow-unaffected area, where riparian trees had remained intact, and decreased in the affected area, where riparian trees had been eliminated. A number of factors, including a relatively intact watershed and nearby source populations, allowed the Staunton River to quickly respond to this dramatic natural event. Given the proper conditions for recovery, such events are less catastrophic than activities that lead to chronic stream degradation. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Ctr Aquat Technol Transfer, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Roghair, CN (reprint author), US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Ctr Aquat Technol Transfer, 1650 Ramble Rd, Blacksburg, VA 24060 USA. NR 36 TC 52 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 18 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 131 IS 4 BP 718 EP 730 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2002)131<0718:ROABTP>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 568JF UT WOS:000176538100012 ER PT J AU Wilkins, DE Siemens, MC Albrecht, SL AF Wilkins, DE Siemens, MC Albrecht, SL TI Changes in soil physical characteristics during transition from intensive tillage to direct seeding SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE soil strength; penetrometer; no-till; conservation tillage; wheat; cone index; long-term experiment ID LONG-TERM; DENSITY AB Converting from intensive tillage to no-till systems often increases soil strength, but the long-term impact of no-till on soil strength is not fully understood. Soil strength (evaluated with a hand-held cone penetrometer) and soil water content were evaluated in the top 30 cm of a replicated wheat/fallow rotation in a Pacific Northwest silt loam (coarse-silty, mixed, mesic, typic Haploxeroll). Soil water content was significantly lower in the no-till plots than in intensive tillage plots, which required a correction to remove the impact of soil water on penetrometer resistance. A regression equation was developed to adjust cone index values for soil water content. Comparisons of cone penetration resistance, adjusted for soil water, were made among intensive tillage, first year no-till, and 17-year no-till. First year no-till soil was resistant to penetration, but after 17 years of no-till the soil strength was lower and approached tilled conditions. Cone index values just below the plow layer (18 cm) increased from 2 to 3 fold the first year of no-till, but after 17 years of no-till the cone index values were not statistically different between no-till and intensive tillage below the tillage layer. This research demonstrated that silt loam soil structure improved with time during transition from intensive tillage to no-till. C1 USDA ARS, Columbia Plateau Conservat Res Ctr, Pendleton, OR 97801 USA. RP Wilkins, DE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Columbia Plateau Conservat Res Ctr, POB 370, Pendleton, OR 97801 USA. NR 19 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 45 IS 4 BP 877 EP 880 PG 4 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 612WK UT WOS:000179098300001 ER PT J AU Swisher, DW Borgelt, SC Sudduth, KA AF Swisher, DW Borgelt, SC Sudduth, KA TI Optical sensor for granular fertilizer flow rate measurement SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE precision farming; sensor; fertilizer; optical measurement; granular flow AB An optical sensor to measure granular fertilizer flow in an airstream was designed, built, and laboratory tested. The sensor components included a laser line generator that transmitted light across a trapezoidal chamber to a 32-element photodiode array. The air-suspended granules would break the light, causing a count to be recorded. The counts were translated into a mass flow rate. Static tests of five materials and six mass flow rates were performed in a replicated block design. Dynamic tests of one material with six step changes in mass flow rate were performed. Results of the static tests showed a strong linear, repeatable relationship between sensor output and mass flow rate. For maximum accuracy, individual calibrations were required for different fertilizer products. Dynamic test results showed that the sensor followed step changes in mass flow rate well, but indicated some limitations in the data analysis algorithm. The optical sensor system showed potential as a first step to a real-time granular fertilizer flow rate sensor. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Agr & Biol Engn, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. USDA ARS, Cropping Syst & Water Qual Res Unit, Columbia, MO USA. RP Borgelt, SC (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Agr & Biol Engn, 253 Agr Engn Bldg, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 11 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 45 IS 4 BP 881 EP 888 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 612WK UT WOS:000179098300002 ER PT J AU Svensson, SA Fox, RD Hansson, PA AF Svensson, SA Fox, RD Hansson, PA TI Forces on apple trees sprayed with a cross-flow fan air jet SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE orchard spraying; fan sprayer; air jets; force measurements; canopies; application technology; cross flow fan; converging air jet; apple; pest control; plant protection ID VOLUME AB To provide necessary plant protection in orchards, spray drops are transported to and into the canopy with an air jet from a fan sprayer. The interaction between the spray air jet and the tree canopy as central to effective droplet transport, spray coverage, and pest control in orchard spraying. A new method was developed to study this interaction by measuring forces applied to the tree by the sprayer jet during spray passes. A dwarf apple tree, sawed off at the trunk, was attached to the top of a multi-component force transducer, which in turn had its base secured to the ground. Forces in three directions, as well as the moment about the axis parallel to the fruit tree row, were measured. A two-unit cross flow fan orchard sprayer was moved past the sensor-equipped tree. A plane jet, with both fan units vertical, and a converging air jet, with the top fan unit inclined 19degrees towards the sprayed tree, were used. Two output power levels (fan rpm) were used with both fan conditions. Results presented are: maximum x forces and moments, and the integral over time for forces and moments created by the moving air jet. There were significant differences between all treatments. Highest values were obtained with the converged air jets and high fan output, followed by the plane jet and high fan output. Next was the converged jet with low fan output, while the lowest force and moment values were measured for the plane jet with low fan output. Greater force and moment values resulted in more output power being transferred to the tree through jet air velocity acting on the canopy. Measured forces provide an integration of many individual actions between the air jet and the separate elements of the tree canopy and thus balance out short-time fluctuations. Repeatability in the measurements was very high, both for single values of force and moment and an the shape of pulses for each treatment replication. C1 SUAS, Dept Agr Engn, SE-23053 Alnarp, Sweden. USDA ARS, Applicat Technol Res Unit, Wooster, OH USA. RP Svensson, SA (reprint author), SUAS, Dept Agr Engn, POB 66, SE-23053 Alnarp, Sweden. NR 16 TC 3 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 45 IS 4 BP 889 EP 895 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 612WK UT WOS:000179098300003 ER PT J AU Yang, C Everitt, JH Murden, D Robinson, JRC AF Yang, C Everitt, JH Murden, D Robinson, JRC TI Spatial variability in yields and profits within ten grain sorghum fields in south Texas SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE breakeven analysis; grain sorghum; precision farming; profit map; profit variability; wield monitor; yield variability AB Various degrees of spatial variability in crop yields have been documented, but seldom has this been associated with spatial variability an profits. This study examined spatial variability in yields and profits within ten grain sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Moench) fields, with areas of 7 to 26 ha, in south Texas in 1998. A yield monitor was used to collect yield data from these fields. The yield data were then aggregated into grids with a cell size of 9 m, equivalent to the combine's effective cutting width. Statistical analysis showed that grain yields had coefficients of variation within fields ranging from 32% to 57%. Variograms showed strong spatial dependence in yields with an influence range of 122 m to 300 m among the fields. Yield maps were generated using the variograms within a localized neighborhood to show spatial patterns. Net profits were calculated based on the differences between the gross returns from the yields and total production costs on a cell-by-cell basis for each of the ten fields. Profit maps were generated to show the spatial variability in net returns within the fields. Average net profits among the ten fields ranged from -$137/ha to $65/ha at a grain price of $0.09/kg, and from --$63/ha to $281/ha at $0.15/kg. The percentage of land areas with positive returns among the ten fields ranged from 0.4% to 76% at $0.09/kg, and from 16% to 91% at $0.15/kg. These results indicate that large yield variability, high production costs, and low grain prices result in large profit variability and low economic returns for grain production in south Texas. C1 USDA ARS, Kika de la Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. Rio Farms Inc, Monte Alto, TX USA. Texas A&M Univ, Agr Res & Extens Ctr, Weslaco, TX USA. RP Yang, C (reprint author), USDA ARS, Kika de la Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, 2413 E Highway 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 13 TC 5 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 45 IS 4 BP 897 EP 906 PG 10 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 612WK UT WOS:000179098300004 ER PT J AU Chung, SO Sudduth, KA Drummond, ST AF Chung, SO Sudduth, KA Drummond, ST TI Determining yield monitoring system delay time with geostatistical and data segmentation approaches SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE precision agriculture; yield monitor; yield map; delay time; geostatistics; data segmentation ID COMBINE AB In combine harvesting, knowledge of the delay time from cutting the crop to sensing the grain flow is required for accurate spatial location of grain yield data. Currently, either an assumed, fixed delay time is used or the delay time is determined by visual inspection of yield maps. Geostatistical and data segmentation methods were developed to estimate yield monitoring system delay time using objective criteria. The methods were validated with an ideal dataset and with elevation and soil electrical conductivity datasets having known delay times. When applied to yield and moisture content measurements collected with a commercial yield monitoring system, the methods successfully estimated delay time. In most cases, the results agreed (+/-1 s) with results achieved using a visual method. Grain yield and grain moisture content exhibited different delay times at different locations within test fields. Thus, it may be appropriate to apply delay time corrections to homogeneous sub-field areas, instead of on a whole-field basis. Use of these new estimation methods could allow for more accurate and efficient processing of yield monitor data. C1 Univ Missouri, Biol Engn Dept, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. USDA ARS, Cropping Syst & Water Qual Res Unit, Columbia, MO USA. RP Sudduth, KA (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Biol Engn Dept, 269 Agr Engn Bldg, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 31 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 45 IS 4 BP 915 EP 926 PG 12 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 612WK UT WOS:000179098300006 ER PT J AU Jin, CX Dabney, SM Romkens, MJM AF Jin, CX Dabney, SM Romkens, MJM TI Trapped mulch increases sediment removal by vegetative filter strips: A flume study SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE vegetative filter strips; crop residues; flow; sediment deposition ID OVERLAND-FLOW; PERFORMANCE; DEPOSITION; TRANSPORT; RESIDUE AB Vegetative filter strips and crop residues are effective methods of soil erosion control on agricultural land. When crop residues become detached and move downslope in runoff, their on-site soil erosion protective effect is largely lost. When a filter strip traps residues, the filter strip's erosion control effectiveness may be increased. Few investigations have been conducted concerning this subject. In this study, we investigated the impact of upslope-detached and transported surface mulches on the sediment-trapping capability of simulated filter strips. Results showed that mulches (pine needles) added in random orientation floated parallel to the direction of flow and then turned perpendicular to the flow when they accumulated in front of a filter strip. The width of the resulting mulch barrier depended on the amount and length of the needles supplied to the flow Shorter needles resulted in denser mulch barriers. A mulch barrier did not greatly affect the flow depth and velocity inside a filter strip, but it retarded the flow and caused a hydraulic jump upstream from the filter strip. Sediment-trapping efficiency was increased by 10% to 60% compared with the same flow, slope, and filter strip conditions without mulch. Increases an sediment trapping were most significant in long-duration tests with low-density filter strips or high slope steepness. The backwater formed by a mulch barrier increased the effective length of a filter strip, and more than 60% of sediment deposition took place in the area up-slope of the filter strip. The physical strength of the upslope edge of the filter strip that supported the mulch barrier determined long-duration functionality. Observed interactions of crop residue mulches and filter strips suggest that combining residue management systems with vegetative buffer strips containing an upslope edge of strong vegetation offer potential synergies for increased conservation effectiveness. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. RP Romkens, MJM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. NR 33 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 45 IS 4 BP 929 EP 939 PG 11 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 612WK UT WOS:000179098300007 ER PT J AU Robinson, KM Hanson, GJ Cook, KR AF Robinson, KM Hanson, GJ Cook, KR TI Scour below an overfall: Part I. Investigation SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE scour; soil erosion; gullies; headcuts; overfall; hydraulics; modeling ID CONCENTRATED FLOWS; MIGRATION; GROWTH AB Scour below an overfall contributes to headcut instability and gully advance. Thirteen large-scale scour tests were conducted by preforming an overfall in a compacted cohesive soil bed. Horizontally compacted soil layers were placed using typical embankment construction methods. Water flowing over a horizontal approach was allowed to plunge over an overfall and impinge on the compacted soil bed. Different combinations of soil moisture and soil density were examined for two similar tailwater or backwater conditions. For a constant flow rate, the vertical scour was measured downstream of the gully overfall, and typical erosion behavior is discussed. The rate of vertical scour was observed as the plunge pool deepened. The vertical scour rate increased as the moisture content at the time of compaction decreased. The scour rate was also observed to decrease as the dry density of the fill material increased. For the soil conditions tested, the vertical scour rate increased as the unconfined compressive strength increased. The stress-strain modulus and the vertical scour rate also displayed a direct relationship. The layered soil placement methods, typical of embankment construction, can have an influence on the observed vertical scour rates. These field-scale erosion tests were conducted to enhance our understanding of scour processes. This scour investigation focuses on the test description, observed results, and fundamental relationships, while a companion article addresses prediction methods. C1 USDA, NRCS Watershed Sci Inst, Raleigh, NC 27605 USA. USDA ARS, Hydraul Engn Res Unit, Stillwater, OK USA. RP Robinson, KM (reprint author), USDA, NRCS Watershed Sci Inst, 401 Oberlin Rd,Suite 245, Raleigh, NC 27605 USA. NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 45 IS 4 BP 949 EP 956 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 612WK UT WOS:000179098300009 ER PT J AU Hanson, GJ Robinson, KM Cook, KR AF Hanson, GJ Robinson, KM Cook, KR TI Scour below an overfall: Part II. Prediction SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE erodibility; critical stress; detachment coefficient; submerged jet; compaction; soils ID STRESS; EROSION; POOL AB The impinging jet is the driving mechanism causing scour below grade-control structures, dam spillways, gullies, pipe outlets, etc. The objectives of this study were to: (1) utilize a previously developed excess stress parameter approach, with small modifications, for the free overfall jet; (2) develop similar excess stress parameter approaches for the submerged circular jet; (3) determine and compare excess stress parameters for both overfall and submerged circular jet scour test results; and (4) compare erodibility results for each experimental system. Large-scale overfall tests were conducted in an outdoor flume 1.8-m wide and 29-m long with 2.4-m walls. Small-scale submerged circular jet tests were conducted in the laboratory on sample from the large-scale overfall tests. The scour tests were conducted on a cohesive soil, prepared at various average compaction moisture contents (12% to 16%) and densities (1.66 to 1.80 Mg/m(3)). Critical stress ranged from 0 to 9 Pa, and the detachment coefficient ranged from 0.1 to 42 cm(3)/N-s. Comparisons of the excess stress parameters determined from the overfall tests and circular jet tests were of the same order of magnitude. The results indicated that the laboratory sample tests can be used to indicate trends in the variation of erodibility with compaction moisture content but can only make crude estimates of the actual scour. In order to improve predictive capabilities, more laboratory sample tests need to be conducted to determine the large-scale flume test variability, or small-scale in-situ tests in the impingement zone need to be conducted. C1 USDA, NRCS Watershed Sci Inst, Raleigh, NC 27605 USA. USDA ARS, Hydraul Engn Res Unit, Stillwater, OK USA. RP Robinson, KM (reprint author), USDA, NRCS Watershed Sci Inst, 401 Oberlin Rd,Suite 245, Raleigh, NC 27605 USA. NR 16 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 45 IS 4 BP 957 EP 964 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 612WK UT WOS:000179098300010 ER PT J AU Rajkondawar, PG Lefcourt, AM Neerchal, NK Dyer, RM Varner, MA Erez, B Tasch, U AF Rajkondawar, PG Lefcourt, AM Neerchal, NK Dyer, RM Varner, MA Erez, B Tasch, U TI The development of an objective lameness scoring system for dairy herds: Pilot study SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE dairy; cattle; lameness; detection; ground reaction forces; logistic regression ID CATTLE AB Early detection of bovine lameness offers the potential for effective treatment and effectual management of hoof and leg ailments. This technical note examines statistical relationships between visually derived lameness scores and mechanically derived limb movement variables (LMVs) for sound and lame dairy cows. The visually derived lameness scores were based on observations of arched backs while cows stood and walked. The mechanically derived LMVs were captured as cows walked freely over a patent pending force plate system that generates signatures of ground reaction forces. A statistical model evaluated a lameness index (LI) using peak ground reaction force (PGRF). The LI allowed the 23 cows to be classified correctly according to their visually derived lameness scores, with three exceptions. This pilot study demonstrated that the outputs of our force plate system can be used to relate lameness scores to measurable LMVs. C1 Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Mech Engn, UMBC, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Math & Stat, UMBC, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. USDA ARS, ANRI, Beltsville, MD USA. Univ Delaware, Dept Anim & Food Sci, Newark, DE USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Anim & Avian Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Agr Expt Stn, CMREC, Ellicott City, MD USA. RP Tasch, U (reprint author), Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Mech Engn, UMBC, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. NR 10 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 3 U2 12 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 45 IS 4 BP 1123 EP 1125 PG 3 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 612WK UT WOS:000179098300030 ER PT J AU Grace, JM AF Grace, JM TI Control of sediment export from the forest road prism SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE forest roads; soil erosion; conservation practices; surface runoff AB The effectiveness of four road turn-out ditch treatments (vegetation, rip-rap, sediment fences, and settling basins) in reducing sediment export to the forest floor was evaluated. These four runoff control methods are commonly prescribed to control forest road runoff and sediments. The study utilized runoff samplers; runoff diversion walls, sediment filter bags, and erosion stakes to evaluate runoff concentration reductions through the treatments and sediment export downslope of the treatments. Settling basin, sediment fence, and vegetation treatments had no significant differences in runoff concentration reductions, which averaged more than 40%. The rip-rap was significantly less-effective at reducing runoff concentration than were either the vegetation or sediment fence. The sediment basins were very effective during smaller storm events, but not during the largest storms, when they overflowed. The sediment basin exported the least amount of smaller-sized sediment that is likely to be delivered to stream systems. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, GW Andrews Forestry Sci Lab, So Res Stn, Auburn, AL 36830 USA. RP Grace, JM (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, GW Andrews Forestry Sci Lab, So Res Stn, SRS-4703,520 Devall Dr, Auburn, AL 36830 USA. NR 24 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 45 IS 4 BP 1127 EP 1132 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 612WK UT WOS:000179098300031 ER PT J AU Thomson, SJ Hanks, JE Sassenrath-Cole, GF AF Thomson, SJ Hanks, JE Sassenrath-Cole, GF TI Continuous georeferencing for video-based remote sensing on agricultural aircraft SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE remote sensing; GPS; georeferencing; precision agriculture; agricultural aircraft; digital video ID TECHNOLOGIES; SYSTEM AB An image-based remote sensing system was configured on an agricultural spray plane. The system uses a video mapping system (VMS) for continuous georeferencing of images obtained by digital video. Three differential Global Positioning System (GPS) configurations and one non-differential system, dedicated to the imaging system, were evaluated in parallel with the plane's GPS to judge useable accuracy of a GPS/VMS combination when flying at altitudes of 21 to 420 m (70 to 1400 ft). Positioning accuracy was determined by comparing data from the GPS and video mapping system on the airplane to precise GPS data on the ground. One differential GPS configuration and the non differential GPS performed best and had fewest problems updating a position fix. Over four field sections flown, differences in position ranged from 6 to +39 m (-216 to +128 ft) using the differential GPS and from -11 to +83 m (-36 to +272 ft) using the non-differential GPS in separate tests. Differential correction was not necessary for reasonable accuracy within system limitations, but accuracy was frequently influenced by user subjectivity when locating points using the video mapping software. The system should find its greatest utility where field areas cannot be georeferenced using landmarks or other reference points, as would be the case for low-altitude remote sensing over large field areas. C1 USDA ARS, APTRU, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Thomson, SJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, APTRU, POB 36, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 24 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 45 IS 4 BP 1177 EP 1189 PG 13 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 612WK UT WOS:000179098300036 ER PT J AU Nelson, SO Bartley, PG AF Nelson, SO Bartley, PG TI Frequency and temperature dependence of the dielectric properties of food materials SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE dielectric properties; foods; dielectric constant; dielectric loss factor; measurements; frequency; temperature; moisture ID PERMITTIVITY MEASUREMENTS; COMPLEX PERMITTIVITY; CEREAL GRAIN; RF AB An open-ended coaxial-line probe was used with network and impedance analyzers and a sample temperature control assembly, designed for use with the probe, to measure the dielectric properties of some food materials as a function of frequency and temperature. Graphical data for the dielectric constant and loss factor of a macaroni and cheese dinner preparation, whey protein gel, ground whole-wheat flour, and apple juice illustrate the diverse frequency- and temperature-dependent behavior of the dielectric properties of food materials. C1 USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. Old Dominion Univ, Coll Engn & Technol, Dept Engn Technol, Norfolk, VA USA. RP Nelson, SO (reprint author), USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 15 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 45 IS 4 BP 1223 EP 1227 PG 5 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 612WK UT WOS:000179098300041 ER PT J AU Nakata, PA AF Nakata, PA TI Calcium oxalate crystal morphology SO TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material ID PLANTS C1 Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Nakata, PA (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 3 TC 17 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LONDON PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 1360-1385 J9 TRENDS PLANT SCI JI Trends Plant Sci. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 7 IS 7 BP 324 EP 324 AR PII S1360-1385(02)02285-9 DI 10.1016/S1360-1385(02)02285-9 PG 1 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 573TU UT WOS:000176847800013 PM 12119171 ER PT J AU Mwangi, SM Stabel, TJ Kehrli, ME AF Mwangi, SM Stabel, TJ Kehrli, ME TI Development of a baculovirus expression system for soluble porcine tumor necrosis factor receptor type I and soluble porcine tumor necrosis factor receptor type I-IgG fusion protein SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE porcine; tumor necrosis factor-alpha; soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type I; expression; purification; baculovirus; cytotoxicity ID INFLAMMATION; P55 AB Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is a key mediator of inflammatory responses and gram-negative bacterial sepsis, but the role that it plays during Salmonella enterica species bacterial infections in swine has not yet been elucidated. To facilitate studies on the role of TNF-alpha on the pathology associated with Salmonella infections in pigs, recombinant soluble porcine TNF receptor type I (rspTNF-RI) and soluble TNF receptor type I fused to the Fc region of porcine IgG1 (rspTNF-RI-IgG) were expressed in insect cells using a baculovirus expression system. The proteins were secreted into the cell culture media and purified by anti-soluble porcine TNF-RI antibody and protein G affinity chromatography, respectively. The yield of protein using this method was approximately 1.5 mg rspTNF-RI and 4 mg rspTNF-RI-IgG/L of cell culture medium. In in vitro assays, rspTNF-RI-IgG was approximately 10-fold (0.97 vs. 10.00 pmol/ml) more effective than rspTNF-RI at completely inhibiting the cytotoxic activity of 500 U of recombinant porcine TNF-alpha on 3 x 10(4) WEHI 164 murine fibrosarcoma, clone 13, cells. Compared to previously described methods, this method yields significantly more biologically active rspTNF-RI. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Stabel, TJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, 2300 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 86 IS 3-4 BP 251 EP 254 AR PII S0165-2427(02)00034-X DI 10.1016/S0165-2427(02)00034-X PG 4 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA 560QP UT WOS:000176093000013 PM 12007891 ER PT J AU Flores, EF Ridpath, JF Weiblen, R Vogel, FSF Gil, LHVG AF Flores, EF Ridpath, JF Weiblen, R Vogel, FSF Gil, LHVG TI Phylogenetic analysis of Brazilian bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 (BVDV-2) isolates: evidence for a subgenotype within BVDV-2 SO VIRUS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE bovine viral diarrhea virus; bovine pestivirus; pestivirus genotypes ID CROSS-NEUTRALIZATION ASSAYS; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; MOLECULAR-CLONING; PESTIVIRUS GENOME; GENOTYPES; CATTLE; ANTIBODIES; INFECTION; REGION AB Phylogenetic analysis divides bovine viral diarrhea viruses (BVDV) into two different genotypes (BVDV1 and BVDV2). BVDV1 strains have been further subdivided into two to 11 subgenotypes. Phylogenetic analysis of BVDV2 isolates, however, has not been able to identify discrete subgenotypes. In this study, we identified six South American BVDV2 strains and one North American BVDV2 strain that cluster to a separate genetic group within BVDV2, thus representing a distinct subgenotype. The 5' untranstated region (UTR) sequence homology between these six strains and other BVDV2 from North America, Europe and Asia (81.7%) is lower than the homology used to segregate BVDVI into BVDV1a and BVDV1b (83.6%). Most nucleotide differences observed between the two subgroups of BVDV2 were concentrated in two regions, which also harbor most of the differences seen between BVDV1a and BVDV1b. To determine if this segregation was real, an additional analysis was performed comparing NS2/3 sequences. Analysis of a conserved sequence located between nucleotides 6670 and 7186 of the NS2/3 coding region also segregated these isolates to a separate group. The sequence homology between the two subgroups (86.3%) was higher than the homology in the 5'UTR (81.7%), with mean sequence homologies of 91 and 87.2% within the proposed subgroups. In contrast to the 5'UTR, alignment of the NS2/3 sequences revealed nucleotide differences distributed across the region. These results demonstrate that BVDV2 isolates cluster to two genetically distinct subgroups within BVDV2. The differences in both the 5'UTR and NS2/3 are consistent and justify this segregation. We suggest that BVDV2 may thereafter be subgenotyped into BVDV2a and BVDV2b. The existence of subgroups within the BVDV2 genotype with genetic heterogeneity similar to that seen among BVDV1 subgroups argues against BVDV2 isolates arising from BVDV1 in a recent evolutionary event. Unless the evolutionary clocks for BVDV1 and BVDV2 isolates tick along at different rates, these results indicate that BVDV2 have existed as long as BVDV1. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Fed Santa Maria, Dept Vet Prevent Med, BR-97105900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. Univ Fed Santa Maria, Dept Microbiol & Parasitol, BR-97105900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. ARS, Virus & Prion Dis Livestock Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Vet & Biomed Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Flores, EF (reprint author), Univ Fed Santa Maria, Dept Vet Prevent Med, BR-97105900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. RI Weiblen, Rudi/H-7003-2014; fernanda, vogel/B-8818-2016; flores, eduardo/H-5125-2016 OI Weiblen, Rudi/0000-0002-1737-9817; fernanda, vogel/0000-0003-1351-9912; NR 27 TC 100 Z9 107 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1702 J9 VIRUS RES JI Virus Res. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 87 IS 1 BP 51 EP 60 AR PII S0168-1702(02)00080-1 DI 10.1016/S0168-1702(02)00080-1 PG 10 WC Virology SC Virology GA 584LU UT WOS:000177468700006 PM 12135789 ER PT J AU Neill, JD AF Neill, JD TI The subgenomic RNA of feline calicivirus is packaged into viral particles during infection SO VIRUS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE RNA virus; virulence; RNA encapsidation; low density virion ID CAPSID PROTEIN GENE; VIRUS; SEQUENCE; PERSISTENCE AB During infection, feline calicivirus (FCV) produces an abundant subgenomic RNA of 2.4 kb that is the major template for translation of the single capsid protein. Feline cells infected with FCV (CF1/68 strain) at a high multiplicity of infection produced a population of lower density (ld) viral particles with a density of 1.35 g/cc as compared to the 1.39 g/cc density of the wild-type virus particle. The RNA isolated from the ld particles was 2.4 kb in size, the same as that of the intracellular subgenomic transcript that encodes the single capsid protein of the virus. Primer extension analysis revealed that the 5' end of the RNA from the ld particles mapped to the same genomic location as the intracellular 2.4 kb RNA. RNA protection of the ld RNA using a FCV 4.2 kb minus strand cDNA containing 1984 bases of capsid protein coding sequences, protected an RNA fragment of approximately 2000 bases. The data presented here demonstrates that the Id particles contains the FCV subgenomic RNA and not a genomic RNA containing rearrangements or deletions. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, Virus & Prion Dis Livestock Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Neill, JD (reprint author), ARS, Virus & Prion Dis Livestock Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, 2300 Dayton Ave,POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 16 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1702 J9 VIRUS RES JI Virus Res. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 87 IS 1 BP 89 EP 93 AR PII S0168-1702(02)00086-2 DI 10.1016/S0168-1702(02)00086-2 PG 5 WC Virology SC Virology GA 584LU UT WOS:000177468700010 PM 12135793 ER PT J AU Parker, JL Fernandez, IJ Rustad, LE Norton, SA AF Parker, JL Fernandez, IJ Rustad, LE Norton, SA TI Soil organic matter fractions in experimental forested watersheds SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE ecosystem perturbation; forest soils; soil organic matter fractions ID NET NITROGEN MINERALIZATION; LIGHT-FRACTION; LITTER DECOMPOSITION; MICROBIAL BIOMASS; MAINE BBWM; NMR-SPECTROSCOPY; NUTRIENT CONTENT; PARTICLE-SIZE; PINE FOREST; CARBON AB Recent concerns about climate change and atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations have demonstrated the importance of understanding ecosystem C source/sink relationships. Soil organic matter fractionation was carried out in three paired, forested watershed sites where one of each watershed pair represented a different ecosystem perturbation. The perturbations were 8 years of experimental N amendments at the Bear Brook Watershed in Maine (BBWM), a 50 year old intense wildfire and subsequent regeneration at Acadia National Park (ANP), and a 17 year old whole-tree harvest at the Weymouth Point Watershed (WPW). At each site, mineral soils were sampled by uniform depth increments. Mineral soil (< 2 mm) was separated into light, occluded light, and heavy density fractions by floatation in NaI solution (1.7 g cm(-3)). Mineral soil (< 2 mm) was also separated into particle-size fractions of sand (2.0 to 0.05 mm), silt (0.05 to 0.002 mm), and clay (< 0.002 mm) by wet sieving and centrifugation. Whole soils, and density and particle-size fractions were analyzed for total C and N. Both fractionation schemes showed that all soil organic matter fractions had lower C/N ratios as a result of N enrichment at BBWM. At ANP, soil organic matter fractions generally had lower C/N associated with the wildfire and subsequent shift from softwood to hardwood regeneration. Few significant whole soil and soil organic matter fraction differences were associated with the whole-tree harvest. Within watershed pairs, both density and particle-size fractionation techniques usually indicated similar responses. Soil organic matter fractionation results indicated that there were no consistent shifts in fraction distributions in response to perturbation that were consistent across all paired watershed study sites. C1 Univ Maine, Dept Plant Soil & Environm Sci, Orono, ME 04473 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Expt Stn, Durham, NH USA. Univ Maine, Dept Geol Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. RP Fernandez, IJ (reprint author), Univ Maine, Dept Plant Soil & Environm Sci, Orono, ME 04473 USA. NR 71 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 7 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 138 IS 1-4 BP 101 EP 121 DI 10.1023/A:1015516607941 PG 21 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 554XX UT WOS:000175763400008 ER PT J AU Jacques, D Mohanty, BP Feyen, J AF Jacques, D Mohanty, BP Feyen, J TI Comparison of alternative methods for deriving hydraulic properties and scaling factors from single-disc tension infiltrometer measurements SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE tension infiltrometers; scaling; hydraulic conductivity; field methods; near-saturated ID IMMOBILE WATER-CONTENT; FIELD SOIL; CAPILLARY LENGTH; SPATIAL-ANALYSIS; TRANSIENT FLOW; CONDUCTIVITY; INFILTRATION; SORPTIVITY; EQUATION; MEDIA AB [1] Analysis of single-disc tension infiltrometer data is commonly based on the interpretation of the steady state infiltration rate derived from large time measurements. In this study, three analytical models describing the cumulative infiltration curve were used to estimate the sorptivity and the steady state infiltration rates. Hydraulic conductivity was estimated from (1) two steady state infiltration rates, (2) a sorptivity value and a steady state infiltration rate, and (3) two sorptivity estimates. In total, seven different methods were used to calculate the hydraulic conductivity. We compared the spatial variability of sorptivity, steady state infiltration rates, unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, and scaling factors of these seven methods. Cumulative infiltration curves were measured at 50 locations and three pressure heads along a 40 m long transect on a silty loam Eutric Regosol. In a first step the amount of water and the time needed to wet the contact sand under the disc was successfully filtered from the raw data using nonlinear regression techniques. The analytical models described the infiltration curves very well but gave different estimates of the sorptivities and steady state infiltration rates. Method 2 using both sorptivity and steady state infiltration rate resulted in the largest estimates of the mean unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, whereas the other two methods (1 and 3) resulted in similar mean values. Linear scaling analysis described well the observed variability in the hydraulic conductivity. Overall, different methods produced quite different unsaturated hydraulic conductivity estimates at specific locations, while their field mean or scaled properties were better comparable. Results of this study may prove to be important for deciding appropriate disc infiltrometer data analysis procedure while addressing water flow and chemical transport behavior at different spatial scales. C1 Katholieke Univ Leuven, Inst Land & Water Management, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium. ARS, US Salin Lab, USDA, Riverside, CA USA. RP Jacques, D (reprint author), CEN SCK, Boeretang 2000, B-2400 Mol, Belgium. RI Verbist, Koen/B-3029-2009; Jacques, Diederik/C-5887-2009 NR 65 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 38 IS 7 AR 1120 DI 10.1029/2001WR000595 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 610AD UT WOS:000178937800006 ER PT J AU Wilkerson, GG Wiles, LJ Bennett, AC AF Wilkerson, GG Wiles, LJ Bennett, AC TI Weed management decision models: pitfalls, perceptions, and possibilities of the economic threshold approach SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Review DE bioeconomic models; decision support systems; computer decision aids ID SOYBEANS GLYCINE-MAX; POSTEMERGENCE CONTROL DECISIONS; RELATIVE LEAF-AREA; CORN ZEA-MAYS; BIOECONOMIC MODEL; CROP YIELD; FIELD VALIDATION; PALWEED-WHEAT; CHANGING-ROLE; DENSITY AB The use of scouting and economic thresholds has not been accepted as readily for managing weeds as it has been for insects, but the economic threshold concept is the basis of most weed management decision models available to growers. A World Wide Web purvey,vas conducted to investigate perceptions of weed science professionals regarding the value of these models. Over half of the 56 respondents were involved in model development or support, and 82% thought chat decision models could be beneficial for managing weeds, although more as educational rather than as decision-making tools. Some respondents indicated that models are too simple because the), do not include all factors that influence weed competition or all issues a grower considers when deciding how to manage weeds. Others stated that models arc too complex because many users do not have time to obtain and enter the required information or are not necessary because growers use a zero threshold or because skilled decision makers can make better arid quicker recommendations. Our view is that economic threshold-based models are, and will continue to be, valuable as a means of providing, growers with the knowledge and experience of many experts for field-specific decisions. Weed management decision models must be evaluated from three perspectives: biological accuracy, quality of recommendations, and case of use. Scientists developing and supporting decision models may have hindered wide-scale acceptance by overemphasizing the capacity to determine economic thresholds, and the), need to explain more clearly to potential users the tasks for which models are and arc not suitable. Future use depends on finding cost-effective methods to assess weed populations, demonstrating that models use results in better decision making, and finding stable, long-term funding For maintenance and support. New technologies, including herbicide-resistant crops, will likely increase rather than decrease the need for decision support. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Colorado State Univ, USDA ARS, AERC, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Florida, Everglades Res & Educ Ctr, Belle Glade, FL 33430 USA. RP Wilkerson, GG (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Box 7620, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 106 TC 48 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 19 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 50 IS 4 BP 411 EP 424 DI 10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050[0411:WMDMPP]2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 577TD UT WOS:000177077100001 ER PT J AU Tworkoski, T AF Tworkoski, T TI Herbicide effects of essential oils SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE organic weed control; generally regarded as safe (GRAS) ID PLANT; GERMINATION; INHIBITION; GROWTH AB Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the herbicidal effect of plant-derived oils and to identify the active ingredient in an oil with herbicide activity. Twenty-five different oils were applied to detached leaves of dandelion in the laboratory. Essential oils (1%, v/v) from red thyme, summer savory, cinnamon, and clove were the most phytotoxic and caused electrolyte leakage resulting in cell death. Each of these essential oils in aqueous concentrations from 5 to 10% (v/v) plus two adjuvants (nonionic surfactant and paraffinic oil blend at 0.20/6 [v/v]) were applied to shoots of common lambsquarters, common ragweed, and johnsongrass in the greenhouse; shoot death occurred within 1 h to 1 d after application. Essential oil of cinnamon had high herbicidal activity, and eugenol (2-methoxy-4-[2-propenyl]phenol) was determined to be this oil's major component (84%, v/v). Dandelion leaf disk and whole-plant assays verified that eugenol was the active ingredient in the essential oil of cinnamon. Essential oils are extracted from plants and thus may be useful as "natural product herbicides" for organic farming systems. C1 ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, USDA, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Tworkoski, T (reprint author), ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, USDA, 45 Wiltshire Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 19 TC 95 Z9 106 U1 2 U2 15 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 50 IS 4 BP 425 EP 431 DI 10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050[0425:HEOEO]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 577TD UT WOS:000177077100002 ER PT J AU Walenta, DL Yenish, JP Young, FL Ball, DA AF Walenta, DL Yenish, JP Young, FL Ball, DA TI Vernalization response of plants grown from spikelets of spring and fall cohorts of jointed goatgrass SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE reproductive tiller index ID AEGILOPS-CYLINDRICA; SEED; WHEAT; SOIL AB Jointed goatgrass is most commonly described as a winter annual species. However, it has been observed to produce spikes in spring crops, apparently without being exposed to vernalizing conditions. A controlled environment stud), was conducted to determine the reproductive response of jointed goatgrass plants grown from seeds of fall- and spring-emerging parent plants to various vernalization durations. Winter wheat was included as a control. Winter wheat spikelet production was dependent on vernalization, and the number of spikes per plant was 10-fold greater if the plants were exposed to 4 C for 10 wk In contrast, jointed goatgrass spike production without vernalization remained as high as 50% of chat produced by plants exposed to 10 wk of vernalization conditions. Jointed goatgrass is thus not as dependent on vernalization for reproduction as the comparative winter wheat standard. Apparently, jointed goatgrass is more a facultative rather than an obligate winter annual. Rotating to a spring-seeded crop Should not be expected to completely prevent jointed goatgrass seed production. Fields rotated to spring v,,heat to eliminate jointed goatgrass seed production should be monitored, and jointed goatgrass should be hand pulled or otherwise controlled to ensure zero seed production. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Oregon State Univ, Union Cty Extens Serv, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. ARS, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, USDA, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Oregon State Univ, Columbian Basin Agr Res Stn, Pendleton, OR 97801 USA. RP Yenish, JP (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, POB 646420, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 13 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 50 IS 4 BP 461 EP 465 DI 10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050[0461:VROPGF]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 577TD UT WOS:000177077100006 ER PT J AU Taylor-Lovell, S Wax, LM Bollero, G AF Taylor-Lovell, S Wax, LM Bollero, G TI Preemergence flumioxazin and pendimethalin and postemergence herbicide systems for soybean (Glycine max) SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Residual weed control; soil-applied herbicides ID WEED-CONTROL; IMAZETHAPYR; RESISTANCE; BIOTYPE AB Field studies were conducted in 1998 and 1999 at two Illinois locations to compare flumioxazin and pendimethalin for preemergence (PRE) weed control and determine the benefit of these herbicides when followed by (fb) postemergence (POST) herbicides, glyphosate, imazethapyr, and imazamox. In early weed control ratings taken before POST applications, flumioxazin alone at 105 g ai/ha or pendimethalin alone at 1, 120 g ai/ha resulted in less than 80% control of giant foxtail, but controlled common lambsquarters at least 85% in all experiments, Control of large-seeded broadleaf weeds with flumioxazin or pendimethalin varied greatly between experiments. At Urbana in 1998, where moisture was adequate before and after PRE applications, flumioxazin controlled velvetleaf, common cocklebur, and ivyleaf morningglory at least 90%. With the latter two species, control decreased in the subsequent year, probably because of the reduced precipitation after the PRE applications. Sequential applications including a PRE herbicide provided control up to 25% greater than did POST only treatments. At Dekalb in both years and Urbana in 1998, soybean yields Were greater with most treatments containing a PRE fb POST application than with the treatments containing only POST applications. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. ARS, Invas Weed Management Res Unit, USDA, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Taylor-Lovell, S (reprint author), Dow AgroSci, 3000 Mallard Ave, Lorimor, IA 50149 USA. RI Lovell, Sarah/H-4478-2013 NR 25 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 4 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0890-037X J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PD JUL-SEP PY 2002 VL 16 IS 3 BP 502 EP 511 DI 10.1614/0890-037X(2002)016[0502:PFAPAP]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 595AH UT WOS:000178084300005 ER PT J AU Williams, MM Boydston, RA AF Williams, MM Boydston, RA TI Effect of shoot removal during tuberization on volunteer potato (Solanum tuberosum) tuber production SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE groundkeeper; time of removal ID COLUMBIA AB Volunteer potato can be a host of serious pest problems in potato and could provide a source of inoculum for subsequent potato crops. Volunteer potato can also be difficult to control in many rotational crops. Potato shoots were removed once, twice, and throughout the growing season, beginning at early and late tuberization. Compared with no shoot removal, two or more shoot removal treatments reduced the number of tubers 42% or more. A single shoot removal treatment at early tuberization reduced tuber biomass 37%, compared with 65% when shoot removal was initiated several weeks later. Regardless of timing, a single shoot removal increased the number and biomass of small tubers (less than or equal to57 g each). Control tactics that remove or kill volunteer potato shoots require repeated application or integration with other management practices to suppress the weed. C1 Washington State Univ, Ctr Irrigated Agr Res & Extens Ctr, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. ARS, USDA, Ctr Irrigated Agr Res & Extens Ctr, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. RP Williams, MM (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Ctr Irrigated Agr Res & Extens Ctr, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. NR 12 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0890-037X J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PD JUL-SEP PY 2002 VL 16 IS 3 BP 617 EP 619 DI 10.1614/0890-037X(2002)016[0617:EOSRDT]2.0.CO;2 PG 3 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 595AH UT WOS:000178084300022 ER PT J AU Boydston, RA Seymour, MD AF Boydston, RA Seymour, MD TI Volunteer potato (Solanum tuberosum) control with herbicides and cultivation in onion (Allium cepa) SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE groundkeepers (volunteer potato); tillage ID ATTRACTION; BEETLE; PLANTS AB Volunteer potatoes are difficult to control in onions and can greatly reduce onion growth and yield. Herbicides and cultivation were evaluated for control of simulated volunteer potatoes in onions in 1996 and 2000. Three interrow cultivations did not control potatoes in the onion row and the remaining plants reduced onion yield 50 and 73% compared with the hand-weeded checks. Three applications Of oxyfluorfen (0.2 + 0.17 + 0.17 kg ai/ha) or bromoxynil plus oxyfluorfen (0.2 + 0.17 kg ai/ha) at the two-, three-, and four- to five-leaf stages of onions followed by a cultivation after each application reduced potato tuber weight 69 to 96% and tuber number 32 to 86% compared with cultivation alone and prevented onion yield loss associated with potatoes. Ethofumesate applied preemergence at 0.6 kg/ha followed by postemergence ethofumesate plus bromoxynil and cultivation reduced potato tuber weight 90% and tuber number 68% compared with cultivation alone, and onions yielded equal to hand-weeded checks. Two applications of fluroxypyr (0.3 kg ai/ha) plus bromoxynil (0.2 kg ai/ha) at the two- and three-leaf stages of onions followed by a cultivation after cacti application reduced potato tuber weight by greater than 90%, but onion yields were reduced 38 to 66%. C1 ARS, Ctr Irrigated Agr Res & Extens Ctr, USDA, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. RP Boydston, RA (reprint author), ARS, Ctr Irrigated Agr Res & Extens Ctr, USDA, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. NR 21 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 4 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0890-037X J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PD JUL-SEP PY 2002 VL 16 IS 3 BP 620 EP 626 DI 10.1614/0890-037X(2002)016[0620:VPSTCW]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 595AH UT WOS:000178084300023 ER PT J AU Filip, GM Ganio, LM Oester, PT Mason, RR Wickman, BE AF Filip, GM Ganio, LM Oester, PT Mason, RR Wickman, BE TI Ten-year effect of fertilization on tree growth and mortality associated with Armillaria root disease, fir engravers, dwarf mistletoe, and western spruce budworm in northeastern Oregon SO WESTERN JOURNAL OF APPLIED FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE fertilizer; diameter increment; tree mortality; Arceuthobium laricis; Armillaria root disease; fir engravers; western spruce budworm ID NITROGEN-FERTILIZATION; STANDS; ROT AB In October 1988, each of four randomly selected 4 ha plots within four 16 ha blocks in a mixed-conifer forest in northeastern Oregon received one of the following treatments by helicopter: (1) urea at 350 kg/ha of N, 2) 100 kg/ha N, 25 kg/ha P, 25 kg/ha K, 25 kg/ha S, and 3) 300 kg/ha N, 75 kg/ha P, 75 kg/ha K, 75 kg/ha S, or 4) untreated control. Ten years after treatment, grand fir mortality within plots averaged 37% (range 4 to 56%) of the sampled trees. Fir mortality was associated with fir engraver beetles, flatheaded fir borers, Armillaria root disease, and defoliation by western spruce budworm. Larch mortality ranged from zero for trees with no or low dwarf mistletoe infection to 56% in trees with severe infection. After 10 yr, there were no significant fertilizer effects on grand fir and western, larch with respect to (1) incidence of mortality; (2) diameter increment; (3) vigor as assessed by cambial electrical resistance (CER); (4) live crown ratio; and (5) larch dwarf mistletoe severity rating (DMR). DMR significantly affected larch diameter increment, incidence of mortality, and CER regardless of treatment. Possible reasons why fertilization in this experiment did not have the same effects as fertilization in smaller studies are discussed. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. OSU Extens Serv, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. RP Filip, GM (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Richardson Hall, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. NR 31 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 5 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0885-6095 J9 WEST J APPL FOR JI West. J. Appl. For. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 17 IS 3 BP 122 EP 128 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 581PA UT WOS:000177300500002 ER PT J AU Chavez, DJ AF Chavez, DJ TI Adaptive management in outdoor recreation: Serving Hispanics in southern California SO WESTERN JOURNAL OF APPLIED FORESTRY LA English DT Article ID FOREST MANAGEMENT AB Traditional management approaches may not be applicable to ethnically diverse visitor populations; consequently, approaches to resource management may need to be changed. One approach, called adaptive management, is a technique that uses scientific information to help formulate management strategies and a process for continually improving management practices by learning from the outcomes of operational programs. This article describes the adaptive management process as it was used to serve Hispanic recreation visitors at the Applewhite Picnic Area (AWPA) on the San Bernardino National Forest in southern California. Three studies have been conducted at this site to gather information. AWPA managers used the data to renovate the picnic area and to provide management direction, and managers are currently implementing ideas based on the results of this study; these ideas include adding an art log, adding a sports area, and preventing trespass at the site. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Chavez, DJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, 4955 Canyon Crest Dr, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. EM dchavez@fs.fed.us NR 16 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0885-6095 J9 WEST J APPL FOR JI West. J. Appl. For. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 17 IS 3 BP 129 EP 133 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 581PA UT WOS:000177300500003 ER PT J AU Tietje, WD Waddell, KL Vreeland, JK Bolsinger, CL AF Tietje, WD Waddell, KL Vreeland, JK Bolsinger, CL TI Coarse woody debris in oak woodlands of California SO WESTERN JOURNAL OF APPLIED FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE coarse wood; down wood; dead wood; debris; oak woodlands; forest inventory AB An extensive forest inventory was conducted to estimate the amount and distribution of coarse woody debris (CWD) on 5.6 million ac of woodlands in California that are outside of national forests and reserved areas. Woodlands consist primarily of oak (Quercus spp.) types and are defined as forestland incapable of producing commercial quantities of traditional forest products because of adverse site and tree morphophysiology. Approximately 671 million ft(3) of CWD were estimated to occur over the study area. Almost 3 million ac of woodland (52% of the sampled area) were estimated to have no CWD. The large-end diameter of CWD was <12 in. on 67% of all logs sampled. Blue oak (Q. douglasii) CWD occurred over the largest area and gray pine (Pinus sabiniana) produced the most volume (164.1 million ft(3)) of CWD. An average of 115 ft(3)/ac, 1.2 tons/ac, 21 logs/ac, and 56.8 linear ft/ac were estimated for CWD across all woodland types. The coast live oak (Q. agrifolia) type produced the largest per-acre measure of CWD volume (164.1 ft(3)/ac). The California laurel (Umbellularia californica) type produced the highest log density (48 logs/ac) and the most linear feet per acre of CWD (131.8 ft/ac). CWD was most abundant in the central coast and least abundant in the northeastern portion of the state. Results of this study suggest that CWD is not common across much of California's woodlands. More detailed research is needed to evaluate the amount and distribution of CWD, affects of land-use, and the implications for wildlife. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forest Sci Lab, Portland, OR 97205 USA. UC Cooperat Extens, San Luis Obispo, CA 93401 USA. RP Tietje, WD (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM wdtietje@ucdavis.edu NR 31 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 4 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0885-6095 J9 WEST J APPL FOR JI West. J. Appl. For. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 17 IS 3 BP 139 EP 146 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 581PA UT WOS:000177300500005 ER PT J AU Pierce, JR Jensen, ME AF Pierce, JR Jensen, ME TI A classification of aquatic plant communities within the northern Rocky Mountains SO WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE aquatic plant communities; aquatic macrophyte vegetation; ecological classification; synecological study; vegetation classification AB A synecological study of aquatic macrophyte plant communities was conducted across northern Idaho and western Montana during the summers of 1997, 1998, and 1999. A total of 111 natural and man-made water bodies were sampled based on a stratification of environmental variables thought to influence plant species distribution (i.e., elevation, landform, geology, and water body size). Plant species foliar cover data were used to develop a hierarchical, floristic-based community type classification with TWINSPAN and DECORANA software. Six planmergent (conspicuous portion of vegetative plant body on the water surface) and 24 submergent (vegetative plant body found primarily underwater) community types were identified. Multivariate analysis indicated that all community types displayed significant differences in plant species composition, and the Sorenson's floristic similarity between communities averaged 10% for planmergent and 8% for submergent types. Canonical correspondence analysis was used to inspect relationships between abiotic factors and plant species abundance. Results of this analysis indicated some relationships between species distributions and abiotic factors; however, chance introduction of plant species to water bodies is a process considered to be equally important to the presence of the community types described. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP US Forest Serv, USDA, No Reg, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. NR 38 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV PI PROVO PA 290 LIFE SCIENCE MUSEUM, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 1527-0904 EI 1944-8341 J9 WEST N AM NATURALIST JI West. North Am. Naturalist PD JUL PY 2002 VL 62 IS 3 BP 257 EP 265 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 584LN UT WOS:000177468200001 ER PT J AU Rials, TG Kelley, SS So, CL AF Rials, TG Kelley, SS So, CL TI Use of advanced spectroscopic techniques for predicting the mechanical properties of wood composites SO WOOD AND FIBER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE near infrared spectroscopy; multivariate analysis; medium-density fiberboard; mechanical properties ID DENSITY AB Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was used to characterize a set of medium-density fiberboard (MDF) samples. This spectroscopic technique, in combination with projection to latent structures (PLS) modeling, effectively predicted the mechanical strength of MDF samples with a wide range of physical properties. The stiffness, strength, and internal bond properties of the MDF samples could be predicted from the NIR spectra of the MDF surface. The technique is very rapid and provides molecular level insight on subtle changes in the properties of the MDF panels. The results highlight the potential value of NIR spectroscopy for process monitoring and quality control applications. C1 Univ Tennessee, Tennessee Forest Prod Ctr, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. RP Rials, TG (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Tennessee Forest Prod Ctr, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. NR 15 TC 40 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 9 PU SOC WOOD SCI TECHNOL PI MADISON PA ONE GIFFORD PINCHOT DR, MADISON, WI 53705 USA SN 0735-6161 J9 WOOD FIBER SCI JI Wood Fiber Sci. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 34 IS 3 BP 398 EP 407 PG 10 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood; Materials Science, Textiles SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 572TY UT WOS:000176792100005 ER PT J AU Bumgardner, MS Bowe, SA AF Bumgardner, MS Bowe, SA TI Species selection in secondary wood products: Implications for product design and promotion SO WOOD AND FIBER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE wood species; perceptions; total product concept; product design; product promotion ID FURNITURE AB This study investigated the perceptions that people have of several commercially important wood species and determined if word-based and specimen-based evaluations differed. Such knowledge call help secondary wood manufacturers better understand their products and develop more effective design concepts and promotional messages. A sample of more than 250 undergraduate students at a major midwestern university was split into two groups and asked to rate six wood species on several semantic-differential items, based either on word association or physical wood samples. The two methods of evaluation often produced different results that were more pronounced for certain species, especially oak. Some gender-based differences were also observed. Respondents generally had difficulty identifying the species that they were observing, particularly mahogany and maple, yet maintained definite perceptual images of these same species. It is suggested that species perception is an important and lasting component of the total product concept for secondary wood products, and can moderate appearance-based evaluations. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Northeastern Res Stn, Princeton, WV 24740 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forest Ecol & Management, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Bumgardner, MS (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Northeastern Res Stn, Princeton, WV 24740 USA. NR 19 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 3 PU SOC WOOD SCI TECHNOL PI MADISON PA ONE GIFFORD PINCHOT DR, MADISON, WI 53705 USA SN 0735-6161 J9 WOOD FIBER SCI JI Wood Fiber Sci. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 34 IS 3 BP 408 EP 418 PG 11 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood; Materials Science, Textiles SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 572TY UT WOS:000176792100006 ER PT J AU Morck, A Larsen, G Wehler, EK AF Morck, A Larsen, G Wehler, EK TI Covalent binding of PCB metabolites to lipids: route of formation and characterization SO XENOBIOTICA LA English DT Article ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS PCBS; TISSUE RETENTION; FATTY-ACIDS; MOUSE; RATS; CONJUGATION; BIOSYNTHESIS; MECHANISM; ADDUCTS; LIVER AB 1. After an oral dose of C-14-labelled 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (CB-77), the conventional germ-free and bile-duct cannulated male Sprague-Dawley rat excreted approximately 80% of the dose in faeces and/or bile within 3 days. 2. For the germ-free and conventional rat, 15%, of the dose was excreted via the faeces as metabolites covalently bound to lipids. Bile-duct-cannulated rats excreted similar amounts of lipid-bound metabolites in the bile. The lipid-bound metabolites appear to be formed in the liver and excreted via the bile, and the microflora did not seem essential for the formation of lipid-bound metabolites. 3. The novel CB-77 metabolites had chemical and physical properties similar to those of lipids with regard to solubility and polarity, as determined by partition characteristics on various chromatographic systems. 4. In addition to identification of hydroxylated CB-77 metabolites, several fatty acid esters of hydroxy-chlorobiphenyls were indicated and one hydroxy-tetrachlorobiphenylol palmitoate was identified, but fatty acid esters were minor metabolites. 5. Approximately 70%, of the lipid-bound metabolites were present in the fraction that contained phospholipids. The formation of lipid-bound CB-77 metabolites seems a spontaneous reaction rather than an enzymatically catalysed reaction, as indicated by the large number of different lipid-bound metabolites. C1 Univ Stockholm, Dept Environm Chem, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. ARS, USDA, Biosci Res Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Morck, A (reprint author), Univ Stockholm, Dept Environm Chem, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. NR 46 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 6 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0049-8254 J9 XENOBIOTICA JI Xenobiotica PD JUL PY 2002 VL 32 IS 7 BP 625 EP 640 DI 10.1080/00498250210130573 PG 16 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 574AK UT WOS:000176866000008 PM 12162858 ER PT J AU Dayan, FE Rimando, AM Tellez, MR Scheffler, BE Roy, T Abbas, HK Duke, SO AF Dayan, FE Rimando, AM Tellez, MR Scheffler, BE Roy, T Abbas, HK Duke, SO TI Bioactivation of the fungal phytotoxin 2,5-anhydro-D-glucitol by glycolytic enzymes is an essential component of its mechanism of action SO ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NATURFORSCHUNG C-A JOURNAL OF BIOSCIENCES LA English DT Article DE bioactivation of phytotoxin; plant/pathogen interaction; inhibition of aldolase ID MUSCLE ALDOLASE; PLANT; CHLOROPLAST; SPINACH; FRUCTOSE-1,6-BISPHOSPHATE; PURIFICATION; PATHOGENS; DEATH AB An isolate of Fusarium solani, NRRL 18883, produces the natural phytotoxin 2,5-anhydro-D-glucitol (AhG). This fungal metabolite inhibited the growth of roots (I-50 of 1.6 mm), but it did not have any in vitro inhibitory activity. The mechanism of action of AhG requires enzymatic phosphorylation by plant glycolytic kinases to yield AhG-1,6-bisphosphate (AhG-1,6-bisP), an inhibitor of Fru-1,6-bisP aldolase. AhG-1,6-bisP had an I-50 value of 570 muM on aldolase activity, and it competed with Fru-1,6-bisP for the catalytic site on the enzyme, with a K-i value of 103 mum. The hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon of Fru-1,6-bisP is required for the formation of an essential covalent bond to zeta amino functionality of lysine 225. The absence of this hydroxyl group on AhG-1,6-bisP prevents the normal catalytic function of aldolase. Nonetheless, modeling of the binding of AhG-1,6-bisP to the catalytic pocket shows that the inhibitor interacts with the amino acid residues of the binding site in a manner similar to that of Fru-1,6-bisP The ability of F. solani to produce a fructose analog that is bioactivated by enzymes of the host plant in order to inhibit a major metabolic pathway illustrates the intricate biochemical processes involved in plant-pathogen interactions. C1 USDA ARS, Nat Prod Utilizat Res Unit, University, MS 38677 USA. Univ Bourgogne, Lab Biol Mol & Cellulaire, F-21000 Dijon, France. USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Prod Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Dayan, FE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Nat Prod Utilizat Res Unit, POB 8048, University, MS 38677 USA. RI Dayan, Franck/A-7592-2009; OI Dayan, Franck/0000-0001-6964-2499; Scheffler, Brian/0000-0003-1968-8952 NR 27 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 3 PU VERLAG Z NATURFORSCH PI TUBINGEN PA POSTFACH 2645, W-7400 TUBINGEN, GERMANY SN 0939-5075 J9 Z NATURFORSCH C JI Z.Naturforsch.(C) PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 57 IS 7-8 BP 645 EP 653 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 599VH UT WOS:000178355500017 PM 12240991 ER PT J AU Flesch, TK Prueger, JH Hatfield, JL AF Flesch, TK Prueger, JH Hatfield, JL TI Turbulent Schmidt number from a tracer experiment SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE Schmidt number; tracer emmisions; eddy viscosity; flux-gradient method; Lagrangian stochastic models; atmospheric dispersion; diffusivity ID ATMOSPHERIC SURFACE-LAYER; MARKOV-CHAIN SIMULATIONS; PARTICLE TRAJECTORIES; BOUNDARY-LAYER; DISPERSION; EXCHANGE; FIELD; AMMONIA; MODELS; FLUXES AB Measurements of pesticide emission from a bare soil were used to calculate the turbulent Schmidt number (Sc): the ratio of eddy diffusivity for momentum (eddy viscosity) to the diffusivity for tracer mass. The value of Sc has implications for the measurement of trace gas emissions, and there is a broad range of reported values for the atmospheric surface layer. During our experiment Sc averaged 0.6, with large variability between observation periods. The standard deviation in Sc was 0.31, with no obvious correlation to atmospheric conditions. Some of this variability is due to measurement uncertainty, but we believe it also reflects true variability in Sc. We show that flux-gradient formula, which assume higher values of Sc, underestimate the true tracer emission rate Q. We also show that a dispersion model with Sc = 0.6, does better at inferring Q than a model with Sc = 0.45. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Alberta, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Univ Alberta, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada. EM thomas.flesch@ualberta.ca NR 32 TC 46 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 EI 1873-2240 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD JUN 30 PY 2002 VL 111 IS 4 BP 299 EP 307 AR PII S0168-1933(02)00025-4 DI 10.1016/S0168-1923(02)00025-4 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 574DU UT WOS:000176873800004 ER PT J AU Ventura, E Nearing, MA Amore, E Norton, LD AF Ventura, E Nearing, MA Amore, E Norton, LD TI The study of detachment and deposition on a hillslope using a magnetic tracer SO CATENA LA English DT Article DE soil erosion; sediment; deposition; rainfall simulator; tracer ID ESTIMATING SOIL-EROSION; RATES; BE-10 AB Soil erosion by water involves the processes of detachment, transport and deposition of soil materials by the erosive forces of raindrops and surface flow of water. The redistribution of sediment within a field-sized area is important in estimating the effect of erosion and deposition on productivity, in helping the conservation planner to target efforts to reduce erosion, and to evaluate erosion models. The objective of this study was to use a magnetic tracer, with size and density similar to soil aggregates, to study detachment and deposition on a hillslope. Two interconnected plots were established on a hillslope. Two rainfall intensities (35 and 70 min h(-1)) combined with two different inflow rates (4 and 101 min(-1)) were applied to the upper of the two plots. No rain or water was applied to the lower plot, which was used to study the deposition of eroded sediments from the upper plot. A 5% concentration of magnetic tracer was placed in the upper plot and mixed to depth of 3 cm. From this initial condition, areas of tracer detachment and deposition were identified using a magnetic sensor. Areas of detachment were associated with a decrease in magnetic signal, while areas of deposition were associated with an increase in the magnetic signal. In the lower plot, deposition of tracer correlated well with the magnetic susceptibility readings. Results indicated that the tracer was effective for identifying areas of net detachment and deposition, however, the tracer to soil ratio did not remain constant for all treatments. For this reason, a wider range of sizes and densities of the tracer should be tested if the method is to be useful to quantify erosion rates. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Univ Queretaro, Sch Engn, Hydraul Program, Queretaro 76010, Mexico. Dipartimento Ingn Civile & Ambientale, Sez Ingn Idraul & Sanitaria Ambientale, I-95125 Catania, Italy. RP Nearing, MA (reprint author), Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, 1196 Soil Bldg, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 17 TC 21 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0341-8162 J9 CATENA JI Catena PD JUN 30 PY 2002 VL 48 IS 3 BP 149 EP 161 AR PII S0341-8162(02)00003-6 DI 10.1016/S0341-8162(02)00003-6 PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Geology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 574EU UT WOS:000176876100002 ER PT J AU Wanjura, DF Upchurch, DR Mahan, JR Burke, JJ AF Wanjura, DF Upchurch, DR Mahan, JR Burke, JJ TI Cotton yield and applied water relationships under drip irrigation SO AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE canopy temperature; heat units; maximum yield; water stress ID CANOPY-TEMPERATURE; FREQUENCY; MANAGEMENT AB Different irrigation scheduling methods and amounts of water ranging from deficit to excessive amounts were used in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) irrigation studies from 1988 to 1999, at Lubbock, TX. Irrigation scheduling treatments based on canopy temperature (T,) were emphasized in each year. Surface drip irrigation and recommended production practices for the area were used. The objective was to use the 12-year database to estimate the effect of irrigation and growing season temperature on cotton yield. Yields in the irrigation studies were then compared with those for the northwest Texas production region. An irrigation input of 58 cm or total water application of 74 cm was estimated to produce maximum lint yield. Sources of the total water supply for the maximum yielding treatments for each year averaged 74% from irrigation and 26% from rain. Lint yield response to irrigation up to the point of maximum yield was approximated as 11.4 kg ha(-1) cm(-1) of irrigation between the limits of 5 and 54 cm with lint yields ranging from 855 to 1630 kg ha(-1). The intra-year maximum lint yield treatments were not Limited by water input, and their inter-year range of 300 kg ha(-1) was not correlated with the quantity of irrigation. The maximum lint yields were linearly related to monthly and seasonal heat units (HU) with significant regressions for July (P = 0.15), August (P = 0.07), and from May to September (P = 0.01). The fluctuation of maximum yearly Lint yields and the response to HU in the irrigation studies were similar to the average yields in the surrounding production region. The rate of lint yield increase with HU was slightly higher in the irrigation studies than in the surrounding production area and was attributed to minimal water stress. Managing irrigation based on real-time measurements of T-c produced maximum cotton yields without applying excessive irrigation. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Plant Stress & Water Conservat Res Lab, Lubbock, TX 79415 USA. RP Wanjura, DF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Plant Stress & Water Conservat Res Lab, 3810 4th St, Lubbock, TX 79415 USA. NR 15 TC 49 Z9 56 U1 3 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-3774 J9 AGR WATER MANAGE JI Agric. Water Manage. PD JUN 28 PY 2002 VL 55 IS 3 BP 217 EP 237 AR PII S0378-3774(01)00175-5 DI 10.1016/S0378-3774(01)00175-5 PG 21 WC Agronomy; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA 557PJ UT WOS:000175916700004 ER PT J AU Brose, P Wade, D AF Brose, P Wade, D TI Potential fire behavior in pine flatwood forests following three different fuel reduction techniques SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE fuel model; herbicide; prescribed fire; mechanical thinning; wildfire intensity AB A computer modeling study to determine the potential fire behavior in pine flatwood forests following three fuel hazard reduction treatments: herbicide, prescribed fire and thinning was conducted in Florida following the 1998 wildfire season. Prescribed fire provided immediate protection but this protection quickly disappeared as the rough recovered. Thinning had a similar effect on fireline intensity. Herbicides produced a dramatic decrease in fireline intensity from year 2 to 6 but had little effect on fire severity, thus increasing the likehood of root kill resulting in tree death if wildfire occurs during drought conditions, Treatment combinations, such as thinning and herbicide may provide immediate and long-term fireline intensity reductions as long as forest managers take into account each alternative's strengths and weaknesses. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Irvine, PA 16329 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Brose, P (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, POB 267, Irvine, PA 16329 USA. NR 29 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 5 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD JUN 28 PY 2002 VL 163 IS 1-3 BP 71 EP 84 AR PII S0378-1127(01)00528-X DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00528-X PG 14 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 567AM UT WOS:000176460500006 ER PT J AU Holmes, TP Blate, GM Zweede, JC Pereira, R Barreto, P Boltz, F Bauch, R AF Holmes, TP Blate, GM Zweede, JC Pereira, R Barreto, P Boltz, F Bauch, R TI Financial and ecological indicators of reduced impact logging performance in the eastern Amazon SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE sustainable forest management; logging costs; wood waste; logging damage; full cost accounting; environmental dividend ID TROPICAL FORESTS; BRAZILIAN AMAZON; MANAGEMENT; BIOMASS; FIRE; PARAGOMINAS; BENEFITS; TIMBER; DAMAGE AB Reduced impact logging (RIL) systems are currently being promoted in Brazil and other tropical countries in response to domestic and international concern over the ecological and economic sustainability of harvesting natural tropical forests. RIL systems are necessary, but not sufficient, for sustainable forest management because they reduce damage to the forest ecosystem during the initial forest entry. If conditions were identified where RIL costs were clearly less than conventional logging (CL) costs, then a strong incentive for RIL adoption would exist. In this paper, a comparison of costs and revenues was made for typical RIL and CL operations in the eastern Amazon. An economic engineering approach was used to estimate standardized productivity and cost parameters. Detailed data on productivity, harvest volume, wasted wood and damage to the residual stand were collected from operational scale harvest blocks. Productivity and cost data were also collected using surveys of forest products firms. The major conclusion of the study was that RIL was less costly, and more profitable, than CL under the conditions observed at the eastern Amazon study site. Full cost accounting methods were introduced to capture the direct and indirect costs associated with wasted wood. The impact of wasted wood on effective stumpage price provided the largest gain to RIL. Large gains attributable to RIL technology were also observed in skidding and log deck productivity. In addition, investment in RIL yielded an "environmental dividend" in terms of reduced damage to trees in the residual stand and reduction of the amount of ground area disturbed by heavy machinery. Developing institutions that can monetize the value of the environmental dividend remains a major challenge in the promotion of sustainable forest management in the tropics. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Trop Forest Fdn, Alexandria, VA 22314 USA. Fdn Floresta Trop, Belem, Para, Brazil. Inst Homen & Meio Ambiente Amazonia, Belem, Para, Brazil. Univ Florida, Sch Forest Resources & Conservat, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Holmes, TP (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, POB 12254, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 40 TC 94 Z9 105 U1 3 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD JUN 28 PY 2002 VL 163 IS 1-3 BP 93 EP 110 AR PII S0378-1127(01)00530-8 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00530-8 PG 18 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 567AM UT WOS:000176460500008 ER PT J AU Cummings, DL Kauffman, JB Perry, DA Hughes, RF AF Cummings, DL Kauffman, JB Perry, DA Hughes, RF TI Aboveground biomass and structure of rainforests in the southwestern Brazilian Amazon SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Amazon; biomass; rainforest ID TIERRA-FIRME FOREST; CHARCOAL FORMATION; BURNING EFFICIENCY; TROPICAL FORESTS; NUTRIENT POOLS; CARBON; DEFORESTATION; DYNAMICS; VENEZUELA; RONDONIA AB The biomass of intact tropical forests must be known in order to quantify C pools and emissions arising from biomass burning associated with deforestation, land conversion, or fragmentation. To address this need, we quantified the total aboveground biomass (TAGB) and forest structure in 20 intact tropical forest sites in western Brazil. The sites were located in open, dense, and ecotone (to savanna) forest types. The TAGB of open forest ranged from 288 to 346 Mg ha(-1), with a mean of 313 Mg ha(-1); dense forest TAGB ranged from 298 to 533 Mg ha(-1), with a mean of 377 Mg ha(-1); and ecotone forests TAGB ranged from 298 to 422 Mg ha(-1), with a mean of 350 Mg ha(-1). Mean TAGB for all 20 sites was 341 Mg ha(-1). "live trees" (broad-leaved trees) comprised most of TAGB, averaging 280 Mg ha(-1). Mean aboveground biomass of trees greater than or equal to 10 cm diameter at breast height (dbh) differed between open (239 Mg ha(-1)) and dense forests (307 Mg ha(-1)). Mean biomass of live "nontree" components (predominantly palms) for all 20 sites was 22 Mg ha(-1). The combined biomass of coarse wood debris, forest floor (litter/rootmat), and standing dead plants (trees, palms and vines) averaged 38 Mg ha(-1) or 12% of the TAGB. Forest structure and biomass distribution were not uniform among sites or forest types. For example, non-tree components ranged from 41% of the TAGB in one ecotone forest to as low as 7% in a dense forest site. Non-tree components comprised 22% of TAGB. This is noteworthy because the non-tree components are often omitted from forest biomass/carbon pool estimates. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Inst Pacific Isl Forestry, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. RP Cummings, DL (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Peavy Hall 154, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 45 TC 47 Z9 52 U1 3 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD JUN 28 PY 2002 VL 163 IS 1-3 BP 293 EP 307 AR PII S0378-1127(01)00587-4 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00587-4 PG 15 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 567AM UT WOS:000176460500022 ER PT J AU Shetty, NV Wehner, TC Thomas, CE Doruchowski, RW Shetty, KPV AF Shetty, NV Wehner, TC Thomas, CE Doruchowski, RW Shetty, KPV TI Evidence for downy mildew races in cucumber tested in Asia, Europe, and North America SO SCIENTIA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Article DE Cucumis sativus; fruiting; germplasm evaluation; vegetable breeding; fruit number ID PSEUDOPERONOSPORA-CUBENSIS; RESISTANCE; LINKAGE AB Downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Berk. and Curt.) Rostov.) is an important disease in most cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) production areas worldwide. A set of cucumber cultivars and breeding lines (hereafter referred to collectively as cultigens) resistant to downy mildew in particular regions of the world were tested for resistance in geographical regions thought to differ in pathogen virulence or race (US, Poland, China, and India), Cucumber cultigens used in the study were developed in the US, Poland or China, and differed in their resistance to downy mildew. These cultigens were evaluated against local isolates of R cubensis under field conditions (North Carolina and India) or greenhouse conditions (South Carolina and Poland). Significant differences were observed among cultigens for resistance to P. cubensis at all locations, Individual cultigens differed in their resistance to the pathogen at different geographic locations, providing evidence that the different local isolates represented different races of the pathogen. Cultigens from PR China that were resistant to downy mildew in that country were also resistant in India. However, those same cultigens were intermediate in resistance in the US and Poland. Cultigens from the US and Poland that were resistant in those countries were intermediate in resistance in India. The most resistant cultigens over all locations were 'Nongchen #4' (PR China) and M 21 (NC State University). (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Coll Agr & Life Sci, Dept Hort Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. USDA ARS, US Vegetable Lab, Charleston, SC 29407 USA. Res Inst Vegetable Crops, Dept Genet Breeding & Biotechnol, PL-96100 Skierneiwice, Poland. Indo Amer Hybrid Seeds India Pvt Ltd, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. RP Wehner, TC (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Coll Agr & Life Sci, Dept Hort Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 23 TC 33 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4238 J9 SCI HORTIC-AMSTERDAM JI Sci. Hortic. PD JUN 28 PY 2002 VL 94 IS 3-4 BP 231 EP 239 AR PII S0304-4238(02)00013-4 DI 10.1016/S0304-4238(02)00013-4 PG 9 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 570JW UT WOS:000176656000003 ER PT J AU Hollingsworth, RG Armstrong, JW Campbell, E AF Hollingsworth, RG Armstrong, JW Campbell, E TI Pest control: Caffeine as a repellent for slugs and snails SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID CALCIUM; NEURONS C1 ARS, US Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. USDA, APHIS, WS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Hilo, HI 96721 USA. RP Hollingsworth, RG (reprint author), ARS, US Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, USDA, POB 4459, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. NR 11 TC 62 Z9 69 U1 4 U2 33 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD JUN 27 PY 2002 VL 417 IS 6892 BP 915 EP 916 DI 10.1038/417915a PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 566RC UT WOS:000176441200028 PM 12087394 ER PT J AU Taylor, A Shang, F Nowell, T Galanty, Y Shiloh, Y AF Taylor, A Shang, F Nowell, T Galanty, Y Shiloh, Y TI Ubiquitination capabilities in response to neocarzinostatin and H2O2 stress in cell lines from patients with ataxia-telangiectasia SO ONCOGENE LA English DT Article DE ATM; ataxia-telangiectasia; ubiquitination; oxidative stress; aging ID LENS EPITHELIAL-CELLS; AGE-RELATED DECLINE; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PROTEIN-DEGRADATION; CONJUGATING ENZYMES; ACTIVATING ENZYME; REDOX REGULATION; GENE-PRODUCT; SYSTEM; ATM AB The human genetic disorder ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is due to lack of functional ATM, a protein kinase which is involved in cellular responses to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) and possibly other oxidative stresses, as well as in regulation of several fundamental cellular functions. Studies regarding responses in A-T cells to the induction of DSBs utilize ionizing radiation or radiomimetic chemicals, such as neocarzinostatin (NCS), which induce DNA DSBs. This critical DNA lesion activates many defense systems, such as the cell cycle checkpoints. The cell cycle is also regulated through a timed and coordinated degradation of regulatory proteins via the ubiquitin pathway. Our recent studies indicate that the ubiquitin pathway is influenced by the cellular redox status and that it is the major cellular pathway for removal of oxidized proteins. Accordingly, we hypothesized that the absence of a functional ATM protein might involve perturbations to the ubiquitin pathway as well. We show here that upon treatment with NCS, there was a transient 50-70% increase in endogenous ubiquitin conjugates in A-T and wt lymphoblastoid cells. Ubiquitin conjugation capabilities per se and levels of substrates for conjugation were also similarly enhanced in wt and A-T cells upon NCS treatment. We also compared the ubiquitination response in A-T and wt cells using H2O2 as the stress, in view of preexisting evidence of the effects of H2O2 on ubiquitination capabilities in other types of cells. As with NCS treatment, there was an approximate to45% increase in endogenous ubiquitin conjugates by 2-4 h after exposure to H2O2. Both cell types showed a rapid 50-150% increase in de novo formed I-125-ubiquitin conjugates. As compared with wt cells, unexposed A-T cells had higher endogenous levels of conjugates and enhanced conjugation capability. However, A-T cells mounted a more muted ubiquitination response to the stress. The enhanced ubiquitin conjugation in unstressed A-T cells and attenuated ability of these cells to respond to stress are consistent with the A-T cells being under oxidative stress and with their having an 'aged' phenotype. The indication that ubiquitin conjugate levels and ubiquitin conjugation capabilities are enhanced upon oxidative stress without significant changes in GSSG/GSH ratios indicates that assays of ubiquitination provide a sensitive measure of cellular stress. The data also add support to the impression that potentiated ubiquitination response to mild oxidative stress is a generalizable phenomenon. C1 Tufts Univ, JM Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA, Lab Nutr & Vis Res, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tel Aviv Univ, Sackler Sch Med, Dept Human Genet & Mol Med, David & Inez Myers Lab Genet Res, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. RP Taylor, A (reprint author), Tufts Univ, JM Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA, Lab Nutr & Vis Res, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NEI NIH HHS [EY013250] NR 60 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0950-9232 J9 ONCOGENE JI Oncogene PD JUN 27 PY 2002 VL 21 IS 28 BP 4363 EP 4373 DI 10.1038/sj.onc.1205557 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Oncology; Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Oncology; Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 564MA UT WOS:000176317100002 PM 12080467 ER PT J AU Kashino, Y Lauber, WM Carroll, JA Wang, QJ Whitmarsh, J Satoh, K Pakrasi, HB AF Kashino, Y Lauber, WM Carroll, JA Wang, QJ Whitmarsh, J Satoh, K Pakrasi, HB TI Proteomic analysis of a highly active photosystem II preparation from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp PCC 6803 reveals the presence of novel polypeptides SO BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID CORE COMPLEX; SYNECHOCOCCUS-VULCANUS; SP PCC-6803; RHODOBACTER-SPHAEROIDES; DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS; ANGSTROM RESOLUTION; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; OXYGEN EVOLUTION; D1 POLYPEPTIDE; 12-KDA PROTEIN AB A highly active oxygen-evolving photosystem II (PSII) complex was purified from the HT-3 strain of the widely used cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, in which the CP47 polypeptide has been genetically engineered to contain a polyhistidine tag at its carboxyl terminus [Bricker, T. M., Morvant, J., Masri, N., Sutton, H. M., and Frankel, L. K. (1998) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1409, 50-57]. These purified PSII centers had four manganese atoms, one calcium atom, and two cytochrome b(559) hemes each. Optical absorption and fluorescence emission spectroscopy as well as western immunoblot analysis demonstrated that the purified PSII preparation was devoid of any contamination with photosystem I and phycobiliproteins. A comprehensive proteomic analysis using a system designed to enhance resolution of low-molecular-weight polypeptides, followed by MALDI mass spectrometry and N-terminal amino acid sequencing, identified 31 distinct polypeptides in this PSII preparation. We propose a new nomenclature for the polypeptide components of PSII identified after PsbZ, which proceeds sequentially from Psb27. During this study, the polypeptides PsbJ, PsbM, PsbX, PsbY, PsbZ, Psb27, and Psb28 proteins were detected for the first time in a purified PSII complex from Synechocystis 6803. Five novel polypeptides were also identified in this preparation. They included the SH1638 protein, which shares significant sequence similarity to PsbQ, a peripheral protein of PSII that was previously thought to be present only in chloroplasts. This work describes newly identified proteins in a highly purified cyanobacterial PSII preparation that is being widely used to investigate the structure, function, and biogenesis of this photosystem. C1 Washington Univ, Dept Biol, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. Himeji Inst Technol, Fac Sci, Himeji, Hyogo 6781297, Japan. Pharmacia Co, Analyt Sci Ctr, St Louis, MO 63198 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Biochem, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, USDA ARS, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Pakrasi, HB (reprint author), Washington Univ, Dept Biol, Campus Box 1137,1 Brookings Drive, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM 45797] NR 56 TC 228 Z9 260 U1 5 U2 23 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0006-2960 J9 BIOCHEMISTRY-US JI Biochemistry PD JUN 25 PY 2002 VL 41 IS 25 BP 8004 EP 8012 DI 10.1021/bi026012+ PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 564QA UT WOS:000176324000018 PM 12069591 ER PT J AU Oscar, TP AF Oscar, TP TI Development and validation of a tertiary simulation model for predicting the potential growth of Salmonella typhimurium on cooked chicken SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cooked chicken; Salmonella typhimurium; predictive model; growth; simulation; validation ID RESPONSE-SURFACE MODELS; QUANTITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT; MICROBIAL-GROWTH; LAG TIME; BACTERIAL-GROWTH; FOOD MICROBIOLOGY; LABORATORY MEDIUM; SODIUM-CHLORIDE; TEMPERATURE; KINETICS AB The growth of Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC 14028) on the surface of autoclaved ground chicken breast and thigh burgers incubated at constant temperatures from 8 to 48 degreesC in 2 degreesC increments was investigated and modeled. Growth curves at each temperature were fit to a two-phase linear primary model to determine lag time (lambda) and specific growth rate (mu). Growth of S. typhimurium on breast and thigh meat was not different. Consequently, secondary models that predicted lag time and specific growth rate as a function of temperature were developed with the combined data for breast and thigh meat. Five secondary models for lag time and three secondary models for specific growth rate were compared. A new version of the hyperbola model and a cardinal temperature model were selected as the best secondary models for lag time and specific growth rate, respectively. The secondary models were combined in a computer spreadsheet to create a tertiary simulation model that predicted the potential growth (log(10) increase) of S. typhimurium on cooked chicken as a function of time and temperature. Probability distributions and simulation were used in the tertiary model to model the secondary model parameters and the times and temperatures of abuse. The outputs of the tertiary model were validated (prediction bias of - 4% for lambda and 1% for P and prediction accuracy of 10% for lambda and 8% for mu) and integrated with a previously developed risk assessment model for Salmonella. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Maryland Eastern Shore, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit, ARS, USDA, Princess Anne, MD 21853 USA. RP Oscar, TP (reprint author), Univ Maryland Eastern Shore, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit, ARS, USDA, 1124 Trigg Hall, Princess Anne, MD 21853 USA. NR 36 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1605 J9 INT J FOOD MICROBIOL JI Int. J. Food Microbiol. PD JUN 25 PY 2002 VL 76 IS 3 BP 177 EP 190 AR PII S0168-1605(02)00025-9 DI 10.1016/S0168-1605(02)00025-9 PG 14 WC Food Science & Technology; Microbiology SC Food Science & Technology; Microbiology GA 554AR UT WOS:000175711100001 PM 12051474 ER PT J AU Liu, ZS Erhan, SZ AF Liu, ZS Erhan, SZ TI Conversion of soybean oil into ion exchange resins: Removal of copper (II), nickel (II), and cobalt (II) ions from dilute aqueous solution using carboxylate-containing resin SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE epoxidized soybean oil; triethylene tetramine; ion-exchange; selectivity; sodium chloride ID LOW-TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES; VEGETABLE-OILS; METHYL-ESTERS; DIESEL FUELS AB An ion-exchange resin containing carboxylic acid groups was prepared by reaction of epoxidized soybean oil with triethylene tetramine, followed by hydrolysis of glycerides by using sodium hydroxide solution. The cation exchange capacity of the resins was determined to be 3.50 mequiv/g. The adsorption capacity for Cu2+, Ni2+, and Co2+ on the obtained resin at pH 5.0 was found to be 192, 96, and 78 mg/g, respectively. Effect of pH on the adsorption capacity for copper (II), nickel (II), and cobalt (II) ions were also studied. Cu2+, Ni2+, and Co2+ were adsorbed at a pH above 3. These metal ions adsorbed on the resin are easily eluted by using 1N HCl solution. The selectivity of the resin for Cu2+ from mixtures containing Cu2+/Co2+/Ni2+ ions in the presence of sodium chloride was also investigated. (C) 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 USDA, ARS, NCAUR, Peoria, IL 61614 USA. RP Erhan, SZ (reprint author), USDA, ARS, NCAUR, 1815 North Univ St, Peoria, IL 61614 USA. NR 11 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 5 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0021-8995 J9 J APPL POLYM SCI JI J. Appl. Polym. Sci. PD JUN 24 PY 2002 VL 84 IS 13 BP 2386 EP 2396 DI 10.1002/app.10504.abs PG 11 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 546VG UT WOS:000175295200007 ER PT J AU Mauldin, RE Primus, TM Volz, SA Kimball, BA Johnston, JJ Cummings, JL York, DL AF Mauldin, RE Primus, TM Volz, SA Kimball, BA Johnston, JJ Cummings, JL York, DL TI Determination of anthraquinone in technical material, formulations, and lettuce by high performance liquid chromatography SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE anthraquinone; 9,10-anthracenedione; CAS no. 84-65-1; lettuce; Lactuce sativa; hordned lark; Eremophila alpestris; HPLC ID FLIGHT CONTROL(TM); RICE SEED; RESIDUES; WATER AB LForaging on lettuce seeds and seedlings by horned larks (Eremophila alpestris) causes millions of dollars in losses to the California lettuce crop annually. Anthraquinone (AQ; 9,10-anthracenedione) has been shown to deter pest birds from consuming the seeds and seedlings of several plant species and was evaluated as a repellent to horned larks when applied to lettuce seedlings. A set of analytical methods using simple liquid extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis were developed for the quantitation of AQ as technical material, as an active ingredient in a commercial formulation, and as a residue in lettuce plants. The methods were easy, reliable, and repeatable. AQ recoveries from control formulation fortified to concentrations of either 24 or 600 mg g(-1) were 99 (+/-1.2%) and 98% (+/-1.2%), respectively, with a control formulation method limit of detection (MLOD) of 0.50 mg g(-1). Control lettuce tissues from three growth stages were AQ-fortified to concentrations of 0.50 and 500 mug g(-1). The resulting AQ recoveries for the two fortification levels were 99 ( 8.5) and 89% (+/-1.5%) for 11 day old seedlings, 95 (+/-2.6%) and 86% (2.1%) for 16 day old plants, and 92 (+/-1.4%) and 93% (+/-1.1%) for adult head lettuce cover leaves, respectively. The MLODs for the same three lettuce tissues were 0.055, 0.058, and 0.077 mug g(-1), respectively. These methods were used to quantify AQ residues from field-grown, treated lettuce and associated fortified quality control samples. C1 USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Mauldin, RE (reprint author), USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 4101 Laporte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 22 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUN 19 PY 2002 VL 50 IS 13 BP 3632 EP 3636 DI 10.1021/jf0113878 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 563QV UT WOS:000176267800002 PM 12059136 ER PT J AU Fravel, DR Connick, WJ Grimm, CC Lloyd, SW AF Fravel, DR Connick, WJ Grimm, CC Lloyd, SW TI Volatile compounds emitted by sclerotia of Sclerotinia minor, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and Sclerotium rolfsii SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE biological control; Sclerotinia minor; Sclerotinia sclerotiorum; Sclerotium rolfsii; Sporidesmium sclerotivorum; volatiles; 2-methylenebornane; 2-methylisoborneol; mesityl oxide; gamma-butyrolactone; cis-linalool oxide; trans-linalool oxide linalool; trans-nerolidol; 2-methyl-2-bornene; 1-methylcamphene; delta-cadinene; cis-calamenene ID SPORIDESMIUM-SCLEROTIVORUM; 2-METHYLISOBORNEOL; GERMINATION; COMPONENTS; GEOSMIN; WATER AB Volatile compounds emitted by sclerotia of Sclerotinia minor, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and Sclerotium rolfsii were identified by solid phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography and mass spectometry. Both S. minor and S. sclerotiorum emitted 2-methylenebornane and 2-methylisoborneol. In addition, S. minor emitted mesityl oxide, gamma-butyrolactone, cis- and trans-linalool oxide, linalool, and trans-nerol idol. S. sclerotiorum emitted 2-methyl-2-bornene, 1-methylcamphene, and a diterpene with a molecular weight of 272. Sclerotium rolfsii did not emit any of these compounds but did emit delta-cadinene and cis-calamenene. Chemicals emitted by S. minor and S. sclerotiorum were tested to determine if they could stimulate germination of conidia of Sporidesmium sclerotivorum, a mycoparasite on sclerotia of Sclerotinia spp. Chemicals were tested at 1 part per billion to 100 parts per million, both in direct contact with conidia and near, but not in, physical contact. None of the chemicals alone nor a combination of all chemicals induced germination of conidia of S. sclerotivorum. C1 USDA ARS, Henry A Wallace Beltsville Agr Res Ctr W, Vegetable Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, SRRC, Commod Utilizat Res Lab, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. USDA ARS, SRRC, Food Proc & Sensory Qual Lab, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Fravel, DR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Henry A Wallace Beltsville Agr Res Ctr W, Vegetable Lab, Bldg 010A,Room 238, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 21 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUN 19 PY 2002 VL 50 IS 13 BP 3761 EP 3764 DI 10.1021/jf0117098 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 563QV UT WOS:000176267800022 PM 12059156 ER PT J AU Potter, TL Reddy, KN Millhollen, EP Bednarz, CW Bosch, DD Truman, CC Strickland, T AF Potter, TL Reddy, KN Millhollen, EP Bednarz, CW Bosch, DD Truman, CC Strickland, T TI Dissipation of the defoliant tribufos in cotton-producing soils SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE defoliant; tribufos; soil; dissipation; kinetics ID MODEL; VOLATILIZATION; BIODEGRADATION; CHLORPYRIFOS; HERBICIDE; DECAY; FIELD; DEF AB Soil dissipation of the cotton defoliant tribufos was measured in laboratory incubations and on 0.2-ha research plots. Computed 50% dissipation time (DT50) using nonlinear and linear kinetic models ranged from 1 to 19 days. Data indicated that exchangeable soil aluminum inhibited tribufos-degrading soil organisms. Nevertheless, measured DT50 values were 40 to 700 times less than the aerobic soil half-life (t(1/2)) values used in recent tribufos risk assessments. DT50 values suggest that risk estimates were overstated. However, edge-of-field runoff concentrations measured on research plots exceeded invertebrate LOECs, thus some aquatic risk is indicated. Field data also suggested that volatilization may be a significant soil dissipation pathway. From this result, we conclude that volatilization should be included in simulation models used for pesticide registration. This will likely improve the accuracy of model outputs for products such as tribufos. Potential volatilization losses indicate a need to evaluate the atmospheric behavior of tribufos. C1 USDA ARS, SE Watershed Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Red River Res Stn, Bossier City, LA USA. Univ Georgia, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Potter, TL (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Watershed Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. OI Strickland, Timothy/0000-0001-6889-503X NR 33 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUN 19 PY 2002 VL 50 IS 13 BP 3795 EP 3802 DI 10.1021/jf011673j PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 563QV UT WOS:000176267800028 PM 12059162 ER PT J AU Pekkarinen, AI Jones, BL AF Pekkarinen, AI Jones, BL TI Trypsin-like proteinase produced by Fusarium culmorum grown on grain proteins SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Fusarium; cereal; barley (Hordeum vulgare L.); trypsin; proteinase ID ACID PROTEASE; WHEAT; INFECTION; OXYSPORUM; BARLEY; SCAB; PATHOGENESIS; SEEDLINGS; SEQUENCE; DISEASE AB The fungal disease Fusarium head blight occurs on wheat (Triticum spp.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and is one of the worldwide problems of agriculture. It can be caused by various Fusarium species. We are characterizing the proteinases of F culmorum to investigate how they may help the fungus to attack the grain. A trypsin-like proteinase has been purified from a gluten-containing culture medium of F culmorum. The enzyme was maximally active at about pH 9 and 45 degreesC, but was not stable under those conditions. It was stabilized by calcium ions and by the presence of other proteins. The proteinase was most stable at pH 6-7 at ambient temperatures, but was quickly inactivated at 50 degreesC. It was strongly inhibited by p-amidino phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (p-APMSF), and soybean trypsin and Bowman-Birk inhibitors, and it preferentially hydrolyzed the peptide bonds of the protein substrate beta-purothionin on the C-terminal side of Arg (mainly) and Lys residues. These characteristics show that it is a trypsin-like proteinase. In addition, its N-terminal amino acid sequence was 88% identical to that of the F. oxysporum trypsin-like enzyme. The proteinase hydrolyzed the D hordein and some of the C hordeins (the barley storage proteins). This enzyme, and a subtilisin-like proteinase that we recently purified from the same organism, possibly play roles in helping the fungus to colonize grains. C1 VTT Biotechnol, FIN-02044 Espoo, Finland. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Agron, Madison, WI 53706 USA. USDA ARS, Cereal Crops Res Unit, Madison, WI 53726 USA. RP Pekkarinen, AI (reprint author), VTT Biotechnol, POB 1500, FIN-02044 Espoo, Finland. NR 34 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUN 19 PY 2002 VL 50 IS 13 BP 3849 EP 3855 DI 10.1021/jf020027x PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 563QV UT WOS:000176267800036 PM 12059170 ER PT J AU Wilson, ME Fahrenkrug, SC Smith, TPL Rohrer, GA Ford, SP AF Wilson, ME Fahrenkrug, SC Smith, TPL Rohrer, GA Ford, SP TI Differential expression of cyclooxygenase-2 around the time of elongation in the pig conceptus SO ANIMAL REPRODUCTION SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE pig; embryo; prostaglandins ID ARBITRARILY PRIMED PCR; EARLY-PREGNANCY; INTERFERON-TAU; ESTROUS-CYCLE; BLASTOCYSTS; PROSTAGLANDINS; TOOL; ESTABLISHMENT; ESTRADIOL; EMBRYOS AB Alterations in uterine luminal fluid composition as a result of conceptus estradiol-17beta production are believed to play a significant role in the loss of 30-40% of potential pig conceptuses. Shortly after the initiation of conceptus estradiol-17beta synthesis and secretion, the conceptuses are transformed from I cm spheres to 2-5 cm tubular forms and finally to filamentous threads of variable length via a process known as elongation. We have attempted to characterize gene products whose expression is either initiated or terminated as the conceptus elongates. Using RNA fingerprinting, we determined that the inducible form of the rate-limiting enzyme in prostaglandin synthesis, cyclooxygenase-2, is expressed in the filamentous pig conceptus, but not in either the spherical or transitional morphologies. Furthermore, increased expression of cyclooxygenase-2 by the filamentous conceptus was associated with increases in the content of prostaglandins (particularly prostaglandin E-2) found in uterine luminal fluid. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Ford, SP (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, Dept Anim Sci, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. NR 38 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4320 J9 ANIM REPROD SCI JI Anim. Reprod. Sci. PD JUN 17 PY 2002 VL 71 IS 3-4 BP 229 EP 237 AR PII S0378-4320(02)00029-5 DI 10.1016/S0378-4320(02)00029-5 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Reproductive Biology SC Agriculture; Reproductive Biology GA 566WK UT WOS:000176451100008 PM 12047931 ER PT J AU Morgan, J Bornstein, SL Karpati, AM Bruce, M Bolin, CA Austin, CC Woods, CW Lingappa, J Langkop, C Davis, B Graham, DR Proctor, M Ashford, DA Bajani, M Bragg, SL Shutt, K Perkins, BA Tappero, JW AF Morgan, J Bornstein, SL Karpati, AM Bruce, M Bolin, CA Austin, CC Woods, CW Lingappa, J Langkop, C Davis, B Graham, DR Proctor, M Ashford, DA Bajani, M Bragg, SL Shutt, K Perkins, BA Tappero, JW CA Leptospirosis Working Grp TI Outbreak of leptospirosis among triathlon participants and community residents in Springfield, Illinois, 1998 SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID PULMONARY HEMORRHAGE; WATERBORNE OUTBREAK; NICARAGUA; EPIDEMIC; TRIAL; PCR AB We investigated an outbreak of leptospirosis among athletes and community residents after a triathlon was held in Springfield, Illinois. A telephone survey was conducted to collect clinical information and data on possible risk factors, community surveillance was established, and animal specimens and lake water samples were collected to determine the source of the leptospiral contamination. A total of 834 of 876 triathletes were contacted; 98 (12%) reported being ill. Serum samples obtained from 474 athletes were tested; 52 of these samples (11%) tested positive for leptospirosis. Fourteen (6%) of 248 symptomatic community residents tested positive for leptospirosis. Heavy rains that preceded the triathlon are likely to have increased leptospiral contamination of Lake Springfield. Among athletes, ingestion of 1 or more swallows of lake water was a predominant risk factor for illness. This is the largest outbreak of leptospirosis that has been reported in the United States. Health care providers and occupational and recreational users of bodies of freshwater in the United States should be aware of the risk of contracting leptospirosis, particularly after heavy rains. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Illinois Dept Publ Hlth, Springfield, IL 62761 USA. Springfield Dept Publ Hlth, Springfield, IL USA. ARS, USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA USA. Wisconsin Dept Hlth & Social Serv, Madison, WI USA. RP Morgan, J (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop C-09, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Shutt, Kathleen/0000-0003-3376-6152 NR 27 TC 113 Z9 124 U1 2 U2 9 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUN 15 PY 2002 VL 34 IS 12 BP 1593 EP 1599 DI 10.1086/340615 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 559CC UT WOS:000176006400008 PM 12032894 ER PT J AU Peters, DPC AF Peters, DPC TI Plant species dominance at a grassland-shrubland ecotone: an individual-based gap dynamics model of herbaceous and woody species SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Review DE Bouteloua species; Chihuahuan desert; climate change; creosotebush; ECOTONE; shortgrass steppe ID SPATIALLY-EXPLICIT MODEL; SOIL-WATER CONTENT; BOUTELOUA-GRACILIS; SHORTGRASS STEPPE; CHIHUAHUAN DESERT; SEMIARID GRASSLAND; TEMPORAL DYNAMICS; FOREST DYNAMICS; LANDSCAPE MODEL; ARID GRASSLAND AB Transition zones or ecotones between biomes are predicted to be particularly sensitive areas to directional changes in climate. However, for many ecotones, there is little understanding of the key processes that allow dominant species from adjacent biomes to coexist at transition zones and how differences in these processes affect species responses to changes in environmental conditions. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between plant life history traits and patterns in dominance and composition at a grassland-shrubland and transition zone in order to predict shifts in dominance with directional changes in climate. It was hypothesized that differences in life history traits allow species from adjacent biomes to coexist at this transition zone, and that these dominance patterns are dynamic through time as a result of species-specific responses to changes in climate. A mixed lifeform individual plant-based gap dynamics model (ECOTONE) was developed to examine consequences of differences in recruitment, resource acquisition, and mortality to patterns in species dominance and composition under a variety of soils and climatic conditions. This model is unique because it represents interactions among multiple potential dominant species that include congeneric species of one lifeform as well as herbaceous and woody lifeforms across multiple spatial scales. Similar to other gap models, ECOTONE simulates the recruitment, growth, and mortality of individual plants on a small plot through time at an annual timestep. ECOTONE differs from other gap models in the degree of detail involved in determining successful recruitment by each species and in the simulation of belowground resources. Individual plant root distributions and resource availability by depth are dynamic. Soil water content is simulated on a daily timestep and nitrogen is simulated monthly. Multiple spatial scales can be simulated using a grid of plots connected by seed dispersal. ECOTONE was parameterized for two soil types at the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge (SEV), a site located within the transition zone between two major biomes in North America. Shortgrass steppe communities are dominated by the perennial grass Bouteloua gracilis (blue grama) and Chihuahuan desert communities are dominated by the perennial grass Bouteloua eriopoda (black grama) or the shrub Larrea tridentata (creosotebush). Experiments were conducted to provide key parameters related to recruitment and growth that were supplemented with information from the literature for remaining parameters. Model output was verified using field estimates of cover and biomass for the three dominant species as well as other groups of species. Simulation analyses were conducted under current climate and for a directional change in climate. Nitrogen was assumed constant for all runs to allow a focus on water availability constraints as affected by climate. Under Current climatic conditions, Simulated biomass on sandy loam soils was dominated by B. eviopoda with smaller biomass of B. gracilis and other species groups. By contrast, simulated biomass on a loamy sand soil was codominated by B. eriopoda and L. tridentata with very small biomass attributed to other species groups. Under a GFDL climate change scenario of increased year-round temperatures and increased Summer precipitation. vegetation patterns shifted to a clear dominance of biomass by B. eriopoda on both soil types. These results show that temporal partitioning of soil water is important to codominance by the two Bouteloua species, and that spatial and temporal partitioning of soil water is important for grass-shrub interactions. The results also suggest that global climate change may provide a mechanism for the recovery of B. eriopoda following shrub invasion in the Southwestern U.S. Thus, an individual-based modeling approach is capable of representing complex interactions among herbaceous and woody species as well as between congeneric species with different life history traits at a biome transition zone. This modeling approach is useful in improving our understanding of key processes driving these vegetation dynamics as well in predicting shifts in dominance as environmental conditions change in the future. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Peters, DPC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range,Box 30003, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NR 108 TC 70 Z9 95 U1 3 U2 59 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD JUN 15 PY 2002 VL 152 IS 1 BP 5 EP 32 AR PII S0304-3800(01)00460-4 DI 10.1016/S0304-3800(01)00460-4 PG 28 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 565MA UT WOS:000176373000002 ER PT J AU Reeves, PG Chaney, RL AF Reeves, PG Chaney, RL TI Nutritional status affects the absorption and whole-body and organ retention of cadmium in rats fed rice-based diets SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HELIANTHUS-ANNUUS L.; INTESTINAL-ABSORPTION; ZINC; BIOAVAILABILITY; CALCIUM; KERNELS; PESTICIDES; CHEMICALS; ELEMENTS; IRON AB Staple grains such as rice, wheat, and maize consumed by different societal groups differ greatly in their concentrations and bioavailability of the cadmium (Cd) antagonists, zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and calcium (Ca). We hypothesized that the low nutritional status of rice consumers, which results from an inadequate supply of these minerals from rice, could contribute significantly to a higher apparent susceptibility to soil Cd contamination from rice than the higher nutritional status of those who consume other grains with higher mineral content. To test this hypothesis, a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial study was conducted. Rats were fed diets with adequate or marginal amounts of dietary Zn, Fe, or Ca. The basal diets contained 40% unenriched, milled rice fortified with 0.62 mg of Cd/kg as CdCl2 (0,25 mg of Cd/kg diet). Rat consumed the diets for 5 weeks and then were fed 1 g of a similar diet containing Cd-109-labeled rice. After 2 weeks, whole-body (WB) retention of Cd-109 was determine. Rats then were killed, and the organs were removed for total Cd determinations. Rats fed marginal concentrations of dietary Zn had slightly but significantly more WB retention of Cd-109 than controls; however, rats fed marginal Fe or Ca had as much as Vold higher retention of the label. Rats fed marginal amounts of Zn, Fe, and Ca combined retained as much as 8 times more Cd-109 than rats fed adequate minerals. The effects on Cd concentrations in liver and kidney were similar to the effects on Cd-109 retention. These results support the hypothesis that populations exposed to dietary sources of Cd and subsisting on marginal mineral intakes could be at greater risk than well-nourished populations exposed to similar amounts of dietary Cd. Thus, different food crops can cause unequal Cd risk at equal Cd concentration if diets containing the food are not balanced to provide adequate interacting mineral concentrations. C1 USDA ARS, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58203 USA. USDA ARS, Anim Manure & Byprod Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Reeves, PG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Human Nutr Res Ctr, 2420 2nd Ave N, Grand Forks, ND 58203 USA. NR 42 TC 41 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUN 15 PY 2002 VL 36 IS 12 BP 2684 EP 2692 DI 10.1021/es0158307 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 562PR UT WOS:000176208600019 PM 12099465 ER PT J AU Kennard, DK Gould, K Putz, FE Fredericksen, TS Morales, F AF Kennard, DK Gould, K Putz, FE Fredericksen, TS Morales, F TI Effect of disturbance intensity on regeneration mechanisms in a tropical dry forest SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE dry tropical forests; sprouting; disturbance intensity; species composition; Bolivia; fire; prescribed burns ID BURN AGRICULTURE; DECIDUOUS FOREST; RAIN-FOREST; GERMINATION; SUCCESSION; PATTERNS; AMAZON; REGION; TREES AB We examined the effect of disturbances of varying intensity on the dominant modes of regeneration among woody plants in tropical dry forest in lowland Bolivia. Seed survival and density, mortality, height, crown area, and basal diameters of seedlings and sprouts were compared among four treatments of varying disturbance intensity (high-intensity burn, low-intensity burn, plant removal, and harvesting gap) over a period of 18 months following treatments. High- and low-intensity burns reduced densities of viable seed by an average of 94 and 50%, respectively. Tree seedlings were more abundant than tree sprouts in all treatments. There were few differences in seedling density among treatments. Sprouts were most common in the plant removal and low-intensity burn treatments than in harvesting gap and high-intensity burn treatments. Seedling mortality was higher than sprout mortality during the first year following treatments. Sprouts were taller, had more stems per individual, larger crown areas, and larger basal diameters than seedlings. Origin of sprout differed among treatments. Eighteen months following treatments, 85% of individuals >2.5 m tall were sprouts. Most seedlings >2.5 m tall after 18 months had established in high-intensity burn treatments. Sprouting individuals dominated regeneration after all treatments, however, in high-intensity burn treatments, sprouts were relatively less dominant due to smaller sprouts and larger seedlings after high-intensity burns. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Bot, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Sch Forest Resources & Conservat, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. BOLFOR, Proyecto Manejo Forestal Sostenible, Santa Cruz, Bolivia. RP Kennard, DK (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, So Res Stn, 320 Green St, Athens, GA 30602 USA. EM dkennard@ai.uga.edu NR 35 TC 89 Z9 107 U1 2 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD JUN 15 PY 2002 VL 162 IS 2-3 BP 197 EP 208 AR PII S0378-1127(01)00506-0 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00506-0 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 569LW UT WOS:000176604700005 ER PT J AU Menzel, MA Carter, TC Menzel, JM Ford, WM Chapman, BR AF Menzel, MA Carter, TC Menzel, JM Ford, WM Chapman, BR TI Effects of group selection silviculture in bottomland hardwoods on the spatial activity patterns of bats SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Anabat; bottomland hardwoods; foraging; group selection silviculture; habitat use ID HABITAT USE; FORESTS AB The effects of forest management practices on the spatial activity patterns of bats are poorly understood. We determined the effect of group selection timber harvests on the spatial activity patterns of bats below the forest canopy at the Savannah River Site, Aiken, SC, using the Anabat system. We monitored the effect of group selection timber harvests on feeding and foraging activity of bats at three spatial scales: among habitats within a landscape, among harvested and unharvested areas in the stand where patches were harvested, and within an individual gap. Habitats examined included Carolina bays, unharvested bottomland hardwoods, bottomland hardwoods in which a group selection harvest occurred, and upland stands containing a hardwood/pine mix. Within the harvested stand, we compared the level of foraging and feeding activity among large patch cuts (gaps), small gaps, skidder trails, and forested areas. Within the large gaps, we compared activity among the center of the gap, the edge of the gap, and the forest surrounding the gap. Levels of bat activity differed among stands. More activity occurred in the bottomland stand in which patches had been harvested and around Carolina bays than in unharvested stands of bottomland hardwoods and upland hardwoods and pines. Levels of bat activity also differed among harvested and unharvested areas within the stand and among different positions within gaps and the surrounding forest. Activity was concentrated in forest gaps and along skidder trails. Within gaps, activity was concentrated along the edge between the gap and forest. Spatial activity patterns also depended on the species of bat. These results suggest that the inclusion of gaps in bottomland hardwoods increases the total level of foraging and feeding activity of bats below the canopy. They also suggest differences in the size and shape of the harvest affect the total amount of bat activity recorded in the gap and that these effects may be species specific. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 W Virginia Univ, Div Forestry, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. So Illinois Univ, Dept Zool, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Parsons, WV 26287 USA. Sam Houston State Univ, Coll Arts & Sci, Huntsville, TX 77341 USA. RP Menzel, JM (reprint author), W Virginia Univ, Div Forestry, POB 6125, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. NR 28 TC 44 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD JUN 15 PY 2002 VL 162 IS 2-3 BP 209 EP 218 AR PII S0378-1127(01)00516-3 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00516-3 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 569LW UT WOS:000176604700006 ER PT J AU Anderson, RC Gardner, DE Daehler, CC Meinzer, FC AF Anderson, RC Gardner, DE Daehler, CC Meinzer, FC TI Dieback of Acacia koa in Hawaii: ecological and pathological characteristics of affected stands SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Acacia koa; Fusarium oxysporum; disease ecology; forest dieback; fungal pathogens ID DYNAMICS; FORESTS AB Koa (Acacia koa) is an endemic Hawaiian tree that serves as a keystone species in the upper elevation forests of all the main islands. In the Mauna Loa Strip area of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, mature koa stands are suffering from an unexplained dieback that has increased in severity since it was first noticed approximately 25 years ago. The dieback is often evident in patches, and generally spreads within stands in a radial fashion from a localized infection center. Entire crowns of affected trees become wilted, with foliage gradually progressing from an apparent healthy to a completely chlorotic condition. Although most trees die soon after the onset of symptoms, some trees are able to survive crown death by producing epicormic shoots on the lower portions of the trunk. Previously published studies reported that a vascular wilt fungus (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. koae) was associated with koa seeds and the rhizosphere of healthy and dieback-affected koa stands. The purpose of this study was to characterize the stand structure, soil conditions, and physiological condition of dieback-affected trees, and to assess the possible role of F oxysporum f. sp. koae in the current dieback stands. This fungus was isolated from branches of symptomatic koa in dieback-affected stands and roots from healthy and dieback-affected stands. Possible differences in the pathogenicity and virulence of F oxysporum f. sp. koae isolates obtained from the roots of healthy koa in unaffected stands and those from branches of dieback-affected koa were determined by greenhouse inoculations of koa seedlings. Healthy koa saplings in stands unaffected by dieback were also inoculated to determine if disease symptoms could be induced by inoculation of injured roots in the field. Both branch and root isolates were pathogenic; with the percent mortality of inoculated seedlings ranging from 30 to 60% for all isolates. Disease severity between branch and root isolates was not significantly different. Wilt symptoms were not observed in field inoculations of koa saplings after 8 months. Investigation of the dieback stand structure determined that the larger size classes (i.e., DBH > 3 cm) were all affected equally, with the smallest size class (i.e., 0-3 cm DBH) having the lowest percentage of dieback at each site. Soil from dieback stands had higher water content and was more acidic than that from neighboring unaffected stands. Phyllodes on epicormic shoots of dieback trees had a reduced area, mass, and mass to area ratio. Phyllodes on dieback trees also had reduced stomatal conductance and higher (less negative) leaf water potential. Results from the greenhouse inoculations demonstrated that F oxysporum f. sp. koae is pathogenic to koa, but the pathogen's activity in the field may be influenced by predisposing factors such as temperature fluctuations, water availability, soil type, and interactions with other soil organisms. F oxysporum f. sp. koae appears to play an important role in regulating koa stand dynamics, growth, and physiology under environmental and edaphic conditions favorable for disease development. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USGS, Biol Resources Div, Pacific Island Ecosyst Res Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Bot, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Anderson, RC (reprint author), USGS, Biol Resources Div, Pacific Island Ecosyst Res Ctr, 3190 Maile Way,St John Room 408, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RI Meinzer, Frederick/C-3496-2012 NR 36 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 3 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD JUN 15 PY 2002 VL 162 IS 2-3 BP 273 EP 286 AR PII S0378-1127(01)00522-9 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00522-9 PG 14 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 569LW UT WOS:000176604700011 ER PT J AU Gomez-Landesa, E Rango, A AF Gomez-Landesa, E Rango, A TI Operational snowmelt runoff forecasting in the Spanish Pyrenees using the snowmelt runoff model SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE hydrological forecasting; SWE; NOAA-AVHRR; snowmelt; runoff AB The snowmelt runoff model (SRM) is used to simulate and forecast the daily discharge of several basins of the Spanish Pyrenees. We describe a method for snow mapping using NOAA-AVHRR data and a procedure to estimate retrospectively the accumulated snow water equivalent volume with the SRM. A linear combination of NOAA channels 1 and 2 is used to obtain a snow cover image in which the product is the percentage of the snow-covered area in each pixel. Real-time snowmelt forecasts are generated with the SRM using area snow cover as an input variable. Even in basins with a total absence of historical discharge and meteorological data, the SRM provides an estimation of the daily snowmelt discharge. By integrating the forecasted streamflow over the recession streamflow, snowmelt volume is obtained as a function of time. This function converges asymptotically to the net stored volume of water equivalent of the snowpack. Plotting this integral as a function of time, it is possible to estimate for each basin both the melted snow water equivalent (SWE) and the SWE remaining in storage at any point in the snowmelt season Spanish hydropower companies are using results from the SRM to improve water resource management. Copyright (C) 2002 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Hydrol Lab, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Gomez-Landesa, E (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hydrol Lab, Beltsville, MD USA. NR 7 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 5 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD JUN 15 PY 2002 VL 16 IS 8 SI SI BP 1583 EP 1591 DI 10.1002/hyp.1022 PG 9 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 564VM UT WOS:000176334300005 ER PT J AU Ekkens, MJ Liu, ZG Liu, Q Foster, A Whitmire, J Pesce, J Sharpe, AH Urban, JF Gause, WC AF Ekkens, MJ Liu, ZG Liu, Q Foster, A Whitmire, J Pesce, J Sharpe, AH Urban, JF Gause, WC TI Memory Th2 effector cells can develop in the absence of B7-1/B7-2, CD28 interactions, and effector Th cells after priming with an intestinal nematode parasite SO JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TRYPANOSOMA-CRUZI INFECTION; TYPE-2 IMMUNE-RESPONSE; IN-VIVO; NIPPOSTRONGYLUS-BRASILIENSIS; IGE RESPONSE; COSTIMULATORY MOLECULES; INDUCIBLE COSTIMULATOR; PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY; CD28-DEFICIENT MICE; GRANULOMA-FORMATION AB B7-1/B7-2 interactions are required for many Th2-cell mediated primary immune responses including the response that follows infection with the intestinal nematode parasite, Heligmosomoides polygyrus. However, few studies have examined the role of B7-1/B7-2/CD28 interactions in the development of a Th2 memory immune response. We examined the development of the memory Th2 response to H. polygyrus in BALB/c mice deficient in both B7-1 and B7-2 (B7-1/B7-2(-/-)) and in BALB/c mice deficient in CD28 (CD28(-/-)). Following primary inoculation with H. polygyrus, adult worms in the gut were cleared with an anti-helminthic drug and mice were subsequently challenge-inoculated with H. polygyrus larvae. The memory Th2 response is readily distinguished by its inhibitory effect on adult worm maturation, resulting in marked reductions in adult worm egg production that are not observed during the primary immune response. Following H. polygyrus challenge inoculation, comparable decreases in egg production and similar increases in mesenteric lymph node cell IL-4 production were observed in B7-1/B7-2(-/-) and B7-1/B7-2(+/+) mice. However, elevations in total serum IgG1 and IgE were reduced, while increases in serum Ag-specific IgG1 and IgE and germinal center formation were blocked in H. polygyrus-challenged B7-1/B7-2(-/-) mice. In contrast, in H. polygyrus-challenged CD28(-/-) mice, marked elevations in Ag-specific IgG1 and IgE and increased germinal center formation were observed. The results of these studies demonstrate that effector Th2 memory cells that produce IL-4 and mediate host defense can develop when B7-1/B7-2 interactions, and associated effector Th2 cell development, are blocked during priming. However, Immoral immunity is impaired and differentially affected in B7-1/B7-2(-/-) mice and CD28-/- mice following H. polygyrus challenge. C1 Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Immunol & Microbiol, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Pathol, Div Immunol Res, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA. USDA, Nutrient Requirements & Funct Lab, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Gause, WC (reprint author), Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Immunol & Microbiol, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. OI Urban, Joseph/0000-0002-1590-8869 FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI31678] NR 51 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC IMMUNOLOGISTS PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1767 J9 J IMMUNOL JI J. Immunol. PD JUN 15 PY 2002 VL 168 IS 12 BP 6344 EP 6351 PG 8 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA 561MT UT WOS:000176145300050 PM 12055251 ER PT J AU Lawson, S Ward, DT Conner, C Gallagher, C Tsokos, G Shea-Donohue, T AF Lawson, S Ward, DT Conner, C Gallagher, C Tsokos, G Shea-Donohue, T TI Diabetic hyperglycemia: A facilitating factor in systemic capillary leak SO JOURNAL OF SURGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE ischemia-reperfusion; neutrophil; inflammation; rat ID MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE; RAT SMALL-INTESTINE; ISCHEMIA-REPERFUSION; PATHOGENESIS; PROTECTS; INJURY AB Background. Diabetes is a known risk factor for increased morbidity and mortality following trauma and serious injuries. The current studies were designed to investigate the effects of diabetes on both local and systemic injury following mesenteric ischemia-reperfusion in rats. Materials and methods. Rats received streptozotocin (65 mg/kg ip) to induce diabetes or vehicle and were studied 8 weeks later. In another group of normal rats, hyperglycemia (blood sugar >200 mg/dl) was induced by intravenous infusion of a glucose solution. Rats were subjected to 10 or 30 min of superior mesenteric artery occlusion followed by I or 4 h of reperfusion or a sham operation. Intestinal mucosal injury, neutrophil infiltration, and changes in capillary leak were determined. Flow cytometry was used to assess neutrophil "priming state." Results. Euglycemic and acutely hyperglycemic rats exhibited no mucosal injury after 10 min of ischemia, but did show significant damage after 30 min of ischemia followed by 1 h of reperfusion. Euglycemic rats had significant capillary leak following 30 min of ischemia and 4 h of reperfusion that was associated with an increase in the neutrophil priming state. In acute hyperglycemia, leak occurred after 30 min of ischemia and only 1 h of reperfusion. Diabetic rats exhibited significant mucosal injury after 10 min of ischemia and 1 h of reperfusion that was associated with significant capillary leak and increased neutrophil priming state. Conclusion. Altered neutrophil activity contributes to the increased susceptibility to local intestinal and systemic injury in diabetes. C1 Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Med, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. Walter Reed Army Med Ctr, Dept Surg, Washington, DC 20307 USA. Walter Reed Army Inst Res, Dept Cellular Injury, Forest Glen, MD 20910 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr E, Nutrient Requirements & Funct Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Shea-Donohue, T (reprint author), Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Med, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. NR 20 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-4804 J9 J SURG RES JI J. Surg. Res. PD JUN 15 PY 2002 VL 105 IS 2 BP 95 EP 101 DI 10.1006/jsre.2002.6370 PG 7 WC Surgery SC Surgery GA 573BB UT WOS:000176808500004 PM 12121693 ER PT J AU Blum, JD Klaue, A Nezat, CA Driscoll, CT Johnson, CE Siccama, TG Eagar, C Fahey, TJ Likens, GE AF Blum, JD Klaue, A Nezat, CA Driscoll, CT Johnson, CE Siccama, TG Eagar, C Fahey, TJ Likens, GE TI Mycorrhizal weathering of apatite as an important calcium source in base-poor forest ecosystems SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN HARDWOOD FOREST; UNITED-STATES; SR-87/SR-86 RATIOS; ACIDIC DEPOSITION; SR ISOTOPES; SUGAR MAPLE; STRONTIUM; RATES; DEPLETION; INPUTS AB The depletion of calcium in forest ecosystems of the northeastern USA(1-3) is thought to be a consequence of acidic deposition and to be at present restricting the recovery of forest and aquatic systems(4-7) now that acidic deposition itself is declining. This depletion of calcium has been inferred from studies(1-3) showing that sources of calcium in forest ecosystems-namely, atmospheric deposition and mineral weathering of silicate rocks such as plagioclase, a calcium-sodium silicate-do not match calcium outputs observed in forest streams. It is therefore thought that calcium is being lost from exchangeable and organically bound calcium in forest soils. Here we investigate the sources of calcium in the Hubbard Brook experimental forest, through analysis of calcium and strontium abundances and strontium isotope ratios within various soil, vegetation and hydrological pools. We show that the dissolution of apatite (calcium phosphate) represents a source of calcium that is comparable in size to known inputs from atmospheric sources and silicate weathering. Moreover, apatite-derived calcium was utilized largely by ectomycorrhizal tree species, suggesting that mycorrhizae may weather apatite and absorb the released ions directly, without the ions entering the exchangeable soil pool. Therefore, it seems that apatite weathering can compensate for some of the calcium lost from base-poor ecosystems, and should be considered when estimating soil acidification impacts and calcium cycling. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Syracuse Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. Yale Univ, Sch Forestry & Environm Studies, New Haven, CT 06511 USA. US Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, USDA, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Nat Resources, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. RP Blum, JD (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, 425 E Univ Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RI Johnson, Chris/A-6979-2011; Driscoll, Charles/F-9832-2014; OI Johnson, Chris/0000-0001-9079-813X; Driscoll, Charles/0000-0003-2692-2890 NR 30 TC 212 Z9 217 U1 9 U2 74 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD JUN 13 PY 2002 VL 417 IS 6890 BP 729 EP 731 DI 10.1038/nature00793 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 561QY UT WOS:000176154700041 PM 12066181 ER PT J AU Kelicen, P Cantuti-Castelvetri, I Pekiner, C Paulson, KE AF Kelicen, P Cantuti-Castelvetri, I Pekiner, C Paulson, KE TI The spin trapping agent PBN stimulates H2O2-induced Erk and Src kinase activity in human neuroblastoma cells SO NEUROREPORT LA English DT Article DE extracellular signal regulated kinases (Erk); human neuroblastoma cell type SH-SY5Y; hydrogen peroxide (H2O2); mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK); alpha-phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone (PBN); reactive oxygen species (ROS); voltage sensitive Ca2+ channels (VSCCs) ID BUTYL-ALPHA-PHENYLNITRONE; ACTIVATED PROTEIN-KINASE; OXIDATIVE STRESS; C-SRC; SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; CALCIUM CHANNELS; FOCAL ISCHEMIA; IN-VITRO; PHOSPHORYLATION; RATS AB The spin-trap, alpha-phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone (PBN) has been shown to have neuroprotective properties and may prevent oxidative injury in vivo and in cultured cells. Although PBN quenches reactive oxygen species, the direct mechanism of neuroprotective action is unknown. In the present study, we examined the effects of PBN on the regulation of the mitogen activated kinase Erk and as well as Src family tyrosine kinases, enzymes known to be activated by oxygen species such as H2O2. In SH-SYSY human neuroblastoma cells, H2O2 induced activation of Erk and Src kinases was markedly potentiated by treatment with PBN. The potentiation by PBN of the Erk and Src kinase activation by H2O2 required extracellular Ca2+ and appeared dependent on voltage sensitive Ca2+ channels. In contrast, PBN did not affect depolarization-dependent or growth factor-dependent Erk and Src kinase phosphorylation. Our results suggest that PBN might have a protective effect on cells by potentiating the anti-apoptotic Erk and Src kinase pathways responding to H2O2, an effect apparently distinct from its ability to trap oxygen free radicals. C1 Univ Hacettepe, Fac Pharm, Dept Pharmacol, TR-06100 Ankara, Turkey. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Charlestown, MA USA. Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Neurol, Charlestown, MA USA. Tufts Univ, HNRC, Genet Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Kelicen, P (reprint author), Karolinska Inst, Div Mol Toxicol, Inst Environm Med, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden. NR 27 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0959-4965 J9 NEUROREPORT JI Neuroreport PD JUN 12 PY 2002 VL 13 IS 8 BP 1057 EP 1061 DI 10.1097/00001756-200206120-00016 PG 5 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 573HN UT WOS:000176823600023 PM 12060808 ER PT J AU Zimowska, G Paddy, MR AF Zimowska, G Paddy, MR TI Structures and dynamics of drosophila Tpr inconsistent with a static, filamentous structure SO EXPERIMENTAL CELL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Tpr; nuclear structure; nuclear pore complex; intranuclear filaments; nuclear transport; heat shock ID NUCLEAR-PORE COMPLEX; COILED-COIL PROTEIN; RNA-BINDING MOTIFS; PRE-MESSENGER-RNA; HEAT-SHOCK PUFF; FINGER PROTEIN; SNRNP PROTEIN; HSR-OMEGA; GENE; MELANOGASTER AB Here we report immunofluorescence localizations of the Drosophila Tpr protein which are inconsistent with a filament-forming protein statically associated with nuclear pore complex-associated intranuclear filaments. Using tissues from throughout the Drosophila life cycle, we observe that Tpr is often localized to discontinuous, likely granular or particulate structures in the deep nuclear interior. These apparent granules have no obvious connectivity to pore complexes in the nuclear periphery, and are often localized on the surfaces of chromosomes and to the perinucleolar region. Most strikingly, after I h of heat shock, the great majority of the Tpr in the deep nuclear interior accumulates at a single heat shock puff, while Tpr in the nuclear periphery appears unchanged. This heat shock puff, 93D, is a known repository for many components of pre-mRNA metabolism during heat shock. Although we do not observe Tpr at sites of transcription under normal conditions, the 93D heat shock result leads us to favor a role for Tpr in mRNA metabolism, such as the transport of mRNA through the nuclear interior to nuclear pore complexes. Consistent with this, we observe networks of Tpr containing granules spanning between the nucleolus and the nuclear periphery which are also decorated by an anti-SR protein antibody. Since we also observe Drosophila Tpr in reticular or fibrous structures in other nuclei, such as salivary gland polytene nuclei, these results indicate that Tpr can exist in at least two structural forms, and suggest that Tpr may relocalize or even change structural forms in response to cellular needs. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). C1 Univ Florida, Dept Anat & Cell Biol, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. RP Zimowska, G (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, 1700 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. NR 56 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0014-4827 J9 EXP CELL RES JI Exp. Cell Res. PD JUN 10 PY 2002 VL 276 IS 2 BP 223 EP 232 DI 10.1006/excr.2002.5525 PG 10 WC Oncology; Cell Biology SC Oncology; Cell Biology GA 560WM UT WOS:000176104400009 PM 12027452 ER PT J AU Sun, G McNulty, SG Amatya, DM Skaggs, RW Swift, LW Shepard, JP Riekerk, H AF Sun, G McNulty, SG Amatya, DM Skaggs, RW Swift, LW Shepard, JP Riekerk, H TI A comparison of the watershed hydrology of coastal forested wetlands and the mountainous uplands in the Southern US SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE evapotranspiration; forested wetlands; pine flatwoods; uplands; water balance ID VEGETATION CHANGES; PINE FLATWOODS; FLORIDA; YIELD; IMPACTS; SCALE AB Hydrology plays a critical role in wetland development and ecosystem structure and functions, Hydrologic responses to forest management and climate change are diverse in the Southern United States due to topographic and climatic differences. This paper presents a comparison study on long-term hydrologic characteristics (long-term seasonal runoff patterns. water balances. storm flow patterns) of three watersheds in the southern US. These three watersheds represent three types of forest ecosystems commonly found in the lower Atlantic coastal plain and the Appalachian upland mountains, Compared to the warm, flat. and shallow groundwater dominated pine flatwoods on the coast, tire inland upland watershed was found to have significantly higher water yield, Precipitation/Hamon's potential evapotranspiration ratio (1.9 for upland vs 1.4 and 0.9 for wetlands), and runoff/precipitation ratio (0.53 +/- 0.092 for upland vs 0.30 +/- 0.079 and 0.13 +/- 0.094 for wetlands), Streamflow fi-orn flatwoods watersheds generally are discontinuous most of the years while the upland watershed showed continuous flows in most years. Storm flow peaks in a cypress-pine flatwoods system were smaller than that in the upland watershed for most cases, but exceptions occur-red under extreme wet conditions. Our study concludes that climate is the most important factor in deter-mining the watershed water balances in the southern US. Topography effects streamflow patterns and stormflow peaks and volume. and is the key to wetland development in the southern US. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Coweeta Hydrol Lab, Otto, NC 28763 USA. NCASI, So Reg Ctr, Gainesville, FL 32607 USA. Univ Florida, Sch Forest Resources & Conservat, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Sun, G (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, 920 Main campus,Venture 2,Suite 300, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. EM ge_sun@ncsu.edu NR 26 TC 68 Z9 82 U1 5 U2 26 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD JUN 10 PY 2002 VL 263 IS 1-4 BP 92 EP 104 AR PII S0022-1694(02)00064-1 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00064-1 PG 13 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 563ND UT WOS:000176261700006 ER PT J AU Ehrlich, KC Montalbano, BG Cary, JW Cotty, PJ AF Ehrlich, KC Montalbano, BG Cary, JW Cotty, PJ TI Promoter elements in the aflatoxin pathway polyketide synthase gene SO BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE STRUCTURE AND EXPRESSION LA English DT Article DE aflatoxin; promoter regulation; biosynthesis; Aspergillus; development ID FINGER TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; ASPERGILLUS-NIDULANS WA; GATA FACTOR AREA; STERIGMATOCYSTIN BIOSYNTHESIS; CONIDIOPHORE DEVELOPMENT; REGULATORY GENE; CLUSTER PROTEIN; AMBIENT PH; PARASITICUS; AFLR AB PksA catalyzes the formation of the polyketide backbone necessary for aflatoxin biosynthesis. Based on reporter assays and sequence comparisons of the nor1-pksA intergenic region in different aflatoxin-producing Aspergillus species, cis-acting elements for the aflatoxin pathway-specific regulatory protein, AflR, and the global-acting regulatory proteins BrlA and PacC are involved in pksA promoter activity. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Ehrlich, KC (reprint author), USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687,1100 RE Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 50 TC 22 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4781 J9 BBA-GENE STRUCT EXPR JI Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Gene Struct. Expression PD JUN 7 PY 2002 VL 1576 IS 1-2 BP 171 EP 175 AR PII S0167-4781(02)00282-8 DI 10.1016/S0167-4781(02)00282-8 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 560BE UT WOS:000176060700021 PM 12031498 ER PT J AU Zhang, XD Callahan, FE Jenkins, JN Ma, DP Karaca, M Saha, S Creech, RG AF Zhang, XD Callahan, FE Jenkins, JN Ma, DP Karaca, M Saha, S Creech, RG TI A novel root-specific gene, MIC-3, with increased expression in nematode-resistant cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) after root-knot nematode infection SO BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE STRUCTURE AND EXPRESSION LA English DT Article DE cotton; nematode; host resistance; root gene expression; alternative polyadenylation ID MESSENGER-RNA SEQUENCES; SITES; IDENTIFICATION; TRANSCRIPTION; PENETRATION; TOMATO AB A full-length cDNA, MIC-3, has been identified from a lambdaZAPII cDNA library constructed from the mRNA of nematode-resistant cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) roots after infection with root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita). The putative open reading frame of MIC-3 encoded a protein of 141 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 15.3 kDa. Seven alternative polyadenylation sites have been identified for the MIC-3 transcripts, and the major transcripts are the longest ones. The MIC-3 gene contains a single intron within its coding region and belongs to a novel, multi-gene family containing up to six members. Expression of MIC-3 is root localized and specifically enhanced in the nematode induced, immature galls of resistant cotton line M-249, suggesting that MIC-3 may play a critical role in the resistance response to root-knot nematode. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Crop Sci Res Lab, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Callahan, FE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Crop Sci Res Lab, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RI Karaca, Mehmet/C-2683-2009 OI Karaca, Mehmet/0000-0003-3219-9109 NR 29 TC 11 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4781 J9 BBA-GENE STRUCT EXPR JI Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Gene Struct. Expression PD JUN 7 PY 2002 VL 1576 IS 1-2 BP 214 EP 218 AR PII S0167-4781(02)00309-3 DI 10.1016/S0167-4781(02)00309-3 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 560BE UT WOS:000176060700028 PM 12031505 ER PT J AU Abad, LW Schmitz, HR Parker, R Roubenoff, R AF Abad, LW Schmitz, HR Parker, R Roubenoff, R TI Cytokine responses differ by compartment and wasting status in patients with HIV infection and healthy controls SO CYTOKINE LA English DT Article DE wasting; AIDS; exercise; cytokines ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS INFECTION; DISEASE PROGRESSION; MUSCLE PROTEOLYSIS; SOLUBLE RECEPTORS; METABOLIC CHANGES; EXERCISE; PLASMA; INTERLEUKIN-1-BETA; IL-1-BETA AB Inflammatory cytokines are implicated in the loss of lean tissue that occurs in patients with inflammatory and infectious diseases, including HIV infection. However, it is not known whether plasma levels or cellular production of cytokines, or their antagonists, are more closely related to lean tissue loss. We studied whether plasma cytokine analysis could substitute for PBMC production assays in studies of nutrition status and disease state, and if cytokine antagonists could offer an alternative in assessing cytokine status. We used a bout of moderately difficult exercise to perturb cytokine production in 12 adults with HIV without wasting, 10 adults with HIV wasting, and nine healthy controls. Plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) production of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) and soluble TNF receptor type II (sTNFrII) were measured at baseline and 2, 6, 24 and 168 h following exercise. PBMC production of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and IL-6 were all higher in the HIV-infected patients without wasting than in the controls (P<0.05) or the patients with AIDS wasting (P<0.05). Plasma concentrations of TNF-alpha and IL-6 were higher in the HIV wasted patients than in the controls (P<0.05). Both plasma and PBMC levels of sTNFrII were higher in HIV patients, regardless of wasting, than in controls. These data suggest that the PBMC cytokine compartment is more sensitive to nutritional and metabolic abnormalities than is the plasma compartment. PBMC production of IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha best distinguish between HIV patients with and without wasting, while plasma concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-alpha are elevated in AIDS wasting, but do not reliably distinguish patients with wasting from HIV-infected patients without wasting. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Tufts Univ, Nutr Exercise Physiol & Sarcopenia Lab, USDA, Jean Mayer HNRCA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Community Hlth, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Tupper Res Inst, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Roubenoff, R (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Nutr Exercise Physiol & Sarcopenia Lab, USDA, Jean Mayer HNRCA, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [M01-RR00054]; NIDDK NIH HHS [P01 DK46200, DK45734] NR 28 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1043-4666 J9 CYTOKINE JI Cytokine PD JUN 7 PY 2002 VL 18 IS 5 BP 286 EP 293 DI 10.1006/cyto.2002.0893 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Immunology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Immunology GA 588TG UT WOS:000177716300007 PM 12161104 ER PT J AU Wang, CY Chang, TY Walfield, AM Ye, J Shen, M Chen, SP Li, MC Lin, YL Jong, MH Yang, PC Chyr, N Kramer, E Brown, F AF Wang, CY Chang, TY Walfield, AM Ye, J Shen, M Chen, SP Li, MC Lin, YL Jong, MH Yang, PC Chyr, N Kramer, E Brown, F TI Effective synthetic peptide vaccine for foot-and-mouth disease in swine SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE FMD; vaccine; peptide ID NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEINS; VIRUS; PROTECTION; CATTLE; CELL; SEQUENCE; VP1; ANTIBODIES; ELISA; DIFFERENTIATION AB We have designed a peptide-based vaccine for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) effective in swine. The peptide immunogen has a G-H loop domain from the VP1 capsid protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) and a novel promiscuous T helper (Th) site for broad immunogenicity in multiple species. The G-H loop VP1 site was optimised for cross-reactivity to FMDV by the inclusion into the peptide of cyclic constraint and adjoining sequences. The incorporation of consensus residues into the hypervariable positions of the VP1 site provided for broad immunogenicity. The vaccine protected 20 out of 21 immunised pigs from infectious challenge by FMDV O1 Taiwan using peptide doses as low as 12.5 mug, and a mild adjuvant that caused no lesions. A safe chemically-defined product would have considerable advantages for vaccination against FMD. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 United Biomed Inc, Hauppauge, NY 11788 USA. United Biomed Inc Asia, Shijr City 221, Taiwan. PRIT, Chunan, Miaoli, Taiwan. Natl Inst Anim Hlth Taiwan, Taipei 25101, Taiwan. USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. RP Wang, CY (reprint author), United Biomed Inc, 25 Davids Dr, Hauppauge, NY 11788 USA. NR 32 TC 81 Z9 104 U1 1 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD JUN 7 PY 2002 VL 20 IS 19-20 BP 2603 EP 2610 AR PII S0264-410X(02)00148-2 DI 10.1016/S0264-410X(02)00148-2 PG 8 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 566YQ UT WOS:000176456200024 PM 12057619 ER PT J AU Rimando, AM Cuendet, M Desmarchelier, C Mehta, RG Pezzuto, JM Duke, SO AF Rimando, AM Cuendet, M Desmarchelier, C Mehta, RG Pezzuto, JM Duke, SO TI Cancer chemopreventive and antioxidant activities of pterostilbene, a naturally occurring analogue of resveratrol SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE cyclooxygenase; mouse mammary gland organ culture; total reactive antioxidant potential; electrolyte leakage ID VINIFERA CELL-CULTURES; CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; INHIBITION; ALCOHOL; IDENTIFICATION; PHYTOALEXIN; PTEROCARPUS; OXIDATION; PLATELETS; BERRIES AB Pterostilbene, a natural methoxylated analogue of resveratrol, was evaluated for antioxidative potential. The peroxyl-radical scavenging activity of pterostilbene was the same as that of resveratrol, having total reactive antioxidant potentials of 237 +/- 58 and 253 +/- 53 muM, respectively. Both compounds were found to be more effective than Trolox as free radical scavengers. Using a plant system, pterostilbene also was shown to be as effective as resveratrol in inhibiting electrolyte leakage caused by herbicide-induced oxidative damage, and both compounds had the same activity as alpha-tocopherol. Pterostilbene showed moderate inhibition (IC50 = 19.8 muM) of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1, and was weakly active (IC50 = 83.9 muM) against COX-2, whereas resveratrol strongly inhibited both isoforms of the enzyme with IC50 values of approximately 1 muM. Using a mouse mammary organ culture model, carcinogen-induced preneoplastic lesions were, similarly to resveratrol, significantly inhibited by pterostilbene (ED50 = 4.8 muM), suggesting antioxidant activity plays an important role in this process. C1 USDA ARS, Nat Prod Utiliza Res Unit, University, MS 38677 USA. Univ Illinois, Coll Pharm, Dept Med Chem & Pharmacognosy, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. Univ Buenos Aires, Sch Pharm & Biochem, IQUIMEFA, CONICET, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Univ Illinois, Coll Med, Dept Surg Oncol, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. RP Rimando, AM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Nat Prod Utiliza Res Unit, POB 8048, University, MS 38677 USA. NR 36 TC 158 Z9 169 U1 3 U2 26 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUN 5 PY 2002 VL 50 IS 12 BP 3453 EP 3457 DI 10.1021/jf0116855 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 558HW UT WOS:000175961100015 PM 12033810 ER PT J AU Miller, JM Jenny, AL Payeur, JB AF Miller, JM Jenny, AL Payeur, JB TI Polymerase chain reaction detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and Mycobacterium avium organisms in formalin-fixed tissues from culture-negative ruminants SO VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex; polymerase chain reaction; ruminants ID AMPLIFICATION; STRAINS; BOVIS; IS901; PCR; PARATUBERCULOSIS; IDENTIFICATION; ANIMALS; CATTLE AB In the US eradication program for bovine tuberculosis, a definitive diagnosis depends on the isolation of Mycobacterium bovis. However, in some cases bacterial culture is unsuccessful, even though the tissue is considered suspicious by histopathology because granulomatous lesions and acid-fast organisms are present. The purpose of this study was to determine if polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests on formalin-fixed tissue would successfully identify the organisms observed in suspect lesions from culture-negative animals. Diagnostic laboratory records were used to select paraffin blocks of tissue from 102 ruminants that had suspect microscopic lesions but no bacterial isolation. Sections from these blocks were examined with PCR primers for IS6110 to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex infection, or with 16S ribosomal RNA and IS900 primers for detection of Mycobacterium avium. The PCR tests successfully identified a mycobacterial infection in 58 of 102 tissues, including 41 M. tuberculosis complex and 17 M. avium (11 subspecies paratuberculosis). These results demonstrate that PCR testing of formalin-fixed tissue, in combination with bacterial culture, may increase the effectiveness of laboratory diagnostic efforts to detect and identify the most common mycobacterial diseases of ruminants. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Agr Res Serv, Ames, IA 50010 USA. USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Miller, JM (reprint author), USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Agr Res Serv, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 23 TC 40 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1135 J9 VET MICROBIOL JI Vet. Microbiol. PD JUN 5 PY 2002 VL 87 IS 1 BP 15 EP 23 AR PII S0378-1135(02)00027-5 DI 10.1016/S0378-1135(02)00027-5 PG 9 WC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences SC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences GA 558VP UT WOS:000175987700002 PM 12079743 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP AF Dubey, JP TI A review of toxoplasmosis in wild birds SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Review DE Toxoplasma gondii; toxoplasmosis; birds; prevalence; clinical signs; diagnosis; treatment ID SARCOCYSTIS-ASSOCIATED ENCEPHALITIS; CARDINAL CARDINALIS-CARDINALIS; CAPERCAILLIE TETRAO-UROGALLUS; SPARROWS PASSER-DOMESTICUS; PIGEONS COLUMBA-LIVIA; GONDII ANTIBODIES; FATAL TOXOPLASMOSIS; SEROLOGIC SURVEY; TISSUE CYSTS; PREVALENCE AB Toxoplasma gondii affects most species of warm-blooded animals, including birds. There is considerable confusion regarding the identity of T gondii-like parasites and the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in wild birds. In this review, T gondii-like infections in different species of wild birds are reviewed with particular reference to prevalences, clinical signs, pathology, diagnosis, and treatment. Although subclinical T gondii infections are prevalent in many avian species, toxoplasmosis can be clinically severe in pigeons and canaries. Blindness associated with T gondii in canaries is reviewed in detail. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, BARC E, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, BARC E, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Bldg 1001,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 143 TC 102 Z9 110 U1 1 U2 32 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD JUN 3 PY 2002 VL 106 IS 2 BP 121 EP 153 AR PII S0304-4017(02)00034-1 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(02)00034-1 PG 33 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 563QX UT WOS:000176268000003 PM 12031816 ER PT J AU Gennari, SM Yai, LEO D'Auria, SNR Cardoso, SMS Kwok, OCH Jenkins, MC Dubey, JP AF Gennari, SM Yai, LEO D'Auria, SNR Cardoso, SMS Kwok, OCH Jenkins, MC Dubey, JP TI Occurrence of Neospora caninum antibodies in sera from dogs of the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Neospora caninum; antibodies; Neospora agglutination test; Brazil ID INFECTION; CATTLE; ARGENTINA; DIAGNOSIS AB Neospora caninum is an important cause of abortion in dairy cattle worldwide. Dogs are important in the epidemiology of this parasite because they are the only hosts known to excrete N. caninum oocysts. In order to understand the prevalence of N. caninum in dogs, sera from 500 owned dogs and from over 600 feral street dogs from the city of S (a) over tildeo, Paulo, Brazil were assayed for antibodies to N. caninum. Sera were examined by the Neospora agglutination test (NAT) using mouse-derived tachyzoites. Antibodies (greater than or equal to1:25) to N. caninum were found in nearly 10% (49/500) of owned dogs and in 25% (151/611) of stray dogs. NAT titers for owned dogs were 1:25 in 28 (5.6%) dogs, 1:50 in 20 (4%) dogs, and greater than or equal to1:500 in 1 (0.2%) dog. NAT titers for stray dogs were 1:25 in 79 (12.9%) dogs, 1:50 in 68 (11.1%) dogs, and greater than or equal to1:500 in 4 (0.6%) dogs. These data indicate that feral dogs may be important in the epidemiology of N. caninum infection. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Sao Paulo, Dept Med Vet Prevent & Saude Anim, Fac Med Vet & Zootecnia, BR-05508900 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. Ctr Controle Zoonoses Sao Paulo, BR-02031020 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. USDA ARS, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Gennari, SM (reprint author), Univ Sao Paulo, Dept Med Vet Prevent & Saude Anim, Fac Med Vet & Zootecnia, Av Prof Dr Orlando Marques Paiva 87,Cidade Univ, BR-05508900 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. RI Gennari, Solange/K-2447-2012 OI Gennari, Solange/0000-0001-7500-5277 NR 15 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD JUN 3 PY 2002 VL 106 IS 2 BP 177 EP 179 AR PII S0304-4017(02)00052-3 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(02)00052-3 PG 3 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 563QX UT WOS:000176268000006 PM 12031819 ER PT J AU Timlin, DJ Pachepsky, Y Acock, BA Simunek, J Flerchinger, G Whisler, F AF Timlin, DJ Pachepsky, Y Acock, BA Simunek, J Flerchinger, G Whisler, F TI Error analysis of soil temperature simulations using measured and estimated hourly weather data with 2DSOIL SO AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE 2DSOIL; soil temperature; simulation; down scaling; weather data ID TEXTURE; MODEL AB Many crop simulation models use 1-h time steps for atmospheric, soil and plant processes but often meteorological data are only available as daily summaries. The objective of this study was to investigate how errors in estimation of hourly values of solar radiation and air temperature affect errors in simulation of soil temperature using the model 2DSOIL. 2DSOIL is a two-dimensional finite element model that simulates water flow, chemical, water and solute uptake by plant roots, chemical equilibria processes, and gas and heat transport in soil. The standard deviations of the differences between hourly estimated air temperatures were about 2degreesC and 85 W m(-2) for solar radiation. The mean difference in simulated and measured soil temperatures using measured hourly weather data for all depths at both sites was less than 1degreesC and standard deviations were about 1-3degreesC indicating low bias. The range of errors was highest in the surface soils when the soil was wetted after rainfall. Relative to simulated soil temperatures using measured hourly data, simulated soil temperatures using estimated data were, on average over all depths, 2degreesC lower and standard deviations ranged from 2 to 3degreesC. The errors were similar over all depths. Use of estimated hourly air temperature and radiation generally resulted in underpredictions of soil temperature by 2-3degreesC and increased error. Also maximum daily soil temperatures were underestimated. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 ARS, USDA, Alternate Crops & Syst Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, USDA, Hydrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, USDA, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. NW Watershed Res Ctr, Boise, ID 83712 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Timlin, DJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Alternate Crops & Syst Lab, Bldg 007,Rm 116,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Simunek, Jiri/F-3196-2011; OI Pachepsky, Yakov/0000-0003-0232-6090 NR 25 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0308-521X J9 AGR SYST JI Agric. Syst. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 72 IS 3 BP 215 EP 239 AR PII S0308-521X(01)00075-0 DI 10.1016/S0308-521X(01)00075-0 PG 25 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA 551MP UT WOS:000175565700003 ER PT J AU Sharpe, RR Harper, LA Byers, FM AF Sharpe, RR Harper, LA Byers, FM TI Methane emissions from swine lagoons in Southeastern US SO AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE micrometeorology; hogs; pigs; greenhouse gases; confined animal feeding operations; North Carolina ID MANURE AB Concentrated animal production can have a significant effect on the atomospheric environment. Methane (CH4) emissions from two swine waste holding lagoons were determined periodically in 1997 and 1998. Emission rates from the lagoons were measured under ambient conditions with little disturbance to the natural environment. One farm (NC10) used a periodic 'flush' to remove wastes (8 h cycle). The second farm (NC20) used a 'pull-plug' system with a I week cycle time. In general, flux rates followed a diurnal pattern with greater fluxes during the day when both temperature and windspeed were greatest. Methane emissions from the lagoons were related to windspeed, effluent temperature and volatile solid loading into the system. Average emissions from NC10 ranged from 20 to 115 kg CH4 ha(-1) per day. Greatest emissions were during the spring period when the sludge depth was deepest. Emissions from NC20 were much less (5.3-10.7 kg CH4 ha(-1) per day) due primarily to fewer number of animals and type of manure handling system. Emissions followed a diurnal pattern with greatest emissions during the day when effluent temperature was greatest. The average flux for the year from the two lagoons were 62 and 8 kg CH4 ha(-1) per day which corresponded to 6.0 and 1.6 kg CH4 per animal per year, respectively. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, J Phil Cambell Sr Nat Resource Conservat Ctr, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD USA. RP USDA ARS, J Phil Cambell Sr Nat Resource Conservat Ctr, 1420 Expt Stn Rd, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. EM rsharpe@arches.uga.edu NR 23 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-8809 EI 1873-2305 J9 AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON JI Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 90 IS 1 BP 17 EP 24 AR PII S0167-8809(01)00305-X DI 10.1016/S0167-8809(01)00305-X PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 568BE UT WOS:000176521900003 ER PT J AU Andrews, SS Karlen, DL Mitchell, JP AF Andrews, SS Karlen, DL Mitchell, JP TI A comparison of soil quality indexing methods for vegetable production systems in Northern California SO AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE soil quality index; sustainability; decision support systems; California; organic agriculture; eutric fluvisols ID ELEMENTAL ORGANIC-ANALYSIS; LOW-INPUT; FARMING SYSTEMS; WATER-QUALITY; MANAGEMENT; ILLINOIS; YIELD; MATTER; STATE AB Consultants, farm advisors, resource conservationists, and other land managers may benefit from decision tools that help identify the most sustainable management practices. Indices of soil quality (SQIs) can provide this service. Various methods were tested for choosing a minimum data set (MDS), transforming the indicators, and calculating indices using data from alternative vegetable production systems being evaluated near Davis, California. The MDS components were chosen using expert opinion (EO) or principal components analysis (PCA) as a data reduction technique. Multiple regressions of the MDS indicators (as independent variables) against indicators representing management goals (as iterative dependent variables) showed no significant differences between the EO and PCA selection techniques in their abilities to explain variability within each sustainable management goal. Linear and non-linear scoring techniques were also compared for MDS indicators. The non-linear scoring method was determined to be more representative of system function than the linear method. Finally, indicator scores were combined using either an additive index, a weighted additive index, or a decision support system. For almost all indexing combinations, the organic system received significantly higher SQI values than the low input or conventional treatments. The efficacy of the indices was tested by comparisons with individual indicators, variables representative of management goals, and another multivariate technique for decision making that used all available data rather than a subset (MDS). Comparison with the comprehensive multivariate technique showed results similar to all of the indexing combinations except the additive and weighted indices using the linearly scored, EO-selected MDS. This suggests that a small number of carefully chosen soil quality indicators, when used in a simple, non-linearly scored index, can adequately provide information needed for selection of best management practices. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Vegetable Crops & Weed Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Andrews, SS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 66 TC 198 Z9 242 U1 5 U2 80 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-8809 J9 AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON JI Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 90 IS 1 BP 25 EP 45 AR PII S0167-8809(01)00174-8 DI 10.1016/S0167-8809(01)00174-8 PG 21 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 568BE UT WOS:000176521900004 ER PT J AU Showler, AT AF Showler, AT TI A summary of control strategies for the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal) SO AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE desert locust; Schistocerca; control; plague prevention ID HOPPER BANDS; METARHIZIUM-FLAVOVIRIDE; BARRIER TREATMENT; ORTHOPTERA; ACRIDIDAE; MAURITANIA; AREA; OIL AB Repeated desert locust, Schistocerea gregaria (Forsk (a) over circlel), outbreaks and plagues in Africa and Asia have in recent years prompted the international community to focus on preventing plague status from being reached through early intervention. Developing and implementing strategies for plague prevention must incorporate strengthening of human and material resources in the locust-affected countries, and emerging technologies must be integrated within strategies in order to construct workable, cost-effective, and environmentally benign locust-control systems at national and regional levels. Components and types of locust-control strategies are outlined. The 1986-1989, 1992-1994, and 1997-1998 campaigns are contrasted to show that implementing proactive control might be associated with reduced pesticide application, economic costs, environmental risks, and duration and extent of the locust threat. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations' Emergency Prevention System (desert locust component) is briefly described. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Kika Garza Subtrop Agr Expt Stn, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Showler, AT (reprint author), USDA ARS, Kika Garza Subtrop Agr Expt Stn, 2413 E Highway 83,Bldg 201, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 43 TC 10 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-8809 J9 AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON JI Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 90 IS 1 BP 97 EP 103 AR PII S0167-8809(01)00167-0 DI 10.1016/S0167-8809(01)00167-0 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 568BE UT WOS:000176521900010 ER PT J AU Kochansky, J AF Kochansky, J TI Effect of a sterol inhibitor incorporated into comb foundation on bees and wax moths SO AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE N-N-dimethyldodecylamine; Galleria mellonella; sterol inhibitor AB N,N-dimethyldodecylamine (IPL-12) is a sterol inhibitor that prevents the conversion of plant sterols into cholesterol in most insects. It has been previously shown that spraying a solution of the hydrochloride of this material on old brood comb prevents the development of wax moths on that comb. Incorporation of a low concentration of IPL-12, either as free amine or its methanesulfonate salt, into comb foundation had no effect on either bees or wax moth development on comb drawn from this foundation. A higher concentration, while not preventing wax moth development, did interfere with brood rearing by bees. This material is therefore unlikely to be useful as a practical control of wax moths. C1 ARS, USDA, Bee Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Kochansky, J (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Bee Res Lab, Bldg 476,BARC-E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU DADANT & SONS INC PI HAMILTON PA AMER BEE JOURNAL, HAMILTON, IL 62341 USA SN 0002-7626 J9 AM BEE J JI Am. Bee J. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 142 IS 6 BP 446 EP 447 PG 2 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 553QU UT WOS:000175687600019 ER PT J AU Human, Z Spooner, DM AF Human, Z Spooner, DM TI Reclassification of landrace populations of cultivated potatoes (Solanum sect. Petota) SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE cultivated; nomenclature; phenetic; potato; sect. Petota; Solanaceae; Solanum tuberosum; taxonomy ID BREVICAULE COMPLEX SOLANACEAE; X AJANHUIRI JUZ; DIPLOID POTATO; SPECIES BOUNDARIES; GENETIC-RESOURCES; JUZEPCZUKII BUK; CURTILOBUM JUZ; 2N POLLEN; WILD; EVOLUTION AB Cultivated potatoes have been classified as species under the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) and as cultivar-groups under the International Code of Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants (ICNCP); both classifications are still widely used. This study examines morphological support for the classification of landrace populations of cultivated potatoes. using representatives of all seven species and Most Subspecies as outlined in the latest taxonomic treatment, These taxa are S. ajanhuiri, S. chaucha, S. curtilobum, S. juzepczukii, S. phureja subsp, phureja, S. stenotomum subsp, stenotomum, S. stenotomum subsp. goniocalyx, S. tuberosum subsp. andigenum. and S. tuberosum subsp. tuberosum. The results show some phenetic support for S. ajanhuiri, S. chaucha, S. curtilobum, S. juzepczukii, and S. tuberosum subsp. tuberosum. but little Support for the other taxa. Most morphological support is by using a suite of characters. all of which are shared with other taxa (polythetic support). These results, combined with their likely hybrid origins, multiple origin,,,, evolutionary dynamics of continuing hybridization, and our classification philosophy, leads us to recognize all landrace populations of cultivated potatoes as a single species. S. tuberosum, with the eight cultivar-groups: Ajanhuiri Group, Andigenum Group. Chaucha Group. Chilotanum Group. Curtilobum Group, Juzepezukii Group, Phureja Group. and Stenotomum Group. We defer classification of modern cultivars, traditionally classified in Tuberosum Group. to a later study. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, USDA, ARS, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Int Potato Ctr CIP, Lima 12, Peru. RP Spooner, DM (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, USDA, ARS, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM dspooner@facstaff.wisc.edu NR 84 TC 8 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU BOTANICAL SOC AMER INC PI ST LOUIS PA PO BOX 299, ST LOUIS, MO 63166-0299 USA SN 0002-9122 EI 1537-2197 J9 AM J BOT JI Am. J. Bot. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 89 IS 6 BP 947 EP 965 PG 19 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 595FY UT WOS:000178098900007 ER PT J AU Jacques, PF Choumenkovitch, SF Selhub, J Wilson, PWF Rader, JI Rosenberg, IH AF Jacques, PF Choumenkovitch, SF Selhub, J Wilson, PWF Rader, JI Rosenberg, IH TI Estimation of the effect of folic acid fortification on folate intake in United States. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2002 VL 155 IS 11 SU S MA 126 BP s32 EP s32 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 558FK UT WOS:000175955500125 ER PT J AU Zhou, ZX Sun, XH Lambert, JC Saari, JT Kang, YJ AF Zhou, ZX Sun, XH Lambert, JC Saari, JT Kang, YJ TI Metallothionein-independent zinc protection from alcoholic liver injury SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TRANSGENIC MOUSE HEART; DOXORUBICIN TOXICITY; INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY; MICE; INHIBITION; CARDIOMYOCYTES; APOPTOSIS; ETHANOL; KNOCKOUT; CADMIUM AB Previous studies using metallothionein (MT)-overexpressing transgenic mice have demonstrated that MT protects the liver from oxidative injury induced by alcohol. The mechanism of action of MT is unknown. Because MT primarily binds to zinc under physiological conditions and releases zinc under oxidative stress and zinc is an antioxidant element, it is likely that zinc mediates the protective action of MT. The present study was undertaken to determine the distinct role of zinc in hepatic protection from alcoholic injury. MT I/II-knockout (MT-KO) mice along with their wild-type controls were treated with three gastric doses of ethanol at 5 g/kg at 12-hour intervals. Zinc sulfate was injected intraperitoneally in a dosage of 5 mg/kg/day for 3 days before ethanol treatment. MT concentrations in MT-KO mice were very low and zinc concentrations in MT-KO mice were lower than in wild-type mice. Zinc treatment significantly elevated hepatic MT concentrations only in wild-type mice and increased zinc concentrations in both MT-KO and wild-type mice. Ethanol treatment caused degenerative morphological changes and necrotic appearance in the livers of MT-KO mice. Microvesicular steatosis was the only ethanol-induced change in the liver of wild-type mice. Ethanol treatment decreased hepatic glutathione concentrations and increased hepatic lipid peroxidation, and the concentrations of lipid peroxide products in the wild-type mice were lower than in the MT-KO mice. All of these alcohol-induced toxic responses were significantly suppressed by zinc treatment in both MT-KO and wildtype mouse livers. These results demonstrate that zinc, independent of MT, plays an important role in protection from alcoholic liver injury. However, MT is required to maintain high levels of zinc in the liver, suggesting that the protective action of MT in the liver is likely mediated by zinc. C1 Univ Louisville, Sch Med, Dept Med, Louisville, KY 40202 USA. Univ Louisville, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, Louisville, KY 40202 USA. Jewish Hosp Heart & Lung Inst, Louisville, KY USA. USDA ARS, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Kang, YJ (reprint author), Univ Louisville, Sch Med, Dept Med, 511 S Floyd St,MDR 530, Louisville, KY 40202 USA. NR 46 TC 50 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC INVESTIGATIVE PATHOLOGY, INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3993 USA SN 0002-9440 J9 AM J PATHOL JI Am. J. Pathol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 160 IS 6 BP 2267 EP 2274 DI 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)61174-1 PG 8 WC Pathology SC Pathology GA 559ZQ UT WOS:000176056900036 PM 12057929 ER PT J AU Day, RM Suzuki, YJ Lum, JM White, AC Fanburg, BL AF Day, RM Suzuki, YJ Lum, JM White, AC Fanburg, BL TI Bleomycin upregulates expression of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase in pulmonary artery endothelial cells SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LUNG CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE reactive oxygen species; Nrf-1 and-2; nuclear factor-kappa B; antioxidant response element; mitogen-activated protein kinase ID ANTIOXIDANT RESPONSE ELEMENT; ACTIVATED PROTEIN-KINASE; EPITHELIAL L2 CELLS; INDUCED LUNG INJURY; HEAVY SUBUNIT GENE; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; OXIDATIVE STRESS; MEDIATED EXPRESSION; DETOXIFYING ENZYMES; KAPPA-B AB The chemotherapeutic agent bleomycin induces pulmonary fibrosis through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are thought to contribute to cellular damage and pulmonary injury. We hypothesized that bleomycin activates oxidative stress response pathways and regulates cellular glutathione (GSH). Bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells exposed to bleomycin exhibit growth arrest and increased cellular GSH content. gamma-Glutamylcysteine synthetase (gamma-GCS) controls the key regulatory step in GSH synthesis, and Northern blots indicate that the gamma-GCS catalytic subunit [gamma-GCS heavy chain (gamma-GCS(h))] is upregulated by bleomycin within 3 h. The promoter for human gamma-GCS(h) contains consensus sites for nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and the antioxidant response element (ARE), both of which are activated in response to oxidative stress. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays show that bleomycin activates the transcription factor NF-kappaB as well as the ARE-binding factors Nrf-1 and -2. Nrf-1 and -2 activation by bleomycin is inhibited by the ROS quenching agent N-acetylcysteine (NAC), but not by U-0126, a MEK1/2 inhibitor that blocks bleomycin-induced MAPK activation. In contrast, NF-kappaB activation by bleomycin is inhibited by U-0126, but not by NAC. NAC and U-0126 both inhibit bleomycin-induced upregulation of gamma-GCS expression. These data suggest that bleomycin can activate oxidative stress response pathways and upregulate cellular GSH. C1 Tufts Univ New England Med Ctr, Div Pulm & Crit Care, Tupper Res Inst, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Day, RM (reprint author), Tufts Univ New England Med Ctr, Div Pulm & Crit Care, Tupper Res Inst, 750 Washington St,NEMC 257, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL-42376] NR 46 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 1040-0605 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-LUNG C JI Am. J. Physiol.-Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 282 IS 6 BP L1349 EP L1357 DI 10.1152/ajplung.00338.2001 PG 9 WC Physiology; Respiratory System SC Physiology; Respiratory System GA 550HR UT WOS:000175498000023 PM 12003792 ER PT J AU McCoard, SA Fahrenkrug, SC Alexander, LJ Freking, BA Rohrer, GA Wise, TH Ford, JJ AF McCoard, SA Fahrenkrug, SC Alexander, LJ Freking, BA Rohrer, GA Wise, TH Ford, JJ TI An integrated comparative map of the porcine X chromosome SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE chromosome X; comparative map; follicle-stimulating hormone; radiation hybrid; swine ID TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR GATA-1; TESTIS GROWTH; GENOME; GENES; PROPYLTHIOURACIL; EXPRESSION; CELLS; RAT AB The objectives of this study were to assign both microsatellite and gene-based markers on porcine chromosome X to two radiation hybrid (RH) panels and to develop a more extensive integrated map of SSC-X. Thirty-five microsatellite and 20 gene-based markers were assigned to T43RH, and 16 previously unreported microsatellite and 15 gene-based markers were added to IMpRH map. Of these, 30 microsatellite and 12 gene-based markers were common to both RH maps. Twenty-two gene-based markers were submitted to BLASTN analysis for identification of orthologues of genes on HSA-X. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected for 12 gene-based markers, and nine of these were placed on the genetic map. A total of 92 known loci are present on at least one porcine chromosome X map. Thirty-seven loci are present on all three maps; 31 loci are found on only one map. Location of 33 gene-based markers on the comprehensive map translates into an integrated comparative map that supports conservation of gene order between SSC-X and HSA-X. This integrated map will be valuable for selection of candidate genes for porcine quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that map to SSC-X. C1 ARS, USDA, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. Univ Minnesota, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Ford, JJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166,State Spur 18D, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RI Freking, Brad/C-6494-2008 NR 31 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0268-9146 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 33 IS 3 BP 178 EP 185 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2052.2002.00878.x PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA 556FF UT WOS:000175838200002 PM 12030920 ER PT J AU Fahrenkrug, SC Freking, BA Smith, TPL Rohrer, GA Keele, JW AF Fahrenkrug, SC Freking, BA Smith, TPL Rohrer, GA Keele, JW TI Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) discovery in porcine expressed genes SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE EST; porcine; SNP; swine ID HUMAN GENOME; SEQUENCE; MAP; DNA; IDENTIFICATION; TOOL AB High-throughput genotyping of swine populations is a potentially efficient method for establishing animal lineage and identification of loci important to animal health and efficient pork production. Markers were developed based upon single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which are abundant and amenable to automated genotyping platforms. The focus of this research was SNP discovery in expressed porcine genes providing markers to develop the porcine/human comparative map. Locus specific amplification (LSA) and comparative sequencing were used to generate PCR products and allelic information from parents of a swine reference family. Discovery of 1650 SNPs in 403 amplicons and strategies for optimizing LSA-based SNP discovery using alternative methods of PCR primer design, data analysis, and germplasm selection that are applicable to other populations and species are described. These data were the first large-scale assessment of frequency and distribution of porcine SNPs. C1 ARS, USDA, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Freking, BA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166,Spur 18D, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. EM freking@email.marc.usda.gov RI Freking, Brad/C-6494-2008 NR 26 TC 57 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0268-9146 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 33 IS 3 BP 186 EP 195 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2052.2002.00846.x PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA 556FF UT WOS:000175838200003 PM 12030921 ER PT J AU Jensen, KA Ryan, ZC Wymelenberg, AV Cullen, D Hammel, KE AF Jensen, KA Ryan, ZC Wymelenberg, AV Cullen, D Hammel, KE TI An NADH : quinone oxidoreductase active during biodegradation by the brown-rot basidiomycete Gloeophyllum trabeum SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PHANEROCHAETE-CHRYSOSPORIUM; 1,4-BENZOQUINONE REDUCTASE; FUNGUS; PURIFICATION; OXIDATION; WOOD AB The brown-rot basidiomycete Gloeophyllum trabeum uses a quinone redox cycle to generate extracellular Fenton reagent, a key component of the biodegradative system expressed by this highly destructive wood decay fungus. The hitherto uncharacterized quinone reductase that drives this cycle is a potential target for inhibitors of wood decay. We have identified the major quinone reductase expressed by G. trabeum under conditions that elicit high levels of quinone redox cycling. The enzyme comprises two identical 22-kDa subunits, each with one molecule of flavin mononucleotide. It is specific for NADH as the reductant and uses the quinones produced by G. trabeum (2,5-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone and 4,5-dimethoxy-1,2-benzoquinone) as electron acceptors. The affinity of the reductase for these quinones is so high that precise kinetic parameters were not obtainable, but it is clear that k(cat)/K-m for the quinones is greater than 10(8) M(-1)s(-1). The reductase is encoded by a gene with substantial similarity to NAD(P)H:quinone reductase genes from other fungi. The G. trabeum quinone reductase may function in quinone detoxification, a role often proposed for these enzymes, but we hypothesize that the fungus has recruited it to drive extracellular oxyradical production. C1 USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Inst Microbial & Biochem Technol, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Hammel, KE (reprint author), USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Inst Microbial & Biochem Technol, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RI Hammel, Kenneth/G-1890-2011 OI Hammel, Kenneth/0000-0002-2935-5847 NR 22 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 68 IS 6 BP 2699 EP 2703 DI 10.1128/AEM.68.6.2699-2703.2002 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 559MN UT WOS:000176030100010 PM 12039722 ER PT J AU Barrangou, R Yoon, SS Breidt, F Fleming, HP Klaenhammer, TR AF Barrangou, R Yoon, SS Breidt, F Fleming, HP Klaenhammer, TR TI Identification and characterization of Leuconostoc fallax strains isolated from an industrial sauerkraut fermentation SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LACTIC-ACID BACTERIA; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; SP-NOV; GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; ARBITRARY PRIMERS; RIBOSOMAL-RNA; DNA; MESENTEROIDES; POLYMORPHISMS; ALIGNMENT AB Lactic acid bacterial strains were isolated from brines sampled after 7 days of an industrial sauerkraut fermentation, and six strains were selected on the basis of susceptibility to bacteriophages. Bacterial growth in cabbage juice was monitored, and the fermentation end products were identified, quantified, and compared to those of Leuconostoc mesenteroides. Identification by biochemical fingerprinting, endonuclease digestion of the 16S-23S intergenic transcribed spacer region, and sequencing of variable regions V1 and V2 of the 16S rRNA gene indicated that the six selected sauerkraut isolates were Leuconostoc fallax strains. Random amplification of polymorphic DNA fingerprints indicated that the strains were distinct from one another. The growth and fermentation patterns of the L. fallax isolates were highly similar to those of L. mesenteroides. The final pH of cabbage juice fermentation was 3.6, and the main fermentation end products were lactic acid, acetic acid, and mannitol for both species. However, none of the L. fallax strains exhibited the malolactic reaction, which is characteristic of most L. mesenteroides strains. These results indicated that in addition to L. mesenteroides, a variety of L. fallax strains may be present in the heterofermentative stage of sauerkraut fermentation. The microbial ecology of sauerkraut fermentation appears to be more complex than previously indicated, and the prevalence and roles of L. fallax require further investigation. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Food Sci, SE Dairy Foods Res Ctr, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Yonsei Univ, Dept Biol Resources & Technol, Wonju 220710, South Korea. RP Klaenhammer, TR (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Food Sci, SE Dairy Foods Res Ctr, Box 7624, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RI Barrangou, Rodolphe/I-2878-2014 OI Barrangou, Rodolphe/0000-0002-0648-3504 NR 42 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 3 U2 6 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 68 IS 6 BP 2877 EP 2884 DI 10.1128/AEM.68.6.2877-2884.2002 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 559MN UT WOS:000176030100033 PM 12039745 ER PT J AU Bradshaw, RE Bhatnagar, D Ganley, RJ Gillman, CJ Monahan, BJ Seconi, JM AF Bradshaw, RE Bhatnagar, D Ganley, RJ Gillman, CJ Monahan, BJ Seconi, JM TI Dothistroma pini, a forest pathogen, contains homologs of aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway genes SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ASPERGILLUS-NIDULANS WA; PARASITICUS; EXPRESSION; VIRULENCE; CLUSTER; RESISTANCE; POLYKETIDE; PROTEIN; RADIATA; ACID AB Homologs of aflatoxin biosynthetic genes have been identified in the pine needle pathogen Dothistroma pini. D. pini produces dothistromin, a difuranoanthraquinone toxin with structural similarity to the aflatoxin precursor versicolorin B. Previous studies with purified dothistromin suggest a possible role for this toxin in pathogenicity. By using an aflatoxin gene as a hybridization probe, a genomic D. pini clone was identified that contained four dot genes with similarity to genes in aflatoxin and sterigmatocystin gene clusters with predicted activities of a ketoreductase (dotA), oxidase (dotB), major facilitator superfamily transporter (dotC), and thioesterase (dotD). A D. pini dotA mutant was made by targeted gene replacement and shown to be severely impaired in dothistromin production, confirming that dotA is involved in dothistromin biosynthesis. Accumulation of versicolorin A (a precursor of aflatoxin) by the dotA mutant confirms that the dotA gene product is involved in an aflatoxin-like biosynthetic pathway. Since toxin genes have been found to be clustered in fungi in every case analyzed so far, it is speculated that the four dot genes may comprise part of a dothistromin biosynthetic gene cluster. A fifth gene, ddhA, is not a homolog of aflatoxin genes and could be at one end of the dothistromin cluster. These genes will allow comparative biochemical and genetic studies of the aflatoxin and dothistromin biosynthetic pathways and may also lead to new ways to control Dothistroma needle blight. C1 Massey Univ, Inst Mol Biosci, Palmerston North, New Zealand. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Bradshaw, RE (reprint author), Massey Univ, Inst Mol Biosci, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand. RI Ganley, Rebecca/J-7291-2013; Bradshaw, Rosie/C-7846-2011 OI Bradshaw, Rosie/0000-0001-5228-2685 NR 54 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 68 IS 6 BP 2885 EP 2892 DI 10.1128/AEM.68.6.2885-2892.2002 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 559MN UT WOS:000176030100034 PM 12039746 ER PT J AU McCormick, SP Alexander, NJ AF McCormick, SP Alexander, NJ TI Fusarium Tri8 encodes a trichothecene C-3 esterase SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GIBBERELLA-ZEAE; SPOROTRICHIOIDES ENCODES; GENE; BIOSYNTHESIS; GRAMINEARUM; YEAST; 3-O-ACETYLTRANSFERASE; DEOXYNIVALENOL; EXPRESSION; MYCOTOXINS AB Mutant strains of Fusarium graminearum Z3639 produced by disruption of Tri8 were altered in their ability to biosynthesize 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol and instead accumulated 3,15-diacetyldeoxynivalenol, 7,8-dihydroxycalonectrin, and calonectrin. Fusarium sporotrichioides NRRL3299 Tri8 mutant strains accumulated 3-acetyl T-2 toxin, 3-acetyl neosolaniol, and 3,4,15-triacetoxyscirpenol rather than T-2 toxin, neosolaniol, and 4,15-diacetoxyscirpenol. The accumulation of these C-3-acetylated compounds suggests that Tri8 encodes an esterase responsible for deacetylation at C-3. This gene function was confirmed by cell-free enzyme assays and feeding experiments with yeast expressing Tri8. Previous studies have shown that Tri101 encodes a C-3 transacetylase that acts as a self-protection or resistance factor during biosynthesis and that the presence of a free C-3 hydroxyl group is a key component of Fusarium trichothecene phytotoxicity. Since Tri8 encodes the esterase that removes the C-3 protecting group, it may be considered a toxicity factor. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP McCormick, SP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 27 TC 45 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 68 IS 6 BP 2959 EP 2964 DI 10.1128/AEM.68.6.2959-2964.2002 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 559MN UT WOS:000176030100043 PM 12039755 ER PT J AU Charkowski, AO Barak, JD Sarreal, CZ Mandrell, RE AF Charkowski, AO Barak, JD Sarreal, CZ Mandrell, RE TI Differences in growth of Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli O157 : H7 on alfalfa sprouts SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HEMORRHAGIC COLITIS; CHEMICAL TREATMENTS; SEEDS; INFECTIONS; OUTBREAK; CHLORINE; EFFICACY; SEROTYPE AB Sprout producers have recently been faced with several Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli O157:H7 outbreaks. Many of the outbreaks have been traced to sprout seeds contaminated with low levels of human pathogens. Alfalfa seeds were inoculated with S. enterica and E. coli O157:H7 strains isolated from alfalfa seeds or other environmental sources and sprouted to examine growth of these human pathogens in association with sprouting seeds. S. enterica strains grew an average of 3.7 log(10) on sprouting seeds over 2 days, while E. coli O15707 strains grew significantly less, an average of 2.3 log(10). The initial S. enterica or E. coli O157:H7 inoculum dose and seed-sprouting temperature significantly affected the levels of both S. enterica and E. coli O157:H7 on the sprouts and in the irrigation water, while the frequency of irrigation water replacement affected only, the levels of E. coli O157:H7. Colonization of sprouting alfalfa seeds by S. enterica serovar Newport and E. coli O157:H7 strains transformed with a plasmid encoding the green fluorescent protein was examined with fluorescence microscopy. Salmonella serovar Newport colonized both seed coats and sprout roots as aggregates, while E. coli O157:H7 colonized only sprout roots. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Plant Pathol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. USDA, ARS, Prod Safety & Microbiol Res Unit, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Charkowski, AO (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Plant Pathol, 1630 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 27 TC 73 Z9 74 U1 0 U2 15 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 68 IS 6 BP 3114 EP 3120 DI 10.1128/AEM.68.6.3114-3120.2002 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 559MN UT WOS:000176030100062 PM 12039774 ER PT J AU Blume, E Bischoff, M Reichert, JM Moorman, T Konopka, A Turco, RF AF Blume, E Bischoff, M Reichert, JM Moorman, T Konopka, A Turco, RF TI Surface and subsurface microbial biomass, community structure and metabolic activity as a function of soil depth and season SO APPLIED SOIL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE subsurface soils; soil microbial activity; seasonal response; soil microbiology ID SUBSTRATE UTILIZATION PATTERNS; FATTY-ACID PROFILES; DEEP SUBSURFACE; FOREST SOIL; MINERALIZATION; SEDIMENTS; CARBON; BIODEGRADATION; ECOLOGY; FLUCTUATIONS AB Microbial biomass, size and community structure along with an estimate of microbial activity and soil chemical parameters were determined at three depths in two soils (e.g. sandy loam Ultic Hapludalf and silt loam Mollic Hapludalf) replicated three times under one winter and summer season. Microbial biomass and community structure were estimated from phospholipid-PO4 content and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) measurements. Microbial activity and assimilative capacity were estimated using a H-3-acetate incorporation into phospholipids and by incubating the soil samples at the average winter and summer temperatures, 3 and 20degreesC, respectively. We found that the size of the microbial biomass in both the surface and the subsurface soils was not significantly affected by the seasonal variation but activity increased by as much as 83% at the summer temperatures in the surface soil. We demonstrated using FAME analysis that for both soils seasonal changes in the subsurface microbial community occurred. These findings suggest that winter conditions will shift the population activity level in both the surface and subsurface systems and the biochemical structure of the community in the subsurface. In all cases, the inorganic chemical properties of the soil, as a function of season, remained constant. The greatly increased activity of microbial population at the higher temperature will favor the capacity of the system to utilize nutrients or organic materials that may enter soil. During low temperature seasons the capacity of either surface or subsurface soils to assimilate materials is generally diminished but the reduction reflects changes in metabolism and not a reduced biomass size. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Purdue Univ, Dept Agron, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Biol Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Univ Santa Maria, BR-97105900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. RP Turco, RF (reprint author), Purdue Univ, Dept Agron, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RI Turco, Ronald/B-8739-2008; Reichert, Jose/F-2393-2014; Reichert, Jose Miguel/F-8189-2012 OI Turco, Ronald/0000-0002-1794-1486; Reichert, Jose/0000-0003-3130-5264; NR 46 TC 129 Z9 149 U1 9 U2 59 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0929-1393 J9 APPL SOIL ECOL JI Appl. Soil Ecol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 20 IS 3 BP 171 EP 181 AR PII S0929-1393(02)00025-2 DI 10.1016/S0929-1393(02)00025-2 PG 11 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 578NJ UT WOS:000177124100001 ER PT J AU Bruck, DJ Lewis, LC AF Bruck, DJ Lewis, LC TI Rainfall and crop residue effects on soil dispersion and Beauveria bassiana spread to corn SO APPLIED SOIL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Beauveria bassiana; fungal dynamics; rainfall; crop residue; epizootiology ID OSTRINIA-NUBILALIS HUBNER; BALSAMO VUILLEMIN; ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGUS; METARHIZIUM-ANISOPLIAE; ZEA-MAYS; PYRALIDAE; BORER; DEUTEROMYCOTINA; COLONIZATION; SUPPRESSION AB The entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana infects a wide range of insects and survives as a soil saprophyte and a plant endophyte. The objective of our study was to determine the role of rainfall in dispersing B. bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin to the surface of corn (Zea mays) from soil with different levels of crop residue. Laboratory studies which simulated field tillage systems, had levels of crop residue which covered 0.53 (control), 34, 59 and 84% of the soil surface. Simulated rainfall in a raindrop tower at an intensity of 73 mm/h caused a significant increase in the mean number of B. bassiana colony forming units (CFU) isolated from the surface of corn plants. Plants receiving rain had a mean (+/-S.E.M.) of 8.8 +/- 2.8 CFU per plant; controls had a mean of 0.03 +/- 0.01 CFU per plant. The mg of soil collected from the surface of plants also was significantly influenced by rainfall. Plants receiving rain had a mean of 15.7 +/- 1.7 mg of soil per plant while controls had a mean of 3.4 +/- 0.4 mg of soil per plant. Linear regression revealed highly significant negative relationships between the mean mg of soil and the mean number of CFU per plant, over the four levels of crop residue. The amount of soil and number of CFU per plant decreased significantly with increasing levels of crop residue. In field studies with conservation- and no-till systems, results were similar to those recorded in the raindrop tower. The mean number of CFU and mg of soil per plant were both higher in conservation-till plots than in no-till plots, where surface residue averaged 45 and 95%, respectively. Rainfall plays an active role in the dispersal of B. bassiana from the soil environment to the surface of whorl-stage corn. Increased levels of crop residue reduce the amount of soil and fungal transfer to the surface of young corn. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RP Bruck, DJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, 3420 NW Orchard Ave, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. NR 32 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0929-1393 J9 APPL SOIL ECOL JI Appl. Soil Ecol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 20 IS 3 BP 183 EP 190 AR PII S0929-1393(02)00022-7 DI 10.1016/S0929-1393(02)00022-7 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 578NJ UT WOS:000177124100002 ER PT J AU Spencer, DF Ksander, GG AF Spencer, DF Ksander, GG TI Sedimentation disrupts natural regeneration of Zannichellia palustris in Fall River, California SO AQUATIC BOTANY LA English DT Article DE river seed bank; germination; sediment accumulation; Zannichellia palustris ID SEED BANKS; ENVIRONMENTAL-FACTORS; AQUATIC MACROPHYTES; WESTERN-EUROPE; LAKE; GERMINATION; ABUNDANCE; MARSHES; VEGETATION; EMERGENCE AB Aquatic plants growing in flowing waters frequently inhabit dynamic substrates, subject to erosion or sediment deposition. Rooted macrophytes have disappeared from the upper portions of Fall River, CA where from 0.6 to 1.2 m of sandy sediments have accumulated. We assessed the abundance of Zannichellia palustris L. seeds in the seed bank, and performed experiments to determine the effect of sediment accumulation on germination and emergence of Z palustris seedlings. In 1996 and 1997, sediment cores were collected from the upper 15 km of Fall River. Cores were placed in a greenhouse and germination monitored for the next 30-40 days. Viable germinating Z palustris seeds were present in 67% of the cores collected in 1996. Z palustris seed density was 1219 seeds m(-2) on average and ranged from 0 to 5920 seeds m-2. Seed abundance did not differ between the upper (<11 cm) and lower portions (>11 cm) of cores collected in 1996 or 1997. We conducted four experiments in which Z palustris seeds and natural sediments containing Z palustris seeds were buried at various depths under sand. Burial by more than 2 cm of sand inhibited germination and emergence. The implication is that significant sediment accumulation may disrupt natural annual regeneration of Z palustris from seeds, although a viable seed bank is maintained for several years. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Calif Davis, USDA, ARS, Exot & Invas Weeds Res Unit, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Spencer, DF (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, USDA, ARS, Exot & Invas Weeds Res Unit, Robbins Hall, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 25 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3770 J9 AQUAT BOT JI Aquat. Bot. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 73 IS 2 BP 137 EP 147 AR PII S0304-3770(02)00016-5 DI 10.1016/S0304-3770(02)00016-5 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 569AW UT WOS:000176578000005 ER PT J AU Habibi, J Brandt, SL Coudron, TA Wagner, RM Wright, MK Backus, EA Huesing, JE AF Habibi, J Brandt, SL Coudron, TA Wagner, RM Wright, MK Backus, EA Huesing, JE TI Uptake, flow, and digestion of casein and green fluorescent protein in the digestive system of Lygus hesperus Knight SO ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE digestive physiology; uptake; protein; immunoblotting; immunohistochemistry; western tarnished plant bug ID HOST IMMUNOGLOBULIN; MIDGUT EPITHELIUM; ALPHA-AMYLASE; BINDING-SITES; LOCALIZATION; EXPRESSION; HOMOPTERA; MIRIDAE; PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININ; IDENTIFICATION AB Selected compounds were used to study physiological processes associated with digestion in the western tarnished plant bug, Lygus hesperus Knight. Durations of passage and rates of absorption, digestion, and excretion were determined for a digestible protein (casein), a non-digestible protein (green fluorescent protein, GFP), and a non-digestible carbohydrate (dextran). Dextron was used as a control to monitor the non-absorptive flow rate of ingesta through the digestive system. Fluorescent tracking of FITC-conjugates of cosein and dextran, as well as immunoblotting and immunofluorescent staining of cosein and GFP, were used to monitor the degradation (in vitro) and ingestion, digestion, and distribution (in vivo) of the respective compounds. Under our experimental conditions, L. hesperus took discrete meals, feeding and excreting at 2-3-h intervals. Rate of food passage was variable. FITC-dextron was found in the fecal material of most insects by 6-8 h after treatment initiation; by 12 h, 95% of ingested FITC-dextran was recovered from all insects. FITC-casein was digested extensively in in vitro homogenotes of gut, hemolymph, and salivary gland. In vivo, FITC-casein was ingested and partially absorbed as a holoprotein into the hemolymph. Ingested FITC-casein was partially degraded in the gut and hemolymph within 2 h of ingestion, and no holoprotein was found after 12 h. In contrast, there was no detectable degradation of GFP in hemolymph, gut, and salivary gland homogenotes after 24 h of incubation. Ingested GFP was not degraded in gut or hemolymph up to 8 In after treatment initiation, but did transfer to the hemolymph as a holoprotein. Analysis of immunohistological images confirmed that GFP bound to gut epithelial cell brush-border membranes, However, the mechanism by which GFP and cosein pass as holoproteins into the hemolymph remains unknown. Published 2002 Wiley-Liss, inc.dagger C1 USDA ARS, Biol Control Insects Res Lab, Columbia, MO 65203 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Entomol, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Monsanto Co, Chesterfield, MO USA. RP Coudron, TA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biol Control Insects Res Lab, 1503 S Providence Rd, Columbia, MO 65203 USA. NR 39 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 3 U2 8 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0739-4462 J9 ARCH INSECT BIOCHEM JI Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 50 IS 2 BP 62 EP 74 DI 10.1002/arch.10029 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology GA 555FX UT WOS:000175784800002 PM 12173291 ER PT J AU Howard, RW Perez-Lachaud, G AF Howard, RW Perez-Lachaud, G TI Cuticular hydrocarbons of the ectoparasitic wasp Cephalonomia hyalinipennis (Hymenoptera : Bethylidae) and its alternative host, the stored product pest Caulophilus oryzae (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) SO ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE semiochemical; chemical ecology; gender recognition; chemotaxonomy; Cephalonomia hyalinipennis; Caulophilus oryzae; Hypothenemus hampei ID COFFEE BERRY BORER; CRYPTOLESTES-FERRUGINEUS COLEOPTERA; HYPOTHENEMUS-HAMPEI COLEOPTERA; STEPHANODERIS HYMENOPTERA; WATERSTONI HYMENOPTERA; TARSALIS HYMENOPTERA; SCOLYTIDAE; CUCUJIDAE; BIOLOGY; OVIPOSITION AB Cuticular hydrocarbons of an ectoparositic wasp attacking two beetle hosts have been identified and examined for the influence of age, gender, mating status, and host on hydrocarbon composition. The 37 wasp hydrocarbons identified consisted of a series of n-alkanes (C-16 to C-33), 3-, 5-, 9-, 10-, 11-, and 12-methyl alkanes and a series of Z-7 and Z-9 monoenes (C-23:1 to C-27.1). One C-25:2 diene was found. No effects of hydrocarbon composition as a function of age, gender, or mating status were found for the wasps. Wasps reared on Hypothenemus hampei, however, had 12/37 significant abundance differences to those reared on Caulophilus oryzae, although all but one of these differences were for components in less than 2% relative abundance. The C-25:2 diene from wasps reared on H. hampei was present in about 10% whereas from wasps reared on C. oryzae it was present in about 2%. The hydrocarbons of one host for this wasp, the coffee berry borer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), have been previously reported [Howard and Infante, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 89:700-709 (1996)]. The hydrocarbons of the alternative host, C. oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidoe) consists of n-olkanes (C-17 to C-31, 3-, 4-, 5-, 7-, 9-, 11 -, 12-, 13-, 14-, and 1 5-methyl alkanes, and a series of dimethyl alkanes of the series 3, 17-; 5, 11 -; 5, 17-; 7, 11-; 7, 13-; 13, 17-; and 15, 19-. No unsaturated hydrocarbons were found. No significant differences in hydrocarbon composition were found between male and female C. oryzae. Hydrocarbon patterns of four species of Cephalonomia are compared and shown to be species-specific. The data are discussed in terms of ecological and physiological parameters.Published 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.(dagger) C1 USDA ARS, GMPRC, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. El Colegio Frantera Sur, Chiapas, Mexico. RP Howard, RW (reprint author), USDA ARS, GMPRC, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. NR 35 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0739-4462 J9 ARCH INSECT BIOCHEM JI Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 50 IS 2 BP 75 EP 84 DI 10.1002/arch.10034 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology GA 555FX UT WOS:000175784800003 PM 12173292 ER PT J AU Loeb, MJ Jaffe, H AF Loeb, MJ Jaffe, H TI Peptides that elicit midgut stem cell differentiation isolated from chymotryptic digests of hemolymph from Lymantria dispar Pupae SO ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE differentiation factors; midgut; stem cells; Heliothis virescens; Lymantria dispar ID IN-VITRO; GROWTH-FACTOR; HELIOTHIS-VIRESCENS; MANDUCA-SEXTA; RECEPTORS; PROLIFERATION; REGENERATION; POLYPEPTIDE; EPITHELIUM; COCKROACH AB Isolated stem cells of Heliothis virescens, cultured in vitro, were induced to differentiate by Midgut Differentiation Factors 3 and 4. These were peptides identified from a chymotrypsin digest of hemolymph taken from newly pupated Lymantria dispor. Partial purification was obtained by filtration through size exclusion filters. The most active preparation was subsequently subjected to a series of 3 Reverse Phase-HPLC procedures. Partial sequences of the pelptides were identified via automated Edman degradation as the nanomers EEVVKNAIA-OH (MDF 3) and ITPTSSLAT-OH (MDF 4). These sequences were commercially synthesized. The synthetic compounds proved active in a dose-dependent manner. Stem cells responded to synthetic MDF 3 and MDF 4 as they did to previously identified peptides MDF 1 and 2, which have quite different amino acid sequences. All of the 4 MDFs administered singly induced statistically similar differentiation responses at 2 x 10(-8), 2 x 10(-9), and 2 x 10(-10) M. However, pairs of the 4 MDFs produced even more differentiation, the some response as one alone, no response, or were inhibitory, dependent on the MDF pair and its concentration. The data suggests complicated receptor interactions. Published 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.(dagger) C1 USDA, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Loeb, MJ (reprint author), USDA, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Bldg 011A,Rm 214,BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 33 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 4 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0739-4462 J9 ARCH INSECT BIOCHEM JI Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 50 IS 2 BP 85 EP 96 DI 10.1002/arch.10033 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology GA 555FX UT WOS:000175784800004 PM 12173293 ER PT J AU Marsh, JB Welty, FK Lichtenstein, AH Lamon-Fava, S Schaefer, EJ AF Marsh, JB Welty, FK Lichtenstein, AH Lamon-Fava, S Schaefer, EJ TI Apolipoprotein B metabolism in humans: studies with stable isotope-labeled amino acid precursors SO ATHEROSCLEROSIS LA English DT Review DE apoB100 and apoB48; hereditary dyslipidemias; hormonal perturbations; nephrotic syndrome; statins ID LOW-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; HETEROZYGOUS FAMILIAL HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; TRIGLYCERIDE-RICH LIPOPROTEINS; INCREASED HEPATIC SECRETION; APO-B; COMBINED HYPERLIPIDEMIA; CHOLESTEROL-SYNTHESIS; B-100 KINETICS; HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIC SUBJECTS; TRUNCATED APOLIPOPROTEIN AB This article reviews the literature From 1986 to early 2001 relating to apoB100 and apoB48 kinetics in humans using amino acid precursors labeled with stable isotopes. The following subjects are reviewed: (1) methodology; (2) normal individuals and the effects of aging: (3) diet: (4) hereditary dyslipidemias: familial hypercholesterolemia, familial combined hyperlipidemia, cholesteryl ester storage disease. cholesteryl ester transfer protein deficiency, lipoprotein lipase deficiency. familial hypobetalipoproteinemia, and truncated forms of apoB: (5) hormonal perturbations: estrogen, insulin. diabetes, obesity, and growth hormone; (6) the nephrotic syndrome and (7) the effects of the statin class of drugs. Because of the advances which have been made in mass spectrometry techniques. the advantages of using non-radioactive tracers in humans have made stable isotope kinetic studies the present day standard in this area of research. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Tufts Univ, Lipid Metab Lab, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Marsh, JB (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Lipid Metab Lab, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 115 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0021-9150 J9 ATHEROSCLEROSIS JI Atherosclerosis PD JUN PY 2002 VL 162 IS 2 BP 227 EP 244 AR PII S0021-9150(01)00709-2 DI 10.1016/S0021-9150(01)00709-2 PG 18 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 556RW UT WOS:000175863600001 PM 11996942 ER PT J AU Radford, IJ Nicholas, M Tiver, F Brown, J Kriticos, D AF Radford, IJ Nicholas, M Tiver, F Brown, J Kriticos, D TI Seedling establishment, mortality, tree growth rates and vigour of Acacia nilotica in different Astrebla grassland habitats: Implications for invasion SO AUSTRAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Acacia nilotica; Astrebla grassland; heterogeneous landscape; plant recruitment processes; riparian; weed invasion ID PLANT-POPULATION ECOLOGY; DISPERSAL; PATTERNS; HERBIVORES; SAVANNA AB A demographic study was conducted in the northern Australian Astrebla grasslands to determine the importance of habitat type in influencing invasion patterns of Acacia nilotica , an exotic leguminous tree from Africa and Asia. One of the repeated patterns observed for A. nilotica is that denser populations are often associated with riparian habitats. Data available on this species do not enable us to determine which of a number of processes has lead to the formation of this pattern. Several explanations were tested for patterns in tree abundance: (i) that more seedlings emerge in wetter habitats; (ii) that mortality is lower in wetter habitats; (iii) that growth rates are faster in wetter habitats; and (iv) that plants are more vigorous (as indicated by leaf cover, flowering intensity and predation rates) over longer periods in wetter habitats. The study was stratified across three habitat types, perennial and ephemeral riparian and non-riparian, which are characteristic of Astrebla grasslands and differentiated by the availability of water. In addition to testing for habitat-linked differentiation in demography, data were also used to test whether seedling emergence, mortality, growth and vigour varied between sites with cattle versus sheep. The data collected indicated that seedling emergence, determined primarily by livestock dispersal, was likely to be the dominant influence on patterns of A. nilotica invasion. Mortality and growth rates were similar in ephemeral riparian and non-riparian habitats, whereas perennial riparian habitats had more rapid growth rates, which may increase the rate of invasion in these areas. Plant vigour was also greater over longer periods in perennial riparian habitats with greater leaf cover, longer flowering season and fewer insect borer holes. Livestock species were found to have little influence on the demography of A. nilotica plants in this study. Very low growth rates and high mortality in A. nilotica populations are likely to lead to net decline in ephemeral riparian and non-riparian habitats in the long term. The importance of episodic recruitment in the maintenance of A. nilotica populations is discussed. C1 CSIRO Sustainable Ecosyst, Davies Lab, Townsville, Qld 4814, Australia. Univ S Australia, Dept Environm & Recreat Management, Salisbury E, SA, Australia. New Mexico State Univ, Dept 3JER, USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. CSIRO, Div Entomol, Black Mt Labs, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. RP Radford, IJ (reprint author), CSIRO Sustainable Ecosyst, Davies Lab, PMB PO Aitkenvale, Townsville, Qld 4814, Australia. RI Kriticos, Darren/A-4170-2008 OI Kriticos, Darren/0000-0003-2599-8105 NR 27 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 8 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING ASIA PI CARLTON PA 54 UNIVERSITY ST, P O BOX 378, CARLTON, VICTORIA 3053, AUSTRALIA SN 1442-9985 J9 AUSTRAL ECOL JI Austral Ecol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 27 IS 3 BP 258 EP 268 DI 10.1046/j.1442-9993.2002.01176.x PG 11 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 554QM UT WOS:000175748700003 ER PT J AU Koci, MD Schultz-Cherry, S AF Koci, MD Schultz-Cherry, S TI Avian astroviruses SO AVIAN PATHOLOGY LA English DT Review ID SMALL ROUND VIRUS; ENTERITIS MORTALITY SYNDROME; NEPHRITIS VIRUS; TURKEY POULTS; NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEINS; ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; HATCHLING TURKEYS; CODING REGION; RNA SEQUENCE; PARTICLES AB As poultry becomes more important in the world economy, it is increasingly important to fully understand the mechanisms of disease and poor production that affect the industry. To more accurately and reasonably treat these diseases, a more sophisticated understanding of interrelatedness is required. This review focuses on avian astroviruses (AAstVs), in particular the recent advances in our understanding of AAstV molecular biology, and also history, diagnosis, treatment and control. The known AastVs comprise duck astrovirus 1, turkey astrovirus 1 and 2, and avian nephritis virus of chickens. Nucleotide and amino acid identities between the avian and mammalian (human, ovine, bovine) astroviruses is very low (e. g. 20 to 25% and 12 to 15%, respectively) in open reading frame (ORF) 1a. There is also variation among the avian astroviruses, including between the two known types of turkey astrovirus. The ORF 1b sequence contains a number of conserved amino acid motifs; these could be the basis of degnerate oligonucleotide primers. A nomenclature for astroviruses is also proposed, based on: host species-astrovirus-type number/country(state)/reference number/year of isolation. For example, turkey astrovirus 2/North Carolina/034/1999. C1 ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, USDA, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathol, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Schultz-Cherry, S (reprint author), ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, USDA, 934 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. OI Koci, Matthew/0000-0002-5766-4049 NR 88 TC 64 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 5 PU CARFAX PUBLISHING PI BASINGSTOKE PA RANKINE RD, BASINGSTOKE RG24 8PR, HANTS, ENGLAND SN 0307-9457 J9 AVIAN PATHOL JI Avian Pathol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 31 IS 3 BP 213 EP 227 DI 10.1080/03079450220136521 PG 15 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 559XN UT WOS:000176051700001 PM 12396344 ER PT J AU Zeringue, HJ AF Zeringue, HJ TI Effects of methyl jasmonate on phytoalexin production and aflatoxin control in the developing cotton boll SO BIOCHEMICAL SYSTEMATICS AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cotton; Gossypium hirsutum; Aspergillus flavus; aflatoxin; methyl jasmonate; phytoalexins; Malvaceae ID GENE-EXPRESSION; ELICITORS; ACID; IDENTIFICATION; PROTEINS; THIONIN; PLANTS AB Artificially wounded 22-27-day old developing cotton bolls were initially inoculated with, (1) a cell-free, hot water-soluble mycelial extract (CFME) of an atoxigenic strain of Aspergillus flavus or with, (2) chitosan lactate (CHL) or with, (3) CFME or CHL and then exposed to gaseous methyl jasmonate (MJ) or, (4) exposed to MJ alone. Five days after these treatments, the induction of the sesquiterpenoid naphthol phytoalexins, 2,7-dihydroxycadalene (DHC) and 2-hydroxy-7-methoxy cadalene (HMC), lacinilene C, lacinilene C7-methyl ether, and the coumarin phytoalexin-scopoletin was determined on the excised carpel discs surrounding the inoculated surfaces of the developing cotton bolls. The results indicated a two- or three-fold increase in the production of the phytoalexins when gaseous MJ was added in combination to the CFME or the CHL elicitors. In a separate experiment, 22-27-day old developing cotton bolls were pretreated for a five-day period as described above and then a spore suspension of a toxigenic strain of A. flavus was introduced into a second artificial wound which was produced adjacent to the first wound. On boll maturity, the cottonseeds located within the locules underlying the areas that were pretreated with both elicitors and MJ then later infected with toxigenic A. flavus exhibited a 75-95% aflatoxin B-1 inhibition. These results suggest a host defense mechanism which may be triggered by both elicitors and MJ. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, USDA, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Zeringue, HJ (reprint author), ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, USDA, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 25 TC 8 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0305-1978 J9 BIOCHEM SYST ECOL JI Biochem. Syst. Ecol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 30 IS 6 BP 497 EP 503 AR PII S0305-1978(01)00125-9 DI 10.1016/S0305-1978(01)00125-9 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 564DR UT WOS:000176300200001 ER PT J AU Stanton, DJ McArthur, ED Freeman, DC Golenberg, EM AF Stanton, DJ McArthur, ED Freeman, DC Golenberg, EM TI No genetic substructuring in Artemisia subgenus Tridentatae despite strong ecotypic subspecies selection SO BIOCHEMICAL SYSTEMATICS AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE hybridization; gene flow; selection; evolutionary cohension; sagebrush ID NARROW HYBRID ZONE; NUCLEAR RIBOSOMAL DNA; INTERNAL TRANSCRIBED SPACERS; BIG SAGEBRUSH; NONCODING REGIONS; ASTERACEAE; SEQUENCES; PHYLOGENY; EVOLUTION; ALLELE AB Phylogenetic relationships within the subgenus Tridentatae of Artemisia (Asteraceae) were investigated using nuclear ITS and plastid intronic and intergenic sequences in the region of trnL Although the studied taxa are quite distinct morphologically and ecologically, extremely low levels of genetic divergence (average nucleotide differences among haplotypes is pi = 0.0040 and pi = 0.0019, for ITS and trnL, respectively) were observed. Haplotype networks indicate the common haplotypes are widely distributed both geographically and taxonomically and are marked by a high connectivity to other haplotypes. These patterns are consistent with older alleles distributed in populations. These results imply that differentiation within the Tridentatae is the result of strong ecotypic selection over a back-ground of widespread hybridization. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Wayne State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Detroit, MI 48202 USA. Saginaw Valley State Univ, Dept Biol, University Ctr, MI 48710 USA. USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Provo, UT 84606 USA. RP Golenberg, EM (reprint author), Wayne State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Detroit, MI 48202 USA. EM egolenb@biology.biosci.wayne.edu NR 42 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0305-1978 J9 BIOCHEM SYST ECOL JI Biochem. Syst. Ecol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 30 IS 6 BP 579 EP 593 AR PII S0305-1978(01)00118-1 DI 10.1016/S0305-1978(01)00118-1 PG 15 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 564DR UT WOS:000176300200004 ER PT J AU Brown, S Chaney, RL Sprenger, M Compton, H AF Brown, S Chaney, RL Sprenger, M Compton, H TI Soil remediation using biosolids SO BIOCYCLE LA English DT Article C1 Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. USDA ARS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Brown, S (reprint author), Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU JG PRESS, INC PI EMMAUS PA 419 STATE AVE, EMMAUS, PA 18049 USA SN 0276-5055 J9 BIOCYCLE JI Biocycle PD JUN PY 2002 VL 43 IS 6 BP 41 EP 44 PG 4 WC Ecology; Soil Science SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture GA 572CT UT WOS:000176756400035 ER PT J AU Gaugler, R Brown, I Shapiro-Ilan, D Atwa, A AF Gaugler, R Brown, I Shapiro-Ilan, D Atwa, A TI Automated technology for in vivo mass production of entomopathogenic nematodes SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE entomopathogenic nematode; in vivo; culture; mass production; Heterorhabditis bacteriophora; Steinernema carpocapsae ID STEINERNEMA-CARPOCAPSAE; HETERORHABDITIDAE; SURVIVAL AB As the only biocontrol agent available for many soil insects, entomopathogenic nematodes should be poised for wider use, as regulatory scrutiny in the USA continues to restrict or ban important chemical insecticides. One component of nematode production in the USA is a cottage industry of low volume producers using in vivo technology, based on a method devised in 1927: the White trap. We report the first scalable system for in vivo nematode mass production. Unlike the White trap, there is no requirement for nematode migration to a water reservoir. The LOTEK system of tools and procedures provides process technology for low-cost, high-efficiency mass production. The system consists of: (1) perforated holding trays to secure insect hosts during inoculation, conditioning (synchronizing nematode emergence), and harvesting, (2) an automated, self-cleaning harvester with misting nozzles that trigger infective juvenile emergence and rinse the nematodes through the holding trays to a central bulk storage tank, and (3) a continuous deflection separator for washing and concentrating nematodes. The harvester collects 97% of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar that emerged from Galleria mellonella (L.) cadavers in 48 h. The separator removes 97.5% of the wastewater in three passes, while nematode concentration increased 81-fold. The rearing system offers an increase in efficiency relative to the conventional White trap method with reduced labor and space. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Entomol, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. USDA ARS, SE Fruit & Tree Nut Res Lab, Byron, GA 31008 USA. Cairo Univ, Dept Nematol, Cairo, Egypt. RP Gaugler, R (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Dept Entomol, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. RI Atwa, Atwa/J-7789-2013 OI Atwa, Atwa/0000-0003-4438-3835 NR 23 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 18 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD JUN PY 2002 VL 24 IS 2 BP 199 EP 206 AR PII S1049-9644(02)00015-4 DI 10.1016/S1049-9644(02)00015-4 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 561NR UT WOS:000176148000012 ER PT J AU Seaborn, CD Briske-Anderson, M Nielsen, FH AF Seaborn, CD Briske-Anderson, M Nielsen, FH TI An interaction between dietary silicon and arginine affects immune function indicated by Con-A-induced DNA synthesis of rat splenic T-lymphocytes SO BIOLOGICAL TRACE ELEMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE silicon; T-lymphocyte proliferation; immunity; trace elements; arginine ID FACTOR-KAPPA-B; NITRIC-OXIDE SYNTHASE; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; ZINC-DEFICIENCY; PROLIFERATION; ACTIVATION; MAGNESIUM; CALCIUM; SUPPLEMENTATION; METABOLISM AB Sporadic reports have appeared that suggest silicon plays a functional role in immune function by affecting lymphocyte proliferation. In addition, there is also considerable interest in supplemental arginine as a modulator of immune function. Therefore, the purpose of this animal experiment was to determine the effect of supplemental compared to adequate arginine on immune function as measured by splenic T-lymphocyte proliferation in the presence of adequate or inadequate dietary silicon. The independent variables were, per gram of fresh diet, silicon supplements of 0 or 35 mug and arginine supplements of 0 or 5 mg. The basal diet contained 2.3 mug silicon/g and 7.82 mg L-arginine/g. After feeding the male rats (nine per treatment group) for 8 wk, spleen lymphoid cells were isolated and cultured with methyl-(3)[H]thymidine. Supplemental arginine significantly decreased ConA-induced DNA synthesis of splenic T-lymphocytes, but the response to arginine was influenced by dietary silicon. The decreased DNA synthesis was more marked when rats were fed adequate silicon than when fed inadequate silicon. Also, when arginine was not supplemented, DNA synthesis was higher in lymphocytes from rats fed an adequate silicon diet than rats fed the inadequate silicon diet. These findings support the hypothesis that an interaction between silicon and arginine affects immune function and that inadequate dietary silicon impairs splenic lymphocyte proliferation in response to an immune challenge. C1 ARS, USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. Univ Wisconsin Stout, Menomonie, WI USA. RP Nielsen, FH (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 32 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 7 PU HUMANA PRESS INC PI TOTOWA PA 999 RIVERVIEW DRIVE SUITE 208, TOTOWA, NJ 07512 USA SN 0163-4984 J9 BIOL TRACE ELEM RES JI Biol. Trace Elem. Res. PD SUM PY 2002 VL 87 IS 1-3 BP 133 EP 142 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 570KQ UT WOS:000176657800010 PM 12117223 ER PT J AU Saari, JT AF Saari, JT TI Renal copper as an index of copper status in marginal deficiency SO BIOLOGICAL TRACE ELEMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE copper deficiency; kidney; liver; ceruloplasmin; heart; erythrocyte; neutrophil; glycation; platelet ID RATS AB Marginal copper (Cu) deficiency is difficult to study, in part because its effects may be small, but also because feeding of a deficient diet may not cause a discernable change in Cu status. The key to resolution of effects may be in the choice of Cu status index. In this study, liver Cu concentration, a commonly used index of Cu status, was compared with activity of ceruloplasmin (CP), a circulating Cu-dependent enzyme, and kidney Cu concentration for their utility in resolving effects of marginal Cu deficiency. Seventy male, weanling rats were fed diets containing, nominally, 0, 1.5, 3, 4.5, or 6 mg Cu/kg diet for 5 wk. All three indices showed strong depression with severe deficiency (dietary Cu=0), but were relatively weak in their ability to distinguish between animals fed marginally deficient diets when compared by group statistics (ANOVA). Further, group statistics revealed no effect of marginal deficiency on six other variables known to change with severe Cu deficiency: heart weight/body weight, hematocrit, red cell distribution width, neutrophil count, glycated hemoglobin, and platelet count. To take into account interanimal variation, the three putative indices were plotted against these six variables and linear regression was performed on points representing marginally deficient rats. None of the variables showed significant regression with liver Cu or serum ceruloplasmin, but three showed significant regression with kidney Cu. These findings indicate that kidney Cu is preferable to liver Cu or ceruloplasmin as an index of Cu status in marginal deficiency and that linear regression is a possible way of testing for effects of marginal Cu deficiency, especially when effects are subtle. C1 USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Saari, JT (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 13 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU HUMANA PRESS INC PI TOTOWA PA 999 RIVERVIEW DRIVE SUITE 208, TOTOWA, NJ 07512 USA SN 0163-4984 J9 BIOL TRACE ELEM RES JI Biol. Trace Elem. Res. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 86 IS 3 BP 237 EP 247 DI 10.1385/BTER:86:3:237 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 550QT UT WOS:000175514300005 PM 12019521 ER PT J AU Steadham, EM Martin, BM Thoen, CO AF Steadham, EM Martin, BM Thoen, CO TI Production of a Mycobacterium avium ssp paratuberculosis purified protein derivative (PPD) and evaluation of potency in guinea pigs SO BIOLOGICALS LA English DT Article DE Mycobacterium avium ssp paratuberculosis; PPD; delayed-type hypersensitivity AB A Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis purified protein derivative (PPD) was produced and the biologic activity evaluated in sensitized guinea pigs. The PPD when adjusted to a protein concentration of 1 mg/ml induced a delayed-type hypersensitivity response comparable to USDA Johnin OT 133-8707. (C) 2002 The International Association for Biologicals. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Microbiol Immunol & Prevent Med, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA, APHIS, VS, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Steadham, EM (reprint author), Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 5 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1045-1056 J9 BIOLOGICALS JI Biologicals PD JUN PY 2002 VL 30 IS 2 BP 93 EP 95 DI 10.1006/biol.2002.0321 PG 3 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 587DN UT WOS:000177625400003 PM 12127310 ER PT J AU Solaiman, DKY Ashby, RD Foglia, TA AF Solaiman, DKY Ashby, RD Foglia, TA TI Synthesis of poly(hydroxyalkanoates) by Escherichia coli expressing mutated and chimeric PHA synthase genes SO BIOTECHNOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE chimeric gene; domain switching; poly(hydroxyalkanoates) synthase; Pseudomonas resinovorans; Ralstonia eutropha ID POLYHYDROXYALKANOATE BIOSYNTHESIS GENES; PSEUDOMONAS-AERUGINOSA; PCR CLONING; POLY(3-HYDROXYALKANOATES); PURIFICATION; METABOLISM; OLEOVORANS; BACTERIAL; PROTEINS; ENZYMES AB Pseudomonas resinovorans phaC1(Pre) and phaC2(Pre) genes coding for poly(hydroxyalkanoate) (PHA) synthases were cloned by PCR and expressed in E. coli LS1298 (fadB). Repeat-unit composition analysis showed that beta-hydroxydecanoate (67-75 mol%) and beta-hydroxyoctanoate (25-33 mol%) are the major monomers of the PHA produced in cells grown on decanoate. Sequence analysis showed that the gene products of phaC1(Pre) and phaC2(Pre) had 61% identical (75% positive) amino-acid sequence matches, and both sequences contained a conserved alpha/beta-hydrolase fold in the carboxy-terminal portion of the proteins. Switching the alpha/beta-hydrolase folds of phaC1(Pre) and phaC2(Pre) yielded chimeric pha7 and pha8 genes that afforded PHA synthesis in E. coli LS1298. The repeat-unit compositions of PHA in cells containing pha7 and pha8 were similar to those found in transformants containing the parental genes. Deletion mutants of phaC1(Pre) and phaC2(Pre) that resulted in potential translational fusions also supported PHA synthesis with similar repeat-unit compositions. Chimeric genes obtained from the switching of fragments containing the alpha/beta-hydrolase folds of phaC1(Pre) and Ralstonia eutropha phbC did not direct the synthesis of PHA in transformed cells. C1 ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Solaiman, DKY (reprint author), ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 23 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0141-5492 J9 BIOTECHNOL LETT JI Biotechnol. Lett. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 24 IS 12 BP 1011 EP 1016 DI 10.1023/A:1015685229489 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 555RF UT WOS:000175806500011 ER PT J AU Gleason, SM Ewel, KC AF Gleason, SM Ewel, KC TI Organic matter dynamics on the forest floor of a Micronesian mangrove forest: An investigation of species composition shifts SO BIOTROPICA LA English DT Article DE Bruguiera gymnorrhiza; decomposition; Micronesia; organic matter; Rhizophora apiculata; root production; Sonneratia alba; species composition ID TROPICAL AUSTRALIA; ENERGY-FLOW; CARBON; LITTER; NITROGEN; TURNOVER; GROWTH; ROOTS; CRABS; SOIL AB Species composition shifts in mangrove forests may alter organic matter dynamics. The purpose of this study was to predict the effect of species replacements among mangrove trees on organic matter dynamics in a mangrove forest on the island of Kosrae. Federated States of Micronesia. We were particularly interested in elements of the carbon cycle that affect peat accumulation rates, organic matter exports to the estuary and coral reef systems, and soil microbiology. We compared organic matter production and decomposition rates among three mangrove species that commonly grow in similar hydrogeomorphic settings: Rhizophora apiculata BL, which is selectively harvested; Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, which may gradually replace Rhizophora; and Sonneratia alba, which is producing few mature fruits. Sonneratia had significantly higher rates of root production (estimated with ingrowth chambers) than Bruguiera or Rhizophora. Sonneratia foliage had significantly faster decomposition rates and significantly lower lignin:nitrogen ratios than Bruguiera foliage. Live root mass was positively correlated with ingrowth and soil carbon, although soil carbon and ingrowth were not significantly correlated with each other. Humic acid concentrations were significantly higher in Sonneratia rhizospheres than in either Bruguiera or Rhizophora rhizospheres and were positively correlated with root ingrowth. The species changes taking place on Kosrae are likely to result in lower rates of root production and foliage decomposition, and more refractory carbon pools in soil. C1 Univ Hawaii, Dept Trop Plant & Soil Sci, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. RP Gleason, SM (reprint author), USA, Directorate Publ Works, Environm Div, POB 6346, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. NR 45 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 17 PU ASSOC TROPICAL BIOLOGY INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0006-3606 J9 BIOTROPICA JI Biotropica PD JUN PY 2002 VL 34 IS 2 BP 190 EP 198 DI 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2002.tb00530.x PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 569EE UT WOS:000176587000001 ER PT J AU Kennedy, BP Klaue, A Blum, JD Folt, CL Nislow, KH AF Kennedy, BP Klaue, A Blum, JD Folt, CL Nislow, KH TI Reconstructing the lives of fish using Sr isotopes in otoliths SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID POPULATIONS; MIGRATION; ELEMENTS AB For many species, understanding the processes underlying variation in life history strategies is limited by the difficulty of tracking individuals throughout their lives. Within the rapidly expanding field of otolith microchemistry, novel approaches are being combined with state-of-the-art analytical techniques to provide new and valuable information about the environmental history of fishes. However, no approach to date allows the reconstruction of fish movements at high temporal resolution (weeks to months) over relatively small spatial scales (1-10 km). We used micromilling techniques to extract strontium (Sr) isotopic signatures from the otoliths of four returning Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) adults. Distinct Sr isotopic signatures were detectable from four life cycle stages, including prefeeding hatchery development, rearing stream growth, smolt out-migration, and ocean residence. High-resolution analyses of Sr isotope records establish that natal stream signatures are recoverable and show that both site fidelity within the freshwater stage and the timing of migration vary considerably among individuals. Results made possible with this approach provide insight into a long-standing debate on the mobility of salmon during their nonmigratory stage. The ability to resolve flexible behaviors of salmon increases our understanding of their population biology and conservation needs. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Dartmouth Coll, Dept Biol Sci, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. US Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, USDA, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Kennedy, BP (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, 425 E Univ Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NR 12 TC 120 Z9 125 U1 1 U2 36 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 59 IS 6 BP 925 EP 929 DI 10.1139/F02-070 PG 5 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 589XC UT WOS:000177786000002 ER PT J AU Rentch, JS Desta, F Miller, GW AF Rentch, JS Desta, F Miller, GW TI Climate, canopy disturbance, and radial growth averaging in a second-growth mixed-oak forest in West Virginia, USA SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID NORTH-ATLANTIC OSCILLATION; WHITE OAK; UNITED-STATES; TREE GROWTH; DENDROCLIMATOLOGICAL ANALYSIS; SUCCESSIONAL STATUS; HARDWOOD FOREST; WATER RELATIONS; HEIGHT GROWTH; NEW-HAMPSHIRE AB This study evaluated the use of radial growth averaging as a technique of identifying canopy disturbances in a thinned 55-year-old mixed-oak stand in West Virginia. We used analysis of variance to determine the time interval (averaging period) and lag period (time between thinning and growth increase) that best captured the growth increase associated with different levels of crown release of Quercus prinus L. and Quercus rubra L. A lag of 3 years and an interval of 7 years yielded the best fit of percent growth change and percent crown release, respectively, for Q. prinus; for Q. rubra, the radial growth response did not differ significantly when lag and interval were varied from 1 to 3 and 6 to 15 years, respectively. The relationship between percent crown release and percent growth change was linear for both species. This method provides a suitable means of detecting canopy disturbances affecting overstory trees and is potentially applicable to other tree species. When combined with fire histories, these data can provide the basis for reconstructing long-term disturbance regimes. This estimate may also provide a framework for scheduling the rate of stand entry for silvicultural treatments (e.g., thinning) that is consistent with its historic stand development. C1 W Virginia Univ, Div Forestry, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. W Virginia Univ, Dept Stat, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, NE Expt Stn, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Rentch, JS (reprint author), W Virginia Univ, Div Forestry, POB 6125, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. EM jrentch2@wvu.edu NR 98 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 8 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 32 IS 6 BP 915 EP 927 DI 10.1139/X02-016 PG 13 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 564KJ UT WOS:000176313300001 ER PT J AU Kobe, RK Likens, GE Eagar, C AF Kobe, RK Likens, GE Eagar, C TI Tree seedling growth and mortality responses to manipulations of calcium and aluminum in a northern hardwood forest SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID SUGAR MAPLE STANDS; RED SPRUCE; ACID-RAIN; HUBBARD BROOK; ECOSYSTEM; NUTRITION; FOLIAR; PINE; SENSITIVITY; DEPOSITION AB To assess potential forest compositional responses to exchangeable soil calcium (Ca-exch) and aluminum (Al-exch), we characterized light-dependent growth and mortality of tree seedlings under amendments of CaCl2 and AlCl3 at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF), New Hampshire, U.S.A. Seedlings of Acer saccharum Marsh., Fagus grandifolia Ehrh., Betula alleghaniensis Britton, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill., and Picea rubens Sarg. were transplanted into field plots, which were randomly assigned to control, CaCl2, or AlCl3 treatments and stratified across <1 to 35% full sun. Acer saccharum and P. rubens exhibited significantly higher mortality in Al-amended than Ca-amended or control plots. Acer saccharum showed significant increases in relative diameter growth in Ca-amended plots versus controls; all other species showed nonsignificantly higher relative diameter growth under Ca amendments. We incorporated significant seedling responses into a model of forest dynamics (SORTIE) to assess potential changes in species composition under Al-exch increases and Ca-exch losses. SORTIE predicts that further increases in Al-exch would have negligible effects on canopy composition within 200 years but that the estimated Ca-exch depleted from HBEF between 1968 and 1995 and its influence on seedling dynamics could lead to substantial decreases in A. saccharum canopy dominance within a single forest generation (<125 years). C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Forestry, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Kobe, RK (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Forestry, Nat Resources Bldg, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RI Kobe, Richard/M-1054-2014 NR 36 TC 67 Z9 67 U1 1 U2 15 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 32 IS 6 BP 954 EP 966 DI 10.1139/X02-018 PG 13 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 564KJ UT WOS:000176313300004 ER PT J AU Pyare, S Longland, WS AF Pyare, S Longland, WS TI Interrelationships among northern flying squirrels, truffles, and microhabitat structure in Sierra Nevada old-growth habitat SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID HYPOGEOUS FUNGI; SMALL MAMMALS; NORTHEASTERN CALIFORNIA; PREDATION-RISK; SPOTTED OWLS; ECTOMYCORRHIZAL-FUNGI; SPOROCARP PRODUCTION; SOUTHWESTERN OREGON; FOREST REMNANTS; WESTERN OREGON AB During 1997-1998, we investigated the influence of both the relative abundance of truffles, preferred food items, and microhabitat structure on the occurrence of northern flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus Shaw) in old-growth forest habitat of the Sierra Nevada Range, U.S.A. Following live-trapping sessions, we searched the forest floor for truffle diggings and sampled the soil for truffles. Diggings were more abundant where flying squirrels were captured, suggesting squirrels were active near areas of the forest floor where truffles had recently been excavated. The frequency of sampling plots with truffles was higher where squirrels were captured, further suggesting preferences for microhabitats where truffles were more abundant. We also measured 15 microhabitat variables at trap stations to evaluate the influence of aboveground microhabitat characteristics on squirrel occurrence. Results indicated that flying squirrels preferred microhabitats with understory cover, which may minimize predation from aerial predators like spotted owls (Strix occidentalis Merriam). Neither abundance of coarse woody debris, a feature conducive to fungal growth, nor the abundance of potential nesting sites (i.e., snags) measurably influenced squirrel occurrence. While various aboveground forest-microhabitat characteristics affect the use of old-growth forests by flying squirrels, these animals refine their use of these forests based on fine-scale changes in the availability of a highly preferred and ephemeral food item. C1 Univ Nevada, Ecol Evolut & Conservat Biol Program, Reno, NV 89557 USA. USDA ARS, Reno, NV 89512 USA. RP Pyare, S (reprint author), Denver Zool Fdn, POB 20377, Juneau, AK 99802 USA. EM pyare@blissnet.com NR 67 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 9 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 32 IS 6 BP 1016 EP 1024 DI 10.1139/X02-002 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 564KJ UT WOS:000176313300011 ER PT J AU Richardson, BA Klopfenstein, NB Brunsfeld, SJ AF Richardson, BA Klopfenstein, NB Brunsfeld, SJ TI Assessing Clark's nutcracker seed-caching flights using maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA of whitebark pine SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID POPULATION DIFFERENTIATION; GENETIC-STRUCTURE; PONDEROSA PINE; DISPERSAL; EVOLUTION AB Maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis Engelm.) were used to examine the maternal genetic structure at three hierarchical spatial scales: fine scale, coarse scale, and inter population. These data were used to draw inferences into Clark's nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana Wilson) seed-caching flight distances. Statistical analyses of fine-scale and coarse-scale distribution of haplotypes showed no apparent signs of deviation from a random pattern. This suggests nutcrackers are effective in dispersal of seed within populations, which is consistent with data gathered on nutcracker seed-caching behavior. However, the lack of homogeneity in haplotype frequencies among populations indicates nutcrackers rarely disperse seeds across large gaps (>20 km) in subalpine habitat. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. Univ Idaho, Dept Forest Resources, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. RP Richardson, BA (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 1221 S Main St, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. NR 18 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 6 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 32 IS 6 BP 1103 EP 1107 DI 10.1139/X02-037 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 564KJ UT WOS:000176313300018 ER PT J AU Tkacz, BM AF Tkacz, BM TI Pest risks associated with importing wood to the United States SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE PHYTOPATHOLOGIE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Joint Meeting of the Canadian-Phytopathological-Society/Pacific Division of the American-Phytopathological-Society CY JUN, 2000 CL VICTORIA, CANADA SP Canadian Phytopathol Soc, Amer Phytopathol Soc, Pacific Div DE pest risk assessment; import regulations; forest pests AB Increasing world trade in unmanufactured wood articles has amplified the risks of inadvertent introduction of pests into new environments. Previous introductions of non-native invasive organisms into the United States have resulted in severe outbreaks with economic and ecological disruption in forests. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) and the USDA Forest Service have developed a pest risk assessment process that attempts to identify the risks associated with importation of unmanufactured wood articles. Assessments have been completed for importation into the United States of logs from Russia, New Zealand, Mexico, and South America. The results of these assessments are considered in developing regulatory approaches to preventing introductions of non-native invasive organisms. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Tkacz, BM (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Stop Code 1110,1400 Independence Ave SW, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 14 TC 10 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-0661 J9 CAN J PLANT PATHOL JI Can. J. Plant Pathol.-Rev. Can. Phytopathol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 24 IS 2 BP 111 EP 116 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 562NC UT WOS:000176203600002 ER PT J AU Larson, IA Ordovas, JM Sun, Z Barnard, JR Lohrmann, J Feussner, G Lamon-Fava, S Schaefer, EJ AF Larson, IA Ordovas, JM Sun, Z Barnard, JR Lohrmann, J Feussner, G Lamon-Fava, S Schaefer, EJ TI Effects of apolipoprotein A-IV genotype on glucose and plasma lipoprotein levels SO CLINICAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE apolipoprotein A-IV; cholesterol; glucose; lipids; lipoproteins; polymorphism ID GENETIC-POLYMORPHISM; LIPID-METABOLISM; CHOLESTEROL; POPULATION; FREQUENCY; PROTEIN; ASSOCIATION; ACTIVATION; CODON-347; TRANSPORT AB The effects of apolipoprotein (apo) A-IV genotype on serum glucose, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglyceride and glucose concentrations were ascertained in a population of 373 men and 361 women with a mean age of about 57 years. Subjects were evaluated at entry into a lifestyle intervention program. Apolipoprotein A-IV genotype variations at residues 347 and 360 were examined, as these mutations affect the sequence of apo A-IV, a major protein constituent of intestinal triglyceride-rich lipoprotein and HDL. With regard to the apo A-IV 360 mutation, 16.4% of the females and 13.4% of the males carried the apo A-IV 2-allele, almost entirely in the heterozygous state. No effect of the apo A-IV 1/2 genotype was observed in either men or women on total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglyceride, the total cholesterol (TC)/HDL ratio, or on A-I, A-IV and apo B levels. This was also the case for the apo A-IV 347 mutation. However, women with the apo A-IV 360 1/2 genotype had significantly (p < 0.005) higher glucose levels (105.5 mg/dl) compared with the 1/1 wild-type (94.0 mg/dl). All analyses were also adjusted for age, body mass index, medications, alcohol use and cigarette smoking. The prevalence of the 347 mutation was somewhat higher than the 360 mutation, with 29% of the females and 32.0% of the males being heterozygous for this mutation, and 3.9% of the females and 5.4% of the males being homozygous for this mutation.These data are consistent with the concept that the apo A-IV 360 and 347 genotypes have no significant effect on apo A-IV levels and other lipid parameters in either gender. However, apo A-IV 360 1/2 genotype did have a significant effect on serum glucose levels in women. C1 Tufts Univ, Sch Med, New England Med Ctr,Lipid Metab Lab, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ Heidelberg, Sch Med, Dept Internal Med, Heidelberg, Germany. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Physiol Sci, Los Angeles, CA USA. Univ Freiburg, Dept Clin Chem, Freiburg, Germany. RP Schaefer, EJ (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Sch Med, New England Med Ctr,Lipid Metab Lab, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL54776] NR 39 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0009-9163 J9 CLIN GENET JI Clin. Genet. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 61 IS 6 BP 430 EP 436 DI 10.1034/j.1399-0004.2002.610606.x PG 7 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 571XN UT WOS:000176744600006 PM 12121350 ER PT J AU Barza, M Gorbach, S Bailar, J Fedorka-Cray, PJ McEwen, S O'Brien, TF Summers, AO Swartz, M Vidaver, A Levy, SB Travers, K Young, KT DeVincent, SJ AF Barza, M Gorbach, S Bailar, J Fedorka-Cray, PJ McEwen, S O'Brien, TF Summers, AO Swartz, M Vidaver, A Levy, SB Travers, K Young, KT DeVincent, SJ CA FAAIR Sci Advisory Panel TI Policy recommendations SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article C1 Alliance Prudent Use Antibiot, Ecol Program, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Carney Hosp, Boston, MA USA. Tufts Univ New England Med Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ Chicago, Dept Hlth Studies, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. ARS, Antimicrobial Resistance Res Unit, USDA, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA USA. Univ Guelph, Dept Populat Med, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Brigham & Womens Hosp, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Microbiol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Med Serv, Jackson Firm, Boston, MA USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Plant Pathol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP DeVincent, SJ (reprint author), Alliance Prudent Use Antibiot, Ecol Program, 75 Kneeland St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUN 1 PY 2002 VL 34 SU 3 BP S76 EP S77 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 552LD UT WOS:000175621100003 ER PT J AU Barza, M Gorbach, S Bailar, J Fedorka-Cray, PJ McEwen, S O'Brien, TF Summers, AO Swartz, M Vidaver, A Levy, SB Travers, K Young, KT DeVincent, SJ AF Barza, M Gorbach, S Bailar, J Fedorka-Cray, PJ McEwen, S O'Brien, TF Summers, AO Swartz, M Vidaver, A Levy, SB Travers, K Young, KT DeVincent, SJ CA FAAIR Sci Advisory Panel TI Select findings and conclusions SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article C1 Alliance Prudent Use Antibiot, Ecol Program, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Carney Hosp, Boston, MA USA. Tufts Univ New England Med Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ Chicago, Dept Hlth Studies, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. ARS, Antimicrobial Resistance Res Unit, USDA, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA USA. Univ Guelph, Dept Populat Med, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Brigham & Womens Hosp, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Microbiol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Med Serv, Jackson Firm, Boston, MA 02114 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Plant Pathol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP DeVincent, SJ (reprint author), Alliance Prudent Use Antibiot, Ecol Program, 75 Kneeland St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUN 1 PY 2002 VL 34 SU 3 BP S73 EP S75 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 552LD UT WOS:000175621100002 ER PT J AU McEwen, SA Fedorka-Cray, PJ AF McEwen, SA Fedorka-Cray, PJ TI Antimicrobial use and resistance in animals SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Review ID MUCOSAL COMPETITIVE-EXCLUSION; SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANCE; CAMPYLOBACTER-JEJUNI; BROILER-CHICKENS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; ALIMENTARY-TRACT; QUINOLONE RESISTANCE; GROWTH PROMOTION; FEED ADDITIVES AB Food animals in the United States are often exposed to antimicrobials to treat and prevent infectious disease or to promote growth. Many of these antimicrobials are identical to or closely resemble drugs used in humans. Precise figures for the quantity of antimicrobials used in animals are not publicly available in the United States, and estimates vary widely. Antimicrobial resistance has emerged in zoonotic enteropathogens (e. g., Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp.), commensal bacteria (e. g., Escherichia coli, enterococci), and bacterial pathogens of animals (e. g., Pasteurella, Actinobacillus spp.), but the prevalence of resistance varies. Antimicrobial resistance emerges from the use of antimicrobials in animals and the subsequent transfer of resistance genes and bacteria among animals and animal products and the environment. To slow the development of resistance, some countries have restricted antimicrobial use in feed, and some groups advocate similar measures in the United States. Alternatives to growth-promoting and prophylactic uses of antimicrobials in agriculture include improved management practices, wider use of vaccines, and introduction of probiotics. Monitoring programs, prudent use guidelines, and educational campaigns provide approaches to minimize the further development of antimicrobial resistance. C1 Univ Guelph, Ontario Vet Coll, Dept Populat Med, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. ARS, USDA, Athens, GA USA. RP McEwen, SA (reprint author), Univ Guelph, Ontario Vet Coll, Dept Populat Med, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. NR 134 TC 233 Z9 244 U1 8 U2 64 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUN 1 PY 2002 VL 34 SU 3 BP S93 EP S106 DI 10.1086/340246 PG 14 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 552LD UT WOS:000175621100006 PM 11988879 ER PT J AU Sunehag, AL Haymond, MW AF Sunehag, AL Haymond, MW TI Glucose extremes in newborn infants SO CLINICS IN PERINATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LOW-BIRTH-WEIGHT; PARENTERAL-NUTRITION; NEONATAL HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN INFUSION; CONGENITAL HYPERINSULINISM; LESS-THAN-28 WEEKS; DIABETIC MOTHERS; GESTATIONAL-AGE; TERM INFANTS; 1100 GRAMS AB Most healthy term infants adapt rapidly to the metabolic demands of extrauterine life by activating their glycogenolytic and gluconeogenic pathways within a few hours after birth. Some infants, although born at term, have disturbed glucose metabolism and are at risk of hypoglycemia [eg, infants with transient hyperinsulinemia, growth retarded infants (SGA), infants with persistent hyperinsulinemia (PHHI) and with hormone and enzyme defects]. Premature infants also activate their metabolic pathways shortly after birth, but limited storage of body fuel places them at high risk of hypoglycemia. Because these infants have decreased tolerance for enteral feedings, they are dependent on parenteral nutrition during the first weeks of life. They have, however, a low tolerance for parenteral glucose, resulting in a frequent occurrence of hyperglycemia. C1 Baylor Univ, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Sunehag, AL (reprint author), Baylor Univ, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 86 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0095-5108 J9 CLIN PERINATOL JI Clin. Perinatol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 29 IS 2 BP 245 EP + AR PII S0095-5108(02)00006-4 DI 10.1016/S0095-5108(02)00006-4 PG 17 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics SC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics GA 577YY UT WOS:000177091700004 PM 12168240 ER PT J AU Griffin, IJ AF Griffin, IJ TI Postdischarge nutrition for high risk neonates SO CLINICS IN PERINATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FOR-GESTATIONAL-AGE; LOW-BIRTH-WEIGHT; CATCH-UP GROWTH; CONGENITAL HEART-DISEASE; CHILDREN BORN SMALL; NUTRIENT-ENRICHED FORMULA; FEEDING PRETERM INFANTS; HOSPITAL DISCHARGE; RANDOMIZED TRIAL; BODY-COMPOSITION AB Despite improvements in neonatal care many preterm babies suffer growth failure during their hospitalization. This article examines the causes and consequences of poor growth in hospitalized preterm infants, the possible long-term effects of this poor growth, and the use of nutritional interventions after hospital discharge to correct these deficits. The article principally considers the "healthy" preterm infant as a model, but also discusses other high-risk newborns, such as term infants with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) or those born small for gestational age (SGA) and infants who develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Sect Neonatol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Griffin, IJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 92 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 1 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0095-5108 J9 CLIN PERINATOL JI Clin. Perinatol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 29 IS 2 BP 327 EP + AR PII S0095-5108(02)00004-0 DI 10.1016/S0095-5108(02)00004-0 PG 19 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics SC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics GA 577YY UT WOS:000177091700009 PM 12168245 ER PT J AU Rosebrough, RW Poch, SM Russell, BA Richards, MP AF Rosebrough, RW Poch, SM Russell, BA Richards, MP TI Dietary protein regulates in vitro lipogenesis and lipogenic gene expression in broilers SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY A-MOLECULAR AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE gene expression; diets; metabolism; chickens; lipogenesis; enzyme activities ID AMINO-ACID BALANCE; EGG-LAYING LINES; LIPID-METABOLISM; MESSENGER-RNA; MALIC ENZYME; NUTRITIONAL REGULATION; HEPATIC LIPOGENESIS; INVITRO LIPOGENESIS; CARCASS COMPOSITION; FOOD-CONSUMPTION AB The purpose of this experiment was to determine the possible relationship between certain indices of lipid metabolism and specific gene expression in chickens fed graded levels of dietary crude protein. Male, broiler chickens growing from 7 to 28 days of age were fed diets containing 12, 21 or 30% protein ad libitum. In addition, another group of birds was fed on a regimen consisting of a daily change in the dietary protein level (12 or 30%). This latter group was further subdivided such that one-half of the birds received each level of protein on alternating days. Birds were sampled from 28 to 30 days of age. Measurements taken included in vitro lipogenesis, malic enzyme activity the expression of the genes for malic enzyme, fatty acid synthase and acetyl coenzyme carboxylase. In vitro lipogenesis and malic enzyme activity were inversely related to dietary protein levels (12-30%) and to acute changes from 12 to 30%. In contrast, expression of malic enzyme, fatty acid synthase and acetyl CoA carboxylase genes were constant over a dietary protein range of 12-21%, but decreased by feeding a 30% protein diet (acute or chronic feeding). Results of the present study demonstrate a continued role for protein in the regulation of broiler metabolism. It should be pointed out, however, that metabolic regulation at the gene level only occurs when feeding very high levels of dietary protein. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, Growth Biol Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, USDA,Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Rosebrough, RW (reprint author), ARS, Growth Biol Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, USDA,Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 35 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1095-6433 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS A JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A-Mol. Integr. Physiol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 132 IS 2 BP 423 EP 431 AR PII S1095-6433(02)00084-3 DI 10.1016/S1095-6433(02)00084-3 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Physiology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Physiology; Zoology GA 561AH UT WOS:000176113300018 PM 12020658 ER PT J AU Harshini, S Nachman, RJ Sreekumar, S AF Harshini, S Nachman, RJ Sreekumar, S TI Inhibition of digestive enzyme release by neuropeptides in larvae of Opisina arenosella (Lepidoptera : Cryptophasidae) SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE amylase; coconut pest; digestive enzyme release; leucokinin; neuropeptide; Opisina arenosella; pyrokinin; protease ID LEUCOPHAEA-MADERAE; INSECT NEUROPEPTIDES; MYOTROPIC PEPTIDES; FAMILY; MEMBERS; CEPHALOMYOTROPINS AB Leucokinins are a group of structurally related neuropeptides stimulating gut motility and fluid secretion by Malpighian tubule in insects. For studying effect of neuropeptides on digestive enzyme release, empty midgut tubes of larvae of Opisina arenosella ligated at both ends with hair were incubated with Leucokinins (LK I-VIII), LK analogues and Leucopyrokinin (LPK) in a bioassay apparatus at 37 degreesC for 30 min. The lumen contents were subsequently analyzed for digestive enzyme levels. The neuropeptides LK III, FFSWG amide, 122 A[1] WP-2, LPK and 434 [phi2] WP-1 inhibited the release of digestive enzymes, protease and amylase while LK VIII, unique in having tyrosine residue, stimulated protease release. The minimum sequence of amino acids at the C-terminal required for activity of LK peptides was found to be FXSWGamide (X=Asn, His, Ser, or Trp). The N-terminal pyroglutamate residue and proline at the C-terminal may contribute to the inhibitory effect of LPK on digestive enzyme release. The present study reveals for the first time an inhibitory effect for leucokinins and pyrokinin on the release of digestive enzymes from the insect midgut. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Coll, Dept Zool, Trivandrum 695034, Kerala, India. USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Sreekumar, S (reprint author), Univ Coll, Dept Zool, Trivandrum 695034, Kerala, India. EM sree_kumar85@hotmail.com NR 24 TC 23 Z9 26 U1 3 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1096-4959 EI 1879-1107 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS B JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B-Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 132 IS 2 BP 353 EP 358 AR PII S1096-4959(02)00047-7 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology GA 572RF UT WOS:000176788200006 PM 12031460 ER PT J AU Ranieri, SBL van Lier, QD Sparovek, G Flanagan, DC AF Ranieri, SBL van Lier, QD Sparovek, G Flanagan, DC TI Erosion database interface (EDI): a computer program for georeferenced application of erosion prediction models SO COMPUTERS & GEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article DE soil erosion; modeling; GIS; watershed ID SOIL LOSS EQUATION; GIS AB The multidisciplinary approach of soil erosion research often requires erosion to be treated as spatial georeferenced information. This condition is essential so as to be compatible with information analyzed via Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The original versions of important soil erosion prediction models such as the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) do not operate on a georeferenced basis. The Erosion Database Interface (EDI) is a computer program for georeferenced application of USLE and WEPP. EDI uses, as input, a text format database with points defined by coordinates (x, y, and z) representing hillslopes, each point associated to soil type and land use. Such input data can be provided by different methods. Exclusive field work with ordinary topographic equipment and GIS procedures are examples of methods that can be used for this purpose. Flexibility in the methods adopted for providing input data is an important prerequisite for erosion prediction in tropical and developing regions. where soil erosion is a major concern and the availability of digital data is usually restricted, Hillslopes for EDI were defined as straight line segments beginning at the upper slope and ending down at runoff output, This restricts EDI as a complete erosion-prediction method for areas where runoff deflecting features predominate or where channel or gully erosion is to be considered. As output, EDI provides georeferenced soil erosion values in another text format database. This database can be used directly for statistical or geostatistical analysis or imported into a GIS for further processing. A practical example representative of a sugarcane-growing area located at the southeastern part of Brazil is used to illustrate EDI's performance. In this example, soil erosion maps were produced from GIS data using EDI as interface for erosion calculations for WEPP and USLE. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Sao Paulo, BR-05508 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP van Lier, QD (reprint author), Univ Sao Paulo, CP 9, BR-05508 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. RI de Jong van Lier, Quirijn/C-8054-2012; Sparovek, Gerd/C-4402-2012 OI de Jong van Lier, Quirijn/0000-0002-7131-5523; Sparovek, Gerd/0000-0001-8301-8529 NR 27 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0098-3004 J9 COMPUT GEOSCI-UK JI Comput. Geosci. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 28 IS 5 BP 661 EP 668 AR PII S0098-3004(01)00091-7 DI 10.1016/S0098-3004(01)00091-7 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Computer Science; Geology GA 559EZ UT WOS:000176013800007 ER PT J AU Byers, JE Reichard, S Randall, JM Parker, IM Smith, CS Lonsdale, WM Atkinson, IAE Seastedt, TR Williamson, M Chornesky, E Hayes, D AF Byers, JE Reichard, S Randall, JM Parker, IM Smith, CS Lonsdale, WM Atkinson, IAE Seastedt, TR Williamson, M Chornesky, E Hayes, D TI Directing research to reduce the impacts of nonindigenous species SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Review ID SPURGE EUPHORBIA-ESULA; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; PLANT INVASIONS; APPARENT COMPETITION; POPULATION-MODEL; UNITED-STATES; WEED-CONTROL; NEW-ZEALAND; MANAGEMENT; DIVERSITY AB Management of nonindigenous species is a crucial aspect of maintaining native biodiversity and normal ecosystem functions. We attempt to guide researchers in developing projects that will be of use to conservation practitioners, tangibly improving applied conservation measures. We advocate a directed approach for conservation research to aid in prioritizing nonindigenous species for intervention by resource managers. This approach includes outlining what needs to be known to make such relative judgments about the impacts of nonindigenous species and the most promising methods by which to obtain such information. We also address active measures that should be taken once priorities have been set, highlighting the roles of risk assessment and research in improving control efforts. Ultimately, a better match between research and practical conservation needs should result in more effective reduction of the effects of nonindigenous species on native species. C1 Univ New Hampshire, Dept Zool, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Univ Washington, Ecosyst Sci Div, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Ctr Urban Hort, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Vegetable Crops & Weed Sci, Nat Conservancy Wildland Invas Species Program, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Biol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. CSIRO Entomol, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. Ecol Res Associates New Zealand Inc, Silverstream 6430, New Zealand. Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Dept Environm Populat & Organism Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ York, Dept Biol, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Environm Studies, Nat Conservancy, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20090 USA. RP Byers, JE (reprint author), Univ New Hampshire, Dept Zool, Rudman Hall,46 Coll Rd, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RI Lonsdale, Mark/C-1403-2008; Ross, Donald/F-7607-2012 OI Lonsdale, Mark/0000-0002-6163-3691; Ross, Donald/0000-0002-8659-3833 NR 103 TC 258 Z9 285 U1 8 U2 71 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 16 IS 3 BP 630 EP 640 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.01057.x PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 556CP UT WOS:000175832000011 ER PT J AU Meyer, CB Miller, SL AF Meyer, CB Miller, SL TI Use of fragmented landscapes by marbled murrelets for nesting in southern Oregon SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID OLD-GROWTH; FOREST FRAGMENTATION; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; EDGE; SUCCESS AB As old-growth forest becomes more fragmented in the Pacific Northwest (U.S.A.), species dependent on large patches of old-growth forest may be at greater risk of extinction. The Marbled Murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus ), a seabird whose populations are declining in North America, nests in such old-growth forests or forests with large remnant trees. Using logistic regression models on landscapes in southern Oregon, we addressed (1) whether old-growth forest fragmentation was associated with use of an area by murrelets and (2) whether proximity to certain marine features was associated with use of forest fragments by murrelets. On a geographic information system vegetation map derived from satellite imagery, we placed circular plots of 400-, 800-, 1600-, and 3200-m radius over surveyed inland areas occupied or unoccupied by murrelets. Within each plot, spatial and other land- and seascape habitat variables were calculated and regressed against murrelet occupancy. Murrelets generally occupied low-elevation inland sites in landscapes with relatively low fragmentation and isolation of old-growth forest patches, and these sites were close to the coast, river mouths, and a major bay. Almost all occupied landscapes occurred in a fog-influenced vegetation zone. Because nesting habitat with large amounts of interior forest is currently scarce in southern Oregon, management efforts should focus on protecting or creating large, contiguous blocks of old-growth forest, especially in areas near the coast. C1 Univ Wyoming, Dept Bot, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. RP Meyer, CB (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, Dept Bot, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. NR 43 TC 17 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 14 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 16 IS 3 BP 755 EP 766 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00004.x PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 556CP UT WOS:000175832000024 ER PT J AU Lohr, SM Gauthreaux, SA Kilgo, JC AF Lohr, SM Gauthreaux, SA Kilgo, JC TI Importance of coarse woody debris to avian communities in loblolly pine forests SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CAVITY-NESTING BIRDS; HABITAT USE; WOODPECKERS; OREGON; POPULATIONS; MANAGEMENT; WASHINGTON; ABUNDANCE AB To investigate the importance of standing (snags) and down coarse woody debris ( DCWD) to bird communities in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda ) forests, we compared breeding (1997-1999) and nonbreeding (1997-1998, 1998-1999) responses of birds among two coarse woody debris (CWD) removal and control treatments. In each of four blocks, we established four experimental units: (1) DCWD removed, (2) snags and DCWD removed, and (3) and (4) unmodified control plots. We quantified vegetation layers to determine their effects on the experimental outcome. Total breeding bird abundance, abundance of resident species, breeding bird diversity, breeding species richness, and abundance of Great Crested Flycatchers (Myiarchus crinitus ) were reduced by the removal of DCWD and snags. Total woodpecker and Carolina Wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus ) breeding territories were reduced by snag removal. Weak excavating and secondary cavity-nesting species, Neotropical migrants, and Eastern Towhees (Pipilio erythrophthalmus ) had fewer breeding territories on plots where DCWD was removed. Red-headed Woodpeckers ( Melanerpes erythrocephalus ) and midstory and canopy-nesting species were at lowest densities on plots where all CWD had been removed. The CWD removal had no effect on the nonbreeding bird community. Most breeding and nonbreeding species used habitats with sparse midstory and well-developed understory, whereas sparse canopy cover and dense midstory were important to some nonbreeding species. Snag and DCWD retention, and practices that maintain a dense understory and sparse midstory and canopy, will create favorable breeding habitat for many bird species of loblolly pine forests. C1 Clemson Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Aiken, SC 29809 USA. RP Lohr, SM (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Witherbee Rd Stn, 2421 Witherbee Rd, Cordesville, SC 29434 USA. NR 32 TC 63 Z9 65 U1 2 U2 27 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 16 IS 3 BP 767 EP 777 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.01019.x PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 556CP UT WOS:000175832000025 ER PT J AU Ort, DR Baker, NR AF Ort, DR Baker, NR TI A photoprotective role for O-2 as an alternative electron sink in photosynthesis? SO CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY LA English DT Review ID WATER-WATER CYCLE; NONPHOTOCHEMICAL REDUCTION; EXCESS LIGHT; PROTON SLIP; LEAVES; CHLORORESPIRATION; CHLOROPLASTS; TRANSPORT; PLASTOQUINONE; PLANTS AB Photoprotection of the photosynthetic apparatus has two essential elements: first, the thermal dissipation of excess excitation energy in the photosystern II antennae (i.e. non-photochemical quenching), and second, the ability of photosystem II to transfer electrons to acceptors within the chloroplast (i.e. photochemical quenching). Recent studies indicate that the proportion of absorbed photons that are thermally dissipated through the non-photochemical pathway often reaches a maximum well before saturating irradiances are reached. Hence, photochemical quenching is crucial for photoprotection at saturating light intensities. When plants are exposed to environmental stresses and the availability of CO2 within the leaf is restricted, the reduction of oxygen by both the photorespiratory and the Mehler ascorbate peroxidase pathways appears to play a critical photoprotective role, substituting for CO2 in sustaining electron flow. Induction of high activity of the Mehler ascorbate peroxidase pathway may be associated with acclimation to environmental stress. C1 USDA ARS, Photosynth Res Unit, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Plant Biol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Essex, Dept Biol Sci, John Tabor Labs, Colchester CO4 3SQ, Essex, England. RP Ort, DR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Photosynth Res Unit, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RI Baker, Neil/F-6486-2011 NR 44 TC 264 Z9 281 U1 2 U2 45 PU CURRENT BIOLOGY LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 1369-5266 J9 CURR OPIN PLANT BIOL JI Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 5 IS 3 BP 193 EP 198 DI 10.1016/S1369-5266(02)00259-5 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 545GD UT WOS:000175208000002 PM 11960735 ER PT J AU Laudencia-Chingcuanco, D Hake, S AF Laudencia-Chingcuanco, D Hake, S TI The indeterminate floral apex1 gene regulates meristem determinacy and identity in the maize inflorescence SO DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE determinacy; meristem; maize; ovule; floral reversion; spikelet ID HOMEOTIC GENE; SEX DETERMINATION; FLOWER DEVELOPMENT; ARABIDOPSIS; MAINTENANCE; ACTIVATION; MUTATIONS; KNOTTED1; ENCODES; PROTEIN AB Meristems may be determinate or indeterminate. In maize, the indeterminate inflorescence meristem produces three types of determinate meristems: spikelet pair, spikelet and floral meristems. These meristems are defined by their position and their products. We have discovered a gene in maize, indeterminate floral apex1 (ifa1) that regulates meristem determinacy. The defect found in ifa1 mutants is specific to meristems and does not affect lateral organs. In ifa1 mutants, the determinate meristems become less determinate. The spikelet pair meristem initiates more than a pair of spikelets and the spikelet meristem initiates more than the normal two flowers. The floral meristem initiates all organs correctly, but the ovule primordium, the terminal product of the floral meristem, enlarges and proliferates, expressing both meristem and ovule marker genes. A role for ifa1 in meristem identity in addition to meristem determinacy was revealed by double mutant analysis. In zea agamous1 (zag1) ifa1 double mutants, the female floral meristern converts to a branch meristern whereas the male floral meristern converts to a spikelet meristem. In indeterminate spikelet1 (ids1) ifa1 double mutants, female spikelet meristems convert to branch meristems and male spikelet meristems convert to spikelet pair meristems. The double mutant phenotypes suggest that the specification of meristems in the maize inflorescence involves distinct steps in an integrated process. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Plant Gene Express, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Hake, S (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Plant Gene Express, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 41 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 7 PU COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD PI CAMBRIDGE PA BIDDER BUILDING CAMBRIDGE COMMERCIAL PARK COWLEY RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4DL, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0950-1991 J9 DEVELOPMENT JI Development PD JUN PY 2002 VL 129 IS 11 BP 2629 EP 2638 PG 10 WC Developmental Biology SC Developmental Biology GA 567EC UT WOS:000176471600007 PM 12015291 ER PT J AU Olah, I Gumati, KH Nagy, N Magyar, A Kaspers, B Lillehoj, H AF Olah, I Gumati, KH Nagy, N Magyar, A Kaspers, B Lillehoj, H TI Diverse expression of the K-1 antigen by cortico-medullary and reticular epithelial cells of the bursa of Fabricius in chicken and guinea fowl SO DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bursa of Fabricius chicken; guinea fowl; K-1 monoclonal antibody; immunocytochemistry; developmentally regulated K-1 expression cortico-medullary epithelium; precursor of secretory dendritic cell ID FOLLICLE-ASSOCIATED EPITHELIUM; SECRETORY DENDRITIC CELLS; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; GERMINAL-CENTERS; CECAL TONSIL; NOTCH; FATE AB The immunocytochemical study of the K-1 monoclonal antibody indicates that the epithelial components of the bursa of Fabricius of the chicken and guinea fowl express the K-1 positive molecule. During embryogenesis, the K-1 antigen expression appears together with the bud-formation. As the number of B cells increases in the developing follicle, the K-1 expression gradually diminishes in the medullary reticular epithelial cells and completely ceases by hatching, which suggests that the molecule is developmentally regulated. After hatching, the expression of the molecule is restricted to the sealing off zone of the lymphoepithelial or medullary region of the follicle: i.e. to the cortico-medullary (CM) epithelial cells and the follicle associated epithelium (FAE) supporting cells in guinea fowl and to the latter ones in the chicken. The expression of the K-1 antigen by these epithelial components may support their structural identity. After hatching, the K-1 molecule is restricted to the CM epithelial cells and/or FAE supporting cells, which suggests that the function of the embryonic epithelial bud is taken over by the CM epithelial cells. The K-1 positive CM epithelial cells form arches, which encompass blast-like cells. The possible relationship of the CM epithelial cells and blast-like cells, which may represent the precursors of bursal secretory dendritic cells is discussed. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Semmelweis Univ, Fac Med, Dept Human Morphol & Dev Biol, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary. Univ Munich, Fac Vet Med, Dept Anim Physiol, D-8000 Munich 22, Germany. USDA ARS, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Systemat Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Olah, I (reprint author), Semmelweis Univ, Fac Med, Dept Human Morphol & Dev Biol, Tuzolto Str 58, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary. EM olah@ana2.sote.hu NR 18 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0145-305X J9 DEV COMP IMMUNOL JI Dev. Comp. Immunol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 26 IS 5 BP 481 EP 488 AR PII S0145-305X(01)00094-5 DI 10.1016/S0145-305X(01)00094-5 PG 8 WC Immunology; Zoology SC Immunology; Zoology GA 555WE UT WOS:000175815600008 PM 11906727 ER PT J AU Connor, EE Ashwell, MS Dahl, GE AF Connor, EE Ashwell, MS Dahl, GE TI Characterization and expression of the bovine growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) receptor SO DOMESTIC ANIMAL ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MESSENGER-RIBONUCLEIC-ACID; MOLECULAR-CLONING; GENE-EXPRESSION; RNA EXPRESSION; RAT; SUPPRESSION; SECRETION; PEPTIDE; PROTEIN; TESTIS AB The hypothalamic hormone, growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and its pituitary receptor are principal regulators of pituitary growth hormone (GH) synthesis and release. In the present study, we cloned and sequenced a complete bovine pituitary GHRH receptor cDNA in order to study its expression in cattle. The lengths of the exons in the bovine GHRH receptor gene were determined by comparison of the cloned cDNA with genomic sequences obtained from a bovine genomic library clone. As in other species, the bovine cDNA sequence encodes a 423-amino acid protein containing seven hydrophobic domains characteristic of a G protein-coupled receptor. The predicted bovine amino acid sequence shares 93, 90, 89, 87, and 85% identity with the ovine, porcine, human, rat and mouse sequences, respectively. Expression of the receptor in bovine ileum, ovary, anterior pituitary, testis, hypothalamus, pancreas and liver was examined by RT-PCR. Of those tissues examined, GHRH receptor expression was detected in the anterior pituitary gland and hypothalamus. To gain a better understanding of GHRH receptor gene regulation in ruminants, we examined the effect of bovine somatotropin (bST) treatment on pituitary GHRH receptor expression in dairy heifers using relative and real-time RT-PCR. In the present study, bST treatment of dairy heifers resulted in no significant decline in pituitary GHRH receptor expression. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Anim & Avian Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Connor, EE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 28 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0739-7240 J9 DOMEST ANIM ENDOCRIN JI Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 22 IS 4 BP 189 EP 200 AR PII S0739-7240(02)00129-7 DI 10.1016/S0739-7240(02)00129-7 PG 12 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Agriculture; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 572JH UT WOS:000176770400001 PM 12044609 ER PT J AU Kahl, S Elsasser, TH Sartin, JL Fayer, R AF Kahl, S Elsasser, TH Sartin, JL Fayer, R TI Effect of progressive cachectic parasitism and growth hormone treatment on hepatic 5 '-deiodinase activity in calves SO DOMESTIC ANIMAL ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; EUTHYROID SICK SYNDROME; PITUITARY-THYROID AXIS; FACTOR-I; 5'-MONODEIODINASE ACTIVITY; PERIPHERAL CONVERSION; IGF-I; THYROXINE; CATTLE; METABOLISM AB Thyroid status is compromised in a variety of acute and chronic infections. Conversion of thyroxine (T-4) into the metabolically active hormone, triiodothyronine (T-3) is catalyzed by 5'-deiodinase (5'D) mainly in extrathyroidal tissues. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of protozoan parasitic infection (Sarcocystis cruzi) on hepatic 5'D (type 1) activity and plasma concentrations of T-3 and T-4 in placebo- or bovine GH (bGH)-injected calves. Holstein bull calves (127.5 +/- 2.0 kg BW) were assigned to control (C, ad libitum fed), infected (I, 250,000 S. cruzi sporocysts per os, ad libitum fed), and pair-fed (PF, non-infected, fed to intake of I treatment) groups placebo-injected, and three similar groups injected daily with pituitary-derived bGH (USDA-B-1, 0.1 mg/kg, i.m.) designated as C-GH, I-GH and PFGH. GH injections were initiated on day 20 post-infection (PI), 3-4 days prior to the onset of clinical signs of the acute phase response (APR), and were continued to day 56 PI at which time calves were euthanized for liver collection. Blood samples were collected on day 0, 28, and 55 PI. Alterations in nutritional intake did not affect type I 5'D in liver. Treatment with bGH increased (P < 0.05) 5'D activity in C (24.6%) and PF (25.5%) but not in I calves. Compared to PF calves, infection with S. cruzi reduced 5'D activity 25% (P < 0.05) and 47.8% (P < 0.01) in placebo- and bGH-injected calves, respectively. Neither nutrition nor bGH treatment significantly affected plasma concentrations of T-4 and T-3 on day 28 and 55 PI. However, plasma thyroid hormones were reduced by infection. On day 28 PI, the average plasma concentrations of T-3 and T-4 were reduced in infected calves (I and I-GH) 36.4% (P < 0.01) and 29.4% (P < 0.05), respectively, compared to pair-fed calves (PF and PFGH). On day 55 PI, plasma T-3 still remained lower (23.7%, P < 0.01 versus PF) in infected calves while plasma T-4 returned to control values. The data suggest that parasitic infection in growing calves inhibits both thyroidal secretion and extrathyroidal T-4 to T-3 conversion during the APR. After recovery from the APR, thyroidal secretion returns to normal but basal and bGH-stimulated generation of T-3 in liver remains impaired. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Growth Biol Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Auburn Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Physiol & Pharmacol, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. USDA ARS, Anim Waste Pathogen Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Kahl, S (reprint author), USDA ARS, Growth Biol Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Bldg 200,Room 211E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 47 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0739-7240 J9 DOMEST ANIM ENDOCRIN JI Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 22 IS 4 BP 211 EP 221 AR PII S0739-7240(02)00127-3 DI 10.1016/S0739-7240(02)00127-3 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Agriculture; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 572JH UT WOS:000176770400003 PM 12044611 ER PT J AU Chalfoun, AD Ratnaswamy, MJ Thompson, FR AF Chalfoun, AD Ratnaswamy, MJ Thompson, FR TI Songbird nest predators in forest-pasture edge and forest interior in a fragmented landscape SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE abundance; Brown-headed Cowbird; edge; forest; fragmentation; mammals; Molothrus ater; nest predators; snakes; songbirds; species richness ID ARTIFICIAL GROUND NESTS; SMALL MAMMALS; HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; RELATIVE ABUNDANCE; SOUTHERN ILLINOIS; BIRD POPULATIONS; MIGRATORY BIRDS; SUCCESS; ECOTONES; DECLINE AB Many studies have compared songbird nesting success between forest edge and interior; but few have addressed potential factors underlying variation in nest predation pressure in relation to edge. We examined the relative abundance and species richness of songbird nest predators and the abundance of Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) in forest edge and interior within a fragmented, agricultural landscape in central Missouri, USA. Avian predators and cowbirds were more abundant in forest edges. There were no differences in small- or medium-sized mammalian predator abundance between edge and interior. Almost twice as many snakes were captured in edge as in interior. Predator species richness was significantly higher in forest edge. Forest vegetation structure was very similar between edge and interior, suggesting that differences in predator abundance and species richness were not driven by variation in habitat structure. Nest predator distribution in relation to habitat edge may therefore depend on factors at larger spatial scales, such as landscape context. We suggest that in areas fragmented by agriculture, nest predator assemblages in forest edges may differ from those in forest interior. Edges may attract a greater number of predator species, and some nest predators may be more abundant near the edges of forest patches, although the trend does not apply across all predator taxa. Generalizations about nest predators and edges should thus be made with caution, and conservation plans should consider the composition of local nest predator assemblages in order to predict potential impacts on nesting birds in edge habitat. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Chalfoun, AD (reprint author), Univ Montana, Montana Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. NR 71 TC 81 Z9 84 U1 5 U2 25 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 12 IS 3 BP 858 EP 867 DI 10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[0858:SNPIFP]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 553UL UT WOS:000175693800025 ER PT J AU Goodale, CL Apps, MJ Birdsey, RA Field, CB Heath, LS Houghton, RA Jenkins, JC Kohlmaier, GH Kurz, W Liu, SR Nabuurs, GJ Nilsson, S Shvidenko, AZ AF Goodale, CL Apps, MJ Birdsey, RA Field, CB Heath, LS Houghton, RA Jenkins, JC Kohlmaier, GH Kurz, W Liu, SR Nabuurs, GJ Nilsson, S Shvidenko, AZ TI Forest carbon sinks in the Northern Hemisphere SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE carbon balance; regional; carbon cycle; carbon sinks and sources; forest carbon budget; forest disturbance; forest inventories; forest products ID FORMER SOVIET-UNION; EUROPEAN FORESTS; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; BIOMASS; CYCLE; LAND; FLUXES; BUDGET; DELTA-C-13; ECOSYSTEMS AB There is general agreement that terrestrial systems in the Northern Hemisphere provide a significant sink for atmospheric CO2; however, estimates of the magnitude and distribution of this sink vary greatly. National forest inventories provide strong, measuretment-based constraints on the magnitude of net forest carbon uptake. We brought together forest sector C budgets for Canada, the United States, Europe, Russia, and China that were derived from forest inventory information, allometric relationships, and supplementary data sets and models. Together, these suggest that northern forests and woodlands provided a total sink for 0.6-0.7 Pg of C per year (1 Pg = 10(15) g) during the early 1990s, consisting of 0.21 Pg C/yr in living biomass, 0.08 Pg C/yr in forest products, 0.15 Pg C/yr in dead wood, and 0.13 Pg C/yr in the forest floor and soil organic matter. Estimates of changes in soil C pools have improved but remain the least certain terms of the budgets. Over 80% of the estimated sink occurred in one-third of the forest area, in temperate regions affected by fire suppression, agricultural abandonment, and plantation forestry. Growth in boreal regions was offset by fire and other disturbances that vary considerably from year to year. Comparison with atmospheric inversions suggests significant land C sinks may occur outside the forest sector. C1 Carnegie Inst Washington, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Nat Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Serv, No Forestry Ctr, Edmonton, AB T6H 3S5, Canada. US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Newtown Sq, PA 19073 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Woods Hole Res Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, S Burlington, VT 05403 USA. Univ Frankfurt, Ctr Environm Studies, D-60325 Frankfurt, Germany. Nat Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Serv, Pacific Forestry Ctr, Victoria, BC V8Z 1M5, Canada. Chinese Acad Forestry, Res Inst Forest Ecol Environm & Protect, Beijing, Peoples R China. Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, ALTERRA, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands. European Forest Inst, FIN-80100 Joensuu, Finland. Int Inst Appl Syst Anal, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria. RP Goodale, CL (reprint author), Woods Hole Res Ctr, POB 296, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RI Shvidenko, Anatoly/I-1505-2016; OI Shvidenko, Anatoly/0000-0001-7640-2151; Kurz, Werner/0000-0003-4576-7849 NR 51 TC 425 Z9 464 U1 20 U2 207 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 12 IS 3 BP 891 EP 899 DI 10.2307/3060997 PG 9 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 553UL UT WOS:000175693800028 ER PT J AU Lemly, AD AF Lemly, AD TI A procedure for setting environmentally safe total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) for selenium SO ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY LA English DT Article ID IMPACTS AB This article presents a seven-step procedure for developing environmentally safe total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) for selenium. The need for this information stems from recent actions taken by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that may require TMDLs for selenium and other contaminants that are impairing water bodies. However, there is no technical guidance from EPA or elsewhere that deals exclusively with selenium. This leaves biologists and environmental contaminant specialists without the tools needed to effectively address the TMDL issue for selenium. This article provides guidance by laying out an assessment method that links the basic components of EPA's TMDL process to the contaminant-specific information required for selenium. The underlying principle in this process is that selenium concentrations be kept below levels that threaten reproduction of fish and aquatic birds. The steps are: (1) Delineate and characterize the hydrological unit (HU, i.e., water body) of interest. (2) Determine selenium concentrations and assess biological hazard. (3) Determine sources, concentrations, and volumes of selenium discharges; calculate existing selenium load. (4) Estimate retention capacity of HU for selenium. (5) Calculate the total allowable selenium load and specify reductions needed to meet the target loading. (6) Allocate selenium load among discharge sources. (7) Monitor to determine effectiveness of selenium load reduction in meeting environmental quality goals. Proper application of this procedure will ensure compliance with EPA regulatory requirements and also protect fish and wildlife resources. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). C1 US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Coldwater Fisheries Res Unit, Blacksburg, VA 24060 USA. RP Lemly, AD (reprint author), US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Coldwater Fisheries Res Unit, 1650 Ramble Rd, Blacksburg, VA 24060 USA. NR 8 TC 11 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 11 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0147-6513 J9 ECOTOX ENVIRON SAFE JI Ecotox. Environ. Safe. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 52 IS 2 BP 123 EP 127 DI 10.1006/eesa.2002.2176 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 560WF UT WOS:000176103800006 PM 12061828 ER PT J AU Wallin, KF Raffa, KF AF Wallin, KF Raffa, KF TI Prior encounters modulate subsequent choices in host acceptance behavior by the bark beetle Ips pini SO ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA LA English DT Article DE host selection; Ips; population dynamics; bark beetle; Pinus; behavioral flexibility; monoterpene; density-dependent; Coleoptera; Scolytidae ID INSECT-FUNGAL COMPLEX; OVIPOSITION BEHAVIOR; LODGEPOLE PINE; DENDROCTONUS-FRONTALIS; COLEOPTERA-SCOLYTIDAE; COLONIZATION BEHAVIOR; INDIVIDUAL VARIATION; DEFENSE THEORIES; AGGREGATION; MONOTERPENES AB Laboratory bioassays indicate that the bark beetle Ips pini employs flexible, rather than absolute, responses to phytochemicals in its host acceptance behavior. Each beetle's decision to enter substrate was influenced by the types and concentrations of monoterpenes present. However, previous rejection of a simulated host containing a moderate concentration of monoterpenes increased the likelihood that the same concentration would be accepted upon a second or third encounter. This flexibility more than offsets any loss of vigor due to starvation and age that accompanies a process of trial and error. Starvation decreased beetles' total lipid content, but beetles can recover some energetic losses by a small amount of feeding during each trial. In addition to its adaptive value, a flexible host acceptance strategy may yield population level consequences. That is, bark beetles preferentially enter trees having low concentrations of monoterpenes, but may modify their acceptance thresholds when cues associated with stressed trees are not available. This could partially explain how some tree-killing bark beetles colonize a broader physiological range of trees during outbreaks. The adaptive value of relating individual decisions to population density may arise from two ecological relationships: first, as populations rise, the pool of stressed trees is rapidly depleted; secondly, healthy trees are attainable through pheromone-mediated mass attacks when adequate numbers of beetles are present. Flexible host acceptance behaviors may also reduce the advantage of relying exclusively on pre-landing cues to distinguish between susceptible and non-susceptible trees. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Entomol, Madison, WI USA. RP Wallin, KF (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, 860E 1200N, Logan, UT 84321 USA. NR 62 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 8 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-8703 J9 ENTOMOL EXP APPL JI Entomol. Exp. Appl. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 103 IS 3 BP 205 EP 218 DI 10.1046/j.1570-7458.2002.00975.x PG 14 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 617MT UT WOS:000179366000002 ER PT J AU Meagher, RL AF Meagher, RL TI Trapping noctuid moths with synthetic floral volatile lures SO ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA LA English DT Article DE insect behavior; attractants; phenylacetaldehyde; trapping; Pseudoplusia includens; Anticarsia gemmatalis; aculeate Hymenoptera; Lepidoptera; Noctuidae ID FALL ARMYWORM LEPIDOPTERA; CABBAGE-LOOPER MOTHS; FIELD OBSERVATIONS; FEEDING-BEHAVIOR; ZEA LEPIDOPTERA; UPWIND FLIGHT; CORN-EARWORM; TRAPS; PHENYLACETALDEHYDE; PHEROMONE AB Male and female noctuid moths were collected from plastic bucket traps that were baited with different synthetic floral chemicals and placed in peanut fields. Traps baited with phenylacetaldehyde, benzyl acetate, and a blend of phenylacetaldehyde, benzyl acetate, and benzaldehyde collected more soybean looper moths, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), than benzaldehyde-baited or unbaited traps. Females comprised over 67% of the moths captured and most were mated. At peak capture, over 90 male and female moths per night were collected. In another experiment, phenylacetaldehyde delivered in plastic stoppers attracted more P. includens moths than traps baited using other substrates, but this chemical delivered in wax attracted more velvetbean caterpillar moths (Anticarsia gemmatalis Hubner). Other noctuid male and female moths collected included Agrotis subterranea (F.), Argyrogramma verruca (F.), Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), and several Spodoptera species. Aculeate Hymenoptera were collected in large numbers, especially in traps baited with phenylacetaldehyde delivered from stoppers. C1 ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RP Meagher, RL (reprint author), ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, 1700 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. EM rmeagher@gainesville.usda.ufl.edu NR 26 TC 37 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 13 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0013-8703 EI 1570-7458 J9 ENTOMOL EXP APPL JI Entomol. Exp. Appl. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 103 IS 3 BP 219 EP 226 DI 10.1046/j.1570-7458.2002.00977.x PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 617MT UT WOS:000179366000003 ER PT J AU Nelson, ML McMahon, TE Thurow, RF AF Nelson, ML McMahon, TE Thurow, RF TI Decline of the migratory form in bull charr, Salvelinus confluentus, and implications for conservation SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Charr Symposium CY JUN 25-JUL 01, 2000 CL TROIS RIVIERES, CANADA DE life history; bull trout; form; resident ID LIFE-HISTORY; HABITAT USE; GENETIC-DIVERGENCE; ATLANTIC SALMON; RIVER SYSTEM; TROUT; MOVEMENTS; MONTANA; POPULATIONS; STREAMS AB Large-bodied, migratory life history forms of bull charr, Salvelinus confluentus, were historically abundant in northwestern North America, but many remaining populations of this now-threatened species presently persist as small-bodied residents isolated in headwater streams. We examined whether the migratory form has been lost from headwater populations of bull charr and their potential for re-establishment. Upstream and downstream movement of bull charr and other salmonids from three tributary populations in the Bitterroot River drainage, Montana, was measured with weirs over a 17-month period. The migratory life history was rare or absent in two tributaries but still present at a low level in a third. In contrast, substantial numbers (n = 1745) of juvenile and adults of other salmonids (brown trout, Salmo trutta, cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarki, and mountain whitefish, Prosopium williamsoni) were captured near tributary mouths, indicating a migratory life history was common in other species. Apparent decline of the migratory life history in bull charr was not directly related to damming suggesting other downstream mortality factors (predation, temperature) also are involved. Isolated, nonmigratory forms have increased risk of extinction, and restoration of the population connectivity via the re-establishment of migratory stocks is an important conservation goal for bull charr recovery. However, the factors governing migratory tendency remain unclear. C1 Montana State Univ, Dept Ecol, Fish & Wildlife Program, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Boise, ID 83702 USA. RP McMahon, TE (reprint author), Montana Dept Fish Wildlife & Parks, 415 S Front St, Townsend, MT 59644 USA. NR 30 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 8 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD JUN PY 2002 VL 64 IS 1-3 BP 321 EP 332 DI 10.1023/A:1016062708588 PG 12 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 576KB UT WOS:000177002400030 ER PT J AU Lauziere, I Setamou, M Legaspi, J Jones, W AF Lauziere, I Setamou, M Legaspi, J Jones, W TI Effect of temperature on the life cycle of Lydella jalisco (Diptera : Tachinidae), a parasitoid of Eoreuma loftini (Lepidoptera : pyralidae) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Eoremna lolftini; Lydella jalisco; stalkborer; biological control; development rate; longevity ID MEXICO; MODEL AB The effect of temperature on development, survival, and adult longevity of Lydella jalisco Woodley (Diptera: Tachinidae), a parasitoid of the Mexican rice borer, Eoreuma loftini (Dyar) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), was studied under laboratory conditions. Development times of L. jalisco larvae and pupae decreased with temperatures in the range 15-35degreesC. However, survival was greater at cooler temperatures similar to those encountered in the parasitoid's native habitat; percentage of adult emergence was 62.5% at 20degreesC compared with 9.5% at 35degreesC. The lower temperature threshold for development of larvae was 14.5degreesC, whereas for pupae it was 13.8degreesC. Adult lifespan was also affected by high temperatures. Adult parasitoids lived 20 to 25 d at temperatures in the range 15-25degreesC, whereas they lived 4 to 6 d at 35-40degreesC. For <10 consecutive hours, temperatures exceeding 30degreesC prevail in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas during the months of May through September when populations of E. loftini reach an economic threshold. Therefore, the potential efficacy of L. jalisco as a biological control agent of E. loftini in south Texas should be examined closely because mated females of L. jalisco require 7-14 d for maximum egg fertilization and embryonic development. C1 Texas Agr Exptl Stn, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Lauziere, I (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, PPQ, Plant Protect Lab, Moore Air Bldg,S-0017,Route 3,Box 1008, Edinburg, TX 78539 USA. NR 22 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 31 IS 3 BP 432 EP 437 DI 10.1603/0046-225X-31.3.432 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 599GP UT WOS:000178326000002 ER PT J AU Keena, MA AF Keena, MA TI Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera : Cerambycidae) fecundity and longevity under laboratory conditions: Comparison of populations from New York and Illinois on Acer saccharum SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Anoplophora glabripennis; fecundity; longevity; host effects AB Reproductive traits and longevity of Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) from the Ravenswood, Chicago, IL, and Bayside, Queens, NY, populations were compared for first-generation adults that emerged from cut infested wood and for second-generation adults that were reared on artificial diet. Illinois females were significantly more fecund than those from New York when they emerged from infested wood and tended to be more fecund when reared on artificial diet. Weights of adult females that emerged from infested, wood varied with the hosts they emerged from; but when reared on artificial diet, Illinois females were significantly heavier than New York females. There were no significant differences between the two populations in egg viability or adult longevity. In general, females laid more eggs and survived longer in the laboratory on sugar maple, Acer saccharum Marshall, than has generally been reported for this tree species. Larval food source and quality had significant effects on female fecundity and longevity. The above differences between the two Populations and the effects of host quality and host species should be taken into account when management decisions are made in the current eradication program for A. glabripennis in the United States. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Northeastern Ctr Forest Hlth Res, Northeastern Res Stn, Hamden, CT 06514 USA. RP Keena, MA (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Northeastern Ctr Forest Hlth Res, Northeastern Res Stn, Hamden, CT 06514 USA. NR 25 TC 43 Z9 52 U1 2 U2 13 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 31 IS 3 BP 490 EP 498 DI 10.1603/0046-225X-31.3.490 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 599GP UT WOS:000178326000009 ER PT J AU Hollingsworth, RG Sewake, KT Armstrong, JW AF Hollingsworth, RG Sewake, KT Armstrong, JW TI Scouting methods for detection of thrips (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) on dendrobium orchids in Hawaii SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Frankliniella occidentalis; thrips; scouting methods; dendrobium orchids ID PALMI THYSANOPTERA; WESTERN AB Thrips are important pests of dendrobium orchid flowers in Hawaii primarily because of the risk that exported flowers found to be infested will be rejected by quarantine inspectors. Using nondestructive sampling, the population dynamics of thrips infesting dendrobium orchids was monitored at two farms on the Island of Hawaii over a period of 1 yr. Average thrips populations varied between 0 and 1.0 thrips per spray (flower spike). At both sites, adult thrips almost always outnumbered nymphs. The western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), was the predominant species found. Using randomization tests, adult thrips were found to be randomly distributed on orchid sprays. The binomial probability distribution was used to graphically describe the accuracy of scouting results as a function of sample size and the proportion of thrips-infested flowers. Efficient methods for counting adult thrips included nondestructive field counts (direct observation), flower shakes, and extractions via Berlese funnels. C1 Univ Hawaii, Cooperat Extens Serv, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. RP Hollingsworth, RG (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, POB 4459, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. NR 17 TC 9 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 31 IS 3 BP 523 EP 532 DI 10.1603/0046-225X-31.3.523 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 599GP UT WOS:000178326000014 ER PT J AU Arthur, JL Haight, RG Montgomery, CA Polasky, S AF Arthur, JL Haight, RG Montgomery, CA Polasky, S TI Analysis of the threshold and expected coverage approaches to the probabilistic reserve site selection problem SO ENVIRONMENTAL MODELING & ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE reserve site selection; incomplete information; species distributions ID LOCATION-ALLOCATION PROBLEMS; TABU SEARCH; MULTICOMMODITY LOCATION; BALANCING REQUIREMENTS; ALGORITHMS; CONSERVATION; DISTRIBUTIONS; OREGON AB Two approaches to formulating the reserve site selection problem when species occurrence data is probabilistic were solved for terrestrial vertebrates in a small set of potential reserve sites in Oregon. The expected coverage approach, which maximizes the sum of the occurrence probabilities, yielded solutions that covered more species on average in Monte Carlo simulations than the threshold approach, which maximizes the number of species for which the occurrence probability exceeds some threshold. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Stat, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Resources, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Appl Econ, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Arthur, JL (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Stat, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 35 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1420-2026 J9 ENVIRON MODEL ASSESS JI Environ. Model. Assess. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 7 IS 2 SI SI BP 81 EP 89 DI 10.1023/A:1015693531132 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 555RA UT WOS:000175806000004 ER PT J AU Bunzel, M Allerdings, E Sinwell, V Ralph, J Steinhart, H AF Bunzel, M Allerdings, E Sinwell, V Ralph, J Steinhart, H TI Cell wall hydroxycinnamates in wild rice (Zizania aquatica L.) insoluble dietary fibre SO EUROPEAN FOOD RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Zizania sp.; dietary fibre; arabinoxylan; ferulic acid; sinapic acid ID SUGAR-BEET PULP; FERULOYLATED OLIGOSACCHARIDES; POLYSACCHARIDES; ACID; BRAN; TETRASACCHARIDE; IDENTIFICATION; COMPONENTS; LIGNIN AB The contents of ester-linked phenolic acids in wild rice (Zizania aquatica L.) dietary fibre were quantified by HPLC analysis, and oligosaccharide hydroxycinnamates were isolated and identified to investigate the linkages of hydroxycinnamic acids to cell wall polymers. In wild rice insoluble dietary fibre (WRIDF), ferulic acid was the most abundant phenolic acid (3942 mug g(-1)), but significant amounts of sinapic acid (518 mug g(-1)) and p-coumaric acid (142 mug g(-1)) were also detected. Treatment of WRIDF with carbohydrate hydrolases or trifluoroacetic acid released several oligosaccharide hydroxycinnamates. After fractionation with Amberlite XAD-2, five feruloylated oligosaccharides were isolated by gel chromatography and semi-preparative HPLC and identified as arabinoxylan ferulate fragments. The feruloylated tetrasaccharide {[5-O-(trans-feruloyl)][O-beta-D-Xylp-(1-->2)]-O-alpha-L-Araf-(1-->3)}-O-beta-D-Xylp-(1-->4)-D-Xylp was isolated for the first time from edible plant material. Although some results indicated that sinapic acid is also (at least partially) linked through an ester bond to polysaccharides, isolation of defined oligosaccharide sinapates was not achieved. C1 Univ Hamburg, Dept Food Chem, Inst Biochem & Food Chem, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany. Univ Hamburg, Inst Organ Chem, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany. ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, USDA, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Univ Hamburg, Dept Food Chem, Inst Biochem & Food Chem, Grindelallee 117, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany. EM Bunzel@lc.chemie.uni-hamburg.de NR 29 TC 55 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 19 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1438-2377 EI 1438-2385 J9 EUR FOOD RES TECHNOL JI Eur. Food Res. Technol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 214 IS 6 BP 482 EP 488 DI 10.1007/s00217-002-0512-3 PG 7 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 571QL UT WOS:000176728100006 ER PT J AU Greenberg, AS McDaniel, ML AF Greenberg, AS McDaniel, ML TI Identifying the links between obesity, insulin resistance and beta-cell function: potential role of adipocyte-derived cytokines in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION LA English DT Review DE diabetes mellitus type 2; PPAR gamma; tumour necrosis factor-alpha; pathogenesis ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; ACTIVATED RECEPTOR-GAMMA; ORAL ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; SUBCUTANEOUS ADIPOSE-TISSUE; LIPOPROTEIN-LIPASE ACTIVITY; HEPATIC GLUCOSE OUTPUT; FREE FATTY-ACID; FACTOR-ALPHA; NITRIC-OXIDE; TNF-ALPHA AB A combination of insulin resistance and pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction underlies most cases of type 2 diabetes. While the interplay of these two impairments is believed to be important in the development and progression of type 2 diabetes, the mechanisms involved are unclear. A number of factors have been suggested as possibly linking insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) have deleterious effects on both glucose homeostasis and beta-cell function, and can disrupt insulin signalling pathways in both pancreatic beta cells and liver and adipose tissue. The anti-inflammatory activity of the thiazolidinedione anti-diabetic agents is potentially beneficial, given the possible role of pro-inflammatory cytokines in linking insulin resistance with beta-cell dysfunction. C1 Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol & Immunol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ New England Med Ctr, Tupper Res Inst, Div Endocrinol, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP McDaniel, ML (reprint author), Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol & Immunol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA. NR 121 TC 172 Z9 183 U1 0 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0014-2972 J9 EUR J CLIN INVEST JI Eur. J. Clin. Invest. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 32 SU 3 BP 24 EP 34 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2362.32.s3.4.x PG 11 WC Medicine, General & Internal; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC General & Internal Medicine; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 553MZ UT WOS:000175681200004 PM 12028372 ER PT J AU Pitts-Singer, TL Hanula, JL Walker, JL AF Pitts-Singer, TL Hanula, JL Walker, JL TI Insect pollinators of three rare plants in a Florida longleaf pine forest SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE Harperocallis flava (McDaniel); Macbridea alba Chapman; Scutellaria floridana Chapman; Pinus palustris Miller; threatened species; endangered species ID COMPETITION AB As a result of human activity, longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Miller) forests in the southern United States have been lost or drastically altered. Many of the plant species that historically occupied those forests now persist only as remnants and are classified as threatened or endangered. In order to safeguard such species, a better understanding of their pollination ecology is needed. We identified insect visitors and potential pollinators of Harperocallis flava (McDaniel) (Amaryllidaceae), Macbridea alba Chapman (Lamiaceae) and Scutellaria floridana Chapman (Lamiaceae) that occur in longleaf pine habitat on the Apalachicola National Forest in Florida, We observed that potential pollinators of H. flava were Halictidae, of M. alba were bumble bees (Apidae: Bombus), and of S. floridana were Megachilidae and Halictidae. However, the rates at which these insects visited the flowers were very low. Our results raise important concerns about how forest management practices affect the survival of rare plants, as well as their pollinators. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Clemson Univ, US Forest Serv, Dept Forest Resources, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Pitts-Singer, TL (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, 320 Green St, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 26 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 EI 1938-5102 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 85 IS 2 BP 308 EP 316 DI 10.1653/0015-4040(2002)085[0308:IPOTRP]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 567RL UT WOS:000176498700002 ER PT J AU Reed, HC Landolt, PJ AF Reed, HC Landolt, PJ TI Attraction of mated female codling moths (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae) to apples and apple odor in a flight tunnel SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE codling moth; host-finding; attraction; apple; kairomone ID COLORADO-POTATO-BEETLE; HOST-FINDING BEHAVIOR; CYDIA-POMONELLA; CABBAGE-LOOPER; PRIOR EXPOSURE; PLANTS; VOLATILES; LARVAE; SEX; ORIENTATION AB In a flight tunnel, mated female codling moths, Cydia pomonella L., were attracted (upwind flight with zigzagging flight patterns) to cold-stored thinning apples. Greater numbers of codling moths were attracted to apples infested with codling moth larvae than to uninfested apples. However, codling moth response to piped odor from cold-stored thinning apples infested with larvae was not significantly greater than that of moths to piped odor from uninfested apples, In a flight tunnel, significant numbers of mated female codling moths were captured in traps baited with fresh-picked immature apples or in traps through which odor from such apples was piped. Also, more codling moths were captured in traps baited with infested versus uninfested apples, and more were captured in traps with odor from infested apples compared to odor from un-infested apples. These studies demonstrate upwind attraction by flying female codling moths to apple fruit and odors from apple fruit and show increased response by moths to odors of fruit that are infested with codling moth larvae. It is suggested that this heightened response to infested apples may be due to increased apparency of infested fruit that may release greater amounts of volatile odorants. C1 Oral Roberts Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Tulsa, OK 74171 USA. USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. RP Reed, HC (reprint author), Oral Roberts Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Tulsa, OK 74171 USA. NR 24 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 5 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 85 IS 2 BP 324 EP 329 DI 10.1653/0015-4040(2002)085[0324:AOMFCM]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 567RL UT WOS:000176498700004 ER PT J AU Weathersbee, AA Tang, YQ Doostdar, H Mayer, RT AF Weathersbee, AA Tang, YQ Doostdar, H Mayer, RT TI Susceptibility of Diaprepes abbreviatus (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) to a commercial preparation of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp tenebrionis SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE Diaprepes abbreviatus; Bacillus thuringiensis; entomopathogen; citrus; Diaprepes root weevil ID ENTOMOGENOUS NEMATODES; LARVAE; WEEVIL; EFFICACY; FLORIDA; INSECTS; STRAIN; CITRUS; SOIL AB A commercial preparation of the microbial entomopathogen, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis (Btt) was evaluated for biological activity against the Diapropes root weevil, Dioprepes abbreviatus (L.). A reduction in survival was observed for neonatal larvae exposed to insect diet incorporated with Btt and in potted citrus treated with a Btt soil application. A treatment-induced, weight gain reduction for neonates was indicated only in the diet assay. Larvae exposed at 5 weeks old to diet treated with Btt demonstrated a dose-dependent mortality response. The mean ages for larval death ranged from 111 to 128 days among treatments. The LC50 for larvae in this age group was 6.2 ppm [AI] and the slope of the probit line was 2.29. The mortality response of larvae exposed at 12 weeks old also was dose dependent and the mean ages for larval death ranged from 130 to 141 days among treatments. The LC50 for larvae in this age group was 25.4 ppm [AI] and the slope of the probit line was 2.75. The delayed patterns of mortality that we observed among larvae treated at 5 and 12 weeks old indicates that disease is slow to develop in older larvae but that death occurs before maturation is completed. C1 USDA ARS, US Hort Res Lab, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. RP Weathersbee, AA (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Hort Res Lab, 2001 S Rock Rd, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. NR 27 TC 2 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 85 IS 2 BP 330 EP 335 DI 10.1653/0015-4040(2002)085[0330:SODACC]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 567RL UT WOS:000176498700005 ER PT J AU Sourakov, A Mitchell, ER AF Sourakov, A Mitchell, ER TI Laboratory biology of Chetogena scutellaris (Diptera : Tachinidae), a parasitoid of Noctuidae, reared on fall armyworm and cabbage looper SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE biological control; parasitoid development; southern army-worm; Spodoptera frugiperda; Spodoptera eridania; Tachinidae; Trichoplusia ni AB The tachinid parasitoid Chetogena scutellaris (Wulp) was reared from southern armyworm, Spodoptera cridania (Cramer), a new host record. When reared in cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), (a new host) and in fall army-worm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), in the laboratory, C. scutellaris developed successfully ca. 30% of the time. Success of parasitism depended on the numbers of eggs laid per host, host age, and host species. Parasitoid development was not synchronized with host development. C. scutellaris developed mostly as a solitary parasitoid. Female flies preferred fifth instar hosts for oviposition. Cabbage looper was a better host than fall army-worm for mass rearing of this parasitoid. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Entomol & Nematol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Sourakov, A (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Entomol & Nematol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 6 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 85 IS 2 BP 341 EP 343 DI 10.1653/0015-4040(2002)085[0341:LBOCSD]2.0.CO;2 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 567RL UT WOS:000176498700007 ER PT J AU Costello, SL Pratt, PD Rayachhetry, MB Center, TD AF Costello, SL Pratt, PD Rayachhetry, MB Center, TD TI Morphology and life history cilaracteristics of Podisus mucronatus (Heteroptera : Pentatomidae) SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE Podisus mucronatus; Pentatomidae; developmental rates; predatory stinkbug; Oxyops vitiosa; Melaleuca quinquenervia; Tenebrio molitor ID BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL AGENT; WEEVIL OXYOPS-VITIOSA; MELALEUCA-QUINQUENERVIA; LOW NUMBERS; MACULIVENTRIS; HEMIPTERA; CHRYSOMELIDAE; COLEOPTERA; PREY AB Podisus mucronatus Uhler is a generalist predator found in Florida and the islands of the Caribbean. Adult P. mucronatus were observed preying on larvae of the Australian weevil Oxyops vitiosa (Pascoe), a biological control agent of Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T. Blake. To facilitate field-based identification of this predator, we present descriptions of eggs, nymphal stages, and adults. Life history traits of P. mucronatus when held with no food or either of two prey species (O. vitiosa and Tenebrio molitor (L.) larvae) are also reported. The potential use of this species as a biological control agent of arthropods and its interference with weed biological control are discussed. C1 USDA ARS, Invas Plant Res Lab, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. Univ Florida, Ft Lauderdale Res & Educ Ctr, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. NR 20 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 5 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 85 IS 2 BP 344 EP 350 DI 10.1653/0015-4040(2002)085[0344:MALHCO]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 567RL UT WOS:000176498700008 ER PT J AU McKenzie, CL AF McKenzie, CL TI Effect of tomato mottle virus (Tomov) on Bemisia tabaci biotype B (Homoptera : Aleyrodidae) oviposition and adult survivorship on healthy tomato SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID ARGENTIFOLII HOMOPTERA; DISORDER; FLORIDA; PLANTS C1 USDA ARS, US Hort Res Lab, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. RP McKenzie, CL (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Hort Res Lab, 2001 S Rock Rd, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. NR 14 TC 36 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 4 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 85 IS 2 BP 367 EP 368 DI 10.1653/0015-4040(2002)085[0367:EOTMVT]2.0.CO;2 PG 2 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 567RL UT WOS:000176498700011 ER PT J AU Fan, XT AF Fan, XT TI Measurement of malonaldehyde in apple juice using GC-MS and a comparison to the thiobarbituric acid assay SO FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE GC-MS; irradiation; juice; malonaldehyde; thiobarbituric acid assay ID MEASURING LIPID-PEROXIDATION; 2-THIOBARBITURIC ACID; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; MALONDIALDEHYDE; FORMALDEHYDE; REACTIVITY; TISSUE; INTERFERENCE; SAMPLES AB Malonaldehyde (MA) in gamma-irradiated apple juice was measured using a GC-MS method and in comparison to the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) assay. The profiles of MA content as a function of radiation dose were similar using both methods, however, MA content was higher when measured with the TBA assay compared to the GC-MS method. The overestimation of MA using the TBA assay increased as the amount of MA decreased. Use of the GC-MS method demonstrated MA content in irradiated juice declined rapidly during storage at 5 degreesC. MA content appeared to decrease much less when the TBA assay was used. The GC-MS method also allowed measurement of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in addition to MA. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Fan, XT (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 28 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0308-8146 J9 FOOD CHEM JI Food Chem. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 77 IS 3 BP 353 EP 359 AR PII S0308-8146(02)00110-3 DI 10.1016/S0308-8146(02)00110-3 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 566BB UT WOS:000176405700013 ER PT J AU Berrios, JD AF Berrios, JD TI Development of a dynamically modified atmosphere storage system applied to avocados SO FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE modified atmosphere; storage system; preservation; avocado; shelf life ID FRUITS; LIFE; STRESS AB The effectiveness of a new, dynamically modified atmosphere storage system (MASS) was evaluated and compared to a traditional, passively modified atmosphere storage system, as modified atmosphere packaging (MAP), for extending the shelf life of mature 'Hass' avocados (Persea americana Mill.) at room temperature. MASS used impermeable containers (glass jars) and MAP used semi-permeable containers (low-density polyethylene bags). MASS consisted of a dynamic modification of the storage atmospheres by intermittently flushing atmospheric air through glass jars containing the avocado fruits. The glass jars were equipped with positive pressure release micro valves. MASS replaced about 70% of the oxygen consumed by the stored avocado fruits and vented out about 45% of the carbon dioxide accumulated during each air flushing cycle. Avocados stored under the MASS and MAP treatments remained firm and unripe after 232 h. Additionally, avocados stored under the MASS treatment exhibited longer shelf life and lower weight loss than those stored under the MAP treatment. MASS was compared to MAP to prove the use of MASS as a viable preservation technology and its potential application for extending the shelf life of avocados, as well as other fruits and vegetables, subjected to temporary storage and/or transportation in commercial gas impermeable type containers. C1 USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Berrios, JD (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 23 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 7 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 6 BONHILL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4PU, ENGLAND SN 1082-0132 J9 FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT JI Food Sci. Technol. Int. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 8 IS 3 BP 155 EP 162 DI 10.1106/108201302026163 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 583XA UT WOS:000177435300004 ER PT J AU Perez-Garcia, J Joyce, LA McGuire, AD AF Perez-Garcia, J Joyce, LA McGuire, AD TI Temporal uncertainties of integrated ecological/economic assessments at the global and regional scales SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on National and Regional Climate Change Impact Assessments in the Forestry Sector CY NOV 10-13, 1999 CL WENDDOCHE, GERMANY DE climate change; economic model; economic welfare; ecosystem model; transient change ID CLIMATE-CHANGE; FOREST SECTOR; IMPACTS; MARKET AB Over the past several years, research using the Center for International Trade in Forest Products (CINTRAFOR) Global Trade Model (CGTM) and the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM) has estimated the potential effects of climate change on the global forest sector. The process of linking these two models-many model runs with alternative economic, ecological and climate scenarios-provides useful information on (i) the behavior of the economic model under alternative assumptions, (ii) integrated economic/ecological results and (iii) their implication for decision makers. Previous works indicate that assumptions on economic behavior and ecology interactions are important when estimating the economic effects of climate change on the forest sector. This paper estimates the economic effects associated with alternative transient paths of change in climate and CO2 on the forest sector. The results indicate economic welfare measures change significantly under two alternative assumptions of the path that changes in climate and CO2 may take. An assumption of a pseudo-transient constant rate of change to reach an equilibrium endpoint produces larger global welfare changes over the time period than a "true" transient change in climate by an average US$ 2 billion over the period 1994-2040. In addition, regional and market segment impacts are not uniformly distributed and should also be considered when programmatic needs are identified. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Washington, Ctr Int Trade Forest Prod, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO USA. Univ Alaska, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. RP Perez-Garcia, J (reprint author), Univ Washington, Ctr Int Trade Forest Prod, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 13 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD JUN 1 PY 2002 VL 162 IS 1 BP 105 EP 115 AR PII S0378-1127(02)00053-1 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(02)00053-1 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 569LU UT WOS:000176604500008 ER PT J AU Lindner, M Sohngen, B Joyce, LA Price, DT Bernier, PY Karjalainen, T AF Lindner, M Sohngen, B Joyce, LA Price, DT Bernier, PY Karjalainen, T TI Integrated forestry assessments for climate change impacts SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on National and Regional Climate Change Impact Assessments in the Forestry Sector CY NOV 10-13, 1999 CL WENDDOCHE, GERMANY DE climate change; forests; forest sector; impact assessment; integrated assessment ID PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY NPP; COMPARING GLOBAL-MODELS; TRANSIENT-RESPONSE; UNITED-STATES; ECOSYSTEM SERVICES; NORTHERN FORESTS; CARBON STORAGE; BOREAL FORESTS; CO2 EMISSIONS; FROST DAMAGE AB Forests and the forest sector are sensitive to climate change at greatly varying scales. The complexity of the interactions among the physical environment, forest growth, the management and utilisation of forest resources, and market responses has stimulated efforts to model the impact of global changes on the forest sector by linking impact models developed from different disciplines. This paper reviews existing experiences in integrated forest sector impact assessments. Different ways of integrating cross-disciplinary impact assessments are classified as linking, coupling and integrated modelling. To date the most common method is a "one-way" linking, where results from one model are used as input to a different model. When different impact models are coupled, feedbacks can be analysed, e.g. between ecological and economic systems. Integrated modelling is described as a third step, where different sub-models are embedded into a common model framework. The concept of balance is introduced as a key to successful integration of different disciplines in integrated assessment (IA) studies. The review of existing experiences emphasises the problem of complexity and the need to simplify disciplinary approaches. It also illustrates how methodologies applied to forest sector IA studies have evolved over the last few years. Several scaling issues that are particularly important for IA modelling in forestry are discussed, including the consequences of heterogeneity in site conditions, the variable influence of extreme events on ecosystems and on the economic sector, and the differences in temporal and spatial scales over which key forest growth and renewal processes operate. Climate impact assessments include uncertainties. Some common sources of uncertainty in forest IA modelling are outlined, and methods that have been used to address this uncertainty are reviewed. We discuss the policy relevance of integrated impact assessments and stress the importance of stakeholder involvement in TA projects. The paper concludes with some recommendations for future developments in this relatively new field of research. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Potsdam Inst Climate Impact Res, D-144412 Potsdam, Germany. Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. Canadian Forest Serv, No Forestry Ctr, Edmonton, AB T6H 3S5, Canada. Canadian Forest Serv, Laurentian Forestry Ctr, Ste Foy, PQ G1V 4C7, Canada. European Forest Inst, FIN-80100 Joensuu, Finland. RP Lindner, M (reprint author), Univ Alberta, Dept Renewable Resources, 751 Gen Serv Bldg, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H1, Canada. EM marcus.lindner@ualberta.ca RI Cramer, Wolfgang/B-8221-2008; OI Cramer, Wolfgang/0000-0002-9205-5812; Lindner, Marcus/0000-0002-0770-003X NR 124 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD JUN 1 PY 2002 VL 162 IS 1 BP 117 EP 136 AR PII S0378-1127(02)00054-3 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(02)00054-3 PG 20 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 569LU UT WOS:000176604500009 ER PT J AU Clemons, C AF Clemons, C TI Wood-plastic composites in the United States - The interfacing of two industries SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID FIBER C1 USDA Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Clemons, C (reprint author), USDA Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 32 TC 303 Z9 334 U1 0 U2 57 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 52 IS 6 BP 10 EP 18 PG 9 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 565BP UT WOS:000176348500001 ER PT J AU Pendleton, DE Hoffard, TA Adcock, T Woodward, B Wolcott, MP AF Pendleton, DE Hoffard, TA Adcock, T Woodward, B Wolcott, MP TI Durability of an extruded HDPE/wood composite SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB As a part of wood-plastic composite (WPC) material development, this research evaluated the resistance of WPC formulations to fungal decay and biocide leaching. In laboratory tests using small WPC samples exposed directly to brown-rot and white-rot fungi, there were no weight losses caused by decay in most formulations. Formulations with relatively high wood content and not protected by zinc borate exhibited moderate weight losses. Scanning electron microscopy of WPC specimens supporting fungal growth show mycelium concentrated in the interfacial gaps between the wood and thermoplastic component near the specimen surface. The relative influence of each material component on the WPC resistance to decay was analyzed by simplex analysis. Of the various component term effects, the most influential was that relating to composite wood content. Increases in talc concentration also resulted in greater weight losses. An increase in high-density polyethylene (HDPE) in the formulation reduced susceptibility to weight loss during the accelerated decay test. Zinc borate at 2 percent concentration, the lowest level tested, prevented any weight loss. Our conclusion is that either the inclusion of zinc borate or limiting the wood content of WPC can effectively prevent fungal decay. The very low leach rate as determined by laboratory testing appears to be controlled mainly by dissolution of the zinc borate and not by diffusion. The tests show that zinc borate will take at least 20 years to completely dissolve and leach from the material. Results indicate that careful material design can prevent fungal decay of WPC even under severe exposures. C1 Naval Facilities Engn Serv Ctr, Port Hueneme, CA 93043 USA. Washington State Univ, Wood Mat & Engn Lab, Pullman, WA 99163 USA. USDA Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Pendleton, DE (reprint author), Naval Facilities Engn Serv Ctr, Port Hueneme, CA 93043 USA. NR 17 TC 50 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 3 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 52 IS 6 BP 21 EP 27 PG 7 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 565BP UT WOS:000176348500002 ER PT J AU Kartal, SN Green, F AF Kartal, SN Green, F TI Development and application of colorimetric microassay for determining boron-containing compounds SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID BROWN-ROT DECAY; WOOD PRESERVATIVES; LEACHABILITY; RESISTANCE; SYSTEM; ASSAY AB This paper describes the development of a microassay for boron and the application of this microassay for evaluating leachability of boron by post-treatment of southern pine with the calcium precipitating agent NHA (N'N-napthaloylhydroxylamine). The microassay method for quantitative estimation of boron content in treated wood and leachates is a microadaptation of the colorimetric azomethine-H method. The primary advantages of this microassay method are that it uses fewer reagents, uses smaller sample volumes, and conserves time for analysis when a large number of tests are required. Wood blocks were treated with boric acid, disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (DOT), and NHA solutions at several concentrations. Boron leaching performance was evaluated on the blocks using AWPA E 11-97 standard method. Blocks treated sequentially with DOT and then with 0.5 or 1.0 percent NHA solutions showed similar to30% less boron leaching, whereas similar treatment with boric acid and 0.1% NHA solutions did not enhance boron retention compared with the blocks treated with only boric acid. We conclude that precipitation of NHA at higher concentrations decreases or limits boron leaching. C1 Univ Istanbul, Fac Forestry, TR-80895 Istanbul, Turkey. USDA Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Kartal, SN (reprint author), Univ Istanbul, Fac Forestry, TR-80895 Istanbul, Turkey. RI Kartal, Nami/E-6516-2013 NR 39 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 52 IS 6 BP 75 EP 79 PG 5 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 565BP UT WOS:000176348500009 ER PT J AU Campbell, TA Xia, ZL AF Campbell, TA Xia, ZL TI Agronomic evaluations of grass and legume forage species collected in the Xinjiang Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China and Mongolia SO GENETIC RESOURCES AND CROP EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE exploration; forage grass; forage legumes; genetic resources ID GERMPLASM; WILD AB Because rangelands in the Xinjiang Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and Mongolia are typically severely overgrazed, bilateral (U.S./ PRC, U.S./Mongolia) efforts have been initiated to expedite capture of the remaining genetic diversity. The current study was designed to evaluate selected germplasm of the following forage species collected in these threatened areas: Bromus inermis Leyss., Dactylis glomerata L., Festuca arundinacea Schreb., Festuca ovina L., Festuca rubra L., Phleum phleoides (L.) Karsten, Phleum pratense L., Poa palustris L., Poa pratensis ssp. angustifolia (L.) H. Lindb., Medicago sativa ssp. falcata Arcengeli, Medicago sativa L. ssp. sativa, Medicago lupulina L., Medicago ruthenica (L.) Ledebour, Trifolium fragiferum L., Trifolium lupinaster L., Trifolium pratense L., and Trifolium repens L. Accessions were evaluated in the field at Beltsville MD (USA) on an Iuka sandy loam (coarse-loamy, siliceous, acid, thermic, Aquic Udigluvent; pH 6.5) in a two-year study. Comparative check cultivars were included. There was significant variation in days to 50% heading (grass species) or flowering (legume species), leaf texture (grass species), growth habit, spring vigor, and dry matter yield among accessions of at least some genera. Accessions did not demonstrate higher disease susceptibility relative to check cultivars, except in the case of several F. arundinacea and one M. sativa ssp. falcata entries. There was no significant variation in leaf shape among the legume accessions, nor were leaf shapes significantly different from those of the check cultivars. Several F. ovina, F. rubra, and Poa pratensis accessions may have potential in turf grass breeding programs. There were apparent positive relationships among upright growth habit, spring vigor, late development, and yield. C1 ARS, Soybean Genom & Improvement Res Lab, USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr,Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Campbell, TA (reprint author), ARS, Soybean Genom & Improvement Res Lab, USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr,Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 5 U2 12 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-9864 J9 GENET RESOUR CROP EV JI Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 49 IS 3 BP 295 EP 303 DI 10.1023/A:1015515528934 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 554CP UT WOS:000175716100008 ER PT J AU Santos, CAF Simon, PW AF Santos, CAF Simon, PW TI Some AFLP amplicons are highly conserved DNA sequences mapping to the same linkage groups in two F-2 populations of carrot SO GENETICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Daucus carota; evolution; molecular markers; SCAR ID GENE-EXPRESSION; MARKERS; IDENTIFICATION; CONVERSION; RESISTANCE; TISSUE AB Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) is a fast and reliable tool to generate a large number of DNA markers. In two unrelated F-2 populations of carrot (Daucus carota L.), Brasilia x HCM and 8493 x QAL (wild carrot), it was hypothesized that DNA 1) digested with the same restriction endonuclease enzymes and amplified with the same primer combination and 2) sharing the same position in polyacrylamide gels should be conserved sequences. To test this hypothesis AFLP fragments from polyacrylamide gels were eluted, reamplified, separated in agarose gels, purified, cloned and sequenced. Among thirty-one paired fragments from each F-2 population, twenty-six had identity greater than 91% and five presented identity of 24% to 44%. Among the twenty-six conserved AFLPs only one mapped to different linkage groups in the two populations while four of the five less-conserved bands mapped to different linkage groups. Of eight SCAR (sequence characterized amplified regions) primers tested, one conserved AFLP resulted in co-dominant markers in both populations. Screening among 14 carrot inbreds or cultivars with three AFLP-SCAR primers revealed clear and polymorphic PCR products, with similar molecular sizes on agarose gels. The development of co-dominant markers based on conserved AFLP fragments will be useful to detect seed mixtures among hybrids, to improve and to merge linkage maps and to study diversity and phylogenetic relationships. C1 Embrapa Brazilian Agr Res Corp Semi Arido, Petrolina, PE, Brazil. Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, Vegetable Crops Res Unit, Dept Hort, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Santos, CAF (reprint author), Caixa Postal 23, BR-56300970 Petrolina, PE, Brazil. RI santos, carlos antonio/B-8973-2014 OI santos, carlos antonio/0000-0002-6932-6805 NR 29 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC BRASIL GENETICA PI RIBEIRAO PRET PA RUA CAP ADELMIO NORBET DA SILVA, 736, ALTO DA BOA VISTA, 14025-670 RIBEIRAO PRET, BRAZIL SN 1415-4757 J9 GENET MOL BIOL JI Genet. Mol. Biol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 25 IS 2 BP 195 EP 201 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 596MJ UT WOS:000178168400012 ER PT J AU Wang, YH Choi, WB Thomas, CE Dean, RA AF Wang, YH Choi, WB Thomas, CE Dean, RA TI Cloning of disease-resistance homologues in end sequences of BAC clones linked to Fom-2, a gene conferring resistance to Fusarium wilt in melon (Cucumis melo L.) SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE BAC end sequencing; Cucumis melo L.; Fusarium wilt; R gene ID NUCLEOTIDE-BINDING; ARABIDOPSIS; RETROTRANSPOSON; BACTERIAL; PROTEIN; TOMATO; LOCUS; SIMILARITY; HAPLOTYPE; TOBACCO AB Disease resistance has not yet been characterized at the molecular level in cucurbits, a group of high-value, nutritious, horticultural plants. Previously, we genetically mapped the Fom-2 gene that confers resistance to Fusarium wilt races 0 and 1 of melon. In this paper, two cosegregating codominant markers (AM, AFLP marker; FM, Fusarium marker) were used to screen a melon bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library. Identified clones were fingerprinted and end sequenced. Fingerprinting analysis showed that clones identified by each marker assembled into two separate contigs at high stringency. GenBank searches produced matches to leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) of resistance genes (R genes); to retroelements and to cellulose synthase in clones identified by FM; and to nucleotide-binding sites (NBSs) of R genes, retroelements, and cytochrome P-450 in clones identified by AM. A 6.5-kb fragment containing both NBS and LRR sequences was found to share high homology to TIR (Toll-interleukin-1 receptor)-NBS-LRR R genes, such as N, with 42% identity and 58% similarity in the TIR-NBS and LRR regions. The sequence information may be useful for identifying NBS-LRR class of R genes in other cucurbits. C1 Clemson Univ, CUGI, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Plant Pathol & Physiol, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. ARS, USDA, US Vegetable Lab, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. RP Dean, RA (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Fungal Genom Lab, Campus Box 7251, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. EM ralph_dean@ncsu.edu NR 34 TC 11 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 6 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD JUN PY 2002 VL 45 IS 3 BP 473 EP 480 DI 10.1139/G02-005 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 548DL UT WOS:000175373300004 PM 12033615 ER PT J AU Kim, MS Moore, PH Zee, F Fitch, MMM Steiger, DL Manshardt, RM Paull, RE Drew, RA Sekioka, T Ming, R AF Kim, MS Moore, PH Zee, F Fitch, MMM Steiger, DL Manshardt, RM Paull, RE Drew, RA Sekioka, T Ming, R TI Genetic diversity of Carica papaya as revealed by AFLP markers SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE DNA fingerprinting; germplasm; genetic relationship; molecular phylogeny; polymorphism ID ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA ECOTYPES; FRUIT SIZE; TOMATO; MAIZE; DNA; DUPLICATION; PLANTS; BARLEY; RFLPS; RAPDS AB Genetic relationships among Carica papaya cultivars, breeding lines, unimproved germplasm, and related species were established using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Seventy-one papaya accessions and related species were analyzed with nine EcoRI-MseI primer combinations. A total of 186 informative AFLP markers was generated and analyzed. Cluster analysis suggested limited genetic variation in papaya, with an average genetic similarity among 63 papaya accessions of 0.880. Genetic diversity among cultivars derived from the same or similar gene pools was smaller, such as Hawaiian Solo hermaphrodite cultivars and Australian dioecious cultivars with genetic similarity at 0.921 and 0.912, respectively. The results indicated that self-pollinated hermaphrodite cultivars were as variable as open-pollinated dioecious cultivars. Genetic diversity between C. papaya and six other Carica species was also evaluated. Carica papaya shared the least genetic similarity with these species, with an average genetic similarity of 0.432; the average genetic similarity among the six other species was 0.729. The results from AFLP markers provided detailed estimates of the genetic variation within and among papaya cultivars, and supported the notion that C. papaya diverged from the rest of Carica species early in the evolution of this genus. C1 Hawaii Agr Res Ctr, Aiea, HI 96701 USA. ARS, USDA, Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. Univ Hawaii, Dept Trop Plant & Soil Sci, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Griffith Univ, Sch Biomol & Biomed Sci, Nathan, Qld 4111, Australia. RP Ming, R (reprint author), Hawaii Agr Res Ctr, Aiea, HI 96701 USA. NR 37 TC 66 Z9 81 U1 0 U2 6 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD JUN PY 2002 VL 45 IS 3 BP 503 EP 512 DI 10.1139/G02-012 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 548DL UT WOS:000175373300008 PM 12033619 ER PT J AU Beecher, B Bowman, J Martin, JM Bettge, AD Morris, CF Blake, TK Giroux, MJ AF Beecher, B Bowman, J Martin, JM Bettge, AD Morris, CF Blake, TK Giroux, MJ TI Hordoindolines are associated with a major endosperm-texture QTL in Barley (Hordeum vulgare) SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE puroindolines; grain hardness; digestibility ID PUROINDOLINE SEQUENCE TYPE; WHEAT-GRAIN HARDNESS; RED SPRING WHEAT; KERNEL HARDNESS; MALTING QUALITY; MILLING ENERGY; SOFTNESS; FRIABILIN; GENES; CULTIVARS AB Endosperm texture has a tremendous impact on the end-use quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Cultivars of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), a close relative of wheat, also vary measurably in grain hardness. However, in contrast to wheat, little is known about the genetic control of barley grain hardness. Puroindolines are endosperm-specific proteins found in wheat and its relatives. In wheat, puroindoline sequence variation controls the majority of wheat grain texture variation. Hordoindolines, the puroindoline homologs of barley, have been identified and mapped. Recently, substantial allelic variation was found for hordoindolines among commercial barley cultivars. Our objective was to determine the influence of hordoindoline allelic variation upon grain hardness and dry matter digestibility in the 'Steptoe' x 'Morex' mapping population. This population is segregating for hordoindoline allele type, which was measured by a HinA/HinB/Gsp composite marker. One-hundred and fifty lines of the 'Steptoe' x 'Morex' population were grown in a replicated field trial. Grain hardness was estimated by near-infrared reflectance (NIR) and measured using the single kernel characterization system (SKCS). Variation attributable to the HinA/HinB/Gsp locus averaged 5.7 SKCS hardness units (SKCS U). QTL analysis revealed the presence of several areas of the genome associated with grain hardness. The largest QTL mapped to the HinA/HinB/Gsp region on the short arm of chomosome 7 (5H). This QTL explains 22% of the SKCS hardness difference observed in this study. The results indicate that the Hardness locus is present in barley and implicates the hordoindolines in endosperm texture control. C1 Montana State Univ, Agr Biosci Facil, Dept Plant Sci & Plant Pathol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. Montana State Univ, Dept Anim & Range Sci, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Wheat Qual Lab, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Giroux, MJ (reprint author), Montana State Univ, Agr Biosci Facil, Dept Plant Sci & Plant Pathol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. RI Giroux, Michael/F-4413-2010 NR 38 TC 37 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD JUN PY 2002 VL 45 IS 3 BP 584 EP 591 DI 10.1139/G02-008 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 548DL UT WOS:000175373300017 PM 12033628 ER PT J AU Birkeland, KW Landry, CC AF Birkeland, KW Landry, CC TI Power-laws and snow avalanches SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; MODEL AB [1] This paper presents evidence of frequency-size power-laws in several groups of snow avalanche paths. Other natural hazards, such as earthquakes and forest fires, exhibit similar power-law relationships. In addition, an analysis of the response of one group of snow avalanche paths to storms through time demonstrates a power-law between the response of the system and the binned frequency of those responses. Our results, as well as our experience with these complex, non-linear systems, are consistent with self-organized criticality. The practical implication of this work is that the frequency-size relationship for small and medium sized avalanches may be useful for quantifying the risk of large snow avalanches within a group of avalanche paths. C1 US Forest Serv, Natl Avalanche Ctr, Bozeman, MT 59771 USA. Montana State Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. RP Birkeland, KW (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Natl Avalanche Ctr, POB 130, Bozeman, MT 59771 USA. NR 16 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUN 1 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 11 AR 1554 DI 10.1029/2001GL014623 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 610MN UT WOS:000178964000006 ER PT J AU Hausman, GJ Richardson, RL Simmen, FA AF Hausman, GJ Richardson, RL Simmen, FA TI Secretion of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and -II and IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) in fetal stromal-vascular (S-V) cell cultures obtained before and after the onset of adipogenesis in vivo. SO GROWTH DEVELOPMENT AND AGING LA English DT Article DE glucocorticoids; fetal pigs; preadipocytes; binding proteins ID HUMAN-FIBROBLASTS; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; PREADIPOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION; PORCINE PREADIPOCYTES; RECEPTOR-BINDING; PIG FETUSES; IN-VIVO; EXPRESSION; DEXAMETHASONE; HORMONE AB The present study examined the influence of dexamethasone (DEX) treatment on preadipocyte differentiation and insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP) secretion in stromal-vascular (S-V) cell cultures established from subcutaneous adipose tissue obtained from nine 75 day and four 50 day pig fetuses. Cultures of S-V cells from four young pigs (5-7 days old) were also studied. Each fetal S-V cell culture represented 1 pool of S-V cells / dam. Cultures were seeded and plated in 10% FBS from day 0-3 and treated with insulin (ITS) + 10 nM DEX from day 3-6 (late DEX treatment), Alternatively, cultures were seeded and plated in 10% FBS + 80 nM DEX from day 0-3 and treated with insulin alone from day 3-6 (early DEX treatment). Conditioned media was collected on day 6 of culture after 3 days of conditioning, and prepared for subsequent I-125-IGF-1 ligand blot analysis for IGFBPs and RIA for IGF-I and IGF-II. Early and late DEX increased (P<0.05) preadipocyte (AD-3+) recruitment but only early DEX increased preadipocyte differentiation (lipid + and C/EBP alpha +) by day 6 in S-V cultures from 75 day fetuses. Levels of IGFBP-2, IGFBP-4, IGF-1 and IGF-II in media conditioned by 75 day fetal S-V cultures were not influenced by late DEX. However, late DEX reduced levels of 29 kDa IGFBPs and markedly increased (P<0.05) IGFBP-3 levels in 75 day S-V media. Late DEX also markedly increased (P<0.05) IGFBP-3 levels in 50 day S-V media but had little influence on other IGFBPs, Early DEX treatment increased (P<0.05) IGFBP-4 levels in 75 day S-V media but had little to no influence on levels of IGF-I, IGF-II and other IGFBPs. These studies indicate that IGFBP-4 may regulate local metabolism during preadipocyte differentiation, whereas IGFBP-3 may antagonize preadipocyte differentiation by targeting IGF-I away from differentiating cells and towards growing cells. C1 ARS, USDA, RB Russell Agr Res Ctr, Anim Physiol Res Unit, Athens, GA 30604 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Anim Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Interdisciplinay Concentrat Anim Mol & Cell Biol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Hausman, GJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, RB Russell Agr Res Ctr, Anim Physiol Res Unit, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RI Simmen, Frank/J-9464-2012 NR 51 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU GROWTH PUBLISHING CO INC PI HULLS COVE PA PO BOX 205, HULLS COVE, ME 04609-0205 USA SN 1041-1232 J9 GROWTH DEVELOP AGING JI Growth Dev. Aging PD SUM PY 2002 VL 66 IS 1 BP 11 EP 26 PG 16 WC Developmental Biology; Geriatrics & Gerontology SC Developmental Biology; Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 585BV UT WOS:000177504000002 PM 12212627 ER PT J AU Olson, DM Andow, DA AF Olson, DM Andow, DA TI Inheritance of an oviposition behavior by an egg parasitoid SO HEREDITY LA English DT Article DE quantitative genetics; maternal effects; phenotypic plasticity; behavior ID GENETIC-VARIATION; HOST; WASP; DROSOPHILA; TRAITS; CHOICE AB A quantitative genetic study revealed genetic and environmental sources of variance in percentage parasitism of European corn borer egg masses and secondary sex ratios by Trichogramma nubilale. Full and half-sib groups of T. nubilale were obtained from a nested mating design, which permitted the partitioning of the variance of T. nubilale parasitism of European corn borer egg masses into additive genetic variance, maternal/dominant variance and environmental variance. A mother-daughter regression of the percentage of an egg mass parasitized allowed a determination of the direction of a potential response to selection in the event of maternal effects. No or very little additive genetic effects were associated with the percentage of eggs within a mass parasitized and secondary sex ratios, but a significant amount of the variance for both traits had a maternal and/or dominant genetic source. The relationship between mothers and daughters in egg mass parasitism was positive, and 55.4% of the progeny of a given mother had behaviors that resemble their mother. Most of the variance had an environmental and/or unknown genetic source implying potentially high phenotypic plasticity associated with all these traits. The presence of maternal effects and phenotypic plasticity could have multiple and complex effects on progeny characters and potential responses to selection. C1 Univ Minnesota, Ctr Community Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Entomol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Olson, DM (reprint author), ARS, Crop Protect & Management Res Lab, USDA, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. EM dolson@tifton.es.peachnet.edu NR 32 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0018-067X EI 1365-2540 J9 HEREDITY JI Heredity PD JUN PY 2002 VL 88 BP 437 EP 443 DI 10.1038/sj/hdy/6800076 PN 6 PG 7 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 565GX UT WOS:000176362400004 PM 12180085 ER PT J AU Baldwin, EA AF Baldwin, EA TI Commercialized biotechnology, food for thought: Introduction to the colloquium SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 ARS, USDA, Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, Winter Haven, FL 33881 USA. RP Baldwin, EA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, 600 Ave SNW, Winter Haven, FL 33881 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD JUN PY 2002 VL 37 IS 3 BP 446 EP 447 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 559PL UT WOS:000176034500003 ER PT J AU Giovannoni, JJ AF Giovannoni, JJ TI Genetic control of fruit quality, and prospects for nutrient modification SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Colloquium on Biotechnology for Harvested Horticultural Crops held at the 97th ASHS Annual Conference CY JUL 26, 2000 CL ORLANDO, FLORIDA SP Postharvest Working Grp, Food Qual & Nutrit Working Grp, Plant Biotechnol Working Grp, Citrus Crops Working Grp, Temperate Tree Nut Crops Working Grp, Viticulture & Small Fruits Working Grp, Growth Regulators Fruit & Nut Prod Working Grp ID TOMATO FRUIT; CAROTENOID BIOSYNTHESIS; HEART-DISEASE; NEVER-RIPE; VITAMIN-E; ETHYLENE; MUTANT; EXPRESSION; PLANTS; LYCOPENE C1 ARS, USDA, Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Giovannoni, JJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 36 TC 2 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD JUN PY 2002 VL 37 IS 3 BP 453 EP 456 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 559PL UT WOS:000176034500006 ER PT J AU McCollum, TG AF McCollum, TG TI Molecular biology of host-pathogen interactions in harvested horticultural crops SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Colloquium on Biotechnology for Harvested Horticultural Crops held at the 97th ASHS Annual Conference CY JUL 26, 2000 CL ORLANDO, FLORIDA SP Postharvest Working Grp, Food Qual & Nutrit Working Grp, Plant Biotechnol Working Grp, Citrus Crops Working Grp, Temperate Tree Nut Crops Working Grp, Viticulture & Small Fruits Working Grp, Growth Regulators Fruit & Nut Prod Working Grp ID DIFFERENTIAL GENE-EXPRESSION; COLLETOTRICHUM-GLOEOSPORIOIDES; DIPLODIA-NATALENSIS; APPRESSORIUM FORMATION; NONCLIMACTERIC FRUIT; DEFENSE RESPONSES; BOTRYTIS-CINEREA; TOMATO FRUIT; CDNA CLONING; CELL-WALL C1 ARS, USDA, USHRL, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. RP McCollum, TG (reprint author), ARS, USDA, USHRL, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. NR 45 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD JUN PY 2002 VL 37 IS 3 BP 456 EP 458 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 559PL UT WOS:000176034500007 ER PT J AU Glenn, JS Gilliam, CH Edwards, JH Keever, GJ Knight, PR Olive, JW AF Glenn, JS Gilliam, CH Edwards, JH Keever, GJ Knight, PR Olive, JW TI Recycled newspaper reduces nutrient leaching from container-grown poinsettia SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Euphorbia pulcherrima; nitrogen; phosphorus; recycled paper; remediation; runoff ID NITROGEN AB Two experiments were conducted to evaluate recycled newspaper products as nutrient filters in the bottom of containers. In Expt. 1 with poinsettia, Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch 'Glory', three paper products were evaluated: ground paper, paper crumble, and paper pellets; each placed 2 or 3 cm deep in the bottom of containers, so that drainage holes were covered. Leachate samples were collected at the first irrigation after each liquid fertilization. Nitrate (NO3--N) and ammonium (NH4+-N) leachate concentrations were reduced up to 84% with recycled paper pellets, compared to the control (no paper). Recycled paper retained up to 732 mg of nitrogen (N) per container (paper pellets 3 cm deep). Shoot dry weight was reduced with paper pellets hut was not affected by ground paper or paper crumble. In Expt. 2, 'Freedom Red' poinsettias were grown with either single weekly applications of 500 mg.L-1 N from Peter's 20N-4.3P-6.6K, or 200 mg.L-1 N at each irrigation (2 or 3 times a week, as needed). Recycled paper treatments included paper crumble or paper pellets placed 2.5 cm deep in the bottom of containers, and a control without paper. Leachate NO3--N and NH4+-N concentrations were reduced up to 100% and 94%, respectively, 6 days after planting (DAP), and up to 57% and 50%, respectively, 25 DAP with paper crumble compared to nonpaper control. Paper pellets in the bottom of containers retained up to 776 mg N per container. Poinsettia shoot dry weight was lowest with paper pellets in the bottom of containers and continuous fertilization. C1 Auburn Univ, Dept Hort, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. ARS, USDA, Natl Soil Dynam Lab, Auburn, AL 36831 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Poplarville, MS 39470 USA. Ornamental Hort Substn, Mobile, AL 36689 USA. RP Glenn, JS (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Dept Hort, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD JUN PY 2002 VL 37 IS 3 BP 516 EP 519 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 559PL UT WOS:000176034500024 ER PT J AU Bai, JH Baldwin, EA Hagenmaier, RH AF Bai, JH Baldwin, EA Hagenmaier, RH TI Alternatives to shellac coatings provide comparable gloss, internal gas modification, and quality for 'Delicious' apple fruit SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Malus x domestica; shiny; firmness; modified atmosphere; volatile ID LOWER OXYGEN LIMITS; FLAVOR; STORAGE; VOLATILES AB Zein, starch, polyvinyl acetate (PVA), carnauba, and carnauba-polysaccharide (CPS) coatings were compared with a commercial shellac coating using controlled atmosphere stored 'Delicious' apples (Malus xdomestica Borkh). Coated apples were stored in air at 2 degreesC for 2 weeks and then removed to 21 degreesC for an additional two weeks to simulate marketing conditions. Gloss, internal O-2 and CO2 partial pressures, weight loss, flesh firmness, and contents of sugars, acids and volatiles were measured on 0, 2, and 4 weeks after coating treatment. Starch- and carnauba-coated apples had high initial gloss, similar to that found for shellac-coated fruit. Gloss of all coated fruit decreased similarly during the 4-week evaluation period, although all of the coated fruit were glossier than uncoated controls. For uncoated apples, the differences of O-2 and CO2 partial pressure between internal and ambient atmosphere were approximate to1 kPa at 2 degreesC, and these increased by a further 2 kPa after transfer to 21 degreesC. Fruit coated with shellac and starch had >10 kPa CO2, and <10 kPa O-2 at 21 degrees C. Zein-, PVA- and carnauba-coated apples showed a less modified internal atmosphere (6-7 kPa CO2, 11-15 kPa O-2). Internal partial pressures of O-2 and CO2 were inversely related for most coatings, except for the CPS coating, for which partial pressures of both CO2 and O-2 were low. Carnauba-, PVA-, and shellac-coated fruit lost less weight than uncoated fruit. Starch-, shellac-, and CPS-coated fruit were firmer than those from other coating treatments, and all coated fruit were firmer than uncoated control. Titratable acidity was higher in the fruit coated with CPS, starch, and shellac than in uncoated control. Ethyl alcohol and ethyl esters accumulated in starch-, shellac-, and CPS-coated fruit kept at 2 degrees C, but, levels of these volatiles decreased after transfer of fruit to 21 degrees C. Carnauba, PVA and zein coatings compared favorably to shellac for gloss and other quality characteristics. C1 ARS, USDA, Citrus & Subtrop Prod Res Lab, Winter Haven, FL 33881 USA. RP Baldwin, EA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Citrus & Subtrop Prod Res Lab, 600 Ave S NW, Winter Haven, FL 33881 USA. EM ebaldwin@citrus.usda.gov NR 36 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 EI 2327-9834 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD JUN PY 2002 VL 37 IS 3 BP 559 EP 563 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 559PL UT WOS:000176034500034 ER PT J AU Follett, PA Sanxter, SS AF Follett, PA Sanxter, SS TI Longan quality after hot-water immersion and X-ray irradiation quarantine treatments SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Dimocarpus longan; postharvest treatment; fruit flies; Hawaii AB Hot-water immersion and irradiation quarantine treatments are used to disinfest longan [Dimocarpus longan (Lour.) Steud.] of fruit flies and other pests before export from Hawaii to the U.S. mainland. One day after harvest, longan fruit (cvs. Chompoo and Biew Kiew) were subjected to hot-water immersion at 49 T for 20 minutes, irradiation treatment at a minimum absorbed dose of 400 Gy, or left untreated as controls. Fruit were then stored at 10 T in perforated plastic bags, and quality attributes were evaluated after 7,14, and 21 days. 'Chompoo' and 'Biew Kiew' fruit treated by hot-water immersion were darker (lower L*) and less intensely colored (lower C*) than irradiated or untreated fruits after 14 days of posttreatment storage. For both cultivars, external appearance of fruit treated by hot-water immersion was rated as unacceptable after 14 and 21 days of posttreatment storage, whereas irradiated and nontreated fruit were rated as acceptable on all days. Penicillium mold contributed to the unacceptable external appearance ratings after 21 days for fruit that were treated by hot-water immersion. With both cultivars, taste of fruit treated with hot-water immersion was rated as unacceptable after 21 days of storage, whereas irradiated fruit remained acceptable. Overall, under these experimental conditions, irradiation was superior to hot-water immersion as a quarantine treatment based upon the maintenance of fruit quality. C1 ARS, USDA, US Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. RP Follett, PA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, US Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, POB 4459, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. NR 14 TC 14 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD JUN PY 2002 VL 37 IS 3 BP 571 EP 574 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 559PL UT WOS:000176034500037 ER PT J AU Simmons, AM Levi, A AF Simmons, AM Levi, A TI Sources of whitefly (Homoptera : Aleyrodidae) resistance in Citrullus for the improvement of cultivated watermelon SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE breeding; germplasm; genetics; vegetable; Bemisia tabaci; Bemisia argentifolii ID BEMISIA-ARGENTIFOLII HOMOPTERA; TABACI HOMOPTERA; CUCUMIS-MELO; SILVERLEAF; VEGETABLES; ABUNDANCE; LANATUS AB The B-biotype sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), feeds on and damages numerous vegetable crops including watermelon (Citrullus sp.). Seven watermelon cultivars, a triploid line, and 16 U.S. Plant Introduction accessions (PIs) of C. lanatus var. lanatus; 10 PIs of C. lanatus var. citroides; and eight PIs of C.colocynthis, were evaluated for resistance to B. tabaci. Bioassays were based on nonpreference and performance of the whiteflies on the 42 Citrullus genotypes. Most of the watermelon cultivars and C. lanatus PIs tested were highly susceptible to whitefly infestation, while the C.colocynthis accessions exhibited whitefly resistance. Among the C. colocynthis accessions tested, PI 386015, PI 386018, and PI 386024 were most resistant to B. tabaci. This study identified useful sources of germplasm that can be used for the improvement of watermelon for resistance to whiteflies. C1 ARS, USDA, US Vegetable Lab, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. RP Simmons, AM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, US Vegetable Lab, 2875 Savannah Highway, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. NR 30 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD JUN PY 2002 VL 37 IS 3 BP 581 EP 584 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 559PL UT WOS:000176034500040 ER PT J AU Maas, JL AF Maas, JL TI Gene J. Galletta - Reported deaths SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 ARS, USDA, BA, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Maas, JL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, BA, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD JUN PY 2002 VL 37 IS 3 BP 607 EP 607 PG 1 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 559PL UT WOS:000176034500048 ER PT J AU Zinabu, GM Kebede-Westhead, E Desta, Z AF Zinabu, GM Kebede-Westhead, E Desta, Z TI Long-term changes in chemical features of waters of seven Ethiopian rift-valley lakes SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE water quality; nutrients; chlorophyll a; salinity; rift-valley lakes AB Chemical and chlorophyll a concentrations of seven Ethiopian rift-valley lakes were studied during 1990-2000. Results were compared with studies made between 1960 and 1990 in an attempt to detect long-term changes. Three different trends are apparent in the salinities (and the correlates conductivity, alkalinity, sodium concentration) of these lakes over the last 40 years: three lakes (lakes Zwai, Shalla and Abaya) have maintained their salinity levels from the 1960s, two lakes (lakes Langano and Awassa) have become more dilute, and the salinity levels of Lake Chamo and the soda lake Abijata have increased. Concentrations of silicate decreased in almost all the lakes whereas soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) increased in most lakes. Chlorophyll a concentrations were higher in the recent samples from all lakes except two, which in conjunction with results from SRP and silicate analyses suggest eutrophication in four out of the seven lakes studied. The study relates salinization in lakes with closed drainage to increased human activities in their catchments, intensified by changes in climate during the last three decades in sub-Saharan Africa. C1 ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Debub Univ, Fac Nat Sci, Awasa, Ethiopia. RP Kebede-Westhead, E (reprint author), ARS, USDA, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. OI Westhead, Elizabeth Kebede/0000-0001-9488-094X NR 34 TC 12 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 7 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD JUN PY 2002 VL 477 IS 1-3 BP 81 EP 91 DI 10.1023/A:1021061015788 PG 11 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 614BP UT WOS:000179168300008 ER PT J AU Raat, KJ Draaijers, GPJ Schaap, MG Tietema, A Verstraten, JM AF Raat, KJ Draaijers, GPJ Schaap, MG Tietema, A Verstraten, JM TI Spatial variability of throughfall water and chemistry and forest floor water content in a Douglas fir forest stand SO HYDROLOGY AND EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE nutrient throughfall; forest floor water; spatial variability; time-stability; nitrogen ID SPRUCE PICEA-ABIES; NITROGEN TRANSFORMATIONS; TEMPORAL STABILITY; CANOPY THROUGHFALL; KARST STAND; PLOT SCALE; SOIL; DEPOSITION; ECOSYSTEMS; PATTERNS AB This study focuses on spatial variability of throughfall water and chemistry and forest floor water content within a Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii, Franco L.) forest plot. Spatial patterns of water and chemistry (NH4+, NO3. , SO42-, Cl-, Mg2+, Ca2+, Na+ and K-) were compared and tested for stability over time, The spatial coefficient of variation (CV) was between 18 and 26% for amounts of throughfall water and ions, and 171 0 for forest floor water content. Concentrations and amounts of all ions were correlated significantly. Ion concentrations were negatively correlated with throughfall water amounts, but, except for NH4+ there was no such relation between throughfall water and ion amounts. Spatial patterns of throughfall water fluxes and forest floor water contents were consistent over time, patterns of ion fluxes were somewhat less stable. Because of the spatial variability of forest floor thickness and drainage, it was not possible to relate patterns in throughfall water directly to patterns in water content. The spatial variability of throughfall nitrogen and forest floor water contents can cause significant variability in NO3. production within the plot studied. C1 Univ Amsterdam, Ctr Geoecol Res, Inst Biodivers & Ecosyst Dynam, NL-1018 WV Amsterdam, Netherlands. TNO, Inst Environm Sci, NL-7300 AH Apeldoorn, Netherlands. USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Raat, KJ (reprint author), Univ Amsterdam, Ctr Geoecol Res, Inst Biodivers & Ecosyst Dynam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, NL-1018 WV Amsterdam, Netherlands. NR 38 TC 62 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 22 PU EUROPEAN GEOPHYSICAL SOC PI KATLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, 37191 KATLENBURG-LINDAU, GERMANY SN 1027-5606 J9 HYDROL EARTH SYST SC JI Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 6 IS 3 BP 363 EP 374 PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 585PR UT WOS:000177534200007 ER PT J AU Ding, ST McNeel, RL Mersmann, HJ AF Ding, ST McNeel, RL Mersmann, HJ TI Modulation of adipocyte determination and differentiation-dependent factor 1 by selected polyunsaturated fatty acids SO IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY-ANIMAL LA English DT Article DE adipocyte differentiation; porcine; ADD1; conjugated linoleic acid; polyunsaturated fatty acids; PPAR-gamma; C/EBP alpha; lipoprotein lipase ID CONJUGATED LINOLEIC-ACID; ELEMENT-BINDING PROTEIN-1; ACTIVATED RECEPTOR-GAMMA; GENE-EXPRESSION; 3T3-L1 PREADIPOCYTES; IN-VITRO; TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; ADIPOGENESIS; CELLS AB The transcription factor. sterol regulatory binding protein I c (also called adipocyte determination and differentiation-dependent factor 1), stimulates transcription of the messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs) for lipid synthesis enzymes. Hepatic ADD1 transcripts are reduced by polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The ADD1 transcripts are expressed to a considerable extent in porcine adipocytes. Consequently, it was of interest to examine the effects of several PUFAs on ADD1 in a tissue wherein several long-chain fatty acids (FAs) increase adipocyte differentiation. The effects of arachidonic acid (C20:4), docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6), and cis 9, trans 11-conjugated linoleic acid (9,11-CLA) on differentiating preadipocyte ADD1 mRNA and protein and on preadipocyte differentiation were determined. Porcine stromal-vascular cells were plated in serum-containing medium and differentiated in serum-free medium containing insulin, hydrocortisone, and transferrin +/- an individual FA. After 24-h differentiation +/- FA, plates were stained with Oil Red O as an indicator of differentiation or total RNA was extracted or a nuclear fraction was isolated for protein measurement. Addition of C20:4 or 9,11-CLA increased the number of Oil Red O-stained cells or the Oil Red O-stained material, whereas C22:6 did not. Addition of C20:4, C22:6, or 9,11-CLA decreased the concentration of the mRNA and protein for ADD1. Thus, although all three FAs decreased the ADD1 mRNA and protein concentrations, C20:4 and 9,11-CLA increased differentiation, measured by Oil Red O staining., whereas C22:6 did not. The data suggest that the regulation of differentiation and mRNAs by individual FAs may involve distinct mechanisms. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Natl Taiwan Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Taipei 10764, Taiwan. RP Mersmann, HJ (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Dept Pediat, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. OI Ding, Shih-Torng/0000-0002-9866-1776 NR 49 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC IN VITRO BIOLOGY PI LARGO PA 9315 LARGO DR WEST, STE 25, LARGO, MD 20774 USA SN 1071-2690 J9 IN VITRO CELL DEV-AN JI In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol.-Anim. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 38 IS 6 BP 352 EP 357 PG 6 WC Cell Biology; Developmental Biology SC Cell Biology; Developmental Biology GA 635GY UT WOS:000180392200007 PM 12513123 ER PT J AU Meyerholz, DK Stabel, TJ Cheville, NF AF Meyerholz, DK Stabel, TJ Cheville, NF TI Segmented filamentous bacteria interact with intraepithelial mononuclear cells SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID INTESTINAL EPITHELIAL-CELLS; MUCOSAL IMMUNE-SYSTEM; ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; DENDRITIC CELLS; SMALL-BOWEL; MICE; COLONIZATION; MOUSE; ILEUM; ATTACHMENT AB Segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) are found in multiple species and play an important role in the development of mucosal immunity. The mechanism by which the bacteria interact with the immune system has not been well defined. We provide morphologic evidence of direct interaction between SFB and intraepithelial mononuclear cells. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Preharvest Food Safety & Enter Dis Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Vet Microbiol & Prevent Med, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Vet Pathol, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Stabel, TJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Preharvest Food Safety & Enter Dis Unit, 2300 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 29 TC 24 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 70 IS 6 BP 3277 EP 3280 DI 10.1128/IAI.70.6.3277-3280.2002 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 554XA UT WOS:000175761400067 PM 12011024 ER PT J AU Hinson, S Nagoshi, RN AF Hinson, S Nagoshi, RN TI The involvement of ovarian tumour in the intracellular localization of Sex-lethal protein SO INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE oogenesis; transformer-2; ovarian tumour; transformer; Sex-lethal ID DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; MESSENGER-RNA; GERM-LINE; FUSION PROTEIN; OTU GENE; OOGENESIS; TRANSFORMER; ALLELES; LOCUS; MICROTUBULES AB The Drosophila ovarian tumour gene is required at multiple times in the germline for oogenesis. A second gene, Sex-lethal, controls sex determination in the soma and also has a separate germline function affecting similar oogenic stages as ovarian tumour. We demonstrate that ovarian tumour is not required for early Sex-lethal gene expression in the female germline, as had been previously reported. Instead, we provide evidence that ovarian tumour has a specific role in the developmentally regulated accumulation of SEX-LETHAL protein within the cytoplasm and nucleus. Furthermore, the examination of nurse cell polytene chromosomes produced by certain ovarian tumour mutations showed that SEX-LETHAL protein can associate with discrete chromosomal sites in the germline and that this pattern appears to change as the egg chamber matures. This is the first indication that SEX-LETHAL is capable of direct physical interactions with chromosomes (albeit in a mutant background) and is consistent with the developmentally regulated nuclear localization of SEX-LETHAL being important for oogenesis. C1 Univ Iowa, Dept Biol Sci, Iowa City, IA USA. RP Nagoshi, RN (reprint author), ARS, USDA, CMAVE, POB 14565,1600-1700 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. FU NICHD NIH HHS [N01-HD-7-3263]; NIGMS NIH HHS [GM45843] NR 36 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1075 J9 INSECT MOL BIOL JI Insect Mol. Biol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 11 IS 3 BP 241 EP 248 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2583.2002.00332.x PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA 550YF UT WOS:000175532100006 PM 12000643 ER PT J AU Kogut, M Lowry, VK Farnell, M AF Kogut, M Lowry, VK Farnell, M TI Selective pharmacological inhibitors reveal the role of Syk tyrosine kinase, phospholipase C, phosphatidylinositol-3 '-kinase, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in Fc receptor-mediated signaling of chicken heterophil degranulation SO INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Syk tyrosine kinase; phospholipase C; p38 MAPK; phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase; degranulation ID SRC FAMILY KINASES; GAMMA RECEPTOR; HUMAN NEUTROPHILS; OXIDATIVE BURST; SALMONELLA-ENTERITIDIS; AVIAN HETEROPHILS; MOTIF ITAM; MAP KINASE; IN-VIVO; PHAGOCYTOSIS AB wFc receptors of avian heterophils play a primary role in the elimination of bacterial pathogens in poultry. The cross-linking of Fc receptors with IgG-bacteria complexes results in the secretion of toxic oxygen metabolites and anti-bacterial granules. We have been investigating the upstream signaling events that precede degranulation following crosslinkage of Fc receptors on heterophils. Previously when using the non-selective pharmacological inhibitors genistein, chelerythrine, verapamil, and pertussis toxin, we found no significant inhibitory effects on Fc-mediated heterophil degranulation. In the present studies, we used more selective pharmacological inhibitors to investigate the roles of protein tyrosine kinases, phospholipase C (PLC), phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase, and the family of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) on Fe-mediated heterophil degranulation. Inhibitors of the receptor-linked tyrosine kinases (the tryphostins AG 1478 and AG 1296) had no attenuating effects on the Fc receptor-mediated degranulation of chicken heterophils. Likewise, PP2, a selective inhibitor of the Src family of protein tyrosine kinases, had no inhibitory effects on degranulation. However, piceatannol, a selective inhibitor of Syk tyrosine kinase, significantly attenuated the effect of Fc receptor-mediated degranulation. Additionally, Fc-mediated degranulation was significantly attenuated by SB 203580, an inhibitor of p38 MAPK, but not by PD98059, an inhibitor of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). An inhibitor of phospholipase C, U73122 and LY294002, an inhibitor of phosphoinositol-3 kinase significantly decreased heterophil degranulation. These results suggest that the Fc receptors on chicken heterophils, like their counterparts on mammalian neutrophils, have no intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity, but probably mediate downstream events through activation of tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAM). Activation of the Syk tyrosine kinase stimulates downstream phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, phospholipase C, and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase as signaling pathways that regulate Fc-receptor-mediated degranulation of chicken heterophils. Engaging Fc receptors on chicken heterophils activates a Syk-->PLC-->PI3-K-->p38 MAPK signal transduction pathway that induces degranulation. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 ARS, USDA, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Anat, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Kogut, M (reprint author), ARS, USDA, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 52 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1567-5769 J9 INT IMMUNOPHARMACOL JI Int. Immunopharmacol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 2 IS 7 BP 963 EP 973 AR PII S1567-5769(02)00050-4 DI 10.1016/S1567-5769(02)00050-4 PG 11 WC Immunology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Immunology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 580YW UT WOS:000177265200011 PM 12188037 ER PT J AU Kullas, H Coles, M Rhyan, J Clark, L AF Kullas, H Coles, M Rhyan, J Clark, L TI Prevalence of Escherichia coli serogroups and human virulence factors in faeces of urban Canada geese (Branta canadensis) SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID MANURE SLURRY; SURVIVAL; BACTERIA; O157-H7; MANAGEMENT AB This was the first study to exhaustively characterize the prevalence of Escherichia coli sero-groups in any wildlife species. Faecal samples from Canada geese (Branta canadensis) were collected over a single year in Fort Collins, Colorado, USA. The overall prevalence for E. coli ranged from 2% during the coldest time of the year to 94% during the warmest months of the year. During the time of year when nonmigratory geese dominated the local goose population (March-July) the prevalence of enterotoxogenic (ETEC) forms of E. coli was 13.0%. The prevalence of enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) forms was 6.0%, while prevalence for enteroinvasive (EIEC) and enteroagglomerative (EAEC) forms was 4.6 and 1.3%, respectively, during the same period. We also examined all samples positive for E. coli for genes coding for virulence factors, including: SLT-I, SLT-II, eae, hly-A, K1, LT, STa, STb, CNF1, and CNF2. Three isolates were positive for human virulence factors, representing a 2% prevalence for faeces containing potential human toxins. Genes for STa were isolated from ETEC strains O-8 and O-167, while the gene for K1 was isolated from an O-8 (ETEC) serogroup. These data will prove useful in focusing attention on the risks that increasing populations of urban Canada geese pose to public health. C1 Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Clark, L (reprint author), Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 4101 La Porte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 24 TC 29 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 10 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0960-3123 J9 INT J ENVIRON HEAL R JI Int. J. Environ. Health Res. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 12 IS 2 BP 153 EP 162 DI 10.1080/09603120220129319 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 547MZ UT WOS:000175337500005 PM 12396532 ER PT J AU Bacon, L Keim, NL Van Loan, MD Derricote, M Gale, B Kazaks, A Stern, JS AF Bacon, L Keim, NL Van Loan, MD Derricote, M Gale, B Kazaks, A Stern, JS TI Evaluating a 'non-diet' wellness intervention for improvement of metabolic fitness, psychological well-being and eating and activity behaviors SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBESITY LA English DT Article DE non-diet intervention; eating behavior; metabolic fitness; weight loss ID HEALTHY WORKER PROJECT; LOW CALORIE DIET; WEIGHT-LOSS; PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; BODY-WEIGHT; FOLLOW-UP; OBESITY; PREVALENCE; RESTRAINT; WOMEN AB CONTEXT: Current public health policy recommends weight loss for obese individuals, and encourages energy-restricted diets. Others advocate an alternative, 'non-diet' approach which emphasizes eating in response to physiological cues (eg hunger and satiety) and enhancing body acceptance. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of a 'health-centered' non-diet wellness program, and to compare this program to a traditional 'weight loss-centered' diet program. DESIGN: Six-month, randomized clinical trial. SETTING: Free-living, general community. PARTICIPANTS: Obese, Caucasian, female, chronic dieters, ages 30 - 45 y (n = 78). INTERVENTIONS: Six months of weekly group intervention in a non-diet wellness program or a traditional diet program, followed by 6 months of monthly after-care group support. OUTCOME MEASURES: Anthropometry (weight, body mass index); metabolic fitness (blood pressure, blood lipids); energy expenditure; eating behavior (restraint, eating disorder pathology); psychology (self-esteem, depression, body image); attrition and attendance; and participant evaluations of treatment helpfulness. Measures obtained at baseline, 3 months, 6 months and 1 y. RESULTS (1 y after program initiation): Cognitive restraint increased in the diet group and decreased in the non-diet group. Both groups demonstrated significant improvement in many metabolic fitness, psychological and eating behavior variables. There was high attrition in the diet group (41%), compared to 8% in the non-diet group. Weight significantly decreased in the diet group (5.9 +/- 6.3 kg) while there was no significant change in the non-diet group (-0.1 +/- 4.8 kg). CONCLUSIONS: Over a I y period, a diet approach results in weight loss for those who complete the intervention, while a non-diet approach does not. However, a non-diet approach can produce similar improvements in metabolic fitness, psychology and eating behavior, while at the same time effectively minimizing the attrition common in diet programs. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Nutr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, USDA ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Div Endocrinol Clin Nutr & Cardiovasc Med, Dept Internal Med, Davis, CA 95616 USA. City Coll San Francisco, Dept Biol, San Francisco, CA 94112 USA. RP Bacon, L (reprint author), City Coll San Francisco, Dept Biol, Phelan Campus,50 Phelan Dr, San Francisco, CA 94112 USA. FU NIDDK NIH HHS [1R01DK57738-01A1] NR 55 TC 82 Z9 83 U1 4 U2 15 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0307-0565 J9 INT J OBESITY JI Int. J. Obes. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 26 IS 6 BP 854 EP 865 PG 12 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 557TZ UT WOS:000175925400016 PM 12037657 ER PT J AU Campbell, WW Joseph, LJO Anderson, RA Davey, SL Hinton, J Evans, WJ AF Campbell, WW Joseph, LJO Anderson, RA Davey, SL Hinton, J Evans, WJ TI Effects of resistive training and chromium picolinate on body composition and skeletal muscle size in older women SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPORT NUTRITION AND EXERCISE METABOLISM LA English DT Article DE muscle fiber size; muscle biopsy; exercise; strength training; resistance training; hydrostatic weighing ID STRENGTH; MEN; SUPPLEMENTATION; HYPERTROPHY; ADAPTATIONS; EXCRETION; DIETS; FIBER; POWER AB This study assessed the effect of resistive training (RT), with or without high-dose chromium picolinate (Cr-pic) supplementation, on body composition and skeletal muscle size of older women. Seventeen sedentary women, age range 54-71 years, BMI 28.8 +/- 2.4 kg/ml, were randomly assigned (double-blind) to groups (Cr-pic, n = 9; Placebo, n = 8) that consumed either 924 mug Cr/d as Cr-pic or a low-Cr placebo (<0.2 mug Cr/d) during a 12-week RT program (2 day/ week, 3 sets (.) exercise(-1) (.) d(-1), 80% of 1 repetition maximum). Urinary chromium excretion was 60-fold higher in the Cr-pic group, compared to the Placebo group (p <.001), during the intervention. Resistive training increased maximal strength of the muscle groups trained by 8 to 34% (p <.001), and these responses were not influenced by Cr-pic supplementation. Percent body fat and fat-free mass were unchanged with RT in these weight-stable women, independent of Cr-pic supplementation. Type I and type IT muscle fiber areas of the in. vastus lateralis were not changed over time and were not influenced by Cr-pic supplementation. These data demonstrate that high-dose Cr-pic supplementation did not increase maximal strength above that of resistive training alone in older women. Further, these data show that, under these experimental conditions, whole body composition and skeletal muscle size were not significantly changed due to resistive training and were not influenced by supplemental chromium picolinate. C1 Purdue Univ, Dept Foods & Nutr, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. USDA, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Arkansas Med Sci, Nutr Metab & Exercise Program, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA. Univ Arkansas Med Sci, Reynolds Dept Geriatr & GRECC, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA. RP Campbell, WW (reprint author), Purdue Univ, Dept Foods & Nutr, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [M01-RR-10732]; NIA NIH HHS [R29-AG-13409, R01-AG-11811, T32 AG-0048] NR 38 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 4 PU HUMAN KINETICS PUBL INC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1607 N MARKET ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820-2200 USA SN 1050-1606 J9 INT J SPORT NUTR EXE JI Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 12 IS 2 BP 125 EP 135 PG 11 WC Nutrition & Dietetics; Sport Sciences SC Nutrition & Dietetics; Sport Sciences GA 566PB UT WOS:000176436300001 PM 12187613 ER PT J AU Mitchell, JE Hill, A AF Mitchell, JE Hill, A TI Social, economic and legal indicators for the sustainable management of rangelands SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND WORLD ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Montreal protocols; sustainability; forests; management C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Vegetat Management & Protect Res Staff RPC, Arlington, VA 22209 USA. RP Mitchell, JE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 2150 Ctr Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU PARTHENON PUBLISHING GROUP PI LANCASTER PA RICHMOND HOUSE, WHITE CROSS, SOUTH ROAD, LANCASTER LA1 4XQ, ENGLAND SN 1350-4509 J9 INT J SUST DEV WORLD JI Int. J. Sustain. Dev. World Ecol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 9 IS 2 BP 93 EP 94 PG 2 WC GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY; Ecology SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 559EM UT WOS:000176012700001 ER PT J AU Shields, DJ Bartlett, ET AF Shields, DJ Bartlett, ET TI Applicability of Montreal Process Criterion 6 - Long-term socio-economic benefits - to rangeland sustainability SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND WORLD ECOLOGY LA English DT Review DE rangelands; Montreal Process; sustainability; socio-economic indicators ID ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY; NONMARKET VALUATION; FEDERAL FORESTS; INDICATORS; COMMUNITIES; VALUES; ECOLOGY; POLICY; SCALE AB Montreal Process Criterion 6 - maintenance and enhancement of long-term multiple socio-economic benefits to meet the needs of society - can be subdivided in five categories: production and consumption, recreation and tourism, investment in the rangeland sector, cultural and spiritual needs and values, and employment and community needs. We review the philosophical and practical considerations in applying the 19 indicators to rangelands at the national scale. Many of them are appropriate for rangelands and are being monitored by various agencies and organizations. However, some indicators only seem measurable at a local level and may be difficult to quantify at the national scale. In addition, some indicators may be difficult to measure at all, especially in a repeatable manner. The goal of sustainability is development that provides a good quality of life while staying within environmental limits. These indicators, with some additions and substantial research, can help determine if we are moving closer to that goal. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Rangeland Ecosyst Seci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Shields, DJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 2150 Ctr Ave,Bldg A, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 172 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 3 U2 3 PU PARTHENON PUBLISHING GROUP PI LANCASTER PA RICHMOND HOUSE, WHITE CROSS, SOUTH ROAD, LANCASTER LA1 4XQ, ENGLAND SN 1350-4509 J9 INT J SUST DEV WORLD JI Int. J. Sustain. Dev. World Ecol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 9 IS 2 BP 95 EP 120 PG 26 WC GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY; Ecology SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 559EM UT WOS:000176012700002 ER PT J AU Lents, CA Wettemann, RP Paape, MJ Vizcarra, JA Looper, ML Buchanan, DS Lusby, KS AF Lents, CA Wettemann, RP Paape, MJ Vizcarra, JA Looper, ML Buchanan, DS Lusby, KS TI Efficacy of intramuscular treatment of beef cows with oxytetracycline to reduce mastitis and to increase calf growth SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef cattle; mastitis; oxytetracycline; somatic cell count; weaning weight ID SOMATIC-CELL COUNTS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS-AUREUS MASTITIS; MILK-PRODUCTION; INTRAMAMMARY INFECTION; SUBCLINICAL MASTITIS; THERAPY; WEIGHT; HERD; CALVES; IMPACT AB Spring-calving multiparous Angus x Hereford cows were used to determine the efficacy of intramuscular treatment with oxytetracycline to reduce the incidence of mastitis-causing bacteria, decrease milk somatic cell counts (SCC), and increase calf growth. During 2 yr, milk samples were collected from each quarter from a total of 319 cows at 8 to 14 d after calving and at weaning, to determine the presence of bacteria and SCC. A California mastitis test (CMT) was performed on milk from each quarter of each cow at the initial sample collection. Cows with a CMT score of 1, 2, or 3 in at least one quarter, were randomly assigned to receive either an intramuscular injection of oxytetracycline (n = 63) or the control vehicle (n = 60), and cows with a CMT score of 0 or trace in all four quarters were not treated (n = 196). Calf weights were determined at birth, early lactation, and weaning. The number of somatic cells in milk and the percentage of quarters that were infected increased as CMT score increased (P < 0.01). The presence of mastitis-causing bacteria at calving increased (P < 0.05) the incidence of infection at weaning. The presence of mastitis-causing bacteria at weaning was associated with increased SCC for quarters and average SCC for cows (P < 0.01). Average SCC per cow at weaning increased (P < 0.05) as the number of infected quarters per cow increased. Treatment did not alter (P > 0.10) the percentage of cows or quarters infected with mastitis-causing bacteria or SCC of cows or quarters at weaning. Average SCC per cow was negatively correlated (P < 0.05) with calf weights at early lactation, but not with weaning weights of calves. Treatment did not influence (P > 0.10) calf weights at early lactation or at weaning. Cows with one or more dry quarters after calving had calves that weighed less at early lactation and weaning than cows with four functional quarters (P < 0.01). Intramuscular oxytetracycline treatment of beef cows that had CMT scores of 1 or greater after calving did not reduce intramammary infection rates or increase calf weights at weaning. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Oklahoma Agr Expt Stn, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. USDA ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Wettemann, RP (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Oklahoma Agr Expt Stn, 114 Anim Sci Bldg, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. OI Vizcarra, Jorge/0000-0002-4037-5216 NR 50 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 80 IS 6 BP 1405 EP 1412 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 561UQ UT WOS:000176161600002 PM 12078719 ER PT J AU Snowder, GD Stellflug, JN Van Vleck, LD AF Snowder, GD Stellflug, JN Van Vleck, LD TI Heritability and repeatability of sexual performance scores of rams SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE sexual behavior; libido; sheep ID ESTROUS EWES; BEHAVIOR AB Sexual performance has been subjectively measured with a libido test during screening of rams before public sale and breeding at the U.S. Sheep Experiment Station from 1990 to 2000. The objective of this study was to determine whether sexual performance was genetically influenced. Sexual performance scores ranged from 1 to 6 with scores increasing from sexually inactive to highly sexually active in the presence of estrous ewes. The overall average score was 3.5 +/- 0.02. Records from four breeds (Columbia, n = 807; Polypay, n = 1,668; Rambouillet, n = 1,208; and Targhee, n = 1,002) were combined into one analysis because breeds had similar phenotypic variances. Total number of records was 4,685, which included a second sexual performance test on 1,212 rams in the following year. Variance components were estimated using a REML algorithm. Fixed effects were breed of ram, selection line within breed, and year by breed. A permanent environmental effect for ram was included to account for repeated observations on individual animals. Age and weight of the rams at time of the libido test were linear covariates and were breed-specific. Adjusted means for sexual performance scores did not differ among breeds (P > 0.05). Age was a significant effect (P < 0.01), with sexual performance score increasing 0.05 units for each month of age. The additive genetic variance was estimated as 0.54. The estimate of variance due to ram permanent environmental effects was 1.19. The residual variance was estimated to be 0.67. The heritability estimate was moderate (0.22 +/- 0.04) and repeatability was high (0.72). These results imply that one screening for sexual performance provides a reliable measure of sexual performance and that favorable response to selection for ram serving capacity may be expected. C1 USDA ARS, US Sheep Expt Stn, Dubois, ID 83423 USA. USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Snowder, GD (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Sheep Expt Stn, HC 62,Box 2010, Dubois, ID 83423 USA. NR 26 TC 14 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 80 IS 6 BP 1508 EP 1511 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 561UQ UT WOS:000176161600013 PM 12078730 ER PT J AU Lane, MA Baldwin, RL VI Jesse, BW AF Lane, MA Baldwin, RL VI Jesse, BW TI Developmental changes in ketogenic enzyme gene expression during sheep rumen development SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE development; ketogenesis; rumen; sheep; volatile fatty acids ID MITOCHONDRIAL 3-HYDROXY-3-METHYLGLUTARYL-COA SYNTHASE; METABOLISM; CELLS; LIVER AB Ketogenesis is the conversion of acetylCoA to the ketone bodies acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA). In hepatic ketogenesis, which occurs during fasting in both nonruminant and ruminant animals, the source of acetyl-CoA is the mitochondrial oxidation of predominantly long-chain fatty acids. In the mature, fed ruminant animal, the ruminal epithelium is also capable of producing ketone bodies. In this case, the source of acetyl-CoA is the mitochondrial oxidation of butyrate produced by the microbial fermentation of feed. The purposes of this study were to determine ontogenic and dietary effects on ketogenic enzyme gene expression in developing lamb ruminal epithelium. Twenty-seven conventionally reared lambs and twenty-seven milk-fed lambs were slaughtered between 1 and 84 d of age. Six additional milk-fed lambs were weaned (the fed group) or maintained on milk replacer with a volatile fatty acid gavage (the VITA group) until 84 d of age. At slaughter, total RNA was extracted from samples of ruminal epithelium. The expression of the genes encoding acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, the first enzyme in the ketogenic pathway, and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the ketogenic pathway in nonruminant liver, were examined. Acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase mRNA concentrations increased with age independent of diet. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase mRNA levels in ruminal epithelium obtained from milk-fed lambs were low before 42 d of age, but a marked increase occurred by 42 d of age. At 84 d of age, there were no differences in acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase expression due to diet. The pattern of the expression of these genes, in particular, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase, parallels the rate of production of BHBA by rumen epithelial cells isolated from the same lambs, which increased to conventionally reared adult levels at 42 d of age and did not differ with diet. In conclusion, development of the ketogenic capacity of the ruminal epithelium occurs as the animal ages, regardless of dietary treatment. Thus, the expression of the genes encoding the ketogenic enzymes are not affected by the presence of VFA in the ruminal lumen. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. USDA ARS, Energy Metab Unit, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Jesse, BW (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. NR 16 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 80 IS 6 BP 1538 EP 1544 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 561UQ UT WOS:000176161600018 PM 12078735 ER PT J AU Smith, DJ Shappell, NW AF Smith, DJ Shappell, NW TI Technical note: Epimerization of ergopeptine alkaloids in organic and aqueous solvents SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE ergot alkaloids; festuca; toxicology ID ENDOPHYTE-INFECTED FESCUE; TALL FESCUE; ERGOT ALKALOIDS; ERGONOVINE; PROLACTIN; GRASSES; CATTLE; STEERS AB Purified ergopeptine alkaloids are often used in studies related to tall fescue toxicosis without regard to epimerization that occurs when ergopeptines are solvated. The objectives of this study were to measure the rates of alpha-ergocryptine epimerization to alpha-ergocryptinine at room temperature and at -40degreesC, and to measure the rate of ergovaline epimerization to ergovalinine at 37degreesC. alpha-Ergocryptine tartrate was stable (< 0.5% epimerization) in protic or aprotic solvents when stored at -40degreesC for 20 to 52 d. At room temperature, alpha-ergocryptine epimerization in chloroform did not occur; epimerization was modest in acetone and acetonitrile (< 5%) but was substantial in methanol (78% by 38 d) and in a 70:30 water methanol mix (47% by 42 d). Ergovaline epimerization to ergovalinine occurred at 37degreesC in 0.1 M phosphate buffers (pH 3, 7.5, and 9) in 9% aqueous solutions of fetal bovine serum (FBS), and in water, methanol, and acetonitrile. The degree of epimerization at 37degreesC was solvent-dependent. Epimerization rates with respect to time were roughly linear in phosphate buffer (pH 3 only), water, methanol, and acetonitrile; epimerization rates resembled first-order kinetics in phosphate buffers (pH 7.5 and 9) and in the presence of FBS (pH 3, 7.5 and in Dulbecco's culture media). Epimerization equilibria (48 to 63% ergovaline) were reached within approximately 1 to 19 h. Results from this study indicate that researchers conducting studies with purified ergopeptines should carefully control the storage conditions of solvated ergopeptines and measure isomeric composition under the actual experimental conditions used in experiments. C1 USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Smith, DJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, POB 5674 Univ Stn, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 20 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 80 IS 6 BP 1616 EP 1622 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 561UQ UT WOS:000176161600026 PM 12078743 ER PT J AU Gazal, OS Kouakou, B Amoah, EA Barb, CR Barrett, JB Gelaye, S AF Gazal, OS Kouakou, B Amoah, EA Barb, CR Barrett, JB Gelaye, S TI Effects of N-methyl-D,L-aspartate on LH, GH, and testosterone secretion in goat bucks maintained under long or short photoperiods SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE LH; GH; testosterone; aspartic acid; photoperiod; goats ID LUTEINIZING-HORMONE SECRETION; N-METHYL-D; STIMULATES GROWTH-HORMONE; GONADOTROPIN-SECRETION; OVARIECTOMIZED EWES; AD-LIBITUM; ACID; RELEASE; PROLACTIN; ASPARTATE AB Photoperiod modulates reproduction in goats. We tested the hypothesis that the excitatory glutamatergic tone is reduced in the photoinhibited goat. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of photoperiod and glutamatergic stimulation on LH, GH, and testosterone (T) secretion in goat bucks. Eight mature, intact bucks were used in two simultaneous 4 x 4 Latin square designs. Variables were two photoperiod regimens (short day; SD, 10 h light:14 h dark, n = 4; vs long day; LD, 16 h light:8 h dark, n = 4) and four doses of N-methyl-D-L-aspartate (NMA; 0, 1, 2 and 4 mg/kg BW, i.v.). Venous blood was obtained for 2 h before and after NMA injection, followed by GnRH injection and then a final 1 h of sampling. Injection of NMA increased (P < 0.002) LH secretion within 20 min. This increase was sustained for 120 min, but the response was most pronounced in LD goats. The increase in mean LH was associated with a concomitant dose-dependent increase in pulse frequency (P < 0.006). However, NMA treatment had no effect T > 0.10) on LH pulse amplitude. The release of LH after injection of GnRH was not affected by photoperiod. Exposure of bucks to LD reduced T secretion relative to that of SD bucks T < 0.01). However, GH secretion was enhanced in LD bucks T < 0.001). The response of GH to NMA was dependent on photoperiod history. A highly significant immediate and sustained increase T < 0.001) was observed in LD but not in SD bucks within 10 min. Overall, a dose-dependent increase (P < 0.01) in T secretion was stimulated by NMA in both LD and SD bucks. These results indicate that NMA receptors may be involved in the regulation of LH, GH, and testosterone secretion in the goat. Furthermore, length of day influences GH secretion in the goat and NMA receptor activation had divergent effects on the secretion of this hormone. C1 St Cloud State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Toyono, Osaka 56301, Japan. Ft Valley State Coll, Agr Res Stn, Ft Valley, GA 31030 USA. USDA ARS, Anim Physiol Unit, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Gazal, OS (reprint author), St Cloud State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, MS-227,Math & Sci Bldg,720 4th Ave S, Toyono, Osaka 56301, Japan. NR 33 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 80 IS 6 BP 1623 EP 1628 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 561UQ UT WOS:000176161600027 ER PT J AU Callaway, TR Anderson, RC Genovese, KJ Poole, TL Anderson, TJ Byrd, JA Kubena, LF Nisbet, DJ AF Callaway, TR Anderson, RC Genovese, KJ Poole, TL Anderson, TJ Byrd, JA Kubena, LF Nisbet, DJ TI Sodium chlorate supplementation reduces E-coli O157 : H7 populations in cattle SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Escherichia coli O157 : H7; chlorate; cattle ID ENTEROHEMORRHAGIC ESCHERICHIA-COLI; RUMEN CONTENTS; RESERVOIR AB Cattle are a natural reservoir of the food-borne pathogen Escherichia coli O157:117. Therefore, strategies that reduce E. coli O157:117 prior to slaughter will reduce human exposures to this virulent pathogen. When bacteria that can anaerobically respire on nitrate (e.g., E. coli) are exposed to chlorate, they die because the intracellular enzyme nitrate reductase converts nitrate to nitrite, but also co-metabolically reduces chlorate to cytotoxic chlorite. Because chlorate is bactericidal only against nitrate reductase-positive bacteria, it has been suggested that chlorate supplementation be used as a strategy to reduce E. coli O157:117 populations in cattle prior to harvest. Cattle (n = 8) were fed a feedlot-style high-grain diet experimentally infected with three strains of E. coli O157:H7. Cattle were given access to drinking water supplemented with 2.5 m.M KNO3 and 100 mM NaCl (controls; n = 4) or 2.5 mM KNO3 and 100 mM NaClO3 (chloratetreated; n = 4). Sodium chlorate treatment for 24 h reduced the population of all E. coli O157:117 strains approximately two logs (104 to 102) in the rumen and three logs (101 to 103) in the feces. Chlorate treatment reduced total coliforms and generic E. coli from 106 to 104 in the rumen and by two logs throughout the rest of the gastrointestinal tract (ileum, cecum, colon, and rectum). Chlorate treatment reduced E. coli O157:H7 counts throughout the intestinal tract but did not alter total culturable anaerobic bacterial counts or the ruminal fermentation pattern. Therefore, it appears that chlorate supplementation is a viable potential strategy to reduce E. coli O157:H7 populations in cattle prior to harvest. C1 USDA ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, Food & Feed Safety Res Unit, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Callaway, TR (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, Food & Feed Safety Res Unit, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. EM callaway@ffsru.tamu.edu NR 24 TC 81 Z9 83 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 80 IS 6 BP 1683 EP 1689 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 561UQ UT WOS:000176161600033 PM 12078750 ER PT J AU Agostinucci, K Manfredi, TG Cosmas, A Martin, K Han, SN Wu, D Sastre, J Meydani, SN Meydani, M AF Agostinucci, K Manfredi, TG Cosmas, A Martin, K Han, SN Wu, D Sastre, J Meydani, SN Meydani, M TI Vitamin E and age alter liver mitochondrial morphometry SO JOURNAL OF ANTI-AGING MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES; OXIDATIVE DAMAGE; MEGAMITOCHONDRIA; HEART; RAT; ANTIOXIDANTS; HEPATOCYTES; MEMBRANES; HYDRAZINE AB Oxidative damage to mitochondrial. membranes caused by free radical production during respiration plays a major role in tissue dysfunction. It has been hypothesized that aging is associated with mitochondrial enlargement and elongation. These changes may be enhanced by deficiencies in vitamin E and selenium. Vitamin E supplementation minimizes the age-related mitochondrial enlargement and elongation in the mouse liver. This study investigated the effects of vitamin E supplementation (500 IU/kg) on "old" (760 days) and "older" (827 days) C57BL/6 mice liver mitochondrial. (Mt morphometry. Fixed mitochondria from homogenized liver samples taken from control and vitamin E-supplemented mice were examined by transmission electron microscopy and measured by image analysis. Morphometric measurements included Mt area, short and long axis, and size distributions. "Old" vitamin E-supplemented mice had significantly smaller (p < 0.0001) liver mitochondria than age-matched controls. While age had no significant effect on Mt area and short axis in the vitamin E-supplemented mice, it had a significant effect (p < 0.002) on the long axis. Analysis of the long axis to short axis ratio indicated that age had a significant effect of mitochondrial elongation in the vitamin E fed mice. Vitamin E supplementation results in smaller mouse liver mitochondria as compared to age-matched cohorts and aging results in elongation but does not alter the size of liver mitochondria in mice supplemented with vitamin E. These results suggest that vitamin E provides a protective effect against age-related mitochondrial enlargement. C1 Univ Rhode Isl, Exercise Sci Lab, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. Univ Connecticut, Sch Allied Hlth Prof, Storrs, CT USA. Tufts Univ, JM USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Boston, MA USA. Univ Valencia, Dept Pharm, Valencia, Spain. RP Manfredi, TG (reprint author), Univ Rhode Isl, Exercise Sci Lab, 25 W Independence Way, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. NR 25 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1094-5458 J9 J ANTI-AGING MED JI J. Anti-Aging Med. PD SUM PY 2002 VL 5 IS 2 BP 173 EP 178 DI 10.1089/10945450260195612 PG 6 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 585FY UT WOS:000177515800005 ER PT J AU Takamatsu, S Zhang, QL Schrader, KK ElSohly, HN Walker, LA AF Takamatsu, S Zhang, QL Schrader, KK ElSohly, HN Walker, LA TI Characterization of Mycotypha metabolites found to be inhibitors of cell adhesion molecules SO JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS LA English DT Article ID MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; CYTOCHALASIN; SYSTEM; ICAM-1; ASSAY AB Three inhibitors of cell adhesion based on LFA-1/ICAM-1 were isolated from the cultured broth of the fungal strain Mycotypha sp. UMF-006. These compounds were identified by spectroscopy to be cytochalasin E (1), 5,6-dehydro-7-hydroxy derivative of cytochalasin E (2) and Delta(6,12)-isomer of 2 (3). All these components inhibited adhesion of HL-60 cells to CHO-ICAM-1 cells at IC50 values of 30 mug/ml for 1, 75 mug/ml for 2, and 90 mug/ml for 3. C1 Univ Mississippi, Natl Ctr Nat Prod Res, Res Inst Pharmaceut Sci, University, MS 38677 USA. Univ Mississippi, Dept Pharmacol, Sch Pharm, University, MS 38677 USA. Univ Mississippi, USDA ARS, Nat Prod Utilizat Res Unit, University, MS 38677 USA. RP Takamatsu, S (reprint author), Univ Mississippi, Natl Ctr Nat Prod Res, Res Inst Pharmaceut Sci, University, MS 38677 USA. NR 25 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU JAPAN ANTIBIOT RES ASSN PI TOKYO PA 2 20 8 KAMIOSAKI SHINAGAWA KU, TOKYO, 141, JAPAN SN 0021-8820 J9 J ANTIBIOT JI J. Antibiot. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 55 IS 6 BP 585 EP 592 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 567XK UT WOS:000176511700007 PM 12195965 ER PT J AU Hu, Q Feng, S Schaefer, G AF Hu, Q Feng, S Schaefer, G TI Quality control for USDA NRCS SM-ST network soil temperatures: A method and a dataset SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; DROUGHT AB In 1991, the U. S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) established its Soil Moisture-Soil Temperature (SM-ST) Pilot Network consisting of 21 stations in 19 states in the contiguous United States. At each station, soil temperatures were measured at up to six different depths from 5.08 to 203.20 cm (or 2-80 in.) below the surface. Before 1997, the observations were made every 6 h, and they increased to hourly beginning in 1997. The goal of this network is to provide near-real time soil temperature and soil moisture observations in different regions across the United States for agricultural and water use management as well as for climate research. To improve the usefulness and increase the value of both the data and this network, a quality-control method for the soil temperature data was developed. The method used a soil heat diffusion model and its solution at individual sites to screen and distinguish erroneous soil temperature data and to provide their estimates. Evaluation of the quality-control method showed its accuracy and reliability, particularly when it was applied to hourly data. Application of this method to the data has yielded a high-quality, high-resolution soil temperature database from 1994 to 1999 for the network, which is accessible at the USDA National Water and Climate Center's Web site. C1 Univ Nebraska, Sch Nat Resource Sci, Climate & Bioatmospher Sci Grp, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. USDA, Natl Water & Climate Ctr, Portland, OR USA. RP Hu, Q (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Sch Nat Resource Sci, Climate & Bioatmospher Sci Grp, 237 LW Chase Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 11 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 41 IS 6 BP 607 EP 619 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(2002)041<0607:QCFUNS>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 547GX UT WOS:000175325600002 ER PT J AU Fleming, SD Starnes, BW Kiang, JG Stojadinovic, A Tsokos, GC Shea-Donohue, T AF Fleming, SD Starnes, BW Kiang, JG Stojadinovic, A Tsokos, GC Shea-Donohue, T TI Heat stress protection against mesenteric I/R-induced alterations in intestinal mucosa in rats SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE heat shock; intestinal function; ischemia-reperfusion ID ISCHEMIA-REPERFUSION; ISCHEMIA/REPERFUSION INJURY; GENE-EXPRESSION; SHOCK RESPONSE; JEJUNAL MUCOSA; INDUCTION; HSP70; CELL; HEAT-SHOCK-PROTEIN-70; SECRETION AB Prior induction of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) protects against ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) mucosal injury, but the ability of HSP70 to affect I/R-induced alterations in epithelial cell function is unknown. Rats subjected to whole body hyperthermia (41.5-42degreesC for 6 min) increased HSP70 and heat shock factor 1 mRNA expression, reaching a maximum 2 h after heat stress and declining thereafter. HSP70 production was maximally elevated at 4 h after heat stress and remained elevated until after 12 h. Heat stress alone had no effect on mucosal function except to enhance secretion in response to ACh. Heat stress provided complete morphological protection against I/R-induced mucosal injury but did not confer a similar protection against I/R-induced decreases in mucosal resistance, sodium-linked glucose absorption, or tachykinin-mediated chloride secretion. Heat stress, however, attenuated the I/R-induced suppression of ACh response, and this effect was dependent on enteric nerves. Thus induction of heat shock protein 70 is associated with the preservation of mucosal architecture and attenuation of some specific functional alterations induced by I/R. C1 Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Med, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Surg, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Pharmacol, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. Walter Reed Army Med Ctr, Walter Reed Army Inst Res, Dept Surg, Washington, DC 20307 USA. Walter Reed Army Inst Res, Dept Cellular Injury, Silver Spring, MD USA. USDA ARS, Nutrient Requirements & Funct Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Shea-Donohue, T (reprint author), Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Med, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. NR 38 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 8750-7587 J9 J APPL PHYSIOL JI J. Appl. Physiol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 92 IS 6 BP 2600 EP 2607 DI 10.1152/japplphysiol.01008.2001 PG 8 WC Physiology; Sport Sciences SC Physiology; Sport Sciences GA 554MH UT WOS:000175739200049 PM 12015379 ER PT J AU Arnold, JW Mitchell, BW AF Arnold, JW Mitchell, BW TI Use of negative air ionization for reducing microbial contamination on stainless steel surfaces SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE biofilm; negative air ionization; pathogen reduction; poultry; stainless steel ID AIRBORNE TRANSMISSION; ENTERITIDIS; BIOFILMS; ROOM AB Microbiological concerns in food plant sanitation that relies heavily on physical and chemical methods for removing and killing bacteria could be reduced by the use of non-chemical intervention methods. This initial work on the effects of electrostatic space charge on biofilms shows promise as a viable intervention option for reducing bacterial contamination on surfaces. Natural bacterial populations from a poultry processing facility were collected, allowed to multiply and form biofilms, and assessed for susceptibility to negative air ionization. A small chamber with an electrostatic space charge system was used to treat the mixed bacterial,populations that were grown on stainless steel coupons (1 x 4 cm). The object of the system was to transfer a strong negative electrostatic charge to bacteria that were attached to coupons at the base of the chamber. The system effectively decreased the survival levels of bacteria on the stainless steel, with a reduction efficiency of 99.8%. All of the swab samples taken from coupons were culture positive for bacteria, and the bacterial counts from the ionized surfaces were significantly less than for the non-ionized surfaces (P < 0.01). These results demonstrate the potential efficacy of negative air ionization against bacterial contamination on surfaces in the poultry processing environment. C1 USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30605 USA. USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Arnold, JW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, 950 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 30 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 1056-6171 J9 J APPL POULTRY RES JI J. Appl. Poult. Res. PD SUM PY 2002 VL 11 IS 2 BP 179 EP 186 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 622TK UT WOS:000179663000008 ER PT J AU Cox, NA Stern, NJ Musgrove, MT Bailey, JS Craven, SE Cray, PF Buhr, RJ Hiett, KL AF Cox, NA Stern, NJ Musgrove, MT Bailey, JS Craven, SE Cray, PF Buhr, RJ Hiett, KL TI Prevalence and level of Campylobacter in commercial broiler breeders (parents) and broilers SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE breeder; broiler breeder; Campylobacter; feces; flock ID EPIDEMIOLOGY AB Campylobacter is the leading cause of bacteria-induced diarrheal disease, and the major vehicle for transmitting this microorganism to humans is poultry. Recent research has shown that Campylobacter can pass from the breeder hen to her progeny through the fertile egg, which is now considered to be a significant source of entry into the broiler flocks. Because of the importance of the organism in parent flocks, this work was carried out to determine the prevalence and level of Campylobacter in the parents (breeders) and offspring (broilers) of commercially reared birds. C1 USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Cox, NA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 8 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 1056-6171 J9 J APPL POULTRY RES JI J. Appl. Poult. Res. PD SUM PY 2002 VL 11 IS 2 BP 187 EP 190 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 622TK UT WOS:000179663000009 ER PT J AU Lyon, CE Dickens, JA Lyon, BG AF Lyon, CE Dickens, JA Lyon, BG TI Effects of electrical stimulation and postchill deboning time on texture and cook loss of broiler breasts processed under commercial conditions SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE cook yield; postchill aging; pulsed electric current; shear value ID PECTORALIS-MUSCLE; SHEAR VALUES; MEAT; TENDERNESS; RIGOR; YIELD; COLOR; PH AB Aging broiler front-halves 4 to 12 h prior to breast muscle removal is costly due to yield loss, required refrigerated space, labor, and equipment, yet many buyers require a specific postchill aging time to ensure optimum tenderness in cooked breast meat. Many treatments have been attempted to shorten or eliminate this aging time while not adversely affecting end-product tenderness. In this study, conducted under commercial conditions, broilers were subjected to one of two treatments: 1) pulsed electric stimulation during bleeding followed by breast deboning immediately after a 1.5 h chill, 2) no pulsed electric stimulation and 1.5 h chilling followed by an additional 2 h aging before breast deboning. Samples were collected for each treatment on three consecutive days. Breasts were evaluated for cook loss and instrumental texture (shear values). Day of processing had a significant effect on raw and cooked weights, cook losses, and shear values. The larger breast muscles from Day 1 were responsible for the differences. Differences due to the electrical treatment (days combined) were significant only for cook loss, with breasts from stimulated carcasses exhibiting 22.77% compared to 21.97% for breasts from the non-stimulated carcasses. Results indicate that use of pulsed electric stimulation during bleeding in combination with breast deboning after 1.5 h chilling is equal to no stimulation, 1.5 h chilling, and 2 h postchill aging prior to breast deboning. C1 USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Poultry Proc & Meat Qual Res Unit, Athens, GA 30604 USA. Russell Res Ctr, Qual Assessment Res Unit, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Lyon, CE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Poultry Proc & Meat Qual Res Unit, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 1056-6171 J9 J APPL POULTRY RES JI J. Appl. Poult. Res. PD SUM PY 2002 VL 11 IS 2 BP 217 EP 222 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 622TK UT WOS:000179663000014 ER PT J AU Darwish, AM Griffin, BR Straus, DL Mitchell, AJ AF Darwish, AM Griffin, BR Straus, DL Mitchell, AJ TI Histological and hematological evaluation of potassium permanganate exposure in channel catfish SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID RAINBOW-TROUT; ICTALURUS-PUNCTATUS; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; ASSAY CONDITIONS; ATLANTIC SALMON; DIAGNOSTIC USE; AXIAL MUSCLE; LIVER; COPPER; TRANSAMINASE AB A histological and hematological study was performed to evaluate the effect of waterborne exposures of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus to potassium permanganate (KMnO(4)). Three concentrations of KMnO(4) were chosen to represent one, three, and five times the therapeutic concentrations (0.438, 1.315, and 2.190 mg/L, respectively), based on the KMnO(4) demand, for 36 h, which is three times the usual treatment duration. The organs examined were the gill, liver, and trunk kidney. Differential leukocyte counts of neutrophils and monocytes in the blood and plasma enzyme analyses (lactate dehydrogenase and alanine transarninase) were also performed. The gill was the only organ to show microscopic lesions. Fish exposed to the therapeutic concentration of KMnO(4) for 36 h had mild hypertrophy and spongiosis in the gills sampled during exposure, but no lesions were noticed 2 d postexposure. Gills of fish exposed to three and five times the therapeutic dose had extensive hyperplasia, epithelial hypertrophy and necrosis, lamellar fusion, spongiosis, leukocytic infiltration, obliteration of the interlamellar space with an inflammatory exudate containing necrotic epithelial cells, and occasional multifocal hemorrhages. No mortalities were observed in fish not exposed (control) or in fish exposed to the therapeutic dose of KMnO(4). Mortalities were only observed in fish exposed to three and five times the therapeutic dose of KMnO(4) (9.4% and 49.6%, respectively) with most of these mortalities occurring from exposure to 2 d postexposure. The gills of surviving fish exposed to three and five times the therapeutic dose for 36 It appeared normal at 8 d postexposure. Neutrophil count and plasma alanine transaminase activity increased significantly in fish exposed to five times the therapeutic dosed lactate dehydrogenase activity showed no change. Exposure to the therapeutic dose at three times the therapeutic exposure time caused mild lesions but recovery occurred within 48 It postexposure. C1 USDA ARS, Harry K Dupree Stuttgart Natl Aquaculture Res Ctr, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. RP Darwish, AM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Harry K Dupree Stuttgart Natl Aquaculture Res Ctr, POB 1050, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. EM adarwish@spa.ars.usda.gov RI Straus, David/A-9218-2009 NR 41 TC 20 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD JUN PY 2002 VL 14 IS 2 BP 134 EP 144 DI 10.1577/1548-8667(2002)014<0134:HAHEOP>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 566UM UT WOS:000176446700005 ER PT J AU Straus, DL Griffin, BR AF Straus, DL Griffin, BR TI Efficacy of potassium permanganate in treating ichthyophthiriasis in channel catfish SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID COPPER; PUNCTATUS; TOXICITY; CALCIUM AB Epizootics of ichthyophthiriasis can be controlled with potassium permanganate (KMnO4), but its effectiveness has not been confirmed by controlled studies. The purpose of this study was to determine the concentration of KMnO4 needed to halt an active Ichthyophthirius multifiliis infestation in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Juvenile channel catfish were exposed to fish infested with L multifiliis until they developed immature trophonts. They were then moved to individual static containers with 2 L of filtered well water, where they were treated with KMnO4 daily for 10 d. The lowest effective dose of KMnO4 required to eliminate theronts was 1.25 mg/L. The results indicate that KMnO4 is effective for controlling I. multifiliis epizootics at low concentrations in clean water. However, effective treatment in ponds will be strongly influenced by detoxication of KMnO4 depending on the concentration of easily oxidizable substances in the water. C1 USDA ARS, Harry K Dupree Stuttgart Natl Aquaculture Res Ctr, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. RP Straus, DL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Harry K Dupree Stuttgart Natl Aquaculture Res Ctr, POB 1050, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. RI Straus, David/A-9218-2009 NR 17 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD JUN PY 2002 VL 14 IS 2 BP 145 EP 148 DI 10.1577/1548-8667(2002)014<0145:EOPPIT>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 566UM UT WOS:000176446700006 ER PT J AU Konuklar, G Gunasekaran, S AF Konuklar, G Gunasekaran, S TI Rennet-induced milk coagulation by continuous steady shear stress SO JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE rennet; milk; coagulation; shear stress; cutting time; cutting time peak ID TREATED SEPARATED MILK; INTERMICELLAR RELATIONSHIPS; RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES; MIXTURES; BEHAVIOR; MICELLES; FLOW AB The effect of continuous steady shear stress (CSSS) on rennet-induced coagulation of milk was studied by measuring the change in viscosity of the system with time. Continuous shear stress (less than or equal to0.5 Pa) applied during coagulation did not counteract the network formation at standard cheese-making conditions. In fact, CSSS of 0.2 Pa promoted coagulation by possibly increasing diffusion, collision, and hydrolization rates due to near-field, attractive hydrodynamic reactions. This was evidenced by the high viscosity of the resultant coagulum. However, the viscosity profile of the coagulum formed in the presence of CSSS followed the same trend as that formed in the absence of CSSS. Viscosity versus time profiles in both cases displayed an initial lag phase followed by a steady increase until a plateau value. The viscosity plateau reached under CSSS was marked with several sudden peaks, indicating the dynamic structure of the coagulum. These peaks in viscosity profiles began to appear after about 1380 s since rennet addition at standard cheese-making conditions. The time at which viscosity first exceeds 40 kPa s was verified to coincide with manual determination of the time at which the coagulum is cut (i.e., cutting time) during cheese making. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Cereals Prod & Food Sci Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biol Syst Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Konuklar, G (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Cereals Prod & Food Sci Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 28 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0021-9797 J9 J COLLOID INTERF SCI JI J. Colloid Interface Sci. PD JUN 1 PY 2002 VL 250 IS 1 BP 149 EP 158 DI 10.1006/jcis.2002.8321 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 555PA UT WOS:000175801400019 PM 16290646 ER PT J AU Jolliffe, D AF Jolliffe, D TI The gender wage gap in Bulgaria: A semiparametric estimation of discrimination SO JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE human capital; Bulgaria; wage differentials; discrimination; gender; sample selection model; type 3 tobit; semiparametric estimation ID TOBIT MODELS; LABOR-MARKET; TRANSITION; INVESTMENT; EUROPE; PAY AB Bulgaria's transition to a market economy has coincided with a large increase in wage inequality. This increase may be due to managers rewarding more productive Workers or it may be the result of rewarding noneconomic characteristics such as sex. Data from the 1995 Bulgaria Integrated Household Survey reject the hypothesis of no sex discrimination. Using separate wage regression estimates for men and women, an Oaxaca decomposition indicates that men's wages are 24% higher than women's wages and 86 to 105% of this differential is due to differences in how men and women are rewarded for the same characteristics. C1 USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20036 USA. Univ Michigan, William Davidson Inst, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Jolliffe, D (reprint author), USDA, Econ Res Serv, Room S-2059,1800 M St NW, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 36 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0147-5967 J9 J COMP ECON JI J. Comp. Econ. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 30 IS 2 BP 276 EP 295 DI 10.1006/jcec.2002.1774 PG 20 WC Economics SC Business & Economics GA 584QA UT WOS:000177478100003 ER PT J AU Goff, JP Kimura, K Horst, RL AF Goff, JP Kimura, K Horst, RL TI Effect of mastectomy on milk fever, energy, and vitamins A, E, and beta-carotene status at parturition SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE mastectomy; hypocalcemia; milk fever; retinoic acid ID DRY-MATTER INTAKE; DAIRY-COWS; PERIPARTURIENT PERIOD; ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; RETINOIC ACID; MAMMARY-GLAND; PLASMA; IDENTIFICATION; PHOSPHORUS; DISORDERS AB The objective of this study was to compare blood profiles of intact and mastectomized periparturient cows to discriminate those metabolic changes associated with the act of parturition from the metabolic changes caused by lactation. Mastectomized and intact cows had similar increases in plasma estrogens and cortisol concentrations around the time of calving. Mastectomy eliminated hypocalcemia and the rise in 9,13-di-cis retinoic acid observed in intact cows. Mastectomy reduced but did not eliminate decreases in plasma phosphorus, a-tocopherol, and beta-carotene associated with parturition in intact cows, suggesting the mammary gland is not the sole factor affecting plasma concentrations of these compounds. Dry matter intake was similar in both groups before calving. The day of calving, dry matter intake was lower in intact cows than in mastectomized cows, but after calving the mastectomized cows exhibited a pronounced decline in feed intake. Plasma nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations rose rapidly in intact cows at calving and did not return to baseline level for > 10 d. In contrast, NEFA concentrations in mastectomized cow plasma rose moderately at calving and returned to baseline level 1 to 2 d after calving. This study provides evidence that hypocalcemia in the cow is solely a result of the calcium drain of lactation. The act of parturition affects blood phosphorus, dry matter intake, and NEFA concentration independent of the effect of lactation. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Goff, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 30 TC 71 Z9 74 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 85 IS 6 BP 1427 EP 1436 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 573EB UT WOS:000176815400011 PM 12146473 ER PT J AU Kimura, K Goff, JP Kehrli, ME Harp, JA Nonnecke, BJ AF Kimura, K Goff, JP Kehrli, ME Harp, JA Nonnecke, BJ TI Effects of mastectomy on composition of peripheral blood mononuclear cell populations in periparturient dairy cows SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE immunosuppression; periparturient; peripheral blood mononuclear cell; T cell subset ID LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION; HOLSTEIN COWS; T-CELLS; BOVINE; DISORDERS; EXPRESSION; NEUTROPHIL; LACTATION; MILK; DEXAMETHASONE AB There is an increased incidence of infectious disease in periparturient dairy cows. During the periparturient period there is a decline in T-lymphocyte cell subsets, which parallels a reduction in functional capacities of blood lymphocytes and neutrophils. Mechanisms responsible for these changes in immune function during the periparturient period are poorly characterized. Ten mastectomized and eight intact multiparous Jersey cows were used to determine whether the periparturient changes in peripheral blood mononuclear cell populations are the result of the physiological demands associated with the onset of lactation or whether they are a result of the act of parturition. Blood mononuclear cells were phenotyped with monoclonal antibodies against T-cell subsets, B-cells, and monocytes. Blood samples were taken frequently from before 4 to 4 wk after parturition. In intact cows, all T-cell subset populations (i.e., CD3-, CD4-, CD8-, and gamma-delta positive cells) decreased at the time of parturition, while the percentage of monocytes increased. Mastectomy eliminated the changes in leukocyte subset populations (CD3-, CD4-, and gamma-delta positive cells, and monocytes) observed in intact cows around parturition. These results indicate that the mammary gland and metabolic stresses associated with lactation influence the composition of peripheral blood mononuclear cell populations in dairy cows during the periparturient period. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Periparturient Dis Cattle Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Goff, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Periparturient Dis Cattle Res Unit, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 27 TC 33 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 85 IS 6 BP 1437 EP 1444 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 573EB UT WOS:000176815400012 PM 12146474 ER PT J AU DeGroot, BJ Keown, JF Van Vleck, LD Marotz, EL AF DeGroot, BJ Keown, JF Van Vleck, LD Marotz, EL TI Genetic parameters and responses of linear type, yield traits, and somatic cell scores to divergent selection for predicted transmitting ability for type in Holsteins SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE milk yield; type score; correlated response; dairy cattle ID MILK-YIELD; CONFORMATION TRAITS; UDDER CONFORMATION; DAIRY-CATTLE; ANIMAL-MODEL; IMPROVEMENT; PROTEIN; HERD; FAT AB The objective was to examine the direct and correlated responses of linear type, yield traits, and somatic cell scores (SCS) to divergent selection for predicted transmitting ability for type (PTAT) in Holsteins, while maintaining selection for yield traits across lines. For four generations, one-half of the University of Nebraska research Holstein herd was bred to Holstein sires with PTAT > 1.50 and the other half to sires with PTAT < 1.25, with nearly equal predicted transmitting abilities for yield traits for both groups. Estimates of genetic and residual correlations and heritabilities were obtained from REML estimates of (co)variance components. Model for type traits included fixed effect of date cows were classified, effects of age in days at freshening, and stage of lactation at classification. Year-season when cows freshened was fixed effect in model for yield and SCS. Animal genetic and residual effects were random. Final score, milk, fat, and protein yields, and SCS had heritability estimates of 0.38, 0.13, 0.22, 0.09, and 0.38, respectively. Heritability estimates for type traits ranged from 0.04 to 0.52. Estimates of genetic correlations of final score with SCS and milk, fat, and protein yields were -0.64, 0.01, -0.18, and 0.06, respectively. Estimates of genetic correlations among linear type traits ranged from -0.77 to 1.00. Means of estimated breeding values for final score, stature, strength, body depth, fore udder attachment, rear udder height and width, udder cleft, udder depth, and front teat placement were significantly different between lines in the third generation. Milk, fat, and protein yields were not significantly different between lines in third generation, whereas SCS was significantly different. Estimate of genetic correlation between final score and SCS suggest that selection on PTAT would result in a change for SCS. In this study, divergent selection on PTAT of sires had a significant effect on udder and body traits, but little or no effect on feet and leg traits. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP DeGroot, BJ (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 24 TC 39 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 85 IS 6 BP 1578 EP 1585 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 573EB UT WOS:000176815400028 PM 12146490 ER PT J AU Oi, DH Williams, DF AF Oi, DH Williams, DF TI Impact of Thelohania solenopsae (Microsporidia : Thelohaniidae) on polygyne colonies of red imported fire ants (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Solenopsis invicta; fire ant; entomopathogen; pathogen; disease; biological control ID INVICTA HYMENOPTERA; INFECTION; REPRODUCTION; RICHTERI; QUEENS AB Three studies were conducted to assess the effects of the entomopathogen Thelohania solenopsae on polygynous, red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, colonies. A total of 57 of 122 queens (46.7%) from nine, field-collected, polygyne, S. invicta colonies, was infected with T solenopsae. Infection rate of queens for each colony ranged from 25 to 75%. Laboratory colonies of polygyne S. invicta, with three to 12 queens, were inoculated and infected with T solenopsae. Brood levels in all infected colonies declined to 0 after 26-52 wk. Brood did not reappear in any of the colonies after 3-11 wk, even though in two of the eight infected colonies, five fertile queens that were uninfected were recovered. Thus, polygyne, S. invicta colonies infected with T solenopsae, which were confined and isolated under laboratory conditions, did not recover. Field plots that contained polygynous S. invicta colonies, which were infected with T solenopsae, were monitored over a 2-yr period. Infection rates increased during the study and reached a maximum of 93%. Fire ant nest density and colony sizes fluctuated over time, with maximum reduction of 63% per plot. In general, fire ant reductions were attributed to smaller colony sizes. T solenopsae infections in polygynous S. invicta can result in a slow colony decline and death. Under field conditions, the prolonged colony death may mask the impact of T solenopsae by allowing for concurrent reinfestations. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RP Oi, DH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, 1600 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. EM doi@gainesville.usda.ufl.edu NR 21 TC 38 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-0493 EI 1938-291X J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 95 IS 3 BP 558 EP 562 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-95.3.558 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 600BV UT WOS:000178371500005 PM 12076000 ER PT J AU Chen, Z Kolb, TE Clancy, KM AF Chen, Z Kolb, TE Clancy, KM TI Effects of artificial and western spruce budworm (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae) defoliation on growth and Biomass allocation of Douglas-Fir seedlings SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Choristoneura occidentalis; Pseudotsuga menziesii; biomass allocation; shoot : root ratio; herbivory ID SCOTS PINE; SAWFLY HYMENOPTERA; RESPONSES; HERBIVORY; SYLVESTRIS; TREES; DIPRIONIDAE; RESISTANCE; DYNAMICS; FOREST AB Artificial defoliation has been used commonly to simulate defoliation by insect herbivores in experiments, in spite of the fact that obvious differences exist between clipping foliage and natural defoliation due to insect feeding. We used a greenhouse experiment to compare the effects of artificial and western spruce budworm (Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman) defoliation on the growth and biomass allocation of 3-yr old half-sib seedlings from mature Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco variety glauca] trees that showed phenotypic resistance versus susceptibility to budworm defoliation in the forest. Artificial clipping of buds mimicked the effects of budworm feeding on total seedling biomass when 50% of the terminal buds were damaged. However, artificial defoliation decreased seedling height, relative growth rate of height, and shoot: root ratio more than budworm defoliation, whereas budworm defoliation decreased stem diameter relative growth rate more than artificial defoliation. Half-sib seedling progeny from resistant maternal tree phenotypes had greater height, diameter, biomass, and shoot: root ratio than seedlings from susceptible phenotypes. We concluded that careful artificial defoliation could generally simulate effects of budworm defoliation on total biomass of Douglas-fir seedlings, but that the two defoliation types did not have equal effects on biomass allocation between shoot and root. Further, an inherently higher growth rate and a greater allocation of biomass to shoot versus root are associated with resistance of Douglas-fir trees to western spruce budworm defoliation. C1 No Arizona Univ, Sch Forestry, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. USDA, Forest Serv Res & Dev, Rocky Forest Res Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Chen, Z (reprint author), No Arizona Univ, Sch Forestry, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. NR 39 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 8 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 95 IS 3 BP 587 EP 594 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-95.3.587 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 600BV UT WOS:000178371500009 PM 12076004 ER PT J AU Gerson, EA Kelsey, RG AF Gerson, EA Kelsey, RG TI Piperidine alkaloids in sitka spruce with varying levels of resistance to white pine weevil (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Pissodes strobi; Picea sitchensis; leader mortality; host plant resistance; alkaloids ID PICEA; PONDEROSA; FOLIAR; EXPRESSION; NITROGEN; TERPENES; TREES; BARK AB Our objective was to evaluate piperidine alkaloids as potential resistance factors in Sitka spruce, Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr, at risk to attack by white pine weevils, Pissodes strobi (Peck). We sampled 72 seedlings in each of two replicated field trials in the Oregon Coast Range. The seedlings were grown from open-pollinated seeds of putatively "resistant" or "susceptible" off-site parental sources. Alkaloid concentrations in bark and foliage were measured in previously unattacked trees at the time of weevil host selection. Leader mortality was evaluated in the fall to gauge actual resistance in the sample trees. Five families had less than or equal to25% topkill and seven sustained >50% topkill. Alkaloid concentrations differed significantly among families, but the major alkaloids did not appear to be functionally linked with topkill or useful indicators of resistance. However, our study design did not address all potential resistance mechanisms. Therefore, before concluding that Sitka spruce alkaloids have no influence on white pine weevils, complementary laboratory and field experiments are needed. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, PNW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Gerson, EA (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, PNW Res Stn, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 35 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 95 IS 3 BP 608 EP 613 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-95.3.608 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 600BV UT WOS:000178371500013 PM 12076008 ER PT J AU Dowd, PF White, DG AF Dowd, PF White, DG TI Corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) and other insect associated resistance in the maize inbred Tex6 SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Aspergillus; Helicoverpa zea; plant resistance; corn; aflatoxin ID ASPERGILLUS EAR ROT; AFLATOXIN CONTAMINATION; KERNEL INFECTION; FLAVUS; HYBRIDS; FIELD AB A 2-yr field and laboratory study investigated insect resistance of the maize, Zea mays L., inbred Tex6, which has previously demonstrated resistance to Aspergillus ear rot and aflatoxin production, relative to susceptible inbred B73. Field studies indicated significantly greater resistance to insect feeding of V4 -V8 growth stage Tex6 plants compared with B73 plants in both years, primarily to flea beetles (Chaetonema spp.). Field studies of natural (1999) and artificial (2000) infestations of corn earworms, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), indicated much lower levels of kernel damage at milk stage (approximately three-fold) and smaller surviving larvae (approximately three-fold) in Tex6 compared with B73 ears. At harvest similar trends in reduction of numbers of damaged kernels per ear, as well as incidence and numbers of kernels per ear symptomatically infected by Fusarium spp. were noted. Laboratory studies indicated little difference in mortality or survivor weight of caterpillars or sap beetle adults caged with milk stage kernels of the two inbreds. However, assays with silks indicated significantly greater mortality of H. zea in both 1999 and 2000, and European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) in 1999 (only year tested) when fed Tex6 silks compared with B73 silks. Pollinated Tex6 silks were generally darker colored and more toxic than unpollinated silks. Thus, it is possible that commercially usable inbreds with resistance to insects, which also contribute to the mycotoxin problem through vectoring and damage, could be produced using Tex6 as a source. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Crop BioProtect Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Dowd, PF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Crop BioProtect Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 42 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 95 IS 3 BP 628 EP 634 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-95.3.628 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 600BV UT WOS:000178371500016 PM 12076011 ER PT J AU Brockway, DG Gatewood, RG Paris, RB AF Brockway, DG Gatewood, RG Paris, RB TI Restoring fire as an ecological process in shortgrass prairie ecosystems: initial effects of prescribed burning during the dormant and growing seasons SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Review DE Bouteloua gracilis (Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths; Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm.; plant cover; species diversity; herbaceous biomass; litter; nutrients ID TALLGRASS PRAIRIE; LITTER DECOMPOSITION; BOUTELOUA-GRACILIS; PLANT COMMUNITY; SEED PRODUCTION; UNITED-STATES; PINE FORESTS; LONG-TERM; GRASSLAND; VEGETATION AB Prior to Anglo-European settlement, fire was a major ecological process influencing the structure, composition and productivity of shortgrass prairie ecosystems on the Great Plains. However during the past 125 years, the frequency and extent of grassland fire has dramatically declined as a result of the systematic heavy grazing by large herds of domestic cattle and sheep which reduced the available levels of fine fuel and organized fire suppression efforts that succeeded in altering the natural fire regime. The greatly diminished role of recurrent fire in these ecosystems is thought to be responsible for ecologically adverse shifts in the composition, structure and diversity of these grasslands, leading specifically to the rise of ruderal species and invasion by less fire-tolerant species. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ecological effects of fire season and frequency on the shortgrass prairie and to determine the means by which prescribed fire can best be restored in this ecosystem to provide the greatest benefit for numerous resource values. Plant cover, diversity, biomass and nutrient status, litter cover and soil chemistry were measured prior to and following fire treatments on a buffalograss-blue grama shortgrass prairie in northeastern New Mexico. Dormant-season fire was followed by increases in grass cover, forb cover, species richness and concentrations of foliar P, K, Ca, Mg and Mn. Growing-season fire produced declines in the cover of buffalograss, graminoids and forbs and increases in litter cover and levels of foliar P, K, Ca and Mn. Although no changes in soil chemistry were observed, both fire treatments caused decreases in herbaceous production, with standing biomass resulting from growing-season fire similar to600kg/ha and dormant-season fire similar to1200kg/ha, compared with controls similar to1800kg/ha. The initial findings of this long-term experiment suggest that dormant-season burning may be the preferable method for restoring fire in shortgrass prairie ecosystems where fire has been excluded for a prolonged time period. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. USDI Natl Pk Serv, Bandelier Natl Monument, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. Trinity Cty Resource Conserv Dist, Weaverville, CA 96093 USA. RP Brockway, DG (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, 520 Devall Dr, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. EM dbrockway@fs.fed.us NR 126 TC 66 Z9 74 U1 6 U2 73 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0301-4797 EI 1095-8630 J9 J ENVIRON MANAGE JI J. Environ. Manage. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 65 IS 2 BP 135 EP 152 DI 10.1006/jema.2002.0540 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 581DT UT WOS:000177276400003 PM 12197076 ER PT J AU Fish, WW Perkins-Veazie, P Collins, JK AF Fish, WW Perkins-Veazie, P Collins, JK TI A quantitative assay for lycopene that utilizes reduced volumes of organic solvents SO JOURNAL OF FOOD COMPOSITION AND ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE carotenoids; lycopene; lycopene assay; phytonutrient ID PRODUCTS; CANCER; CAROTENOIDS AB Lycopene is a potent antioxidant found in watermelon, tomato, and red grapefruit and may exert positive effects on human health. Spectrophotometric and HPLC techniques are commonly employed for analysis of lycopene content in food sources. A rapid and inexpensive spectrophotometric assay for lycopene is presented. This method requires 80% less organic solvents for release and extraction of lycopene from watermelon than do the existing procedures. Comparative analyses for 105 watermelons from 11 cultivars yielded results equivalent to those provided by larger-volume spectrophotometric assay procedures, Limited numbers of assays suggest that this reduced volume method may be applicable for tomatoes and tomato products. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 ARS, USDA, S Cent Agr Res Lab, Lane, OK 74555 USA. RP Fish, WW (reprint author), ARS, USDA, S Cent Agr Res Lab, POB 159, Lane, OK 74555 USA. NR 16 TC 199 Z9 213 U1 5 U2 35 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0889-1575 J9 J FOOD COMPOS ANAL JI J. Food Compos. Anal. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 15 IS 3 BP 309 EP 317 DI 10.1006/jfca.2002.1069 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 594UV UT WOS:000178070200009 ER PT J AU Berrios, JD Camara, M Torija, ME Alonso, M AF Berrios, JD Camara, M Torija, ME Alonso, M TI Effect of extrusion cooking and sodium bicarbonate addition on the carbohydrate composition of black bean flours SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESSING AND PRESERVATION LA English DT Article ID PHASEOLUS-VULGARIS L.; OLIGOSACCHARIDE CONTENT; STARCH FRACTIONS; LEGUME SEEDS; DRY BEANS; PROTEIN; FIBER; REDUCTION; CULTIVARS; AIR AB Extrusion cooking and chemical leavening agents such as sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), may induce changes in carbohydrate fractions of extruded black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) flours. Bean flours at 20% moisture, with NaHCO3 added at levels from 0.0 to 2.0%, were extruded at a screw speed of 200 rpm. The temperature profile ranged from 23 to 160C. Extruded bean flours with 0.1 to 0.4% added NaHCO3 were selected for sugar analyses based on color and flavor acceptability. The major sugars determined in the bean samples were galactose (0.10%), sucrose (2.08%), and stachyose (2.00%). Extruded samples had an increase in total sugars. Also, an increase in soluble fiber and a decrease of insoluble fiber fractions were observed. Sucrose was the only free sugar which concentration decreased consistently as a result of extrusion processing. Extrusion conditions and the selected levels of NaHCO3 used in this study did not significantly change the oligosaccharide content of the black bean flours. C1 USDA ARS, WRRC, Albany, CA USA. RP Berrios, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS, WRRC, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA USA. RI Camara, Montana/A-3520-2009 OI Camara, Montana/0000-0001-9232-0703 NR 35 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 8 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 0145-8892 J9 J FOOD PROCESS PRES JI J. Food Process Preserv. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 26 IS 2 BP 113 EP 128 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4549.2002.tb00856.x PG 16 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 565CL UT WOS:000176351000003 ER PT J AU Drake, SR Elfving, DC AF Drake, SR Elfving, DC TI Influence of prestorage carbon dioxide treatments on the quality of 'd'Anjou' and 'Bartlett' pears SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESSING AND PRESERVATION LA English DT Article ID STORAGE AB 'd'Anjou' and 'Bartlett' pears (Pyrus communis L.) were treated with 12% CO2 for 14 days at -1C and then stored in either regular (RA) or controlled-atmosphere (CA) storage for various periods of time. After each storage period, pears were evaluated for quality attributes. Compared to nontreated fruit, CO2-treated 'd'Anjou' pears from RA storage were firmer, greener, and displayed reduced rot, scald and internal breakdown and better pedicel condition. High CO2 treatment of 'Bartlett' pears prior to RA storage resulted in reduced quality after storage. Prestorage CO2 treatment of 'Bartlett' pears reduced poststorage firmness and TA and increased incidence of scald, but reduced surface damage during ripening. High CO2 treatment prior to 120 or 220 days of CA storage had no effect on the poststorage quality of either 'd'Anjou' or 'Bartlett' fruit. C1 USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Drake, SR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, 1104 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 0145-8892 J9 J FOOD PROCESS PRES JI J. Food Process Preserv. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 26 IS 2 BP 143 EP 151 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4549.2002.tb00858.x PG 9 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 565CL UT WOS:000176351000005 ER PT J AU Ukuku, DO Fett, W AF Ukuku, DO Fett, W TI Behavior of Listeria monocytogenes inoculated on cantaloupe surfaces and efficacy of washing treatments to reduce transfer from rind to fresh-cut pieces SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID STAINLESS-STEEL; PLATING MEDIA; FOOD; GROWTH; VEGETABLES; MICROFLORA; TOMATOES; PRODUCTS; BIOFILMS; SURVIVAL AB Attachment and survival of Listeria monocytogenes on external surfaces (rind) of inoculated cantaloupe, resistance of the surviving bacteria to chlorine or hydrogen peroxide treatments, transfer of the pathogen from unsanitized and sanitized rinds to fresh-cut tissues during cutting and growth, and survival of L. monocytogenes on fresh-cut pieces of cantaloupe were investigated. Surface treatment with 70% ethanol to reduce the native microflora. on treated melon, followed by immersion in a four-strain cocktail of L. monocytogenes (10(8) CFU/ml) for 10 min, deposited 4.2 log(10) CFU/cm(2) and 3.5 log(10) CFU/cm(2) of L. monocytogenes on treated and untreated cantaloupe rinds, respectively. L. monocytogenes survived on the treated or untreated cantaloupe rinds for up to 15 days during storage at 4 and 20degreesC, but populations declined by Fresh-cut pieces prepared from inoculated whole cantaloupes stored at 4degreesC for 24 h approximately 1 to 2 log(10) CFU/cm(2). after inoculation were positive for L. monocytogenes. Washing inoculated whole cantaloupes in solutions containing 1,000 ppm of chlorine or 5% hydrogen peroxide for 2 min at 1 to 15 days of storage at 4degreesC after inoculation resulted in a 2.0 to 3.5-log reduction in L. monocytogenes on the melon surface. Fresh-cut pieces prepared from the sanitized melons were negative for L. monocytogenes. After direct inoculation onto fresh-cut pieces, L. monocytogenes survived, but did not grow, during 15 days of storage at 4degreesC. Growth was evident by 4 h of storage at 8 and 20degreesC. It is concluded that sanitizing with chlorine or hydrogen peroxide has the potential to reduce or eliminate the transfer of L. monocytogenes on melon surfaces to fresh-cut pieces during cutting. C1 USDA, Agr Res Serv, Eastern Regional Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Ukuku, DO (reprint author), USDA, Agr Res Serv, Eastern Regional Res Ctr, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 44 TC 61 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 12 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 65 IS 6 BP 924 EP 930 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 560HW UT WOS:000176077500003 PM 12092724 ER PT J AU Rose, BE Hill, WE Umholtz, R Ransom, GM James, WO AF Rose, BE Hill, WE Umholtz, R Ransom, GM James, WO TI Testing for Salmonella in raw meat and poultry products collected at federally inspected establishments in the United States, 1998 through 2000 SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article AB The Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) issued Pathogen Reduction; Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) Systems; Final Ride (the PR/HACCP rule) on 25 July 1996. To verify that industry PR/HACCP systems are effective in controlling the contamination of raw meat and poultry products with human disease-causing bacteria, this rule sets product specific Salmonella performance standards that must be met by slaughter establishments and establishments producing raw around products. These performance standards are based on the prevalence of Salmonella as determined from the FSIS's nationwide microbial baseline studies and are expressed in terms of the maximum number of Salmonella-positive samples that are allowed in a given sample set. From 26 January 1998 through 31 December 2000, federal inspectors collected 98,204 samples and 1,502 completed sample sets for Salmonella analysis from large, small, and very small establishments that produced at least one of seven raw meat and poultry products: broilers, market hogs, cows and bulls, steers and heifers, ground beef, ground chicken, and ground turkey. Salmonella prevalence in most of the product categories was lower after the implementation of PR/HACCP than in pre-PR/HACCP baseline studies and surveys conducted by the FSIS. The results of 3 years of testing at establishments of all sizes combined show that >80% of the sample sets met the following Salmonella prevalence performance standards: 20.0% for broilers, 8.7% for market hogs, 2.7% for cows and bulls, 1.0% for steers and heifers, 7.5% for ground beef, 44.6% for ground chicken, and 49.9% for ground turkey. The decreased Salmonella prevalences may partly reflect industry improvements, such as improved process control, incorporation of antimicrobial interventions, and increased microbial-process control monitoring, in conjunction with PR/HACCP implementation. C1 USDA, Microbiol Branch, Washington, DC 20250 USA. USDA, Biosci Div, Washington, DC 20250 USA. USDA, Lab Sample Data Management Staff, Washington, DC 20250 USA. USDA, Food Anim Sci Div, Off Publ Hlth & Sci, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Rose, BE (reprint author), USDA, Microbiol Branch, 1400 Independence Ave SW Rm 344, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 10 TC 55 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 8 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 65 IS 6 BP 937 EP 947 PG 11 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 560HW UT WOS:000176077500005 PM 12092726 ER PT J AU Dickins, MA Franklin, S Stefanova, R Schutze, GE Eisenach, KD Wesley, I Cave, MD AF Dickins, MA Franklin, S Stefanova, R Schutze, GE Eisenach, KD Wesley, I Cave, MD TI Diversity of Campylobacter isolates from retail poultry carcasses and from humans as demonstrated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID JEJUNI GENOTYPES; UNITED-STATES; INFECTIONS; CHICKEN; COLI AB Campylobacter spp. are a major contaminant of poultry. Eating undercooked chicken and handling raw poultry have been identified as risk factors for campylobacteriosis in humans. Previous studies have found Campylobacter spp. on 90% of poultry carcasses. In the present study, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to assess the genetic diversity of strains on retail poultry carcasses. PFGE patterns of isolates from campylobacteriosis cases were compared to those from the poultry isolates. Over a 1-year study period (March 2000 through February 200 1), whole fresh young chickens (n = 72) were obtained from three retail outlets in an urban community in the south-central United States. Campylobacter spp. were isolated from 82% of these carcasses. Strains (n = 70) were defined on the basis of their PFGE pattern. Sixty-seven percent of the carcasses from which Campylobacter spp. were isolated were contaminated with more than one PFGE-distinguishable strain. During the 1-year study period, most of the PFGE patterns (59%) were limited to isolates obtained from a single carcass. Forty-one percent of the PFGE-distinguishable strains were recovered from more than one carcass. Ninety-seven percent of the carcasses contaminated with the same strain were purchased at the same time from the same store. To examine the degree of genetic stability, four strains were followed in vitro over an estimated 1,000 doublings. The PFGE pattern of one of these isolates underwent minor changes during in vitro growth. The data indicate extensive variability in the PFGE patterns of Campylobacter spp. isolated from humans and from poultry carcasses. In spite of difficulties caused by such diversity and the fact that some carcasses are contaminated with more than one strain, the pattern variation provides a useful method for linking a particular strain to its source. C1 Univ Arkansas Med Sci, Dept Anat, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA. Univ Arkansas Med Sci, Dept Pathol, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA. Univ Arkansas Med Sci, Dept Pediat, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA. Univ Arkansas Med Sci, Dept Microbiol, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA. Univ Arkansas Med Sci, Dept Immunol, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Anim Res Serv, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Arkansas Childrens Hosp, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA. RP Cave, MD (reprint author), Univ Arkansas Med Sci, Dept Anat, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA. NR 21 TC 50 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 2 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 65 IS 6 BP 957 EP 962 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 560HW UT WOS:000176077500007 PM 12092728 ER PT J AU Hinton, A Cason, JA Ingram, KD AF Hinton, A Cason, JA Ingram, KD TI Enumeration and identification of yeasts associated with commercial poultry processing and spoilage of refrigerated broiler carcasses SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID POPULATIONS; SALMONELLA; MICROORGANISMS; SYSTEM; FOODS; RAW AB Yeasts associated with broiler carcasses taken from various stages of commercial poultry processing operations and broiler carcasses stored at refrigerated temperatures were enumerated and identified. Whole carcass rinses were performed to recover yeasts from carcasses taken from a processing facility and processed carcasses stored at 4degreesC for up to 14 days. Yeasts in the carcass rinsates were enumerated on acidified potato dextrose agar and identified with the MIDI Sherlock Microbial Identification System. Dendrograms of fatty acid profiles of yeast were prepared to determine the degree of relatedness of the yeast isolates. Findings indicated that as the carcasses are moved through the processing line, significant decreases in the number of yeasts associated with broiler carcasses usually occur, and the composition of the yeast flora of the carcasses is altered. Significant (P < 0.05) increases in the yeast population of the carcasses generally occur during storage at 4degreesC, however. Furthermore, it was determined that the same strain of yeast may be recovered from different carcasses at different points in the processing line and that the same strain of yeast may be isolated from carcasses processed on different days in the same processing facility. C1 USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, Poultry Proc & Meat Qual Res Unit, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Hinton, A (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, Poultry Proc & Meat Qual Res Unit, Russell Res Ctr, 950 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. EM ahinton@saa.ars.usda.gov NR 24 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 4 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X EI 1944-9097 J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 65 IS 6 BP 993 EP 998 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 560HW UT WOS:000176077500013 PM 12092734 ER PT J AU Bailey, JS Fedorka-Cray, PJ Stern, NJ Craven, SE Cox, NA Cosby, DE AF Bailey, JS Fedorka-Cray, PJ Stern, NJ Craven, SE Cox, NA Cosby, DE TI Serotyping and ribotyping of Salmonella using restriction enzyme PvuII SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID MONOCYTOGENES AB The subtyping and identification of bacterial pathogens throughout food processing and production chains is useful to the new hazard analysis critical control point-based food safety plans. Traditional manual serotyping remains the primary means of subtyping Salmonella isolates. Molecular biology techniques, however, offer the promise of more rapid and sensitive subtyping of Salmonella. This study evaluates the potential of restriction enzyme PvuII followed by probing with the rRNA operon from Escherichia coli, to generate serotype-specific DNA fingerprints. A total of 32 identified serotypes were found with an overall agreement in 208 of the 259 (80%) isolates tested between U.S. Department of Agriculture serotype identification and riboprint serotype identification. Many of the isolates that did not correlate were serotype identified as Salmonella Montevideo, which indicates that for this serotype, there are multiple ribotypes. When Salmonella Montevideo isolates were not included, the ribotype identification agreed with serotyping in 207 of the 231 (90%) isolates. The primary outcome of any ribotyping procedure is to give distinct ribotype patterns. This extensive poultry epidemiological study demonstrates that, in addition to ribotype patterns, the identification of isolates to known serotypes provides the investigator with additional information that can be more useful than traditional epidemiology and isolate identification studies. C1 USDA, Agr Res Serv, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Bailey, JS (reprint author), USDA, Agr Res Serv, 950 Coll Stn Rd POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 11 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 65 IS 6 BP 1005 EP 1007 PG 3 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 560HW UT WOS:000176077500015 PM 12092713 ER PT J AU Niba, LL Bokanga, MM Jackson, FL Schlimme, DS Li, BW AF Niba, LL Bokanga, MM Jackson, FL Schlimme, DS Li, BW TI Physicochemical properties and starch granular characteristics of flour from various Manihot esculenta (cassava) genotypes SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cassava; flour; starch; dietary fiber ID FUNCTIONAL-PROPERTIES; DIETARY FIBER; HYDROLYSIS; PRODUCTS; AMYLOSE; CRANTZ; IMPACT AB Flour and starch were produced from 11 cassava genotypes. Starch and total dietary fiber contents were determined using a single-enzyme gravimetric procedure and high-performance anion exchange chromatography, pasting profiles by rotary viscometry, water holding capacity gravimetrically, and granular characteristics by scanning electron microscopy. Starch and total dietary fiber contents varied among genotypes. Flour peak viscosities, setback, and final viscosities differed significantly. Flour water holding capacity correlated with flour peak viscosity (r = 0.7). Starch granules ranged from 9 to 20 mum. Predominant granule shapes were oval, rounded, and truncated. The results provide insights into cassava genotype characteristics, and functionality of cassava starch and flour. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Human Nutr Foods & Exercise, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. IITA, Int Inst Trop Agr, Tuber & Root Crop Improvement Program, Biochem Lab, Ibadan, Nigeria. Univ Maryland, Dept Nutr & Food Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. USDA ARS, Food Composit Lab, BNHRC, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Niba, LL (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Human Nutr Foods & Exercise, 338 Wallace hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NR 30 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 5 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA 525 WEST VAN BUREN, STE 1000, CHICAGO, IL 60607-3814 USA SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD JUN-JUL PY 2002 VL 67 IS 5 BP 1701 EP 1705 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2002.tb08709.x PG 5 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 577MF UT WOS:000177064100021 ER PT J AU Hagenmaier, RD Shaw, PE AF Hagenmaier, RD Shaw, PE TI Changes in volatile components of stored tangerines and other specialty citrus fruits with different coatings SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE tangerines; tangelos; oranges; volatiles; ethanol; wax coatings ID ETHANOL BUILDUP; ORANGES; FLAVOR; STORAGE AB Shellac and wax-based citrus coatings were applied to Fallglo, Robinson, Sunburst, Dancy and Murcott tangerines, Nova and Orlando tangelos, and Temple oranges. Flavor volatiles were measured before and after storage. Concentrations of ethyl acetate, ethyl butyrate, isopentanol and 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol increased markedly for fruit with shellac-based coatings, and were highly correlated with ethanol content, but at different ratios for the different varieties. The concentration increases were relatively less for fruit coated with the wax-based coatings, and suggest that high-gloss shellac and resin-based coatings are not appropriate for tangerines. C1 USDA ARS, US Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, SAA, Winter haven, FL 33881 USA. RP Hagenmaier, RD (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, SAA, 600 Ave S NW, Winter haven, FL 33881 USA. NR 17 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA 525 WEST VAN BUREN, STE 1000, CHICAGO, IL 60607-3814 USA SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD JUN-JUL PY 2002 VL 67 IS 5 BP 1742 EP 1745 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2002.tb08716.x PG 4 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 577MF UT WOS:000177064100028 ER PT J AU Sapers, GM Miller, RL Annous, BA Burke, AM AF Sapers, GM Miller, RL Annous, BA Burke, AM TI Improved antimicrobial wash treatments for decontamination of apples SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE apples; decontamination; Escherichia coli; hydrogen peroxide; abrasion; infiltration; efficacy ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; GOLDEN-DELICIOUS APPLES; PRESSURE INFILTRATION; CALCIUM-CHLORIDE; EFFICACY; PRODUCE; AGENTS; VACUUM; WATER AB We investigated means of improving efficacy of hydrogen peroxide washes in reducing Escherichia coli populations on inoculated apples by increasing contact between attached bacteria and the wash solution. Golden Delicious apples were inoculated with E. coli and treated with heated 5% H2O2 with or without agitation, by spraying and simultaneous brushing or abrading calyx and stem areas, or by vacuum infiltration. Samples were homogenized, diluted, and plated to enumerate surviving bacteria. Population reductions were greater when apples were treated with agitation, by targeted spraying with abrasion, by vacuum infiltration with stem removal, and by application of treatments at 80 degreesC. However, discoloration occurred at temperatures above 60 degreesC. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Sapers, GM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Ln, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 24 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 3 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA 525 WEST VAN BUREN, STE 1000, CHICAGO, IL 60607-3814 USA SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD JUN-JUL PY 2002 VL 67 IS 5 BP 1886 EP 1891 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2002.tb08741.x PG 6 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 577MF UT WOS:000177064100053 ER PT J AU Fins, L Byler, J Ferguson, D Harvey, A Mahalovich, MF McDonald, G Miller, D Schwandt, J Zack, A AF Fins, L Byler, J Ferguson, D Harvey, A Mahalovich, MF McDonald, G Miller, D Schwandt, J Zack, A TI Return of the giants - Restoring western white pine to the Inland Northwest SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE blister rust; forest health; pathology ID BLISTER RUST AB Relatively high levels of blister rust infection in some stands of genetically improved western white pine (Pinus monticola) raised concerns that resistance may fail under field conditions. However, surveys show consistently lower infection and mortality in genetically improved white pine compared to unimproved stock. Restoring white pine by continued breeding for high levels of rust resistance, increased planting of resistant seedlings, and other silvicultural treatments are recommended to help alleviate forest health problems in Inland Northwest forests. C1 Univ Idaho, Coll Nat Resources, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Coeur Dalene, ID USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Moscow, ID USA. Potlatch Corp, Lewiston, ID USA. Idaho Panhandle Natl Forests, Coeur Dalene, ID USA. RP Fins, L (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Coll Nat Resources, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. NR 22 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 3 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 100 IS 4 BP 20 EP 26 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 553RV UT WOS:000175690000007 ER PT J AU Nislow, KH Magilligan, FJ Folt, CL Kennedy, BP AF Nislow, KH Magilligan, FJ Folt, CL Kennedy, BP TI Within-basin variation in the short-term effects of a major flood on stream fishes and invertebrates SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID YOUNG ATLANTIC SALMON; BROWN TROUT; TEMPORAL VARIATION; HABITAT; RIVER; ASSEMBLAGE; SURVIVAL; DENSITY; TRUTTA; SALAR AB We measured changes in invertebrate and fish abundance before and after a major flood event in the northeastern US, in three stream reaches that differed with respect to flood intensity. Fish and invertebrate abundance was lower at all three sites following the flood. The smallest change in fish and invertebrate abundance occurred in the site experiencing the lowest-magnitude flood (similar to bankfull). The two remaining sites experienced overbank flooding and major changes in species abundances. Changes in abundance were greatest at the site experiencing greater geomorphic change (bedload movement and sedimentation), even though hydrologic intensity (velocity, shear stress, unit stream power) was greater at the other site. Aquatic invertebrate and underyearling fish abundances were substantially reduced at these sites, while overyearling salmonids exhibited normal or greater-than-normal abundance. Among invertebrates, abundances of baetid mayflies, which are multivoltine and disperse rapidly via drift, recovered more rapidly than other mayfly families. Our results reinforce the contention that geologic setting can strongly influence the short-term impact of floods. In addition, we provide direct evidence that particular species and age classes are resistant to even the most extreme floods expected in a given region. C1 Univ Massachusetts, USDA, Forest Serv, Northeastern Res Stn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Dartmouth Coll, Dept Geog, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. Dartmouth Coll, Dept Biol Sci, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. RP Kennedy, BP (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, USDA, Forest Serv, Northeastern Res Stn, 201 Holdsworth Hall, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. NR 30 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 10 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 17 IS 2 BP 305 EP 318 DI 10.1080/02705060.2002.9663899 PG 14 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 552XX UT WOS:000175646300016 ER PT J AU Weinstock, JV Summers, RW Elliott, DE Qadir, K Urban, JF Thompson, R AF Weinstock, JV Summers, RW Elliott, DE Qadir, K Urban, JF Thompson, R TI The possible link between de-worming and the emergence of immunological disease SO JOURNAL OF LABORATORY AND CLINICAL MEDICINE LA English DT Review ID INFLAMMATORY BOWEL-DISEASE; CROHNS-DISEASE; SCHISTOSOMA-MANSONI; CYTOKINE RESPONSES; IMMUNE-RESPONSES; CELL RESPONSES; T-CELL; INFECTION; COLITIS; SUSCEPTIBILITY C1 Univ Iowa, Dept Med, Div Gastroenterol Hepatol, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. USDA, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Weinstock, JV (reprint author), Univ Iowa, Dept Med, Div Gastroenterol Hepatol, 4607 JCP,200 Hawkins Dr, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. OI Urban, Joseph/0000-0002-1590-8869 NR 22 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 2 U2 7 PU MOSBY, INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0022-2143 J9 J LAB CLIN MED JI J. Lab. Clin. Med. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 139 IS 6 BP 334 EP 338 DI 10.1067/mlc.2002.124343 PG 5 WC Medical Laboratory Technology; Medicine, General & Internal; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Medical Laboratory Technology; General & Internal Medicine; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 562RF UT WOS:000176212200002 PM 12066130 ER PT J AU Meola, SM Sittertz-Bhatkar, H AF Meola, SM Sittertz-Bhatkar, H TI Neuroendocrine modulation of olfactory sensory neuron signal reception via axo-dendritic synapses in the antennae of the mosquito, Aedes aegypti SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR NEUROSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE synaptoid junctions; mosquitoes; peptides; tachykinin; ultrastructure ID LOCUSTATACHYKININ-I; CULEX SALINARIUS; PEPTIDES; LOCUST; NEUROPEPTIDES; CULICIDAE; DIPTERA; HORMONE AB An ultrastructural study of the antennae of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, revealed that as in the salt marsh mosquito, Culex salinarius, the first flagellar segment of both sexes of A. aegypti contain neuroendocrine cells. These cells not only extend an axon via the antennal nerve to the antennal lobe of the deutocerebrum, but project collaterals to the periphery of the antennae, where they modulate the antennal sensory neurons by forming synapses with the dendrites of these afferent neurons. To our knowledge, this is the first report in any animal of neurites of neuroendocrine cells forming axo-dendritic synapses with sensory neurons. C1 USDA ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Ctr Electron Microscopy, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Meola, SM (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 18 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU HUMANA PRESS INC PI TOTOWA PA 999 RIVERVIEW DRIVE SUITE 208, TOTOWA, NJ 07512 USA SN 0895-8696 J9 J MOL NEUROSCI JI J. Mol. Neurosci. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 18 IS 3 BP 239 EP 245 DI 10.1385/JMN:18:3:239 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences & Neurology GA 557NX UT WOS:000175915600009 PM 12059042 ER PT J AU Ouvrard, D Bourgoin, T Campbell, BC AF Ouvrard, D Bourgoin, T Campbell, BC TI Comparative morphological assessment of the psyllid pleuron (Insecta, Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha) SO JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE thorax; pleural sulcus; trochantin; insect; morphology; serial homology; evolution ID EVOLUTIONARY AB A unique set of morphological characters based on the hemipteran (sensu lato) thorax are used to define the pleuron of Psylloidea. New external and internal topographical descriptions of pleurites of all three thoracic segments are provided based on observations of specimens from various genera representing the current taxonomic arrangement of Psylloidea. Variations in propleurite morphology and the anteroventral angle of the episternum among taxa are clarified. The mesothoracic pleural sulcus is found to be a distinct groove formed by the deep fossa of the pleural apophysis and is not a secondary structure, as assigned by previous authors. A newly discovered internal apodeme of the metathoracic trochantin and a serially homologous structure in the mesothorax isolate the trochantinal territory of the second segment. The metathoracic pleural sulcus appears to be pressed against the ventral edge of the metepimeron, as previously described for the mesothorax of certain species of other insects having a strongly developed meron. Use of morphological interpretations and newly discovered apodemes to assess primary homology of structures for phylogenetic and taxonomic studies is discussed. A glossary of standardized morphological terms for thoracic structures of non-heteropteran Hemiptera based on this study and other recent and former dissertations on the insect thorax is provided. (C) 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Lab Entomol, F-75005 Paris, France. CNRS, Museum Natl Hist Nat, ESA 8043, F-75005 Paris, France. USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Ouvrard, D (reprint author), Lab Entomol, 45 Rue Buffon, F-75005 Paris, France. RI Ouvrard, David/E-9031-2016; OI Ouvrard, David/0000-0003-2931-6116; Bourgoin, Thierry/0000-0001-9277-2478 NR 50 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0362-2525 J9 J MORPHOL JI J. Morphol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 252 IS 3 BP 276 EP 290 DI 10.1002/jmor.1105 PG 15 WC Anatomy & Morphology SC Anatomy & Morphology GA 552LQ UT WOS:000175622200005 PM 11948675 ER PT J AU Valencia-Islas, N Abbas, H Bye, R Toscano, R Mata, R AF Valencia-Islas, N Abbas, H Bye, R Toscano, R Mata, R TI Phytotoxic compounds from Prionosciadium watsoni SO JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS LA English DT Article ID COUMARINS AB Bioassay-guided fractionation of a phytotoxic extract of Prionosciadium watsoni led to the isolation of three new pyranocoumarins and two pyranochromones. The new compounds were characterized as propionic acid (9R,10R)-9-acetoxy-8,8-dimethyl-9,10-dihydro-2H,8H-benzo[1,2-b:3,4-b']dipyran-2-one-10-yl ester (1), isobutyric acid (9R,10R)-9-hydroxy-8,8-dimethyl-9,10-dihydro-2H,8H-benzo[1,2-b:3,4-b']dipyran-2-one-10-yl ester (2), isobutyric acid (9R)-8,8-dimethyl-9,10-dihydro-2H,8H-benzo[1,2-b:3,4-b']dipyran-2-one-9-yl ester (10), 2-methylbut-(2Z)-enoic acid (3R)-5-methoxy-3,4-dihydro-2,2,8-trimethyl-6-oxo-2H,6H-benzo[1,2-b:5,4-b']dipyran-3-yl ester (11), and isobutyric acid (3R)-5-methoxy-3,4-dihydro2,2,8-trimethyl-6-oxo-2H,6H-benzo[1,2-b:5,4-b']dipyran-3-yl ester (12) by spectroscopic and chemical methods. The stereochemistry at the stereogenic centers was established by applying the Mosher ester methodology. The structures of 1 and 2 were corroborated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The phytotoxic activity of the isolated compounds was assessed on Amaranthus hypochondriacus, Echinochloa crus-galli, and Lemna pausicostata. The phytotoxins also modified the electrophoretic mobility of calmodulin from both bovine-brain and spinach. C1 Natl Autonomous Univ Mexico, Fac Quim, Dept Farm, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. Natl Autonomous Univ Mexico, Inst Biol, Jardin Bot, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. Natl Autonomous Univ Mexico, Inst Quim, Lab Rayos X, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Prod Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Mata, R (reprint author), Natl Autonomous Univ Mexico, Fac Quim, Dept Farm, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. RI PEREZ, ARACELI/D-8668-2012; Mata, Rachel/I-4435-2014 OI Mata, Rachel/0000-0002-2861-2768 NR 22 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0163-3864 J9 J NAT PROD JI J. Nat. Prod. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 65 IS 6 BP 828 EP 834 DI 10.1021/np010448t PG 7 WC Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Medicinal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Plant Sciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 570YP UT WOS:000176688300005 PM 12088423 ER PT J AU Holler, U Gloer, JB Wicklow, DT AF Holler, U Gloer, JB Wicklow, DT TI Biologically active polyketide metabolites from an undetermined fungicolous hyphomycete resembling Cladosporium SO JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS LA English DT Article ID ASPERGILLUS-FLAVUS SCLEROTIA; ALTERNARIA-SOLANI; MYCOPARASITE; PHTHALIDES; ANTIFUNGAL AB Eight new polyketide-derived metabolites [cladoacetals A and B (1 and 2), 3-(2-formyl-3-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid (3), 3-deoxyisoochracinic acid (4), isoochracinol (5), 7-hydroxy-3-(2,3-dihydroxybutyl)-1(3H)isobenzofuranone (6), (+)-cyclosordariolone (10), and altersolanol J (11)] and six known metabolites [two isomeric 1-(1,3-dihydro-4-hydroxy-1-isobenzofuranyl)butan-2,3-diols(7a/b), 7-hydroxy-1(3H)-isobenzofuranone (8), isoochracinic acid (9), altersolanol A (12), and macrosporin (13)] have been isolated from solid-substrate fermentation cultures of an undetermined fungicolous isolate (NRRL 29097) that resembles Cladosporium sp. All structures were assigned primarily by analysis of ID and/or 2D NMR data. Five of the compounds showed antibacterial activity. C1 Univ Iowa, Dept Chem, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Gloer, JB (reprint author), Univ Iowa, Dept Chem, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. NR 25 TC 79 Z9 81 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0163-3864 J9 J NAT PROD JI J. Nat. Prod. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 65 IS 6 BP 876 EP 882 DI 10.1021/np020097y PG 7 WC Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Medicinal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Plant Sciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 570YP UT WOS:000176688300013 PM 12088431 ER PT J AU Wyse-Pester, DY Wiles, LJ Westra, P AF Wyse-Pester, DY Wiles, LJ Westra, P TI The potential for mapping nematode distributions for site-specific management SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE anisotropy; correlation; geostatistics; map; nematode; organic matter; sampling; site-specific management; soil texture; spatial dependence; spatial distribution ID EDAPHIC FACTORS; SOIL TEXTURE; FIELD AB The success of site-specific nematode management depends on a grower or advisor being able to afford to make a map of an infestation that is accurate enough for management decision. The spatial dependence of nematode infestations and correlation of soil attributes with nematode density were assessed to investigate the scale of sampling required to obtain correlated observations of density and the use of soils data to reduce the cost of sampling. Nematodes and soil sampled on a 76.2 x 76.2-m grid in two irrigated corn (Zea mays) fields for 2 years. Nematodes of each of three species were found in 36% to 77% of the cores from a field. Spatial dependence was detected for 10 of 16 distributions, and 22% to 67% of the variation in density within a field could be attributed to spatial correlation. Density was correlated to distances of 445 to 649 m in the directions of 0, 45, 90, and 135% from the crop row, and distances varied with direction. Correlations between nematode density and soil attributes were inconsistent between species and fields. These results indicate a potential for mapping nematode infestations for site-specific management, but provide no evidence for reducing the cost of sampling by substituting soils data for nematode counts when making a map. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Bioagr Sci & Pest Management, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, USDA ARS, AERC, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Wyse-Pester, DY (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Bioagr Sci & Pest Management, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 30 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 4 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 USA SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 34 IS 2 BP 80 EP 87 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 639UT UT WOS:000180648300003 PM 19265913 ER PT J AU Kokalis-Burelle, N Mahaffee, WF Rodriguez-Kabana, R Kloepper, JW Bowen, KL AF Kokalis-Burelle, N Mahaffee, WF Rodriguez-Kabana, R Kloepper, JW Bowen, KL TI Effects of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) rotations with peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) on nematode populations and soil microflora SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Arachis hypogaea L.; Aspergillus; microbial community; microbial diversity; nematode; Panicum virgatum; peanut; rhizosphere ecology; root-knot nematode; Sclerotium rolfsii; southern blight; switchgrass ID COASTAL BERMUDAGRASS; ASPERGILLUS-FLAVUS; CROPPING SYSTEMS; RHIZOSPHERE; SIMILARITY; MANAGEMENT; DIVERSITY; GEOCARPOSPHERE; CONTAMINATION; COTTON AB A 3-year field rotation study was conducted to assess the potential of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) to suppress root-knot, nematodes (Meloidogyne arenaria), southern blight (Sclerotium rolfsii), and aflatoxigenic fungi (Aspergillas sp.) in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and to assess shifts in microbial populations following crop rotation. Switchgrass did not support populations of root-knot nematodes but Supported high populations of nonparasitic nematodes. Peanut with no nematicide applied and following 2 bears of switchgrass had the same nematode populations is continuous peanut plus nematicide. Neither previous crop nor nematicide significantly reduced the incidence of pods infected with Aspergillus. However, pod invasion by A. flavus was highest in plots previously planted with peanut and not treated with nematicide. Peanut with nematicide applied at planting following 2 years of switchgrass had significantly less incidence of southern blight than either continuous peanut without nematicide application or peanut without nematicide following 2 years of cotton. Peanut yield did not differ among rotations in either sample year. Effects of crop rotation on the microbial community structure associated with peanut were examined using indices for diversity, richness, and similarity derived from culture-based analyses. Continuous peanut supported a distinctly different rhizosphere bacterial microflora compared to peanut following 1 year of switchgrass, or continuous switchgrass. Richness and diversity indices for continuous peanut rhizosphere and geocarposphere were not consistently different from peanut following switchgrass, but always differed in the specific genera present. These shifts in community structure were associated with changes in parasitic nematode populations. C1 USDA ARS, Hort Res Lab, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. Auburn Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Auburn Univ, Inst Biol Control, Dept Plant Pathol, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. RP Kokalis-Burelle, N (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hort Res Lab, 2001 S Rock Rd, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. NR 32 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 6 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 USA SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 34 IS 2 BP 98 EP 105 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 639UT UT WOS:000180648300005 PM 19265915 ER PT J AU Wrather, JA Stevens, WE Kirkpatrick, TL Kitchen, NR AF Wrather, JA Stevens, WE Kirkpatrick, TL Kitchen, NR TI Effects of site-specific application of aldicarb on cotton in a Meloidogyne incognita-infested field SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE aldicarb; cotton; Gossypium hirutum; Meloidogyne incognita; root-knot nematode; site-specific precision agriculture ID FERTILIZER APPLICATION; WINTER SURVIVAL; SOIL TEXTURE; JUVENILES AB Cotton Farmers in Missouri commonly apply a single rate of aldicarb throughout the field at planting to protect their crop front Meloidogyne incognita, Eden though these nematodes are spatially aggregated, our purpose Was to determine the effect of site-specific application of aldicarb on cotton production in a field infested with these nematodes in 1997 and 1998. Cotton yields were collected from sites not treated with aldicarb (control), sites receiving aldicarb at the standard recommended rate of 0.58 kg a.i./ha, and sites recieving specific aldicarb rates based on the Soil population densities Of second-stage infective juveniles of root-knot nematode. Yields for the standard rate and site-specific rate treatments were similar and greater (P less than or equal to 0.05) than the control treatment. Less aldicarb was used for the site-specific than the uniform-rate treatment each ear-46% less in 1997 and 61% less in 1998, Costs associated with the site-specific treatment were very high compared with the uniform-rate treatment chic to a greater number of soil samples analyzed for nematodes. Site-specific application of aldicarb for root-knot nematode management in cotton may pose fewer environmental risks than the uniform-rate application of aldicarb. C1 Univ Missouri, Delta Ctr, Portageville, MO 63873 USA. Univ Arkansas, SW Res Extens Ctr, Hope, AR 71801 USA. USDA ARS, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Wrather, JA (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Delta Ctr, POB 160, Portageville, MO 63873 USA. NR 18 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 USA SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 34 IS 2 BP 115 EP 119 PG 5 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 639UT UT WOS:000180648300007 PM 19265917 ER PT J AU Kluepfel, DA Nyczepir, AP Lawrence, JE Wechter, WP Leverentz, B AF Kluepfel, DA Nyczepir, AP Lawrence, JE Wechter, WP Leverentz, B TI Biological control of the phytoparasitic nematode Mesocriconema xenoplax on peach trees SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 39th Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Nematologists CY JUN 24-28, 2000 CL QUEBEC CITY, CANADA SP Soc Nematologists DE bacteria; biological control; Mesocriconema xenoplax; Prunus persica; rhizobacteria; rhizosphere; ring nematode ID PLANT-PARASITIC NEMATODES; CRICONEMELLA-XENOPLAX; RHIZOSPHERE INTERACTIONS; PSEUDOMONAS-SYRINGAE; MICROORGANISMS; BACTERIA; IDENTIFICATION; INVOLVEMENT; BIOCONTROL; PATHOGENS AB Seven fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. capable of inhibiting reproduction of Mesocriconema xenoplax have been isolated from soil sites that suppress both nematode multiplication and Peach Tree Short Life (PTSL). One of these seven strains, Pseudomonas sp. BG33R, inhibits. M. xenoplax multiplication in vivo and egg hatch in vitro. Mesocriconema xenoplax populations on peach seedlings inoculated with BG33R and planted into soil-solarized field plots remained at or below the economic threshold for nematicide treatment in South Carolina for nearly 18 months. Soil solarization alone induced a shift toward a microbial community that was suppressive to nematode multiplication, Additionally, five Tn5 mutants of BG33R, larking the ability to kill eggs, have been generated. The Tn5 insertion site in each mutant has been cloned and sequenced. DNA sequence analysis has revealed a high degree of homology to several genes of interest because of their potential involvement in the production of the egg-kill factor. These Tn5 egg-kill negative mutants also no longer produce protease or salicyclic acid while producing nearly twice the amount of fluorescent fluorescent, siderophore as the wild type parent. C1 Clemson Univ, Dept Plant Pathol & Physiol, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. USDA ARS, SE Fruit & Tree Nut Res Lab, Byron, GA 31008 USA. RP Kluepfel, DA (reprint author), Clemson Univ, Dept Plant Pathol & Physiol, 120 Long Hall, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. NR 43 TC 10 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 5 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 USA SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 34 IS 2 BP 120 EP 123 PG 4 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 639UT UT WOS:000180648300008 PM 19265918 ER PT J AU Thies, JA Merrill, SB Corley, EL AF Thies, JA Merrill, SB Corley, EL TI Red food coloring stain: New, safer procedures for staining nematodes in roots and egg masses on root surfaces SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE environmental safety; Meloidogyne spp.; resistance; root-knot nematode; staining procedures; worker protection AB Acid fuchsin and phloxine B are commonly used to stain plant-parasitic nematodes in roots and egg masses on root surfaces, respectively. Both stains can be harmful to both the user and the environment and require costly waste disposal procedures. We developed safer methods to replace both stains using McCormick Schilling red food color, Eggs, juveniles, and adults of Meloidogyne incognita stained in roots with red food color were equally as visible as those stained with acid fuchsin. Egg masses stained with red food color appeared as bright-red spheres or) the root Surfaces and ere highly visible even Without magnification. Replacement of acid fuchsin arid phloxine B with red food color for staining nematodes is safer for the user and the environment, and eliminates costly waste disposal of used stain solutions. C1 USDA ARS, US Vegetable Lab, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. RP Thies, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Vegetable Lab, 2875 Savannah Highway, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. NR 8 TC 33 Z9 39 U1 3 U2 8 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 USA SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 34 IS 2 BP 179 EP 181 PG 3 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 639UT UT WOS:000180648300019 PM 19265929 ER PT J AU Uthus, EO Yokoi, K Davis, CD AF Uthus, EO Yokoi, K Davis, CD TI Selenium deficiency in Fisher-344 rats decreases plasma and tissue homocysteine concentrations and alters plasma homocysteine and cysteine redox status SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Experimental Biology 2001 Annual Meeting CY MAR 31-APR 04, 2001 CL ORLANDO, FLORIDA SP Amer Soc Nutr Sci DE selenium; homocysteine; cysteine; glutathione; transsulfuration ID TRANSSULFURATION PATHWAY; GLUTATHIONE SYNTHESIS; S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE; VASCULAR-DISEASE; DIETARY SELENIUM; THIOL STATUS; RISK FACTOR; IN-VIVO; METABOLISM; METHIONINE AB The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of graded amounts of dietary selenium on plasma and tissue parameters of methionine metabolism including homocysteine. Male weanling Fisher-344 rats (n = 7-8/group) were fed a selenium-deficient, torula yeast-based diet, supplemented with 0 (selenium deficient), 0,02, 0.05 or 0.1 mug (adequate) selenium (as selenite)/g diet. After 61 cl, plasma total homocysteine and cysteine were decreased (P < 0.0001) and glutathione increased (P < 0.0001) by selenium deficiency. The concentrations of homocysteine in kidney and heart were decreased (P = 0.02) by selenium deficiency. The activities of liver betaine homocysteine methyltransferase, methionine synthase, S-adenosylmethionine synthase, cystathlonine synthase and cystathionase were determined; selenium deficiency affected only betaine homocysteine methyltransferase, which was decreased (P < 0.0001). The ratios of plasma free reduced homocysteine (or cysteine) to free oxidized homocysteine (or cysteine) or to total homocysteine (or cysteine) were increased by selenium deficiency, suggesting that selenium status affects the normally tightly controlled redox status of these thiols. Most differences due to dietary selenium were between rats fed 0 or 0.02 mug selenium/g diet and those fed 0.05 or 0.1 mug selenium/g diet. The metabolic consequences of a marked decrease in plasma homocysteine and smaller but significant decreases in tissue homocysteine are not known. C1 USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. Seitoku Univ, Fac Humanities, Dept Human Life & Culture, Matsudo, Chiba 2718555, Japan. RP Uthus, EO (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 50 TC 42 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 132 IS 6 BP 1122 EP 1128 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 559NY UT WOS:000176033300004 PM 12042420 ER PT J AU Vargas-Martinez, C Ordovas, JM Wilson, PW Selhub, J AF Vargas-Martinez, C Ordovas, JM Wilson, PW Selhub, J TI The glutamate carboxypeptidase gene II (C > T) polymorphism does not affect folate status in The Framingham Offspring Cohort SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE absorption; folate; genetics; glutamate carboxypeptidase II; homocystelne ID TOTAL HOMOCYSTEINE; MEMBRANE ANTIGEN; MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSAY; LACTOBACILLUS-CASEI; HYDROLASE; TISSUES; PLASMA; HEALTH; LOCUS AB Glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) hydrolyzes polyglutamyl folates before their absorption. Recently, a 1561 C>T polymorphism in the GCPII gene was reported to be associated with lower folate and higher homocysteine plasma concentrations in a small (n = 75) selected elderly population. In this study, we examined the effect of this polymorphism in 680 men and 644 women attending the fifth examination of the Framingham Offspring Study. At the time of sample collection, subjects were not taking any supplements and were not exposed to food folate fortification. GCPII genotypes were determined by allelic discrimination using Taqman(R) probes. In the population as a whole, this mutation was not associated with lower plasma folate level or with elevated plasma homocysteine. In men, plasma folate concentrations were higher in carriers of the T allele compared with those homozygotes of the wild-type allele (P < 0.05), whereas in women folate concentrations did not differ between genotypes (P = 0.8). In its relationship to plasma folate, this mutation exhibited a weak interaction with age and gender only in older women (P = 0.05). Overall, our data show that the GCPII C1561T polymorphism is not a determinant of plasma folate or total homocysteine concentrations in this large cohort of participants from the Framingham Offspring Study. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Vitamin Metab & Aging Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Nutr & Genom Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Med, Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA USA. RP Vargas-Martinez, C (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Vitamin Metab & Aging Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL 54776] NR 19 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 132 IS 6 BP 1176 EP 1179 PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 559NY UT WOS:000176033300014 PM 12042430 ER PT J AU Nyambose, J Koski, KG Tucker, KL AF Nyambose, J Koski, KG Tucker, KL TI High intra/interindividual variance ratios for energy and nutrient intakes of pregnant women in rural Malawi show that many days are required to estimate usual intake SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Dietary Assessment CY SEP, 2000 CL TUCSON, ARIZONA DE dietary intake; dietary methodology; pregnancy; Africa; variance ratios; humans ID DIETARY; VARIABILITY; PATTERNS; DESIGN AB Conventional wisdom suggests that because there is less variety in food intake, fewer days may be needed to capture "usual intake" of individuals in developing countries, but it is also known that intakes may vary considerably across seasons. Because few studies have examined the sources of variation in nutrient intake in subsistence communities, where food availability also may limit day-to-day food choices, our objective was to examine intraindividual and interindividual variability in energy and nutrient intakes in pregnant subsistence farmers in Africa. From 1988 through 1991, we collected a total of 1061 diet days (mean = 6; range; 2-12 d/woman), using the direct food weighing method, from 184 pregnant women in a farming community west of Lilongwe City, Malawi. Two or four consecutive days were collected for each of several visits during the 2nd and 3rd trimesters. Variance ratios were calculated as the error variance/variance across individuals. We found major seasonal differences in energy and nutrient intakes with greater intakes in the harvest than in the preharvest seasons. Adjustment for season and stage of pregnancy did not reduce variance ratios. To estimate true individual intakes within an error range of +/- 20% required 8-23 d for energy, protein, carbohydrates and fiber; and 95-213 d for micronutrients. Thus, despite limited dietary diversity, large within-person variation in nutrient intake demonstrated that more, rather than fewer days of dietary intake were required to correctly identify usual intake in subsistence farmers compared with previous reports for urbanized or Western populations. C1 Tufts Univ, Sch Nutr Sci & Policy, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer US Dept Agr, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. McGill Univ, Sch Diet & Human Nutr, Montreal, PQ H9X 3V9, Canada. RP Tucker, KL (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Sch Nutr Sci & Policy, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RI Tucker, Katherine/A-4545-2010; OI Tucker, Katherine/0000-0001-7640-662X NR 17 TC 21 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 132 IS 6 BP 1313 EP 1318 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 559NY UT WOS:000176033300036 PM 12042452 ER PT J AU Ghandour, H Lin, BF Choi, SW Mason, JB Selhub, J AF Ghandour, H Lin, BF Choi, SW Mason, JB Selhub, J TI Folate status and age affect the accumulation of L-isoaspartyl residues in rat liver proteins SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE folate; L-isoaspartyl; S-adenosyl-L-methionine; protein L-isoaspartyl methyltransferase; rats ID IN-VITRO; CARBOXYL METHYLTRANSFERASE; METHYLATION REACTIONS; ADENOSINE DIALDEHYDE; DAMAGED PROTEINS; PC12 CELLS; PEPTIDES; ASPARTYL; DEAMIDATION; DEFICIENCY AB Formation of atypical L-isoaspartyl residues in proteins and peptides is a common, spontaneous and nonenzymatic modification of aspartyl and asparaginyl sites. The enzyme protein-L-isoaspartyl methyltransferase (PIMT) catalyzes the transfer of the methyl group of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) to these L-isoaspartyl sites, thereby allowing relsomerization and restoration of the original alpha peptide linkage. Because SAM is in part a product of folate metabolism, the present study was undertaken to determine the effects of folate deficiency on the presence of L-Isoaspartyl residues in hepatic proteins. Young (weanling) and older (12 mo) Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a folate-sufficient (2 mg folate/kg diet) or folate-deficient (0 mg folate/kg diet) diet for 20 wk. Liver proteins were analyzed for L-isoaspartyl residues. This analysis was based on the PIMT-dependent incorporation of [H-3]-methyl groups from [H-3]-SAM and the subsequent (nonenzymatic) sublimation of these methyl groups into a nonaqueous scintillant. The amount of L-isoaspartyl residues in hepatic proteins was higher in younger folate-deficient than in folate-sufficient rats (deficient: 187 +/- 71, sufficient: 64 +/- 43 pmol/mg protein, P < 0.025). This difference, however, was not seen among the older groups of rats who instead exhibited a much larger accumulation of L-isoaspartyl residues in their hepatic proteins (deficient: 528 151, sufficient: 470 204 pmol/mg protein, P = 0.568). The importance of these observations is discussed. C1 Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Natl Taiwan Univ, Dept Agr Chem, Coll Agr, Taipei 10764, Taiwan. RP Selhub, J (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 28 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 132 IS 6 BP 1357 EP 1360 PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 559NY UT WOS:000176033300042 PM 12042458 ER PT J AU Kim, YI Hayek, M Mason, JB Meydani, SN AF Kim, YI Hayek, M Mason, JB Meydani, SN TI Severe folate deficiency impairs natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity in rats SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE folate; natural killer cells; cytotoxicity; carcinogenesis; rats ID TOTAL HOMOCYSTEINE CONCENTRATIONS; POTENTIAL CHEMOPREVENTIVE AGENTS; DNA STRAND BREAKS; DIETARY-FOLATE; CYTO-TOXICITY; FOLIC-ACID; COORDINATE REGULATION; MEGALOBLASTIC-ANEMIA; NUTRITIONAL-STATUS; COLONIC NEOPLASIA AB Dietary folate deficiency enhances, whereas folate supplementation suppresses, the development of several cancers. This study investigated the effect of folate deficiency on natural killer cell (NK)-mediated cytotoxicity, which is important in immune surveillance against tumor cells. In Experiment 1, severe folate deficiency was induced in rats by feeding an amino acid-defined diet containing 0 mg folate and 10 g succinyisulfathiazole/kg diet. Control and folate-supplemented rats were fed the same diet containing 2 (basal requirement) and 8 mg folate/kg diet, respectively. Severe folate deficiency at the end of wk 5 was associated with 20% growth retardation, a 60% reduction in lymphocyte counts and significantly impaired NK-mediated cytotoxicity compared with the control and folate-supplemented groups (P < 0.02). The lesser degree of severe folate deficiency achieved by wk 4 was not associated with impaired NK-mediated cytotoxicity. Folate supplementation at 4x the basal requirement did not significantly enhance NK-mediated cytotoxicity at either time point. In Experiment 2, moderate folate deficiency was induced in rats by feeding the same diet without succinylsulfathiazole. NK-mediated cytotoxicity in the moderately folate-deficient rats (without growth retardation or lymphopenia) was not significantly different from that in controls. Although severe folate deficiency may have adverse effects on NK-mediated cytotoxicity, moderate folate deficiency, a degree of depletion associated with an increased risk of several cancers, appears not to affect NK-mediated cytotoxicity in rats. Furthermore, a modest level of folate supplementation above the basal requirement does not enhance NK-mediated cytotoxicity. These data collectively suggest that NK-mediated cytotoxicity is not a likely mechanism by which folate status modulates carcinogenesis. C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Med, Toronto, ON, Canada. Univ Toronto, Dept Nutr Sci, Toronto, ON, Canada. St Michaels Hosp, Div Gastroenterol, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada. Tufts Univ, Nutr Immunol Lab, Jean Mayer US Dept Agr, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Vitamin Metab Lab, Jean Mayer US Dept Agr, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Internal Med, Div Clin Nutr,New England Med Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Internal Med, Div Gastroenterol,New England Med Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Sackler Grad Sch, Program Immunol, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Kim, YI (reprint author), Univ Toronto, Dept Med, 100 Coll St, Toronto, ON, Canada. NR 51 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 132 IS 6 BP 1361 EP 1367 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 559NY UT WOS:000176033300043 PM 12042459 ER PT J AU Tibaduiza, EC Fleet, JC Russell, RM Krinsky, NI AF Tibaduiza, EC Fleet, JC Russell, RM Krinsky, NI TI Excentric cleavage products of beta-carotene inhibit estrogen receptor positive and negative breast tumor cell growth in vitro and inhibit activator protein-1-mediated transcriptional activation SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE beta-carotene; excentric cleavage; breast tumor cells; activator protein-1; retinoblastoma protein; E2F1 ID RETINOIC ACID RECEPTOR; CANCER CELLS; VITAMIN-A; CYCLE PROGRESSION; GENE-EXPRESSION; PROLIFERATION; ALPHA; CLONING; TRANSACTIVATION; CHEMOPREVENTION AB Both retinoids and carotenoids are potentially useful chemopreventive agents, In this study we tested the effect of synthetic excentric cleavage products of P-carotene on the growth of the MCF-7, Hs578T and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. The apo-beta-carotenoic acids (beta-apo-CA) beta-apo-14'-, beta-apo-12'-, beta-apo10'- and beta-apo-8'-CA are structurally similar to all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) but have different side chain lengths. Nine days of treatment with atRA inhibited MCF-7 and Hs578T cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. beta-apo-14'-CA and beta-apo-12'-CA significantly inhibited MCF-7 growth, whereas only beta-apo-14'-CA inhibited Hs578T growth. None of these treatments inhibited the growth of MDA-MB-231 cells. Potential mechanisms of growth inhibition, i.e., regulation of the cell cycle control proteins E2F1 and retinoblastoma protein (RB), and effect on activator protein-1 (AP-1)-mediated gene regulation were examined. beta-apo-14'-CA and atRA inhibited the expression of E2F1 protein in MCF-7 and Hs578T cells. beta-apo-14'-CA, beta-apo-12'-CA and atRA down-regulated RB protein expression in MCF-7 but not in Hs578T cells. The effect of phorbol ester-induced transcriptional activation of a collagenase promoter-reporter gene construct was strongly inhibited by 1 mumol/L beta-apo-14'-CA, atRA (MCF-7, Hs578T) or beta-apo-12'-CA (MCF-7). These effects were due neither to cellular conversion of beta-apo-CA to atRA nor to high affinity binding to the retinoid acid receptors. Thus, beta-apo-CAs were effective inhibitors of breast tumor cell proliferation, possibly mediated through down-regulation of cell cycle regulatory proteins and/or inhibition of AP-1 transcriptional activity. The ability of beta-apo-CA to regulate breast tumor cell growth independently of conversion to atRA suggests that these compounds may have fewer side effects than retinoids and, therefore, have a potential chemotherapeutic value that deserves further examination. C1 Tufts Univ, Jena Mayer US Dept agr, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ New England Med Ctr, Mol Pharmacol Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Food & Nutr, W Lafayette, IN 47906 USA. RP Tufts Univ, Jena Mayer US Dept agr, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. EM norman.krinsky@tufts.edu NR 44 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC NUTRITION-ASN PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 EI 1541-6100 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 132 IS 6 BP 1368 EP 1375 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 559NY UT WOS:000176033300044 PM 12042460 ER PT J AU Elliott, DA Backus, RC Van Loan, MD Rogers, QR AF Elliott, DA Backus, RC Van Loan, MD Rogers, QR TI Evaluation of multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis for the assessment of extracellular and total body water in healthy cats SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Waltham International Symposium on Pet Nutrition Coming of Age CY AUG 06-07, 2001 CL VANCOUVER, CANADA DE multifrequency bioalectrical impedance analysis body composition; total body water; extracellular water; bioimpedance ID MASS C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Mol Biosci, Sch Vet Med, Davis, CA 95616 USA. USDA, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Davis, CA USA. RP Elliott, DA (reprint author), Waltham USA, 3250 E 44th St, Vernon, CA 90058 USA. NR 3 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 132 IS 6 SU 2 BP 1757S EP 1759S PG 3 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 562FH UT WOS:000176186400053 PM 12042518 ER PT J AU Elliott, DA Backus, RC Van Loan, MD Rogers, QR AF Elliott, DA Backus, RC Van Loan, MD Rogers, QR TI Extracellular water and total body water estimated by multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis in healthy cats: A cross-validation study SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Waltham International Symposium on Pet Nutrition Coming of Age CY AUG 06-07, 2001 CL VANCOUVER, CANADA DE multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis body composition; total body water; extracellular water; bioimpedance ID MASS C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Mol Biosci, Sch Vet Med, Davis, CA 95616 USA. USDA, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Davis, CA USA. RP Elliott, DA (reprint author), Waltham USA, 3250 E 44th St, Vernon, CA 90058 USA. NR 4 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 132 IS 6 SU 2 BP 1760S EP 1762S PG 3 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 562FH UT WOS:000176186400054 PM 12042519 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Hamir, AN AF Dubey, JP Hamir, AN TI Experimental toxoplasmosis in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SPARROWS PASSER-DOMESTICUS; SARCOCYSTIS-FALCATULA; GONDII OOCYSTS; DIDELPHIS-VIRGINIANA; INFECTED-TISSUES; NEOSPORA-CANINUM; BIRDS; CANARIES; OPOSSUMS; INTERMEDIATE AB The susceptibility of budgerigars (Melopsiitacus undulatus) to graded doses Of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts wits studied. Sixteen budgerigars were divided into 4 groups (A-D) of 4 each. Birds in groups A-C were fed 100,000, 1.000, or 100 infective oocysts of the VEG strain of T. gondii, respectively. Budgerigars in group D were not fed oocysts and served as controls. All 4 birds in group A died (or were killed) because of acute severe enteritis 5 Or 6 days after feeding oocysts (DAFO). Three of the 4 birds in group B were killed (or died) because of toxoplasmosis 9 or 14 DAFO. One budgerigar in group C and the 4 budgerigars in group D remained healthy and were killed 35 or 39 DAFO. Toxoplasma gondii was demonstrated in tissues Of all budgerigars fed oocysts. The control budgerigars remained clinically normal and showed no evidence of T. gondii exposure. These results indicate that, compared to other passerines, budgerigars are relatively resistant to clinical toxoplasmosis. C1 USDA, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Agr Res Serv, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), USDA, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Agr Res Serv, BARC E,Bldg 1001, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 36 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 88 IS 3 BP 514 EP 519 PG 6 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 568DE UT WOS:000176526500014 PM 12099420 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Eggers, JS Lipscomb, TP AF Dubey, JP Eggers, JS Lipscomb, TP TI Intestinal coccidiosis in a spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris) SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Intestinal coccidiosis was diagnosed histologically in the small intestine of a spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris). Numerous intralesional coccidia were present in mucosal epithelial cells. Schizonts, gamonts, and unsporulated oocysts were seen. Schizonts were Lip to 30 X 20 mum and contained up to 16 merozoites. which measured 10-12 X 2 mum. Unsporulated oocysts were about 9-12 X 8-10 mum. This is the first report of intestinal coccidiosis in a spinner dolphin. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Armed Forces Inst Pathol, Dept Vet Pathol, Washington, DC 20306 USA. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Bldg 1001, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 88 IS 3 BP 634 EP 637 PG 4 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 568DE UT WOS:000176526500038 PM 12099444 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Tocidlowski, ME Abbitt, B Llizo, SY AF Dubey, JP Tocidlowski, ME Abbitt, B Llizo, SY TI Acute visceral toxoplasmosis in captive dik-dik (Madoqua guentheri smithi) SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NEOSPORA-CANINUM AB Acute toxoplasmosis was diagnosed in 2 captive dik-dik (Madoqua guentheri smithi) in the Houston Zoo. Both animals became ill suddenly and died in spite of supportive therapy. Toxoplasma gondii was identified in tissues of both animals immunohistochemically, and antibodies to T. gondii were found in titers of 1:800 or more ill both animals upon examination by the modified agglutination test. The cause of death was considered to be toxoplasmic pneumonia. This is the first report of toxoplasmosis in M. g. smithi. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Anim & Natl Resources Inst, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab,BARC E,, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Houston Zool Gardens, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Anim & Natl Resources Inst, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab,BARC E,, Bldg 1001, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 10 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 88 IS 3 BP 638 EP 641 DI 10.1645/0022-3395(2002)088[0638:AVTICD]2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 568DE UT WOS:000176526500039 PM 12099445 ER PT J AU Wei, JZ Chatterton, NJ Wang, RRC Larson, SR AF Wei, JZ Chatterton, NJ Wang, RRC Larson, SR TI Characterization of mRNAs that accumulate during illumination of excised leaves of big bluegrass (Poa secunda) SO JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE differential display; excised leaves; metallothionin-like protein; Poa secunda; RACE; ribosomal protein; thiamin biosynthesis protein ID METALLOTHIONEIN-LIKE GENE; LOLIUM-TEMULENTUM L; RNA DIFFERENTIAL DISPLAY; FRUCTAN BIOSYNTHESIS; MESSENGER-RNA; PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE; THIAMINE BIOSYNTHESIS; EXPRESSION PATTERNS; MOLECULAR-CLONING; SUCROSE SYNTHESIS AB Photosynthate accumulation during illumination of excised leaves provides a useful system to study some aspects of carbohydrate metabolism. The objectives of this study were to identify and characterize mRNAs that show regulated abundance during illumination of excised leaves of big bluegrass (Poa secunda). Differential display PCR identified mRNAs of interest. RNA samples from excised leaves were tested with 45 primer combinations after 0, 0.5, 2, 8, and 24 h of light exposure. Of approximately 2500 cDNA amplification products examined, only six different sequences showed repeatable patterns of regulation during the time course of these experiments. Three full-length cDNAs were isolated and none appear to be directly related to carbohydrate metabolism. The deduced amino acid sequences of the three cDNA products show homology to the thiamin biosynthesis proteins, metallothionene-like proteins and ribosomal proteins of other species. The abundance of metallothinene-like protein mRNA, in particular, showed strong up-regulation during illumination of detached leaves. The abundance of these three mRNAs in attached leaves was further evaluated under low-temperature and dehydration treatments-conditions also known to influence photosynthate/carbohydrate accumulation. The abundance of the metallothinene-like protein was strongly affected by dehydration, whereas the thiamin biosynthesis and ribosomal protein mRNAs were only somewhat affected by low temperatures. C1 Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Chatterton, NJ (reprint author), Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 42 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU URBAN & FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA BRANCH OFFICE JENA, P O BOX 100537, D-07705 JENA, GERMANY SN 0176-1617 J9 J PLANT PHYSIOL JI J. Plant Physiol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 159 IS 6 BP 661 EP 670 DI 10.1078/0176-1617-0750 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 570YJ UT WOS:000176687800011 ER PT J AU Urbanik, TJ AF Urbanik, TJ TI A more mechanistic model of the compression strain-load response of paper SO JOURNAL OF PULP AND PAPER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE paper; stress strain properties; creep; mathematical models ID CORRUGATED FIBERBOARD; BOX PERFORMANCE; CREEP; BEHAVIOR AB A new strain-load relationship, including elastic strain and primary, secondary and tertiary phase components of creep strain, is proposed for paper. This new relationship unifies previous Forest Products Laboratory investigations in the creep of corrugated fibreboard and fibreboard containers, the rate-of-load effect on paper strain response and the chemical kinetics-based failure of materials. Physical constants in the relationship enable the continuous duration-of-load strain response of paper to be predicted from rate-of-load stress-strain curves and vice, versa. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Urbanik, TJ (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 14 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU PULP & PAPER TECHNICAL ASSOCIATION CANADA PI MONTREAL PA 740 NOTRE DAME WEST, STE 810, MONTREAL, QC H3C 3X6, CANADA SN 0826-6220 J9 J PULP PAP SCI JI J. Pulp Pap. Sci. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 28 IS 6 BP 211 EP 216 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Materials Science GA 570RX UT WOS:000176672400006 ER PT J AU Smith, HR DeGraaf, RM Miller, RS AF Smith, HR DeGraaf, RM Miller, RS TI Exhumation of food by Turkey Vulture SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Turkey Vulture; Cathartes aura; feeding; food; olfaction; scavenging C1 Univ Massachusetts, USDA Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Hamden, CT 06514 USA. Yale Univ, Sch Forestry & Environm Studies, New Haven, CT 06511 USA. RP DeGraaf, RM (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, USDA Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Holdsworth Hall, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. NR 10 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 17 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 USA SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 36 IS 2 BP 144 EP 145 PG 2 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 571NZ UT WOS:000176724600010 ER PT J AU Zrostlikova, J Lehotay, SJ Hajslova, J AF Zrostlikova, J Lehotay, SJ Hajslova, J TI Simultaneous analysis of organophosphorus and organochlorine pesticides in animal fat by gas chromatography with pulsed flame photometric and micro-electron capture detectors SO JOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE multiresidue; pesticide; analysis; fats; gas chromatography ID SUPERCRITICAL-FLUID EXTRACTION; GEL-PERMEATION CHROMATOGRAPHY; CONDUCTIVITY DETECTORS; MULTIRESIDUE METHOD; OLIVE OIL; RESIDUES; SPECTROMETRY; INJECTION; MATRICES; INSECTICIDES AB A method using simultaneous pulsed flame photometric (PFPD) and micro-electron capture detection (muECD) in gas chromatography (GC) was developed and validated for the analysis of 23 organophosphorus (OP) and 17 organochlorine (OC) pesticides in animal fat. The method entailed the extraction of animal tissue (mixed with twice the sample weight of sodium sulfate) with 7 mL ethyl acetate per 1 g tissue. After the blending step, the extract was centrifuged and 3 mL cyclopentane was added to a 7 mL portion of the extract. A 2.5 mL portion was injected into a 2 cm ID x 22.5 cm Biobeads S-X3 gel permeation chromatography column (4.5 mL/min flow rate of 70/30 ethyl acetate/cyclopentane). A 36 mL fraction (from 8 to 16 min) was collected, evaporated, and solvent-exchanged to 1 mL final volume in iso-octane. The GC/PFPD+muECD system used a single injector and column, but the flow was split after the chromatographic separation to the two detectors. The final extract was injected (2 muL) into the GC/PFPD + muECD system for simultaneous analysis of the OP and OC analytes. The PFPD was used in the phosphorus-only mode to detect OPs and the muECD mainly detected halogenated pesticides but a few N-containing OPs could be sensitively detected with it as well. Recoveries were 60-70% for the bulk majority of pesticides except for methamidophos, acephate, and omethoate which are more difficult in GC analysis due to their more polar nature. Fenthion and phorate also gave more variable recoveries, presumably due to their degradation to sulfones and sulfoxides. In fortification recovery experiments at several different concentrations over multiple days, reproducibilities of 10-20% relative standard deviation were achieved, and limits of quantitation were typically 10-20 ng/g. C1 USDA ARS, ERRC, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Inst Chem Technol, Dept Food Chem & Anal, CR-16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic. RP Lehotay, SJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, ERRC, 600 E Mermaid Ln, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 35 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 11 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 1615-9314 J9 J SEP SCI JI J. Sep. Sci. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 25 IS 8 BP 527 EP 537 DI 10.1002/1615-9314(20020601)25:8<527::AID-JSSC527>3.0.CO;2-S PG 11 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 569MC UT WOS:000176605300007 ER PT J AU Grusak, MA AF Grusak, MA TI Enhancing mineral content in plant food products SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 42nd Annual Meeting of the American-College-of-Nutrition CY OCT 03-07, 2001 CL ORLANDO, FLORIDA SP Amer Coll Nutrition DE minerals; plant nutrition; xylem; phloem; genetic engineering; biotechnology ID SOYBEAN FERRITIN GENE; CALCIUM-CONCENTRATION; TRANSGENIC TOBACCO; NICOTIANAMINE AMINOTRANSFERASE; H+/CA2+ ANTIPORTER; IRON ACQUISITION; EATING PATTERNS; HUMAN-NUTRITION; PISUM-SATIVUM; TRANSPORT AB Plant foods can serve as dietary sources of all essential minerals required by humans, Unfortunately, mineral concentrations are low in some plants. especially many staple food crop, thus, efforts are underway to increase the mineral content of these foods as a means to ensure adequate attainment of dietary, minerals in all individuals, While these efforts hake included classical breeding. approaches in the past, it is clear that future progress can be made by utilizing the tools of biotechnology to effect directed changes in plant mineral status. Reviewed are the short- and long-distance mineral transport mechanisms responsible for the root acquisition and whole-plant partitioning of mineral ions in crop plants. This background is used to discuss different transgenic strategies with the potential to enhance mineral content in vegetative and/or reproductive tissues. Due to various constraints imposed by plant transport systems on whole-plant mineral movement. it is argued that modifications designed to increase the supply of minerals to edible organs should hake the highest chance for Examples of previous efforts to manipulate plant mineral nutrition through the introduction of no cl transgenes are presented to demonstrate the utility of these approaches. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA,ARS, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Grusak, MA (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA,ARS, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 69 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 17 PU AMER COLL NUTRITION PI NEW YORK PA C/O HOSP. JOINT DIS. 301 E. 17TH ST., NEW YORK, NY 10003 USA SN 0731-5724 J9 J AM COLL NUTR JI J. Am. Coll. Nutr. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 21 IS 3 SU S BP 178S EP 183S PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 564JJ UT WOS:000176311000005 PM 12071302 ER PT J AU Bowman, SA Spence, JT AF Bowman, SA Spence, JT TI A comparison of low-carbohydrate vs. high-carbohydrate diets: Energy restriction, nutrient quality and correlation to Body Mass Index SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE high-carbohydrate; high fat; weight management; Body Mass Index; obesity ID UNITED-STATES; WEIGHT-LOSS; OBESE WOMEN; FAT-CONTENT; DENSITY; FOOD AB Objectives: To evaluate free-living adults' diets that ranged from very low to high amounts of carbohydrate for their energy content. nutritional quality and correlation to Body Mass Index. Methods: Adults ages 19 years and older, who had complete dietary intake data on day-1 of the USDA's 1994 to 1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII 1994-1996), were divided into four groups-very low. low. moderate and high carbohydrate- based on the percent total energy from carbohydrate. Mean energy, nutrient, food intakes and Body Mass Index values were compared among the groups. SUDAAN software package was used for the data analysis and pair-wise mean comparisons (p < 0.05). Results: The high-carbohydrate diet was lower in energy and energy density (number of kilocalories per gram of total amount of food consumed) than the other three diets. Macronutrient composition varied significantly among all the four groups. Nutrient density (amount of nutrient per 1,000 kilocalories of energy consumed) of vitamin A, carotene, vitamin C, folate, calcium, magnesium and iron increased and that of vitamin B 12 and zinc decreased with an increase in the percent total energy from carbohydrate. The high-carbohydrate group ate more of low-fat foods, grain products and fruits. This group also had the lowest sodium intake. Adults eating a high-carbohydrate diet are more likely to have Body Mass Index values below 25. Conclusion: A study of diets of free-living adults in the U.S. showed that diets high in carbohydrate were both energy restrictive and nutritious and may be adopted for successful weight management. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20703 USA. RP Bowman, SA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, 10300 Baltimore Ave,Bldg 005,Room 125,BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20703 USA. RI Biguzzi, Felipe/E-4724-2015 NR 22 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER COLL NUTRITION PI NEW YORK PA C/O HOSP. JOINT DIS. 301 E. 17TH ST., NEW YORK, NY 10003 USA SN 0731-5724 J9 J AM COLL NUTR JI J. Am. Coll. Nutr. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 21 IS 3 BP 268 EP 274 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 562LP UT WOS:000176198500007 PM 12074255 ER EF