FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Nelson, SO AF Nelson, SO TI Dimensional and density data for seeds of cereal grain and other crops SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE grain kernels; crop seeds; dimensions; density; volume; weight ID MICROWAVE DIELECTRIC-PROPERTIES; PARTICULATE MATERIALS; DEPENDENCE; KERNELS; WHEAT; CORN; RICE AB Dimensions of seeds of more than twenty different kinds and types of grain and other crops were determined by caliper measurements. Individual kernel and seed weights were obtained, and mean volumes were determined by air-comparison pycnometer measurements for use in determining kernel and seed densities. Seed densities ranged from 1.002 for safflower to 1.460 for milled rice. Test weight (bulk density) measurements were also taken and moisture contents were determined by standard tests. Collectively, these data supplement the limited kernel and seed data currently, available in the literature for reference. The product of three orthogonal dimensions (length, width, and thickness) was calculated for each kind of seed. A volume coefficient was determined as the ratio of the measured mean volume to the orthogonal-dimension product. The volume coefficients, which ranged from 0.222 for oil-type sunflower seeds to 0.588 for sweetclover seeds, are useful in estimating seed volume from seed dimensional data. With use of the volume coefficient, seed density can be estimated for a particular kind of seed from seed weight and dimensions. C1 USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Nelson, SO (reprint author), USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 38 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JAN-FEB PY 2002 VL 45 IS 1 BP 165 EP 170 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 544TE UT WOS:000175176100019 ER PT S AU Rey, M AF Rey, M BE Rahm, J TI Federally owned rangelands: Are there new grounds for common ground? SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE SIXTY-SEVENTH NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCE CONFERENCE SE TRANSACTIONS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 67th North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference CY APR 03-07, 2002 CL DALLAS, TX SP USDA Nat Resources Conservat Serv, USDA Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, US Bur Reclamat, Natl Wild Turkey Federat, US Geol Survey, Biol Resource Div, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, USDA Forest Serv, US Bur Land Management, Natl Rifle Assoc Amer, Natl Shooting Sports Fdn, Wildlife Soc, Wilderness Soc, Boon & Crockett Club, Fed Cartridge Co, Izaak Walton League Amer, Conservat Fund, Ducks Unlimited Inc C1 USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Rey, M (reprint author), USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT INST PI WASHINGTON PA 1146 19TH ST, NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0078-1355 J9 TRANS N AM WILDL NAT JI Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Nat. Resour. Conf. PY 2002 VL 67 BP 21 EP 31 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BV83C UT WOS:000180136700002 ER PT S AU Diez, JR Gilsdorf, M Werge, R AF Diez, JR Gilsdorf, M Werge, R BE Rahm, J TI The federal role in regulating alternative livestock operations SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE SIXTY-SEVENTH NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCE CONFERENCE SE TRANSACTIONS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 67th North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference CY APR 03-07, 2002 CL DALLAS, TX SP USDA Nat Resources Conservat Serv, USDA Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, US Bur Reclamat, Natl Wild Turkey Federat, US Geol Survey, Biol Resource Div, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, USDA Forest Serv, US Bur Land Management, Natl Rifle Assoc Amer, Natl Shooting Sports Fdn, Wildlife Soc, Wilderness Soc, Boon & Crockett Club, Fed Cartridge Co, Izaak Walton League Amer, Conservat Fund, Ducks Unlimited Inc ID NATIONAL-PARKS C1 USDA, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Diez, JR (reprint author), USDA, Ft Collins, CO USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT INST PI WASHINGTON PA 1146 19TH ST, NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0078-1355 J9 TRANS N AM WILDL NAT JI Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Nat. Resour. Conf. PY 2002 VL 67 BP 289 EP 296 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BV83C UT WOS:000180136700023 ER PT J AU Burton, AJ Pregitzer, KS AF Burton, AJ Pregitzer, KS TI Measurement carbon dioxide concentration does not affect root respiration of nine tree species in the field SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Acer saccharum; direct effect of CO2 J; Juniperus monosperma; Picea glauca; Pinus edulis; Pinus elliottii; Pinus resinosa; Populus balsamifera; Quercus alba; Quercus rubra ID DIRECT INHIBITION; ELEVATED CO2; MAINTENANCE RESPIRATION; SOIL-TEMPERATURE; FINE-ROOT; IN-SITU; LEAVES; TISSUE AB Inhibition of respiration has been reported as a short-term response of tree roots to elevated measurement CO2 concentration ([CO2]), calling into question the validity of root respiration rates determined at CO2 concentrations that differ from the soil [CO2] in the rooting zone. Our objectives were to validate previous observations of a direct CO2 effect on root respiration in sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) and to determine if high [CO2] also inhibited root respiration in other tree species. Root respiration rates for nine common North American tree species were measured in the field at ambient soil temperature at both 350 and 1000 mul CO2 l(-1). No evidence of direct inhibition of root respiration by elevated measurement [CO2] was found for any of the species tested. The ratio of respiration rates at 1000 and 350 mul CO2 l(-1) ranged from 0.97 to 1.07, and the 95% confidence intervals for this ratio included unity for all species tested. Tests of a respiration cuvette used in earlier experiments suggested that gas leakage from the cuvette/IRGA system created an apparent direct CO2 effect on respiration of sugar maple roots when none actually existed. Small sample masses used in those experiments exacerbated the error. Careful attention to the possibility of gas leaks and the avoidance of small sample masses should produce data that will allow researchers to accurately assess whether direct effects of measurement [CO2] exist. Our findings of no direct CO2 effect on respiration of roots of a wide variety of species suggest that such effects may be less common than previously thought for tree roots. C1 Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forestry & Wood Prod, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Res Stn, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. RP Burton, AJ (reprint author), Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forestry & Wood Prod, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. NR 17 TC 38 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 14 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA 202, 3994 SHELBOURNE ST, VICTORIA, BC V8N 3E2, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 22 IS 1 BP 67 EP 72 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 519TG UT WOS:000173741100008 PM 11772557 ER PT J AU Palmer, MV Waters, WR Whipple, DL AF Palmer, MV Waters, WR Whipple, DL TI Milk containing Mycobacterium bovis as a source of infection for white-tailed deer fawns (Odocoileus virginianus) SO TUBERCULOSIS LA English DT Article ID TUBERCULOSIS; MICHIGAN AB Setting: White-tailed deer represent the first wildlife reservoir of Mycobacterium bovis in the United States. The behavior of does with nursing fawns provides several potential mechanisms for disease transmission. Little information exists concerning transmission between doe and fawn, specifically transmammary transmission. Objective: Determine if fawns can become infected by ingestion of milk replacer containing M. bovis, thus simulating transmission from doe to fawn through contaminated milk. Design: Seventeen, 21-day-old white-tailed deer fawns were inoculated orally with 2 X 10(8) CFU (high dose, n = 5), 2.5 X 10(5) to 2.5 X 106 CFU (medium dose, n = 5), and 1 X 104 CFU (low dose, n = 5) of M. bovis in milk replacer. Dosages were divided equally and fed daily over a 5-day period. Positive control fawns (n = 2) received 1 x 10(5) CFU of M. bovis instilled in the tonsillar crypts. Fawns were euthanized and examined 35-115 days after inoculation and various tissues collected for bacteriologic and microscopic analysis. Results: All fawns in the tonsillar, high oral and medium oral dose groups developed generalized tuberculosis involving numerous organs and tissues by 35-84 days after inoculation. Three of five fawns in the low-dose oral group had tuberculous lesions in the mandibular lymph node, and one of five had lesions in the medial retropharyngeal lymph node when examined 115 days after inoculation. Conclusion: White-tailed deer fawns can become infected through oral exposure to M. bovis. Therefore, the potential exists for fawns to acquire M. bovis while nursing tuberculous does. (C) Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Bacterial Dis Livestock Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Palmer, MV (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Bacterial Dis Livestock Res Unit, 2300 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 20 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU CHURCHILL LIVINGSTONE PI EDINBURGH PA JOURNAL PRODUCTION DEPT, ROBERT STEVENSON HOUSE, 1-3 BAXTERS PLACE, LEITH WALK, EDINBURGH EH1 3AF, MIDLOTHIAN, SCOTLAND SN 1472-9792 J9 TUBERCULOSIS JI Tuberculosis PY 2002 VL 82 IS 4-5 BP 161 EP 165 DI 10.1054/tube.2002.0334 PG 5 WC Immunology; Microbiology; Respiratory System SC Immunology; Microbiology; Respiratory System GA 623UB UT WOS:000179720300002 PM 12464487 ER PT J AU Palmer, MV Waters, WR Whipple, DL AF Palmer, MV Waters, WR Whipple, DL TI Aerosol delivery of virulent Mycobacterium bovis to cattle SO TUBERCULOSIS LA English DT Article ID WHITE-TAILED DEER; HUMAN TUBERCULOSIS; INFECTION; MODEL; LESIONS; CALVES AB Setting: Although animal models of aerosol inoculation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. bovis have been reported using laboratory animals, a model of aerosol delivery of M. bovis to cattle has not been reported previously. Objective: Develop and characterize a model of aerosol delivery of M. bovis to cattle, and compare the distribution of lesions in cattle infected with either of two different strains of M. bovis, one isolated from cattle (HC2005T), and the other isolated from white-tailed deer (1315). Design: Cattle (n = 20, female and castrated males) aged 4 months, were infected with 1 x 10(3) (n = 5) or 1 x 10(5) (n = 5) colony-forming units (CFU) of M. bovis 1315 or 1 x 10(3) (n = 5) or 1 x 10(5) (n = 5) CFU of M. bovis HC2005T. Calves were infected using a commercially available aerosol delivery system. One hundred fifty-five days after infection, calves were euthanized, examined and tissues collected for microscopic analysis and bacteriologic culture. Results: Nineteen of 20 calves developed tuberculosis. Typical tuberculous lesions were most pronounced in the lungs and tracheobronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes. Conclusion: The system described provides a reliable method of aerosol delivery of M. bovis to cattle. Lesion distribution suggests that the aerosolized inoculum was delivered deep into pulmonary alveoli and thus represents true aerosol exposure. Disease was more severe in groups receiving the highest dose of either inoculum strain; however, differences between strains were not seen. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Bacterial Dis Livestock Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Palmer, MV (reprint author), Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Bacterial Dis Livestock Res Unit, 2300 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA USA. EM mpalmer@nadc.ars.usda.gov NR 33 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 4 PU CHURCHILL LIVINGSTONE PI EDINBURGH PA JOURNAL PRODUCTION DEPT, ROBERT STEVENSON HOUSE, 1-3 BAXTERS PLACE, LEITH WALK, EDINBURGH EH1 3AF, MIDLOTHIAN, SCOTLAND SN 1472-9792 J9 TUBERCULOSIS JI Tuberculosis PY 2002 VL 82 IS 6 BP 275 EP 282 DI 10.1054/tube.2002.0341 PG 8 WC Immunology; Microbiology; Respiratory System SC Immunology; Microbiology; Respiratory System GA 658PV UT WOS:000181730100004 PM 12623270 ER PT S AU VerCauteren, KC Pipas, MJ Bourassa, J AF VerCauteren, KC Pipas, MJ Bourassa, J BE Timm, TM Schmidt, RH TI Application of burrow cameras in wildlife damage research SO TWENTIETH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th Vertebrate Pest Conference CY MAR 04-07, 2002 CL RENO, NV DE rodent burrow; camera; rodent; rodenticide; wildlife damage management; California ground squirrel; Spermophilus beecheyi AB Many fossorial species of wildlife cause damage in a variety of land-use settings. Research of these species is challenging because of the complications associated with working underground. Traditional methods of conducting research on fossorial rodents in their natural environments are expensive, labor intensive, and invasive on the landscape. More innovative and effective methods of doing research underground are needed. We evaluated a burrow-probe camera for viewing inside the burrows of California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi) as part of an anticoagulant baiting study. It was useful for locating carcasses as well as for collecting information on Eve squirrels and non-target species. We also used burrow cameras to aid in on-going studies of black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) and evaluated their utility in the burrows and dens of other mammals along the front range of Colorado. We will discuss our evaluations of burrow cameras and applications for their use in wildlife damage research. C1 APHIS Wildlife Serv, USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP VerCauteren, KC (reprint author), APHIS Wildlife Serv, USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE PI DAVIS PA UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS WILDLIFE EXTENSION, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA SN 0507-6773 J9 PROC VERTEBR PEST C PY 2002 BP 17 EP 19 PG 3 WC Ecology; Ornithology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA BW33V UT WOS:000181626900004 ER PT S AU Witmer, GW Hoffmann, BT AF Witmer, GW Hoffmann, BT BE Timm, TM Schmidt, RH TI The Colorado front range prairie dog technical workshop: An overview and summary SO TWENTIETH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th Vertebrate Pest Conference CY MAR 04-07, 2002 CL RENO, NV DE black-tailed prairie dog; conservation; Cynomys ludovicianus; damage; education; rodent management AB The 21/2-day Colorado Front Range Prairie Dog Technical Workshop was held in Fort Collins, Colorado, February 27-March 1, 2001. The workshop attracted about 250 attendees, mostly government personnel. Black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) present numerous challenges to landowners and resource managers because they are considered a rare and important ecosystem component, but at the same time they can cause various kinds of damage and pose a disease hazard to humans and their domestic animals. Invited speakers updated the participants on the topics of prairie dog biology and ecology, legal status and distribution, socio-economic issues, management techniques and strategies, and current research. Special topics such as plague management and black-footed ferret re-introductions were also addressed. Several panel discussions on management challenges and options were held. Various perspectives were presented and there was considerable interaction on these volatile issues. There was a field trip to local prairie dog colonies to view and discuss conflicts and management options. In this paper, we summarize some of the key topics and perspectives brought up at the Workshop, in order to provide a broad synopsis of this highly contentious arena of human-wildlife conflict. C1 APHIS Wildlife Serv, USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Witmer, GW (reprint author), APHIS Wildlife Serv, USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 7 PU VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE PI DAVIS PA UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS WILDLIFE EXTENSION, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA SN 0507-6773 J9 PROC VERTEBR PEST C JI Proc-Vertebr. Pest Conf. PY 2002 BP 20 EP 25 PG 6 WC Ecology; Ornithology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA BW33V UT WOS:000181626900005 ER PT S AU Sugihara, RT AF Sugihara, RT BE Timm, TM Schmidt, RH TI Rodent damage research in Hawaii: Changing times and priorities SO TWENTIETH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th Vertebrate Pest Conference CY MAR 04-07, 2002 CL RENO, NV DE agriculture; conservation; Hawaii; macadamia; native species; Rattus spp.; rodent damage; sugarcane; wildlife damage ID MACADAMIA ORCHARD; RATTUS-RATTUS; NEW-ZEALAND; RATS; SUGARCANE; ISLAND; YIELDS; BAIT AB Rodent damage research in Hawaii has evolved in response to shifts from large-scale monoculture agriculture, such as sugarcane, to cultivation of diversified high-value specialty crops, such as export ornamental nurseries and forestry products. Recent findings and renewed conservation awareness of the impact of predators, especially rodents, as important limiting factors of many of Hawaii's endangered avifauna have stimulated increased efforts to reduce rodent depredation in conservation areas and other natural resources. Some of the early tools developed in agriculture have been incorporated and successfully used for protecting non-agricultural resources and new methods have been developed for current problems. This paper summarizes the rodent research that the National Wildlife Research Center's Hawaii Field Station has conducted over these years of changing economic times and priorities. C1 APHIS Wildlife Serv, USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Hilo, HI USA. RP Sugihara, RT (reprint author), APHIS Wildlife Serv, USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Hilo, HI USA. NR 40 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE PI DAVIS PA UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS WILDLIFE EXTENSION, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA SN 0507-6773 J9 PROC VERTEBR PEST C JI Proc-Vertebr. Pest Conf. PY 2002 BP 40 EP 45 PG 6 WC Ecology; Ornithology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA BW33V UT WOS:000181626900008 ER PT S AU Witmer, GW Lowney, M McDaniel, H Rees, D AF Witmer, GW Lowney, M McDaniel, H Rees, D BE Timm, TM Schmidt, RH TI Assessment of potential Cuban hutia management at US Naval Base, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba SO TWENTIETH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th Vertebrate Pest Conference CY MAR 04-07, 2002 CL RENO, NV DE Capromys pilorides; Caribbean; damage; Cuban hutia; rodent; wildlife management; Cuba AB The Cuban hutia (Capromys pilorides), known locally as the banana rat, is a large rodent native to Cuba. Endemic to the West Indies, most species of hutia are rare or extinct because of over-harvest, exotic species introductions, and habitat modifications by humans. An exception is the U.S. Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, where the Cuban hutia is very common and is responsible for a variety of damage and conflicts. Conflicts with humans include damage to landscaping, pawing through cables, damage to vehicles, and the accumulation of large amounts of feces in residential areas. Additionally, hutia are primarily herbivores and botanists have documented substantial damage to native vegetation with little subsequent regeneration of many plant species. Current management focuses on population reduction by shooting and some trapping, followed by euthanasia or relocation to remote areas. Although there is little published information on the Cuban hutia, this paper presents a literature review, population survey data (1999-2000), and biological data from a sample of hutia collected in May 2001. It appears that the hutia, the largest native mammal in Cuba, is quite prolific and well adapted to exploit most habitats and plant foods. Some considerations, including advantages and disadvantages, of potential management techniques (habitat modification, exclusion, trapping, shooting, and toxicants) to reduce damage and conflicts with hutia are presented. Finally, several areas of additional data or research needs are identified. C1 APHIS Wildlife Serv, USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Witmer, GW (reprint author), APHIS Wildlife Serv, USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO USA. NR 27 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE PI DAVIS PA UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS WILDLIFE EXTENSION, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA SN 0507-6773 J9 PROC VERTEBR PEST C JI Proc-Vertebr. Pest Conf. PY 2002 BP 59 EP 66 PG 8 WC Ecology; Ornithology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA BW33V UT WOS:000181626900011 ER PT S AU Nolte, DL Jacob, J Hartono, SR Herawati, NA Anggara, AW AF Nolte, DL Jacob, J Hartono, SR Herawati, NA Anggara, AW BE Timm, TM Schmidt, RH TI Demographics and burrow use of rice-field rats in Indonesia SO TWENTIETH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th Vertebrate Pest Conference CY MAR 04-07, 2002 CL RENO, NV DE activity; burrows; demographics; Indonesia; rice-field rat; Rattus argentiventer ID RATTUS-ARGENTIVENTER; WEST JAVA AB Foraging by rice-field rats (Rattus argentiventer) can significantly reduce rice harvest. Rat populations are, cyclic responding to season and crop maturity. Rat location also reflects the crop cycle. A study conducted near Sukamandi, Indonesia described rice-field rat burrow systems and patterns of use, and assessed demographics of rice-field rats found in burrows adjacent to rice fields. Burrows ranged from simple short tunnels to complex systems. Most simple systems consisted of a straight tunnel approximately 75 cm long. Mean tunnel length of more complex systems was approximately 300 cm, but a few contained tunnels up to 700 cm. Burrow systems had between 1 and 5 entrances, with 0 to 8 choice-points within the system. A choice-point was defined as any place within the system where the animal could choose a different path (e.g., Y in the tunnel, nest). Number of chambers within systems also varied, ranging from none to six. There was no correlation between rat activity within a system, measured by the closed-hole method, and complexity of the system. Long-term monitoring suggested both male and female rats occupied burrow systems along rice banks, except relatively short periods during spring (March, April) and early fall (September) when burrows were used almost exclusively by females. These periods appear to correlate when high numbers of female rats are gestating and lactating. C1 APHIS Wildlife Serv, USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Olympia, WA USA. RP Nolte, DL (reprint author), APHIS Wildlife Serv, USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Olympia, WA USA. NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE PI DAVIS PA UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS WILDLIFE EXTENSION, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA SN 0507-6773 J9 PROC VERTEBR PEST C PY 2002 BP 75 EP 85 PG 11 WC Ecology; Ornithology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA BW33V UT WOS:000181626900013 ER PT S AU Tobin, ME AF Tobin, ME BE Timm, TM Schmidt, RH TI Developing methods to manage conflicts between humans and birds - Three decades of change at the USDA national wildlife research center SO TWENTIETH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th Vertebrate Pest Conference CY MAR 04-07, 2002 CL RENO, NV DE bird damage; National Wildlife Research Center; Research Needs Assessment; Wildlife Services AB As the U.S. population has increased and the number and nature of problems caused by wildlife has changed, the focus of research conducted by USDA APHIS National Wildlife Research Center (NWRC) scientists has evolved to meet changing demands for effective solutions. This paper summarizes changes in the focus of NWRC Bird Research Program as reflected in 1) three surveys to determine priority research needs of the Wildlife Services (WS) program, 2) NWRC research literature produced in each of three decades since 1970, and 3) the focus of current research in the NWRC Bird Research Program. Many research needs of the WS program were consistently expressed in three programmatic research needs assessments (RNAs) conducted in 1989, 1996, and 2001, while others changed as new bird-human conflicts emerged. Blackbirds, starlings, waterfowl, gulls, wading birds, and cormorants were listed in all three RNAs, while pelicans and vultures are more recently expressed as a priority research needs. The major emphasis of NWRC bird research publications over the last three decades has been related to blackbirds, starlings, and grain crops. Songbirds also were a subject of many research publications during each of the last three decades. Waterfowl, gulls, and cormorants, as well as aviation, aquaculture, and endangered species, were subjects of increased research focus at the NWRC during the 1990s. C1 APHIS Wildlife Serv, USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Tobin, ME (reprint author), APHIS Wildlife Serv, USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO USA. NR 6 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE PI DAVIS PA UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS WILDLIFE EXTENSION, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA SN 0507-6773 J9 PROC VERTEBR PEST C PY 2002 BP 91 EP 96 PG 6 WC Ecology; Ornithology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA BW33V UT WOS:000181626900015 ER PT S AU Linz, GM Barras, AE Sawin, RA Homan, HJ Bergman, DL Bleier, WJ AF Linz, GM Barras, AE Sawin, RA Homan, HJ Bergman, DL Bleier, WJ BE Timm, TM Schmidt, RH TI Spring migration phenology and habitat use of red-winged blackbirds in eastern South Dakota SO TWENTIETH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th Vertebrate Pest Conference CY MAR 04-07, 2002 CL RENO, NV DE avicides; birds; blackbirds; DRC-1339; habitat use; South Dakota; red-winged blackbirds; Agelaius phoeniceus; spring migration; sunflower ID AGELAIUS-PHOENICEUS; ROOSTS; FOOD AB We conducted studies from 1994 to 1999 in eastern South Dakota to determine the best strategy for baiting spring-migrating blackbirds. From 26 March to 14 April, male and female red-winged blackbirds made-up 61% and 17% of the roost population, respectively. After the 14th of April, the population consisted of 32% male and 49% female red-winged blackbirds. Blackbird migration in eastern South Dakota generally ended by late April. Habitat use studies conducted in March and April 1994, 1995, and 1998 showed that blackbirds used corn stubble for foraging and woodlots/shelterbelts for loafing. We concluded that bait plots located in corn, stubble adjacent to wooded areas could attract large numbers of red-winged blackbirds during spring migration. C1 APHIS WS, USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Great Plains Field Stn, Bismarck, ND USA. RP Linz, GM (reprint author), APHIS WS, USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Great Plains Field Stn, Bismarck, ND USA. NR 33 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 3 PU VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE PI DAVIS PA UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS WILDLIFE EXTENSION, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA SN 0507-6773 J9 PROC VERTEBR PEST C PY 2002 BP 97 EP 102 PG 6 WC Ecology; Ornithology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA BW33V UT WOS:000181626900016 ER PT S AU Spencer, JO AF Spencer, JO BE Timm, TM Schmidt, RH TI DRC-1339 use and control of common ravens SO TWENTIETH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th Vertebrate Pest Conference CY MAR 04-07, 2002 CL RENO, NV DE common raven; Corvus corax; sage grouse; Centrocercus urophasianus; DRC-1339; Wildlife Services; Nevada Division of Wildlife; United States Fish and Wildlife Service AB The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) and the Nevada Division of Wildlife (NDOW) have both observed an increase in the population of common ravens (Corvus corax) throughout Nevada. This increase is suspected to be the result of, at least in part, supplemental feeding sources (landfills, road kills, feedlots, etc.). The increase is of concern to wildlife managers because ravens are known nest predators, and in excessive numbers they could adversely affect a wide variety of game birds, including the sage grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus). During the spring in both 2000 and 2001, Wildlife Services (WS) was contracted to manage raven numbers in a critical sage grouse nesting area in northern Washoe County. The primary management tool used by WS was the registered avicide DRC-1339, because it can be selectively used on birds that feed on eggs. A prepared DRC-1339 solution was injected into hard-boiled chicken eggs and placed in artificial nest sites located throughout the project sites. Ravens foraging in the nesting area for sage grouse eggs found and consumed the treated eggs and died, thus selectively removing the nest-raiding birds from the immediate area of the grouse nesting sites. No long-term effect is anticipated on the raven population, because treated eggs were placed out only in the immediate area of the nesting grouse and only during the brief nesting period. The possibility of secondary poisoning resulting from DRC-1339 use is considered unlikely because the active ingredient, 3-chloro-p-toluidine hydrochloride, is broken down into a non-toxic substance and expelled prior to the bird expiring. Consumption of DRC-1339 results in death due to renal failure in avian species. Ravens found after treatment were monitored for the presence of West Nile virus titers. C1 APHIS Wildlife Serv, USDA, Reno, NV USA. RP Spencer, JO (reprint author), APHIS Wildlife Serv, USDA, Reno, NV USA. NR 3 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE PI DAVIS PA UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS WILDLIFE EXTENSION, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA SN 0507-6773 J9 PROC VERTEBR PEST C PY 2002 BP 110 EP 113 PG 4 WC Ecology; Ornithology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA BW33V UT WOS:000181626900018 ER PT S AU Tillman, EA Humphrey, JS Avery, ML AF Tillman, EA Humphrey, JS Avery, ML BE Timm, TM Schmidt, RH TI Use of vulture carcasses and effigies to reduce vulture damage to property and agriculture SO TWENTIETH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th Vertebrate Pest Conference CY MAR 04-07, 2002 CL RENO, NV DE Cathartes aura; Coragyps atratus; effigy; roost dispersal; vultures AB As land-use patterns change and urban populations surge into previously undeveloped areas, wildlife conflicts inevitably increase. Of increasing concern are problems associated with black (Coragyps atratus) and turkey vultures (Cathartes aura), two species that have shown the capacity to adapt readily to human activities. Previously, we demonstrated that roosting vultures can be successfully dispersed from communication and broadcast towers by hanging a vulture carcass or taxidermic effigy in the structure. Here, we extend that method to situations where vultures are affecting residential property and agricultural resources. At 4 of 8 study sites where vulture damage to property was a concern, damage was eliminated by hanging a carcass or effigy in trees where the vultures roosted. At the other 4 sites, where the roost was inaccessible, vulture damage ceased after carcasses or effigies were hung on or near the property directly affected by the birds. After vulture activity had been reduced, the effigies or carcasses at 4 of the 8 sites were replaced by Canada goose (Branta canadensis) decoys painted to resemble vultures. Vulture activity continued to be suppressed at those locations. At 1 of 2 study sites where depredation to livestock was a concern, vulture activity at a pig breeding facility was reduced 90% after a taxidermic effigy was installed overhead. At the other site, where depredation of cattle and calves by vultures was a concern, a nearby roost of 800 birds was dispersed using effigies; the effect upon depredation has yet to be determined. Our investigation to date has found the hanging of vulture carcasses, taxidermic effigies, and decoy effigies to be effective for the management of vulture problems in a variety of situations. This nonlethal vulture management approach will not be appropriate or effective in every case, but its use should be considered, particularly where roost dispersal is desired. C1 APHIS Wildlife Serv, USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Florida Field Stn, Gainesville, FL USA. RP Tillman, EA (reprint author), APHIS Wildlife Serv, USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Florida Field Stn, Gainesville, FL USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE PI DAVIS PA UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS WILDLIFE EXTENSION, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA SN 0507-6773 J9 PROC VERTEBR PEST C PY 2002 BP 123 EP 128 PG 6 WC Ecology; Ornithology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA BW33V UT WOS:000181626900021 ER PT S AU Seamans, TW Blackwell, BF Gansowski, JT AF Seamans, TW Blackwell, BF Gansowski, JT BE Timm, TM Schmidt, RH TI Evaluation of the Allsopp Helikite (R) as a bird scaring device SO TWENTIETH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th Vertebrate Pest Conference CY MAR 04-07, 2002 CL RENO, NV DE balloon; deterrent; Helikite (R); herring gull; Larus argentatus; ring-billed gull; Larus delawarensis; loafing; nesting; bird control ID GULLS; DAMAGE; DETERRENTS; ABUNDANCE; LANDFILLS; STARLINGS; SELECTION; LEVEL; CORN AB We evaluated the effectiveness of Allsopp Helikites(R) as a gull (Larus spp.) deterrent at loafing and nesting areas and as a bird deterrent in a sunflower field. In 1998, a 10-day trial was conducted at two 0.5-ha ponds at the Erie County, Ohio landfill (EC) and a 2-week trial on two 0.1-ha plots on the Tru-Serv Corporation (TSC) warehouse roof in Cuyahoga County, Ohio. Also in 1998, a 5-week trial in a sunflower field was conducted in Erie County, Ohio. In 1999, a 24-day trial was conducted at the Service Liqueur Distributors (SLD), Inc. warehouse roof, 1.6 km from the Albany, NY landfill. At the EC landfill the mean number (+/- SD) of ring-billed (L. delawarensis) and herring gulls (L. argentatus) on the treated pond decreased (P < 0.05) from 421 292 to <1 after Helikite deployment, whereas the mean number of gulls on the untreated pond increased (P < 0.05) from 7.3 +/- 135 to 412 +/- 456. At the TSC roof, the herring gull nest density differed (P < 0.01) between areas covered and not covered by Helikites. Nest density under Helikites decreased from 41/ha to 18/ha within 7 days of deployment. Nest density in areas not covered by Helikites increased from 23/ha to 42/ha within 14 days of deployment. At the SLD warehouse, when Helikites were not in place, the mean number (+/- SD) of gulls on the roof was 41 (+/- 38). When Helikites were in place, no gulls were observed on the roof at any time; Mean damage to sunflower heads remained similar in the Helikite-treated and untreated plots until the last week of measurement when damage in the untreated plot increased to 26% seed loss/head whereas damage in the treated plot remained at about 8%. Helikites are a high-maintenance tool and are limited by weather conditions, electrical lines, and structures that can damage Helikites. We conclude that Allsopp Helikites have the potential to deter gulls from preferred loafing and nesting areas and could be included as part of an integrated management program to disperse gulls. Further research on Helikites is needed to determine optimum deployment heights, habituation rates for gulls and other species, and the actual sphere of influence of the kite for various species. C1 Wildlife Serv, USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ohio Field Stn, Sandusky, OH USA. RP Seamans, TW (reprint author), Wildlife Serv, USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ohio Field Stn, Sandusky, OH USA. NR 36 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 4 U2 8 PU VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE PI DAVIS PA UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS WILDLIFE EXTENSION, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA SN 0507-6773 J9 PROC VERTEBR PEST C PY 2002 BP 129 EP 134 PG 6 WC Ecology; Ornithology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA BW33V UT WOS:000181626900022 ER PT S AU Avery, ML Greiner, EC Lindsay, JR Newman, JR Pruett-Jones, S AF Avery, ML Greiner, EC Lindsay, JR Newman, JR Pruett-Jones, S BE Timm, TM Schmidt, RH TI Monk parakeet management at electric utility facilities in South Florida SO TWENTIETH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th Vertebrate Pest Conference CY MAR 04-07, 2002 CL RENO, NV DE biocontrol; deterrent; economic impact; effigy; electric utility; Florida; laser; monk parakeet; Myiopsitta monachus; nest removal; Sarcocystis falcatula AB The monk parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus) is native to South America but has become established in several locations throughout the United States through purposeful and accidental releases. The species is unique among parrots in that it is not a cavity-nester, but instead it builds a bulky nest structure of sticks. Often, in its native range and in the United States, the parakeet selects a electric utility structure as a nest site. Material from the nest then can cause short-circuits that result in damage to the utility structure and a subsequent power outage. In south Florida, monk parakeet damage and associated outages have increased substantially in recent years. Although the full costs associated with the damage and the outages are not known, it is evident that current methods to manage the problem are inadequate. In 2001, to address the need for more effective management methods, Florida Power and Light Company initiated a project to identify and investigate new, potentially useful management alternatives. In this paper, we review what is currently known regarding the impacts of monk parakeets to electric utilities and we discuss the status of research to develop new methods to reduce these impacts. C1 US Wildlife Serv, USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Gainesville, FL USA. RP Avery, ML (reprint author), US Wildlife Serv, USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Gainesville, FL USA. NR 8 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 3 PU VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE PI DAVIS PA UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS WILDLIFE EXTENSION, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA SN 0507-6773 J9 PROC VERTEBR PEST C PY 2002 BP 140 EP 145 PG 6 WC Ecology; Ornithology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA BW33V UT WOS:000181626900024 ER PT S AU Blackwell, BF AF Blackwell, BF BE Timm, TM Schmidt, RH TI Understanding avian vision: The key to using light in bird management SO TWENTIETH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th Vertebrate Pest Conference CY MAR 04-07, 2002 CL RENO, NV DE avian eye; avoidance behavior; damage management; dispersal; laser; light; vision; wavelength ID NEAR-ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; CONE OIL DROPLETS; VISUAL PIGMENTS; COLOR-VISION; SPECTRAL SENSITIVITY; MAGNETIC ORIENTATION; MIGRATORY BIRDS; EUROPEAN ROBINS; WAVELENGTH; RETINAS AB Vision is a primary and highly developed sensory pathway in birds. Light, both diffuse and wavelength-specific (e.g., as produced by lasers) has recently been demonstrated as a potential means of effecting changes in timing and consistency of flock response to an approaching vehicle (simulating an aircraft) and as an avian dispersal method. However, in experiments to date, the effectiveness of light in eliciting an avoidance or dispersal response in birds has varied by species and context. To effectively use light in managing avian conflicts with humans, a better understanding of the complexities of avian retinal physiology relative to phototaxic responses to the environment is necessary. My objectives are to provide an overview of research pertaining to 1) anatomical features of the avian eye and 2) the ecological implications of retinal wavelength sensitivity, and 3) discuss the application of light for resolving avian conflicts with humans. I also suggest that future evaluations of light-based management methods for birds should include integration of aposematic colors and color pattern treatments for seeds and in combination with chemical repellents, as well as quantification of the effects of light wavelength, pulse frequency, and beam configurations of lasers, and aircraft-mounted light in eliciting avian dispersal and avoidance behavior. C1 APHIS Wildlife Serv, USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ohio Field Stn, Sandusky, OH USA. RP Blackwell, BF (reprint author), APHIS Wildlife Serv, USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ohio Field Stn, Sandusky, OH USA. NR 67 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 4 U2 11 PU VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE PI DAVIS PA UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS WILDLIFE EXTENSION, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA SN 0507-6773 J9 PROC VERTEBR PEST C PY 2002 BP 146 EP 152 PG 7 WC Ecology; Ornithology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA BW33V UT WOS:000181626900025 ER PT S AU Dolbeer, RA Eschenfelder, P AF Dolbeer, RA Eschenfelder, P BE Timm, TM Schmidt, RH TI Have population increases of large birds outpaced airworthiness standards for civil aircraft? SO TWENTIETH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th Vertebrate Pest Conference CY MAR 04-07, 2002 CL RENO, NV DE aircraft; airframe; airport; bird strike; engine; Federal Aviation Administration; mass; safety; standards; windshield AB Bird-aircraft collisions (bird strikes) are an increasing safety and economic concern to the USA civil aviation industry, costing over $400 million each year. One approach to reducing risks associated with strikes is to require commercial aircraft components to meet certain standards of safe performance in the event of a bird strike. The Federal Aviation Administration has developed airworthiness standards for airframes, windshields and engines using a single 4-lb (1.82-kg) bird mass as the maximum that must be tested (with the exception of a single 8-lb bird for the empennage, 6-lb bird for certain mid-sized engines that may be developed in the future, and an 8-lb bird for certain large-intake engines on aircraft such as the Boeing 777). Because of concern within the aviation industry that populations of certain flocking bird species weighing more than 4 lbs, such as Canada geese (Branta canadensis), have increased dramatically, discussions are underway in the USA and Europe regarding the need to revise 4- and 8-lb test standards to heavier body masses or to include multiple strikes. To help clarify this issue, we surveyed the avian literature and determined that 36 and 14 of the approximately 650 bird species that nest in North America (north of Mexico) have average body masses (for at least 1 gender) greater than 4 and 8 lbs, respectively. Of the 31 species for which population trend data were available, 24 (77%) showed population increases over the past 20-40 years, 2 showed declines, and the other 5 were stable. Thirteen of the 14 species with mean body masses over 8 lbs showed population increases. At least 261 strikes with >4-lb birds caused substantial damage to civil aircraft in the USA, 1990-2001. Furthermore, multiple birds were involved in 31% of the strikes with >4-lb birds and 40% of the strikes with >8-lb birds. Therefore, we conclude that airframe, windshield, and engine standards, as well as proposals to allow high-speed (>250 knot) operations below 10,000 feet, should be reevaluated to address the threat posed by increased populations of large flocking birds. Finally, because most critical aircraft components are not designed to withstand strikes by birds greater than 4 lbs, wildlife biologists who work at airports should increase efforts to detect, remove and disperse these large birds from airport environments. C1 USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Sandusky, OH USA. RP Dolbeer, RA (reprint author), USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Sandusky, OH USA. NR 49 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 5 PU VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE PI DAVIS PA UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS WILDLIFE EXTENSION, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA SN 0507-6773 J9 PROC VERTEBR PEST C JI Proc-Vertebr. Pest Conf. PY 2002 BP 161 EP 169 PG 9 WC Ecology; Ornithology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA BW33V UT WOS:000181626900028 ER PT S AU Stucker, KP Dunlap, BG AF Stucker, KP Dunlap, BG BE Timm, TM Schmidt, RH TI Food habits of raptors using airports in north-central Kentucky SO TWENTIETH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th Vertebrate Pest Conference CY MAR 04-07, 2002 CL RENO, NV DE great homed owl; Bubo virginianus; airport; wildlife strike; bird strike; red-tailed hawk; Buteo jamaicensis AB As domestic air travel and wildlife populations have increased in recent years, wildlife-aircraft collisions (wildlife strikes) have increased, prompting concerns for human safety and the economic impacts of wildlife strikes. Most of these wildlife strikes occur in the immediate vicinity of airports. Therefore, removal of wildlife attractants from the airfields themselves is an important component of effective wildlife strike hazard management programs. In response to a such a wildlife strike problem, the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Wildlife Services program initiated a wildlife hazard mitigation program at airports in north-central Kentucky which included direct control of raptors. To identify the food-based attractants that may be attracting raptors to these facilities, we salvaged digestive tracts from carcasses of raptors removed from these airports and identified food items contained within. These data will be used to focus prey-base management activities and help reduce the attractiveness of airfield habitats to foraging raptors in an effort to reduce wildlife strikes and the need for direct control of these birds. C1 USDA, APHIS Wildlife Serv, Louisville, KY USA. RP Stucker, KP (reprint author), USDA, APHIS Wildlife Serv, Louisville, KY USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE PI DAVIS PA UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS WILDLIFE EXTENSION, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA SN 0507-6773 J9 PROC VERTEBR PEST C JI Proc-Vertebr. Pest Conf. PY 2002 BP 170 EP 174 PG 5 WC Ecology; Ornithology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA BW33V UT WOS:000181626900029 ER PT S AU Hall, TC Groninger, P AF Hall, TC Groninger, P BE Timm, TM Schmidt, RH TI The effectiveness of a long-term Canada goose relocation program in Nevada SO TWENTIETH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th Vertebrate Pest Conference CY MAR 04-07, 2002 CL RENO, NV DE Canada geese; Branta canadensis; resident geese; nuisance geese; relocation; recapture; hunting mortality; Nevada AB The resident Canada goose (Branta canadensis) population in Truckee Meadows (TM) increased in the 1980s from a few hundred to an estimated 1,200 by 1988. Concern arose after two incidents in which aircraft from Reno/Tahoe International Airport hit resident geese. As a result of a FAA mandate, a multi-agency task force led by USDA APHIS Wildlife Services was developed to address the problem. As a result of a recommendation from the task force, an annual Canada goose round-up with subsequent relocation was started in 1989 and has continued through 2001. Of the 7,954 geese initially captured, 3,081 (39%) were recovered (death, recapture, sighting) at a later date at least once. Of the 11,397 captures (newly banded and recaptured geese), 5,269 were released at the capture site and 6,128 were relocated. In addition, 347 geese were captured and released in TM in 198687 for a study conducted by the Nevada Division of Wildlife (NDOW). During the first few years of the program, juveniles and some adults captured in TM were relocated. Since 1997, all geese captured have been relocated. Of the geese released at the capture site prior to 2001, 59.6% of the adults and 40.6% of the juveniles were recovered at least once in TM. Comparatively, only 21.2% of the first-time relocated adults and 3.5% of the relocated juveniles have returned to TM, a significant difference for both (P<0001). Second-time released and relocated adults were recovered a third time in TM at 68.5% and 32.8% (P<0001). However, adults released or relocated 3 or more times have been recovered similarly in TM at 69.5% and 71.0% (P=.846). Relocated geese are subject to higher hunting mortality by about 8% (P<0001); hunting as a management tool appears to have helped reduce the returning population. As a result of the relocation program, the population in TM has declined from a high of about 2,000 to 400 at the same 10 sites. The current population throughout TM is about 800. We conclude that the relocation program has been effective in reducing the Canada goose population in TM, except that relocating geese three or more times is not worthwhile. C1 USDA, APHIS Wildlife Serv, Reno, NV USA. RP Hall, TC (reprint author), USDA, APHIS Wildlife Serv, Reno, NV USA. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE PI DAVIS PA UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS WILDLIFE EXTENSION, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA SN 0507-6773 J9 PROC VERTEBR PEST C JI Proc-Vertebr. Pest Conf. PY 2002 BP 180 EP 186 PG 7 WC Ecology; Ornithology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA BW33V UT WOS:000181626900031 ER PT S AU VerCauteren, KC Marks, DR AF VerCauteren, KC Marks, DR BE Timm, TM Schmidt, RH TI Feasibility of administering an oral reproductive inhibitor to resident Canada geese SO TWENTIETH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th Vertebrate Pest Conference CY MAR 04-07, 2002 CL RENO, NV DE Branta canadensis; Canada geese; wildlife damage; nicarbazin; overabundant; reproductive inhibition; resident geese AB We evaluated our ability to deliver adequate daily doses of the reproductive inhibitor, nicarbazin, to individually marked resident Canada geese (Branta canadensis). We also evaluated the efficiency of nicarbazin in reducing egg hatchability. The study was conducted prior to and during the egg-laying period at a wildlife sanctuary that has a large, problem-causing population of resident geese that were accustomed to being fed by people. Twenty-eight adult females were marked with individually identifiable neck collars, 24 of which were affixed with radio transmitters. Grit pellets and gelatin capsules containing nicarbazin were fed to these geese from March 17, 2001 through April 26, 2001. We attempted to deliver doses to geese each day. Doses varied among geese throughout the study and within geese daily because all geese were not present at the site each day, and even if present they accepted the bait to varying degrees. Seven of our target birds did receive what we believed to be adequate doses of nicarbazin. We documented that only about 11% of the resident population nested at the sanctuary, while the others nested in remote areas. We were able to locate 5 nests of birds that received adequate doses, but found no significant effect of nicarbazin on the hatchability of their eggs compared to untreated geese. We found that the biggest challenges to orally-fed reproductive inhibitors include the palatability of bait relative to other food sources, reduced feeding during the breeding period, and movements and territoriality associated with nesting. C1 USDA, APHIS Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP VerCauteren, KC (reprint author), USDA, APHIS Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE PI DAVIS PA UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS WILDLIFE EXTENSION, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA SN 0507-6773 J9 PROC VERTEBR PEST C JI Proc-Vertebr. Pest Conf. PY 2002 BP 187 EP 193 PG 7 WC Ecology; Ornithology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA BW33V UT WOS:000181626900032 ER PT S AU Fall, MW Mason, JR AF Fall, MW Mason, JR BE Timm, TM Schmidt, RH TI Developing methods for managing coyote problems - Another decade of progress, 1991-2001 SO TWENTIETH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th Vertebrate Pest Conference CY MAR 04-07, 2002 CL RENO, NV DE attractants; aversive; baiting; capture; control methods; coyotes; fertility; predation; livestock; repellents ID DOMESTIC SHEEP; MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS; RELATIVE VULNERABILITY; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; PREDATION; STERILIZATION; DEPREDATION; PERFORMANCE; RESPONSES; REMOVAL AB The continued expansion of coyote activity to new areas, the growth and expansion of human populations, undiminished difficulties faced by livestock producers in managing predation, and highly polarized public values have challenged the abilities of a new generation of scientists and students to develop effective, socially acceptable predation management methods. Work by scientists at the National Wildlife Research Center, their students, and numerous cooperators has resulted in more than 150 research papers, reports, theses, and dissertations during the past decade, substantially increasing the body of knowledge of coyote management strategies and describing progress in the development of new management methods. Much of the effort has focused on research on non-lethal techniques, methods that are selective for individual problem animals, and procedures perceived by the public to be more humane. More than two-thirds of the predator research scientists now at the Center were hired during the past decade, bringing fresh perspectives and new talent to the pervasive problems of livestock predation by coyotes. C1 USDA, APHIS Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Fall, MW (reprint author), USDA, APHIS Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO USA. NR 63 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 3 U2 9 PU VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE PI DAVIS PA UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS WILDLIFE EXTENSION, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA SN 0507-6773 J9 PROC VERTEBR PEST C JI Proc-Vertebr. Pest Conf. PY 2002 BP 194 EP 200 PG 7 WC Ecology; Ornithology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA BW33V UT WOS:000181626900033 ER PT S AU Connolly, G AF Connolly, G BE Timm, TM Schmidt, RH TI A history of toxicant ejectors in coyote control SO TWENTIETH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th Vertebrate Pest Conference CY MAR 04-07, 2002 CL RENO, NV DE canids; coyote; coyote-getter; cyanide ejector; M-44; Pocatello. Supply Depot; predacide; predator control; sodium cyanide; vertebrate pest control AB Toxicant ejectors have been important in coyote control since the late 1930s when the coyote getter (CG) was introduced into Governmental wildlife damage management programs in the western United States. The CG was replaced during 1968-1970 by the similar but safer, spring-activated M-44 device, that remains in use today. Significant aspects of this history include the private development and manufacture of the CG, first called the Humane Fur Getter, in the 1930s; adoption of the CG by governmental and private predator hunters; technical performance problems with CGs (and later M-44s) and their cyanide cartridges and capsules; governmental efforts to resolve these problems; development of competing toxicant ejector models, and evaluations of them compared to the CG; human injuries from CG accidents, leading to development and adoption of the safer M-44 ejector; the 1972 ban on sodium cyanide (NaCN) and other predacides; resumption of NaCN use in M-44s experimentally in 1974, followed by EPA registration in 1975; evaluation of alternate toxicants compared to NaCN; and the many minor but collectively important changes that have resulted in today's improved M-44. The invention and technical evolution of CG and M-44 devices is described chronologically, with emphasis on the development, manufacture, and use of these devices in Federal/cooperative animal damage control programs. C1 USDA, APHIS Wildlife Serv, Western Reg Off, Lakewood, CO USA. RP Connolly, G (reprint author), USDA, APHIS Wildlife Serv, Western Reg Off, Lakewood, CO USA. NR 64 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 6 PU VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE PI DAVIS PA UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS WILDLIFE EXTENSION, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA SN 0507-6773 J9 PROC VERTEBR PEST C JI Proc-Vertebr. Pest Conf. PY 2002 BP 201 EP 218 PG 18 WC Ecology; Ornithology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA BW33V UT WOS:000181626900034 ER PT S AU Mason, JR Bodenchuk, MJ AF Mason, JR Bodenchuk, MJ BE Timm, TM Schmidt, RH TI Depredation management outside the box: Logical adaptations of successful practices with other species and situations SO TWENTIETH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th Vertebrate Pest Conference CY MAR 04-07, 2002 CL RENO, NV DE dilution baiting; diversionary feeding; habitat manipulation; lasers; livestock; predator management; pre-baiting; predators ID TASTE-AVERSION; CONTROL PREDATION; EGGS; COYOTES AB Social, legal, biological, and political constraints dictate the need for new and improved methods of depredation management. One under-exploited approach to address these constraints may be the adaptation of methods from other damage management situations. We discuss several of these methods. Two examples are pre-baiting and diversionary feeding. The former is a standard feature of rodent control programs, but seldom if ever implemented with predators. We discuss preliminary evidence that pre-baiting increases the efficiency (and perhaps the selectivity) of some coyote management tools. Similarly, diversionary feeding is an integral component of black bear damage management for industrial timber in the Pacific Northwest. We are currently testing the hypothesis that diversionary feeding also reduces black bear depredation on livestock. Other plausible methods to reduce depredation include laser technologies, and habitat manipulation. Our efforts reflect the emphasis placed by USDA Wildlife Services and the National Wildlife Research Center on developing economically and ecologically sound strategies to manage predation on livestock, big game, and other wildlife species of concern. C1 USDA, APHIS Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Mason, JR (reprint author), USDA, APHIS Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO USA. NR 39 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE PI DAVIS PA UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS WILDLIFE EXTENSION, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA SN 0507-6773 J9 PROC VERTEBR PEST C JI Proc-Vertebr. Pest Conf. PY 2002 BP 219 EP 222 PG 4 WC Ecology; Ornithology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA BW33V UT WOS:000181626900035 ER PT S AU Breck, SW Williamson, R Niemeyer, C Shivik, JA AF Breck, SW Williamson, R Niemeyer, C Shivik, JA BE Timm, TM Schmidt, RH TI Non-lethal radio activated guard for deterring wolf depredation in Idaho: Summary and call for research SO TWENTIETH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th Vertebrate Pest Conference CY MAR 04-07, 2002 CL RENO, NV DE Canis lupus; non-lethal; radio activated guard; scare device; wolves ID DAMAGE AB With the reestablishment of wolves in the western United States, managing adverse interactions between wolves and livestock is re-emerging as an issue for resource managers. Lethal control of wolves is often difficult to implement due to the constraints of the Endangered Species Act, predator population goals, and public disfavor for lethal control. In response to the need to manage wolf predation in a non-lethal manner, we developed and tested a behavior contingent system for disrupting predation events. The Avian Systems Model 9000 Frightening System, also called a Radio Activated Guard (RAG), is activated by signals from nearby wolf radio collars. The strobe light, tape player with 30 different recorded sound effects, and behaviorally contingent activation are designed to minimize habituation to the system. Based on studies in Idaho, we believe RAG boxes are effective for protecting livestock in small pasture situations. Limitations of the scare device include electronic complexity, area coverage, and price. We continue to develop and test the limitations of their effective use in ongoing experimental research. C1 USDA, APHIS Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Breck, SW (reprint author), USDA, APHIS Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO USA. NR 7 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 11 PU VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE PI DAVIS PA UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS WILDLIFE EXTENSION, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA SN 0507-6773 J9 PROC VERTEBR PEST C PY 2002 BP 223 EP 226 PG 4 WC Ecology; Ornithology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA BW33V UT WOS:000181626900036 ER PT S AU Shivik, JA Asher, V Bradley, L Kunkel, K Phillips, M Breck, S Bangs, E AF Shivik, JA Asher, V Bradley, L Kunkel, K Phillips, M Breck, S Bangs, E BE Timm, TM Schmidt, RH TI Electronic aversive conditioning for managing wolf predation SO TWENTIETH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th Vertebrate Pest Conference CY MAR 04-07, 2002 CL RENO, NV DE aversive conditioning; Canis lupus; non-lethal; shock; gray wolf; livestock predation ID COYOTE PREDATION; SHEEP AB Electronic training collars have previously been used to condition captive predators not to attack livestock and other prey, but the use of aversive collars in actual management situations involving wild predators has not been scientifically evaluated and published. We adapted and tested commercially available dog training collars in an actual management situation involving wild wolves. Because we temporarily held wolves in captivity, we also discuss the use of pens as a tool that provides management flexibility. Three packs that had been implicated in killing livestock were held at a pen facility at the Flying D Ranch near Bozeman, Montana. Wolves from 2 packs were used in training collar experiments. We ran trials using bison calves, domestic cow calves, and hides to test equipment and the behavioral conditioning paradigm. In our program, we were unable to condition wolves not to attack livestock because of a variety of logistical and behavioral reasons. We concluded that temporarily holding wolves at a small, moderately accessible facility is of limited use for determining the utility of aversive conditioning as a wolf predation management technique. More research is necessary to effectively apply electronic training collars to wolf management. However, we determined that maintaining holding pens for wolves provides flexibility to managers in translocation efforts. Because wolves in our studies survived to reproduce, our collaborative efforts have made a significant contribution to wolf recovery. C1 USDA, APHIS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Wildlife Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Shivik, JA (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Wildlife Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 4 PU VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE PI DAVIS PA UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS WILDLIFE EXTENSION, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA SN 0507-6773 J9 PROC VERTEBR PEST C JI Proc-Vertebr. Pest Conf. PY 2002 BP 227 EP 231 PG 5 WC Ecology; Ornithology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA BW33V UT WOS:000181626900037 ER PT S AU Slate, D Chipman, RB Rupprecht, CE DeLiberto, T AF Slate, D Chipman, RB Rupprecht, CE DeLiberto, T BE Timm, TM Schmidt, RH TI One rabies vaccination: A national perspective on program development and implementation SO TWENTIETH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th Vertebrate Pest Conference CY MAR 04-07, 2002 CL RENO, NV DE baiting; disease; rabies; public health; oral rabies vaccination; bat rabies; fox rabies; skunk rabies; raccoon rabies; coyote rabies ID ORAL VACCINATION; UNITED-STATES; RACCOON RABIES; VIRUS; WILDLIFE; FOXES; IMMUNIZATION; PREVENTION; BENEFITS; COSTS AB Persistence of unique rabies virus variants in a diverse array of terrestrial carnivores and insectivorous bats makes rabies control in the U.S. a complex task. The public health system in the U.S. is effective in keeping human deaths near zero each year in the face of enzootic wildlife rabies, but the annual cost of coexistence with the disease is high, exceeding $300 million. In addition, each year tens of thousands of people are impacted by anxiety, fear, and trauma associated with potential or actual rabies exposure to themselves and their domestic animals. Exclusion, proper storage and disposal of garbage, and removal of problem animals are often effective alternatives to address wildlife rabies threats at specific sites; however, oral rabies vaccination (ORV) is the only currently available technique that shows promise for wildlife rabies control on a broad geographic and species scale. In this paper, we discuss progress toward using ORV to contain specific terrestrial rabies virus variants in the U.S. and planning towards coordinated national efforts to explore the elimination of terrestrial variants of rabies virus in the U.S. C1 USDA, APHIS, Wildlife Serv, Concord, NH USA. RP Slate, D (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, Wildlife Serv, Concord, NH USA. NR 42 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 6 PU VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE PI DAVIS PA UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS WILDLIFE EXTENSION, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA SN 0507-6773 J9 PROC VERTEBR PEST C PY 2002 BP 232 EP 240 PG 9 WC Ecology; Ornithology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA BW33V UT WOS:000181626900038 ER PT S AU Fagerstone, KA AF Fagerstone, KA BE Timm, TM Schmidt, RH TI Professional use of pesticides in wildlife management - An overview of professional wildlife damage management SO TWENTIETH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th Vertebrate Pest Conference CY MAR 04-07, 2002 CL RENO, NV DE pesticide use; wildlife damage; economics; hazards ID UNITED-STATES; PERCEPTIONS; FACILITIES; LOSSES AB Wildlife damage management is an important, often neglected, part of the wildlife management profession. Wildlife sometimes cause significant damage to agricultural crops and livestock, forests, rangelands, private and public property, other wildlife and their habitats, and urban and rural structures. Wildlife can also threaten human health and safety. Prevention of wildlife damage may involve use of pesticides and drugs. These include anticoagulant toxicants, acute toxicants, fumigants, repellents, frightening agents, aversive conditioning agents, contraceptives, immobilizing agents, and use of herbicides to alter habitat. This discussion will focus on the Wildlife Services program as professional users of pesticides and will examine the types of pesticides used, the reasons for their use, the magnitude of vertebrate pesticide use, and will touch on the degree of hazard inherent to those uses. Risks to wildlife associated with use of vertebrate pesticides are usually less than those associated with use of conventional herbicides and insecticides- amounts used are small, use sites are limited in area, and vertebrate pesticides generally show some specificity in their action. Also, rather than managing vertebrate pests on a population level, the trend in current wildlife management is to deal selectively with problem animals or problem situations on a local basis. C1 USDA, APHIS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Wildlife Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Fagerstone, KA (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Wildlife Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 51 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE PI DAVIS PA UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS WILDLIFE EXTENSION, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA SN 0507-6773 J9 PROC VERTEBR PEST C PY 2002 BP 253 EP 260 PG 8 WC Ecology; Ornithology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA BW33V UT WOS:000181626900042 ER PT S AU Dunlevy, PA Campbell, EW AF Dunlevy, PA Campbell, EW BE Timm, TM Schmidt, RH TI Assessment of hazards to non-native mongooses (Herpestes auropunctatus) and feral cats application of rodenticide bait (Felis catus) from the broadcast in native Hawaiian forests SO TWENTIETH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th Vertebrate Pest Conference CY MAR 04-07, 2002 CL RENO, NV DE cat; Felis cattus; mongoose; Herpestes auropunctatus; non-target; primary hazard; environmental hazard assessment; invasive species; alien species; restoration ecology; recovery of endangered species; Hawaiian forest birds ID RATTUS-RATTUS; NEW-ZEALAND; ISLAND AB Primary non-target hazard assessment can be separated into two basic components: bait acceptance and toxicity. This bait acceptance study investigates the potential primary non-target hazard (direct consumption of bait pellets) that the broadcast application of rodenticide bait may pose to non-native feral cats and mongooses. The study was conducted in 4 different forest habitats in Hawaii using 2 different commercial formulations of placebo bait pellets. We documented vertebrates that came to placebo bait pellets at bait monitoring stations to assess bait acceptance. Bait pellets were monitored at each site using 40 infrared (IR) monitors/data loggers and weatherproof automatic cameras. During the 80 days of the study, cameras operated for 76,800 hours and recorded 21,211 slides of vertebrates at bait stations. Rodents, the target species, were the largest group, documented at stations in 98.98% (n = 20,994) of these photographs. Feral cats were detected in 0.09% (n = 20) and mongooses in 0.46% (n = 97) of the slides of vertebrates at bait pellets. The 117 photos of feral cats and mongooses represent 44 occasions where these predators encountered bait pellets; in 14 of these the bait was eaten. These data suggest that the primary hazard to non-native feral cats and mongooses from the broadcast application of pelletized rodenticides is very low. Thus, this study should support the effort to obtain regulatory approval for the broadcast application of rodenticide bait for conservation purposes in the state of Hawaii. C1 USDA, APHIS, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr,Hawaii Field Stn, Hilo, HI USA. RP Dunlevy, PA (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr,Hawaii Field Stn, Hilo, HI USA. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE PI DAVIS PA UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS WILDLIFE EXTENSION, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA SN 0507-6773 J9 PROC VERTEBR PEST C JI Proc-Vertebr. Pest Conf. PY 2002 BP 277 EP 281 PG 5 WC Ecology; Ornithology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA BW33V UT WOS:000181626900045 ER PT S AU Eisemann, JD Petersen, BE AF Eisemann, JD Petersen, BE BE Timm, TM Schmidt, RH TI Human Poisonings and rodenticides: Evaluation of incidents reported to the American Association of Poison Control Centers SO TWENTIETH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th Vertebrate Pest Conference CY MAR 04-07, 2002 CL RENO, NV DE anticoagulant; poison; primary poisoning; rodenticide; strychnine; zinc phosphide ID EXPOSURE-SURVEILLANCE-SYSTEM; DATA-COLLECTION SYSTEM AB Accidental human exposure to pesticide products is a major concern of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). One condition of product reregistration is the submission of product-specific incident report summaries from the American Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC) Toxic Exposure Surveillance System (TESS). Between 1986 and 1998, the AAPCC received a total of 22,921,827 incident reports from telephone calls and physician reports. The total number of incident reports per year more than doubled between 1986 and 1998, with 2,241,082 incidents in 1998. While the total number of incidents increased each year, the reporting per year rate remained constant at approximately 9 reports per 1,000 individuals. Rodenticide related incident reports increased from 8,705 in 1986 to 20,300 in 1998. However, the yearly reporting rate for rodenticide incidents remained constant at approximately 8 reports per 100,000 individuals. Since 1990, anticoagulants have consistently accounted for 82% to 89% of all rodenticide exposures and "long-acting" anticoagulants (i.e., 2 d generation compounds such as brodifacoum) have accounted for 83% to 91% of all anticoagulant incidents. Although there was variation between years, there were approximately 150 incident reports each year for both strychnine and zinc phosphide. "Unintentional" exposures accounted for approximately 85% of all incidents reported to the AAPCC. With the exception of strychnine, unintentional exposure to rodenticides was slightly higher, at 90%. In the case of zinc phosphide, nearly all exposures (>97%) were unintentional. The majority of exposures involved children less than 6 years old. However, adults were reported to be involved more than 50% of the strychnine incidents. Despite the high number of exposures, very few cases resulted in more than minor symptoms. C1 USDA, APHIS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Wildlife Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Eisemann, JD (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Wildlife Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE PI DAVIS PA UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS WILDLIFE EXTENSION, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA SN 0507-6773 J9 PROC VERTEBR PEST C PY 2002 BP 290 EP 294 PG 5 WC Ecology; Ornithology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA BW33V UT WOS:000181626900047 ER PT S AU Barras, SC Seamans, TW AF Barras, SC Seamans, TW BE Timm, TM Schmidt, RH TI Habitat management approaches for reducing wildlife use of airfields SO TWENTIETH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th Vertebrate Pest Conference CY MAR 04-07, 2002 CL RENO, NV DE aircraft; airport; grass; habitat; habitat management; bird strike; wildlife strike ID TALL FESCUE; CANADA GEESE; INTERNATIONAL-AIRPORT; GULLS; PREFERENCES; VEGETATION; AIRCRAFT; VOLES AB Wildlife-aircraft collisions (wildlife strikes) pose safety risks to aircraft and cost civil aviation over $390 million annually in the USA. We reviewed published studies to summarize findings on habitat management techniques that have shown potential for wildlife strike reduction. Habitat components that may attract wildlife to airports include food, cover, water, and loafing areas. Although maintaining tall herbaceous vegetation on airfields may reduce the attractiveness of loafing and feeding sites for some species of birds such as gulls, this strategy may also increase cover and food resources for other hazardous species. Thus, optimum vegetation height management strategies require further research and may be site-specific. Replacing attractive vegetation with less palatable vegetation has also been recommended, but studies with widespread application are lacking. Removal of ornamental trees and shrubs reduces cover for deer and small mammals and nesting sites' for birds while also reducing availability of perches. However, exclusion techniques are also needed for reducing the availability of artificial perches and water. Despite more than 30 years of substantive discussion on the importance of these habitat management techniques, few reliable studies of the effectiveness of these techniques have been conducted under operational airport conditions. C1 USDA, APHIS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Wildlife Serv, Sandusky, OH 44870 USA. RP Barras, SC (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Wildlife Serv, Sandusky, OH 44870 USA. NR 76 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 8 PU VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE PI DAVIS PA UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS WILDLIFE EXTENSION, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA SN 0507-6773 J9 PROC VERTEBR PEST C PY 2002 BP 309 EP 315 PG 7 WC Ecology; Ornithology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA BW33V UT WOS:000181626900051 ER PT S AU Campbell, EW Kraus, F AF Campbell, EW Kraus, F BE Timm, TM Schmidt, RH TI Neotropical frogs in Hawaii: Status and management options for an unusual introduced pest SO TWENTIETH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th Vertebrate Pest Conference CY MAR 04-07, 2002 CL RENO, NV DE alien species; agriculture; conservation; Eleutherodactylus spp.; frogs; Hawaii; invasive species; native species AB Two species of neotropical frog, Eleutherodactylus coqui and E. planirostris, have been introduced into the state of Hawaii via the horticulture trade. Since 1997 frog colonies within the state have rapidly spread from accidental and intentional causes, and frog abundance within colonies has grown rapidly. Colonies of these frogs are currently known from 262+ locations on the island of Hawaii, 45+ on Maui 35+ on Oahu, and 2+ on Kauai. Although these frogs were originally restricted to horticulture sites, they are now found in residential areas, resorts and hotels, and public lands. Within their native range, they may reach densities of 20,000 frogs/ha. Given the current population irruptions of these frogs in Hawaii, similar densities are being reached and exceeded. Due to the high potential biomass of introduced frogs there are realistic anthropogenic (economic and quality of life) and ecological concerns associated with their spread. Since 1998, research has been conducted with the goal of developing control techniques for these frogs. A primary result of this research effort was the determination that a spray application of a 2.0% concentration caffeine and water solution can effectively eliminate local frog populations. The aforementioned research result was used to support a United States Environmental Protection Agency Sec. 18 (Emergency) Registration for the use of a 2% caffeine solution for Eleutherodacrylus frog control in the State of Hawaii by the Hawaii Department of Agriculturel Although this tool is available for localized control of frogs, efforts by federal, state, and county agencies to control this pest in Hawaii has been hampered by a lack of funding, unclear legal jurisdiction, and bureaucratic inertia. C1 USDA, APHIS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Wildlife Serv,Hawaii Field Stn, Hilo, HI USA. RP Campbell, EW (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Wildlife Serv,Hawaii Field Stn, Hilo, HI USA. NR 7 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 8 PU VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE PI DAVIS PA UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS WILDLIFE EXTENSION, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA SN 0507-6773 J9 PROC VERTEBR PEST C PY 2002 BP 316 EP 318 PG 3 WC Ecology; Ornithology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA BW33V UT WOS:000181626900052 ER PT S AU Sterner, RT Tope, KL AF Sterner, RT Tope, KL BE Timm, TM Schmidt, RH TI Repellents: Projections of direct benefit-cost surfaces SO TWENTIETH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th Vertebrate Pest Conference CY MAR 04-07, 2002 CL RENO, NV DE repellents; benefits; costs; goose; deer; Rejex-It (R); Deer I Repellent (R) ID METHYL ANTHRANILATE; CANADA; DIMETHYL AB Iterative (1 variable-changed-at-a-time) Lotus 1-2-3(R) spreadsheet calculations were used to derive hypothetical benefit:cost ratios (BCRs) based on the recommended-use patterns for a commercial turf repellent (Rejex-It(R)) to deter Canada geese from grazing/loafing on golf fairways and for a commercial shrub/plant repellent (Deer I Repellent(R)) to deter deer from browsing on landscape shrubby Scenarios were based on "real-world" costs of products and valuations of resources. Plots of the BCR-response surfaces for Rejex-It(R) on fairways showed that BCRs for these turf applications ranged between 63.9 and 0.73. These BCRs showed transitivity, with highest to lowest BCRs linked with revenues from 90+ foursomes per day, 28-day spray intervals, 3.34 ha of fairways, and a $2.00/ha application cost versus 45+ foursomes/day, 7-day spray intervals, 10.24 ha of fairways, and a $10.00/ha application cost, respectively. A plot of BCRs for using Deer I Repellent(R) based on replacement outlays for shrubs yielded BCRs between 47.12 and 0.52. This response surface yielded transitivity within shrub-size/-number classes and had enhanced "scallop;" all BCRs for 6 and 12 spray applications involving 10-40 shrubs, 0.305-1.122-m radius plants, and 20-100% damage were greater than or equal to2.27 (i.e., more than double the cost outlays for the chemical). Although requiring a number of assumptions, our approach provides useful decision-making aids for persons interested in the economics of wildlife damage management methods. The main advantage is that projections of the combinations of variables associated with the potential "break-even" point (BCRs = 1.0) for these interventions are available a priori, and that scenarios can be modified with relative ease to view the benefit-cost impacts of other input variables or model assumptions. C1 USDA, APHIS, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Sterner, RT (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE PI DAVIS PA UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS WILDLIFE EXTENSION, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA SN 0507-6773 J9 PROC VERTEBR PEST C PY 2002 BP 319 EP 325 PG 7 WC Ecology; Ornithology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA BW33V UT WOS:000181626900053 ER PT S AU Nolte, DL Veenendaal, TJ Partridge, ST Robbins, CT Ziegltrum, GJ Fersterer, P AF Nolte, DL Veenendaal, TJ Partridge, ST Robbins, CT Ziegltrum, GJ Fersterer, P BE Timm, TM Schmidt, RH TI Bear response to supplemental feed offered to reduce tree peeling SO TWENTIETH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th Vertebrate Pest Conference CY MAR 04-07, 2002 CL RENO, NV DE behavior; black bear; Ursus americanus; damage; economics; forest; home range; nutritional status; supplemental feed ID BLACK BEARS; WASHINGTON AB Black bears (Ursus americanus) strip bark from coniferous trees to feed on newly forming vascular tissue during spring. Damage inflicted through this behavior can be extremely detrimental to the health and economic value of timber stands. A supplemental feeding program to provide bears an alternative food source during spring is practiced by some resource managers. We evaluated the efficacy of the program and conducted concurrent studies to assess select behavioral characteristics of feeding bears and impacts of providing supplemental feed on nutritional status of bears. The efficacy study revealed the percentage of damaged trees in stands with foraging bears varied from 2% to 52%. When supplemental feeding was introduced on these stands, damage was reduced to approximately 10% of that sustained on untreated stands. Concurrent experiments provided insightful data on bear use of feeding stations. Numerous bears fed at the stations, including females with and without cubs, yearlings, and boars. Bear feeding bouts at the stations were generally short, less than 30 minutes. Bears generally fed alone, although 2 to 3 adult bears were observed at a feeder simultaneously and the feeding partners were not consistent. There was little antagonistic behavior observed around the feeders, and no evidence that this behavior inhibited foraging opportunities for long. On the rare occasion a bear was driven from a feeder it returned later that same day to feed, generally within an hour. Supplemental feeding also did not affect the home range sizes of bears in feeding areas, but it may serve to concentrate bears in a particular location. Bears consuming supplemental feed did gain a significant nutritional advantage while feeding, but this did not equate to long term increases in age-specific body masses or fat content. C1 USDA, APHIS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Wildlife Serv, Olympia, WA USA. RP Nolte, DL (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Wildlife Serv, Olympia, WA USA. NR 29 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 5 PU VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE PI DAVIS PA UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS WILDLIFE EXTENSION, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA SN 0507-6773 J9 PROC VERTEBR PEST C PY 2002 BP 330 EP 339 PG 10 WC Ecology; Ornithology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA BW33V UT WOS:000181626900055 ER PT S AU Shwiff, SA Sterner, RT AF Shwiff, SA Sterner, RT BE Timm, TM Schmidt, RH TI An economic framework for benefit-cost analysis in wildlife damage studies SO TWENTIETH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th Vertebrate Pest Conference CY MAR 04-07, 2002 CL RENO, NV DE benefit-cost analysis; economics; decision tree analysis; sensitivity analysis; time-series data AB Benefit-cost analysis (BCA) involves comparing all of the gains and losses from a given wildlife damage management action or management technique over time in similar units, thereby providing a total picture of potential gains and losses to society. This technique is at the core of justifications for wildlife damage management efforts. BCA has been noticeably absent from the study of vertebrate pest management problems, and in the few studies where a BCA has been included, the analysis is incomplete. This paper provides an overview of the steps in a BCA, using specific wildlife damage examples to highlight and expand the technique for researchers interested in documenting these effects. C1 USDA, APHIS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Wildlife Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Shwiff, SA (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Wildlife Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE PI DAVIS PA UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS WILDLIFE EXTENSION, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA SN 0507-6773 J9 PROC VERTEBR PEST C PY 2002 BP 340 EP 344 PG 5 WC Ecology; Ornithology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA BW33V UT WOS:000181626900056 ER PT S AU Fall, MW AF Fall, MW BE Timm, TM Schmidt, RH TI The search for acceptable animal traps SO TWENTIETH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th Vertebrate Pest Conference CY MAR 04-07, 2002 CL RENO, NV DE animal capture; trap; snare; capture device; control methods; coyote; furbearers ID STEEL FOOTHOLD TRAPS; CAPTURING COYOTES; UNITED-STATES; MANAGEMENT; WILDLIFE; POLICY; PERFORMANCE; ATTITUDES; INJURIES; DEVICES AB For centuries, trappers, inventors, naturalists, and biologists have searched for animal traps that met a variety of criteria, such as efficiency and durability. And, for at least the last century, individuals and organizations have fostered a movement that declares traps as inhumane, adding another criterion to the search. Trapping animals for fur, particularly for European markets, played an important role in the history, exploration, and settlement of North America, depressing the populations of some furbearer species almost past the point of recovery. Recovery of animal populations depressed through trapping, market hunting, and habitat loss became one of the first major partnership efforts among U.S. states and federal agencies in the developing science of wildlife management. Regulated trapping continues to be, an important means for managing abundant furbearer populations, although the vagaries of fur markets and restrictive legislation in a number of states have made this an increasingly difficult task. For more than 50 years, scientists at the USDA Wildlife Services National Wildlife Research Center and its predecessors have engaged in cooperative research to improve animal traps and trapping systems. In the past decade, A series of actions culminated in the establishment of a national program to evaluate traps according to several criteria, including international standards for animal welfare, in order to develop guidelines for best management practices for trapping furbearers. This paper will briefly review the history of U.S. federal trap research and the status of the cooperative trap testing program. C1 USDA, APHIS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Wildlife Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Fall, MW (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Wildlife Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 55 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE PI DAVIS PA UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS WILDLIFE EXTENSION, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA SN 0507-6773 J9 PROC VERTEBR PEST C PY 2002 BP 371 EP 377 PG 7 WC Ecology; Ornithology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA BW33V UT WOS:000181626900062 ER PT S AU Heisler, GM Grant, RH Gao, W AF Heisler, GM Grant, RH Gao, W BE Slusser, JR Herman, JR Gao, W TI Urban tree influences on ultraviolet irradiance SO ULTRAVIOLET GROUND- AND SPACE-BASED MEASUREMENTS, MODELS, AND EFFECTS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Ultraviolet Ground- and Space-based Measurements, Models, and Effects CY JUL 30-AUG 01, 2001 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE, NASA Langley Res Ctr, USDA, UV B Monitoring & Res Program, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Earth Probe TOMS Program DE air pollution; human health; ozone; skin cancer; solar radiation; urban environments; urban trees ID SKY RADIANCE DISTRIBUTIONS; PHOTOSYNTHETICALLY-ACTIVE RADIATION; SOLAR ULTRAVIOLET; VITAMIN-D; CANCER MORTALITY; SUN EXPOSURE; SHADE; CLEAR; FORECASTS; SURFACES AB Many of the effects of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) on people and their environment - damage to various materials, survival of insects and microbial pathogens, growth of vegetation, and adverse or beneficial effects on human health-are modified by the presence of trees. Human epidemiological investigations generally consider exposure as given by indices of UVR irradiance on horizontal surfaces in the open. Though many people are exposed to UVR while reclining at a beach or swimming pool, thus experiencing irradiance on essentially horizontal surfaces in the open, exposure to UVR during daily routines in urban areas may also be important in affecting human health. Tree influences on UVR irradiance, particularly in the UVB, can differ substantially from influences on the visible portion of the solar spectrum. Trees greatly reduce UVB irradiance in their shade when they obscure both the sun and sky. Where trees obscure the sun but leave much of the sky in view, UVB irradiance will be greater than suggested by the visible shadow. In small sunny areas near trees that block much of the sky from view, UVB irradiance is reduced substantially, whereas visible irradiance may be nearly as great or slightly greater than in the open. C1 SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, USDA, Forest Serv, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. RP Heisler, GM (reprint author), SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Stn,5 Moon Lib, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. RI Gao, Wei/C-1430-2016 NR 65 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4196-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4482 BP 277 EP 290 AR UNSP 4482-35 DI 10.1117/12.452929 PG 14 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing GA BU15F UT WOS:000175162200029 ER PT S AU Gao, W Zheng, YF Slusser, JR Heisler, G AF Gao, W Zheng, YF Slusser, JR Heisler, G BE Slusser, JR Herman, JR Gao, W TI Impact of enhanced Ultraviolet-B irradiance on cotton yield and qualities SO ULTRAVIOLET GROUND- AND SPACE-BASED MEASUREMENTS, MODELS, AND EFFECTS SE Proceedings of SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Ultraviolet Ground- and Space-based Measurements, Models, and Effects CY JUL 30-AUG 01, 2001 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE, NASA Langley Res Ctr, USDA, UV B Monitoring & Res Program, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Earth Probe TOMS Program DE Ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation; cotton; yield; qualities ID EARTHS SURFACE; UV-B; RADIATION; PLANTS; GROWTH AB The stratospheric ozone depletion and enhanced solar Ultraviolet-B (UV-B) irradiance may have adverse impacts on the productivity of agricultural crops. The effect of UV-B enhancements on agricultural crops includes reduction in yield, alteration in species competition, decrease in photosynthetic activity, susceptibility to disease, and changes in structure and pigmentation. Many studies have examined the influence of supplementing UV-B irradiance on different crops, but the effect of UV-B irradiance on cotton crops has received little attention. The cotton crop is one of the most versatile of all the crops. It is a major fiber crop of the world and a major source of trade and economy in many countries. In this study we provide quantitative examination of the effects of elevated UV-B irradiance on cotton. The tested cotton crop was grown under natural and supplemental levels of UV-B irradiance in the cotton field. The results in this study showed that the supplemental UV-B irradiance has negative impacts on cotton growth, development, yield, and fiber quality. A brief discussion is included on how the impacts on cotton contrast with impacts that have been observed in other studies on other plants, including trees. C1 Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, USDA UVB Monitoring & Res Program, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Gao, W (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, USDA UVB Monitoring & Res Program, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RI Gao, Wei/C-1430-2016 NR 17 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4196-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4482 BP 381 EP 387 AR UNSP 4482-46 DI 10.1117/12.452941 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing GA BU15F UT WOS:000175162200040 ER PT S AU Gao, W Grant, RH Heisler, GM Slusser, JR AF Gao, W Grant, RH Heisler, GM Slusser, JR BE Slusser, JR Herman, JR Gao, W TI Modeling ultraviolet-B radiation in a maize canopy SO ULTRAVIOLET GROUND- AND SPACE-BASED MEASUREMENTS, MODELS, AND EFFECTS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Ultraviolet Ground- and Space-based Measurements, Models, and Effects CY JUL 30-AUG 01, 2001 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE, NASA Langley Res Ctr, USDA, UV B Monitoring & Res Program, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Earth Probe TOMS Program DE ultraviolet-B; modeling; maize canopy ID IRRADIANCE; PLANTS; BANDS AB A decrease in stratospheric ozone may result in a serious threat to plants, since biologically active short-wavelength ultraviolet-B (UV-B 280-320 nm) radiation will increase even with a relatively small decrease in ozone. Experimental work has shown that various cultivars and species respond to UV-B in different ways. To determine the physiological effects on plants of any increases in UV-B radiation, the irradiances at the potential sensitive plant surface need to be known. Numerical models are needed to calculate UV-B irradiance. This paper compares spatially and temporally averaged measurements of UV-B canopy transmittance (T-canopy, irradiance below canopy/irradiance above canopy) to that predicted by three models. Maize was selected as the canopy for the study because direct measurements of leaf area and leaf angle distribution are manageable. The models can be applied to other plants including urban trees, though other methods of characterizing leaf area and angle distributions generally would be used. Using measurements of canopy parameters as inputs to the numerical scheme, the models attempt to simulate the UV-B (Tcanopy) that the UV-B sensors measure. The purpose of this paper is: (1) to describe the models developed for calculating UV-B irradiances (as measured by UV-B T-canopy) at given positions in maize canopies; and (2) to report the results of experimental tests of the models. C1 Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, USDA UVB Monitoring & Res Program, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Gao, W (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, USDA UVB Monitoring & Res Program, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RI Gao, Wei/C-1430-2016 NR 23 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4196-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4482 BP 395 EP 407 AR UNSP 4482-48 DI 10.1117/12.452943 PG 13 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing GA BU15F UT WOS:000175162200042 ER PT S AU Gao, W Slusser, JR Harrison, LC Disterhoft, P Min, QL Olson, B Lantz, K Davis, B AF Gao, W Slusser, JR Harrison, LC Disterhoft, P Min, QL Olson, B Lantz, K Davis, B BE Slusser, JR Herman, JR Gao, W TI Comparisons of UV synthetic spectra retrieved from the USDA UV Multi-Filter Rotating Shadow-band Radiometer with collocated USDA Reference UV spectroradiometer and NIWA UV spectroradiometer SO ULTRAVIOLET GROUND- AND SPACE-BASED MEASUREMENTS, MODELS, AND EFFECTS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Ultraviolet Ground- and Space-based Measurements, Models, and Effects CY JUL 30-AUG 01, 2001 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE, NASA Langley Res Ctr, USDA, UV B Monitoring & Res Program, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Earth Probe TOMS Program DE ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation; UV-MFRSR; spectroradiometer; erythemal-weighted dose ID ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; MIDDLE LATITUDES; B RADIATION AB The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) UV-B Radiation Monitoring and Research Program began installing the UV Multi-Filter Rotating Shadow-band Radiometer for long-term measurements of UV radiation in 1995 and the program now has 28 sites across the U.S., as well as 2 sites in Canada. The UV-MFRSR uses 7 independent interference filter photodiode detector combinations to make total horizontal solar irradiance measurements at 300, 305.5, 311.4, 317.6, 325.4, 332.4 and 368 nm (nominal 2 nm FWHM bandwidth) through a single Lambertian detector. UV effects researchers want to apply their particular action spectrum to the measured spectra to estimate damage due to UV. The UV synthetic spectra retrieval model is used to estimate the continuous spectral distribution based on the seven UV radiometer channel measurements. In this study, we made comparisons of these synthetic spectra with the spectra measured from co-located USDA Reference UV and NIWA UV spectroradiometers at Table Mountain near Boulder, Colorado, U.S. A preliminary comparison of modeled erythemal-weighted dose with measurements performed by the two spectroradiometers is presented. C1 Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, USDA UVB Monitoring & Res Program, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Gao, W (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, USDA UVB Monitoring & Res Program, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RI Gao, Wei/C-1430-2016 NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4196-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4482 BP 408 EP 414 AR UNSP 4482-49 DI 10.1117/12.452944 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing GA BU15F UT WOS:000175162200043 ER PT B AU Grove, JM Hinson, KE Northrop, RJ AF Grove, JM Hinson, KE Northrop, RJ BE Berkowitz, AR Nilon, CH Hollweg, KS TI A social ecology approach to understanding urban ecosystems and landscapes SO UNDERSTANDING URBAN ECOSYSTEMS: A NEW FRONTIER FOR SCIENCE AND EDUCATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Cary Conference on Understanding Urban Ecosystems CY APR 27-29, 1999 CL INST ECOSYST STUDIES, MILLBROOK, NY HO INST ECOSYST STUDIES ID MANAGEMENT C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, S Burlington, VT 05402 USA. RP Grove, JM (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, S Burlington, VT 05402 USA. NR 64 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES BN 0-387-95496-1 PY 2002 BP 167 EP 186 PG 20 WC Ecology; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BV86K UT WOS:000180264400011 ER PT J AU Suring, LH Del Frate, G AF Suring, LH Del Frate, G TI Spatial analysis of locations of brown bears killed in defense of life or property on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, USA SO URSUS LA English DT Article DE Alaska; brown bear; defense of life or property; Kenai Peninsula; nonsport mortality; population sinks; Ursus arctos AB The number of brown bears (Ursus arctos) killed in defense of life or property(DLP) on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, has been of increasing concern for natural resource managers. During the 1960s, 8 bear deaths were recorded (<1 bear/yr). From 1990 through 1999, 50 bear deaths were recorded (average of 5 bears/yr). This increase concerns natural resource managers because they have very little control over kills resulting from DLP, and the brown bear population maynot be maintained if this increasing trend in mortality continues. In an effort to provide information to managers needed to reduce DLP related kills of brown bears, we quantified the relationships among DLP kills, human activities, and landscape characteristics. Most brown bears were killed at residences or by hunters. Brown bears were killed at residences to protect property (i.e., depredation of domestic animals) or because they were perceived to be a threat to humans. Landscape models of the probability of DLP kills of brown bears provided insights to relationships and interactions among kill locations, landscape features, and human developments. As the density of salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) streams, trails, roads, and recreation sites increased, so did the probability of DLP kills of brown bears. Natural resource managers will be able to usethis information to guide management of human use patterns and development activities on the Kenai Peninsula to minimize additional DLP kills of brown bears. C1 Chugach Natl Forest, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Homer, AK 99603 USA. RP Suring, LH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 316 E Myrtle St, Boise, ID 83702 USA. EM lsuring@fs.fed.us; gino_delfrate@fishgame.state.ak.us NR 0 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 3 U2 8 PU INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR BEAR RESEARCH AND MANAGEMENT (IBA) PI KNOXVILLE PA UNIV, TENNESSEE, 274 ELLINGTON HALL, KNOXVILLE, TN 379996 USA SN 1537-6176 J9 URSUS JI Ursus PY 2002 VL 13 BP 237 EP 245 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 937LN UT WOS:000229925700024 ER PT J AU Spraker, TR Zink, RR Cummings, BA Wild, MA Miller, MW O'Rourke, KI AF Spraker, TR Zink, RR Cummings, BA Wild, MA Miller, MW O'Rourke, KI TI Comparison of histological lesions and immunohistochemical staining of proteinase-resistant prion protein in a naturally occurring spongiform encephalopathy of free-ranging mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) with those of chronic wasting disease of captive mule deer SO VETERINARY PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE brain; central nervous system; chronic wasting disease; immunohistochemical staining; lymphoid tissue; mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus); spongiform encephalopathy ID CERVUS-ELAPHUS-NELSONI; ROCKY-MOUNTAIN ELK; WHITE-TAILED DEER; SCRAPIE; SHEEP; NEUROPATHOLOGY; COLORADO; BRAIN AB In this investigation, the nature and distribution of histologic lesions and immunohistochemical staining (IHC) of a proteinase-resistant prion protein were compared in free-ranging mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) dying of a naturally occurring spongiform encephalopathy (SE) and captive mule deer dying of chronic wasting disease (CWD). Sixteen free-ranging deer with SE, 12 free-ranging deer without SE, and 10 captive deer with CWD were examined at necropsy. Tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and duplicate sections were stained with a monoclonal antibody (F89/160.1.5). Histological lesions in the free-ranging deer with SE and captive deer with CWD were found throughout the brain and spinal cord but were especially prominent in the myelencephalon, diencephalon, and rhinencephalon. The lesions were characterized by spongiform degeneration of gray matter neuropil, intracytoplasmic vacuolation and degeneration of neurons, and astrocytosis. IHC was found throughout the brain and retina of deer with SE and CWD. Positive IHC was found in lymphoid tissue of deer with SE and CWD. Histologic lesions and IHC were not found in multiple sections of integument, digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, endocrine, musculoskeletal, and urogenital systems of deer with SE or CWD. Comparison of histologic lesions and IHC in tissues of free-ranging deer with those of captive deer provides strong evidence that these two diseases Lire indistinguishable morphologically. C1 Colorado State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado Div Wildlife, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Anim Dis Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Spraker, TR (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 33 TC 82 Z9 84 U1 4 U2 10 PU AMER COLL VET PATHOLOGIST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0300-9858 J9 VET PATHOL JI Vet. Pathol. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 39 IS 1 BP 110 EP 119 DI 10.1354/vp.39-1-110 PG 10 WC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences SC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences GA 512AB UT WOS:000173298000013 PM 12102202 ER PT J AU Fritz, DL Dubey, JP AF Fritz, DL Dubey, JP TI Pathology of Sarcocystis neurona in interferon-gamma gene knockout mice SO VETERINARY PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE electron microscopy; immunohistochemistry; interferon-gamma knockout mice; myeloencephalitis; pathology; Sarcosystis neurona ID ENCEPHALOMYELITIS AB Pathologic changes were studied in 27 interferon-gamma gene knockout mice 34-54 days after being fed graded doses of Sarcocystis neurona sporocysts derived from a naturally infected opossum. The target tissue for S. neurona infection was the central nervous system. Characteristic histopathologic changes present in all mice consisted of an inflammatory infiltrate consisting of mostly neutrophils and macrophages, fewer eosinophils, and rare multinucleated giant cells. Intralesional protozoa and scattered subacute perivascular cuffs were present. Where the infiltrates were extensive, neuropil rarefaction was frequent. Pathologic changes were much more frequent and severe in the caudal portion of the brain, especially in the cerebellum, than in the middle and cranial portions. Changes were present in all spinal cords examined (10 of 10). Lesions were equally distributed in white and gray matter of the brain and spinal cord and their meningeal linings. C1 USA, Med Res Inst Infect Dis, Div Pathol, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. USDA ARS, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Fritz, DL (reprint author), USA, Med Res Inst Infect Dis, Div Pathol, 1425 Porter St, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. NR 9 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER COLL VET PATHOLOGIST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0300-9858 J9 VET PATHOL JI Vet. Pathol. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 39 IS 1 BP 137 EP 140 DI 10.1354/vp.39-1-137 PG 4 WC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences SC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences GA 512AB UT WOS:000173298000017 PM 12102206 ER PT J AU Golde, WT AF Golde, WT TI Special focus section: Important viral diseases of animals SO VIRAL IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID LEUKOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION ANTIGENS; INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP C1 USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Foot & Mouth Dis Unit, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. RP Golde, WT (reprint author), USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Foot & Mouth Dis Unit, POB 848, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 0882-8245 J9 VIRAL IMMUNOL JI Viral Immunol. PY 2002 VL 15 IS 4 BP 519 EP 520 DI 10.1089/088282402320914467 PG 2 WC Immunology; Virology SC Immunology; Virology GA 624BW UT WOS:000179741300001 ER PT S AU Darnault, CJG Dicarlo, DA Bauters, TWJ Steenhuis, TS Parlange, JY Montemagno, CD Baveye, P AF Darnault, CJG Dicarlo, DA Bauters, TWJ Steenhuis, TS Parlange, JY Montemagno, CD Baveye, P BE Sideman, S Landesberg, A TI Visualization and measurement of multiphase flow in porous media using light transmission and synchrotron X-rays SO VISUALIZATION AND IMAGING IN TRANSPORT PHENOMENA SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Visualization and Imaging in Transport Phenomena CY MAY 05-10, 2002 CL ANTALYA, TURKEY SP Int Ctr Heat & Mass Transfer, Visualizat Soc Japan DE multiphase flow; preferential flow; fingered flow; light transmission method (LTM); synchrotron X-rays; surfactants; Eden cluster; diffusion; aggregation; non-aqueous phase liquids ID 3-PHASE AB Non-aqueous phase liquids enter the vadose zone as a result of spills or leaking underground storage facilities, thus contaminating groundwater resources. Measuring the contaminant concentrations is important in assessing the risk to human health and the environment and to develop effective remediation. This research presents the development and application if the light transmission method (LTM) for three-phase flow systems, aimed at investigating unstable fingered flow in a soil air-oil-water system. The LTM uses the hue and intensity of light transmitted through a slab chamber to measure fluid content, since total liquid content is a function of both hue and light intensity. Evaluation of the LTM is obtained by comparing experiments with LTM and synchrotron X-rays. The LTM captures the spatial resolution of the fluid contents and can provide new insights into rapidly changing, two-phase and three-phase flow systems. Application of the LTM as a visualization technique for environmental and physical phenomena is noted. Visualization by LTM of groundwater remediation by surfactants as well as visualization of model cluster growth and fractal dimensions was also explored. C1 Malcolm Pirnie Inc, Environm & Water Resources Engn, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Biol & Environm Engn, Ithaca, NY USA. USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Biomed Engn, Los Angeles, CA USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Los Angeles, CA USA. Cornell Univ, Lab Geoenvironm Sci & Engn, Ithaca, NY USA. RP Darnault, CJG (reprint author), Malcolm Pirnie Inc, Environm & Water Resources Engn, 701 Town Ctr Dr, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. OI Baveye, Philippe/0000-0002-8432-6141 NR 5 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 8 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-370-X J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 2002 VL 972 BP 103 EP 110 PG 8 WC Thermodynamics; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Physiology SC Thermodynamics; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Physiology GA BV68H UT WOS:000179766500014 PM 12496004 ER PT J AU Hopmans, JW Simunek, J Bristow, KL AF Hopmans, JW Simunek, J Bristow, KL TI Indirect estimation of soil thermal properties and water flux using heat pulse probe measurements: Geometry and dispersion effects SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE soil water flow; soil heat flow; inverse modeling; dispersivity ID POROUS-MEDIA; ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY; ERROR ANALYSIS; CAPACITY; TEMPERATURE; SINGLE; SOLUTE; FLOW AB [1] Traditionally, analytical solutions for heat transport in soils have been used in combination with heat pulse probe (HPP) measurements to estimate soil thermal properties. Although the analytical method has resulted in accurate estimation of soil thermal properties, we suggest that parameter estimation using inverse modeling (IM) provides new and unique opportunities for soil thermal characterization. Moreover, we show that the IM approach provides accurate estimation of soil water flux density in both unsaturated and saturated soil conditions for a wider range of water velocities than originally thought possible. Specifically, we show that accurate soil water velocity is obtained, simultaneously with soil thermal properties, if heat dispersion is included in the heat transport equation. The requirement for including heat dispersivity depends on the value of the newly defined dimensionless Keith Jirka Jan (KJJ) number, which is equal to the ratio of thermal dispersion to thermal conductivity. For example, when KJJ > 1, ignoring thermal dispersivity leads to errors in the water flux density which can exceed 10%. By including thermal dispersivity, water flow velocities were accurately determined for water flux densities ranging from 1.0 to >10 in d(-1.) We also demonstrate the general application of inverse modeling to estimate soil thermal properties and their functional dependence on volumetric water content in a separate numerical experiment. We suggest that inverse modeling of HPP temperature data may allow simultaneous estimation of soil water retention (when combined with matric potential measurements) and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (through water flux estimation) from simple laboratory experiments. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Land Air & Water Resources, Davis, CA 95616 USA. USDA ARS, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, Riverside, CA USA. CSIRO Land & Water, Townsville, Qld 4814, Australia. RP Hopmans, JW (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Land Air & Water Resources, 123 Veihmeyer Hall, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM jwhopmans@ucdavis.edu; JSIMUNEK@ussl.ars.usda.gov; Keith.Bristow@csiro.au RI Simunek, Jiri/F-3196-2011; Bristow, Keith/F-2821-2011 NR 30 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 28 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 38 IS 1 AR 1006 DI 10.1029/2000WR000071 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 559RT UT WOS:000176039700007 ER PT J AU Kim, H Murthy, S McConnell, LL Peot, C Ramirez, M Strawn, M AF Kim, H Murthy, S McConnell, LL Peot, C Ramirez, M Strawn, M TI Characterization of wastewater and solids odors using solid phase microextraction at a large wastewater treatment plant SO WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Review DE biosolids; gas phase analysis; odor; solid phase microextraction; trimethylamine; volatile fatty acids; volatile reduced sulfurs; wastewater AB A simple and reliable technique has been developed and used to detect odorous gases, i.e. propionic and butyric acids, carbon disulfide, dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, and trimethylamine, emitted from various materials generated by the wastewater treatment process. The method detection limits are in the low ppb range and comparable to the odor threshold for human detection. In this study solid phase microextraction (SPME) was employed to characterize and quantify odorous compounds in the headspace over samples collected from various unit processes at the District of Columbia Wastewater Treatment Plant, Washington DC, USA. The patterns of odorous chemicals released from wastewater influent, thickened sludge, dewatered sludge and biosolids were evaluated. Volatile reduced sulfurs were more prevalent in samples collected from downstream processes and corresponded with decreased oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) conditions. Volatile fatty acids were consistently identified in the primary gravity thickeners, while trimethylamine could only be detected from biosolids after the post-liming process. C1 USDA ARS, Anim Manure & Byprod Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. CH2M Hill Inc, Herndon, VA 20171 USA. USDA ARS, Environm Qual Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. DC Water & Sewer Author, Washington, DC 20032 USA. Peer Consultants, Rockville, MD USA. RP Kim, H (reprint author), USDA ARS, Anim Manure & Byprod Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Kim, Hyunook/C-9316-2012 OI Kim, Hyunook/0000-0003-1256-480X NR 19 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 9 PU I W A PUBLISHING PI LONDON PA ALLIANCE HOUSE, 12 CAXTON ST, LONDON SW1H0QS, ENGLAND SN 0273-1223 J9 WATER SCI TECHNOL JI Water Sci. Technol. PY 2002 VL 46 IS 10 BP 9 EP 16 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 632GN UT WOS:000180215700003 PM 12479447 ER PT J AU Burkart, MR Stoner, JD AF Burkart, MR Stoner, JD TI Nitrate in aquifers beneath agricultural systems SO WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Diffuse Pollution CY JUN 10-15, 2001 CL MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN DE agriculture; aquifers; groundwater; irrigation; nitrate; nitrogen ID UNITED-STATES; GROUND-WATER; NITROGEN; CONTAMINATION AB Research from several regions of the world provides spatially anecdotal evidence to hypothesize which hydrologic and agricultural factors contribute to groundwater vulnerability to nitrate contamination. Analysis of nationally consistent measurements from the U.S. Geological Survey's NAWQA program confirms these hypotheses for a substantial range of agricultural systems. Shallow unconfined aquifers are most susceptible to nitrate contamination associated with agricultural systems. Alluvial and other unconsolidated aquifers are the most vulnerable and shallow carbonate aquifers provide a substantial but smaller contamination risk. Where any of these aquifers are overlain by permeable soils the risk of contamination is larger. Irrigated systems can compound this vulnerability by increasing leaching facilitated by additional recharge and additional nutrient applications. The agricultural system of corn, soybeans, and hogs produced significantly larger concentrations of groundwater nitrate than all other agricultural systems, although mean nitrate concentrations in counties with dairy, poultry, cattle and grains, and horticulture systems were similar. If trends in the relation between increased fertilizer use and groundwater nitrate in the United States are repeated in other regions of the world, Asia may experience increasing problems because of recent increases in fertilizer use. Groundwater monitoring in Western and Eastern Europe as well as Russia over the next decade may provide data to determine if the trend in increased nitrate contamination can be reversed. If the concentrated livestock trend in the United States is global, it may be accompanied by increasing nitrogen contamination in groundwater. Concentrated livestock provide both point sources in the confinement area and intense non-point sources as fields close to facilities are used for manure disposal. Regions where irrigated cropland is expanding, such as in Asia, may experience the greatest impact of this practice. C1 USDA ARS, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USGS, Denver, CO USA. RP Burkart, MR (reprint author), USDA ARS, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 36 TC 26 Z9 30 U1 2 U2 10 PU I W A PUBLISHING PI LONDON PA ALLIANCE HOUSE, 12 CAXTON ST, LONDON SW1H0QS, ENGLAND SN 0273-1223 J9 WATER SCI TECHNOL JI Water Sci. Technol. PY 2002 VL 45 IS 9 BP 19 EP 28 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 562WU UT WOS:000176222600003 PM 12079102 ER PT J AU Cassell, EA Meals, DW Aschmann, SG Anderson, DP Rosen, BH Kort, RL Dorioz, JM AF Cassell, EA Meals, DW Aschmann, SG Anderson, DP Rosen, BH Kort, RL Dorioz, JM TI Use of simulation mass balance modeling to estimate phosphorus and bacteria dynamics in watersheds SO WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Diffuse Pollution CY JUN 10-15, 2001 CL MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN DE bacteria; dynamic simulation; mass balance; modeling; phosphorus; watersheds ID MANAGEMENT AB Dynamic simulation technology is integrated with mass balance concepts and-compartment-flux diagramming to create computer models that estimate contaminant export from watersheds over long and short-term futures under alternative simulated policies of watershed management. The Watershed Ecosystem Nutrient Dynamics (WEND) model, applied to developed watersheds with a mix of urban, agricultural, and forest land-uses, predicted phosphorus (P) export from three watersheds; a 275,000 ha dairy/urban watershed, a 77,000 ha poultry/urban watershed, and a 23,000 ha swine dominated watershed. Urban, agricultural, and forestry activities contribute to P export in different proportions. In all cases the P imports to the watershed exceed total export and P accumulates in watershed soils. Long-term future P export patterns are compared for several watershed management strategies that range from encouragement of rapid urban growth to aggressive environmental protection. The specific response of each watershed to imposed management is unique, but management strategies designed to reduce export of P over the long-term need to consider options that promote P input/output balance. Using this same approach, the Watershed Ecosystem Bacterial Dynamics (WEBD) model assesses the dynamics of bacterial populations in a small case-study watershed over an annual cycle as influenced by dairy farm management actions. WEND and WEBD models integrate the diversity of activities and stakeholders interested in the watershed and promote; development of a more holistic understanding of watershed function. Model outputs are designed to assist watershed policy-makers, managers, and planners to explore potential future impacts of management/policy decisions. C1 Univ Vermont, Sch Nat Resources, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. Ice Nine Environm Consulting, Burlington, VT 05401 USA. USDA, Watershed Sci Inst, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. USDA, Watershed Sci Inst, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Raleigh, NC 27605 USA. USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Winooski, VT 05404 USA. INRA, Limnol Inst, F-74203 Thonon Les Bains, France. RP Cassell, EA (reprint author), Univ Vermont, Sch Nat Resources, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. NR 19 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU I W A PUBLISHING PI LONDON PA ALLIANCE HOUSE, 12 CAXTON ST, LONDON SW1H0QS, ENGLAND SN 0273-1223 J9 WATER SCI TECHNOL JI Water Sci. Technol. PY 2002 VL 45 IS 9 BP 157 EP 166 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 562WU UT WOS:000176222600020 PM 12079098 ER PT J AU Collazo, JA O'Hara, DA Kelly, CA AF Collazo, JA O'Hara, DA Kelly, CA TI Accessible habitat for shorebirds: Factors influencing its availability and conservation implications SO WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Managing Wetlands for Waterbirds held at the 24th Annual Meeting of the Waterbird-Society CY 2000 CL PLYMOUTH, MASSACHUSETTS SP Waterbird Soc DE accessible habitat; Calidris alpina; Calidris pusilla; Florida; impoundments; managed wetlands; National Wildlife Refuges; North Carolina; shorebirds; water depth ID CAROLINA; WETLANDS AB We examined the relationship between water levels and accessible habitat, and how accessible habitat influenced Dunlin (Calidris alpina) and Semipalmated Sandpiper (Calidris pusilla) numbers in managed wetlands at Pea Island (North Carolina) and Merritt Island (Florida) National Wildlife Refuges in 1998 and 1999. At Pea Island we experimentally manipulated water levels, which also allowed us to examine the effects of water level fluctuations on prey base. We examined these relationships because access to foraging habitat by shorebirds is positively related to the length of their tarsometatarsus, and in the southeastern United States, small calidrids are a numerically important component of the two million migrants using inland and managed wetlands. We confirmed the importance of shallow waters for Dunlin and Semipalmated Sandpiper-numbers increased with increasing availability of 0-4 cm habitat, At Merritt Island, Dunlin use was inversely related to variability in water depth of 0-4 cm. Minimizing the frequency and amplitude of water level fluctuations associated with single-capped culverts is necessary to improve habitat quality. After adjusting for accessibility, spring habitat requirements for Dunlin and Semipalmated Sandpiper at Pea Island were met under nearly all abundance scenarios. We identified water level targets that maximize accessible habitat at Pea Island. In contrast, winter habitat requirements for Dunlin at Merritt Island were not met except in one scenario. Seasonally low prey density contributed to the shortfall, suggesting that allocating more habitat is the primary management option. Manipulating water levels at Pea Island did not adversely affect the density of eight shorebird prey species. Estimates of accessible habitat and other parameters (e.g., turnover rates, prey biomass) are essential to set and implement realistic shorebird habitat conservation goals. C1 N Carolina State Univ, US Geol Survey, N Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Biol Resouces Div, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. US Forest Serv, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. RP Collazo, JA (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, US Geol Survey, N Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Biol Resouces Div, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 29 TC 24 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 8 PU WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 1524-4695 J9 WATERBIRDS JI Waterbirds PY 2002 VL 25 SU 2 BP 13 EP 24 PG 12 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 629TV UT WOS:000180065700003 ER PT J AU Wyse-Pester, DY Wiles, LJ Westra, P AF Wyse-Pester, DY Wiles, LJ Westra, P TI Infestation and spatial dependence of weed seedling and mature weed populations in corn SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE geostatistics; map; sampling; spatial correlogram; spatial structure; weed distribution ID CHENOPODIUM-ALBUM; GEOSTATISTICS; CHRYSOMELIDAE; COLEOPTERA; SYSTEMS; PATTERN; PATCH; MODEL AB Knowing the distribution of weed seedlings in farmer-managed fields could help researchers develop reliable distribution maps for site-specific weed With a knowledge of the spatial arrangement of a weed population, Cost sampling programs and management strategies can be designed, so inputs can be selected and applied to specific field areas where management is warranted. In and 1998, weeds were sampled at 612 to 682 sites in two center pivot irrigated corn fields (71 and 53 ha) in eastern Colorado. Weeds were enumerated when corn reached the two-leaf, four-leaf, and physiological maturity stages in a 76.2- by 76.2-m grid, a random-directed grid where sites were established at intervals of 76.2 m, and a star configuration based on a 7.62- by 7.62-m grid within three 23,225 m(2) areas. Directional correlograms were calculated for 0, 30, 00, 90, 120, and 150degrees from the crop row. Fifteen weed species were observed across fields. Spatial dependence occurred in 7 of the 93 samples (a collection of sampling units for a weed species that was detected within a field at a particular sampling time and year) for populations of field sandbur, pigweed species, nightshade species, and lambsquarters, Correlogram analysis indicated that 18 to 72% of the variation in sample density was a result of spatial dependence over a geographic distance exceeding 5 to 363 m among the examined data, Because of the lack of spatial correlation for weed seedling distributions in these eastern Colorado corn fields, interpolated density maps should be based on grid sizes (separation distances) than 7.62 m for weed seedling infestations. C1 Colorado State Univ, USDA ARS, WMU, AERC, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Bioagr Sci & Pest Management, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Wiles, LJ (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, USDA ARS, WMU, AERC, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 28 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD JAN-FEB PY 2002 VL 50 IS 1 BP 54 EP 63 DI 10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050[0054:IASDOW]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 594WN UT WOS:000178074900006 ER PT J AU Boydston, RA Vaughn, SF AF Boydston, RA Vaughn, SF TI Alternative weed management systems control weeds in potato (Solanum tuberosum) SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE banding; cover crops; cultivation; integrated weed management; glyphosate; reservoir tillage; tillage ID ALLYL ISOTHIOCYANATE PRODUCTION; GREEN MANURE CROPS; HERBICIDE APPLICATIONS; FUNGICIDAL ACTIVITY; RYE RESIDUES; SUPPRESSION; CULTIVATION; RAPESEED; CORN AB Five weed management systems utilizing combinations of cover crops, herbicides, and cultivation were tested in potato in 1994 and 1995 in central Washington. A standard herbicide treatment of metribuzin applied preemergence (PRE) at 0.4 kg ai/ha (standard herbicide weed management system [STD]) was compared with (1) fall-planted winter rye followed by metribuzin at 0.4 kg/ha applied in a band in the potato hill, followed by reservoir tillage (rye cover crop with herbicide-banded and reservoir-tilled weed management system [RYESTD]); (2) cultivation with fine-tooth harrow followed by hilling with shovels and rolling cultivators (total-cultivation weed management system [CULT]); (3) fall-planted rapeseed followed by reservoir tillage (rapeseed cover crop and reservoir-tilled weed management system [RPSD]); and (4) reservoir tillage alone (reservoir-tilled weed management system [RESTIL]). In both years, early-season weed density and final weed biomass were lower in the STD, RYESTD, and CULT systems than in RPSD and RESTIL. Total tuber yield and yield of U.S. #2 or better were greatest in the RYESTD and STD systems in both years. The CULT system reduced early-season weed densities, but tuber yield was reduced 15% in 1994, and yield of U.S. #2 or better was reduced 25% in 1995 compared with the STD system. The RPSD system reduced early-season in-row weed density from 60 to 70% and final weed biomass from 29 to 40% compared with a nontreated check, i.e., a no-cover crop, no-cultivation, no-herbicide weed management system, but tuber yield was 27 to 30% lower than in the STD system. The RYESTD system was an effective alternative weed management strategy that controlled weeds, decreased PRE-applied herbicide inputs 66%, and maintained tuber yield. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Irrigated Agr Res & Extens Ctr, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Boydston, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Irrigated Agr Res & Extens Ctr, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. NR 26 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 3 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0890-037X J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PD JAN-MAR PY 2002 VL 16 IS 1 BP 23 EP 28 DI 10.1614/0890-037X(2002)016[0023:AWMSCW]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 574QM UT WOS:000176901100004 ER PT J AU Kolberg, RL Wiles, LJ AF Kolberg, RL Wiles, LJ TI Effect of steam application on cropland weeds SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Kochia scoparia L. Schrad.; KOCSC; paraquat; pelargonic acid; SALIB; Salsola iberica Sennen & Pau ID HERBICIDE RESISTANCE AB Plot-scale field studies were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of steam for the control of cropland weeds in comparison with common herbicides. Weed densities, biomass, or emergence after treatment were measured. Steam (3,200 kg/ha, energy dosage equivalent to 890 kJ/m(2), speed of 0.8 m/s) and glyphosate (560 g ai/ha) gave similar control (> 90%) of seedling common lambsquarters and seedling redroot pigweed. Applied at heading, steam was comparable to glyphosate in reducing green foxtail biomass at heading 2 wk after application. Steam applied at a rate of 3,200 kg/ha significantly reduced weed biomass (mixed stand, treated at seedling stage) 9 wk after application compared with the control, whereas steam applied at a rate of 1,600 kg/ha (1.6 m/s) did not. Biomass of downy brome treated with steam was reduced more at anthesis than at the seedling growth stage. Emergence of common lambsquarters, redroot pigweed, and black nightshade was not affected by steam application. Amount of steam applied, weed species, and growth stage are key factors in determining control effectiveness. C1 USDA ARS, Sidney, BC 59270, Canada. Colorado State Univ, USDA ARS, AERC, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Kolberg, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, 1500 N Cent Ave, Sidney, BC 59270, Canada. NR 10 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0890-037X J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PD JAN-MAR PY 2002 VL 16 IS 1 BP 43 EP 49 DI 10.1614/0890-037X(2002)016[0043:EOSAOC]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 574QM UT WOS:000176901100007 ER PT J AU Viator, BJ Griffin, JL Richard, EP AF Viator, BJ Griffin, JL Richard, EP TI Evaluation of red morningglory (Ipomoea coccinea) for potential atrazine resistance SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chlorophyll fluorescence; herbicide resistance; IPOCC; photosynthesis inhibition; photosystem II; triazine resistance; weed biotypes ID TRIAZINE-RESISTANT; WATER-QUALITY; FLUORESCENCE; HERBICIDES; TEMPERATURES; SUGARCANE; BIOTYPE; PROTEIN AB Laboratory and greenhouse studies were conducted to determine if the reported red morningglory control failures with atrazine in sugarcane are caused by triazine-resistant mutants. Plants were grown from seeds collected at 24 locations in Louisiana and Arkansas where atrazine had never been used, and where it had been used in sugarcane with poor results. Terminal fluorescence of leaf material from all locations increased after treatment with 10(-3) M atrazine, indicating electron transport inhibition and, hence, triazine susceptibility. However, small differences in the magnitude of fluorescence increase were observed among populations, possibly indicating the existence of biotypes with slightly different inherent tolerances to atrazine. Sonic phenotypic differences were observed among the red morningglory populations. In a separate study, postemergence application of atrazine at 1.1 kg ai/ha plus nonionic surfactant controlled greenhouse-grown plants from all populations at least 99%, which supports the findings of the fluorescence assay. This research was unable to verify that reduced red morningglory control with atrazine was the result of an altered binding site mutation, even in populations exposed to atrazine annually for more than 10 yr. Other factors should be evaluated to determine their impact on atrazine performance. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Plant Pathol & Crop Physiol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. USDA ARS, Sugarcane Res Unit, SRRC, Houma, LA 70361 USA. RP Griffin, JL (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Plant Pathol & Crop Physiol, 302 Life Sci Bldg, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 33 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0890-037X J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PD JAN-MAR PY 2002 VL 16 IS 1 BP 96 EP 101 DI 10.1614/0890-037X(2002)016[0096:EORMIC]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 574QM UT WOS:000176901100016 ER PT J AU Wassom, JJ Tranel, PJ Wax, LM AF Wassom, JJ Tranel, PJ Wax, LM TI Variation among US accessions of common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biotype; common garden; ecotype; intraspecies variability ID SOYBEAN GLYCINE-MAX; INTERFERENCE; COMPETITION; DENSITIES; PATTERNS; TRAITS AB Common cocklebur is an adaptable species found in diverse environments. We grew 28 common cocklebur accessions from 14 states at Urbana, IL, to compare their growth., physiology, and morphology in a common environment to determine if regional control recommendations of specific biotypes might be practical. Accessions were evaluated for midseason and maximum heights and widths, flowering date, insect damage, and petiole color in 1998 and 1999. Weight of aboveground tissue, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content, and leaf and bur morphology descriptions were also taken in 1999. Midseason and maximum widths, midseason height, flowering date, and insect damage differed significantly based on the year of evaluation. The year by accession interaction was a significant source of variation for midseason and maximum heights and widths, flowering date, insect damage, and petiole color. Within each year, accessions differed significantly for all measured variables except maximum width in 1998 and stomatal conductance in 1999. Accessions from northern states usually flowered earlier, and flowering date was negatively correlated with latitude of origin (1998 r = -0.76; 1999 r = -0.60). Nevertheless, some of the earliest flowering accessions were from the southern states. Results from cluster analysis indicated that several accessions had phenotypes more similar to accessions from distant sites than to nearby accessions. We conclude that the accessions differ for traits that may affect weediness, but proximal accessions differ too frequently to recommend regional, biotype-specific control strategies. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. USDA ARS, Invas Weed Management Res Unit, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Tranel, PJ (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 28 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 3 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0890-037X J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PD JAN-MAR PY 2002 VL 16 IS 1 BP 171 EP 179 DI 10.1614/0890-037X(2002)016[0171:VAUSAO]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 574QM UT WOS:000176901100026 ER PT J AU Masters, RA Grams, KD Klein, RN Carlson, KL AF Masters, RA Grams, KD Klein, RN Carlson, KL TI A research plot herbicide application system SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE application technology; cropland; pasture; rangeland; weed control ID RANGELAND; MIXTURES AB A tractor-mounted, air-pressurized, herbicide application system was designed and constructed for use in weed management research on cropland, pastures, and rangeland. The spray system was designed to minimize wind-induced spray pattern distortion, to enable accurate application of multiple treatments, to withstand the stresses of use on uneven and rough terrain, to apply herbicide treatments reliably, to be easy to transport, to be constructed with readily available spray system components, and to enable quick diagnosis and resolution of operational problems. The spray system has a total shield frame length of 5.2 m. The shielded frame comprises three sections. The two outside sections are connected to the center section by hinges so that they can be folded up and over the center section for transport or storage. Four spray booms are mounted inside the shield with a 50-cm distance between nozzles. Herbicides are usually applied with the bottom of the shield placed 20 cm above the soil or plant surface. This height provides 100% overlap of the spray pattern between adjacent nozzle tips. The spray system has been a durable and reliable tool that accurately and quickly applies herbicide treatments. C1 Univ Nebraska, W Cent Res & Extens Ctr, N Platte, NE 69101 USA. BASF Corp, Lincoln, NE 68506 USA. Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Dept Agr, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Masters, RA (reprint author), 3618 S 75th, Lincoln, NE 68508 USA. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0890-037X J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PD JAN-MAR PY 2002 VL 16 IS 1 BP 243 EP 252 DI 10.1614/0890-037X(2002)016[0243:ARPHAS]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 574QM UT WOS:000176901100037 ER PT J AU Oliver, WW Uzoh, FCC AF Oliver, WW Uzoh, FCC TI Little response of true fir saplings to understory shrub removal SO WESTERN JOURNAL OF APPLIED FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE white fir; California red fir; shrub competition; growth response ID WHITE-FIR; REGENERATION AB The ability of white fir and California red fir to become established, persist, and eventually dominate montane shrub fields is well known. When the firs have eventually dominated do the understory shrubs continue to inhibit growth? In a small study in the southern Cascade Range of northeastern California, we tested the growth response of a thinned stand of saplings to removal of a shrub understory. Also, we examined several commonly used predictors of the ability of saplings to respond to release. Results indicated a statistically significant increase in dbh and height growth following release that disappeared after 5 yr. The growth response that was probably too small to justify the cost of shrub removal was best predicted by the trees' height growth the 5 yr before release. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, Redding, CA 96001 USA. RP Oliver, WW (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, 2400 Washington Ave, Redding, CA 96001 USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0885-6095 J9 WEST J APPL FOR JI West. J. Appl. For. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 17 IS 1 BP 5 EP 8 PG 4 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 579NG UT WOS:000177184300001 ER PT J AU El Hani, A Nolte, DL Mason, JR Bulkin, S AF El Hani, A Nolte, DL Mason, JR Bulkin, S TI Response of nontarget species to underground strychnine baiting for pocket gopher in southwest Oregon SO WESTERN JOURNAL OF APPLIED FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE hazards; nontarget species; pocket gopher; strychnine bait AB Pocket gophers (Thomomys spp.) impede reforestation efforts in the Pacific Northwest and strychnine baiting is used to reduce their populations. We conducted a capture and release program in southern Oregon to determine whether strychnine baiting negatively impacted nontarget small mammal species. Two nontarget species dominated the program: golden mantled ground squirrels (Spermophilus lateralis) and yellow pine chipmunks (Tamias amoenus). There was a short-term decline in ground squirrel populations after baiting, but yellow pine chipmunk populations were not adversely affected. We conclude that underground baiting with 0.5% strychnine treated grain is unlikely to cause long-term adverse effects on nontarget wildlife species in southwest Oregon. C1 USDA APHIS WS NWRC, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Minist Agr MAMVA, DPVCTRF, Rabat, Morocco. Utah State Univ, USDA APHIS WS NWRC, Logan, UT 84322 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Rogue River Natl Forest, Medford, OR 97501 USA. RP USDA APHIS WS NWRC, 9730-B Lathrop Ind Dr SW, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. EM Dale.L.Nolte@aphis.usda.gov NR 40 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0885-6095 EI 1938-3770 J9 WEST J APPL FOR JI West. J. Appl. For. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 17 IS 1 BP 9 EP 13 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 579NG UT WOS:000177184300002 ER PT J AU Camp, A AF Camp, A TI Damage to residual trees by four mechanized harvest systems operating in small-diameter, mixed-conifer forests on steep slopes in northeastern Washington: A case study SO WESTERN JOURNAL OF APPLIED FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE wounding; skyline and forwarder yarding; residual stand damage ID OREGON; FIR AB Dense stands of small-diameter timber present unique challenges for land managers. In the inland West, trees in high-density stands often grow slowly and may be at risk to insects, diseases, and catastrophic fires. In 1996, the U.S. Congress recognized a need to address forest health issues and stimulate local resource-based economies in northeastern Washington. Funds were provided for "implementation and evaluation of controlled silvicultural treatment in designated, fire-generated, overstocked, small-diameter stands" (U.S. Congress House Report 104-625). As part of this Congressionally mandated research effort four harvest units, each thinned to a 20 ft spacing using different harvesting technologies, were surveyed for damage prior to and following commercial thinning. Comparisons were made among the systems tested to assess damage to the residual stand, Overall incidence of wounds, incidence of wounds indifferent size and severity classes, and wound locations were compared. Each system performed better when judged by some criteria than by others. In general, cut-to-length processing caused less damage to the residual stand than whole-tree harvest; skyline yarding was less damaging than forwarder yarding. Some of the damage may have been a function of the silvicultural prescription and season of harvest. Appropriate silvicultural prescriptions and harvesting technologies can reduce wounding to acceptable levels. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Camp, A (reprint author), Yale Univ, Sch Forestry & Envionm Studies, 370 Prospect St, New Haven, CT 06511 USA. NR 27 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0885-6095 J9 WEST J APPL FOR JI West. J. Appl. For. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 17 IS 1 BP 14 EP 22 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 579NG UT WOS:000177184300003 ER PT J AU McDonald, PM Fiddler, GO AF McDonald, PM Fiddler, GO TI Relationship of native and introduced grasses with and without cattle in a young ponderosa pine plantation SO WESTERN JOURNAL OF APPLIED FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE Velpar treatment; grass density; Pinus ponderosa ID GROWTH AB On an above-average site in northern California, an early shrub-forb-grass plant community was treated by artificially seeding two forage grass species at plantation age 3, cattle grazing with and without seeded grasses, and applying a soil-active chemical (Velpar). Planted ponderosa pines (Pinus ponderosa var. ponderosa) were part of this community. Results for a 10 yr period (1988-1997) are presented for a native, naturally invading needlegrass (Achnatherum nelsonnii), introduced orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata) and introduced pubescent wheatgrass (Agropyron trichophorum). In general, all three grasses became established, grew well, and spread throughout the study area. Density of needlegrass was highest in the Velpar, fenced control, and grazed control treatments (more than 72,000 plants/ac). Orchard grass density was highest in the seeded and grazed and seeded and fenced treatments (more than 14, 000 plants/ac) and relatively high in the Velpar treatment (8,400 plants/ac). Pubescent wheatgrass established well in both seeded treatments (more than 24,000 plants/ac) and spread best to the grazed control (6,950 plants/ac). Ecologically, the introduced grasses had no major effect on the native plant community, and, economically, their effect was positive, although minor. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, Redding, CA 96001 USA. RP McDonald, PM (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, 2400 Washington Ave, Redding, CA 96001 USA. NR 23 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0885-6095 J9 WEST J APPL FOR JI West. J. Appl. For. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 17 IS 1 BP 31 EP 36 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 579NG UT WOS:000177184300005 ER PT J AU Twedt, DJ Linz, GM AF Twedt, DJ Linz, GM TI Morphometric changes in Yellow-headed Blackbirds during summer in central North Dakota SO WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE mass; molt; morphology; North Dakota; trend analysis; Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus; yellow-headed blackbird ID GEOGRAPHIC-VARIATION; AGE AB Temporal stability of morphometric measurements is desirable when using avian morphology as a predictor of geographic origin, Therefore, to assess their temporal stability, we examined changes in morphology of Yellow-headed Blackbirds (Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus) from central North Dakota during summer. Measurements differed,among age classes and between sexes. As expected, due to growth and maturation, measurements on hatching-year birds increased over summer. Measurements of adult plumage fluctuated with prebasic molt and exhibited age-specific discontinuities. Body mass of adult birds increased over summer, whereas both culmen length and skull length decreased. Only body length and length of internal skeletal elements were temporally stable in adult Yellow-headed Blackbirds. C1 USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Bismarck, ND 58501 USA. RP Twedt, DJ (reprint author), USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 2524 S Frontage Rd, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. OI Twedt, Daniel/0000-0003-1223-5045 NR 20 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV PI PROVO PA 290 LIFE SCIENCE MUSEUM, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 1527-0904 J9 WEST N AM NATURALIST JI West. North Am. Naturalist PD JAN PY 2002 VL 62 IS 1 BP 39 EP 43 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 525FP UT WOS:000174058500005 ER PT J AU Zuellig, RE Kondratieff, BC Rhodes, HA AF Zuellig, RE Kondratieff, BC Rhodes, HA TI Benthos recovery after an episodic sediment release into a Colorado Rocky Mountain River SO WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE sediment; recovery; benthic; macroinvertebrate; North Fork Cache la Poudre River; Colorado ID HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION; STREAM BENTHOS; PATTERNS; MACROINVERTEBRATES; RECOLONIZATION AB During late September 1996, approximately 7000 m(3) of clay- to gravel-sized sediment was flushed from Halligan Reservoir, Larimer County, Colorado, into the North Fork Cache la Poudre River during dam inspections. Approximately 9.6 km of this river was partially or completely affected by this episodic sediment release. Pools up to 3.2 km downstream from the dam lost 50% of their volume. Hess samples taken from October 1996 to September 1997, 100 m downstream from the dam (site 1) and 3.2 Ion downstream (site 2), revealed effects of sediment on recovery patterns of benthic communities. A 2-way ANOVA was used to determine significant interactions using site and date as main factors. Pairwise differences were then compared using least squares means to determine significant dates within and between sites, Ten days after the sediment release, both density and taxa richness at site 1 (55 organisms per m(2), 5 taxa) were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than site 2 (1156 organisms per m(2), 25 taxa). These differences remained until June when species richness and densities increased. Plecoptera and Trichoptera colonized from June to September after being eliminated at site I and reduced at site 2. No permanently flowing tributaries exist within the study area; therefore, passive downstream drift from such inputs apparently did not influence recovery. Increased densities of taxa. such as Baetidae, Hydroptilidae, Hydropsychidae, Chironomidae, Simuliidae, and Oligochaeta occurred plausibly by rapid reproduction. Based on pre-event data, community function completely changed at site 2 from a scraper community to one dominated by collector-gatherers. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Bioagr Sci & Pest Management, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Laramie, WY 82070 USA. RP Zuellig, RE (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 28 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 16 PU BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV PI PROVO PA 290 LIFE SCIENCE MUSEUM, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 1527-0904 J9 WEST N AM NATURALIST JI West. North Am. Naturalist PD JAN PY 2002 VL 62 IS 1 BP 59 EP 72 PG 14 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 525FP UT WOS:000174058500007 ER PT J AU Engeman, RM Pipas, MJ Gruver, KS Bourassa, J Allen, L AF Engeman, RM Pipas, MJ Gruver, KS Bourassa, J Allen, L TI Plot placement when using a passive tracking index to simultaneously monitor multiple species of animals SO WILDLIFE RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID COYOTE POPULATION; MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS; SOUTHERN TEXAS; ABUNDANCE AB We evaluated a passive tracking index (PTI) when plots were placed on lightly used dirt roads versus placement on naturally occurring bare ground in natural habitat. PTIs were calculated before and after removal of coyotes and some non-target species during another study that evaluated capture devices. Six mammals were simultaneously monitored with the PTI: coyotes, raccoons, white-tailed deer, feral swine, javelina, and rabbits. PTIs from road plots were significantly higher than from off-road plots, except for deer and javelina, for which no differences were detected. After removal of coyotes, PTIs were significantly lower, both from on-and off-road plots. For coyotes and raccoons, the decline in index values primarily reflected population reductions. For animals hunted for sport (deer, swine, javelina), population reductions were minor compared with coyotes, and their declines in index values likely reflected conditioned responses to the activity and shooting that accompanied evaluations of the capture devices. We conclude that the PTI is sensitive to changes in population or changes in activity in response to an event for a variety of species, and it is most useful when placed on lightly used dirt roads. C1 Wildlife Serv, USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Robert Wicks Res Ctr, Toowoomba, Qld 4350, Australia. RP Engeman, RM (reprint author), Wildlife Serv, USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 33 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU CSIRO PUBLISHING PI COLLINGWOOD PA 150 OXFORD ST, PO BOX 1139, COLLINGWOOD, VICTORIA 3066, AUSTRALIA SN 1035-3712 J9 WILDLIFE RES JI Wildl. Res. PY 2002 VL 29 IS 1 BP 85 EP 90 DI 10.1071/WR01046 PG 6 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 542AR UT WOS:000175021500008 ER PT J AU Groom, L Mott, L Shaler, S AF Groom, L Mott, L Shaler, S TI Mechanical properties of individual southern pine fibers. Part I. Determination and variability of stress-strain curves with respect to tree height and juvenility SO WOOD AND FIBER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE modulus of elasticity; ultimate tensile stress; juvenility; confocal scanning laser microscope; cross-sectional area; microfibril angle ID WOOD PULP FIBERS; SINGLE AB This paper is the first in a three-part series investigating the mechanical properties of loblolly pine fibers. This paper outlines the experimental method and subsequent variation of latewood fiber mechanical properties in relation to tree position. Subsequent papers will deal with differences between early-wood and latewood fibers and effect of juvenility and tree height on global fiber properties. In this paper, the mechanical properties were determined on individual wood fiber with a user-built tensile testing apparatus. Cross-sectional areas of post-tested fibers were determined with a confocal scanning laser microscope and used to convert acquired load-elongation curves into stress-strain curves. The modulus of elasticity and ultimate tensile stress of loblolly pine latewood fibers tested in this study ranged from 6.55 to 27.5 GPa and 410 to 1,422 MPa, respectively. Fibers from the juvenile core of the main stem were on the low end of the mechanical property scale, whereas fibers beyond the twentieth growth ring were near the high end of the scale. Coefficient of variation for fiber stiffness and strength averaged around 20 to 25%. The shape of the fiber stress-strain curves is dependent on their growth ring origins: Mature fibers were Linear from initial loading until failure, whereas juvenile fibers demonstrated curvilinearity until about 60% of maximum load followed by linear behavior to failure. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. Perstorp AB, Perstorp, Sweden. Univ Maine, Adv Composites Engn Lab, Orono, ME 04469 USA. RP Groom, L (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, 2500 Shreveport Hwy, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. NR 41 TC 84 Z9 102 U1 1 U2 8 PU SOC WOOD SCI TECHNOL PI MADISON PA ONE GIFFORD PINCHOT DR, MADISON, WI 53705 USA SN 0735-6161 J9 WOOD FIBER SCI JI Wood Fiber Sci. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 34 IS 1 BP 14 EP 27 PG 14 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood; Materials Science, Textiles SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 516ZC UT WOS:000173585800003 ER PT J AU Wiemann, MC Williamson, GB AF Wiemann, MC Williamson, GB TI Geographic variation in wood specific gravity: Effects of latitude, temperature, and precipitation SO WOOD AND FIBER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE specific gravity; climate; temperate woods; tropical woods; temperature; precipitation; biomass ID TROPICAL FORESTS; GRADIENTS; BIOMASS; TREES; AMAZON AB Wood basic specific gravity (SG) was compared at sites located along a gradient from 52degreesN latitude to the equator. Mean SG increased by 0.0049 per degreesC mean annual temperature (MAT), and decreased by 0.00017 per cm of mean annual precipitation (MAP). Considered alone, MAT was a better predictor of mean SG across the temperate zone (3-22degreesC MAT, latitude north of 29degreesN; r(2) = 0.80) than it was across the entire MAT range (r(2) = 0.62) or across warm tropical sites alone (MAT > 23degreesC; r(2) = 0.33, p = 0.67). In contrast, MAP considered alone was a better predictor of mean SG in the warm tropical sites (r(2) = 0.62) than across all sites (r(2) = 0.04, p = 0.39). Variability in SG among the sites was compared using two measures of dispersion: range and standard deviation. As MAT increased across the temperate zone, maximum SG increased and minimum SG remained constant, resulting in an increase in SG range; SG standard deviation, however, remained constant. Both SG range and SG standard deviation increased dramatically in the warm tropical zone relative to the temperate zone, demonstrating that variability in SG in the warm tropics is much greater than would be predicted from greater species richness alone. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, Princeton, WV 24740 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Natl Inst Amazonian Res, INPA, Biol Dynam Forest Fragments Project, BR-69011970 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. RP Wiemann, MC (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, Princeton, WV 24740 USA. NR 59 TC 53 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 10 PU SOC WOOD SCI TECHNOL PI MADISON PA ONE GIFFORD PINCHOT DR, MADISON, WI 53705 USA SN 0735-6161 J9 WOOD FIBER SCI JI Wood Fiber Sci. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 34 IS 1 BP 96 EP 107 PG 12 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood; Materials Science, Textiles SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 516ZC UT WOS:000173585800009 ER PT J AU Myers, GC AF Myers, GC TI Thermomechanical pulping of loblolly pine juvenile wood SO WOOD AND FIBER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE loblolly pine; Pinus taeda; mature wood; juvenile wood; mechanical pulping; thermomechanical pulping; pulp properties; paper properties ID REFINING INTENSITY; TMP AB Intensive forest management, with a heavy emphasis on ecosystem management and restoring or maintaining forest health, will result in the removal of smaller diameter materials from the forest. This increases the probability of higher juvenile wood content in the harvested materials. The purpose of this study was to compare the performance of loblolly pine juvenile and mature wood unbleached thermomechanical pulp (TMP). The TMPs were prepared without screening (unscreened TMP) and after screening (screened TMP). Pulp and paper properties were tested. Paper made from screened juvenile and mature wood TMP had better properties than those of paper made from unscreencd juvenile and mature wood TMP. The results also show that screened juvenile wood TMP consumed a large amount of electrical energy to produce a long-fibered pulp with low fines content and low coarseness. It might be possible to substitute the screened juvenile wood TMP for some of the reinforcing kraft pulp needed to manufacture newsprint and printing and writing papers. This could lower production costs of these paper grades. C1 USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Forest Serv, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Myers, GC (reprint author), USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Forest Serv, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 10 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC WOOD SCI TECHNOL PI MADISON PA ONE GIFFORD PINCHOT DR, MADISON, WI 53705 USA SN 0735-6161 J9 WOOD FIBER SCI JI Wood Fiber Sci. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 34 IS 1 BP 108 EP 115 PG 8 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood; Materials Science, Textiles SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 516ZC UT WOS:000173585800010 ER PT J AU Kabir, MF Schmoldt, DL Schafer, ME AF Kabir, MF Schmoldt, DL Schafer, ME TI Time domain ultrasonic signal characterization for defects in thin unsurfaced hardwood lumber SO WOOD AND FIBER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE ultrasonic scanning, transducer, time-of-flight, wood defects; nondestructive evaluation ID PALLET PARTS; WOOD AB One of the major users of thin, unsurfaced hardwood lumber is the pallet manufacturing industry. Almost all manufactured products spend part of their life cycle on a pallet during transportation, This makes pallets a critical component of both the transportation and manufacturing sectors of the economy. Many newly constructed wooden pallets, however, are not currently manufactured to deliver the best performance (strength, durability, and safety)-despite interest by pallet users and pallet manufacturers-because manual grading and sorting of parts is impractical due to processing speeds and volume, labor costs, and laborer skill. This paper describes initial work aiming to create an automated grading/sorting system for hardwood pallet parts using ultrasonic. Experiments were conducted on yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera, L.) and red oak (Quercus rubra, L.) deckboards using pressure-contact, rolling transducers in a pitch-catch arrangement. Sound and unsound knots, cross grain, bark pockets, holes, splits, and decay were characterized using six ultrasound variables calculated from the received waveforms. Our scanning system shows good data-collection repeatability, and scanning rate has little effect on the calculated variables. For each defect type, at least one ultrasonic variable demonstrated significant capability to discriminate between that defect and clear wood. Energy loss variables exhibited the greatest sensitivity to many defect types. Based on the empirical relationships identified in this study, we are now developing models to classify defects using ultrasonic signal characteristics. Scanning properties of the prototype apparatus suggest that it can readily be translated into a commercial product. C1 Virginia Tech, Dept Wood Sci & Forest Prod, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Dept Biol Syst Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Perceptron Inc, Div Forest Prod, Ultrasound Technol Grp, Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462 USA. RP Kabir, MF (reprint author), Virginia Tech, Dept Wood Sci & Forest Prod, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NR 21 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC WOOD SCI TECHNOL PI MADISON PA ONE GIFFORD PINCHOT DR, MADISON, WI 53705 USA SN 0735-6161 J9 WOOD FIBER SCI JI Wood Fiber Sci. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 34 IS 1 BP 165 EP 182 PG 18 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood; Materials Science, Textiles SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 516ZC UT WOS:000173585800016 ER PT J AU Newman, C AF Newman, C TI Gender, time use, and change: The impact of the cut flower industry in Ecuador SO WORLD BANK ECONOMIC REVIEW LA English DT Article ID HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTION; LABOR; REGRESSION; ALLOCATION; MODELS AB This article uses survey data from Ecuador to examine the effects of women's employment on the allocation of paid and unpaid labor within the household. I compare a region with high demand for female labor with a similar region in which demand for female labor is low. The comparison suggests that market labor opportunities for women have no effect on women's total time in labor but increase men's time in unpaid labor. The increase in men's time in unpaid work reflects women's increased bargaining power in the home. C1 Econ Res Serv, Food & Rural Econ Div, USDA, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Newman, C (reprint author), Econ Res Serv, Food & Rural Econ Div, USDA, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 23 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0258-6770 J9 WORLD BANK ECON REV JI World Bank Econ. Rev. PY 2002 VL 16 IS 3 BP 375 EP 395 DI 10.1093/wber/lhf006 PG 21 WC Business, Finance; Economics; Planning & Development SC Business & Economics; Public Administration GA 651WA UT WOS:000181344100003 ER PT J AU Scheffler, BE Michel, A Scheffler, JA Duke, SO AF Scheffler, BE Michel, A Scheffler, JA Duke, SO TI Molecular methods in weed science SO ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PFLANZENKRANKHEITEN UND PFLANZENSCHUTZ-JOURNAL OF PLANT DISEASES AND PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE molecular marker; microarray; reverse genetics; herbicide resistance; interference; allelopathy AB Weed science is entering a renaissance period as molecular biology techniques are being incorporated with traditional approaches to provide a better understanding of weed biology and ecology. Already, herbicide-resistant crops have dramatically changed agricultural practices and have resulted in the promotion of no tillage cropping schemes. Molecular markers are being used to understand the distribution of weeds and their population dynamics. Standard molecular biology techniques have proven to be fundamental in determining some forms of naturally occurring, herbicide-resistant weeds. The determination of the mode of action of herbicides will be greatly enhanced by the application of DNA microarrays and reverse genetic approaches. Molecular approaches are also being applied to the production of phytotoxins, which should eventually lead to the development and use of practical allelopathic crops. This paper provides an overview on how molecular biology approaches are or will be applied to weed science. C1 ARS, USDA, NPURU, Nat Prod Ctr, University, MS 38677 USA. ARS, USDA, CGPR, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Scheffler, BE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, NPURU, Nat Prod Ctr, POB 8048, University, MS 38677 USA. EM bscheffler@ars.usda.gov NR 69 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU EUGEN ULMER GMBH CO PI STUTTGART PA POSTFACH 700561 WOLLGRASWEG 41, D-70599 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0340-8159 J9 Z PFLANZENK PFLANZEN JI Z. Pflanzenk. Pflanzens.-J. Plant Dis. Prot. PY 2002 SI 18 BP 45 EP 56 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA V41ZD UT WOS:000202836900003 ER PT J AU Farr, DF Castlebury, LA Rossman, AY Erincik, O AF Farr, DF Castlebury, LA Rossman, AY Erincik, O TI Greeneria uvicola, cause of bitter rot of grapes, belongs in the Diaporthales SO SYDOWIA LA English DT Article DE anamorph; Diaporthe; Discula; Harpophora; Magnaporthaceae; mitotic fungi; Valsa AB Bitter rot of grapes, a cosmopolitan disease, is caused by Greeneria uvicola, an asexually reproducing fungus with no known sexual state. Based on molecular sequence data, specifically the large subunit of the nuclear ribosomal DNA, it was determined that G. uvicola is a member of the Diaporthales. Greeneria uvicola is re-described and illustrated based on two recent collections and comparison with an authentic specimen. Data are also presented that suggest the family Magnaporthaceae, including Magnaporthe grisea (anamorph: Pyricularia grisea) and Gaeumannomyces graminis (anamorph: Harpophora sp.), plant pathogens of wheat, rice, and other grass crops, should be excluded from the Diaporthales. C1 USDA ARS, Syst Bot & Mycol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. RP Farr, DF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Syst Bot & Mycol Lab, 10300 Baltimore Blvd, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 32 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU VERLAG FERDINAND BERGER SOHNE GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI HORN PA WIENER STRASSE 21-23, 3580 HORN, AUSTRIA SN 0082-0598 J9 SYDOWIA JI Sydowia PD DEC 31 PY 2001 VL 53 IS 2 BP 185 EP 199 PG 15 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 506UD UT WOS:000172989400001 ER PT J AU Anderson, RC Callaway, TR Buckley, SA Anderson, TJ Genovese, KJ Sheffield, CL Nisbet, DJ AF Anderson, RC Callaway, TR Buckley, SA Anderson, TJ Genovese, KJ Sheffield, CL Nisbet, DJ TI Effect of oral sodium chlorate administration on Escherichia coli O157 : H7 in the gut of experimentally infected pigs SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Escherichia coli O157 : H-7; preharvest control; chlorate; swine ID HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC SYNDROME; PREVALENCE; LACTOSE; CATTLE AB Strategies are sought to reduce pathogenic Escherichia coli concentrations in food animals. Because E. coli possess respiratory nitrate reductase activity, which also reduces chlorate to cytotoxic chlorite, we tested and found that oral sodium chlorate administration reduced gut concentrations of E. coli O157:H7 in experimentally infected pigs and wildtype E. coli concentrations in nonchallenged pigs. Mean +/- S.E. concentrations (log(10) CFU/g) of E. coli O157:H7 in ileal, cecal, colonic and rectal contents from placebo-treated pigs were 4.03 +/- 0.66, 3.82 +/- 0.24, 4.42 +/- 0.25 and 4.03 +/- 0.16, respectively. In contrast, E. coli O157:H7 concentrations were reduced (P < 0.05) in ileal (1.56 +/- 0.22), cecal (2.65 +/- 0.38), colonic (3.05 +/- 0.38) and rectal (3.00 +/- 0.29) contents from pigs orally administered three successive (8 h apart) 10-ml doses of 100 mM chlorate. Wildtype E. coli concentrations in out contents of non-E. coli O157:H7-challenged pigs likewise treated with chlorate were reduced by 1.1 to 4.5 log(10) units compared to concentrations in placebo-treated pigs, which exceeded 6.0 log(10) CFU/g. As before, the reductions were greater in anterior regions of the out than regions more caudal. Similar treatment of E. coli O157:H7-challenged pigs with 200 mM chlorate caused reductions in gut concentrations of E. coli O157:H7; however, the reductions were not necessarily greater than those achieved with the 100 mM chlorate treatment. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, Food & Feed Safety Res Unit, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Anderson, RC (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, Food & Feed Safety Res Unit, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 23 TC 38 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1605 J9 INT J FOOD MICROBIOL JI Int. J. Food Microbiol. PD DEC 30 PY 2001 VL 71 IS 2-3 BP 125 EP 130 DI 10.1016/S0168-1605(01)00562-1 PG 6 WC Food Science & Technology; Microbiology SC Food Science & Technology; Microbiology GA 508CG UT WOS:000173069200002 PM 11789929 ER PT J AU Figarola, JL Skoda, SR Berkebile, DR Foster, JE AF Figarola, JL Skoda, SR Berkebile, DR Foster, JE TI Identification of screwworms, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel) (Diptera : Calliphoridae), with a monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (MAb-ELISA) SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE monoclonal antibody; ELISA; Cochliomyia; screwworm ID MYIASIS; FLY AB Myiasis caused by screwworms, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), is devastating to warm-blooded animals and economically important to livestock producers. It is difficult to distinguish these pests, immature screwworms, from immatures of other non-pest fly species that often occur in animal wounds; it would be helpful to have tools available that do not rely on morphological characteristics. We developed two monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), highly specific for the screwworm, and used them in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (MAb-ELISA), that differentiated screwworm eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults from those of the closely related secondary screwworm, C. macellaria (Fabricius) as well as Phormia regina (Meigen), Phaenicia sericata (Meigen), Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy, and Chrylsomya rufifacies (Macquart). In a blind study, the microplate MAb-ELISA, which took about 4 h to complete, displayed high specificity (99%), sensitivity (92%) and overall accuracy (97%) in distinguishing all life stages of the screwworm. Electrophoresis results suggested that the two monoclonal antibodies recognized identical conformational epitopes present in all screwworm life stages. The screwworm eradication program, successful in eradicating this pest from the US, Mexico, most of Central America and Libya (after an accidental introduction), could benefit in future eradication, surveillance, and exclusion efforts by developing a reliable field identification kit based on MAb-ELISA that accurately and quickly distinguished cases of screwworm myiasis. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Insect Genet Lab, Dept Entomol,Midwest Livestock Insects Res Unit, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Skoda, SR (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Insect Genet Lab, Dept Entomol,Midwest Livestock Insects Res Unit, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 36 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD DEC 28 PY 2001 VL 102 IS 4 BP 341 EP 354 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(01)00538-6 PG 14 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 502YV UT WOS:000172771100008 PM 11731077 ER PT J AU Andresen, JA McCullough, DG Potter, BE Koller, CN Bauer, LS Lusch, DP Ramm, CW AF Andresen, JA McCullough, DG Potter, BE Koller, CN Bauer, LS Lusch, DP Ramm, CW TI Effects of winter temperatures on gypsy moth egg masses in the Great Lakes region of the United States SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE gypsy moth; forest microclimate; wintertime conditions; insect phenology ID LYMANTRIA-DISPAR; PHENOLOGICAL MODEL; NORTH-AMERICA; LEPIDOPTERA; MORTALITY; FOREST; MICROCLIMATE; SITE; AIR AB Accurate prediction of winter survival of gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) eggs and phenology of egg hatch in spring are strongly dependent on temperature and are critical aspects of gypsy moth management programs. We monitored internal temperatures of egg masses at three heights aboveground level and at the four cardinal aspects on oak tree stems at two different locations in Michigan during the winter seasons of 1997/1998, 1998/1999 and 1999/2000. Effects of aspect were more strongly associated with observed egg mass temperatures than height above the ground surface. Instantaneous differences between egg mass temperatures on sunny days were as high as 30 degreesC greater on the southern aspect vs. eg mass temperatures on other aspects, resulting in substantial differences in pre-hatch growing degree accumulations for egg masses on a single tree. Egg masses on southern and western aspects, where solar loading and temperatures were greatest, experienced substantial mortality. Mean survival of eggs averaged across the three seasons was less than 25% on southern and western aspects, compared with averages of 53 and 73% on eastern and northern aspects, respectively. Linear regression of mean monthly egg mass-air temperature differences (between north and south aspects) and mean daily solar flux density resulted in slope coefficient estimates of 0.13 and 0.21 degreesC MJ m(-2), and correlation coefficients of 0.81 and 0.82 at the two field locations, respectively. Using a simple egg mass hatch phenological model, such dissimilarities in temperature and growing degree day accumulation resulted in differences in estimated egg hatch dates of up to 25 days. Snow cover moderated egg mass temperature, with extreme seasonal ininimum winter temperatures under snow cover as much as 7.1 degreesC warmer than those without snow cover. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Geog, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Entomol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. USDA Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Forestry, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Andresen, JA (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Geog, Room 315,Natl Sci Bldg, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NR 45 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD DEC 27 PY 2001 VL 110 IS 2 BP 85 EP 100 DI 10.1016/S0168-1923(01)00282-9 PG 16 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 512PX UT WOS:000173333700002 ER PT J AU Matthews, KR Pope, KL Preisler, HK Knapp, RA AF Matthews, KR Pope, KL Preisler, HK Knapp, RA TI Effects of nonnative trout on Pacific treefrogs (Hyla regilla) in the Sierra Nevada SO COPEIA LA English DT Article ID POPULATION DECLINES; CALIFORNIA; FISH; LAKES; FROG AB We used analyses based on surveys of > 1700 water bodies in a 100,000-ha area in the John Muir Wilderness (JMW) and Kings Canyon National Park (KCNP) to determine the influence of normative trout on the distribution and abundance of Hyla regilla in the High Sierra Nevada. At the landscape scale (JMW compared to KCNP), a negative relationship between trout and frogs in lakes was evident. In the JMW study area where trout are more abundant, only 7.2% of all water bodies contained H. regilla versus 26.6% in the KCNP study area. Also, the percentage of the total water body surface area containing H. regilla was 19.4 times higher in the KCNP study area than in the JMW study area. Hyla regilla were most abundant in portions of KCNP where the probability of finding lakes with trout is lowest and least abundant in the northern part of the JMW where the probability of finding lakes with trout is highest. At the water body scale, after accounting for the effects of all significant habitat and isolation variables, the odds of finding H. regilla in water bodies with no trout was 2.4 times greater than in water bodies with trout, and the expected number of H. regilla in water bodies with H. regilla and without trout was 3.7 times greater than in water bodies with both H. regilla and trout. Hyla regilla were significantly more Rely to be found at the lower elevations (3000-3400 m) compared to higher elevations (3400-3800 m) and in shallow water bodies with high percentages of silt in near-shore habitats. Our study demonstrates a negative relationship between fish presence and H. regilla distribution and abundance in lakes and suggests that H. regilla has declined in portions of the High Sierra with high numbers of trout-containing lakes. It adds an additional native species to the mounting evidence of landscape-scale declines of native species resulting from the introduction of predatory fish. C1 USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Berkeley, CA 94701 USA. Univ Calif, Sierra Nevada Aquat Res Lab, Mammoth Lakes, CA 93546 USA. RP Matthews, KR (reprint author), USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Box 245, Berkeley, CA 94701 USA. RI Knapp, Roland/B-1337-2009; Matthews, Kathleen/G-8773-2012 OI Knapp, Roland/0000-0002-1954-2745; NR 30 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC ICHTHYOLOGISTS HERPETOLOGISTS PI CHARLESTON PA UNIV CHARLESTON, GRICE MARINE LABORATORY, 205 FORT JOHNSON RD, CHARLESTON, SC 29412 USA SN 0045-8511 J9 COPEIA JI Copeia PD DEC 20 PY 2001 IS 4 BP 1130 EP 1137 DI 10.1643/0045-8511(2001)001[1130:EONTOP]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 508EM UT WOS:000173075800027 ER PT J AU Lee, CC Wong, DWS Robertson, GH AF Lee, CC Wong, DWS Robertson, GH TI Cloning and characterization of two cellulase genes from Lentinula edodes SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE cellulose; cellulase; mRNA; rapid amplification of cDNA ends-PCR; cloning; Lentinula edodes ID TRICHODERMA-REESEI; AGARICUS-BISPORUS; CELLOBIOHYDROLASE-I; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; CARBON SOURCE; DEGRADATION; EXPRESSION; DOMAIN AB Lentinula edodes has traditionally been grown on fallen logs. It produces a wide array of enzymes to digest the lignocellulolytic substrate for nutrients. Thus, this organism represents a rich source of potentially potent lignocellulolytic enzymes that can be harnessed for conversion of biomass to simple sugars. These sugars can then be used as feedstock for ethanol production or other chemical syntheses. We have cloned two cellulase genes from L. edodes grown on a wood substrate without the use of genomic or cDNA libraries by using a PCR-based strategy employing degenerate primers directed at the cellulose-binding domain. cel7A encoded a 516-amino acid protein that belonged to glycosyl hydrolase family 7 and had sequence similarities to cbhI genes from other fungi. cel6B encoded a 444-amino acid protein that belonged to glycosyl hydrolase family 6 and had sequence similarities to cbhII genes from other fungi. We demonstrated that cel7A and cel6B transcript levels were positively correlated to L. edodes growth in the presence of crystalline cellulose. (C) 2001 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Wong, DWS (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 24 TC 17 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1097 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL LETT JI FEMS Microbiol. Lett. PD DEC 18 PY 2001 VL 205 IS 2 BP 355 EP 360 DI 10.1016/S0378-1097(01)00500-6 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 504XN UT WOS:000172881600032 PM 11750827 ER PT J AU Cowan, JJ Bailey, AJ Heintz, RA Do, BT Hardeastle, KI Hill, CL Weinstock, IA AF Cowan, JJ Bailey, AJ Heintz, RA Do, BT Hardeastle, KI Hill, CL Weinstock, IA TI Formation, isomerization, and derivatization of Keggin tungstoaluminates SO INORGANIC CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID VIBRATIONAL INVESTIGATIONS; POLYOXOTUNGSTATES; MOLYBDENUM(VI); EQUILIBRIA; STABILITY; ION; NMR AB Trends in the stability of alpha- and beta -Keggin heteropolytungstates of the second-row main-group heteroatoms Al(III). Si(IV), and P(V) are elaborated by data that establish the roles of kinetic and thermodynamic control in the formation and isomerization of Keggin tungstoaluminates. Slow, room-temperature co-condensation of AI(III) and W(VI) (2:11 molar ratio) in water gives a pH 7 solution containing beta (1) and beta (2) isomers of [Al(AlOH2)W11O39](6-) (beta (1)- and beta (2)-1). Partial equilibration of this kinetic product Mixture by gentle heating (2 h at 100 degreesC) or, alternatively, co-condensation of Al(III) and W(VI) for 2.5 h at 100 degreesC both give mixtures of beta (2)-, beta (3)-, and alpha -1. Full equilibration, by prolonged heating (25 days at 100 degreesC). gives an isomerically pure solution of alpha -1. thus demonstrating that isomerization occurs in the direction beta (1) --> beta (2) --> beta (3) --> alpha. Furthermore, kinetically controlled conversions of 1 to H-5[AlW12O40] (2)-achieved by heating pH 0-0.2 solutions of 1 for 5 days at 100 degreesC-occur with retention of isomeric integrity, such that alpha -1 is converted to alpha -2 (92%: 8% beta), while mixtures of beta (2)- and beta (3)-1 are converted to beta -2 (87%: 13% alpha), These data. when combined with previously reported observations (equilibria between alpha- and beta -2, kinetically controlled hydrolyses of alpha -2 to alpha-[AlW11O39](9-) (alpha -3) and of beta -2 to beta (2)-3, and equilibria between beta (3)- and alpha -3), provide a comprehensive Picture regarding the roles of kinetic and thermodynamic control. Finally. a general method for preparation of the isomerically pure derivatives alpha -K9-n[AlMn+W11O39] (4), Mn+ = Al(III). [(VO)-O-IV](2+), [(VO)-O-V](3+). Mn(II). Mn(III). Mn(IV), Cot(II), and Co(III), is provided. The presence of Mn(IV) is confirmed by cyclic voltammetry. pK(a) values of the aquo ligands oil 4 are determined by pH titration, and the isomeric structure of these derivatives is established by Al-27, V-51. and W-183 NMR and IR spectroscopies and X-ray crystallography. C1 Emory Univ, Dept Chem, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Hill, CL (reprint author), Emory Univ, Dept Chem, 1515 Pierce Dr, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. NR 33 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 5 U2 24 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0020-1669 J9 INORG CHEM JI Inorg. Chem. PD DEC 17 PY 2001 VL 40 IS 26 BP 6666 EP 6675 DI 10.1021/ic0106120 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear SC Chemistry GA 502NH UT WOS:000172749300020 PM 11735477 ER PT J AU Donskey, CJ Hume, ME Callaway, TR Das, SM Hoyen, CK Rice, LB AF Donskey, CJ Hume, ME Callaway, TR Das, SM Hoyen, CK Rice, LB TI Inhibition of vancomycin-resistant enterococci by an in vitro continuous-flow competitive exclusion culture containing human stool flora SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID MOUSE GASTROINTESTINAL-TRACT; BACTERIA; NUTRIENTS; FAECIUM AB An in vitro anaerobic continuous-flow competitive exclusion (CFCE) culture model was used to study the ability of human stool flora to inhibit the growth of vancomycin-resistant (VR) enterococci (VRE). The CFCE culture was established from a stool sample obtained from a healthy adult. When 10(3) or 10(6) cfu/mL of VR Enterococcus faecium were added to the CFCE culture, the VRE were eliminated within 6 or 9 days, respectively. When 10(7) cfu/mL of the CFCE culture was added to a continuous-flow culture that contained 10(7) cfu/mL of VRE, the density of VRE was reduced but not eliminated. These data support the hypothesis that the indigenous intestinal flora inhibit growth of VRE and suggest that CFCE cultures may be a useful means to study interactions between the indigenous flora and VRE. C1 Louis Stokes Cleveland Dept Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Infect Dis Sect 111 W, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Louis Stokes Cleveland Dept Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Med Serv, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Rainbow Babies & Childrens Hosp, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. ARS, USDA, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, Food & Feed Safety Res Unit, College Stn, TX USA. RP Donskey, CJ (reprint author), Louis Stokes Cleveland Dept Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Infect Dis Sect 111 W, 10701 E Blvd, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. NR 15 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD DEC 15 PY 2001 VL 184 IS 12 BP 1624 EP 1627 DI 10.1086/324533 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 498ZW UT WOS:000172545000020 PM 11740742 ER PT J AU Schnell, RJ Olano, CT Campbell, RJ Brown, JS AF Schnell, RJ Olano, CT Campbell, RJ Brown, JS TI AFLP analysis of genetic diversity within a jackfruit germplasm collection SO SCIENTIA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Article DE Artocarpus; jackfruit; genetic diversity; AFLP; PCR; molecular markers ID MARKERS AB Twenty-six jackfruit accessions, one interspecific hybrid, champedak, and one breadfruit accession were analyzed using amplified fragment length polymorphic (AFLP) markers to determine the degree of genetic diversity within the Fairchild Tropical Garden (FTG) germplasm. collection. Of the 30 primer pairs evaluated, 12 were identified for collection screening based on Dumber and quality of polymorphic fragments. A total of 187 AFLP markers were scored using the 12 primer pairs, 92 (49.2%) being polymorphic. All accessions could be uniquely identified using the 12 primer pairs. Among the jackfruit accessions, similarity coefficients ranged from 0.567 to 0.950; the accessions also shared a large number of monomorphic fragments (54.9%). Cluster analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) grouped all of the jackfruit accessions with southeast Asian origins into one major cluster with little bootstrap support for groupings within the cluster. The Indian accessions were grouped in a different cluster, as did the hybrid and the breadfruit accession. The AFLP marker based analysis indicates that limited genetic diversity exists within this collection. These observations are in agreement with the phenotypic evaluation and suggest that new accessions be obtained from the center of origin for the species. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Germplasm Repository, Miami, FL 33158 USA. Fairchild Trop Garden, Miami, FL 33156 USA. RP Schnell, RJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Germplasm Repository, 13601 Old Cutler Rd, Miami, FL 33158 USA. NR 17 TC 21 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4238 J9 SCI HORTIC-AMSTERDAM JI Sci. Hortic. PD DEC 14 PY 2001 VL 91 IS 3-4 BP 261 EP 274 DI 10.1016/S0304-4238(01)00270-9 PG 14 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 495AK UT WOS:000172317900007 ER PT J AU Silva, JCR Ogassawara, S Adania, CH Ferreira, F Gennari, SM Dubey, JP Ferreira-Neto, JS AF Silva, JCR Ogassawara, S Adania, CH Ferreira, F Gennari, SM Dubey, JP Ferreira-Neto, JS TI Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in captive neotropical felids from Brazil SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Toxoplasma gondii; seroprevalence; neotropical felids; zoological parks; Brazil ID SEROLOGICAL EVIDENCE; VANCOUVER-ISLAND; EXOTIC MAMMALS; TISSUE CYSTS; CATS; OOCYSTS; INFECTION; DIAGNOSIS; PREVALENCE; ANTIBODIES AB Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii was determined in 865 captive neotropical felids from 20 states from Brazil, sampled from September 1995 to April 1997. Sera were tested by the modified agglutination test (MAT) using formalin-fixed whole tachyzoites and mercaptoethanol. Antibodies (MAT greater than or equal to 1 : 20) to T. gondii were found in 472 of 865 (54.6%) cats: in 45 of 99 (45.9%) jaguarundis (Herpailurus yagouaroundi), in 97 of 168 (57.7%) ocelots (Leopardus pardalis), in 68 of 131 (51.9%) oncillas (L. tigrinus), in 35 of 63 (55.5%) margays (L. wiedii), in 1 of 8 (12.5%) Pampas-cat (Oncifelis colocolo), in 9 of 12 (75.0%) Geoffroys-cat (O. geoffroyi), in 134 of 212 (63.2%) jaguars (Panthera onca), and in 83 of 172 (48.2%) pumas (Puma concolor). Antibody titers were: 1:20 in 27 felids, 1:25 in 142 felids, 1:40 in 6 felids, 1:50 in 292 felids, and greater than or equal to 1:500 in 5 felids. The high seroprevalence of T gondii antibodies found in the present study suggested a widespread exposure of neotropical cats to T gondii in zoos in Brazil. The results warrant an investigation on the mode of exposure and oocyst shedding by neotropical cats. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Med Vet & Zootecn, VPS, Dept Med Vet Prevent & Saude Anim, BR-05508000 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. ASSOCIACAO MATA CILIAR, BR-13208990 Jundiai, SP, Brazil. Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Med Vet & Zootecn, Dept Reprod Anim, BR-05508000 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. USDA ARS, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Syst Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Silva, JCR (reprint author), Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Med Vet & Zootecn, VPS, Dept Med Vet Prevent & Saude Anim, BR-05508000 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. EM jcramos@usp.br RI Gennari, Solange/K-2447-2012; Ferreira, Fernando/C-9038-2013 OI Gennari, Solange/0000-0001-7500-5277; Ferreira, Fernando/0000-0002-9160-7355 NR 33 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 EI 1873-2550 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD DEC 13 PY 2001 VL 102 IS 3 BP 217 EP 224 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(01)00523-4 PG 8 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 502PX UT WOS:000172752900005 PM 11777601 ER PT J AU Kohler, A Abbaspour, KC Fritsch, M van Genuchten, MT Schulin, R AF Kohler, A Abbaspour, KC Fritsch, M van Genuchten, MT Schulin, R TI Simulating unsaturated flow and transport in a macroporous soil to tile drains subject to an entrance head: model development and preliminary evaluation SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE unsaturated soil; preferential flow and transport; macroporous soil; tile drain; entrance head; modeling ID POROUS-MEDIA; HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; IRRIGATED FIELD; MOVEMENT; WATER AB Accurate prediction of water flow and chemical transport in agricultural soil profiles requires the use of a simulation model that considers the most important physical, hydrological and chemical processes, Two important flow-related processes in tile-drained field systems are macropore flow and water discharge from the tile drains. To better account for these two processes, we extended an existing two-dimensional model (SWMS_2D) by adding a macropore flow component as well as a Hooghoudt type boundary condition that considers the presence of an entrance head at the tile drain. The macropore component is necessary to account for water and solutes short-circuiting the soil matrix, while the drainage entrance head is needed to account for the contraction of streamlines around the drains, a feature that causes delayed discharge. The applicability of the new model to a landfill problem was examined. The simulation results, which included water flow and solute transport, compared well with other models. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Swiss Fed Inst Environm Sci & Technol, EAWAG, CH-8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland. ETH Honggerberg, Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Dept Land & Water Management, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland. Bob Partners GmbH, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland. USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Dept Soil Protect, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland. RP Abbaspour, KC (reprint author), Swiss Fed Inst Environm Sci & Technol, EAWAG, CH-8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland. RI van Genuchten, Martinus/K-6892-2013 OI van Genuchten, Martinus/0000-0003-1654-8858 NR 33 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD DEC 10 PY 2001 VL 254 IS 1-4 BP 67 EP 81 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(01)00499-1 PG 15 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 496GK UT WOS:000172387700005 ER PT J AU Castaneda, C Gordon, PL Uhlin, KL Levey, AS Kehayias, JJ Dwyer, JT Fielding, RA Roubenoff, R Singh, MF AF Castaneda, C Gordon, PL Uhlin, KL Levey, AS Kehayias, JJ Dwyer, JT Fielding, RA Roubenoff, R Singh, MF TI Resistance training to counteract the catabolism of a low-protein diet in patients with chronic renal insufficiency - A randomized, controlled trial SO ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID SKELETAL-MUSCLE; NUTRITIONAL-STATUS; BODY-COMPOSITION; ELDERLY WOMEN; WEIGHT-LOSS; EXERCISE; FAILURE; DISEASE; RESTRICTION; PROGRESSION AB Background: Chronic renal insufficiency leads to muscle wasting, which may be exacerbated by low-protein diets prescribed to delay disease progression. Resistance training increases protein utilization and muscle mass. Objective: To determine the efficacy of resistance training in improving protein utilization and muscle mass in patients with chronic renal insufficiency treated with a low-protein diet. Design: Randomized, controlled trial. Setting: Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts. Patients: 26 older patients with moderate renal insufficiency (17 men, 9 women) who had achieved stabilization on a low-protein diet. Intervention: During a run-in period of 2 to 8 weeks, patients were instructed and their adherence to the low-protein diet (0.6 g/kg of body weight per day) was evaluated. They were randomly assigned to a low-protein diet plus resistance training (n = 14) or a low-protein diet alone (n = 12) for 12 weeks. Measurements: Total body potassium, mid-thigh muscle area, type I and II muscle-fiber cross-sectional area, and protein turnover. Results: Mean protein intake was 0.64 +/- 0.07 g/kg per day after stabilization. Total body potassium and type I and II muscle-fiber cross-sectional areas increased in patients who performed resistance training by a mean (+/- SD) of 4% +/- 8%, 24% +/- 31%, and 22% +/- 29%, respectively, compared with those who did not. Leucine oxidation and serum prealbumin levels also improved significantly. Patients assigned to resistance training maintained body weight compared with those who were not. Improvement in muscle strength was significantly greater with resistance training (32% +/- 14%) than without (-13% +/- 20%) (P < 0.001). Conclusion: By improving muscle mass, nutritional status, and function, resistance training seems to be effective against the catabolism of a low-protein diet and uremia in patients with renal failure. C1 Tufts Univ, New England Med Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Boston Univ, Sargent Coll Hlth & Rehabil Sci, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Univ Sidney, Lidcombe, NSW, Australia. RP Castaneda, C (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. OI Dwyer, Johanna/0000-0002-0783-1769 FU NIA NIH HHS [R01 AG13457] NR 43 TC 110 Z9 110 U1 3 U2 7 PU AMER COLL PHYSICIANS PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE MALL WEST 6TH AND RACE ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-1572 USA SN 0003-4819 J9 ANN INTERN MED JI Ann. Intern. Med. PD DEC 4 PY 2001 VL 135 IS 11 BP 965 EP 976 PG 12 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 498PN UT WOS:000172520000003 PM 11730397 ER PT J AU Meissner, JD Mecham, JO Wilson, WC AF Meissner, JD Mecham, JO Wilson, WC TI Verification of bluetongue virus S9 segment nucleotide sequences SO VIRUS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE bluetongue virus S9 segment; orbivirus; verification ID HEMORRHAGIC-DISEASE VIRUS; UNITED-STATES; GENE; SEROTYPE-10; NEUTRALIZATION; REASSORTMENT; INFECTION; PROTEIN; ORIGIN; HOST AB During the course of our bluetongue virus (BTV) nucleic acid sequence investigations, conflicts among United States (US) prototype BTV S9 genome segment sequences deposited in GenBank were noted. In order to rectify these inter-laboratory discrepancies, the S9 segments of Arthropod-borne Animal Diseases Research Laboratory (ABADRL)-stored US prototype BTV 2, BTV 10, BTV 11, BTV 13, and BTV 17 isolates were resequenced. Our S9 sequences, determined by direct sequencing of full-length reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) generated amplicons, shared 99% or greater nucleotide identity with one or more respective S9 sequences previously reported. Possible sources of remaining unsupported US prototype BTV S9 sequences were evaluated by amplifying and sequencing the S9 segments of BTV 2 Ona A strain, South African (SA) prototype BTV 1, BTV 2, and BTV 4 strains, and the North American (NA) prototype epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) serotype 2 (Alberta) strain. Comparative analysis using these S9 sequences, as well as sequences of US BTV 2 field isolates, identified potential contributors to inter-laboratory sequence disagreements. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Arthropod Borne Anim Dis Res Lab, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Wilson, WC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Arthropod Borne Anim Dis Res Lab, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. NR 27 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1702 J9 VIRUS RES JI Virus Res. PD DEC 4 PY 2001 VL 81 IS 1-2 BP 93 EP 101 DI 10.1016/S0168-1702(01)00364-1 PG 9 WC Virology SC Virology GA 495GH UT WOS:000172331500009 PM 11682128 ER PT J AU Datt, G Jolliffe, D Sharma, M AF Datt, G Jolliffe, D Sharma, M TI A profile of poverty in Egypt SO AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT REVIEW-REVUE AFRICAINE DE DEVELOPPEMENT LA English DT Article AB This paper presents a profile of poverty in Egypt for 1997. It assesses the magnitude of poverty and its distribution across geographic and socioeconomic groups, provides information on the characteristics of the poor, illustrates the heterogeneity amongst the poor, and helps identify empirical correlates of poverty. This poverty profile is constructed using data from the Egypt Integrated Household Survey (EIHS), which is a nationwide, multiple-topic household survey. One of the more striking set of findings relates to the differences between the poor and the non-poor in their educational attainments. Our results indicate a significant literacy and schooling gap between the poor and the non-poor. On average the poor have 2.6 fewer years of schooling than the non-poor, and their literacy rate is 27 percent lower than the non-poor. Our results also indicate that augmenting educational attainment of the poor does not require building more schools, but reducing the poor's opportunity cost of attending schools and increasing their returns from extra schooling, both suggesting the importance of income generating activities as a policy instrument. C1 World Bank, Washington, DC 20433 USA. USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Int Food Policy Res Inst, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Datt, G (reprint author), World Bank, 1818 H St NW, Washington, DC 20433 USA. NR 17 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL PUBL LTD PI OXFORD PA 108 COWLEY RD, OXFORD OX4 1JF, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1017-6772 J9 AFR DEV REV JI Afr. Dev. Rev. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 13 IS 2 BP 202 EP 237 DI 10.1111/1467-8268.00037 PG 36 WC Planning & Development SC Public Administration GA 503TA UT WOS:000172815500002 ER PT J AU Wall, GW AF Wall, GW TI Elevated atmospheric CO2 alleviates drought stress in wheat SO AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE carbon dioxide; drought avoidance; drought tolerance; global change; water potential ID CARBON-DIOXIDE ENRICHMENT; WATER-LIMITED CONDITIONS; OSMOTIC ADJUSTMENT; FIELD RESPONSE; USE EFFICIENCY; PLANT-GROWTH; ROOT-GROWTH; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; YIELD; GRASS AB Rising levels of atmospheric CO2 affect transpiration and water absorption processes that influence total leaf water potential (psi (W)) of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The objective of this case study was to determine the effect of a rise in atmospheric CO2 concentration on predawn, midday, and sunset psi (W) as soil matric potential (psi (M)) ranged from -0.03 to -1.50 MPa. 'Yecora Rojo' was sown on 15 December 1992 (130 plants m(-2)) and 7-8 December 1993 (180 plants m(-2)) in an open field at Maricopa, AZ (33.1 degreesN, 112.0 degreesW), in air enriched for 24 h per day to a atmospheric CO2 concentration of similar to 200 mu mol mol(-1) (550 mu mol mol(-1)) above ambient (370 mu mol mol(-1)) using a free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) apparatus (main-plot) in four replicates. A sub-surface drip-tape irrigation system provided two soil-water content treatments: 50% (dry) and 100% (wet) replacement of potential evapotranspiration (split-plot). Treatments were control-dry (CD), FACE-dry (FD), control-wet (CW) and FACE-wet (FW). A pressure chamber was used to measure psi (W) on 3-5 upper-canopy fully-expanded sunlit leaves at predawn, midday, and sunset between tillering and hard dough during 1993 and 1994. The psi (W) for the dry plots was regressed on psi (M) from field capacity (-0.03 MPa) to the permanent wilting point (-1.50 MPa). Slopes (standard error) were derived for CD (psi (W[CD]) (MPa) psi (M[CD]) (MPa)(-1)) compared with FD (psi (W[FD]) (MPa) psi (M[FD]) (MPa)(-1)) at predawn (5.1 (1.2) compared with 1.1 (0.2)), midday (4.3 (1.8) compared with 0.7 (0.3)), and sunset (5.9 (1.5) compared with 1.0 (0.9)). Regardless of time of day, more negative psi (W) for a given psi (M) occurred in control compared with FACE (P < 0.01). As psi (M) ranged from -0.03 to -1.50 MPa, a similar to 200 mu mol mol(-1) rise in atmospheric CO2 concentration resulted in a curvilinearly increase in drought stress alleviation from 0 to 77% at predawn, 0 to 67% at midday, and 0 to 79% at sunset. Hence, as the CO2 concentration of the atmosphere rises, both drought avoidance and tolerance mechanisms will be enhanced resulting in improved water relations in wheat. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Wall, GW (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, 4331 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 74 TC 25 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-8809 J9 AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON JI Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 87 IS 3 BP 261 EP 271 DI 10.1016/S0167-8809(01)00170-0 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 494DW UT WOS:000172267300001 ER PT J AU Moore, MT Bennett, ER Cooper, CM Smith, S Shields, FD Milam, CD Farris, JL AF Moore, MT Bennett, ER Cooper, CM Smith, S Shields, FD Milam, CD Farris, JL TI Transport and fate of atrazine and lambda-cyhalothrin in an agricultural drainage ditch in the Mississippi Delta, USA SO AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE atrazine; lambda-cyhalothrin; ditches; mitigation; Mississippi Delta ID VEGETATIVE BUFFER STRIPS; PEAT AREAS; INSECTICIDE; SURFACE; CONTAMINATION; RAINFALL; QUALITY; TILLAGE; RUNOFF; BANKS AB Drainage ditches are integral components of agricultural production landscape, yet their contaminant mitigation capacity has been scarcely examined. If ditches are indeed capable of contaminant mitigation, then their use may serve as an alternative agricultural best management practice (BMP). A 50 ra portion of an agricultural drainage ditch, located in the Mississippi Delta Management Systems Evaluation Area (MDMSEA), USA, was amended with a mixture of water, atrazine , (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) (herbicide) and lambda-cyhalothrin (lambda -cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl-3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl)-2,2-dimethyl cyclopropanecarboxylate) (insecticide), simulating a storm runoff event. Pesticide amendment was achieved using a diffuser to disperse the mixture at an inflow point along the ditch (designated as "0 m"). Pesticide concentrations in water, sediment, and plants were monitored for 28 days. One hour following initiation of simulated runoff, mean percentages of atrazine concentrations measured in water and sediment were 37 and 2%, respectively, while mean percentages of lambda-cyhalothrin concentrations in water and sediment were 12 and 1%, respectively. Atrazine and lambda-cyhalothrin mean percentage concentrations in plants (Polygonum (water smartweed),Leersia (cutgrass), and Sporobolus (smutgrass)) were 61 and 87%, respectively. Therefore, plants serve as an important site for pesticide sorption during runoff events. Aqueous concentrations of both pesticides decreased to levels which would not elicit non-target toxicological effects by the end of the 50 m portion of the drainage ditch. This research provides fundamental answers concerning the capability of vegetated agricultural drainage ditches to mitigate pesticide-associated storm water runoff. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. Arkansas State Univ, Ecotoxicol Res Facil, State Univ, AR 72467 USA. RP Moore, MT (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, POB 1157, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. NR 18 TC 99 Z9 105 U1 3 U2 30 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-8809 J9 AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON JI Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 87 IS 3 BP 309 EP 314 DI 10.1016/S0167-8809(01)00148-7 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 494DW UT WOS:000172267300005 ER PT J AU Pawlosky, RJ Bacher, J Salem, N AF Pawlosky, RJ Bacher, J Salem, N TI Ethanol consumption alters electroretinograms and depletes neural tissues of docosahexaenoic acid in rhesus monkeys: Nutritional consequences of a low n-3 fatty acid diet SO ALCOHOLISM-CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE electroretinogram; amblyopia; retina; brain; docosahexaenoic acid ID TOBACCO-ALCOHOL AMBLYOPIA; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; RAT-BRAIN; INDUCTION; METABOLISM; CELLS; DEFICIENCY; RHODOPSIN; GLUTAMATE AB Background: Alcohol amblyopia is a rare neuropathy characterized by the development of blurred vision and a reduction in visual acuity. Further diagnostic details of this condition have shown abnormalities in the electroretinogram (ERG) that include an increase in implicit times in the a- and b-waves and a depression of h-wave amplitude. Methods: Periodically, the ERGs and the fatty acyl composition of nervous tissue were analyzed from alcohol-consuming rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) (mean consumption 2.6 g kg/day over a 5-year period) and controls that were maintained on a nutritionally sufficient diet that had low, yet adequate, amounts of linoleic acid but very low a-linolenic acid. Results: Animals consuming alcohol had increased a- and b-wave implicit times and decreased b-wave amplitudes in their electroretinograms compared with those of the dietary control group at 2.5 and 5 years, The fatty acyl composition of brain specimens obtained by surgical biopsy at baseline, 2.5 years, and 5 years demonstrated that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) had decreased in both groups (if animals compared with baseline values. In the brains of the alcohol-treated animals, DHA was even further decreased (2.5 years: - 20%: 5 years: - 33%) compared with the diet controls. In the retinas of the alcohol-consuming animals at 5 years, there was a similar decrease in DHA (-35%) compared with controls. Generally, the n-6 fatty acid, docosapentaenoic acid (DPAn-6) increased in these tissues, apparently compensating for the loss of DHA. Conclusions: A reciprocal change in the DHA/DPAn-6 ratio is known to be associated with abnormal electroretinograms in a number of species. Thus, a marginal intake of n-3 fatty acids in some alcohol abusers may. in part, be responsible for the biochemical changes that underlie the diminished retinal function associated with the visual abnormalities observed in alcohol-amblyopic patients. C1 ARS, Food Composit Lab, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NIH, Off Res Serv, Vet Resources Program, Beltsville, MD USA. NIAAA, Lab Membrane Biochem & Biophys, NIH, Bethesda, MD USA. RP Pawlosky, RJ (reprint author), ARS, Food Composit Lab, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, USDA, Bldg 161,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 46 TC 37 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0145-6008 J9 ALCOHOL CLIN EXP RES JI Alcoholism (NY) PD DEC PY 2001 VL 25 IS 12 BP 1758 EP 1765 DI 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02187.x PG 8 WC Substance Abuse SC Substance Abuse GA 505XD UT WOS:000172940100009 PM 11781509 ER PT J AU Weber, BA Duncan, GJ Whitener, LA AF Weber, BA Duncan, GJ Whitener, LA TI Welfare reform in rural America: What have we learned? SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Agricultural-Economics-Association (AAEA) CY AUG, 2001 CL CHICAGO, ILLINOIS SP Amer Agr Econ Assoc C1 Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Northwestern Univ, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. Northwestern Univ Univ Chicago Joint Ctr Poverty, Chicago, IL USA. USDA, Serv Econ Res, Food Assistance & Rural Econ Branch, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Weber, BA (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 17 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 5 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 83 IS 5 BP 1282 EP 1292 DI 10.1111/0002-9092.00280 PG 11 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 509AT UT WOS:000173122500023 ER PT J AU Imsande, J Berkemeyer, M Scheibe, R Schumann, U Gietl, C Palmer, RG AF Imsande, J Berkemeyer, M Scheibe, R Schumann, U Gietl, C Palmer, RG TI A soybean plastid-targeted NADH-malate dehydrogenase: Cloning and expression analyses SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE geranylgeranyl hydrogenase; Glycine max; malate dehydrogenase; metabolic regulation; nitrogen assimilation; nodule-enhanced malate dehydrogenase; pH stat ID PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE; NITROGEN-METABOLISM; PRECURSOR PROTEIN; MOLECULAR-CLONING; DEVELOPING SEEDS; ROOT-NODULES; SYNTHASE; SEQUENCE; GENE; BIOSYNTHESIS AB A typical soybean (Glycine max) plant assimilates nitrogen rapidly both in active root nodules and in developing seeds and pods. Oxaloacetate and 2-ketoglutarate are major acceptors of ammonia during rapid nitrogen assimilation. Oxaloacetate can be derived from the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and it also can be synthesized from phosphoenolpyruvate and carbon dioxide by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. An active malate dehydrogenase is required to facilitate carbon flow from phosphoenolpyruvate to oxaloacetate. We report the cloning and sequence analyses of a complete and novel malate dehydrogenase gene in soybean. The derived amino acid sequence was highly similar to the nodule-enhanced malate dehydrogenases from Medicago sativa and Pisum sativum in terms of the transit peptide and the mature subunit (i.e.. the functional enzyme). Furthermore, the mature subunit exhibited a very high homology to the plastid-localized NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase from Arabidopsis thaliana. which has a completely different transit peptide. In addition, the soybean nodule-enhanced malate dehydrogenase was abundant in both immature soybean seeds and pods. Only trace amounts of the enzyme were found in leaves and nonoodulated roots. In vitro synthesized labeled precursor protein was imported into the stroma of spinach chloroplasts and processed to the mature subunit, which has a molecular mass of similar to 34 kDa. We propose that this new malate dehydrogenase facilitates rapid nitrogen assimilation both in soybean root nodules and in developing soybean seeds, which are rich in protein. In addition, the complete coding region of a geranylgeranyl hydrogenase gene. which is essential for chlorophyll synthesis. was found immediately upstream from the new malate dehydrogenase gene. C1 Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS CICGR Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Zool Genet, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Tech Univ Munich, Lehrstuhl Bot Biol Weihenstephan, D-85350 Freising Weihenstephan, Germany. Univ Osnabruck, Fachbereich Biol Chem, D-49069 Osnabruck, Germany. Maltagen Forschung GMBH, D-56626 Andernach, Germany. Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Zool Genet, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Palmer, RG (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS CICGR Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 32 TC 4 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU BOTANICAL SOC AMER INC PI COLUMBUS PA OHIO STATE UNIV-DEPT BOTANY, 1735 NEIL AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43210 USA SN 0002-9122 J9 AM J BOT JI Am. J. Bot. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 88 IS 12 BP 2136 EP 2142 DI 10.2307/3558374 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 503KL UT WOS:000172797600002 PM 21669645 ER PT J AU Peintner, U Bougher, NL Castellano, MA Moncalvo, JM Moser, MM Trappe, JM Vilgalys, R AF Peintner, U Bougher, NL Castellano, MA Moncalvo, JM Moser, MM Trappe, JM Vilgalys, R TI Multiple origins of sequestrate fungi related to Cortinarius (Cortinariaceae) SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE Cortinarius; Descomyces; Descolea; Hymenogaster; phylogeny; Protoglossum; Thaxterogaster; Quadrispora ID RIBOSOMAL DNA-SEQUENCES; PHYLOGENETIC-RELATIONSHIPS; WESTERN-AUSTRALIA; SP-NOV; EVOLUTION; BASIDIOMYCOTINA; GASTROSUILLUS; COPRINUS; RDNA; TAXA AB The aim of the present study was to investigate the phylogeny and evolution of sequestrate fungi (with gastroid or partially exposed basidiomes) in relation to their gilled relatives from the Cortinariaceae (Basidiomycetes). Phylogenetic analyses of 151 ITS sequences from 77 gilled species and 37 sequestrate taxa were performed using maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood methods. Results show that sequestrate basidiome forms occur in all three major ectomycorrhizal lineages of Cortinariaceae: the clades Cortinarius. Hebeloma/Hymenogaster/Naucoria, and Descolea. However. these forms do not appear within the saprobic outgroup Gymnopilus, indicating multiple origins of sequestrate forms from ectomycorrhizal ancestors. Additionally, within the Cortinarius clade sequestrate forms have multiple origins: emergent Cortinarius spp., Thaxterogaster, Quadrispora, Protoglossum, and two Hymenogaster spp. (H. remyi, H. sublilacinus) share common ancestors with Cortinarius spp., but these sequestrate genera are not closely related to each other (with exception of Thaxterogaster and Quadrispora). Hymenogaster sensu stricto. Setchelliogaster, and Descomyces were placed in the two other major clades. Thus, sequestrate taxa evolved independently many times within brown-spored Agaricales. Furthermore, emergent, secotioid. and gastroid forms have evolved independently from each other, and so are not necessarily intermediate forms. After their establishment. these apparently morphologically stable taxa show a tendency to radiate. C1 Leopold Franzens Univ Innsbruck, Inst Microbiol, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. Duke Univ, Dept Biol, Durham, NC 27708 USA. CSIRO, Forestry & Forest Prod, Wembley, WA 6913, Australia. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Peintner, U (reprint author), Leopold Franzens Univ Innsbruck, Inst Microbiol, Tecknikerstr 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. NR 67 TC 112 Z9 124 U1 0 U2 10 PU BOTANICAL SOC AMER INC PI COLUMBUS PA OHIO STATE UNIV-DEPT BOTANY, 1735 NEIL AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43210 USA SN 0002-9122 J9 AM J BOT JI Am. J. Bot. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 88 IS 12 BP 2168 EP 2179 DI 10.2307/3558378 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 503KL UT WOS:000172797600006 PM 21669649 ER PT J AU Meerow, AW Snijman, DA AF Meerow, AW Snijman, DA TI Phylogeny of amaryllidaceae tribe amaryllideae based on nrDNA ITS sequences and morphology SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE Amaryllidaceae; cladistic analysis ITS; molecular systematics; monocotyledons; phylogeny; ribosomal DNA; South Africa ID COMBINING DATA; CLADISTIC-ANALYSIS; DATA SETS; SYSTEMATICS; CONGRUENCE; RBCL; INCONGRUENCE; ORCHIDACEAE; HYPOTHESIS; CONSENSUS AB We present the results of cladistic analyses of morphology, nrDNA ITS sequences, and a combination of the two for tribe Amaryllideae of the Amaryllidaceae. The morphologically based analysis supports the recognition of Amaryllis as sister to two major clades, equivalent to Snijman and Linder's (1996, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 83: 362-386) Crininae and Amaryllidinae (less Amaryllis). A single tree is found with a successively weighted ITS sequence matrix. Amaryllis and Boophone form a grade at the base of the tree. All the other genera are included in two clades conforming to Snijman and Linder's (1996) subtribes Amaryllidinae (less Amaryllis, thus now Strumariinae) and Crininae (less Boophone). Within Strumariinae, Strumaria sensu lato is resolved as polyphyletic. Strumaria subg, Gemmaria is sister to the rest of the subtribe. Hessea is monophyletic only if Namaquanula is excluded. The monotypic Carpolyza is embedded within Strumaria sensu stricto. The consensus of the combined analysis is highly resolved, and most similar to the sequence topology. Based on the results of the combined analyses, the major clades are recognized as subtribes, and Carpolyza is placed into synonymy under Strumaria. C1 USDA ARS, SHRS, Natl Germplasm Repository, Miami, FL 33158 USA. Fairchild Trop Garden, Miami, FL 33158 USA. Natl Bot Inst, Compton Herbarium, Cape Town, South Africa. RP Meerow, AW (reprint author), USDA ARS, SHRS, Natl Germplasm Repository, 13601 Old Cutler Rd, Miami, FL 33158 USA. NR 70 TC 27 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 7 PU BOTANICAL SOC AMER INC PI COLUMBUS PA OHIO STATE UNIV-DEPT BOTANY, 1735 NEIL AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43210 USA SN 0002-9122 J9 AM J BOT JI Am. J. Bot. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 88 IS 12 BP 2321 EP 2330 DI 10.2307/3558392 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 503KL UT WOS:000172797600020 PM 21669663 ER PT J AU Booth, SL Lichtenstein, AH O'Brien-Morse, M McKeown, NM Wood, RJ Saltzman, E Gundberg, CM AF Booth, SL Lichtenstein, AH O'Brien-Morse, M McKeown, NM Wood, RJ Saltzman, E Gundberg, CM TI Effects of a hydrogenated form of vitamin K on bone formation and resorption SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE vitamin K; osteoporosis; hydrogenated oils; diet; bone turnover; trans fatty acids; phylloquinone; dihydrophylloquinone ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; SERUM UNDERCARBOXYLATED OSTEOCALCIN; MINERAL DENSITY; HIP FRACTURE; CIRCULATING OSTEOCALCIN; ORAL ANTICOAGULANTS; DIETARY-INTAKE; ELDERLY WOMEN; PHYLLOQUINONE; PLASMA AB Background: Hydrogenation of vegetable oils affects blood lipid and lipoprotein concentrations. However, little is known about the effects of hydrogenation on other components, such as vitamin K. Low phylloquinone (vitamin K,) intake is a potential risk factor for bone fracture, although the mechanisms of this are unknown. Objective: The objective was to compare the biological effects of phylloquinone and its hydrogenated form, dihydrophylloquinone, on vitamin K status and markers of bone formation and resorption. Design: In a randomized crossover study in a metabolic unit, 15 young adults were fed a phylloquinone-restricted diet (10 mug/d) for 15 d followed by 10 d of repletion (200 mug/d) with either phylloquinone or dihydrophylloquinone. Results: There was an increase and subsequent decrease in measures of bone formation (P = 0.002) and resorption (P = 0.08) after dietary phylloquinone restriction and repletion, respectively. In comparison with phylloquinone, dihydrophylloquinone was less absorbed and had no measurable biological effect on measures of bone formation and resorption. Conclusion: Hydrogenation of plant oils appears to decrease the absorption and biological effect of vitamin K in bone. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Orthoped & Rehabil, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. RP Booth, SL (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NIAMS NIH HHS [AR38460]; NIDDK NIH HHS [T32 DK 07651] NR 43 TC 68 Z9 70 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 74 IS 6 BP 783 EP 790 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 495FB UT WOS:000172328600013 PM 11722960 ER PT J AU Hunt, JR Vanderpool, RA AF Hunt, JR Vanderpool, RA TI Apparent copper absorption from a vegetarian diet SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE apparent copper absorption; bioavailability; ceruloplasmin; vegetarian diets; meat; phytic acid; hormonal contraceptives; women ID CONSUMING CONTROLLED LACTOOVOVEGETARIAN; STABLE-ISOTOPE CU-65; YOUNG MEN; 8 WK; WOMEN; BLOOD; RETENTION; ZINC; CERULOPLASMIN; EXCRETION AB Background: Vegetarian diets often contain more copper than do nonvegetarian diets, but observations of decreased plasma copper associated with vegetarian diets suggest that these diets have lower copper bioavailability than do nonvegetarian diets. Objective: Our objective was to determine apparent copper absorption from controlled lactoovovegetarian and nonvegetarian diets. Design: Eighteen women aged 20-43 y consumed lactoovovegetarian and nonvegetarian weighed diets for 8 wk each in a randomized, crossover design. The lactoovovegetarian and nonvegetarian diets provided 1.45 and 0.94 mg Cu, 38 and 16 dietary fiber, and 1584 and 518 mg phytic acid, respectively, per 9.2 MJ (2200 kcal). After the women had been consuming each diet for 4 wk, their apparent copper absorption was determined by measuring the fecal excretion of the Cu-65 stable isotope, extrinsically added to the entire menu as (CuCl2)-Cu-65. Results: Plasma copper and ceruloplasmin were not affected by diet. The efficiency of apparent copper absorption from the lactoovovegetarian diet was less (33%) than that from the nonvegetarian diet (42%) (pooled SD: 9%; P < 0.05). However, because the lactoovovegetarian diet contained approximate to 50% more copper, the total apparent copper absorption from the lactoovovegetarian diet (0.48 mg/d) was greater than that from the nonvegetarian diet (0.40 mg/d) (pooled SD: 0.09 mg; P < 0.05). Conclusion: Although copper was less efficiently absorbed from a vegetarian diet than from a nonvegetarian diet, total apparent copper absorption was greater from the vegetarian diet because of its greater copper content. C1 Univ N Dakota, USDA ARS, GFHNRC, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Hunt, JR (reprint author), Univ N Dakota, USDA ARS, GFHNRC, POB 9034, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 25 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 74 IS 6 BP 803 EP 807 PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 495FB UT WOS:000172328600016 PM 11722963 ER PT J AU Chen, WX Chadwick, V Tie, A Harp, J AF Chen, WX Chadwick, V Tie, A Harp, J TI Cryptosporidium parvum in intestinal mucosal biopsies from patients with inflammatory bowel disease SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY LA English DT Letter ID ALPHA-DEFICIENT MICE C1 Wakefield Gastroenterol Res Inst, Wellington, New Zealand. Wellington Sch Lab, Wellington, New Zealand. USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Chen, WX (reprint author), Montana State Univ, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. NR 11 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0002-9270 J9 AM J GASTROENTEROL JI Am. J. Gastroenterol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 96 IS 12 BP 3463 EP 3464 DI 10.1016/S0002-9270(01)03921-1 PG 2 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA 502WV UT WOS:000172766500059 PM 11774987 ER PT J AU Petersen, YM Burrin, DG Sangild, PT AF Petersen, YM Burrin, DG Sangild, PT TI GLP-2 has differential effects on small intestine growth and function in fetal and neonatal pigs SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-REGULATORY INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE birth; receptor; mRNA; peptidase; maltase; proglucagon; development ID GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-2; IN-VIVO; RECEPTOR; PROLIFERATION; EXPRESSION; INDUCTION; HUMANS AB Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is a potent intestinotropic factor in neonatal and adult animals. However, the GLP-2 responsiveness of the fetal intestine has not been established. To determine how stage of development affects the responsiveness to GLP-2, we examined GLP-2 receptor (GLP-2R) expression, gut morphology, and brush-border enzyme mRNA and activities in late-gestation fetal (n = 7) and parenterally fed neonatal (n = 7) piglets given GLP-2 (12.5 nmol/kg) twice daily for 6 days. The GLP-2R was expressed in the fetal and neonatal gastrointestinal tract. The biologically active GLP2-(1-33) was undetectable (<5 pmol/l) in plasma of 98-day-gestation fetuses but increased significantly toward full term (115 days, 11 +/- 1 pmol/l) and in neonates fed by total parenteral nutrition (23 +/- 5 pmol/l). Exogenous GLP-2 had no effect on gut growth in fetuses but increased intestinal weight and villus height in neonates (P < 0.05). Crypt cell proliferation and the enzymes sucrase-isomaltase, lactase-phloridzin hydrolase, aminopeptidase A, and dipeptidyl peptidase IV were unchanged by GLP-2 in both groups. Aminopeptidase N mRNA and activity were increased in fetuses, while maltase mRNA and activity were increased in neonates. In conclusion, exogenous GLP-2 had different effects on small intestine growth and function in fetuses and neonates. This may be related to the normal developmental changes in intestine growth and function and to a maturation of the GLP-2R signaling pathways around the time of birth. C1 Royal Vet & Agr Univ, Div Anim Nutr, DK-1870 Copenhagen, Denmark. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Petersen, YM (reprint author), Royal Vet & Agr Univ, Div Anim Nutr, 3 Gronnegardsvej, DK-1870 Copenhagen, Denmark. NR 24 TC 72 Z9 73 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0363-6119 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-REG I JI Am. J. Physiol.-Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 281 IS 6 BP R1986 EP R1993 PG 8 WC Physiology SC Physiology GA 491VR UT WOS:000172131200028 PM 11705785 ER PT J AU Moncayo, AC Medina, GM Kalvatchev, Z Brault, AC Barrera, R Boshell, J Ferro, C Freier, JE Navarro, JC Salas, R De Siger, J Vasquez, C Walder, R Weaver, SC AF Moncayo, AC Medina, GM Kalvatchev, Z Brault, AC Barrera, R Boshell, J Ferro, C Freier, JE Navarro, JC Salas, R De Siger, J Vasquez, C Walder, R Weaver, SC TI Genetic diversity and relationships among Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus field isolates from Colombia and Venezuela SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID CONFORMATION POLYMORPHISM ANALYSIS; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCES; SOUTH-AMERICA; EMERGENCE; DNA; IDENTIFICATION; MUTATIONS; COMPLEX AB During field studies of enzootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) viruses associated with epizootic emergence, a large number of virus isolates were made in sylvatic foci of Venezuela and Colombia. To rapidly characterize these isolates, antigenic subtypes were determined by means of immunofluorescence and by single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis by use of an 856-bp fragment from the P62 gene, which we used to distinguish genetic variants. Representative isolates were sequenced to assess the sensitivity of SSCP to detect genetic differences. The SSCP analysis distinguished isolates differing by as little as I nucleotide; overall, differences of ! I nucleotide were recognized 89% of the time, and the sensitivity to distinguish strains that differed by only I or 4 nucleotides was 17 and 57%, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses of representative sequences showed that all recent isolates from the Catatumbo region of western Venezuela and the middle Magdalena Valley of Colombia were closely related to epizootic subtype IAB and IC strains; strains from Yaracuy and Miranda States were more distantly related. Cocirculation of the same virus genotype in both Colombian and Venezuelan foci indicated that these viruses are readily transported between enzootic regions separated by > 300 km. The SSCP analysis appears to be a simple, fast, and relatively efficient method of screening VEE virus isolates to identify meaningful genetic variants. C1 Univ Texas, Med Branch, Dept Pathol, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. Univ Texas, Med Branch, Ctr Trop Dis, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. Inst Invest Vet, Maracay, Venezuela. Inst Venezolano Invest Cient, Ctr Microbiol & Biol Celular, Caracas, Venezuela. Inst Nacl Higiene, Caracas, Venezuela. Cent Univ Venezuela, Inst Zool Trop, Caracas, Venezuela. Inst Nacl Salud, Bogota, Colombia. USDA, Ctr Anim Dis Informat & Anal, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Weaver, SC (reprint author), Univ Texas, Med Branch, Dept Pathol, 301 Univ Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. RI Weaver, Scott/D-6490-2011; OI Navarro, Juan-Carlos/0000-0002-7692-4248 FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI39800] NR 35 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DR, STE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 65 IS 6 BP 738 EP 746 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 508YJ UT WOS:000173117100015 PM 11791968 ER PT J AU Smith, TPL Showalter, AD Sloop, KW Rohrer, GA Fahrenkrug, SC Meier, BC Rhodes, SJ AF Smith, TPL Showalter, AD Sloop, KW Rohrer, GA Fahrenkrug, SC Meier, BC Rhodes, SJ TI Identification of porcine Lhx3 and SF1 as candidate genes for QTL affecting growth and reproduction traits in swine SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE growth; reproduction; mapping; pituitary; QTL ID TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; ANTERIOR-PITUITARY; LIM; HORMONE; EXPRESSION; POPULATION; SEGMENTS; GENOME; PIT-1; FETAL AB The distal portion of the long arm of porcine chromosome 1 has been shown to harbour several quantitative trait loci affecting growth and reproductive traits in swine. In order to identify potential candidate genes that might underlie these effects, a comparative mapping analysis was undertaken to define the extent of orthologous segments of human chromosome 9. A microsatellite associated with heat shock protein (HSP) A5 was used to define the proximal boundary of the quantitative trait loci (QTL) region, which suggests the human orthologue of the gene(s) responsible for the observed effects lies between HSPA5 and the q arm telomere of human chromosome 9. Examination of this region revealed two candidate genes with known roles in production of hormones essential to growth and reproductive function. The steroidogenic factor 1 and Lhx3 LIM homeodomain transcription factor genes were mapped to 123 and 155 cM, respectively, of the Sus scrofa chromosome 1 (SSC1) linkage group, placing both genes within the confidence interval for the observed QTL. To further evaluate Lhx3, we examined the expression profile during porcine embryonic development. Low levels were detected at early embryonic stages, when development of the nervous system is proceeding. A transient increase in expression level is observed during the time of pituitary organogenesis and again at the time of differentiation of anterior pituitary cells, with relatively high levels of expression persisting in the adult pituitary gland. This ontology is consistent with Lhx3 being a candidate gene for the QTL. C1 USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. Indiana Univ Purdue Univ, Dept Biol, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA. RP Smith, TPL (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 30 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0268-9146 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 32 IS 6 BP 344 EP 350 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2052.2001.00797.x PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA 503EZ UT WOS:000172787100003 PM 11736804 ER PT J AU Liu, HC Cheng, HH Tirunagaru, V Sofer, L Burnside, J AF Liu, HC Cheng, HH Tirunagaru, V Sofer, L Burnside, J TI A strategy to identify positional candidate genes conferring Marek's disease resistance by integrating DNA microarrays and genetic mapping SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE candidate genes; chicken; DNA microarray; genetic resistance; mapping; Marek's disease ID CHICKEN GENOME; AFFECTING SUSCEPTIBILITY; OLIGONUCLEOTIDE ARRAYS; REFERENCE POPULATION; LINKAGE MAP; IDENTIFICATION; LYMPHOCYTES; SEQUENCE; VIRUS AB Marker-assisted selection (MAS) to enhance genetic resistance to Marek's disease (MD), a herpesvirus-induced T cell cancer in chicken, is an attractive alternative to augment control with vaccines. Our earlier studies indicate that there are many quantitative trait loci (QTL) containing one or more genes that confer genetic resistance to MD. Unfortunately, it is difficult to sufficiently resolve these QTL to identify the causative gene and generate tightly linked markers. One possible solution is to identify positional candidate genes by virtue of gene expression differences between MD resistant and susceptible chicken using deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) microarrays followed by genetic mapping of the differentially-expressed genes. In this preliminary study, we show that DNA microarrays containing similar to 1200 genes or expressed sequence tags (ESTs) are able to reproducibly detect differences in gene expression between the inbred ADOL lines 6(3) (MD resistant) and 7(2) (MD susceptible) of uninfected and Marek's disease virus (MDV)-infected peripheral blood lymphocytes. Microarray data were validated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and found to be consistent with previous literature on gene induction or immune response. Integration of the microarrays with genetic mapping data was achieved with a sample of 15 genes. Twelve of these genes had mapped human orthologues. Seven genes were located on the chicken linkage map as predicted by the human-chicken comparative map, while two other genes defined a new conserved syntenic group. More importantly, one of the genes with differential expression is known to confer genetic resistance to MD while another gene is a prime positional candidate for a QTL. C1 USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. Univ Delaware, Dept Food & Anim Sci, Newark, DE USA. RP Cheng, HH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, 3606 E Mt Hope Rd, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. RI Nolen, Danielle/A-5250-2010; Crozier, Laura/C-5891-2011 NR 28 TC 86 Z9 95 U1 1 U2 7 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0268-9146 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 32 IS 6 BP 351 EP 359 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2052.2001.00798.x PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA 503EZ UT WOS:000172787100004 PM 11736805 ER PT J AU Rocha, JL Pomp, D Vleck, LDV Nielsen, MK AF Rocha, JL Pomp, D Vleck, LDV Nielsen, MK TI Predictors of marker-informativeness for an outbred F-2 design SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE genetic marker; linkage disequilibrium; outbred cross; polymorphism information content ID QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI; SELECTION; LINES; MICE AB Generalization of the polymorphism information content (PIC) index to represent marker informativeness (MI) for a three-generation F-2 design requires that two additional sources of non-informativeness be added to the PIC formula: the probability of matings between like-heterozygous F-1 individuals, of which one is non-informative; and that of matings between like-heterozygous F-1 individuals, which are both fully informative but where line of origin of the same alleles is reciprocal. Given the dense marker-maps currently available for some species, this F-2 informativeness parameter constitutes the natural criterion for marker selection in F-2 designs, and two computer programs to predict MI from grandparental marker-genotypes were developed for an F-2 population originating from two divergent selection lines of outbred mice (F similar to 0.2). A total of 403 markers had been genotyped for the F-0 grandparents (n=31), and 14 markers had also been genotyped in the complete pedigree including 559 F-2 individuals. One program was based on assumptions of random-mating (RM), while the other (PED) accounted for the pedigreed mating structure. For the 403 markers, the correlation between MI from RM and from PED was 0.95, and the average deviation between the two predictions was 0.005 MI units (MI ranged from 0 to 1). Correlations between predicted and realized MI for the 14 fully genotyped markers were 0.97 for PED and 0.94 for RM, while the corresponding average of deviations between predicted and actual values were 0.01 and 0.04, respectively. Absolute deviations from realized MI never exceeded 0.09 and 0.16 for PED and RM, respectively. Simulated optimization of the mating system to maximize average MI of 28 markers on one chromosome led to improvements in the range of 15-20% average MI (0.07-0.09 MI units). The degree of relative advantage conferred by the F-2 generalization of the PIC index over the traditional index was found to be of minor significance. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. ARS, USDA, USMARC, Lincoln, NE USA. RP Pomp, D (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM60029] NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0268-9146 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 32 IS 6 BP 365 EP 370 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2052.2001.00796.x PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA 503EZ UT WOS:000172787100006 PM 11736807 ER PT J AU Campbell, EMG Fahrenkrug, SC Vallet, JL Smith, TPL Rohrer, GA AF Campbell, EMG Fahrenkrug, SC Vallet, JL Smith, TPL Rohrer, GA TI An updated linkage and comparative map of porcine chromosome 18 SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE mapping; microsatellite; porcine ID GENES; PIG; LOCALIZATION; MARKERS AB Swine chromosome 18 (SSC18) has the poorest marker density in the USDA-MARC porcine linkage map. In order to increase the marker density, seven genes from human chromosome 7 (HSA7) expected to map to SSC18 were selected for marker development. The genes selected were: growth hormone releasing hormone receptor (GHRHR), GLI-Kruppel family member (GLI3), leptin (LEP), capping protein muscle Z-line alpha 2 subunit (CAPZA2), beta A inhibin (INHBA), T-cell receptor beta (TCRB) and T-cell receptor gamma (TCRG). Large-insert clones (YACs, BACs and cosmids) that contained these genes, as well as two previously mapped microsatellite markers (SW1808 and SW1984), were identified and screened for microsatellites. New microsatellite markers were developed from these clones and mapped. Selected clones were also physically assigned by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Fifteen new microsatellite markers were added to the SSC18 linkage map resulting in a map of 28 markers. Six genes have been included into the genetic map improving the resolution of the SSC18 and HSA7 comparative map. Assignment of TCRG to SSC9 has identified a break in conserved synteny between SSC18 and HSA7. C1 USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Rohrer, GA (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166,Spur 18D, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 15 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0268-9146 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 32 IS 6 BP 375 EP 379 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2052.2001.00782.x PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA 503EZ UT WOS:000172787100008 PM 11736809 ER PT J AU Kurtzman, CP Robnett, CJ Yarrow, D AF Kurtzman, CP Robnett, CJ Yarrow, D TI Three new species of Candida from apple cider: C. anglica, C-cidri and C-pomicola SO ANTONIE VAN LEEUWENHOEK INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GENERAL AND MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cider yeasts; new Candida yeasts; ribosomal DNA ID ASCOMYCETOUS YEASTS AB Three new anamorphic ascomycetous yeasts are described: Candida anglica (type strain NRRL Y-27079, CBS 4262), Candida cidri (type strain NRRL Y-27078, CBS 4241), and Candida pomicola (type strain NRRL Y-27083, CBS 4242). These three species were isolated from cider produced in the United Kingdom, and their identification was determined from unique nucleotide sequences in the species-specific D1/D2 domain of large subunit (26S) ribosomal DNA. Phylogenetic analysis of D1/D2 sequences placed C. anglica near Candida fragi, C. cidri near Pichia capsulata, and C. pomicola in the Pichia holstii clade. C1 ARS, Microbial Properties Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Cent Bur Schimmelcultures, NL-3508 AD Utrecht, Netherlands. RP Kurtzman, CP (reprint author), ARS, Microbial Properties Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 10 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0003-6072 J9 ANTON LEEUW INT J G JI Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek PD DEC PY 2001 VL 80 IS 3-4 BP 237 EP 244 DI 10.1023/A:1013070206109 PG 8 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 497GX UT WOS:000172448000004 PM 11827209 ER PT J AU Churchill, ACL Dunkle, LD Silbert, W Kennedy, KJ Macko, V AF Churchill, ACL Dunkle, LD Silbert, W Kennedy, KJ Macko, V TI Differential synthesis of peritoxins and precursors by pathogenic strains of the fungus Periconia circinata SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HOST-SPECIFIC TOXIN; MILO DISEASE; COCHLIOBOLUS-HETEROSTROPHUS; ALTERNARIA-ALTERNATA; SELECTIVE TOXIN; LOCUS; GENE; TRANSLOCATION; BIOSYNTHESIS; PURIFICATION AB Pathogenic strains of the soilborne fungus Periconia circinata produce peritoxins with host-selective toxicity against susceptible genotypes of sorghum. The peritoxins are low-molecular-weight, hybrid molecules consisting of a peptide and a chlorinated polyketide. Culture fluids from pathogenic, toxin-producing (Tox(+)) and nonpathogenic, non-toxin-producing (Tox(-)) strains were analyzed directly by gradient high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with photodiode array detection and HPLC-mass spectrometry to detect intermediates and final products of the biosynthetic pathway. This approach allowed us to compare the metabolite profiles of Tox(+) and Tox(-) strains. Peritoxins A and B and the biologically inactive intermediates, N-3-(E-pentenyl)-glutaroyl-aspartate, circinatin, and 7-chlorocircinatin, were detected only in culture fluids of the Tox(+) strains. The latter two compounds were produced consistently by Tox(+) strains regardless of the amount of peritoxins produced under various culture conditions. In summary, none of the known peritoxin-related metabolites were detected in Tox(-) strains, which suggests that these strains may lack one or more functional genes required for peritoxin biosynthesis. C1 Cornell Univ, Boyce Thompson Inst, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Churchill, ACL (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Boyce Thompson Inst, Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM acc7@cornell.edu FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR 07141]; NIGMS NIH HHS [GM 27029] NR 29 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 67 IS 12 BP 5721 EP 5728 DI 10.1128/AEM.67.12.5721-5728.2001 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 497JM UT WOS:000172451800050 PM 11722928 ER PT J AU Brown, RL Cleveland, TE Woloshuk, CP Payne, GA Bhatnagar, D AF Brown, RL Cleveland, TE Woloshuk, CP Payne, GA Bhatnagar, D TI Growth inhibition of a Fusarium verticillioides GUS strain in corn kernels of aflatoxin-resistant genotypes SO APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COLI BETA-GLUCURONIDASE; ASPERGILLUS-FLAVUS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; MAIZE KERNELS; FUMONISIN PRODUCTION; CONTAMINATION; PROTEIN AB Two corn genotypes, GT-MAS:gk and MI82, resistant to Aspergillus flavus infection/aflatoxin contamination, were tested for their ability to limit growth of Fusarium verticillioides. An F. verticillioides strain was transformed with a P-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene (uidA) construct to facilitate fungal growth quantification and then inoculated onto endosperm-wounded and non-wounded kernels of the above-corn lines. To serve as a control, an A. flavus strain containing the same reporter gene construct was inoculated onto non-wounded kernels of GT-MAS:gk. Results showed that, as in a previous study, non-wounded GT-MAS:gk kernels supported less growth (six- to ten-fold) of A. flavus than did kernels of a susceptible control. Also, non-wounded kernels of GT-MAS:gk and MI82 supported less growth (two- to four-fold) of F. verticillioides than did susceptible kernels. Wounding, however, increased F. verticillioides infection of MI82, but not that of GT-MAS:gk. This is in contrast to a previous study of A. flavus, where wounding increased infection of GT-MAS:gk rather than MI82 kernels. Further study is needed to explain genotypic variation in the kernel response to A. flavus and F. verticillioides kernel infections. Also, the potential for aflatoxin-resistant corn lines to likewise inhibit growth of F. verticillioides needs to be confirmed in the field. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Raleigh, NC 27965 USA. RP Brown, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 26 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 4 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0175-7598 J9 APPL MICROBIOL BIOT JI Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 57 IS 5-6 BP 708 EP 711 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 506FT UT WOS:000172959700018 PM 11778882 ER PT J AU Miller-Ihli, NJ AF Miller-Ihli, NJ TI Federal employment opportunities for scientists SO APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Food Composit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Miller-Ihli, NJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Food Composit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY PI FREDERICK PA 201B BROADWAY ST, FREDERICK, MD 21701 USA SN 0003-7028 J9 APPL SPECTROSC JI Appl. Spectrosc. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 55 IS 12 BP 392A EP 400A PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy GA 509WD UT WOS:000173172000008 ER PT J AU Chambers, JC Linnerooth, AR AF Chambers, JC Linnerooth, AR TI Restoring riparian meadows currently dominated by Artemisia using alternative state concepts - the establishment component SO APPLIED VEGETATION SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE dry meadow; Great Basin; restoration; seedling emergence; seedling survival; soil temperature; soil water; thresholds ID SEMIARID GRAZING SYSTEMS; STABLE STATES; VEGETATION DYNAMICS; SAGEBRUSH STEPPE; WATER; FACILITATION; COMPETITION; RESTORATION; TRIDENTATA; RANGELANDS AB We evaluated the potential fur restoring riparian grass and sedge meadows currently dominated by Artemisia tridentata var. tridentata with an experiment in which we burned sites with low, intermediate, and high water tables, i.e., dry, intermediate, and wet sites. To define the alternative states and thresholds for these ecosystems, we examined burning and water table effects on both abiotic variables and establishment of grasses adapted to relatively high (Poa secunda ssp. juncifolia), intermediate (Leymus triticoides), or low (L. cinercus) water tables. Wet sites had lower soil temperatures and higher soil water contents than dry sites. Burning increased soil temperatures on all sites. Undershrub microsites on control plots had the lowest temperatures, while former undershrub microsites on burn plots had the highest temperatures. Surface soil water was low on burn plots early in the growing season due to desiccation, but higher at deeper depth,, after active plant growth began. Emergence was generally greater on wet sites, but survival was microsite- and species-specific. Undershrub microsites on control plots facilitated emergence and first-year survival, but seedlings that survived initially harsh conditions on burn plots had similar numbers alive at the end. In general, favorable environments and establishment of species adapted to mesic conditions indicate that wet sites represent an alternative state of the naturally occurring dry meadow ecosystem type, and can be restored to grass and sedge meadows. Harsh environments and lack of establishment of species adapted to mesic conditions indicate that dry sites have crossed a threshold and may represent a new ecosystem type. Understory vegetation and seed banks on dry sites have been depleted, arid restoration will require burning and reseeding with species adapted to more xeric conditions. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Reno, NV 89512 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Biol, Reno, NV 89512 USA. RP Chambers, JC (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 920 Valley Rd, Reno, NV 89512 USA. NR 32 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 22 PU OPULUS PRESS UPPSALA AB PI LANNA PA MALMEN, S-740 11 LANNA, SWEDEN SN 1402-2001 J9 APPL VEG SCI JI Appl. Veg. Sci. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 4 IS 2 BP 157 EP 166 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology; Forestry SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 529GE UT WOS:000174291000001 ER PT J AU Derner, JD Wu, XB AF Derner, JD Wu, XB TI Light distribution in mesic grasslands: Spatial patterns and temporal dynamics SO APPLIED VEGETATION SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE disturbance; invasibility; lacunarity analysis; light intensity; risk assessment; spatial heterogeneity; tall-grass prairie ID SEEDLING ESTABLISHMENT; LACUNARITY ANALYSIS; PLANT COMMUNITY; CANOPY GAPS; FOREST; HETEROGENEITY; INVASIBILITY; ATTRIBUTES; LANDSCAPES; AUSTRALIA AB Spatial patterns and temporal dynamics of light distribution were investigated using lacunarity analysis, a multi-scale measure of spatial heterogeneity, in three mesic grasslands with different disturbance regimes. Frequency distributions of relative fight intensity (RLI) were similar for the two non-disturbed grasslands, despite different composition (forbs vs. caespitose grass) resulting from different historical disturbance regimes prior to 1985, and different from the annually disturbed grassland. Spatial heterogeneity of light distribution was greater at all scales in the native, annually disturbed grassland than in the two non-disturbed grasslands. The disturbance regime affected temporal dynamics of the spatial patterns of light distribution in each grassland. The annually disturbed grassland exhibited a dramatic decrease in lacunarity (heterogeneity) from early to late April, likely the result of considerable growth of a cool-season grass. A general decrease in lacunarity occurred in the native, non-disturbed grassland, although the magnitude was much less than in the annually disturbed grassland. The reverted, non-disturbed grassland did not exhibit an appreciable change in lacunarity until later in the growing season, and then only at smaller scales. Combining the frequency distribution of RLI and the lacunarity curves provided an effective approach to assess relationships between the dynamics of spatial pattern of light distribution and ecological processes as influenced by different disturbance regimes, Integrating lacunarity analysis with more traditional measurements of grassland ecosystems plant spatial distribution and arrangement and plant species composition and architecture) may be an effective way to assess functional consequences of structural changes in grassland ecosystems. C1 USDA ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, Temple, TX 76502 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Rangeland Ecol & Management, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Derner, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, 808 E Blackland Rd, Temple, TX 76502 USA. RI Wu, X. Ben/E-3772-2010 OI Wu, X. Ben/0000-0001-5947-3118 NR 36 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 10 PU OPULUS PRESS UPPSALA AB PI LANNA PA MALMEN, S-740 11 LANNA, SWEDEN SN 1402-2001 J9 APPL VEG SCI JI Appl. Veg. Sci. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 4 IS 2 BP 189 EP 196 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology; Forestry SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 529GE UT WOS:000174291000004 ER PT J AU Wimberly, MC Spies, TA AF Wimberly, MC Spies, TA TI Modeling landscape patterns of understory tree regeneration in the Pacific Northwest, USA SO APPLIED VEGETATION SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE disturbance; environmental gradient; Picea sitchensis; predictive vegetation mapping; remote sensing; seed-source limitation; spatial model; tree seedling; Tsuga heterophylla ID SITCHENSIS BONG CARR; DIGITAL TERRAIN DATA; TSUGA-HETEROPHYLLA; FOREST-LANDSCAPE; CANOPY STRUCTURE; THEMATIC MAPPER; SOLAR-RADIATION; NATIONAL-PARK; OLD-GROWTH; GIS DATA AB Vegetation maps serve as the basis for spatial analysis of forest ecosystems and provide initial information for simulations of forest landscape change. Because of the limitations of current remote sensing technology, it is not possible to directly measure forest understory attributes across large spatial extents, Instead we used a predictive vegetation mapping approach to model Tsuga heterophylla and Picea , sitchensis seedling patterns in a 3900-ha landscape in the Oregon Coast Range, USA, as a function of Landsat TM imagery, aerial photographs, digital elevation models, and stream maps. Because the models explained only moderate amounts of variability (R(2) values of 0.24 - 0.56), we interpreted the predicted patterns as qualitative spatial trends rather than precise maps. P. sitchensis seedling patterns were tightly linked to the riparian network, with highest densities in coastal riparian areas. T. heterophylla seedlings exhibited complex patterns related to topography and overstory forest cover, and were also spatially clustered around patches of old-growth forest. We hypothesize that the old growth served as refugia for this fire-sensitive species following wildfires in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Low levels of T. heterophylla regeneration in hardwood-dominated forests suggest that these patches may succeed to shrublands rather than to conifer forest. Predictive models of seedling patterns could be developed for other landscapes where georeferenced inventory plots, remote sensing data, digital elevation models, and climate C Z maps are available. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Wimberly, MC (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forest Res, Athens, GA 30602 USA. EM wimberly@smokey.forestry.uga.edu OI Wimberly, Michael/0000-0003-1549-3891 NR 51 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 9 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1402-2001 J9 APPL VEG SCI JI Appl. Veg. Sci. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 4 IS 2 BP 277 EP 286 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology; Forestry SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 529GE UT WOS:000174291000013 ER PT J AU Silverstein, JT Bosworth, BG Waldbieser, GC Wolters, WR AF Silverstein, JT Bosworth, BG Waldbieser, GC Wolters, WR TI Feed intake in channel catfish: is there a genetic component? SO AQUACULTURE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Symposium on Feeding and Nutrition in Fish CY MAY 21-25, 2000 CL MIYAZAKI, JAPAN DE feed intake; growth; correlated traits; heritability; channel catfish ID FOOD-INTAKE; DIETARY-PROTEIN; GROWTH; FISH; EFFICIENCY; SALMON; CONSUMPTION; MATURATION AB Increasing catfish growth is a primary objective of our broodstock improvement programme, and growth is at least partly dependent on voluntary feed intake. Two experiments were conducted to determine the genetic component of feed intake, and the relationship between feed intake and growth in sib-groups of channel catfish. In the first experiment, 10 fish from each of 31 full-sib families from the USDA-103 strain of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), were individually identified with passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags and distributed into two replicate tanks, five fish from each family to each tank. Fish were fed to apparent satiation with feed labelled with an X-ray opaque marker for one meal, radiographed, and feed intake was quantified for each individual. Genetic effects (broad sense heritability) accounted for approximately 41% of the phenotypic variation in feed intake. These fish were then grown for 5 months and the mean change in weight of the family groups was significantly correlated with mean feed intake (r = 0,64, P < 0.001). A subsequent experiment compared the feed intake of 100 families of catfish with their growth rate over the previous 2 months. Each family was grown in a separate 800 L tank. Fish were fed to apparent satiation daily and mean weight was determined monthly. After the 2 month growth period, fish were fed the labelled feed to apparent satiation, 28-30 individuals from each family/tank were radiographed, and individual feed intake was determined. A highly significant correlation (r = 0.54, P < 0,0001) between mean specific growth rate and mean feed intake (% consumption) was demonstrated. Taken together, these results suggest that individual feed intake has a heritable basis, and should be responsive to selection. Selection for increased feed intake could result in a correlated response of increased growth. C1 Thad Cochran Natl Warmwater Aquaculture Ctr, USDA ARS, Catfish Genet Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Silverstein, JT (reprint author), Thad Cochran Natl Warmwater Aquaculture Ctr, USDA ARS, Catfish Genet Res Unit, POB 38, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 29 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 7 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1355-557X J9 AQUAC RES JI Aquac. Res. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 32 SU 1 BP 199 EP 205 DI 10.1046/j.1355-557x.2001.00015.x PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 523DM UT WOS:000173937400029 ER PT J AU McDowell, RW Sharpley, AN AF McDowell, RW Sharpley, AN TI A comparison of fluvial sediment phosphorus (P) chemistry in relation to location and potential to influence stream P concentrations SO AQUATIC GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE stream; fluvial; sediment; phosphorus; kinetics; risk ID PHOSPHATE; SOILS; ADSORPTION; FRESH AB Fluvial sediments are subject to cyclic submersion during changes in stream flow, which can affect their phosphorus (P) sorptive capacity. As fluvial sediments play a major role in determining P concentrations in stream flow, we compared the P chemistry of exposed stream bank and submerged bed sediments from an agricultural catchment in central Pennsylvania, USA. Total P concentration was greater in bank (417 mg kg(-1)) than bed sediments (281 mg kg(-1)), but because bed sediments contained more sand-sized material, they could release more P and support a higher solution P concentration (0.043 mg l(-1)) than bank sediments (0.020 mg l(-1)). Phosphorus release was a function of Mehlich-3 soluble Fe in stream sediments (r > 0.65), reflecting redox processes in the fluvial system. In contrast, P sorption maxima of bank and bed sediments were related to Mehlich-3 soluble Al (r > 0.78) and organic matter concentration (r > 0.79). Overall, our research suggested that erosion of bank sediments should contribute less P and may be a sink for P in the stream system compared with resuspension of bed sediment. However, bank sediments may have the potential to be a large source of P in downstream reservoirs or lakes, where increased microbial activity and reducing conditions may solubilise sediment-bound P. C1 AgRes Ltd, Invermay Agr Res Ctr, Mosgiel, New Zealand. ARS, USDA, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP McDowell, RW (reprint author), AgRes Ltd, Invermay Agr Res Ctr, Private Bag 50034, Mosgiel, New Zealand. OI McDowell, Richard/0000-0003-3911-4825 NR 24 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 11 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1380-6165 J9 AQUAT GEOCHEM JI Aquat. Geochem. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 7 IS 4 BP 255 EP 265 DI 10.1023/A:1015274426411 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 543CY UT WOS:000175084700003 ER PT J AU Carlson, DA Bernier, UR Hogsette, JA Sutton, BD AF Carlson, DA Bernier, UR Hogsette, JA Sutton, BD TI Distinctive hydrocarbons of the black dump fly, Hydrotaea aenescens (Diptera : Muscidae) SO ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dump fly; identification; biocontrol; house flies; poultry; manure; cuticular; alkenes ID TSETSE-FLIES GLOSSINA; CUTICULAR HYDROCARBONS; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; MUSCA-DOMESTICA; SEX-PHEROMONE; IDENTIFICATION; COMPONENTS; PALLIDIPES; ALKENES; COMPLEX AB Hydrotaea aenescens (Wiedemann), the black dump fly, is a potential biological control agent originally from the western hemisphere, now found in many parts of the Palearctic region except for the United Kingdom, where it cannot be imported for any reason. A complication of classical biological control is the problem of strain identification, as one must be able to somehow mark or follow a particular strain that has been introduced into the field or is contemplated for release. Gas chromatographic analysis of the surface hydrocarbons of pooled and individual dump fly adults resulted in reproducible hydrocarbon patterns that differentiated widely distributed strains of H. aenescens and showed similarities between strains that were related. Sexual dimorphism was observed in the surface hydrocarbons. Conspecific similarities included identities of the hydrocarbons found in colony material collected worldwide, with differences being found in the quantities of compounds present. Published 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA ARS, Gainesville, FL 32607 USA. Florida Dept Agr & Consumer Serv, Div Plant Ind, Gainesville, FL USA. RP Carlson, DA (reprint author), Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA ARS, POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32607 USA. NR 31 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0739-4462 J9 ARCH INSECT BIOCHEM JI Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 48 IS 4 BP 167 EP 178 DI 10.1002/arch.1069 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology GA 497XD UT WOS:000172480000001 PM 11746561 ER PT J AU Galluzzi, JR Cupples, LA Otvos, JD Wilson, PWF Schaefer, EJ Ordovas, JM AF Galluzzi, JR Cupples, LA Otvos, JD Wilson, PWF Schaefer, EJ Ordovas, JM TI Association of the A/T54 polymorphism in the intestinal fatty acid binding protein with variations in plasma lipids in The Framingham Offspring Study SO ATHEROSCLEROSIS LA English DT Article DE FABP2; cholesterol; polymorphism; Framingham ID CORONARY-ARTERY DISEASE; INSULIN-RESISTANCE; CHOLESTEROL ABSORPTION; ABORIGINAL CANADIANS; OBESE SUBJECTS; HEART-DISEASE; GENE; LIPOPROTEIN; VARIANTS; CODON-54 AB We investigated the potential role of the genetic variation at the intestinal fatty acid binding protein gene (FABP2) in influencing lipid levels in a representative sample of the Framingham Offspring Study participants (n = 1930). In men, the T54 allele was associated with significantly higher LDL-cholesterol (3.47 +/- 0.83 vs 3.36 +/- 0.83 mmol/l; P < 0.047), and ApoB (1.04 +/- 0.23 vs 1.01 +/- 0.24 g/l; P < 0.020) after adjustment for familial relationship, age, BMI, smoking, alcohol intake and the use of beta-blockers compared with the A54 allele. This relationship with ApoB continued to be significant after adjustment for APOE genotype (P < 0.034). In women, the T54 allele was associated with significantly higher total-cholesterol (5.32 +/- 1.01 vs 5.17 +/- 0.98 mmol/l; P < 0.049) and LDL-cholesterol (3.31 +/- 0.93 vs 3.18 +/- 0.85 mmol/l; P < 0.023) after adjustment for covariates and menopausal status, estrogen therapy and APOE genotype. In men, the T54 allele was associated with significantly higher levels of small VLDL and lower levels of large HDL. Moreover, there was no significant relationship between FABP2 alleles and lipoprotein diameter or the prevalence of coronary heart disease in both genders. Our data are consistent with the T54 IFABP increasing the flux of lipids through the enterocyte leading to an increase in chylomicron secretion. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Tufts Univ, Lipid Metab Lab, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Boston, MA 02215 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Biochem, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NHLBI, Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01701 USA. RP Galluzzi, JR (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Lipid Metab Lab, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL54776] NR 50 TC 33 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0021-9150 J9 ATHEROSCLEROSIS JI Atherosclerosis PD DEC PY 2001 VL 159 IS 2 BP 417 EP 424 DI 10.1016/S0021-9150(01)00517-2 PG 8 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 504YZ UT WOS:000172885100019 PM 11730822 ER PT J AU Witter, RL Fadly, AM AF Witter, RL Fadly, AM TI Reduction of horizontal transmission of avian leukosis virus subgroup J in broiler breeder chickens hatched and reared in small groups SO AVIAN PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LYMPHOID LEUKOSIS; ALV INFECTION; UNITED-STATES; STRAIN; GENE AB Transmission of avian leukosis virus, subgroup J (ALV-J), from donor chickens inoculated as embryos to simulate congenital infection to uninfected hatchmates was studied in two strains of commercial broiler breeder chickens. Chicks of two commercial lines free of ALV-J became infected when hatched (1/2 lots positive) or reared (8/8 lots positive) in direct physical contact with ALV-J-infected donors. Infection also occurred when chicks were exposed in the hatchery to ALV-J-infected donors by cloacal swab transfer (2/2 lots positive), needle transfer during subcutaneous inoculation (2/2 lots positive), or ingestion of infected meconium (2/2 lots positive). However, transmission was delayed or prevented by wire partitions in the hatcher and rearing of small groups in cubicles, and rarely (1/10 lots positive) resulted from short-term direct or indirect contact. In a simulated field test, a flock of 503 broiler breeder chickens with an initial embryo infection rate of 4.6% was hatched and reared as 48 small groups to 4 weeks of age. Groups were tested at hatch and at 3 weeks, and 14 infected groups were eliminated. This flock tested negative for ALV-J infection from 4 to 32 weeks and did not transmit infection to progeny or develop tumours. A control group of 377 chickens with a similar initial infection rate was hatched and reared as a single group. This control flock transmitted virus to 5.7% of its progeny and about 5% of the hens developed tumours. The small-group hatching and rearing practices employed in these studies allowed for the accurate identification and removal of groups containing chickens infected prior to hatching and prevented horizontal transmission of ALV-J between uninfected and infected groups for at least 4 weeks. More importantly, application of these procedures successfully eradicated ALV-J in a single generation under laboratory conditions. This suggests that similar procedures could be a valuable adjunct to virus eradication programmes in the field. C1 ARS, USDA, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. RP Witter, RL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, 3606 E Mt Hope Rd, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. NR 25 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU CARFAX PUBLISHING PI BASINGSTOKE PA RANKINE RD, BASINGSTOKE RG24 8PR, HANTS, ENGLAND SN 0307-9457 J9 AVIAN PATHOL JI Avian Pathol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 30 IS 6 BP 641 EP 654 PG 14 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 497XT UT WOS:000172481300007 PM 19184958 ER PT J AU Greenstone, MH AF Greenstone, MH TI Spiders in wheat: First quantitative data for North America SO BIOCONTROL LA English DT Article DE Aphididae; Araneae; cereals; Diuraphis noxia; Linyphiidae; tritrophic interactions ID GROUND BEETLE COLEOPTERA; WINTER-WHEAT; GREENBUG HOMOPTERA; INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE; CARABIDAE ASSEMBLAGES; POLYPHAGOUS PREDATORS; ARABLE FIELDS; CEREAL APHIDS; NEW-ZEALAND; TEXAS AB Spiders were sampled quantitatively, by vacuum insect net (D-vac) followed by hand search, in Russian wheat aphid-resistant and -susceptible cultivars of winter wheat in Colorado. Spider densities were unaffected by cultivar, aphid density or wheat tiller density. Compared to other parts of the world, spider densities were one to two orders of magnitude lower, and the fauna more evenly dispersed over families rather than being dominated by the Linyphiidae. Given their very low densities, unmanipulated spider populations may be incapable of exerting significant biological control on cereal aphids in this system. Habitat manipulations such as those that have increased spider populations in wheat in Europe are under investigation. C1 ARS, USDA, Plant Sci & Water Conservat Res Lab, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. RP Greenstone, MH (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Plant Sci & Water Conservat Res Lab, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. NR 61 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 8 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1386-6141 J9 BIOCONTROL JI Biocontrol PD DEC PY 2001 VL 46 IS 4 BP 439 EP 454 DI 10.1023/A:1014186228388 PG 16 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 516PR UT WOS:000173564400005 ER PT J AU Madeira, PT Hale, RE Center, TD Buckingham, GR Wineriter, SA Purcell, M AF Madeira, PT Hale, RE Center, TD Buckingham, GR Wineriter, SA Purcell, M TI Whether to release Oxyops vitiosa from a second Australian site onto Florida's melaleuca? A molecular approach SO BIOCONTROL LA English DT Article DE biological control; Melaleuca quinquenervia; RAPD ID AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIC DNA; POPULATION GENETIC-STRUCTURE; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL AGENT; RAPD MARKERS; HYDRILLA-VERTICILLATA; COLEOPTERA; CURCULIONIDAE; QUINQUENERVIA; FINGERPRINTS; DIVERSITY AB Quarantine colonies of the melaleuca snout beetle Oxyops vitiosa, the first melaleuca-feeding insect released in Florida, consisted of individuals collected from the Burpengary region (near Brisbane) of Queensland and their descendants. Constraints on the number of weevils available at this site motivated us to import weevils from a second site (Bundaberg). While individuals from the two sites could not be differentiated using taxonomic characters, the weevils from Bundaberg were consistently larger. This prompted concern that Bundaberg individuals might differ genetically from the quarantine population thus confounding the original host specificity studies. In a worse case scenario, the Bundaberg population might represent a separate sub-species or even a separate (cryptic) species. RAPD analysis was conducted on individuals from the two sites and on an outlier species, Gonipterus scutellatus. Neighbor Joining analysis clearly delineated the two species and also indicated some differentiation of individuals from the two O. vitiosa sites. Bootstrap analysis, however, indicated little statistical support for this intraspecific differentiation. Principal Coordinate analysis distinguished individuals from the two populations, and even distinguished two subpopulations from Bundaberg. AMOVA analysis indicated most of the variation occurred within populations but that the between population variance was significant. We conclude that further limited specificity testing and field host range observations should be conducted on the Bundaberg population before release into Florida. C1 ARS, USDA, Invas Plant Res Lab, Ft Lauderdale, FL USA. Univ Florida, Dept Zool, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. ARS, USDA, Florida Biol Control Lab, Gainesville, FL USA. Univ Florida, IFAS, Dept Entomol & Nematol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. CSIRO, Div Entomol, Long Pocket Labs, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068, Australia. RP Madeira, PT (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Invas Plant Res Lab, Ft Lauderdale, FL USA. RI Purcell, Matthew/C-2098-2008 NR 60 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1386-6141 J9 BIOCONTROL JI Biocontrol PD DEC PY 2001 VL 46 IS 4 BP 511 EP 528 DI 10.1023/A:1014168208612 PG 18 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 516PR UT WOS:000173564400010 ER PT J AU Greenberg, CH Smith, LM Levey, DJ AF Greenberg, Cathryn H. Smith, Lindsay M. Levey, Douglas J. TI Fruit fate, seed germination and growth of an invasive vine - an experimental test of 'sit and wait' strategy SO BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS LA English DT Article DE fleshy-fruited species; fruit crop density; fruit fate; fruit removal; germination; Ilex opaca; invasive plants AB Oriental bittersweet (Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb.) is a non-indigenous, invasive woody vine in North America that proliferates in disturbed open sites. Unlike most invasive species, C. orbiculatus exhibits a 'sit and wait' strategy by establishing and persisting indefinitely in undisturbed, closed canopy forest and responding to canopy disturbance with rapid growth, often overtopping trees. We compared fruit fates of C. orbiculatus and native American holly (Ilex opaca). We also explored mechanisms for this 'sit and wait' invasion strategy by testing the effect of C. orbiculatus fruit crop density on removal rates and by examining the influence of seed treatment and light intensity on seed germination and seedling growth. More C. orbiculatus than I. opaca fruits became damaged, and damage occurred earlier. More fruit fell from C. orbiculatus than I. opaca, but removal rates by frugivores did not differ (76.0 +/- 4.2% vs 87.5 +/- 3.7%, respectively). Density (number of fruits in a patch) of C. orbiculatus did not influence removal rates. Scarification (bird-ingestion) of C. orbiculatus seed delayed germination but seeds germinated in similar proportion to manually defleshed seeds (sown either singly or all seeds from a fruit). Germination of seeds within intact fruits was inhibited and delayed compared to other treatments. Seed treatment did not affect seedling growth. The proportion of seeds germinating and time until germination was similar among five light intensity levels, ranging from full sun to closed-canopy. Seedlings in >70% photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) had more leaves, heavier shoots, and longer, heavier roots than seedlings at lower PAR levels. Results show that most (>75%) C. orbiculatus seeds are dispersed, seedlings can establish in dense shade, and plants grow rapidly when exposed to high light conditions. Control strategies for this highly invasive species should likely focus on minimizing seed dispersal by vertebrates. C1 [Greenberg, Cathryn H.] USDA Forest Serv, Sorthern Res Stn, Bent Creek Expt Forest, 1577 Brevard Rd, Asheville, NC 28806 USA. [Smith, Lindsay M.] Univ Tennessee, Dept Bot, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. [Levey, Douglas J.] Univ Florida, Dept Zool, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Greenberg, CH (reprint author), USDA Forest Serv, Sorthern Res Stn, Bent Creek Expt Forest, 1577 Brevard Rd, Asheville, NC 28806 USA. EM kgreenberg@fs.fed.us NR 41 TC 53 Z9 65 U1 5 U2 9 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1387-3547 EI 1573-1464 J9 BIOL INVASIONS JI Biol. Invasions PD DEC PY 2001 VL 3 IS 4 BP 363 EP 372 DI 10.1023/A:1015857721486 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA V44TU UT WOS:000209772100004 ER PT J AU Smith, AD South, PK Levander, OA AF Smith, AD South, PK Levander, OA TI Effect of gold(I) compounds on the virulence of an amyocarditic strain of coxsackievirus B3 SO BIOLOGICAL TRACE ELEMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Coxsackievirus B3; aurothioglucose; aurothiomalate; myocarditis; selenium ID THIOREDOXIN REDUCTASE-ACTIVITY; SELENIUM-DEFICIENT MICE; GLUTATHIONE-PEROXIDASE; SODIUM THIOMALATE; AUROTHIOGLUCOSE; MYOCARDITIS; PANCREATITIS; INHIBITION; VARIANTS; DISEASE AB Coxsackieviruses, especially B strains (CVB), are known etiological agents of myocarditis. Both amyocardititc and myocarditic strains exist and at least one amyocarditic strain, CVB3/0, can convert to virulence when passaged through selenium or vitamin E-deficient mice. Gold(I)-containing compounds, such as aurothiomalate (ATM) and aurothioglucose (ATG), can act as selenium antagonists. In this study, we examined the effect of intraperitoneal administration of equal doses of ATM or ATG on the virulence of CVB3/0. ATM but not ATG increased mortality in CVB3/0-infected mice. CVB3/0-infected mice treated with ATM had total necrosis of the pancreatic exocrine tissue. Heart damage also occurred in ATM-treated mice but did not correlate with mortality. Increased viral titers and persistence were observed in ATM-treated mice and, to a lesser extent, in ATG-treated mice. Thus, under our conditions, only ATM increased the virulence of CVB3/0, whereas ATG did not. On the other hand, both ATG and ATM inhibited thioredoxin reductase activity in heart and pancreas, but neither affected glutathione peroxidase activity. In contrast, dietary selenium deficiency reduces both enzyme activities. Thus, it is unlikely that these compounds affect virulence by acting as selenium antagonists. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Smith, AD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 45 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU HUMANA PRESS INC PI TOTOWA PA 999 RIVERVIEW DRIVE SUITE 208, TOTOWA, NJ 07512 USA SN 0163-4984 J9 BIOL TRACE ELEM RES JI Biol. Trace Elem. Res. PD WIN PY 2001 VL 84 IS 1-3 BP 67 EP 80 DI 10.1385/BTER:84:1-3:067 PG 14 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 507WL UT WOS:000173054200007 PM 11817697 ER PT J AU Waters, RS Bryden, NA Patterson, KY Veillon, C Anderson, RA AF Waters, RS Bryden, NA Patterson, KY Veillon, C Anderson, RA TI EDTA chelation effects on urinary losses of cadmium, calcium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, magnesium, and zinc SO BIOLOGICAL TRACE ELEMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE chelation therapy; cadmium; chromium; cobalt; EDTA; iron; lead; magnesium; zinc ID ACUTE MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; BLOOD-PRESSURE; SUPPLEMENTAL CHROMIUM; INSULIN; HYPERTENSION; GLUCOSE; EXCRETION; THERAPY; TRIAL AB The efficacy of a chelating agent in binding a given metal in a biological system depends on the binding constants of the chelator for the particular metals in the system, the concentration of the metals, and the presence and concentrations of other ligands competing for the metals in question. In this study, we make a comparison of the in vitro binding constants for the chelator, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, with the quantitative urinary excretion of the metals measured before and after EDTA infusion in 16 patients. There were significant increases in lead, zinc, cadmium, and calcium, and these increases roughly corresponded to the expected relative increases predicted by the EDTA-metal-binding constants as measured in vitro. There were no significant increases in urinary cobalt, chromium, or copper as a result of EDTA infusion. The actual increase in cobalt could be entirely attributed to the cobalt content of the cyanocobalamin that was added to the infusion. Although copper did increase in the post-EDTA specimens, the increase was not statistically significant. In th a case of magnesium, there was a net retention of approximately 85% following chelation. These data demonstrate that EDTA chelation therapy results in significantly increased urinary losses of lead, zinc, cadmium, and calcium following EDTA chelation therapy. There were no significant changes in cobalt, chromium, or copper and a retention of magnesium. These effects are likely to have significant effects on nutrient concentrations and interactions and partially explain the clinical improvements seen in patients undergoing EDTA chelation therapy. C1 ARS, USDA, BHNRC, NRFL, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Waters Prevent Med Ctr Ltd, Wisconsin Dells, WI 53965 USA. RP Anderson, RA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, BHNRC, NRFL, Bldg 307,Rm 224,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 66 TC 29 Z9 32 U1 3 U2 16 PU HUMANA PRESS INC PI TOTOWA PA 999 RIVERVIEW DRIVE SUITE 208, TOTOWA, NJ 07512 USA SN 0163-4984 J9 BIOL TRACE ELEM RES JI Biol. Trace Elem. Res. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 83 IS 3 BP 207 EP 221 DI 10.1385/BTER:83:3:207 PG 15 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 503VU UT WOS:000172822800002 PM 11794513 ER PT J AU Aulakh, MS Khera, TS Doran, JW Bronson, KF AF Aulakh, MS Khera, TS Doran, JW Bronson, KF TI Denitrification, N2O and CO2 fluxes in rice-wheat cropping system as affected by crop residues, fertilizer N and legume green manure SO BIOLOGY AND FERTILITY OF SOILS LA English DT Article DE denitrification-nitrification; nitrous oxide; carbon dioxide; crop residue decomposition; flooded rice systems ID AUTOMATED CHAMBER MEASUREMENTS; FLOODED SUBTROPICAL SOIL; NITROUS-OXIDE EMISSIONS; WATER MANAGEMENT; LOWLAND RICE; WETLAND RICE; NITRATE; METHANE; LOSSES; UREA AB Use of renewable N and C sources such as green manure (GM) and crop residues in rice-wheat cropping systems of South Asia may lead to higher crop productivity and C sequestration. However, information on measurements of gaseous N losses (N2O+N-2) via denitrification and environmental problems such as N2O and CO2 production in rice-wheat cropping systems is not available. An acetylene inhibition-intact soil core technique was employed for direct measurement of denitrification losses, N2O and CO2 production, in an irrigated field planted to rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in an annual rotation. The soil was a coarse-textured Tolewal sandy loam soil (Typic Ustochrept) and the site a semi-arid subtropical Punjab region of India. Wheat residue (WR, C:N=94) was incorporated at 6 t ha(-1) and sesbania (Sesbania aculeata L.) was grown as GM crop for 60 days during the pre-rice fallow period. Fresh biomass of GM (C:N.=18) at 20 or 40 t ha(-1) was incorporated into the soil 2 days before transplanting rice. Results of this study reveal that (1) denitrification is a significant N loss process under wetland rice amounting to 33% of the prescribed dose of 120 kg N ha(-1) applied as fertilizer urea-N (FN); (2) integrated management of 6 t WR ha(-1) and 20 t GM ha(-1) supplying 88 kg N ha(-1) and 32 kg FN ha(-1) significantly reduced cumulative gaseous N losses to 51.6 kg N ha(-1) as compared with 58.2 kg N ha(-1) for 120 kc, FN ha(-1) alone; (3) application of excessive N and C through applying 40 t GM ha(-1) (176 kg N ha(-1)) resulted in the highest gaseous losses of 70 kg N ha(-1); (4) the gaseous N losses under wheat were 0.6% to 2% of the applied 120 kg FN ha(-1) and were eight- to tenfold lower (5-8 kg N ha(-1)) than those preceding rice; (5) an interplay between the availability of NO3- and organic C largely controlled denitrification and N2O flux during summer-grown flooded rice whereas temperature and soil aeration status were the primary regulators of the nitrification-denitrification processes and gaseous N losses during winter-grown upland wheat; (6) the irrigated rice-wheat system is a significant source of N2O as it emits around 15 kg N2O-N ha(-1) year(-1); (7) incorporation of WR in rice and rice residue (C:N=63) in wheat increased soil respiration, and increased CO2 production in WR-and GM-amended soils under anaerobic wetland rice coincided with enhanced rates of denitrification; and (8) with adequate soil moisture, most of the decomposable C fraction of added residues was mineralized within one crop-growing season and application of FN and GM further accelerated this process. C1 Punjab Agr Univ, Dept Soils, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India. Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Agr Expt Stn, Lubbock, TX 79401 USA. RP Aulakh, MS (reprint author), Punjab Agr Univ, Dept Soils, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India. NR 47 TC 108 Z9 123 U1 7 U2 81 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0178-2762 J9 BIOL FERT SOILS JI Biol. Fertil. Soils PD DEC PY 2001 VL 34 IS 6 BP 375 EP 389 DI 10.1007/s003740100420 PG 15 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 505YQ UT WOS:000172943500001 ER PT J AU Royt, PW Honeychuck, RV Ravich, V Ponnaluri, P Pannell, LK Buyer, JS Chandhoke, V Stalick, WM DeSesso, LC Donohue, S Ghei, R Relyea, JD Ruiz, R AF Royt, PW Honeychuck, RV Ravich, V Ponnaluri, P Pannell, LK Buyer, JS Chandhoke, V Stalick, WM DeSesso, LC Donohue, S Ghei, R Relyea, JD Ruiz, R TI 4-hydroxy-2-nonylquinoline: A novel iron chelator isolated from a bacterial cell membrane SO BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE 4-hydroxy-2-nonylquinoline; iron chelator; pseudan; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; siderophore; iron metabolism; iron transport AB The membrane associated iron chelator of Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been extracted from membranes of iron-rich cells with ethanol and purified by reverse phase HPLC. Using C-13 NMR and FAB mass spectroscopy, the structure of the chelator has been determined to be 4-hydroxy-2-nonylquinoline. This compound has been previously isolated and named pseudan IX, a name which we use here. We synthesized pseudan IX and show that the spectral properties of the synthesized compound and the purified compound are nearly identical. Also purified from the ethanol extract of membranes is 4-hydroxy-2-heptylquinoline, i.e., pseudan VII. Bacterially purified pseudan IX binds iron as indicated by the incorporation of radiolabeled iron into the chelator and by the formation of pink micelles in a concentrated ethanol extract. The formation of pink micelles upon addition of iron to the synthesized compound indicates that it binds iron. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science (USA). C1 George Mason Univ, Dept Biol, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. George Mason Univ, Dept Chem, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. George Mason Univ, Shared Res Instrumentat Facil, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. NIDDK, Struct Mass Spectrometry Facil, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. USDA, Sustainable Agr Syst Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Royt, PW (reprint author), George Mason Univ, Dept Biol, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. OI Buyer, Jeffrey/0000-0003-2098-0547 NR 11 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0045-2068 J9 BIOORG CHEM JI Bioorganic Chem. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 29 IS 6 BP 387 EP 397 DI 10.1006/bioo.2001.1225 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Organic SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 524WR UT WOS:000174036300005 PM 11846436 ER PT J AU Lobanov, AV Borisov, IA Gordon, SH Greene, RV Leathers, TD Reshetilov, AN AF Lobanov, AV Borisov, IA Gordon, SH Greene, RV Leathers, TD Reshetilov, AN TI Analysis of ethanol-glucose mixtures by two microbial sensors: application of chemometrics and artificial neural networks for data processing SO BIOSENSORS & BIOELECTRONICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th World Congress on Biosensors (Biosensors 2000) CY MAY 24-26, 2000 CL SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA DE amperometric microbial sensor; artificial neural network; chemometrics; ethanol; glucose; selectivity ID ALDOSE DEHYDROGENASE; RECOGNITION; ELECTRODE; SYSTEM; XYLOSE; SNO2 AB Although biosensors based on whole microbial cells have many advantages in terms of convenience, cost and durability, a major limitation of these sensors is often their inability to distinguish between different substrates of interest. This paper demonstrates that it is possible to use sensors entirely based upon whole microbial cells to selectively measure ethanol and glucose in mixtures. Amperometric sensors were constructed using immobilized cells of either Gluconobacter oxydans or Pichia methanolica. The bacterial cells of G. oxydans were sensitive to both substrates, while the yeast cells of P. methanolica oxidized only ethanol. Using chemometric principles of polynomial approximation, data from both of these sensors were processed to provide accurate estimates of glucose and ethanol over a concentration range of 1.0-8.0 mM (coefficients of determination, R-2 = 0.99 for ethanol and 0.98 for glucose). When data were processed using an artificial neural network, glucose and ethanol were accurately estimated over a range of 1.0-10.0 mM (R-2 = 0.99 for both substrates). The described methodology extends the sphere of utility for microbial sensors. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Biopolymer Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Pushchino State Univ, Chair Biotechnol & Environm Protect, Pushchino 142290, Moscow Region, Russia. USDA ARS, Off Int Programs, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Russian Acad Sci, GK Skryabin Inst Biochem & Physiol Microorganisms, Pushchino 142290, Moscow Region, Russia. RP Leathers, TD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Biopolymer Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 22 TC 43 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY PI OXFORD PA OXFORD FULFILLMENT CENTRE THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0956-5663 J9 BIOSENS BIOELECTRON JI Biosens. Bioelectron. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 16 IS 9-12 SI SI BP 1001 EP 1007 DI 10.1016/S0956-5663(01)00246-9 PG 7 WC Biophysics; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Chemistry, Analytical; Electrochemistry; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology SC Biophysics; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 492LH UT WOS:000172169500047 PM 11679281 ER PT J AU Maruyama, K Vinyard, B Akbar, MK Shafer, DJ Turk, CM AF Maruyama, K Vinyard, B Akbar, MK Shafer, DJ Turk, CM TI Growth curve analyses in selected duck lines SO BRITISH POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MATHEMATICAL-MODELS; MUSCLE GROWTH; BODY GROWTH; FOWL; PARAMETERS AB 1. Growth patterns of male ducks from 4 lines (lines A, B, C and D) selected for market weight were analysed and compared to growth patterns of ducks in the respective line 7 generations earlier. Growth curves were analysed using procedures derived from the Weibull sigmoidal function and the linear-linear relative growth rate model and simple allometry. 2. The ducks were fed ad libitum under 24-h lighting throughout the experiment. At weekly intervals from the time of hatch through 70 d of age, 16 ducks from each line were killed to determine body, carcase, breast-muscle, leg and thigh-muscle, and abdominal fat weights. 3. Line A was the heaviest line, followed by line B, line C and line D. However, body weight, carcase weight and breast-muscle weight at 49 d of age were not significantly different between lines A and B. After 7 generations of selection, the breast-muscle yield was increased to >19% and the abdominal fat percent was reduced to <1.4% in all lines. 4. The Weibull growth curve analysis of body weight showed an increase in the asymptotes during selection, while the age of the inflection point remained constant in all lines (21.3 to 26.0 d). For breast-muscle growth, ducks reached the inflection point 12.8 to 14.3 d later than for body weight. Between line A and line B, asymptotes for body weight, asymptotes for breast-muscle weight and allometric growth coefficients of breast muscle and leg and thigh muscles from 14 to 49 d were not significantly different. 5. The relative growth rate model discriminated body and breast-muscle growth patterns of line A and line B. The initial decline in the relative body growth rate was less and the time to reach the transition was longer in line A than line B. On the other hand, the initial decline in the relative breast-muscle growth rate was greater in line A than line B. C1 USDA, Gene Evaluat & Mapping Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA, Stat Consulting Serv, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Maple Leaf Farms, Milford, IN USA. RP Maruyama, K (reprint author), Meiji Univ, Dept Life Sci, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan. EM kmaru@isc.meiji.ac.jp NR 34 TC 13 Z9 16 U1 3 U2 7 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0007-1668 EI 1466-1799 J9 BRIT POULTRY SCI JI Br. Poult. Sci. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 42 IS 5 BP 574 EP 582 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 497YC UT WOS:000172482200004 PM 11811908 ER PT J AU Kelly, JM Mutsvangwa, T Milligan, LR Waldo, DR McBride, BW AF Kelly, JM Mutsvangwa, T Milligan, LR Waldo, DR McBride, BW TI Quantification of energy expenditures of the gastrointestinal tract of steers fed three diets at two levels of intake SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Na+, K+-ATPase; gastrointestinal tract; Holstein steers ID OUABAIN-SENSITIVE RESPIRATION; ACID-TREATED ALFALFA; PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS; ORCHARDGRASS SILAGE; EPITHELIAL PAPILLAE; DUODENAL MUCOSA; FEED-INTAKE; METABOLISM; NUTRITION; FORMALDEHYDE AB Forty eight yearling Holstein steers [257 +/- 7.7 kg body weight (BW)] were fed switchgrass hay plus 10% soybean meal (diet S), orchard grass silage (diet O) and alfalfa silage (diet A) at 65 or 90 g DM kg(-0.75) BW for 155 to 164 d in a 2 x 3 factorial experiment designed to evaluate the effects of dietary composition and level of feed intake on patterns of O-2 consumption in gastrointestinal tract (GIT) tissues. At the end of the growth period, steers were stunned, exsanguinated and eviscerated. The various GIT components were then emptied of their contents and weighed. Ventral sac rumen, jejunal and large intestinal tissue samples were quickly acquired and placed in oxygenated M199 media. Mucosa and muscularis weights of these tissues were determined along with their total O-2 (TO.), ouabain-sensitive O-2 (OSO2) and ouabain-insensitive O-2 (0102) consumption. Oxygen consumption parameters were determined polarographically using a YSI Clark-style electrode. Total weights of rumen (P < 0.001), small intestine (P < 0.001) and large intestine (P < 0.05) were higher in steers fed the high level of intake compared to those fed the low level of feed intake. In all GIT tissues studied, increasing the level of feed intake (P <0.05) elevated mucosa and muscularis dry weights. Steers fed diet S had tower (P < 0.05) GIT tissue weights compared to those fed diets O and A. Weight-specific (i.e., expressed per unit tissue weight) TO2, OSO2 and OIO2 consumption for rumen, small intestine and large intestine were not affected by dietary composition and level of feed intake (P > 0.05), except for OSO2 consumption, which was higher (P < 0.05) in ruminal mucosa of steers fed diets S and A compared to those fed diet O. It is concluded that level of feed intake and dietary composition altered GIT O-2 consumption via changes in visceral organ mass, rather than changes in weight-specific O, consumption. C1 Univ Guelph, Dept Anim & Poultry Sci, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP McBride, BW (reprint author), Univ Guelph, Dept Anim & Poultry Sci, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. NR 36 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 3 U2 4 PU AGRICULTURAL INST CANADA PI OTTAWA PA STE 1112, 141 LAURIER AVE WEST, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1P 5J3, CANADA SN 0008-3984 J9 CAN J ANIM SCI JI Can. J. Anim. Sci. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 81 IS 4 BP 533 EP 540 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 512YA UT WOS:000173350100014 ER PT J AU Deal, RL AF Deal, RL TI The effects of partial cutting on forest plant communities of western hemlock - Sitka spruce stands in southeast Alaska SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID BLACK-TAILED DEER; TEMPERATE RAIN-FOREST; NATURAL DISTURBANCE; SPECIES COMPOSITION; OLD-GROWTH; SUCCESSION; HISTORY; VEGETATION; MANAGEMENT; STABILITY AB The effects of partial cutting on plant species richness, community structure, and several understory species that are important for deer forage were evaluated on 73 plots in 18 stands throughout southeast Alaska. These partially cut stands were harvested 12-96 years ago when 16-96% of the former stand basal area was removed. The species richness and community structure of understory plants were similar in uncut and partially cut plots. However, plots where more than 50% of the basal area was cut had a significantly different plant community structure. Species composition and abundance also appeared to be distinctly different between hemlock-dominated and spruce-dominated stands. Partial cutting did not significantly change abundance for most of the important forage species for deer. The similarity in plant community structure between partially cut and uncut old-growth stands may be related to forest stand structures. The heterogeneous stand structures that develop after partial cutting are more similar to old-growth stands than to the uniform young-growth stands that develop after stand replacing disturbances such as clear-cutting. C1 Forestry Sci Lab, Portland, OR 97208 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, PNW Res Stn, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Deal, RL (reprint author), Forestry Sci Lab, POB 3890, Portland, OR 97208 USA. NR 73 TC 39 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 7 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 31 IS 12 BP 2067 EP 2079 DI 10.1139/cjfr-31-12-2067 PG 13 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 501YY UT WOS:000172716400002 ER PT J AU Williams, MS AF Williams, MS TI Nonuniform random sampling: an alternative method of variance reduction for forest surveys SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID VOLUME AB Areal sampling has been used extensively in forest inventories. Prior to the 1950s, areal sampling used fixed-area plots exclusively. The advent of variable radius plot (VRP) sampling provided a substantial improvement in efficiency, both in terms of reducing the variance of the estimator for attributes such as basal area and volume and in the amount of fieldwork required to collect samples. However, since the advent of VRP sampling, there have been few substantial improvements in the efficiency of areal sampling. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how varying the distribution of sampling points to account for large scale spatial variation can further improve the efficiency of forest inventories. While this is not a new idea, the approach taken here attempts to present the material in such a way as to make it accessible to the broadest spectrum of inventory practitioners. The method, referred to as nonuniform random sampling, is developed using a small forest population where the attribute of primary interest is the total number of trees. A simulation study, drawing samples of 20 fixed-area plots, was performed to compare the new method with current practice. The standard deviation of the estimator of the number of trees was reduced by a factor of about 1.4, meaning that almost 40 sample plots would be needed to achieve equal variance of the estimator using plot locations that were uniformly distributed over the population. To illustrate the potential shortcomings of this approach, the performance of the estimator of the total basal area was studied concurrently. The standard deviation of this estimator actually increased by a factor of more than 2, meaning that fewer than five sample plots would have been needed if the plot locations had been located in accordance with a uniform distribution over the area. Thus, while this technique can substantially reduce the variance for a single or small set of spatially correlated attributes for which the inventory is designed, the estimators of other attributes can be seriously compromised. C1 US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Williams, MS (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, 2150 A Ctr Dr,Suite 361, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 27 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 31 IS 12 BP 2080 EP 2088 DI 10.1139/cjfr-31-12-2080 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 501YY UT WOS:000172716400003 ER PT J AU Rollins, MG Swetnam, TW Morgan, P AF Rollins, MG Swetnam, TW Morgan, P TI Evaluating a century of fire patterns in two Rocky Mountain wilderness areas using digital fire atlases SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN BAJA-CALIFORNIA; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; FOREST; DISTURBANCE; LANDSCAPE; HISTORY; REGIMES; VARIABILITY; FREQUENCY; CLIMAX AB Changes in fire size, shape, and frequency under different fire-management strategies were evaluated using time series of fire perimeter data (fire atlases) and mapped potential vegetation types (PVTs) in the Gila - Aldo Leopold Wilderness Complex (GALWC) in New Mexico and the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness Complex (SBWC) in Idaho and Montana. Relative to pre-Euro-American estimates, fire rotations in the GALWC were short during the recent wildfire-use period (1975-1993) and long during the pre-modern suppression period (1909-1946). In contrast, fire rotations in the SBWC were short during the pre-modern suppression period (1880-1934) and long during the modern suppression period (1935-1975). In general, fire-rotation periods were shorter in mid-elevation, shade-intolerant PVTs. Fire intervals in the GALWC and SBWC are currently longer than fire intervals prior to Euro-American settlement. Proactive fire and fuels management are needed to restore fire regimes in each wilderness complex to within natural ranges of variability and to reduce the risk of catastrophic wildfire in upper elevations of the GALWC and nearly the entire SBWC. Analyses of fire atlases provide baseline information for evaluating landscape patterns across broad landscapes. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Fire Sci Lab, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. Univ Arizona, Lab Tree Ring Res, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Idaho, Coll Nat Resources, Dept Forest Resources, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. RP Rollins, MG (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Fire Sci Lab, 5775 Highway 10 W, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. EM mrollins@fs.fed.us RI Swetnam, Thomas/A-6052-2008 OI Swetnam, Thomas/0000-0001-7268-2184 NR 86 TC 47 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 12 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 31 IS 12 BP 2107 EP 2123 DI 10.1139/cjfr-31-12-2107 PG 17 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 501YY UT WOS:000172716400006 ER PT J AU Chen, J Ma, J Stampfer, MJ Hines, LM Selhub, J Hunter, DJ AF Chen, J Ma, J Stampfer, MJ Hines, LM Selhub, J Hunter, DJ TI Alcohol dehydrogenase 3 genotype is not predictive for risk of colorectal cancer SO CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY BIOMARKERS & PREVENTION LA English DT Article ID ALCOHOL-DEHYDROGENASE-3 GENOTYPE; CONSUMPTION C1 CUNY Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Community & Prevent Med, New York, NY 10029 USA. Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Med, Channing Lab, Boston, MA USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Nutr, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Chen, J (reprint author), CUNY Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Community & Prevent Med, Box 1043,1 Gustave L Levy Pl, New York, NY 10029 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [CA81750, CA87969, CA42182] NR 7 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH PI BIRMINGHAM PA PO BOX 11806, BIRMINGHAM, AL 35202 USA SN 1055-9965 J9 CANCER EPIDEM BIOMAR JI Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 10 IS 12 BP 1303 EP 1304 PG 2 WC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 507JF UT WOS:000173023100012 PM 11751450 ER PT J AU Wullschleger, SD Jackson, RB Currie, WS Friend, AD Luo, Y Mouillot, F Pan, Y Shao, GF AF Wullschleger, SD Jackson, RB Currie, WS Friend, AD Luo, Y Mouillot, F Pan, Y Shao, GF TI Below-ground processes in gap models for simulating forest response to global change SO CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Article ID TERRESTRIAL BIOSPHERE MODEL; CLIMATE-CHANGE; ROOTING DEPTH; NITROGEN PRODUCTIVITY; REGIONAL APPLICATIONS; LITTER DECOMPOSITION; ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES; TEMPERATE SAVANNA; SEED-GERMINATION; SOIL-MOISTURE AB Gap models have a rich history of being used to simulate individual tree interactions that impact species diversity and patterns of forest succession. Questions arise, however, as to whether these same models can be used to study the response of forest structure and composition under a changing climate. In contrast to many process-based models, gap models have traditionally been based on rather descriptive representations of species-specific growth processes. Opportunities now exist to expand upon these simple empirical relationships with more mechanistic descriptions of growth, the response of growth to environmental variables, and competition among species for available light, water, and nutrient resources. In this paper, we focus on several areas of below-ground research with the potential to improve the utility of gap models for predicting forest composition in response to a changing climate. Specific areas for model improvement include (1) improved descriptions of the soil environment for seed germination and subsequent seedling establishment, (2) multi-layer representations of soil water and nutrient availability, (3) more accurate information on biomass allocation to roots and root distribution within the soil profile, (4) improved treatment of inter- and intra-specific competition for available soil resources, (5) increased consideration of spatial processes as related to land-surface hydrology, and (6) improved attention to above- and below-ground interactions. This list is meant to stimulate discussion and provide guidance for future field research and model development. As an example of how increased attention to below-ground processes could help address intra-specific competition for water among trees of differing size classes, the gap model LINKAGES was modified to include a sub-model of multi-layered soil hydrology. It was then used to examine the impact of root distribution within soils on the simulated drought response of seedlings, saplings, and mature trees. An annual simulation of soil water content for a deciduous forest in eastern Tennessee showed that seedlings whose roots were restricted to the upper 20-cm of the soil experienced far more 'drought days' than did saplings and larger trees that otherwise had access to deeper soil water reserves. We recognize that models of forest succession cannot include mechanistic detail on all potential below-ground processes and that there are obvious tradeoffs between model simplicity and more sophisticated parameterizations. We conclude, however, that feedbacks among global environmental change, seed germination and seedling establishment, above- and below-ground carbon allocation, root distribution within the soil profile, and soil water and nutrient dynamics will be critically important for predicting forest dynamics and ecosystem function in the 21st century. As a result, steps should now be taken to ensure that these processes are represented in future gap models. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Duke Univ, Dept Bot, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Appalachian Lab, Frostburg, MD 21532 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Ctr Environm Predict, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Dept Bot & Microbiol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. CNRS, CEFE, Dynam React Ecosyst Anal Spatiale & Modelisat Uni, F-34293 Montpellier 5, France. Univ Corse, F-20250 Corte, France. US Forest Serv, USDA, Newtown Sq, PA 19073 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Forestry & Nat Resources, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Wullschleger, SD (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Wullschleger, Stan/B-8297-2012; MOUILLOT, florent/C-2204-2015; Pan, Yude/F-6145-2015 OI Wullschleger, Stan/0000-0002-9869-0446; MOUILLOT, florent/0000-0002-6548-4830; NR 92 TC 27 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 23 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-0009 J9 CLIMATIC CHANGE JI Clim. Change PD DEC PY 2001 VL 51 IS 3-4 BP 449 EP 473 DI 10.1023/A:1012570821241 PG 25 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 488NU UT WOS:000171943200008 ER PT J AU Price, DT Zimmermann, NE van der Meer, PJ Lexer, MJ Leadley, P Jorritsma, ITM Schaber, J Clark, DF Lasch, P McNulty, S Wu, JG Smith, B AF Price, DT Zimmermann, NE van der Meer, PJ Lexer, MJ Leadley, P Jorritsma, ITM Schaber, J Clark, DF Lasch, P McNulty, S Wu, JG Smith, B TI Regeneration in gap models: Priority issues for studying forest responses to climate change SO CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Review ID EASTERN NORTH-AMERICA; SEED DISPERSAL; BOREAL FOREST; DECIDUOUS FOREST; VEGETATION RESPONSE; SCANDES MOUNTAINS; SPATIAL PATTERNS; SIMULATION-MODEL; PLANT MIGRATION; JACK PINE AB Recruitment algorithms in forest gap models are examined with particular regard to their suitability for simulating forest ecosystem responses to a changing climate. The traditional formulation of recruitment is found limiting in three areas. First, the aggregation of different regeneration stages (seed production, dispersal, storage, germination and seedling establishment) is likely to result in less accurate predictions of responses as compared to treating each stage separately. Second, the related assumptions that seeds of all species are uniformly available and that environmental conditions are homogeneous, are likely to cause overestimates of future species diversity and forest migration rates. Third, interactions between herbivores (ungulates and insect pests) and forest vegetation are a big unknown with potentially serious impacts in many regions. Possible strategies for developing better gap model representations for the climate-sensitive aspects of each of these key areas are discussed. A working example of a relatively new model that addresses some of these limitations is also presented for each case. We conclude that better models of regeneration processes are desirable for predicting effects of climate change, but that it is presently impossible to determine what improvements can be expected without carrying out rigorous tests for each new formulation. C1 Nat Resources Canada, Canadian Forestry Serv, Edmonton, AB T6H 3S5, Canada. Swiss Fed Res Inst WSL, Dept Landscape, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland. ALTERRA Green World Res, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands. Univ Agr Sci, Inst Silviculture, A-1190 Vienna, Austria. Univ Paris 11, F-91405 Orsay, France. Potsdam Inst Climate Impact Res PIK, D-4412 Potsdam, Germany. Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Global Environm Change Program, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. Arizona State Univ W, Dept Life Sci, Phoenix, AZ 85069 USA. Lund Univ, Dept Ecol Plant Ecol, Climate Impacts Grp, S-22362 Lund, Sweden. RP Price, DT (reprint author), Nat Resources Canada, Canadian Forestry Serv, Edmonton, AB T6H 3S5, Canada. RI WU, Jingle/A-4055-2009; Wu, Jianguo/G-6267-2010; Leadley, Paul/E-4773-2012; Zimmermann, Niklaus/A-4276-2008; Smith, Benjamin/I-1212-2016; OI Zimmermann, Niklaus/0000-0003-3099-9604; Smith, Benjamin/0000-0002-6987-5337; Lasch-Born, Petra/0000-0001-6468-4411; Schaber, Jorg/0000-0001-6971-2530 NR 181 TC 71 Z9 75 U1 3 U2 42 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-0009 J9 CLIMATIC CHANGE JI Clim. Change PD DEC PY 2001 VL 51 IS 3-4 BP 475 EP 508 DI 10.1023/A:1012579107129 PG 34 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 488NU UT WOS:000171943200009 ER PT J AU Keane, RE Austin, M Field, C Huth, A Lexer, MJ Peters, D Solomon, A Wyckoff, P AF Keane, RE Austin, M Field, C Huth, A Lexer, MJ Peters, D Solomon, A Wyckoff, P TI Tree mortality in gap models: Application to climate change SO CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Review ID FOREST SUCCESSION MODELS; SIMULATION-MODEL; COMPUTER-MODEL; BOREAL FORESTS; GROWTH-MODEL; SPECIES COMPOSITION; ECOLOGICAL PROCESS; FIELD-MEASUREMENTS; SAPLING MORTALITY; SHADE TOLERANCE AB Gap models are perhaps the most widely used class of individual-based tree models used in ecology and climate change research. However, most gap model emphasize, in terms of process detail, computer code, and validation effort, tree growth with little attention to the simulation of plant death or mortality. Mortality algorithms have been mostly limited to general relationships because of sparse data on the causal mechanisms of mortality. If gap models are to be used to explore community dynamics under changing climates, the limitations and shortcomings of these mortality algorithms must be identified and the simulation of mortality must be improved. In this paper, we review the treatment of mortality in gap models, evaluate the relationships used to represent mortality in the current generation of gap models, and then assess the prospects for making improvements, especially for applications involving global climate change. Three needs are identified to improve mortality simulations in gap models: (1) process-based empirical analyses are needed to create more climate-sensitive stochastic mortality functions, (2) fundamental research is required to quantify the biophysical relationships between mortality and plant dynamics, and (3) extensive field data are needed to quantify, parameterize, and validate existing and future gap model mortality functions. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Fire Sci Lab, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. CSIRO, Div Wildlife & Ecol, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Plant Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Univ Kassel, Ctr Environm Syst Res, D-34109 Kassel, Germany. Univ Agr Sci, Inst Silviculture, A-1190 Vienna, Austria. New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Duke Univ, Dept Bot, Durham, NC 27705 USA. RP Keane, RE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Fire Sci Lab, POB 8089, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RI Austin, Mike/G-2199-2010 NR 162 TC 108 Z9 109 U1 7 U2 29 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-0009 J9 CLIMATIC CHANGE JI Clim. Change PD DEC PY 2001 VL 51 IS 3-4 BP 509 EP 540 DI 10.1023/A:1012539409854 PG 32 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 488NU UT WOS:000171943200010 ER PT J AU Foster, TA Asztalos, BF AF Foster, TA Asztalos, BF TI Improved allocation of costs through analysis of variation in data: planning of laboratory studies SO CLINICA CHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article DE precision; cost-effective analytic process; variance components; replicate measurements ID ANALYTIC COMPONENTS; EFFECTIVE OPERATION; SERUM CONSTITUENTS; MEASUREMENT ERROR; LONG-TERM; REQUIREMENTS; VARIABILITY AB Background: When developing a new laboratory test for study of human diseases, it is important to identify and control internal and external sources of variation that affect test results. It is also imperative that the precision of the test not only meets pre-established requirements and not exceed allowable total error, but also that these objectives are reached without undue expenditure of either time or financial resources. Methods: This study applies statistical principles in designing a cost-effective experimental approach for determining the analytical precision of a new test. This approach applies the statistical concept of variance components to the problem of balancing a pre-established level of analytical precision against expenses incurred in achieving this precision, Results: We demonstrated (1) estimation of variance components, (2) use of these estimates for improving allocation of costs within the experiment, and (3) use of these estimates for determining the optimal number of replicate measurements. Conclusions: Although elimination of all sources of variation that can affect laboratory test results is unlikely, the application of analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistical techniques can lead to a cost-effective allocation of resources for estimating the precision of a laboratory test. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Physiol, Div Lipoprot Metab & Pathophysiol, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA. Tufts Univ, Lipid Lab HNRC, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Foster, TA (reprint author), 3920 Piedmont Dr, New Orleans, LA 70122 USA. FU NICHD NIH HHS [HD56160] NR 33 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-8981 J9 CLIN CHIM ACTA JI Clin. Chim. Acta PD DEC PY 2001 VL 314 IS 1-2 BP 55 EP 66 DI 10.1016/S0009-8981(01)00630-1 PG 12 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA 505VQ UT WOS:000172936600005 PM 11718679 ER PT J AU Lundy, CC Brown, RL Adams, EE Birkeland, KW Lehning, M AF Lundy, CC Brown, RL Adams, EE Birkeland, KW Lehning, M TI A statistical validation of the snowpack model in a Montana climate SO COLD REGIONS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Snow Science CY OCT 01-06, 2000 CL BIG SKY, MONTANA DE snowpack modeling; snow metamorphism; model validation; snowpack evolution ID COVER AB Recently, a computer model has been developed by the Swiss Federal Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research that simulates the evolution of a natural snow cover. Using common meteorological parameters as input, SNOWPACK predicts characteristics such as snowpack temperature and density, in addition to snow microstructure and layering. An investigation was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of SNOWPACK in a Montana climate. A weather station was constructed in the Bridger Mountains near Bozeman, Montana, to provide the meteorological parameters necessary to run SNOWPACK. Throughout the 1999-2000 winter, weekly snow profiles were performed in undisturbed snow to provide a benchmark for the model output. Density, grain size, and crystallography were recorded on 10-cm intervals over the full snow depth, and the temperature profile was monitored with a thermocouple array. Finally, the meteorological parameters were input into SNOWPACK, and a statistical comparison was performed comparing the predicted snowpack to the observational data. Snowpack temperatures are predicted reasonably accurately by SNOWPACK. The modeled and observed densities correlated well, but the model typically underestimates snowpack settlement. Comparison of grain size and shape was problematic due to different definitions utilized by the model and observer, but still demonstrated some agreement. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Montana State Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. Forest Serv Natl Avalanche Ctr, USDA, Bozeman, MT 59771 USA. Swiss Fed Inst Forest Snow & Avalanche Res, CH-7260 Davos, Switzerland. RP Lundy, CC (reprint author), Montana State Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. NR 17 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-232X J9 COLD REG SCI TECHNOL JI Cold Reg. Sci. Tech. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 33 IS 2-3 BP 237 EP 246 DI 10.1016/S0165-232X(01)00038-6 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 499YN UT WOS:000172598700013 ER PT J AU Woodley, NE AF Woodley, NE TI Wallacea Baly, a valid name in the hispinae (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) SO COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN LA English DT Article C1 Smithsonian Inst NHB 168, USDA ARS, Systemat Entomol Lab, Washington, DC 20506 USA. RP Woodley, NE (reprint author), Smithsonian Inst NHB 168, USDA ARS, Systemat Entomol Lab, Washington, DC 20506 USA. RI Woodley, Norman/M-6160-2014 NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU COLEOPTERISTS SOC PI NATCHEZ PA PO BOX 767, NATCHEZ, MS 39121 USA SN 0010-065X J9 COLEOPTS BULL JI Coleopt. Bull. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 55 IS 4 BP 410 EP 410 DI 10.1649/0010-065X(2001)055[0410:SN]2.0.CO;2 PG 1 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 511GN UT WOS:000173256400003 ER PT J AU Meek, DW AF Meek, DW TI A semiparametric method for estimating the scale of fluctuations SO COMPUTERS & GEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article ID SPATIALLY-VARIABLE FIELDS; SEMIVARIOGRAM; MODELS C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Meek, DW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 14 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0098-3004 J9 COMPUT GEOSCI-UK JI Comput. Geosci. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 27 IS 10 BP 1243 EP 1249 DI 10.1016/S0098-3004(01)00029-2 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Computer Science; Geology GA 478MQ UT WOS:000171350300011 ER PT J AU Young, MK Harig, AL AF Young, MK Harig, AL TI A critique of the recovery of greenback cutthroat trout SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; GILA TROUT; CONSERVATION; STOCKS; CALIFORNIA; MANAGEMENT; EXTINCTION; SALMONIDS; PROGRAMS; FISHES AB There are no examples of recovery of fish listed under the US. Endangered Species Act, but the number of federally threatened greenback cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki stomias) populations is approaching the delisting goal We evaluated recovery of this subspecies in light of developing theory in conservation biology and with regard to recovery of other salmonids in the inland western United States. Four of the five criteria used to define populations that would count toward delisting appeared to underestimate the risk of extinction of those populations. Typically, recovery goals for numbers of greenback cutthroat trout populations were less stringent than those for other inland salmonids petitioned for listing or listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act and were comparable to those for a federally endangered species. Before delisting is considered, we propose that historical populations be replicated in additional waters to protect genetic diversity and that existing populations be enlarged to reduce their vulnerability to demographic variation, to increase their access to refugia, and to permit reestablishment of mobile life histories, Existing stocks should also be evaluated to determine whether they represent distinct population segments. C1 US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Laramie, WY 82070 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Young, MK (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 222 S 22nd St, Laramie, WY 82070 USA. EM mkyoung@fs.fed.us NR 81 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 15 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0888-8892 EI 1523-1739 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 15 IS 6 BP 1575 EP 1584 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.00291.x PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 501PA UT WOS:000172692900019 ER PT J AU Blaustein, AR Belden, LK Olson, DH Green, DM Root, TL Kiesecker, JM AF Blaustein, AR Belden, LK Olson, DH Green, DM Root, TL Kiesecker, JM TI Amphibian breeding and climate change SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID UV-B; POPULATIONS; DECLINES AB Climate changes may be influencing the breeding patterns of certain organisms. Effects oil breeding activities could eventually lead to significant changes in population structure that may be reflected in population declines of species that are especially sensitive, such as some amphibians. Thus, climate changes may have affected the timing of breeding in some European amphibian species. To further test whether amphibian reproductive cycles in temperate countries are responding to climate changes, we conducted all analysis of the breeding phenology of four species of North American anurans for which we have long-term data sets. Populations of at least two of these species have been declining, and it has been suggested that they and other amphibians may be especially sensitive to climate change, Our results suggest that climate change has not influenced the timing of breeding in amphibians in North America. At one site, in Oregon, a trend (non-significant) for western toads (Bufo boreas) to breed increasingly early was associated with increasing temperature, At four other sites, however, neither western toads nor Cascades frogs (Rana cascadae) showed statistically significant positive trends toward earlier breeding. At three of four of these sites, breeding time was associated with warmer temperatures. The spring peeper (Pseudacris crucifer) in Michigan did not show a statistically significant trend toward breeding earlier but did show a significant positive relationship between breeding time and temperature. Fouller's toad (Bufo fowleri) in eastern Canada did not show, a trend toward breeding earlier, and there was no positive relationship between breeding time and temperature. It did however, show a strong but statistically insignificant trend toward breeding later. The broad pattern emerging from available studies is that some temperate-zone anuran populations show a trend toward breeding earlier, whereas others do not. It is important to track the breeding patterns of amphibians with long-term data sets to morefully understand how we can manage threatened populations. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Zool, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. McGill Univ, Redpath Museum, Montreal, PQ H3A 2K6, Canada. Univ Michigan, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Biol, Mueller Lab 208, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Blaustein, AR (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Zool, 3029 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 24 TC 99 Z9 118 U1 14 U2 98 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 15 IS 6 BP 1804 EP 1809 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.00307.x PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 501PA UT WOS:000172692900041 ER PT J AU Brown, JE Lu, TY Stevens, C Khan, VA Lu, JY Wilson, CL Collins, DJ Wilson, MA Igwegbe, ECK Chalutz, E Droby, S AF Brown, JE Lu, TY Stevens, C Khan, VA Lu, JY Wilson, CL Collins, DJ Wilson, MA Igwegbe, ECK Chalutz, E Droby, S TI The effect of low dose ultraviolet light-C seed treatment on induced resistance in cabbage to black rot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris) SO CROP PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE ultraviolet light-C; cabbage leaves; black rot ID POSTHARVEST DISEASES; STORAGE ROTS; HORMESIS; FRUITS; HYPOCHLORITE; VEGETABLES; RESPONSES; PATHOGENS; CARROT AB Low doses of hormetic (n. hormesis) ultraviolet light-C (UV-Q seed treatments were used to elicit host resistance to black rot, and improve the quality and growth response of cabbages in greenhouse studies. Different UV-C doses (1.3 to 7.5 kJ m(-2)) were tested to determine their ability to induce resistance to black rot. The optimum UV-C dose of 3.6 kJ m(-2) was effective in reducing black rot and the population density of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris in infected cabbage leaves. Seeds treated with UV-C at 3.6 kJ m(-2) produced plants with the most desirable color, highest weight, largest head diameter and delayed maturity. The effect of storage time at room temperature on disease incidence of black rot of cabbage from seeds treated with a low hormetic UV-C dose of 3.6 kJ m(-2), was 90%, 40%, 60% and 60% reduction of black rot in plants from UV-C treated seeds stored for 2 days, 1, 5, and 8 months, respectively. 8 weeks after transplanting cabbage plants. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Tuskegee Univ, George Washington Carver Agr Expt Stn, Tuskegee, AL 36088 USA. Auburn Univ, Alabama Agr Expt Stn, Dept Hort, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. USDA ARS, NAA Appalachian Fruit & Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. Auburn Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. SE Missouri State Univ, Dept Agr, Cape Girardeau, MO 63701 USA. Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. RP Stevens, C (reprint author), Tuskegee Univ, George Washington Carver Agr Expt Stn, Tuskegee, AL 36088 USA. NR 42 TC 14 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0261-2194 J9 CROP PROT JI Crop Prot. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 20 IS 10 BP 873 EP 883 DI 10.1016/S0261-2194(01)00037-0 PG 11 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 500JZ UT WOS:000172625100001 ER PT J AU Yehuda, H Droby, S Wisniewski, M Goldway, M AF Yehuda, H Droby, S Wisniewski, M Goldway, M TI A transformation system for the biocontrol yeast, Candida oleophila, based on hygromycin B resistance SO CURRENT GENETICS LA English DT Article DE Candida oleophila; biological control; transformation; hygromycin B ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; BOTRYTIS-CINEREA; FRUIT; GENE; DNA AB Lithium acetate transformation and electroporation were applied to the biocontrol yeast, Candida oleophila. The hygromycin B resistance gene, flanked by the phosphoglycerate kinase promoter and terminator of Candida tropicalis, served as the genetic selection marker. The transformation efficiency of electroporation was almost 400 times more efficient than that of the lithium acetate method. While incorporation of DNA, flanked by a sequence endogenous to C. oleophila, transpired apparently by homologous recombination, the integration of DNA (that did not contain C. oleophila DNA) occurred at random. Whereas transformants were observed with a linear segment of the plasmid, none were detected with the undigested plasmid. This system provides both a tool for the molecular analysis of the biocontrol mechanism of C. oleophila and a means of tagging C. oleophila for field studies. C1 MIGAL Galilee Technol Ctr, Dept Mol Genet, IL-12100 Rosh Pinna, Israel. Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, Dept Postharvest Sci, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Goldway, M (reprint author), MIGAL Galilee Technol Ctr, Dept Mol Genet, POB 90000, IL-12100 Rosh Pinna, Israel. NR 22 TC 18 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0172-8083 J9 CURR GENET JI Curr. Genet. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 40 IS 4 BP 282 EP 287 DI 10.1007/s00294-001-0255-x PG 6 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 510EU UT WOS:000173196400008 PM 11795849 ER PT J AU Thao, ML Wineriter, S Buckingham, G Baumann, P AF Thao, ML Wineriter, S Buckingham, G Baumann, P TI Genetic characterization of a putative densovirus from the mealybug Planococcus citri SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COMPLETE NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; ORGANIZATION AB Total genomic DNA preparations from the citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri, contained a DNA band corresponding to 5.5 kilobases. This DNA was a linear molecule and was cloned into pUC18. Nucleotide sequence determination indicated that it was the replicative form of a densovirus, most closely related to the virus from Periplaneta fuliginosa (smokybrown cockroach). C1 Univ Calif Davis, Microbiol Sect, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Florida, IFAS, Gainesville, FL 32614 USA. USDA ARS, Florida Biol Control Lab, Gainesville, FL 32614 USA. RP Baumann, P (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Microbiol Sect, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 7 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0343-8651 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 43 IS 6 BP 457 EP 458 DI 10.1007/s002840010339 PG 2 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 490WT UT WOS:000172077200016 PM 11685517 ER PT J AU Lisle, TE Cui, YT Parker, G Pizzuto, JE Dodd, AM AF Lisle, TE Cui, YT Parker, G Pizzuto, JE Dodd, AM TI The dominance of dispersion in the evolution of bed material waves in gravel-bed rivers SO EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS LA English DT Article DE bed material waves; bed load; gravel-bed rivers ID SEDIMENT WAVE; TRANSPORT RATES; CHANNEL; STORAGE; CALIFORNIA; ADJUSTMENT; TASMANIA; MOVEMENT; DRAINAGE; STREAM AB Bed material waves are temporary zones of sediment accumulation created by large sediment inputs. Recent theoretical, experimental and field studies examine factors influencing dispersion and translation of bed material waves in quasiuniform, gravel-bed channels. Exchanges of sediment between a channel and its floodplain are neglected. Within these constraints, two factors influence relative rates of dispersion and translation: (1) interactions between wave topography, flow and bed load transport; and (2) particle-size differences between wave material and original bed material. Our results indicate that dispersion dominates the evolution of bed material waves in gravel-bed channels. Significant translation requires a low Froude number, which is uncharacteristic of gravel-bed channels, and low wave amplitude which, for a large wave, can be achieved only after substantial dispersion. Wave material of small particle size can promote translation. but it primarily increases bed load transport rate and thereby accelerates wave evolution. Copyright (C) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. Univ Minnesota, St Anthony Falls Lab, Minneapolis, MN 55414 USA. Univ Delaware, Dept Geol, Newark, DE 19716 USA. Humboldt State Univ, Dept Math, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. RP Lisle, TE (reprint author), Redwood Sci Lab, 1700 Bayview Dr, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. OI Cui, Yantao/0000-0001-5820-8670 NR 37 TC 107 Z9 107 U1 1 U2 15 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0197-9337 J9 EARTH SURF PROC LAND JI Earth Surf. Process. Landf. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 26 IS 13 BP 1409 EP 1420 DI 10.1002/esp.300 PG 12 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 504JX UT WOS:000172854500006 ER PT J AU Simon, A Collison, AJC AF Simon, A Collison, AJC TI Pore-water pressure effects on the detachment of cohesive streambeds: Seepage forces and matric suction SO EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS LA English DT Article DE cohesive materials; seepage forces; matric suction; liquefaction; pore-water pressure; erosion ID UNSATURATED SOILS AB Erosion of cohesive channel materials is not fully understood, but is assumed to occur largely as a result of hydraulic shear stress. However, field and laboratory observations of pore-water pressures in cohesive streambed materials reveal the presence of positive and negative pore-water pressure effects that may significantly affect the erosion process, as contributing and resisting forces respectively. Measurements of pore-water pressures below cohesive streambeds in the loess area of the midwestern USA were conducted in situ and in undisturbed cores with a digital, miniature tensiometer. Results disclosed matric suction values in the range of 15-50 kPa in eastern Nebraska and northern Mississippi. Repetitive tests in soft materials verified a change from positive pore-water pressures in the upper 10-15 cm, to negative pore-water pressures to depths of at least 50 cm. In firm materials, the entire sampled profile was unsaturated. Laboratory experiments were carried out in which synthetic hydrographs were imposed on undisturbed streambed cores from the same sites. Miniature tensiometers in the cores monitored the resulting pattern of pore-water pressures, and revealed upward directed seepage forces on the recessional limb of the hydrograph. Maximum calculated values of the force ranged froth 10 to 275 kN for the materials and heads tested. The maximum value obtained after application and release of a 2.5 m head was 119 kN, with 275 kN after a 5.0 m head. These results were supported independently by subsequent simulations using a finite-element hydrology model coupled with a stress-deformation model. A numerical scheme was developed to calculate the forces acting on cohesive aggregates in an idealized streambed, and to evaluate the potential for their detachment. The scheme added upward-directed seepage as an additional driving force, and matric suction as an additional resisting force, to the commonly applied factors of particle weight, fluid drag and lift force. Results demonstrate that upward-directed seepage forces of the magnitude measured in the laboratory with 5.0 m stages have the potential to detach particles larger than 10 cm in diameter without requiring fluid drag and lift forces. When added to these hydraulic forces, erosion thresholds are lowered, enabling erosion at lower hydraulic stresses. A hypothesis for detachment of chips or blocks of cohesive bed material is proposed: (1) large (>5 m) rises in stage increase pore-water pressures or decrease matric suction dramatically in the region just below the bed surface; (2) a relatively rapid decrease in stage causing a loss of water pressure above the bed, combined with low-rates of excess pore-water pressure dissipation just below the bed surface result in steepened hydraulic gradients; and (3) a resulting net upward seepage force is great enough to contribute to detachment of cohesive bed material, or rupture the bed by exceeding the available strength and confining stress. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. Kings Coll London, Dept Geog, London WC2R 2LS, England. RP Simon, A (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. EM asimon@ars.usda.gov NR 31 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 22 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0197-9337 J9 EARTH SURF PROC LAND JI Earth Surf. Process. Landf. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 26 IS 13 BP 1421 EP 1442 DI 10.1002/esp.287 PG 22 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 504JX UT WOS:000172854500007 ER PT J AU Andrews, SS Carroll, CR AF Andrews, SS Carroll, CR TI Designing a soil quality assessment tool for sustainable agroecosystem management SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE agroecosystem management; compost; decision making tools; Festuca arundinaceae; minimum data set; poultry litter management; principal-components analysis; soil quality index; sustainable agriculture ID POULTRY LITTER; ORGANIC-MATTER; ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT; BROILER LITTER; TOTAL NITROGEN; TILLAGE; MANURE; IDENTIFICATION; INDICATORS; ILLINOIS AB Sustainable agroecosystem management generally entails increased management ability and input. Decision making for sustainable management could be enhanced by tools that provide integration and synthesis of soil test results, management priorities, and environmental concerns. Science-based soil quality indices (SQIs) may provide an ecologically based approach needed for land managers to make sustainable decisions. We developed a general approach for choosing the most representative indicators from large existing data sets. combining indicators into location-specific indices of soil quality, and using this index to assess agricultural management practices. We used a poultry-litter management case study to illustrate the design and use of this SQI. Site-specific indices were created using the SQI design framework for two sites with different soil types but similar climatic regimes. At each site we compared alternative poultry-litter management practices: land application of fresh vs. composted poultry litter. The data sets were composed of > 40 assays including total organic C, macro- and micronutrients, heavy metals, plant available water, water-stable aggregate, bulk density, and microbial biomass and activity. Multivariate statistical techniques were used to determine the smallest set of chemical, physical, and biological indicators that account for at least 85% of the variability in the total data set at each site. We defined this set as the minimum data set (MDS) for evaluating soil quality. We evaluated the efficacy of the chosen MDS to assess sustainable management by performing multiple regressions of each MDS against numerical estimates of environmental and agricultural management sustainability goals (i.e., net revenues, P runoff potential. metal contamination, and amount of litter disposed of). Coefficients of determination for these regressions ranged from 0.35 to 0.91, with an average R(2) = 0.71. We then transformed and combined each MDS into an additive SQI. Index values exhibited significant differences between management treatments. SQI values for composted litter applied at a low rate were consistently highly ranked, but the relative ranking of treatments changed slightly due to differences in inherent soil properties at the two sites. Using this generalized framework allowed indices to be tailored to local conditions. The resulting soil quality index appears to be an effective monitor of sustainable management. C1 Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Andrews, SS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM andrews@nstl.gov NR 84 TC 133 Z9 139 U1 10 U2 75 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 11 IS 6 BP 1573 EP 1585 DI 10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[1573:DASQAT]2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 497LJ UT WOS:000172456700001 ER PT J AU Boltz, F Carter, DR Holmes, TP Pereira, R AF Boltz, F Carter, DR Holmes, TP Pereira, R TI Financial returns under uncertainty for conventional and reduced-impact logging in permanent production forests of the Brazilian Amazon SO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE Amazon; logging; tropical forest; sustainable management; risk ID MANAGEMENT; DAMAGE AB Reduced-impact logging (RIL) techniques are designed to improve the efficiency of timber harvesting while mitigating its adverse effects on the forest ecosystem. Research on RIL in select tropical forest regions has demonstrated clear ecological benefits relative to conventional logging (CL) practices while the financial competitiveness of RIL is less conclusive. We conduct a comparative analysis of financial returns to one and two cutting-cycle logging entries for representative RIL and CL operations of the eastern Amazon. Observed variability in harvest efficiency and uncertainties of forest productivity are introduced in a stochastic simulation of future biological and financial returns to the alternative logging systems. Despite the perceived investment risks, RIL harvesting operations generate competitive or superior returns relative to CL for a wide range of discount rates due to gains in harvest efficiency and forest conservation. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Florida, Sch Forest Resources & Conservat, Inst Food & Agr Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Inst, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Fundacao Floresta Trop, Belem, Para, Brazil. RP Boltz, F (reprint author), Univ Florida, Sch Forest Resources & Conservat, Inst Food & Agr Sci, 373 Newins Ziegler Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 26 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-8009 J9 ECOL ECON JI Ecol. Econ. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 39 IS 3 BP 387 EP 398 DI 10.1016/S0921-8009(01)00231-2 PG 12 WC Ecology; Economics; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Business & Economics GA 504TE UT WOS:000172871300006 ER PT J AU Bouwer, H Ludke, J Rice, RC AF Bouwer, H Ludke, J Rice, RC TI Sealing pond bottoms with muddy water SO ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE wetlands; impoundments; seepage; earth linings; compaction; slurries; layering; seepage control AB Seepage losses from constructed wetlands, wildlife refuges, wastewater lagoons, runoff collection ponds, and other engineered surface impoundments of water or aquatic ecosystems in areas with deep groundwater levels can be minimized with artificial liners (plastic, compacted earth, etc.) or with natural processes like sediment accumulation and microbiological and chemical processes. Sediment accumulation can be increased by deliberately adding soil slurries or muddy (turbid) water. When these are applied to the water surface, settling of the particles to the bottom then creates a graded sediment layer with the coarsest particles on the bottom and the finest particles on top. Column studies in the laboratory showed that, for a given amount of soil added, such a graded layer gives more seepage control than a compacted earth liner. Also, split slurry applications to create a layered lining gave more seepage control than when the same total amount of soil was given in one single slurry application. Subsequent addition of sodium carbonate to the water reduced seepage even more, giving a total seepage reduction in the columns from 1000 to 0.2 cm/day. The study also indicates the importance of avoiding turbid inflows into infiltration basins for,groundwater recharge, as well as soil erosion within the basins themselves, if infiltration rates need to be maximized. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 ARS, USDA, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Bouwer, H (reprint author), ARS, USDA, US Water Conservat Lab, 4331 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 7 TC 10 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-8574 J9 ECOL ENG JI Ecol. Eng. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 18 IS 2 BP 233 EP 238 DI 10.1016/S0925-8574(01)00071-4 PG 6 WC Ecology; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Engineering GA 497KX UT WOS:000172455500009 ER PT J AU Johnson, LC Matchett, JR AF Johnson, LC Matchett, JR TI Fire and grazing regulate belowground processes in tallgrass prairie SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE burning; grazing; Konza Prairie; Kansas; N cycling; net N mineralization; root growth; root ingrowth cores; soil respiration; tallgrass prairie; tissue chemistry ID YELLOWSTONE-NATIONAL-PARK; TRANSIENT MAXIMA HYPOTHESIS; NITROGEN-MINERALIZATION; FINE ROOTS; LONG-TERM; LITTER DECOMPOSITION; ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES; TROPICAL SAVANNA; PLANT-RESPONSES; GRASS PRAIRIE AB In tallgrass prairie, belowground processes are even more important than in forested systems because aboveground biomass and standing dead litter are periodically removed by frequent fires or grazers. Thus, studies that address factors regulating belowground processes are especially relevant for tallgrass prairie. We predicted that effects of grazing and burning differ belowground and that changes in root productivity caused by burning or grazing provide feedback that affects ecosystem fluxes of C and N. These differences in belowground response should be driven largely by changes in N dynamics and the degree to which burning and grazing affect the pathway and magnitude of N loss and the degree of N limitation in these systems. Fire. the major pathway of N loss in ungrazed tallgrass prairie, should result in reduced net N mineralization and N availability. We expected plants to compensate for increased N limitation by increasing their allocation to roots, as manifested in increased soil respiration and C cycling belowground. In contrast, grazing conserves N in the ecosystem by redistributing the N once contained in grass to labile forms in urine and dung. Thus, we predicted that grazing should increase N cycling rates and N availability to plants. Consequently, grazed plants should be less N limited and should allocate less C to roots and more to shoots. This, in turn, should decrease belowground C cycling, manifested as reduced soil CO2 flux. We explored the roles of grazing and burning on root growth in experimental watersheds at Konza Prairie, Kansas, USA. To assess effects of fire on root productivity, we installed root ingrowth cores in two watersheds without grazers that differ in fire frequency: annually vs. infrequently burned (four years since the last fire). To assess effects of grazing, we installed root ingrowth cores in an annually burned watershed grazed by bison and in fenced controls (exclosures). Within bison "grazing lawns," root ingrowth cores were installed in lightly and heavily grazed patches. Concurrently, we measured in situ rates of net N mineralization and soil respiration as indices of soil N and C cycling. Annual burning resulted in a 25% increase in root growth compared to the unburned watershed (four years since last fire), as plants compensated for N limitation by increasing allocation to roots. Grazing had the opposite effect: it decreased root growth, especially in heavily grazed patches (similar to 30% less than in fenced controls). Grazing by ungulates increased N cycling and availability. Therefore, grazed plants, instead of being N limited, experienced C limitation as shoots regrew and plants allocated less C to roots. Interestingly, root ingrowth on the long-term unburned watershed was as low as in lightly grazed patches in the grazed watershed. Thus, seemingly disparate treatments such as infrequent burning (characterized by accumulation of detritus aboveground) and grazing (periodic biomass removal) both had higher levels of N availability than annually burned prairie in the absence of grazers. Root growth in unburned and grazed watersheds must be limited by resources other than N (e.g., C in grazing lawns or light in infrequently burned prairie). Burning and grazing also altered root tissue chemistry in contrasting ways that further accentuated the root growth differences caused by these treatments. Frequent fires lowered substrate quality of roots (C:N = 60), thus increasing N limitation. In contrast, grazing and infrequent burning improved root tissue quality (C:N = 40), promoting faster cycling of N. These large differences in root growth and tissue chemistry can result in profound ecosystem-level changes. Grazing increased net N mineralization rates from 87% to 617% compared to watersheds without grazers, whereas annual burning decreased it by similar to 50% compared to unburned prairie. Although grazing speeded up N cycling, it reduced soil respiration by 50% compared to fenced controls, presumably because of reduced root mass. On the other hand, annual burning increased soil respiration, presumably because of increased root biomass. Ultimately, differences in the quantity and quality of roots provide feedback to affect C and N cycling and help to maintain and even promote the fundamental differences in N cycling between burning and grazing in tallgrass prairie. C1 Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. USDA, NRCS, Lakota, ND 58344 USA. RP Johnson, LC (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, Ackert Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 73 TC 185 Z9 194 U1 10 U2 137 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD DEC PY 2001 VL 82 IS 12 BP 3377 EP 3389 DI 10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[3377:FAGRBP]2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 503GY UT WOS:000172791800009 ER PT J AU Schaberg, PG DeHayes, DH Hawley, GJ AF Schaberg, PG DeHayes, DH Hawley, GJ TI Anthropogenic calcium depletion: A unique threat to forest ecosystem health? SO ECOSYSTEM HEALTH LA English DT Article ID MEMBRANE-ASSOCIATED CALCIUM; SOUTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; SPRUCE MESOPHYLL-CELLS; ONION BULB CELLS; RED SPRUCE; SUGAR MAPLE; SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; PLANT-CELLS; ACID-RAIN; NITROGEN SATURATION AB Numerous anthropogenic factors can deplete calcium (Ca) from forest ecosystems. Because an adequate supply of Ca is needed to support fundamental biological functions, including cell membrane stability and stress response, the potential for Ca deficiency following the individual, cumulative, or potentially synergistic, influences of anthropogenic factors raises important questions concerning organism and ecosystem health. Past work has shown that one Ca-depleting factor (foliar acid mist exposure) reduces concentrations of biologically important membrane-associated Ca (mCa) from red spruce foliar cells, destabilizes these cells, and results in their increased susceptibility to the freezing injury responsible for red spruce decline in northeastern U.S. montane ecosystems. Data presented here indicate that these same disruptions can occur for other tree species and that soil-based Ca manipulation can also alter critical mCa pools. Considering the unique role Ca plays in the physiological response of cells to environmental change and stress, we hypothesize that depletion of biologically available Ca (e.g., mCa) could result in a scenario similar to recognized immune deficiency syndromes in animals. A hypothetical pathway through which anthropogenically induced Ca deficiencies could predispose plants, and possibly animals, to exaggerated injury following exposure to environmental stress is presented, and the potential implications of this scenario to ecosystem health are discussed. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, S Burlington, VT 05401 USA. Univ Vermont, Sch Nat Resources, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. RP Schaberg, PG (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, 705 Spear St, S Burlington, VT 05401 USA. NR 95 TC 67 Z9 73 U1 3 U2 27 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 1076-2825 J9 ECOSYST HEALTH JI Ecosyst. Health PD DEC PY 2001 VL 7 IS 4 BP 214 EP 228 DI 10.1046/j.1526-0992.2001.01046.x PG 15 WC Ecology; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 560KP UT WOS:000176081500006 ER PT J AU Jones, KB Neale, AC Wade, TG Wickham, JD Cross, CL Edmonds, CM Loveland, TR Nash, MS Riitters, KH Smith, ER AF Jones, KB Neale, AC Wade, TG Wickham, JD Cross, CL Edmonds, CM Loveland, TR Nash, MS Riitters, KH Smith, ER TI The consequences of landscape change on ecological resources: An assessment of the United States mid-Atlantic region, 1973-1993 SO ECOSYSTEM HEALTH LA English DT Article ID FOREST FRAGMENTATION; NUTRIENT; BIOSPHERE AB Spatially explicit identification of changes in ecological conditions over large areas is key to targeting and prioritizing areas for environmental protection and restoration by managers at watershed, basin, and regional scales, A critical limitation to this point has been the development of methods to conduct such broad-scale assessments. Field-based methods have proven to be too costly and too inconsistent in their application to make estimates of ecological conditions over large areas. New spatial data derived from satellite imagery and other sources, the development of statistical models relating landscape composition and pattern to ecological endpoints, and geographic information systems (GIs) make it possible to evaluate ecological conditions at multiple scales over broad geographic regions, In this study, we demonstrate the application of spatially distributed models for bird habitat quality and nitrogen yield to streams to assess the consequences of landcover change across the mid-Atlantic region between the 1970s and 1990s. Moreover, we present a way to evaluate spatial concordance between models related to different environmental endpoints. Results of this study should help environmental managers in the mid-Atlantic region target those areas in need of conservation and protection. C1 US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD USA. US Forest Serv, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Jones, KB (reprint author), US EPA, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 45 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 10 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 1076-2825 J9 ECOSYST HEALTH JI Ecosyst. Health PD DEC PY 2001 VL 7 IS 4 BP 229 EP 242 DI 10.1046/j.1526-0992.2001.01047.x PG 14 WC Ecology; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 560KP UT WOS:000176081500007 ER PT J AU Ewel, KC AF Ewel, KC TI Natural resource management: The need for interdisciplinary collaboration SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Developing a Research Agenda for Linking Biogephysical and Socioeconomic Systems CY JUN 05-08, 2000 CL TEMPE, ARIZONA DE interdisciplinary education; continuing education; ecosystem services; adaptive management; Micronesia ID MANGROVE FORESTS; ECOLOGY AB Human influence is now so pervasive that every ecosystem on Earth is being managed, whether intentionally or inadvertently. It is therefore imperative for scientists and managers to work together so that appropriate management regimes can be put in place wherever possible. However, it is not always clear what is appropriate, and the difficulties that often arise when scientists and managers work together can be even further compounded by the inclusion of lay stakeholders in the decision-making process. The expansion of interdisciplinary undergraduate and graduate programs would help both scientists and managers to deal more effectively with sociological issues and to understand how economic and demographic changes impact on natural resources. in addition, continuing education programs in these areas should be made available to established professionals to help them deal with new challenges. The concept of ecosystem services should be used to communicate the importance of various ecosystem components and processes to a broader audience. Consensus on a management regime can often be achieved through adaptive management. The process by which interdisciplinary collaboration can lead to new insights and research initiatives is exemplified by a resource management study on the island of Kosrae, Federated States of Micronesia. As a paradigm of natural resource management, microcosms like this small island community offer a unique opportunity for training and education. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. RP Ewel, KC (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, 1151 Punchbowl St,Room 323, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. NR 22 TC 36 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 17 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1432-9840 J9 ECOSYSTEMS JI Ecosystems PD DEC PY 2001 VL 4 IS 8 BP 716 EP 722 DI 10.1007/sl0021-001-0040-1 PG 7 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 504DE UT WOS:000172841400002 ER PT J AU Bautista, RC Harris, EJ Vargas, RI AF Bautista, RC Harris, EJ Vargas, RI TI The fruit fly parasitoid Fopius arisanus: reproductive attributes of pre-released females and the use of added sugar as a potential food supplement in the field SO ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA LA English DT Article DE fruit fly parasitoid; attributes of pre-released females; food supplement; Hymenoptera; Braconidae ID BIOSTERES-ARISANUS; FLIES DIPTERA; KULA AREA; HYMENOPTERA; BRACONIDAE; TEPHRITIDAE; HAWAII; PARASITIZATION; LONGEVITY; ABUNDANCE AB Fopius (= Biosteres) arisanus (Sonan) (= Opius oophilus Fullaway) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is an egg-pupal parasitoid of tephritid fruit flies. Small scale releases of F. arisanus were undertaken in coffee, Coffea arabica L., on the island of Kauai, to evaluate its potential for suppression of fruit fly populations. In conjunction with field releases, assays were conducted to determine the quality of pre-released parasitoids. In addition, the suitability of various sugars as potential food supplements in the field was evaluated. Spermathecal dissection showed that >70% of a total 1.7 million females released in 1998 and 1999 were successfully mated. Moreover, a sperm rating of 2.5-2.6 indicated that the spermathecae of inseminated females were 50% full. There were 85-137 matured eggs (mean =101.7+/-11.5) in the ovaries of mated or virgin females. When honey was replaced with ripe coffee and water, ripe coffee, or water alone, 10 days after emergence, females remained alive for another 5.5, 5.4, and 4.9 days, respectively. There was corresponding deterioration in the ovaries of gravid females. Mean eggs of honey-deprived females declined from >100 to <70 shortly before their death. Suitability test of various sugars showed that females lived longer when fed with honey (26 days), maple syrup (25 days) or molasses (20 days). Moreover, females provided with these sugars produced mean cumulative progeny per female of 77.2+/-19, 67+/-7, and 81+/-14, respectively, during a 2-week egging period. Our findings provided a basis for development of field release strategy for F. arisanus. C1 ARS, US Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. USPBARC, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. RP Bautista, RC (reprint author), ARS, US Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, USDA, 2727 Woodlawn Dr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 32 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 10 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-8703 J9 ENTOMOL EXP APPL JI Entomol. Exp. Appl. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 101 IS 3 BP 247 EP 255 DI 10.1046/j.1570-7458.2001.00909.x PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 532NL UT WOS:000174481900005 ER PT J AU Schelhas, J AF Schelhas, J TI The USA national parks in international perspective: have we learned the wrong lesson? SO ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Schelhas, J (reprint author), Tuskegee Univ, US Forest Serv, Tuskegee, AL 36088 USA. NR 18 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4221 USA SN 0376-8929 J9 ENVIRON CONSERV JI Environ. Conserv. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 28 IS 4 BP 300 EP 304 DI 10.1017/S0376892901000327 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 538YQ UT WOS:000174843100002 ER PT J AU Smith, MT Bancroft, J Li, GH Gao, R Teale, S AF Smith, MT Bancroft, J Li, GH Gao, R Teale, S TI Dispersal of Anoplophora glabripennis (Cerambycidae) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE mark-recapture; diffusion; invasive species; Cerambycidae; Asian longhorned beetle ID DIFFUSION-MODEL; DENSITY; AGE AB As a basis for the development of both eradication and management strategies for control of Anoplophora glabripennis Motschulsky (Asian longhorned beetle) investigations of A. glabripennis dispersal were undertaken in Gansu Province, China, in 1999. Data analysis of the first year study of population dispersal, in which > 16,000 adult A. glabripennis were marked and released (mass-mark recapture method), has shown that the mean dispersal distance for A, glabripennis was approximate to 266 m, whereas the 98% A. glabripennis recapture radius was 560 m. More notably, A. glabripennis dispersal potential over a single season was found to be 1,029 m and 1,442 m, for male and gravid female beetles, respectively, which is well over the previously reported distances. There was also a directional bias in dispersal. These results indicate that surveys for adult beetles and infested trees at a minimum of 1,500 m from previously infested trees would assist in preventing continued colonization in the current U.S. infestations in New York and Chicago, and therefore enhance efforts to eradicate A. glabripennis from the United States. Data from the second year of this study (2000) will be used to enhance a predictive model of invasion by A, glabripennis in landscapes at risk in the United States. C1 USDA ARS, Beneficial Insects Introduct Res Lab, Newark, DE 19713 USA. Chinese Acad Forest, Inst Forestry Protect, Beijing 100091, Peoples R China. SUNY Syracuse, Dept Environm & Forest Biol, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. RP Smith, MT (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beneficial Insects Introduct Res Lab, 501 S Chapel St, Newark, DE 19713 USA. NR 17 TC 36 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 21 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 30 IS 6 BP 1036 EP 1040 DI 10.1603/0046-225X-30.6.1036 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 505VV UT WOS:000172937000008 ER PT J AU Brewer, MJ Webster, JA AF Brewer, MJ Webster, JA TI Probing behavior of Diuraphis noxia and Rhopalosiphum maidis (Homoptera : Aphididae) affected by barley resistance to D-noxia and plant water stress SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Russian wheat aphid; corn leaf aphid; alternating current electrical penetration graph system; probing behavior; plant resistance; plant water stress ID FEEDING-BEHAVIOR; WHEAT AB Probing behavior of Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), Russian wheat aphid, and Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), corn leaf aphid, was measured on barley lines resistant and susceptible to D. noxia grown under low and high soil moisture. R. maidis reproduces similarly on both barley lines. Probing behavior was interpreted from waveforms of an alternating current electrical penetration graph (AC EPG) system of the Oklahoma design during 6-h monitoring periods. Significant effects were observed, particularly the aphid species by barley line interaction. Averaging across moisture levels, D. noxia took longer to first enter sieve element phase when probing D. noxia-resistant 'STARS-9301B' (306 +/- 19.9 min [mean +/- SEM]) than when probing susceptible 'Morex' (180 +/- 21.6 min). In contrast, R. maidis relatively quickly entered sieve element phase on the two barley lines (average of 132 +/- 13.7 min), with no detectable difference between lines. When measuring the total duration of sieve element phases, the stylets of D. noxia were in contact with phloem sieve elements, of STARS-9301B for a shorter period (27 +/- 10 min) than with sieve elements of Morex (111 +/- 21 min). In contrast, stylets of R. maidis were in contact with sieve elements of the two barley lines for similar time periods (average of 176 +/- 15.8 min). Any mediating effect of soil moisture was slight, if at all measurable, using the AC EPG system, making any interpretation of probing behavior relative to previous observations of aphid population growth affected by plant water stress untenable. In contrast, monitoring probing behavior was beneficial in assessing how plant resistance may affect aphid species differently. The differences in probing behaviors between the two, aphids fed barley resistant and susceptible to D. noxia corresponded well with previous. observations that D. noxia population growth was lower on D. noxia-resistant barley than ell susceptible barley, while R. maidis population growth was similar on the two barley lines. C1 Univ Wyoming, Dept Renewable Resources Entomol, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. USDA ARS, Plant Sci & Water Conservat Res Lab, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. RP Brewer, MJ (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, Dept Renewable Resources Entomol, POB 3354, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. NR 27 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 8 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 30 IS 6 BP 1041 EP 1046 DI 10.1603/0046-225X-30.6.1041 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 505VV UT WOS:000172937000009 ER PT J AU Bancroft, JS AF Bancroft, JS TI Intraspecific interaction and mechanisms of population regulation in experimentally limited habitat SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Oryzaephilus surinamensis; Coleoptera : Silvanidae; population regulation; density dependence; habitat deterioration ID ORYZAEPHILUS-SURINAMENSIS L; SINGLE-SPECIES POPULATIONS; 2-SPOTTED SPIDER-MITE; DENSITY-DEPENDENCE; L COLEOPTERA; CONSTANT TEMPERATURES; MERCATOR COLEOPTERA; ANIMAL POPULATIONS; PATCH SIZE; DYNAMICS AB Many populations of organisms deplete their resources, causing population growth rates to decline as population density increases. I used the sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), as a model to gain insight into the mechanisms of population regulation. Eight experiments differentiated the effects of crowding and food depletion on dispersal, mortality, and reproduction. Generally, food depletion caused increased mortality of immature beetles, sharply reduced oviposition, and increased adult dispersal. Rates of birth and death were both negative exponential functions of increasing density. The experiments quantify the trade-off between food and area in population regulation. These trade-offs varied with initial abundance of larvae and adults and show the risk of ignoring abundances of any life stages when characterizing vital rates. I contrast population regulation of O. surinamensis with Tribolium sp., and suggest O. surianamensis is a good alternative for experiments on population dynamics because of better mobility and shorter development time. C1 USDA ARS, Beneficial Insect Introduct Res Lab, Newark, DE 19713 USA. RP Bancroft, JS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beneficial Insect Introduct Res Lab, 501 Chapel Rd, Newark, DE 19713 USA. EM jsbaner@udel.edu NR 77 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 3 U2 16 PU ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ANNAPOLIS PA 3 PARK PLACE, STE 307, ANNAPOLIS, MD 21401-3722 USA SN 0046-225X EI 1938-2936 J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 30 IS 6 BP 1061 EP 1072 DI 10.1603/0046-225X-30.6.1061 PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 505VV UT WOS:000172937000012 ER PT J AU Brennan, EB Weinbaum, SA Rosenheim, JA Karban, R AF Brennan, EB Weinbaum, SA Rosenheim, JA Karban, R TI Heteroblasty in Eucalyptus globulus (Myricales : Myricaceae) affects ovipositonal and settling preferences of Ctenarytaina eucalypti and C-spatulata (Homoptera : Psyllidae) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Eucalyptus globules; heteroblasty; developmental resistance; herbivory; within-plant variation; phase change ID PHASE-CHANGE; NEW-ZEALAND; HERBIVORY; JUVENILITY; RESISTANCE AB Heteroblasty describes plants whose juvenile and adult vegetative shoots differ morphologically. In Eucalyptus, heteroblasty is a common source of within-plant variation and an expression of ontogenetic aging that affects the within-tree distribution of psyllids. Using Eucalyptus globules Labillardiere as a model system, we studied the reproductive behavior of adults of two Australian psyllid species (Ctenarytaina eucalypti Maskell and C. spatulata Taylor) on the glaucous, simple-shaped juvenile leaves and the glossy, sickle-shaped adult leaves under field conditions. We compared the ovipositional preferences and mating site preferences of the psyllids in caged pairs of juvenile and adult shoots, as well as the behavior of the psyllids after they landed on both types of shoots. Ctenarytaina eucalypti oviposited only on juvenile shoots and C. spatulata oviposited only on adult shoots. Ctenarytaina eucalypti mated primarily (88% of the time) on juvenile shoots, and C. spatulata mated only on adult shoots. After landing on both shoot types, C. eucalypti remained longer than C. spatulata on juvenile shoots, but C. spatulata remained longer than C. eucalypti on adult shoots. This is the first experimental evidence that heteroblasty in Eucalyptus affects insect reproductive behavior. These results are discussed in relation to subsequent studies on psyllid performance in this system that found that the epicuticular wax (present only on the juvenile leaves) plays a primary role in the preferences of these psyllid species for the juvenile versus adult shoots. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Pomol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Entomol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Brennan, EB (reprint author), USDA ARS, 1636 E Alisal St, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. NR 33 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 6 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 30 IS 6 BP 1144 EP 1149 DI 10.1603/0046-225X-30.6.1144 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 505VV UT WOS:000172937000022 ER PT J AU Giraud, KL Loomis, JB Cooper, JC AF Giraud, KL Loomis, JB Cooper, JC TI A comparison of willingness to pay estimation techniques from referendum questions - Application to endangered fish SO ENVIRONMENTAL & RESOURCE ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE contingent valuation; endangered species; nonmarket economics; willingness to pay ID CHOICE CONTINGENT VALUATION; CONFIDENCE-INTERVALS; HYPOTHETICAL SURVEYS; WELFARE EVALUATIONS; VALUES; MODELS AB Referendum style willingness to pay questions have been used to estimate passive use values. This referendum question format method may be problematic for many reasons, including the statistical techniques used to estimate willingness to pay from discrete responses. This paper compares a number of parametric, semi-nonparametric and nonparametric estimation techniques using data collected from US households regarding Federal protection of endangered fish species.The advantages and disadvantages of the various statistical models used are explored. A hypothesis test for statistical equality among estimation techniques is performed using a jackknife bootstrapping method. When the equality test is applied, the modeling techniques do show significant differences in some possible comparisons, but only those that are nonparamentric. This can lead to conflicting interpretations of what the data show. Resource managers and policy analysts need to use caution when interpreting results until an industry standard can be developed for estimating willingness to pay from closed ended questions. C1 Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Dept Econ, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Econ Res Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Giraud, KL (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Dept Econ, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RI Cullen, Kelly/C-6418-2017 OI Cullen, Kelly/0000-0001-6642-9676 NR 32 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 7 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0924-6460 J9 ENVIRON RESOUR ECON JI Environ. Resour. Econ. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 20 IS 4 BP 331 EP 346 DI 10.1023/A:1013025120987 PG 16 WC Economics; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 497HC UT WOS:000172448500004 ER PT J AU Xu, JC Stucki, JW Wu, J Kostka, JE Sims, GK AF Xu, JC Stucki, JW Wu, J Kostka, JE Sims, GK TI Fate of atrazine and alachlor in redox-treated ferruginous smectite SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE iron; bacteria; pesticide; clay; degradation ID STRUCTURAL IRON; CLAY-MINERALS; SOIL; ADSORPTION; REDUCTION; SORPTION; BIODEGRADATION; DEGRADATION; DISSOLUTION; METOLACHLOR AB The oxidation state of structural iron (Fe) in clay minerals exerts a large influence on clay surface chemistry and may affect the adsorption and degradation of pesticides in the environment. This effect, however. has been little investigated. In the present study, herbicides atrazine and alachlor were reacted with ferruginous smectite (sample SWa-1) in its oxidized, reduced (either chemically or bacterially), and reduced-reoxidized states. In some experiments the herbicide was labeled with C-14. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was also used to detect alachlor degradation products. Compared to oxidized clays, reduction by both chemical and microbial treatments decreased the concentration of both herbicides in the surrounding solution. Reoxidized clay exhibited behavior similar to the oxidized clay. Hydrolysis-dechlorination of atrazine occurred in the presence of chemically reduced SWa-1, and GC-MS analysis of alachlor revealed at least 14 degradation products after treatment with reduced clay and only two with the oxidized clay. Interaction of atrazine and alachlor with the clay may be through a H bond with the waters of hydration surrounding interlayer cations, the extent of which should increase with increasing acidity; but under reduced conditions, the validity of this model is unclear. Reduction of structural Fe may affect pH-dependent phenomena in two ways: The increased surface charge density increases the number of hydrated interlayer cations, thereby enhancing surface acidity, and increased electron density at basal surface oxygens increases their Bronsted basicity. Atrazine could, therefore, adsorb and/or degrade through either acid or alkaline hydrolysis pathways. Increased reduction potential of the reduced clay surfaces may also promote degradation. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Florida State Univ, Dept Oceanog, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. USDA ARS, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Stucki, JW (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RI Sims, Gerald/A-2500-2008 NR 38 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 24 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 20 IS 12 BP 2717 EP 2724 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2001)020<2717:FOAAAI>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 496WU UT WOS:000172420700010 PM 11764154 ER PT J AU Bathalon, GP Hays, NP McCrory, MA Vinken, AG Tucker, KL Greenberg, AS Castaneda, C Roberts, SB AF Bathalon, GP Hays, NP McCrory, MA Vinken, AG Tucker, KL Greenberg, AS Castaneda, C Roberts, SB TI The energy expenditure of postmenopausal women classified as restrained or unrestrained eaters SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE energy metabolism; total energy expenditure; resting energy expenditure; doubly labeled water; respiratory quotient; body composition ID EVERYDAY EATING BEHAVIOR; DOUBLY LABELED WATER; DIETARY RESTRAINT; PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; BODY-WEIGHT; YOUNG-WOMEN; QUESTIONNAIRE; DISINHIBITION; FAT; HUMANS AB Objective: Restrained eating is a common dietary practice among individuals who are attempting to prevent weight gain, but little is known about differences in energy physiology and regulation between restrained and unrestrained eaters. We investigated this issue in non-obese free-living postmenopausal women classified as longterm restrained (n = 26) or unrestrained (n = 34) eaters group matched for body mass index (BMI). Measurements: Measurements were made of total energy expenditure (TEE), resting energy expenditure (REE), body composition. reported leisure time activity, maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) and weight change during the study period. In addition, physical activity level (PAL) and nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) were calculated from measured variables. Results: There were no significant differences between the groups in body composition, weight change, aerobic capacity or total leisure time activity. Relationships between fat-free mass (FFM) and both REE and TEE, and the relationship between work load and energy expenditure in the test of maximal oxygen consumption, were also not different between groups. However, restrained eaters had a significantly lower PAL (equal to TEE/REE, 1.72 +/- 0.04 vs 1.84 +/- 0.04, P < 0.05). In addition, in multiple regression models predicting NEAT, NEAT was significantly lower in restrained eaters than unrestrained eaters and there was a positive relationship between NEAT and weight change in unrestrained eaters but no relationship in restrained eaters (P < 0.05). Conclusions: In contrast to a previous report, we found no significant difference in TEE between restrained and unrestrained eaters. PAL was slightly lower in restrained eaters, apparently due to reduced NEAT, and restrained eaters also lacked the positive association between NEAT and body weight change seen in unrestrained eaters. This latter finding, if confirmed in future studies, could help explain an increased susceptibility of restrained eaters to weight gain. Sponsorship: NIH grants AG12829, DK46124 and T32AG00209, and US Cooperative Agreement number 58-1950-9-001. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Energy Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Roberts, SB (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Energy Metab Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RI Tucker, Katherine/A-4545-2010; OI Hays, Nicholas/0000-0002-7322-1600; Tucker, Katherine/0000-0001-7640-662X FU NIA NIH HHS [AG12829, T32AG002]; NIDDK NIH HHS [DK46124] NR 35 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 9 U2 10 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 0954-3007 J9 EUR J CLIN NUTR JI Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 55 IS 12 BP 1059 EP 1067 DI 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601268 PG 9 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 500BA UT WOS:000172605000005 PM 11781672 ER PT J AU Lee, KT Foglia, TA Oh, MJ AF Lee, KT Foglia, TA Oh, MJ TI Lipase-catalyzed synthesis of structured lipids with fatty acids fractionated from saponified chicken fat and menhaden oil SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF LIPID SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE structured lipid; fractionation; chicken fat; menhaden oil AB In this study, free fatty acids (FFA) of chicken fat and menhaden oil, which were obtained by saponification, were dry-fractionated and solvent fractionated. Using these fractionation processes, FFA fractions enriched in monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids were obtained. Chicken fat FFA fractions enriched in MUFA were modified further by lipase-catalyzed esterification with the starting fat to produce structured lipids of high MUFA content. C1 Chungnam Natl Univ, Coll Agr, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Taejon 305764, South Korea. ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA USA. RP Lee, KT (reprint author), Chungnam Natl Univ, Coll Agr, Dept Food Sci & Technol, 220 Kung Dong, Taejon 305764, South Korea. EM ktlee@cnu.ac.kr NR 12 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1438-7697 EI 1438-9312 J9 EUR J LIPID SCI TECH JI Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 103 IS 12 BP 777 EP 782 DI 10.1002/1438-9312(200112)103:12<777::AID-EJLT777>3.3.CO;2-X PG 6 WC Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 508JG UT WOS:000173084500002 ER PT J AU Hutchinson, GL Livingston, GP AF Hutchinson, GL Livingston, GP TI Vents and seals in non-steady-state chambers used for measuring gas exchange between soil and the atmosphere SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID NITROUS-OXIDE; NUMERICAL EVALUATION; FIELD MEASUREMENT; CO2 EFFLUX; EMISSIONS; SURFACE; FLUXES AB Despite decades of research to define optimal chamber design and deployment protocol for measuring gas exchange between the Earth's surface and the atmosphere, controversy still surrounds the procedures for applying this method. Using a numerical simulation model we demonstrated that (i) all non-steady-state chambers should include a properly sized and properly located vent tube; (ii) even seemingly trivial leakiness of the seals between elements of a multiple-component chamber results in significant risk of measurement error; (iii) a leaking seal is a poor substitute for a properly designed vent tube, because the shorter path length through the seal supports much. greater diffusive gas loss per unit of conductance to mass flow; (iv) the depth to which chamber walls must be inserted to minimize gas loss by lateral diffusion is smaller than is customary in fine,textured, wet or compact soil, but much larger than is customary in highly porous soils, and (v) repetitive sampling at the same location is not a major source of error when using non-steady-state chambers. Finally, we discuss problems associated with computing the flux of a gas from the non-linear increase in its concentration in the headspace of a non-steady-state chamber. C1 ARS, USDA, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Univ Vermont, Sch Nat Resources, Aiken Ctr, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. RP Hutchinson, GL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. EM glhutch@lamar.colostate.edu NR 25 TC 97 Z9 100 U1 12 U2 64 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1351-0754 J9 EUR J SOIL SCI JI Eur. J. Soil Sci. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 52 IS 4 BP 675 EP 682 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2389.2001.00415.x PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 507UU UT WOS:000173050300013 ER PT J AU Shang, F Deng, GJ Obin, M Wu, CCN Gong, X Smith, D Laursen, RA Andley, UP Reddan, JR Taylor, A AF Shang, F Deng, GJ Obin, M Wu, CCN Gong, X Smith, D Laursen, RA Andley, UP Reddan, JR Taylor, A TI Ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1) isoforms in lens epithelial cells: Origin of translation, E2, specificity and cellular localization determined with novel site-specific antibodies SO EXPERIMENTAL EYE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE ubiquitin; E1; E2; translation ID DEPENDENT PROTEOLYSIS; PATHWAY; NUCLEAR; CONJUGATION; DEATH; PROTEASOME; MECHANISM; INDUCTION; STRESS; SYSTEM AB Lens development and response to peroxide stress are associated with dramatic changes in protein ubiquitination, reflecting dynamic changes in activity of the ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1). Two isoforms of E1 (E1A and E1B) have been identified in lens cells although only one E1 mRNA, containing three potential translational start sites, has been detected. Novel, site-specific antibodies to E1 were generated and the hypothesis that the two isoforms of E1 arc translated from alternative initiation codons of a single mRNA was tested. Antibodies raised against E1A-N peptide (Met(1) to Cys(23) of E1A) reacted only with E1A by immunoblot and immunoprecipitation. Antibodies raised against E1B-N peptide (Met(1) to Glu(25) of E1B or Met(41) to Glu(65) of E1A) and E1AB-C peptide (His(1030) to Arg(1058) of E1A or His(990) to Arg(1018) of E1B) reacted with both E1A and E1B. These results indicate that (1) E1A and E1B contain the same C-terminal residues; (2) E1A contains the N terminal sequence of E I B: and ( 3) E 1 B does not contain the N terminal sequence of E1A. The two isoforms of lens El are therefore translated from a single mRNA. Specifically, E1A is translated from the first initiation codon, and E1B translated from the second initiation codon. E1A and E1B were affinity-purified, and their ability to 'charge' ubiquitin carrier proteins (E2s) with activated ubiquitin was compared in a cell-free system. E1A and EIB were indistinguishable with respect to charging different E2s. However, El immunolocalization studies with human lens epithelial cells indicate that E1A and E1B are preferentially localized to the nucleus and cytosol, respectively. This observation suggests that E1A and E1B ubiquitinate different proteins and serve different functions in intact cells. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 Tufts Univ, Lab Nutr & Vis Res, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Boston Univ, Dept Chem, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Ophthalmol & Visual Sci, St Louis, MO 63110 USA. Oakland Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Oakland, CA USA. RP Taylor, A (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Lab Nutr & Vis Res, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NEI NIH HHS [EY11717] NR 32 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0014-4835 J9 EXP EYE RES JI Exp. Eye Res. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 73 IS 6 BP 827 EP 836 DI 10.1006/exer.2001.1091 PG 10 WC Ophthalmology SC Ophthalmology GA 517HK UT WOS:000173604900008 PM 11846513 ER PT J AU Meydani, SN Erickson, KL AF Meydani, SN Erickson, KL TI Nutrients as regulators of immune function: Introduction SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Editorial Material ID VITAMIN-E SUPPLEMENTATION; ELDERLY SUBJECTS C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Natl Immunol Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol & Human Anat, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Meydani, SN (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Natl Immunol Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. EM smeydani@hnrc.tufts.edu NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 15 IS 14 BP 2555 EP 2555 DI 10.1096/fj.01-0477com PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 506HT UT WOS:000172964800023 PM 11726529 ER PT J AU Kurtzman, CP AF Kurtzman, Cletus P. TI Six new anamorphic ascomycetous yeasts near Candida tanzawaensis SO FEMS YEAST RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE New Candida yeast species; yeasts from insects; molecular systematics; ribosomal DNA AB Six new species of the yeast genus Candida are described from their unique nucleotide sequences in the D1/D2 domain of 26S rDNA. Five of these species form a clade with Candida tanzawaensis, and the sixth is basal to this group. The new species and their sources of isolation are the following: Candida ambrosiae (type strain NRRL YB-1316, CBS 8844), from insect frass, rotted wood and mushroom fruiting bodies; Candida canberraensis (type strain NRRL YB-2417, CBS 8846), from soil; Candida caryicola (type strain NRRL YB-1499, CBS 8847), from a pignut hickory tree; Candida prunicola (type strain NRRL YB-869, CBS 8848), from exuded gum of a black cherry tree; Candida pyralidae (type strain NRRL Y-27085, CBS 5035), from insect frass; Candida xylopsoci (type strain NRRL Y-27066, CBS 6037), from insect frass. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. on behalf of the Federation of European Microbiological Societies. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Microbial Genom & Bioproc Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Kurtzman, CP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Microbial Genom & Bioproc Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. EM kurtzman@mail.ncaur.usda.gov NR 7 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1567-1356 J9 FEMS YEAST RES JI FEMS Yeast Res. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 1 IS 3 BP 177 EP 185 DI 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2001.tb00032.x PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology; Mycology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology; Mycology GA V44HV UT WOS:000202994700002 PM 12702342 ER PT J AU Pemberton, RW Cordo, HA AF Pemberton, RW Cordo, HA TI Potential and risks of biological control of Cactoblastis cactorum (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) in North America SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Cactoblastis Cactorum in North America CY SEP, 2000 CL TAMPA, FLORIDA DE Opuntia; biological control risk; cactus moths; host specificity; parasitoids; insect pathogens ID POPULATIONS; MOTH AB Cactoblastis cactorum Berg, an invasive moth and famous biological control of weeds agent, threatens numerous native and economic prickly pear cacti (Opuntia) in the United States and Mexico. Biological control of the moth, using a variety of approaches, is considered including: introduction of parasitoids and pathogens from the moth's native home in South America, introduction of parasitoids from related North American cactus moths (Pyralidae: Phycitnae), inundative releases of parasitoids known to attack the moth in Florida, and inundative releases of mass reared generalists parasitoids. The primary risk of employing biological control is the reduction of the many North American cactus moths, some of which probably regulate native Opuntia that can be weedy. The various biocontrol approaches are ranked according to their relative risk to the native cactus moths. The introduction of South American parasitoids or pathogens specific to the genus Cactoblastis (if they exist) may be the least risky approach. The introduction of South American parasitoids that can attack many cactus moths is the most risky approach because it could result in persistent "control" of these non-target native insects, Biological control probably can reduce the abundance of C. cactorum populations but is unlikely to prevent the spread of the moth. The relative benefits and risks of biological control need to be carefully assessed prior to any operational biological control programs. It will be difficult to reach agreement on acceptable levels of risk, if the likely benefits can't be predicted, Other management options need to be considered. C1 ARS, USDA, Invas Plant Res Lab, Ft Lauderdale, FL USA. ARS, USDA, S Amer Biol Control Lab, Hurlingham, Argentina. RP Pemberton, RW (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Invas Plant Res Lab, Ft Lauderdale, FL USA. NR 37 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 9 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 84 IS 4 BP 513 EP 526 DI 10.2307/3496382 PG 14 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 507JZ UT WOS:000173025300010 ER PT J AU Pemberton, RW Cordo, HA AF Pemberton, RW Cordo, HA TI Nosema (Microsporida : Nosematidae) species as potential biological control agents of Cactoblastis cactorum (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae): Surveys for the Microsporidia in Argentina and South Africa SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Cactoblastis Cactorum in North America CY SEP, 2000 CL TAMPA, FLORIDA DE biological control; surveys; insect pathogens; Opuntia AB Cactoblastis cactorum Berg is an invasive moth in North America where it damages and threatens many native Opuntia cacti. Nosema species of C. cactorum may have potential as biological control agents of the moth. Surveys for Nosema species were made in South Africa, where two of these Microsporidia were described from the moth and in Argentina where these pathogens may have originated. No Nosema were found in the C. cactorum larvae from South Africa and low levels of infection (0-6%) were found in the South American larvae. The low abundance of C. cactorum and the time of collection (austral summer) may be the reasons fur the absence of or rarity of Nosema in these surveys. Winter collections of the larvae are suggested to obtain more abundant Nosema for evaluation as potential biocontrols of C cactorum. C1 ARS, USDA, Invas Plant Res Lab, Ft Lauderdale, FL USA. ARS, USDA, S Amer Biol Control Lab, Hurlingham, BA, Argentina. RP Pemberton, RW (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Invas Plant Res Lab, Ft Lauderdale, FL USA. NR 12 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 6 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 84 IS 4 BP 527 EP 530 DI 10.2307/3496383 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 507JZ UT WOS:000173025300011 ER PT J AU Carpenter, JE Bloem, KA Bloem, S AF Carpenter, JE Bloem, KA Bloem, S TI Applications of F-1 sterility for research and management of Cactoblastis cactorum (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Cactoblastis Cactorum in North America CY SEP, 2000 CL TAMPA, FLORIDA DE cactus moth; sterile insect technique; biological control; inherited sterility ID CORN-EARWORM LEPIDOPTERA; HELICOVERPA-ZEA LEPIDOPTERA; FALL ARMYWORM LEPIDOPTERA; CODLING MOTH LEPIDOPTERA; OPUNTIA-FEEDING MOTH; INHERITED STERILITY; NOCTUIDAE DEVELOPMENT; FIELD SURVIVAL; RADIATION; DIAPAUSE AB The unintentional arrival of the cactus moth, Cactoblastis cactorum (Berg), in Florida has raised concerns for the safety of native and rare Opuntia species in the Florida Keys and the potential spread of C, cactorum to the Opuntia-rich areas of the western United States and Mexico. In addition to threatening the biodiversity of these native ecosystems, such non-target effects would generate negative publicity that could heighten public concern over the use of exotic natural enemies and jeopardize future biological control programs against weeds. In this paper we discuss the use of inherited (F-1) sterility in Lepidoptera to study, predict, and manage the expanding populations of C. cactorum, Research areas in which the use of F-1 sterility would be most applicable include (1) elucidation of the host range of C, cactorum for key native Opuntia species from across the US., (2) prediction of the geographic range of C. cactorum in the U.S. and Mexico, and (3) delineation of the impact of native natural enemies on the spread of C. cactorum. The use of F-1 sterility for control of C. cactorum would be most appropriate fur (1) eradication of C. cactorum from areas of new introductions, or from isolated and/or environmentally sensitive areas such as the Florida Keys, (2) establishment of a barrier by means of release of irradiated moths along the leading edge of the C. cactorum geographical range, and (3) provisioning sterile C. cactorum in the field as hosts for released natural enemies to increase their initial survival and establishment. C1 ARS, USDA, Crop Protect & Management Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Florida A&M Univ, USDA, APHIS, PPQ,CPHST,NBCI, Tallahassee, FL 32307 USA. Univ Florida, USDA, APHIS, PPQ,CPHST,NBCI,NFREC, Monticello, FL 32344 USA. RP Carpenter, JE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Crop Protect & Management Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 32 TC 32 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 3 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 84 IS 4 BP 531 EP 536 DI 10.2307/3496384 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 507JZ UT WOS:000173025300012 ER PT J AU Carpenter, JE Bloem, S Bloem, KA AF Carpenter, JE Bloem, S Bloem, KA TI Inherited sterility in Cactoblastis cactorum (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Cactoblastis Cactorum in North America CY SEP, 2000 CL TAMPA, FLORIDA DE cactus moth; inherited sterility; sterile insect technique; invasive species ID SELECTION; MOTH AB Newly emerged male and female adult cactus moths, Cactoblastis cactorum (Berg), were treated with increasing doses of gamma radiation, and the moths were outcrossed to fertile counterparts. Fecundity of the moth pairs was not affected by increasing doses of radiation. The minimum dose at which treated females were found to be 100% sterile when mated to untreated males was 200 Gy. Fertility of treated males declined with increasing doses of radiation to approach 0%, near 500 Gy. Inherited effects resulting from irradiation of P males and females were expressed in the F-1 generation as increased developmental time from oviposition to larval eclosion, increased egg mortality, and increased neonate to adult stage mortality. A shift in the F-1 sex ratio in favor of males was not observed. C1 ARS, USDA, Crop Protect & Management Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Univ Florida, USDA, APHIS, PPQ,CPHST,NBCI,NFREC, Monticello, FL 32344 USA. Florida A&M Univ, USDA, APHIS, PPQ,CPHST,NBCI, Tallahassee, FL 32307 USA. RP Carpenter, JE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Crop Protect & Management Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 27 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 2 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 84 IS 4 BP 537 EP 542 DI 10.2307/3496385 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 507JZ UT WOS:000173025300013 ER PT J AU Cuellar, ME Calatayud, PA Melo, EL Smith, L Bellotti, AC AF Cuellar, ME Calatayud, PA Melo, EL Smith, L Bellotti, AC TI Consumption and oviposition rates of six phytoseiid species feeding on eggs of the cassava green mite Mononychellus tanajoa (Acari : Tetranychidae) SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE Euseius ho; Typhlodromalus aripo; Typhlodromalus tenuiscutus; Neosciulus californicus; Neosciulus idaeus; Galendromus annectens; biological control ID AFRICA AB In Africa the cassava green mite, Mononychellus tanajoa, is an important pest of cassava, Manihot esculenta. Phytoseiid mites from South America are being evaluated as potential biological control agents of this alien pest. We evaluated six phytoseiid (Acari: Phytoseiidae) species, collected in South America: Euseius ho, Typhlodromalus aripo, Typhlodromalus tenuiscutus, Neoseiulus californicus, Neoseiulus idaeus, and Galendromus annectens. Their effectiveness as a biological control agent was estimated by measuring rates of prey consumption and oviposition in relation to prey density under optimal laboratory conditions. Prey consumption by E. ho, T. aripo and T. tenuiscutus continued increasing linearly up to the highest density of prey evaluated (200 prey eggs) for a maximum of 93, 101 and 59 prey in 24 h. For the other predators, prey consumption levelled off at prey density of 30 or more. Maximum daily consumption was 40, 35 and 18 eggs for N. californicus, N. idaeus and G. annectens, respectively. Except for T. tenuiscutus, daily fecundity appeared to reach a plateau at the prey densities tested. Higher maximum daily oviposition rates: were registered fur T tenuiscutus, N. californicus, N. idaeus and G. annectens, ovipositing 3.9, 3.6, 2.9 and 2.8 eggs, respectively; whereas E. ho and T. aripo oviposited a maximum of 2.2 and 1.4 eggs in 24 h, respectively. The ratio between oviposition and prey consumption rates was generally higher for G. annectens, N. californicus and N. idaeus, The high prey consumption rate of E, hu, T aripo and T. tenuiscutus suggests that these species are the bust agents in regard to the attack of pest eggs. The high fecundity rate and oviposition/consumption ratio especially at low prey densities (30 prey eggs) of N. californicus, N. idaeus and G. annectens suggests that these species may be able to multiply well at low prey densities. C1 Ctr Int Agr Trop, Cassava Entomol Program, AA-6713 Cali, Colombia. USDA, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Cuellar, ME (reprint author), Ctr Int Agr Trop, Cassava Entomol Program, AA-6713 Cali, Colombia. OI Calatayud, Paul-andre/0000-0002-9482-4646 NR 14 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 8 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 84 IS 4 BP 602 EP 607 DI 10.2307/3496391 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 507JZ UT WOS:000173025300019 ER PT J AU Shelly, TE AF Shelly, TE TI Feeding on methyl eugenol and Fagraea berteriana flowers increases long-range female attraction by males of the oriental fruit fly (Diptera : Tephritidae) SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE Bactrocera dorsalis; methyl eugenol; pheromone; lek ID SEX-PHEROMONE COMPONENTS; FLIES DIPTERA; BEHAVIOR; DORSALIS AB Males of the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), are strongly attracted to methyl eugenol. Recent evidence indicates that treated males fed methyl eugenol have higher mating success and signaling (wing-fanning) activity than control (unfed) males, Chemical analyses have further shown that metabolites of methyl eugenol are incorporated into the male sex pheromone, and laboratory tests revealed that, at least over short distances (<2 m), the pheromonal signals of methyl eugenol-fed males are more attractive to females than those of unfed males. The main goal of the present study was to determine whether feeding on methyl eugenol or flowers of Fagraea berteriana A. Gray that contain a methyl eugenol-like compound increases the long-distance attractiveness of male B. dorsalis under field conditions. Male aggregations, composed of either treated or control males, were established on orange trees, females were released from a central point (12 m from the male groups), and male wing-fanning and female visitation were recorded. For both methyl eugenol and F. berteriana flowers, aggregations of treated males had higher wing-farming levels and attracted more females on both an absolute (total female sightings per male group) and relative (female sightings per wing-fanning male per group) basis than aggregations of control males. In an additional laboratory experiment, males that fed upon F berteriana flowers were found to be more attractive to females over short distances (<2 m) than control males, consistent with results from other methyl eugenol-containing plant species. C1 USDA, APHIS, Waimanalo, HI 96795 USA. RP Shelly, TE (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, POB 1040, Waimanalo, HI 96795 USA. NR 22 TC 10 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 5 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 84 IS 4 BP 634 EP 640 DI 10.2307/3496395 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 507JZ UT WOS:000173025300023 ER PT J AU Burns, RE Harris, DL Moreno, DS Eger, JE AF Burns, RE Harris, DL Moreno, DS Eger, JE TI Efficacy of spinosad bait sprays to control Mediterranean and Caribbean fruit flies (Diptera : Tephritidae) in commercial citrus in Florida SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE spinosad; bait spray; Mediterranean fruit fly; Caribbean fruit fly AB A serious infestation of Mediterranean fruit fly in Florida in 1997 and 1998 led tu the widespread aerial and foliar application of malathion-bait sprays. Public concerns over property damage, environmental impact and public health led to the immediate need and acceptability of alternative pesticide,,bait combinations. Preliminary work with spinosad, a derivative of a soil microorganism developed by Dow AgroSciences, in combination with a new bait (Sol-Bait) showed promise. To ensure that this product would be effective in Florida for fruit fly control, three field tests were conducted using aerial and/or foliar applications. Results indicated that sprays with spinosad-SolBait provided comparable and significant control levels for sterile Mediterranean and Caribbean fruit flies in comparison to standard malathion with NU-LURE(R) or SolBait treatments by aerial or foliar application. In one test, honey bees and hives were exposed to sprays in the treatment area and no significant treatment differences were observed in hive condition or brood. Insufficient data on effects of treatments on naturally occurring and introduced beneficial insects were collected for statistical analysis but it appears no harmful effects were observed. C1 FDACS, Div Plant Ind, Gainesville, FL 32614 USA. USDA, Agr Res Ctr, Kika de la Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. Dow AgroSci, Tampa, FL 33629 USA. RP Burns, RE (reprint author), FDACS, Div Plant Ind, POB 147100, Gainesville, FL 32614 USA. NR 17 TC 63 Z9 69 U1 2 U2 9 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 84 IS 4 BP 672 EP 678 DI 10.2307/3496400 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 507JZ UT WOS:000173025300028 ER PT J AU Robacker, DC AF Robacker, DC TI Roles of putrescine and 1-pyrroline in attractiveness of technical-grade putrescine to the Mexican fruit fly (Diptera : Tephritidae) SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE Anastrepha ludens; attractants; lures; putrescine; 1-pyrroline ID SOLID-PHASE MICROEXTRACTION; FLIES DIPTERA; GAMMA-IRRADIATION; ANASTREPHA LUDENS; METHYLAMINE; AMMONIA; PHEROMONE; MIXTURE; TUNNEL; SEXES AB Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine if 1-pyrroline, present as a contaminant of putrescine, was responsible for the observed attractiveness of putrescine to the Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae). Technical-grade putrescine contained 0.025% 1-pyrroline measured by gas chromatography. Putrescine purified by high performance liquid chromatography contained 0.0000053% 1-pyrroline, constituting a 99.98% reduction compared with technical-grade putrescine. Purified putrescine was more attractive than technical-grade putrescine over a range of concentrations, The amount of 1-pyrroline found in technical-grade putrescine was attractive, but less so than technical-grade putrescine at 2 concentrations. Either purified putrescine or an amount of 1-pyrroline equivalent to that in technical putrescine could substitute for technical putrescine in combinations with 2 other attractive chemicals, ammonium bicarbonate and methylamine HCL Results indicate that putrescine more so than 1-pyrroline accounts for the attractiveness of technical putrescine but that either chemical enhances the attractiveness of ammonia and methylamine about equally. C1 ARS, Crop Qual & Fruit Insects Res, USDA, Kika de la Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Robacker, DC (reprint author), ARS, Crop Qual & Fruit Insects Res, USDA, Kika de la Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, 2413 E Highway 83,Bldg 200, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 17 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 4 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 84 IS 4 BP 679 EP 685 DI 10.2307/3496401 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 507JZ UT WOS:000173025300029 ER PT J AU Porter, SD Pesquero, MA AF Porter, SD Pesquero, MA TI Illustrated key to Pseudacteon decapitating flies (Diptera : Phoridae) that attack Solenopsis saevissima complex fire ants in South America SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE biocontrol; taxonomy; ovipositor; parasitoid; Brazil; Argentina ID FORMICIDAE; HYMENOPTERA; PARASITOIDS; BIOLOGY AB This paper provides an illustrated key in English and Portuguese to 18 South American species of Pseudacteon decapitating flies that attack Solenopsis fire ants in the saevissima complex. The taxonomic history and current status of species in the genus Pseudacteon are discussed. Pseudacteon flies are of interest because of their unusual life history and potential value as classical fire ant biocontrol agents. C1 ARS, USDA, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. Univ Fed Sao Carlos, Dept Ecol & Biol Evolut, BR-13565905 Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil. RP Porter, SD (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 26 TC 49 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 1 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 84 IS 4 BP 691 EP 699 DI 10.2307/3496403 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 507JZ UT WOS:000173025300031 ER PT J AU McKenzie, CL LaPointe, SL Duncan, LW AF McKenzie, CL LaPointe, SL Duncan, LW TI Landscape fabric as a physical barrier to neonate Diaprepes abbreviatus (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID CITRUS C1 ARS, USDA, Hort Res Lab, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. Univ Florida, Ctr Agr Res & Educ, IFAS, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 USA. RP McKenzie, CL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Hort Res Lab, 2001 S Rock Rd, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. NR 5 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 84 IS 4 BP 721 EP 722 DI 10.2307/3496409 PG 2 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 507JZ UT WOS:000173025300037 ER PT J AU Cottrell, TE AF Cottrell, TE TI Improved trap capture of Euschistus servus and Euschistus tristigmus (Hemiptera : Pentatomidae) in pecan orchards SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article C1 ARS, USDA, SE Fruit & Tree Nut Res Lab, Byron, GA 31008 USA. RP Cottrell, TE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, SE Fruit & Tree Nut Res Lab, 21 Dunbar Rd, Byron, GA 31008 USA. NR 10 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 84 IS 4 BP 731 EP 732 DI 10.2307/3496414 PG 2 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 507JZ UT WOS:000173025300042 ER PT J AU Davis, LR Vander Meer, RK Porter, SD AF Davis, LR Vander Meer, RK Porter, SD TI Red imported fire ants expand their range across the West Indies SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID HYMENOPTERA; FORMICIDAE C1 ARS, USDA, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Davis, LR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 15 TC 45 Z9 53 U1 3 U2 5 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 84 IS 4 BP 735 EP 736 DI 10.2307/3496416 PG 2 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 507JZ UT WOS:000173025300044 ER PT J AU Keller, M Palace, M Hurtt, G AF Keller, M Palace, M Hurtt, G TI Biomass estimation in the Tapajos National Forest, Brazil - Examination of sampling and allometric uncertainties SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE biomass; error estimation; allometry; Amazon; Brazil ID AMAZONIAN FORESTS; TROPICAL FORESTS; CARBON; DEFORESTATION; SUCCESSION; PASTURES; BASIN AB changes in the biomass of Amazon region forests represent an important component of the global carbon cycle but the biomass of these forests remains poorly quantified. Minimizing the error in forest biomass estimates is necessary in order to reduce the uncertainty in future Amazon carbon budgets. We examined forest survey data for trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) greater than 35 cm from four plots with a total area of 392 ha in the Tapajos National Forest near Santarem, Para, Brazil (3 degrees 04'S, 54 degrees 95'W). The average frequency of trees greater than 35 cm DBH was approximately 55 ha(-1). Based on tree diameters, allometric relations, and published relations for biomass in other compartments besides trees of DBH > 35 cm., we estimated a total biomass density of 372 Mg ha(-1). We produced a highly conservative error estimate of about 50% of this value. Trees with diameters greater than 35 cm DBH accounted for about half of the total biomass. This estimate includes all live and dead plant material above- and below-ground with the exception of soil organic matter. We propagated errors in sampling and those associated with allometric relations and other ratios used to estimate biomass of roots, lianas and epiphytes, and necromass. The major sources of uncertainty in our estimate were found in the allometric relations for trees with DBH greater than 35 cm, in the estimates of biomass of trees with DBH less than 35 cm., and in root biomass. Simulated sampling based on our full survey, suggests that we could have estimated mean biomass per hectare for trees (DBH greater than or equal to 35 cm) to within 20% (sampling error only) with 95% confidence by sampling 21 randomly selected 0.25 ha plots in our study area. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Complex Syst Res Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Keller, M (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. RI Hurtt, George/A-8450-2012; Keller, Michael/A-8976-2012 OI Keller, Michael/0000-0002-0253-3359 NR 33 TC 167 Z9 188 U1 4 U2 37 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 EI 1872-7042 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD DEC 1 PY 2001 VL 154 IS 3 BP 371 EP 382 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00509-6 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 494MZ UT WOS:000172287600003 ER PT J AU Scatena, FN AF Scatena, FN TI Ecological rhythms and the management of humid tropical forests - Examples from the Caribbean National Forest, Puerto Rico SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE tropical forest management; municipal water supply; endangered species ID FRESH-WATER SHRIMPS; DISTURBANCE; CLIMATE; STREAM AB A common premise in modern forest management is that land management should operate over large enough spatial and temporal scales that common natural disturbances are present and implicitly considered. Less emphasis has been focused on managing humid tropical forest ecosystems with the periodic ecological processes that occur between disturbances. The central premise of this paper is that timing management activities to periodic ecological processes that occur between disturbances is an additional prerequisite for the effective management of humid tropical forests. Ecological rhythms are defined here as biological or biogeochemical processes that have definable periodicities and include phenological, circadian, biogeochemical, and behavioral processes. The paper documents the use of ecological rhythms in the management of endangered species and water resources in the Caribbean National Forest of Northeastern Puerto Rico. While this type of dynamic management has proven benefits, managers and regulatory agencies have been hesitant to utilize complex, ecologically based dynamic management schedules because they can be difficult to monitor and regulate. Fortunately, recent technological advantages greatly increase the ability to conduct complex real-time, spatially explicit management. Identifying important ecological rhythms and developing administrative structures that can integrate them into management will be a major challenge in both tropical and temperate environments in the coming decades. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, San Juan, PR 00928 USA. RP Scatena, FN (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, POB 25-000, San Juan, PR 00928 USA. NR 53 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD DEC 1 PY 2001 VL 154 IS 3 BP 453 EP 464 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00515-1 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 494MZ UT WOS:000172287600009 ER PT J AU Seo, JA Proctor, RH Plattner, RD AF Seo, JA Proctor, RH Plattner, RD TI Characterization of four clustered and coregulated genes associated with fumonisin biosynthesis in Fusarium verticillioides SO FUNGAL GENETICS AND BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Fusarium verticillioides; Gibberella moniliformis; fumonisin; mycotoxin biosynthesis; cytochrome P450 monooxygenase ID FUJIKUROI MATING POPULATION; GIBBERELLA-FUJIKUROI; TRICHOTHECENE BIOSYNTHESIS; SPOROTRICHIOIDES ENCODES; SPHINGOLIPID SYNTHESIS; MONILIFORME; ENZYME; CLONING; SEQUENCES; SYNTHASE AB Fumonisins are mycotoxins that cause several fatal animal diseases, including cancer in rats and mice. These toxins are produced by several Fusarium species, including the maize pathogen Fusarium verticillioides, and can accumulate in maize infected with the fungus. We have identified four F. verticillioides genes (FUM6, FUM7, FUM8, and FUM9) adjacent to FUM5, a previously identified polyketide synthase gene that is required for fumonisin biosynthesis. Gene disruption analysis revealed that FUM6 and FUM8 are required for fumonisin production and Northern blot analysis revealed that expression of all four recently identified genes is correlated with fumonisin production. Nucleotide sequence analysis indicated that the predicted FUM6 translation product is most similar to cytochrome P450 monooxygenase-P450 reductase fusion proteins and the predicted products of FUM7, FUM8, and FUM9 are most similar to type III alcohol dehydrogenases, class-II alpha-amino-transferases, and dioxygenases, respectively. Together, these data are consistent with FUM5 through FUM9 being part of a fumonisin biosynthetic gene cluster in F. verticillioides. C1 ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Proctor, RH (reprint author), ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. EM proctorh@mail.ncaur.usda.gov NR 47 TC 128 Z9 134 U1 4 U2 24 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1087-1845 J9 FUNGAL GENET BIOL JI Fungal Genet. Biol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 34 IS 3 BP 155 EP 165 DI 10.1006/fgbi.2001.1299 PG 11 WC Genetics & Heredity; Mycology SC Genetics & Heredity; Mycology GA 510UY UT WOS:000173226700002 PM 11728154 ER PT J AU Sato, Y Fukuda, Y Hirano, HY AF Sato, Y Fukuda, Y Hirano, HY TI Mutations that cause amino acid substitutions at the invariant positions in homeodomain of OSH3KNOX protein suggest artificial selection during rice domestication SO GENES & GENETIC SYSTEMS LA English DT Article ID HOMEOBOX GENES; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; LEAF MORPHOLOGY; EXPRESSION; MAIZE; DNA; PATTERNS; PLANTS; ARABIDOPSIS; EVOLUTION AB KNOX homeodomain (HD) proteins encoded by KNOTTED1-like homeobox genes (KNOX genes) are considered to work as important regulators for plant developmental and morphogenetic events. We found that OSH3, one of the KNOX genes isolated from a cultivar of Oryza sativa (Nipponbare), encodes a novel HD, which has two amino acid substitutions at invariant positions. Sequence analysis of OSH3 from various domesticated and wild species of rice has revealed that these substitutions are distributed only in Japonica and Javanica type of O. sativa, two groups of domesticated rice in Asia. Surprisingly, nucleotide sequences in the first intron are almost conserved in the rice strains that have the substitutions at the invariant amino acids. Overexpression studies revealed that these invariant amino acids are critical for the function of OSH3 in vivo. The facts that these substitutions occurred specifically at the functionally important amino acids and the sequences are conserved in intron where neutral mutations accumulate suggest the substitutions at the invariant positions of OSH3 have been fixed by artificial selections during domestication. Based on these observations, we hypothesize that OSH3 is responsible for one of the traits that are selectively introduced during the domestication of most of Japonica and a part of Javanica type of rice. C1 Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Agr & Life Sci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138657, Japan. Natl Agr Res Ctr, Niigata 9430193, Japan. Univ Calif Berkeley, USDA, Ctr Plant Gene Express, ARS, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Hirano, HY (reprint author), Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Agr & Life Sci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138657, Japan. EM ahirano@mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp RI Hirano, Hiro-Yuki/G-4928-2014 OI Hirano, Hiro-Yuki/0000-0001-7364-8893 NR 24 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU GENETICS SOC JAPAN PI SHIZUOKA-KEN PA NATIONAL INST GENETICS YATA 1111, MISHIMA, SHIZUOKA-KEN, 411-8540, JAPAN SN 1341-7568 EI 1880-5779 J9 GENES GENET SYST JI Genes Genet. Syst. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 76 IS 6 BP 381 EP 392 DI 10.1266/ggs.76.381 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 532VG UT WOS:000174495300005 PM 11922107 ER PT J AU Levi, A Thomas, CE Keinath, AP Wehner, TC AF Levi, A Thomas, CE Keinath, AP Wehner, TC TI Genetic diversity among watermelon (Citrullus lanatus and Citrullus colocynthis) accessions SO GENETIC RESOURCES AND CROP EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE disease resistance; RAPD ID POLYMORPHIC DNA RAPD; THUNB MATSUM; CUCURBITACEAE; RESISTANCE; NAKAI; SEED AB Genetic diversity was estimated among 42 U.S. Plant Introduction (PI) accessions of the genus Citrullus (of these, 34 PIs are reported to have disease resistance), and 5 watermelon cultivars, using 30 RAPD primers. These primers produced 662 RAPD markers that could be rated with high confidence. Based on these markers, genetic similarity coefficients were calculated and a dendrogram was constructed using the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic average (UPGMA). The analysis delineated three major clusters. The first cluster consisted of a group of five watermelon cultivars, a group of C. lanatus var. lanatus accessions, and a group of C. lanatus var. lanatus accessions that contained some C. lanatus var. citroides genes. The second cluster consisted of the C. lanatus var. citroides accessions, while the third cluster consisted of the C. colocynthis accessions. The two C. lanatus clusters differentiated from each other and from the C. colocynthis cluster at the level of 58.8% and 38.9% genetic similarity, respectively. Assessment of genetic diversity among accessions that have been reported to have disease resistance indicated that resistance to either anthracnose, downy mildew, powdery mildew, or watermelon mosaic virus is found among all major groups of Citrullus Pls. Additionally, resistance to gummy stem blight or Fusarium wilt may exist among C. lanatus var. citroides PIs. This study demonstrates that molecular markers can be useful in assessing genetic diversity, and in sorting Citrullus PIs into phylogenetic groups prior to their evaluation for disease or pest resistance. C1 ARS, US Vegetable Lab, USDA, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. Clemson Univ, Coastal Res & Educ Ctr, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Hort Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Levi, A (reprint author), ARS, US Vegetable Lab, USDA, 2875 Savannah Highway, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. NR 29 TC 104 Z9 115 U1 0 U2 15 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-9864 J9 GENET RESOUR CROP EV JI Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 48 IS 6 BP 559 EP 566 DI 10.1023/A:1013888418442 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 503NM UT WOS:000172804600003 ER PT J AU Mliki, A Staub, JE Sun, ZY Ghorbel, A AF Mliki, A Staub, JE Sun, ZY Ghorbel, A TI Genetic diversity in melon (Cucumis melo L.): An evaluation of African germplasm SO GENETIC RESOURCES AND CROP EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE cluster analysis; genetic distance; genetic markers; germplasm management; multidimensional scaling; multivariate statistics; RAPD; simple matching coefficient ID AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIC DNA; RAPD MARKERS; LENGTH-POLYMORPHISM; MOLECULAR VARIATION; SATIVUS L.; IMPROVEMENT; RESISTANCE; ISOZYME; DISEASE; RFLP AB The genetic diversity among 126 exotic (108) and reference array (RA) melon (Cucumis melo L.) accessions (18) was assessed by variation at 49 random amplified polymorphic DNA marker bands (putative loci) using 29 10-mer primers. African accessions of unknown melon market classes were compared to the RA accessions from a broad range of C. melo subsp. melo groups (Cantalupensis, Conomon, Inodorus and Flexuosus). Although differences in groupings occurred after multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis, both analyses placed African accessions into two groups, which were separate from RA groupings. One African group of 33 accessions containing accessions from Zimbabwe (5), Zambia (24), Mali (1). one of two Senegal accessions and two of three South African accessions examined. The second group, which consisted of 67 accessions containing collections from Egypt (40), Tunisia (6). Libya (13), Morocco (1), Algeria (2), Ethiopia (1), Niger (1), Sierra Leone (1), S. Africa (1), Zambia (1) and Zimbabwe (1). Depending on the multivariate analysis technique employed, accessions from Kenya, Senegal and Ghana formed either unique groupings or were grouped with accessions (Cantalupensis) from the RA. Both analyses indicate that the genetic differences inherent between the African gene pools is associated with the geographic proximity of African countries (northern vs. central-southern Africa) in the germplasm array examined. Moreover., these data indicate that the genetic diversity of U.S. and European commercial RA germplasm (Cantalupensis and Inodorus) could be enhanced by the introduction of genetic variation from African accessions, and that it would be advantageous to acquire more accessions from this geographically and ecologically varied region to ensure the retention of existing genetic diversity. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, USDA ARS, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Inst Natl Rech Sci & Tech, Lab Ameliorat & Adaptat Plantes, Hammam Lif 2050, Tunisia. RP Staub, JE (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, USDA ARS, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 45 TC 48 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-9864 J9 GENET RESOUR CROP EV JI Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 48 IS 6 BP 587 EP 597 DI 10.1023/A:1013840517032 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 503NM UT WOS:000172804600006 ER PT J AU DeCamillis, MA Lewis, DL Brown, SJ Beeman, RW Denell, RE AF DeCamillis, MA Lewis, DL Brown, SJ Beeman, RW Denell, RE TI Interactions of the Tribolium sex combs reduced and proboscipedia orthologs in embryonic labial development SO GENETICS LA English DT Article ID COMPLEX HOM-C; DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; BEETLE TRIBOLIUM; GENETIC-ANALYSIS; MUTANT; LOCUS; MAXILLOPEDIA; CASTANEUM; PHENOTYPE; EVOLUTION AB The role of Hox genes in the development of insect gnathal appendages has been examined in three insects: the fruitfly, Drosophila melanogaster; the milkweed bug, Oncopellus fasciatus; and the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. In each of these organisms, the identity of the labium depends on the homeotic genes Sex combs reduced (Set) and proboscipedia (pb). Loss of pb function in each of the three insects results in homeotic transformation of the labial appendages to legs. In contrast, loss of Scr function yields a different transformation in each species. Interestingly, mutations in Cephalothorax (Cx), the Tribolium ortholog of Set; transform the labial appendages to antennae, a result seen in the other insects only when both pb and Scr are removed. We show here that the Tribolium labial appendages also develop as antennae in double mutants. Further, we demonstrate that expression of the Tribolium proboscipedia ortholog maxillopedia (mxp) is greatly reduced or absent in the labium of Cx mutant larvae. Thus, in the wild-type labial segment, Cx function is required (directly or indirectly) for mxp transcription. A similar interaction between scr and pb during Drosophila embryogenesis has been described recently. Thus, this regulatory paradigm appears to be conserved at least within the Holometabola. C1 Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. USDA ARS, US Grain Mkt Res Lab, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Mol Biol Lab, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Denell, RE (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, Ackert Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 27 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU GENETICS PI BALTIMORE PA 428 EAST PRESTON ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21202 USA SN 0016-6731 J9 GENETICS JI Genetics PD DEC PY 2001 VL 159 IS 4 BP 1643 EP 1648 PG 6 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 508TZ UT WOS:000173106800022 PM 11779803 ER PT J AU Lewers, KS Nilmalgoda, SD Warner, AL Knap, HT Matthews, BF AF Lewers, KS Nilmalgoda, SD Warner, AL Knap, HT Matthews, BF TI Physical mapping of resistant and susceptible soybean genomes near the soybean cyst nematode resistance gene Rhg(4) SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE BAC; deletion; insertion; resistance gene; soybean cyst nematode ID BACTERIAL ARTIFICIAL CHROMOSOME; MOLECULAR MARKERS; HETERODERA-GLYCINES; FAMILY; CLUSTERS; CLONING; MEMBER; PLANTS; RACE-3; RHG4 AB The soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines Ichinohe, is the foremost pest of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.). The rhg(1) allele on linkage group (LG) G and the Rhg(4) allele on LG A2 are important in conditioning resistance. Markers closely linked to the Rhg(4) locus were used previously to screen a library of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones from susceptible 'Williams 82' and identified a single 150-kb BAC, GmsubscriptISb001subscript056subscriptG02 (56G2). End-sequenced subclones positioned onto a restriction map provided landmarks for identifying the corresponding region from a BAC library from accession PI 437654 with broad resistance to SCN. Seventy-three PI 437654 BACs were assigned to contigs based upon HindIII restriction fragment profiles. Four contigs represented the PI 437654 counterpart of the 'Williams 82' BAC, with PCR assays connecting these contigs. Some of the markers on the PI 437654 contigs are separated by a greater physical distance than in the 'Williams 82' BAC and some primers amplify bands from BACs in the mid-portion of the connected PI 437654 BAC contigs that are not amplified from the 'Williams 82' BAC. These observations suggest that there is an insertion in the PI 437654 genome relative to the 'Williams 82' genome in the Rhg(4) region. C1 ARS, USDA, Soybean Genom & Improvement Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Agr & Agri Food Canada, Cereal Res Ctr, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9, Canada. Clemson Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Environm Sci, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Matthews, BF (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Soybean Genom & Improvement Lab, Bldg 006,BARC-W,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 25 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD DEC PY 2001 VL 44 IS 6 BP 1057 EP 1064 DI 10.1139/gen-44-6-1057 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 494DA UT WOS:000172264900017 PM 11768209 ER PT J AU Holland, JB Helland, SJ Sharopova, N Rhyne, DC AF Holland, JB Helland, SJ Sharopova, N Rhyne, DC TI Polymorphism of PCR-based markers targeting exons, introns, promoter regions, and SSRs in maize and introns and repeat sequences in oat SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE Avena; Zea; genetic diversity; DNA sequence ID ORYZA-SATIVA L.; MICROSATELLITE MARKERS; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; DNA-SEQUENCES; GENE FAMILY; LINKAGE MAP; ESTS; RECOMBINATION; EXPRESSION; POPULATION AB Sequence databases could be efficiently exploited for development of DNA markers if it were known which gene regions reveal the most polymorphism when amplified by PCR. We developed PCR primer pairs that target specific regions of previously sequenced genes from Avena and Zea species. Primers were targeted to amplify 40 introns, 24 exons, and 23 promoter regions within 54 maize genes. We surveyed 48 maize inbred lines (previously assayed for simple-sequence repeat (SSR) polymorphism) for amplification-product polymorphism. We also developed primers to target 14 SSRs and 12 introns within 18 Avena genes, and surveyed 22 hexaploid oat cultivars and 2 diploid Avena species for amplification-product polymorphism. In maize, 67% of promoter markers, 58% of intron markers, and 13% of exon markers exhibited amplification-product polymorphisms. Among polymorphic primer pairs in maize, genotype diversity was highest for SSR markers (0.60) followed by intron markers (0.46), exon markers (0.42), and promoter markers (0.28). Among all Avena genotypes, 64% of SSR markers and 58% of intron markers revealed polymorphisms, but among the cultivars only, 21% of SSR markers and 50% of intron markers were polymorphic. Polymorphic-sequence-tagged sites for plant-breeding applications can be created easily by targeting noncoding gene regions. C1 N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Agron, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Holland, JB (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, Dept Crop Sci, Box 7620, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. EM james_holland@ncsu.edu OI Holland, James/0000-0002-4341-9675 NR 39 TC 34 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 4 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD DEC PY 2001 VL 44 IS 6 BP 1065 EP 1076 DI 10.1139/gen-44-6-1065 PG 12 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 494DA UT WOS:000172264900018 PM 11768210 ER PT J AU Ming, R Liu, SC Moore, PH Irvine, JE Paterson, AH AF Ming, R Liu, SC Moore, PH Irvine, JE Paterson, AH TI QTL analysis in a complex autopolyploid: Genetic control of sugar content in sugarcane SO GENOME RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SUCROSE-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE; IN-SITU HYBRIDIZATION; RIBULOSE-1,5-BISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE; SACCHARUM-SPONTANEUM; ISOGENIC POPULATIONS; SORGHUM CHROMOSOMES; LINKAGE MAPS; MAIZE; RICE; DNA AB QTL mapping in autopolyploids is complicated by the possibility of segregation for three or more alleles at a locus and by a lack of preferential pairing, however the subset of polymorphic alleles that show simplex segregation ratios can be used to locate QTLs. In autopolyploid Saccharum, 36 significant associations between variation ill Sugar content and unlinked loci detected by 31 different probes were found in two interspecific F-1 populations. Most QTL alleles showed phenotypic effects consistent with the parental phenotypes, but occasional transgressive QTLs revealed opportunities to purge unfavorable alleles from cultivars or introgress valuable alleles from exotics. Several QTLs on homologous chromosomes appeared to correspond to one another-multiple doses of favorable 'alleles' at such chromosomal region(s) yielded diminishing returns-such negative epistasis may contribute to phenotypic buffering. Fewer sugar content QTLs were discovered from the highest-sugar genotype than from lower-sugar genotypes, perhaps suggesting that many favorable alleles have been fixed by prior selection, i.e. that the genes for which allelic variants (QTLs) persist in improved sugarcanes may be a biased subset of the population of genes controlling sugar content. Comparison of these data to mutations and QTLs previously mapped in maize hinted that seed and biomass crops may share a partly-overlapping basis for genetic variation in carbohydrate deposition. However, many QTLs do not correspond to known candidate genes, suggesting that other approaches will be necessary to isolate the genetic determinants of high sugar content of vegetative tissues. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, Plant Genome Mapping Lab, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. USDA ARS, Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, Aiea, HI 96701 USA. Texas A&M Agr Res & Extens Ctr, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. Univ Georgia, Ctr Appl Genet Technol, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Bot, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Genet, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Paterson, AH (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, Plant Genome Mapping Lab, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 58 TC 90 Z9 100 U1 0 U2 8 PU COLD SPRING HARBOR LAB PRESS PI PLAINVIEW PA 1 BUNGTOWN RD, PLAINVIEW, NY 11724 USA SN 1088-9051 J9 GENOME RES JI Genome Res. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 11 IS 12 BP 2075 EP 2084 DI 10.1101/gr.198801 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 497VF UT WOS:000172475600014 PM 11731498 ER PT J AU Paul, EA Collins, HP Leavitt, SW AF Paul, EA Collins, HP Leavitt, SW TI Dynamics of resistant soil carbon of midwestern agricultural soils measured by naturally occurring C-14 abundance SO GEODERMA LA English DT Article DE C-14; carbon dating; soil organic carbon; global change; acid hydrolysis ID ORGANIC-MATTER; TURNOVER; AGE; AGROECOSYSTEMS AB Information on the mean residence time (MRT) of soil organic carbon (SOC) on different soil types and management regimes is required for pedo-geological, agronomic, ecological and global change interpretations. This is best determined by carbon dating the total soil together with acid hydrolysis and carbon dating of the non-hydrolyzable residue (NHC). Midwestern US soils in a transect from Lamberton. MN to Kutztown. PA were found to contain from 33% to 65% of their SOC in the non-hydrolyzable fraction. Soils on lacustrine deposits had the most NHC; glacial till and shale soils, the least. The MRTs of the SOC of surface horizons of soil ranged from modem to 1100 years with an average of 560 years. The MRT increased to an average of 1700 years in the 25-50-cm depth increment and 2757 years at 50-100 cm. The NHC was 1340 years greater at the surface and 5584 years at depth. The MRTs of the total SOC were inversely correlated to sand and directly related to clay content. Silt did not have a significant effect on the MRT of total SOC, but was significantly correlated with the MRT of the NHC. A four-parameter model described the relationship between the SOC content and MRT. The complexity of this equation reflected the strong effect of depth, which greatly decreased SOC while increasing the MRT. The MRT of these soils, as determined with carbon dating of the naturally occurring C-14, was compared to that measured with the C-13 signal produced by approximately 30 years of continuous corn (Zea mays L.) (C-4) on soils with a known plant history of C-3-C-4 cropping. The equation of C-14 MRT = 176((CMRT)-C-13)(0.54) with an R-2 of 0.70 showed that although short-term C-13 studies correlate well with the total MRT, they reflect the dynamics of the active and slow pools, not the total SOC. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. USDA ARS, Vegetable & Forage Res Unit, Prosser, WA 98350 USA. Univ Arizona, Tree Ring Res Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Paul, EA (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80532 USA. NR 35 TC 104 Z9 121 U1 7 U2 44 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0016-7061 J9 GEODERMA JI Geoderma PD DEC PY 2001 VL 104 IS 3-4 BP 239 EP 256 DI 10.1016/S0016-7061(01)00083-0 PG 18 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 486UM UT WOS:000171835400004 ER PT J AU Braudrick, CA Grant, GE AF Braudrick, CA Grant, GE TI Transport and deposition of large woody debris in streams: a flume experiment SO GEOMORPHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE woody debris; channel morphology; flume experiments; wood transport ID GRAVEL-BED STREAM; EXPERIMENTAL REMOVAL; OLD-GROWTH; FOREST; WASHINGTON; RIVERS; DYNAMICS; CHANNELS AB Large woody debris (LWD) is an integral component of forested streams of the Pacific Northwest and elsewhere, yet little is known about how far wood is transported and where it is deposited in streams. In this paper, we report the results of flume experiments that examine interactions among hydraulics, channel geometry, transport distance and deposition of floating wood. These experiments were carried out in a 1.22-m-wide X 9.14-m-long gravel bed flume using wooden dowels of various sizes as surrogate logs. Channel planforms were either self-formed or created by hand. and ranged from meanders to alternate bars. Floating pieces tended to orient with long axes parallel to flow in the center of the channel. Pieces were deposited where channel depth was less than buoyant depth, typically at the head of mid-channel bars, in shallow zones where flow expanded, and on the outside of bends, We hypothesize that the distance logs travel may be a function of the channel's debris roughness, a dimensionless index incorporating ratios of piece length and diameter to channel width, depth and sinuosity. Travel distance decreased as the ratio of piece length to both channel width and radius of curvature increased, but the relative importance of these variables changed with channel planform. Large pieces can move further than our debris roughness models predict if greater than 50% of the active channel area is deeper than the buoyant depth of the piece, or if momentum is high enough to carry pieces across shallows. Our debris roughness model allows first-order prediction of the amount of wood transport under various channel geometries. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Geosci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Braudrick, CA (reprint author), Stillwater Sci, Suite 201,2532 Durant Ave, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA. NR 28 TC 98 Z9 98 U1 0 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-555X J9 GEOMORPHOLOGY JI Geomorphology PD DEC PY 2001 VL 41 IS 4 BP 263 EP 283 DI 10.1016/S0169-555X(01)00058-7 PG 21 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 501LD UT WOS:000172685400002 ER PT J AU Kirkman, GA Yang, WX Meixner, FX AF Kirkman, GA Yang, WX Meixner, FX TI Biogenic nitric oxide emissions upscaling: An approach for Zimbabwe SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN AFRICAN SAVANNA; SOIL-WATER CONTENT; TRACE GASES; FIELD-MEASUREMENTS; GLOBAL FIELDS; NOX EMISSIONS; UNITED-STATES; NITROGEN; BIOMASS; SEASON AB A mechanistic upscaling scheme was developed to estimate temporal nitric oxide [NO] emissions from soils for three distinct land use classes by spatial extrapolation of laboratory measurements for Zimbabwe (383,667 km(2)). Laboratory measurements on miombo woodland, grassland, and agricultural Zimbabwean soils were used to derive moisture- and temperature-dependent NO emission algorithms. By combining monthly fields of modeled soil moisture and temperature (based on climate means, vegetation indices, soil, and terrain elevation data) a mean monthly soil NO flux, including rainfall-induced elevated flux events (pulsing), was obtained. Countrywide emission rates ranged from 0.1-0.4 ng N m(-2) s(-1) for the dry season to wet season mean fluxes of 3.7-9.4 ng N m(-2) s(-1) for miombo, 4.4-7.0 ng N m(-2) s(-1) for grassland, and 4.6-10.9 ng N m(-2) s(-1) for agriculture. Annual net soil NO emissions (less canopy reduction) for Zimbabwe were 32.9 Gg N yr(-1), with miombo woodlands (66% of Zimbabwe) contributing 63% to the regional NO budget. Rainfall-induced NO pulsing contributed an additional 14% to countrywide annual bulk NO emissions. The majority of these pulses occurred during the first half of the rainy season (November-December), with agricultural soils contributing the most and grassland soils contributing the least to pulsing. The upscaling approach provided a first countrywide estimate of spatiotemporal soil NO emissions for a hitherto largely unresolved source: the soil-moisture-limited African subtropical savannas. C1 Max Planck Inst Chem, Biogeochem Dept, D-55020 Mainz, Germany. USDA ARS, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Univ Zimbabwe, Dept Phys, Harare, Zimbabwe. RP Kirkman, GA (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Chem, Biogeochem Dept, POB 3060, D-55020 Mainz, Germany. EM grant@mpch.mainz.mpg.de; meixner@mpch-mainz.mpg.de NR 76 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD DEC PY 2001 VL 15 IS 4 BP 1005 EP 1020 DI 10.1029/2000GB001287 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 502QY UT WOS:000172755300018 ER PT J AU Anchondo, JA Wall, MM Gutschick, VP Smith, DW AF Anchondo, JA Wall, MM Gutschick, VP Smith, DW TI Pigment accumulation and micronutrient concentration of iron-deficient chile peppers in hydroponics SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Capsicum annuum; plant nutrition; chlorophyll; carotenoids ID YOUNG MAIZE PLANTS; BIOCHEMICAL-CHANGES; LEAVES; FRUITS AB Pigment and micronutrient concentrations of New Mexico 6-4 and NuMex R Naky chile pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivars as affected by low Fe levels were studied under soilless culture. A custom-designed, balanced nutrient solution (total concentration <2 mM) was continuously recirculated to the plants potted in acid-washed sand (pot volume 15.6 L). Each set of plants from each cultivar received iron concentrations at 1, 3, 10, and 30 muM Fe as Fe-EDDHA. The pigments of leaves, green fruit, and red fruit were extracted with acetone and measured with a spectrophotometer. Surface color of green and red fruit was measured with a chromameter. Total concentrations of Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, P, and K of leaf blades and red fruit were measured by inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy (ICP). Ferrous iron in leaf blades, and NO3-N in petioles also were determined. Iron nutrition level affected total leaf chlorophyll and carotenoid content at early season, and the level of these pigments in green fruit at second harvest. No differences in extractable or surface color of red fruit were found among iron treatments in the nutrient solution, despite variations in red fruit iron content, total foliar iron, and foliar ferrous iron. Higher levels of iron in the nutrient solution increased both ferrous and total iron of the leaves, but depressed foliar Cu and P. High iron supply also increased fruit iron, and decreased fruit Cu content. High iron levels in the nutrient solution were associated with higher concentrations of leaf pigments at early season and higher pigment concentration in green fruit. C1 New Mexico State Univ, Dept Agron & Hort, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Dept Biol, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Ctr Stat, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Wall, MM (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Pacific Basin Agr Res Stn, POB 4459, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. NR 29 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD DEC PY 2001 VL 36 IS 7 BP 1206 EP 1210 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 511ZJ UT WOS:000173296400005 ER PT J AU Tworkoski, T Miller, S AF Tworkoski, T Miller, S TI Apple and peach orchard establishment following multi-year use of diuron, simazine, and terbacil SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Prunus persica; Malus xdomestica; organic matter; bulk density ID RESIDUAL HERBICIDES; SOIL RESIDUES AB Combinations of diuron, simazine, and terbacil were applied every year over 15 and 16 years to the same plots. Apple (Malus xdomestica Borkh.)and peach (Prunus persica L.) trees then were planted I and 2 years following the last herbicide application. In general, apple-tree growth was not affected, but peach tree growth was reduced by some herbicide treatments. Peach-tree growth was reduced in plots treated with terbacil and soil organic matter was lowest in these plots. Time of last herbicide treatment did not affect apple- or peach-tree growth. The results indicated that reduced fruit-tree growth was associated with reduced soil organic matter and that residual terbacil may have inhibited peach-tree growth. Chemical names used: N'-(3,4-dichlorphenyl)-N,N-dimethylurea (diuron); 6-chloro-N,N'-diethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine (simazine); 5-chloro-3-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-6-methyl-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione (terbacil). C1 USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Tworkoski, T (reprint author), USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, 45 Wiltshire Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 20 TC 3 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD DEC PY 2001 VL 36 IS 7 BP 1211 EP 1213 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 511ZJ UT WOS:000173296400006 ER PT J AU Tworkoski, TJ Glenn, DM AF Tworkoski, TJ Glenn, DM TI Yield, shoot and root growth, and physiological responses of mature peach trees to grass competition SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Prunus persica; yield efficiency; pruning; root density; leaf water potential; leaf nitrogen; Festuca arundinacea; Lolium perenne; Agrostis gigantea; Dactylis glomerata; Phleum pratense; Bromus carintus ID GROUND COVER; APPLE-TREES; INTERFERENCE; IRRIGATION AB Competitive effects of different grass species were evaluated on growth, yield, leaf N, and leaf water potential of 8-year-old peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] trees and on weed abundance. Two cultivars ('Loring' on Lovell rootstock and 'Redhaven' on Halford rootstock) of peach trees were planted in separate orchards in 1987. Nine orchard floor treatments were installed beneath the peach trees in 1995: Festuca arundinacea Schreber (tall fescue); Lolium perenne L., var. Manhattan 11 (perennial ryegrass); Lolium perenne L., var. Linn; Agrostis gigantea Roth (red top); Dactylis glomerata L. (orchardgrass); Phleum pratense L. (timothy); Bromus carinatus Hook. and Arn. (brome); weedy control; and herbicide weed control (simazine, glyphosate). In general, grasses reduced vegetative growth and yield in both cultivars. Orchardgrass was one of the most competitive species and reduced vertical water sprout length by 15% to 27% and lateral shoot length on fruit-bearing branches by 19% to 30% compared with herbicide treatments. Orchardgrass reduced yield by 37% and 24% in 'Loring' and 'Redhaven', respectively. All grasses were not equally competitive; 'Linn' perennial ryegrass did not significantly reduce growth or yield in 'Redhaven'. Control treatments with weeds also did not differ from herbicide treatments in peach tree growth and yield. Grass and weed ground covers consistently reduced peach tree leaf N by at least 10%, compared to herbicide treatment, possibly due to reduced root growth. 'Redhaven' root density in the top 10 cm of soil was approximate to12 cm(.)cm(-3) in herbicide strips vs. 1 cm(.)cm(-3) in weedy or ground-covered strips. Peach leaf water potential was not affected by grass and weeds. Weed weights were significantly reduced by all grasses compared with weedy control. The results indicate that peach cultivars respond differently to grass competition, but the relative competitiveness of each grass species was similar for both cultivars. Grass competition reduced growth, yield, and pruning weights of mature peach trees, but the reduction in vegetative growth did not significantly reduce pruning time per tree. Grasses that are less inhibitory to peach yield may be useful for weed management in orchards. C1 USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Tworkoski, TJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, 45 Wiltshire Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 20 TC 25 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD DEC PY 2001 VL 36 IS 7 BP 1214 EP 1218 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 511ZJ UT WOS:000173296400007 ER PT J AU Stretch, AW Ehlenfeldt, MK Brewster, V AF Stretch, AW Ehlenfeldt, MK Brewster, V TI Enhancement of in vitro conidia production in Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi (Reade) honey by cellulose acetate membranes SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE mummy berry; Vaccinium corymbosum; inoculum production AB In vitro conidia production by Monilinia vaccinii-cotymbosi (Reade) Hone), the cause of mummy berry disease in blueberry, was significantly enhanced by cellulose acetate membranes placed on the surface of V-8 juice agar for most of the pathogen isolates tested, compared to V-8 juice agar alone. Temperature and light affected conidia production, but the effects were not consistent. Higher temperature (22 vs. 15 degreesC) yielded better sporulation, but the effects of light environment were variable. When 55 isolates from various sources were rated visually for sporulation on cellulose acetate membranes at 22 T under ambient light/dark cycles, a wide range of conidium production was observed, and three of 55 isolates (6%) were identified as having very high conidia production. C1 USDA ARS, Rutgers Blueberry & Cranberry Res & Extens Ctr, Chatsworth, NJ 08019 USA. RP Stretch, AW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Rutgers Blueberry & Cranberry Res & Extens Ctr, Chatsworth, NJ 08019 USA. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD DEC PY 2001 VL 36 IS 7 BP 1290 EP 1291 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 511ZJ UT WOS:000173296400021 ER PT J AU Hawkins, LK Dane, F Kubisiak, TL AF Hawkins, LK Dane, F Kubisiak, TL TI Molecular markers associated with morphological traits in watermelon SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE C. lanatus var. lanatus; C. lanatus var. citroides; random amplified polymorphic DNA; RAPD ID POLYMORPHIC DNA RAPD; LINKAGE RELATIONSHIPS; CITRULLUS-LANATUS; FLESH COLOR; RESISTANCE; MAP; CONSTRUCTION; CUCUMBER; ISOZYME; BLIGHT AB Morphological traits were examined in an F-3 generation derived from a cross between C. lanatus var. lanatus [(Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai] and C. lanatus var. citroides. At least three genes, C (yellow) vs. c (red), i (inhibitory to C) vs. I (non-inhibitory to C), and y (yellow) vs. y(w) (white), with epistatic and inhibitory actions were found to govern the inheritance of fruit flesh color. The high frequency of yellow-fleshed fruit and low frequencies of white and red fruits can be explained by the presence of a new allele (y. recessive toy) in the multiple allele series at the Y locus. The low frequency. of tan colored seeds in segregating populations could be explained by at least three genes governing inheritance of seed-coat color. Single factor analysis of variance was conducted for each pairwise combination of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) locus and fruit or seed characteristics. Several RAPD loci were identified to be loosely linked to morphological characteristics. C1 Auburn Univ, Dept Hort, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, So Inst Forest Genet, Saucier, MS USA. RP Hawkins, LK (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Dept Hort, 101 Funchess Hall, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. NR 37 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD DEC PY 2001 VL 36 IS 7 BP 1318 EP 1322 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 511ZJ UT WOS:000173296400029 ER PT J AU Chang, YJ Reed, BM AF Chang, YJ Reed, BM TI Preculture conditions influence cold hardiness and regrowth of Pyrus cordata shoot tips after Cryopreservation SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE ABA; cryopreservation; freezing tolerance; pear; shoot tip; sucrose ID ABSCISIC-ACID; FREEZING TOLERANCE; IN-VITRO; ENCAPSULATION-DEHYDRATION; SOMATIC EMBRYOS; ACCLIMATION; CELLS; DESICCATION; SUCROSE; APPLE AB Cold hardiness and cryogenic survival of micropropagated pear (Pyrus cordata Desv.) shoots were evaluated after pretreatments with ABA and sucrose. Shoot cold hardiness increased by 3 degreesC, and cryopreserved shoot tip growth increased by 17% after a 4-week 150 pm ABA pretreatment. Low temperature (LT) pretreatments improved the recovery of cryopreserved P. cordata shoot tips. Six to 10 weeks of LT were required for reaching high cryopreservation recovery. ABA and LT treatments produced significant synergistic effects on both cold hardiness and cryopreservation recovery. ABA shortened the LT requirement for high cryopreservation growth from 10 to 2 weeks. The optimal treatment for recovery of cryopreserved shoot tips was a 3 week culture on 50 pm ABA followed by 2 weeks of LT, while the maximum cold hardiness (-22.5degreesC) was obtained with 150 pm ABA and 2-week LT. A 4 week culture on 150 muM ABA at 25 T induced dormancy in 74% of shoot tips, but had little effect on cryopreservation growth unless combined with LT. Control and ABA-treated shoot tips, lateral buds, and leaves had similar cold hardiness (-10 to -12 degreesC), but LT and LT+ABA-treated shoot tips survived the lowest temperatures (-17 to -23 degreesC), lateral buds next (-15 to -20 degreesC), and finally leaves (-14 to -18 degreesC). An increase in the preculture-medium sucrose concentration from 2% to 7% combined with 2-week LT significantly increased cryopreserved shoot tip growth (0% to 75%) and decreased the LT50 from -7.8 to -12.4 degreesC. The optimal shoot pretreatment for successful recovery of cryopreserved A cordata shoot tips was a 3 week culture on either 50 p A BA or 5% to 7% sucrose medium followed by 2 weeks of LT, and increased shoot tip growth from zero to >70%. Chemical name used: abscisic acid (ABA). C1 USDA ARS, Natl Clonal Germplasm Repository, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Hort, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Reed, BM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Clonal Germplasm Repository, 33447 Peoria Rd, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. OI Reed, Barbara/0000-0003-0079-8473 NR 31 TC 19 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD DEC PY 2001 VL 36 IS 7 BP 1329 EP 1333 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 511ZJ UT WOS:000173296400032 ER PT J AU Hosfield, GL Kelly, JD Uebersax, MA AF Hosfield, GL Kelly, JD Uebersax, MA TI Erect small-red dry bean germplasm lines: ARS-R93344, ARS-R93346, ARS-R93349 SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Phaseolus vulgaris; common bean; plant architecture; yield; seed mass; seed color; canning quality; textural properties; plant breeding ID EDIBLE BEANS; CANNING QUALITY; YIELD C1 Michigan State Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Food Sci & Human Nutr, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Hosfield, GL (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD DEC PY 2001 VL 36 IS 7 BP 1341 EP 1343 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 511ZJ UT WOS:000173296400037 ER PT J AU Meerow, AW McMaster, R McMaster, C AF Meerow, AW McMaster, R McMaster, C TI 'Amatola', a dwarf cultivar of white African iris SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Dietes; Iridaceae; geophyte; ornamentals; landscape; groundcover; subtropical; floriculture; herbaceous perennial C1 USDA ARS, Subtrop Hort Res Stn, Natl Germplasm Repository, Miami, FL 33158 USA. Croft Wild Bulb Nursery, ZA-4930 Stutterheim, South Africa. RP Meerow, AW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Subtrop Hort Res Stn, Natl Germplasm Repository, 13601 Old Cutler Rd, Miami, FL 33158 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD DEC PY 2001 VL 36 IS 7 BP 1347 EP 1348 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 511ZJ UT WOS:000173296400039 ER PT J AU Burke, EJ Shuttleworth, WJ French, AN AF Burke, EJ Shuttleworth, WJ French, AN TI Using vegetation indices for soil-moisture retrievals from passive microwave radiometry SO HYDROLOGY AND EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE NDVI; soil moisture; passive microwave; SGP97 ID SGP97 HYDROLOGY EXPERIMENT; WATER-CONTENT; VARIABILITY; EMISSION; ENERGY; MODEL AB Surface soil moisture and the nature of the overlying vegetation both influence microwave emission from land surfaces significantly. One widely discussed but underused method for allowing for the effect of vegetation on soil-moisture retrievals from microwave observations is to use remotely sensed vegetation indices. This paper explores the potential for using the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in soil-moisture retrievals from L-band (1.4 GHz) aircraft data gathered during the Southern Great Plains '97 (SGP97) experiment. A simplified version of MICRO-SWEAT, a soil vegetation atmosphere transfer (S VAT) scheme coupled with a microwave emission model, was used as the retrieval algorithm. Estimates of the optical depth of the vegetation, the parameter that describes the effect of the vegetation on microwave emission, were obtained by calibrating this retrieval algorithm against measurements of soil moisture at 15 field sites. A significant relationship was found between the optical depth so obtained and the observed NDVI at these sites, although this relationship changed with the resolution of the microwave brightness temperature observations used. Soil-moisture estimates made with the retrieval algorithm using the empirical relationship between optical depth and NDVI applied at two additional sites not used in the calibration show good agreement with field measurements. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. USDA ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20750 USA. RP Burke, EJ (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NR 16 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU EUROPEAN GEOPHYSICAL SOC PI KATLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, 37191 KATLENBURG-LINDAU, GERMANY SN 1027-5606 J9 HYDROL EARTH SYST SC JI Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 5 IS 4 BP 671 EP 677 PG 7 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 517TZ UT WOS:000173627300011 ER PT J AU Mariani, P Barrow, PA Cheng, HH Groenen, MAM Negrini, R Bumstead, N AF Mariani, P Barrow, PA Cheng, HH Groenen, MAM Negrini, R Bumstead, N TI Localization to chicken Chromosome 5 of a novel locus determining salmonellosis resistance SO IMMUNOGENETICS LA English DT Article DE chicken; disease resistance; linkage mapping; QTL; salmonellosis ID NITRIC-OXIDE SYNTHASE; NATURAL-RESISTANCE; LINKAGE MAP; MACROPHAGE PROTEIN-1; GENOME; TYPHIMURIUM; INFECTION; SEQUENCE; NRAMP1; GENE AB Clear genetic differences in the susceptibility of chickens to visceral infection by Salmonella have been observed and it has been possible to identify resistant and susceptible lines of inbred chickens. We report here the results of experiments to map directly the gene(s) controlling this trait in chickens by examining crosses between highly susceptible and highly resistant lines. In the mapping panel, a region on chicken Chromosome (Chr) 5 was found to have a large effect on resistance, and this effect was observed in three separate resource populations. Mapping of additional marker loci in the region of the resistance gene further localized it to a region of approximately 2 cM, close to the genes for creatine kinase (CKB) and dynein (DNCH1). This region shows conserved synteny with telomeric regions of human Chr 14 and mouse Chr 12. On the basis of this conserved synteny. this resistance gene seems unlikely to correspond to the previously identified salmonellosis resistance genes Lps (located on mouse Chr 4) or Nos(2) (located on mouse Chr 11). There was no association between Nramp] and resistance in these crosses. although this gene was shown to contribute to resistance in other crosses. The homologous human and mouse regions at present contain no likely candidate genes for this trait. Thus this appears to be a novel resistance gene, which we designate SAL1. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Vet Pathobiol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Inst Anim Hlth, Compton RG20 7NN, Berks, England. USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Dept Anim Sci, NL-6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands. Univ Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Ist Zootecn, I-29100 Piacenza, Italy. RP Mariani, P (reprint author), FPTP CERSA, Palazzo LITA,Via F Illi Cervi 93, I-20090 Segrate, MI, Italy. RI Groenen, Martien/D-8408-2012 OI Groenen, Martien/0000-0003-0484-4545 NR 34 TC 59 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0093-7711 J9 IMMUNOGENETICS JI Immunogenetics PD DEC PY 2001 VL 53 IS 9 BP 786 EP 791 DI 10.1007/s00251-001-0387-7 PG 6 WC Genetics & Heredity; Immunology SC Genetics & Heredity; Immunology GA 528CD UT WOS:000174225500010 PM 11862411 ER PT J AU Naiman, BM Alt, D Bolin, CA Zuerner, R Baldwin, CL AF Naiman, BM Alt, D Bolin, CA Zuerner, R Baldwin, CL TI Protective killed Leptospira borgpetersenii vaccine induces potent Th1 immunity comprising responses by CD4 and gamma delta T lymphocytes SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID INTERROGANS SEROVAR HARDJO; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; NATURAL CHALLENGE; BOVIS INFECTION; POMONA VACCINE; PREVENT LEPTOSPIRURIA; CATTLE; CELLS; ADJUVANTS; IMMUNIZATION AB Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar hardjo is the most common cause of bovine leptospirosis and also causes zoonotic infections of humans. A protective killed vaccine against serovar hardjo was shown to induce strong antigen-specific proliferative responses by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from vaccinated cattle by 2 months after the first dose of vaccine. This response was absent from nonvaccinated control cattle. The mean response peaked by 2 months after completion of the two-dose vaccination regimen, and substantial proliferation was measured in in vitro cultures throughout the 7 months of the study period. Variations in magnitude of the response occurred among the vaccinated animals, but by 7 months postvaccination there was a substantial antigen-specific response with PBMC from all vaccinated animals. Up to one-third of the PBMC from vaccinated animals produced gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) after 7 days in culture with antigen, as ascertained by flow cytometric analysis, and significant levels of IFN-gamma were measured in culture supernatants by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Two-color immunofluorescence revealed that one-third of the IFN-gamma -producing cells were gamma delta T cells, with the remaining cells being CD4(+) T cells. The significance of this study is the very potent Th1-type immune response induced and sustained following vaccination with a killed bacterial vaccine adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide and the involvement of gamma delta T cells in the response. Moreover, induction of this Th1-type cellular immune response is associated with the protection afforded by the bovine leptospiral vaccine against L. borgpetersenii serovar hardjo. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Vet & Anim Sci, Paige Lab 410, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Bacterial Dis Livestock Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Pathobiol & Diagnost Invest, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Baldwin, CL (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Dept Vet & Anim Sci, Paige Lab 410, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. NR 48 TC 90 Z9 96 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 69 IS 12 BP 7550 EP 7558 DI 10.1128/IAI.69.12.7550-7558.2001 PG 9 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 494QP UT WOS:000172297600045 PM 11705932 ER PT J AU Paul, DR Mulroy, SM Horner, JA Jacobs, KA Lamb, DR AF Paul, DR Mulroy, SM Horner, JA Jacobs, KA Lamb, DR TI Carbohydrate-loading during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle: Effects on muscle glycogen and exercise performance SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPORT NUTRITION AND EXERCISE METABOLISM LA English DT Article DE gender; cycling; exercise ID ENDURANCE PERFORMANCE; METABOLISM; DIET; WOMEN AB The effects of employing a high-carbohydrate diet (carbohydrate-loading) to increase glycogen storage in skeletal muscle are not well established in female athletes. On 4 occasions-2 familiarization trials and 2 experimental trials-6 well-trained female subjects completed 6 X 15-min continuous intervals of cycling (12 min at 72% (V) over dotO(2max), 1 min at maximal effort, and 2 min at 50% (V) over dotO(2max)), followed by a time trial 15 min later. The women consumed their habitual diets (HD; 6-7 g carbohydrate/kg lean body mass) for 3 days after the second familiarization trial and before the first experimental trial. During the 3 days following the first experimental trial, the subjects consumed a high-carbohydrate diet (CD; 9-10 g carbohydrate/kg lean body mass) prior to the second experimental trial. Mean (+/-SEM) pre-exercise muscle glycogen concentrations were greater after CD versus HD (171.9 +/- 8.7 vs. 131.4 +/- 10.3 mmol/kg wet weight, P < 0.003). Although 4 of the 6 subjects improved their time-trial performance after CD, mean performance for the time trial was not significantly different between diets (HD: 763.9 +/- 35.6 s; CD: 752.9 +/- 30.1 s). Thus, female cyclists can increase their muscle glycogen stores after a carbohydrate-loading diet during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, but we found no compelling evidence of a dietary effect on performance of a cycling time trial performed after 90 min of moderate-intensity exercise. C1 ARS, Diet & Human Performance Lab, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Paul, DR (reprint author), ARS, Diet & Human Performance Lab, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 25 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU HUMAN KINETICS PUBL INC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1607 N MARKET ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820-2200 USA SN 1050-1606 J9 INT J SPORT NUTR EXE JI Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 11 IS 4 BP 430 EP 441 PG 12 WC Nutrition & Dietetics; Sport Sciences SC Nutrition & Dietetics; Sport Sciences GA 507HH UT WOS:000173020600004 PM 11915778 ER PT J AU Frontera, WR Hughes, VA Krivickas, LS Roubenoff, R AF Frontera, WR Hughes, VA Krivickas, LS Roubenoff, R TI Contractile properties of aging skeletal muscle SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPORT NUTRITION AND EXERCISE METABOLISM LA English DT Article ID OLDER WOMEN; MEN; STRENGTH; QUALITY; YOUNG C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Phys Med & Rehabil, Boston, MA 02114 USA. Spaulding Rehabil Hosp, Boston, MA 02114 USA. Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Nutr Exercise Physiol & Sarcopenia Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Frontera, WR (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Phys Med & Rehabil, Boston, MA 02114 USA. NR 12 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU HUMAN KINETICS PUBL INC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1607 N MARKET ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820-2200 USA SN 1050-1606 J9 INT J SPORT NUTR EXE JI Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 11 SU S BP S16 EP S20 PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics; Sport Sciences SC Nutrition & Dietetics; Sport Sciences GA 508DE UT WOS:000173072200004 PM 11915915 ER PT J AU Goto, S Takeda, M Loeb, MJ Hakim, RS AF Goto, S Takeda, M Loeb, MJ Hakim, RS TI Immunohistochemical detection of a putative insect cytokine, midgut differentiation factor 1 (MDF-1) in midgut columnar cells of Heliothis virescens SO INVERTEBRATE REPRODUCTION & DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE insect; midgut; differentiation factor; columnar cell ID STEM-CELLS; GROWTH-FACTOR; IN-VITRO; BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS; ENDOCRINE-CELLS; MANDUCA-SEXTA; FAT-BODY; RECEPTOR; GLYCOPROTEIN; EPITHELIUM AB Two peptides, midgut differentiation factors 1 and 2 (MDF-1 and 2), were previously isolated from conditioned medium in which Manduca sexta midgut cells were grown. They are identical to two portions of the terminal sequence of the protein, fetuin, a prenatal vertebrate liver product. In cultures of Lepidopteran midgut, the MDFs act as cytokines or growth factors by inducing midgut stem cells to differentiate to mature columnar, goblet, endocrine, or nerve-like cells. A polyclonal rabbit antiserum to one of these peptides, MDF-1, was used in this study to stain cultured cells from midguts of 4th instar larvae of the Lepidopteran, Heliothis virescens. Paraffin sections of midgut taken from newly molted, mid- 4th instars, and pre-molting 4th instar larvae were also stained with the antibody. Intense positive immunostain was observed in basal areas of the cultured columnar cells and in basal lateral areas of columnar cells in the sections of mid-instar and premolt 4th instar midgut. Other cell types did not interact with the antibody to MDF-1. Few newly molted larval midgut cells were immunopositive, and those that reacted were faintly stained. Mid-last instar columnar cells stained more intensely, and pre-molt columnar cells stained most intensely of all. Columnar cells from H. virescens appear to sequester and/or produce an MDF-1-like peptide, both in vitro and in vivo, in addition to their other tasks of nutrient intake, digestion, and transport of digested nutrients. C1 Kobe Univ, Kobe, Hyogo 6578501, Japan. USDA, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Howard Univ, Dept Anat, Washington, DC 20059 USA. RP Loeb, MJ (reprint author), Kobe Univ, Kobe, Hyogo 6578501, Japan. NR 36 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 3 U2 3 PU INT SCIENCE SERVICES/BALABAN PUBLISHERS PI REHOVOT PA PO BOX 2039, REHOVOT 76120, ISRAEL SN 0168-8170 J9 INVERTEBR REPROD DEV JI Invertebr. Reprod. Dev. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 40 IS 2-3 BP 117 EP 124 DI 10.1080/07924259.2001.9652712 PG 8 WC Reproductive Biology; Zoology SC Reproductive Biology; Zoology GA 574UX UT WOS:000176908900005 ER PT J AU Christen, EW Ayars, JE Hornbuckle, JW AF Christen, EW Ayars, JE Hornbuckle, JW TI Subsurface drainage design and management in irrigated areas of Australia SO IRRIGATION SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB Subsurface drainage to protect irrigated cropping has been practised in some areas of Australia since the 1920s. and most irrigation districts have large land areas protected by some form of subsurface drainage. Across the irrigated areas, a broad spectrum of practices were developed that suited the conditions at the time of development. This paper assesses the performance of these subsurface drainage systems in terms of long-term sustainability of irrigated agriculture, based on the results of a detailed review of all the subsurface drainage systems in use in Australian irrigation areas. The long-term sustainability of irrigated agriculture depends upon controlling the salinity levels in the crop root zone and maintaining the ability to dispose of drainage water. This requires that subsurface drainage systems are efficient in terms of removing the minimum amount of water with the lowest salinity possible, given the existing conditions, while still maintaining crop productivity. Analysis of the current drainage system operation showed that many systems were draining greater volumes of water than designed for, leading to excessively high leaching fractions, and reduced irrigation water-use efficiency. The salt load removed by these systems was also often found to be far greater than the salt applied by irrigation, indicating a mining of stored salt. This is necessary from a salinised root zone but not if the salt is from below the root zone. The extra salt load above that required to maintain a salt balance in the root zone leads to increased difficulties in the disposal of the drainage water due to downstream impacts. Suggestions are discussed for adaptive management and new design considerations that may help make subsurface drainage more efficient, leading to reduced negative downstream effects and reduced costs of disposal. C1 CSIRO Land & Water, Griffith, NSW 2680, Australia. USDA ARS, Water Management Res Lab, Parlier, CA 93648 USA. RP Christen, EW (reprint author), CSIRO Land & Water, PMB 3, Griffith, NSW 2680, Australia. RI Christen, Evan/B-5117-2012; Hornbuckle, John/D-5981-2011 NR 8 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 8 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0342-7188 J9 IRRIGATION SCI JI Irrig. Sci. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 21 IS 1 BP 35 EP 43 DI 10.1007/s002710100048 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA 508NX UT WOS:000173096300004 ER PT J AU McKibbin, WJ Wang, Z Coyle, W AF McKibbin, WJ Wang, Z Coyle, W TI The Asian financial crisis and global adjustments: Implications for us agriculture SO JAPANESE ECONOMIC REVIEW LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Conference on the Asian Crisis CY JAN, 2000 CL SEATTLE, WASHINGTON AB This study investigates the impact of the recent Asian financial crisis on global economic adjustment and its implication for US agriculture using a multi-country, multi-sector dynamic intertemporal general equilibrium model with endogenously modelled financial markets. The simulation results show that the crisis in Asia reduces not only US exports but also interest rates and the cost of intermediate inputs of production, stimulating US domestic economic activity in interest-sensitive sectors, and driving up demand for agriculture products. However, this stimulus of domestic demand may or may not offset the negative impact of declining exports. C1 Australian Natl Univ, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. Brookings Inst, Washington, DC 20036 USA. USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP McKibbin, WJ (reprint author), Australian Natl Univ, GPO Box 4, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL PUBL LTD PI OXFORD PA 108 COWLEY RD, OXFORD OX4 1JF, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1352-4739 J9 JPN ECON REV JI Jpn. Econ. Rev. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 52 IS 4 BP 471 EP 490 DI 10.1111/1468-5876.00207 PG 20 WC Economics SC Business & Economics GA 505MQ UT WOS:000172916900008 ER PT J AU Primus, TM Kohler, DJ Avery, M Bolich, P Way, MO Johnston, JJ AF Primus, TM Kohler, DJ Avery, M Bolich, P Way, MO Johnston, JJ TI Novel field sampling procedure for the determination of methiocarb residues in surface waters from rice fields SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE methiocarb; mesurol; high-performance liquid chromatography; solid phase extraction disks; water AB Methiocarb was extracted from surface water samples collected at experimental rice field sites in Louisiana and Texas. The sampling system consisted of a single-stage 90-mm Empore extraction disk unit equipped with a battery-powered vacuum pump. After extraction, the C-18 extraction disks were stored in an inert atmosphere at -10 degreesC and shipped overnight to the laboratory. The disks were extracted with methanol and the extracts analyzed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with a methanol/water mobile phase. Methiocarb was detected by ultraviolet absorption at 223 nm and quantified with the use of calibration standards. Recoveries from control surface water samples fortified at 5.0, 10, 50, and 100 ng/mL methiocarb averaged 92 +/- 7%. A method limit of detection for methiocarb in rice field surface water was estimated to be 0.23 ng/mL at 223 nm. C1 USDA, Analyt Chem Project, APHIS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. USDA, Bird Res Program, APHIS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Gainesville, FL 32641 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Crowley, LA 70527 USA. Texas Agr Exptl Stn, Beaumont, TX 77713 USA. RP Primus, TM (reprint author), USDA, Analyt Chem Project, APHIS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 7 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 49 IS 12 BP 5706 EP 5709 DI 10.1021/jf010540v PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 505AW UT WOS:000172889600003 PM 11743751 ER PT J AU Akin, DE Morrison, WH Rigsby, LL Dodd, RB AF Akin, DE Morrison, WH Rigsby, LL Dodd, RB TI Plant factors influencing enzyme retting of fiber and seed flax SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE flax; retting; aromatics; lignin; cuticle; waxes; cutin ID CORTICAL PARENCHYMA; CELL-WALLS; POLYSACCHARIDES; HYPOCOTYL; CALCIUM; TISSUES; PECTINS AB Retting, which is the microbial activity through which bast fibers are released from nonfiber tissues, is the limiting factor in flax processing. The objective of this work is to identify chemical and structural characteristics in a variety of fiber and seed flax types that influence enzyme retting in a recently developed method. Analyses of flax retted in a series of tests, including two enzyme rettings in some cases, indicated that lignin did not limit the separation of fibers from shive and showed that pectinases in enzyme-retting mixtures could ret fiber and seed flax. However, mature stems, such as that in flax produced for seed, had greater amounts of cutin and wax in the cleaned fiber product, suggesting that the cuticle could be a greater antiquality factor in seed versus fiber flax. With seed flax, the fraction of finer fibers produced during retting was significantly lower than with fiber flax. Results indicated that enzyme retting could be used to obtain flax fibers from seed flax stem residues and add value to this agricultural material. C1 ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Athens, GA 30604 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Agr & Biol Engn, Clemson, SC 29633 USA. RP Akin, DE (reprint author), ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, USDA, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 27 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 49 IS 12 BP 5778 EP 5784 DI 10.1021/jf010804d PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 505AW UT WOS:000172889600015 PM 11743763 ER PT J AU Ramsewak, RS Nair, MG Murugesan, S Mattson, WJ Zasada, J AF Ramsewak, RS Nair, MG Murugesan, S Mattson, WJ Zasada, J TI Insecticidal fatty acids and triglycerides from Dirca palustris SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Dirca palustris; triglycerides; fatty acids; mosquitocidal compounds; antifeedant compounds ID AGENTS; OIL AB Five compounds, 1-5, were isolated from the seed hexane extract of Dirca palustris. Compounds 1-3 were triglycerides, and 4 and 5 were linoleic and oleic acids, respectively. Compounds 1-3 were not biologically active; however, 4 (linoleic acid) and 5 (oleic acid) were insecticidal against fourth instar Aedes aegyptii larvae and exhibited potent feeding deterrent activity against neonate larvae of Helicoverpa zea, Lymantria dispar, Orgyia leucostigma, and Malacosoma disstria. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Hort & Natl Food Safety, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Toxicol Ctr, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Inst Forest Genet & Tree Breeding, Coimbatore 641002, Tamil Nadu, India. US Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. RP Nair, MG (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Hort & Natl Food Safety, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [DRR-00480, 1-S10-RR04750] NR 11 TC 33 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 49 IS 12 BP 5852 EP 5856 DI 10.1021/jf010806y PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 505AW UT WOS:000172889600026 PM 11743774 ER PT J AU Jordan, MJ Shaw, PE Goodner, KL AF Jordan, MJ Shaw, PE Goodner, KL TI Volatile components in aqueous essence and fresh fruit of Cucumis melo cv. athena (muskmelon) by GC-MS and GC-O SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE GC-MS; GC-O; muskmelon; aqueous essence; cantaloupe ID AROMA AB A comparative study between the aromatic profile of muskmelon aqueous essence and the puree of fresh fruit was carried out using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O). Results obtained show a total of 53 components quantified in the essence and 38 in the fresh fruit. In addition, four new components are described for the first time as contributors to the aromatic profile of muskmelon including 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, 2,3-butanediol, methyl 3-phenylpropionate, and ethyl 3-phenylpropionate (found only in the puree of the fruit). The olfactometric analysis revealed the presence of 25 components with aromatic activity. Esters, alcohols, and one sulfur component [ethyl 3-(methylthio)propionate] appear to be the most important contributors to the essence aroma. The aromagram of fresh fruit is richer in high molecular weight components, which have not yet been positively identified and do not present detectable peaks in the flame ionization detector. C1 ARS, Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, S Atlantic Area, USDA, Winter Haven, FL 33881 USA. RP Goodner, KL (reprint author), ARS, Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, S Atlantic Area, USDA, 600 Ave S NW, Winter Haven, FL 33881 USA. NR 11 TC 33 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 49 IS 12 BP 5929 EP 5933 DI 10.1021/jf010954o PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 505AW UT WOS:000172889600039 PM 11743787 ER PT J AU Jones, BL AF Jones, BL TI Interactions of malt and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) endoproteinases with their endogenous inhibitors SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Hordeum vulgare; protease; inhibitors; protein hydrolysis; brewing; soluble protein ID PURIFICATION; PROTEINASE AB For producing worts that are optimal for beer production, some, but not all, of the barley proteins must be degraded during malting and mashing. This protein hydrolysis is controlled by endoproteinases, and, in turn, is partially regulated by the presence of low-molecular-weight (LMW) proteinaceous inhibitors. This paper reports studies of the interactions between the proteinases and inhibitors and an ''affinity'' method for concentrating the inhibitors. The malt inhibitors (I) and proteinases (E) quickly formed strong (E-I) complexes when dissolved together, and all of the I was complexed. Heating at 100 degreesC, but not 70 degreesC, dissociated the complex, even though the enzyme activities were destroyed at 70 degreesC. The released I readily recomplexed. with fresh E. Barley, however, contained insufficient E to complex all of its I complement. The E-I complex was treated with salts, detergents, and reducing agents to release active E molecules, but none disrupted the complex. By removing the LMW proteins from a malt E-I extract and dissociating the complex by heating, the concentration of I molecules was greatly increased. This ''affinity'' method can thus be used to concentrate the I molecules for further purification. C1 ARS, Cereal Crops Res Unit, USDA, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Agron, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Jones, BL (reprint author), ARS, Cereal Crops Res Unit, USDA, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 17 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 49 IS 12 BP 5975 EP 5981 DI 10.1021/jf010611q PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 505AW UT WOS:000172889600047 PM 11743795 ER PT J AU Tellez, MR Schrader, KK Kobaisy, M AF Tellez, MR Schrader, KK Kobaisy, M TI Volatile components of the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria perornata (Skuja) SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE blue-green algae; cyanobacteria; Oscillatoria perornata; catfish; Ictalurus punctatus; polysulfides; 2-methylisoborneol ID MISSISSIPPI CATFISH PONDS; DRINKING-WATER; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ODOROUS COMPOUNDS; MUSTY ODOR; DIFFERENT STRAINS; FLAVOR; IDENTIFICATION; 2-METHYLISOBORNEOL; PRODUCTS AB Volatile compounds were identified from unialgal continuous cultures of the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria perornata. Steam distillates of the unialgal cultures were continuously extracted with pentane, and the pentane extracts were analyzed by GC-MS. Retention indices and mass spectral data were used to identify 15 components. Relative amounts of individual components were expressed as percent peak area relative to total peak area. The main volatile components were heptadecane (57.0%), 2-methylisoborneol (29.4%), and benzaldehyde (1.2%). Together with the previously known 2-methylisoborneol, which is the major cause of the musty off-flavor problem in catfish farming operations in Mississippi, other components identified were dimethyl disulfide (1.0%), dimethyl trisulfide (0.5%), and benzothiazole (0.6%). These compounds and their organoleptic characteristics are discussed in relation to their possible contributions to cultured catfish off-flavor problems. C1 ARS, Nat Prod Utilizat Res Unit, USDA, University, MS 38677 USA. RP Tellez, MR (reprint author), ARS, Nat Prod Utilizat Res Unit, USDA, Box 8048, University, MS 38677 USA. NR 37 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 49 IS 12 BP 5989 EP 5992 DI 10.1021/jf010722p PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 505AW UT WOS:000172889600049 PM 11743797 ER PT J AU Horan, RD Claassen, R Howe, L AF Horan, RD Claassen, R Howe, L TI The welfare sensitivity of agri-environmental instruments SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND RESOURCE ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE emissions standards; emissions taxes; environmental policy; input standards; input taxes; nonpoint pollution; policy adjustment ID TRANSACTION COSTS; POLLUTION-CONTROL; POLICY; UNCERTAINTY; MODELS; REFORM AB Most economic studies of pollution control analyze policies that are optimal for a given set of underlying parameters. Less understood is how such policies perform when the underlying parameters change and policies are not adjusted in response, or what the benefits of adjustment are. We construct several measures of welfare sensitivity and use them to analyze the welfare impacts arising in a simulation of second-best, agri-environmental policies. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Agr Econ, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Econ Res Serv, Resource & Environm Policy Branch, Resource Econ Div, USDA, Washington, DC 20036 USA. Univ So Calif, Dept Econ, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. RP Horan, RD (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Agr Econ, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NR 29 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU WESTERN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI LOGAN PA C/O E BRUCE GODFREY, UTAH STATE UNIV, ECONOMICS DEPT, LOGAN, UT 84322-3530 USA SN 0162-1912 J9 J AGR RESOUR ECON JI J. Agric. Resour. Econ. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 26 IS 2 BP 368 EP 386 PG 19 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 518LB UT WOS:000173668900004 ER PT J AU Loomis, J Gonzalez-Caban, A Englin, J AF Loomis, J Gonzalez-Caban, A Englin, J TI Testing for differential effects of forest fires on hiking and mountain biking demand and benefits SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND RESOURCE ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE consumer surplus; fire; mountain biking; recreation demand; travel cost method ID RECREATION DEMAND; TIME AB Surveys of visitors to National Forests in Colorado were conducted to determine whether different fire ages and presence of crown fires have different effects on hiking and mountain biking recreation visits and benefits. Actual and intended behavior data were combined using a count-data travel cost model. The intended behavior trip questions asked about changes in number of trips due to the presence of a high-intensity crown fire, prescribed fire, and a 20-year-old high-intensity fire at the area respondents were visiting. Using the estimated recreation demand function, years since a non-crown fire had a statistically significant positive effect on the trip demand of hikers. In contrast, presence of crown fires had no statistically significant effect on the quantity of hiker trips, but had a significant and negative effect on mountain biking trips. Crown fires also had a large effect on the value per trip, with crown fixes increasing the value per hiking trip but lowering the value per mountain biking trip. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US Forest Serv, Forest Fire Lab, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, Riverside, CA USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Appl Econ & Stat, Reno, NV 89557 USA. RP Loomis, J (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 15 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 2 U2 12 PU WESTERN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI LOGAN PA C/O E BRUCE GODFREY, UTAH STATE UNIV, ECONOMICS DEPT, LOGAN, UT 84322-3530 USA SN 0162-1912 J9 J AGR RESOUR ECON JI J. Agric. Resour. Econ. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 26 IS 2 BP 508 EP 522 PG 15 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 518LB UT WOS:000173668900013 ER PT J AU Bowker, JM Park, TA Leeworthy, VR AF Bowker, JM Park, TA Leeworthy, VR TI Demand modeling with revealed and stated preferences: A travel cost model with contingent choke prices. SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND RESOURCE ECONOMICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Athens, GA USA. Univ Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDC NOAA, Silver Spring, MD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU WESTERN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI LOGAN PA C/O E BRUCE GODFREY, UTAH STATE UNIV, ECONOMICS DEPT, LOGAN, UT 84322-3530 USA SN 0162-1912 J9 J AGR RESOUR ECON JI J. Agric. Resour. Econ. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 26 IS 2 BP 560 EP 560 PG 1 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 518LB UT WOS:000173668900048 ER PT J AU Van Tassell, L MacNeil, MD Short, RE Grings, EE AF Van Tassell, L MacNeil, MD Short, RE Grings, EE TI An economic analysis of regular vs. late weaning of calves in the Western Plains. SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND RESOURCE ECONOMICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. USDA ARS, Ft Keogh Livestock & Range Res Lab, Miles City, MT 59301 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WESTERN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI LOGAN PA C/O E BRUCE GODFREY, UTAH STATE UNIV, ECONOMICS DEPT, LOGAN, UT 84322-3530 USA SN 0162-1912 J9 J AGR RESOUR ECON JI J. Agric. Resour. Econ. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 26 IS 2 BP 560 EP 560 PG 1 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 518LB UT WOS:000173668900045 ER PT J AU Skaggs, R Mitchell, D Gorman, W Crawford, T Southard, L AF Skaggs, R Mitchell, D Gorman, W Crawford, T Southard, L TI Forecasting Mexican live cattle exports to the United States. SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND RESOURCE ECONOMICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 New Mexico State Univ, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. USDA APHIS, Ft Collins, CO USA. USDA ERS, Washington, DC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU WESTERN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI LOGAN PA C/O E BRUCE GODFREY, UTAH STATE UNIV, ECONOMICS DEPT, LOGAN, UT 84322-3530 USA SN 0162-1912 J9 J AGR RESOUR ECON JI J. Agric. Resour. Econ. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 26 IS 2 BP 567 EP 568 PG 2 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 518LB UT WOS:000173668900086 ER PT J AU Kim, CS Mishra, AK AF Kim, CS Mishra, AK TI Changing US farm structure and factor productivity. SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND RESOURCE ECONOMICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, ERS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WESTERN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI LOGAN PA C/O E BRUCE GODFREY, UTAH STATE UNIV, ECONOMICS DEPT, LOGAN, UT 84322-3530 USA SN 0162-1912 J9 J AGR RESOUR ECON JI J. Agric. Resour. Econ. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 26 IS 2 BP 570 EP 570 PG 1 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 518LB UT WOS:000173668900100 ER PT J AU Erickson, KW Mishra, AK Moss, CB AF Erickson, KW Mishra, AK Moss, CB TI Rates of return in the farm and nonfarm sectors: A time-series comparison. SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND RESOURCE ECONOMICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. USDA, ERS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WESTERN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI LOGAN PA C/O E BRUCE GODFREY, UTAH STATE UNIV, ECONOMICS DEPT, LOGAN, UT 84322-3530 USA SN 0162-1912 J9 J AGR RESOUR ECON JI J. Agric. Resour. Econ. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 26 IS 2 BP 571 EP 571 PG 1 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 518LB UT WOS:000173668900105 ER PT J AU Mishra, AK Moss, CB Erickson, KW AF Mishra, AK Moss, CB Erickson, KW TI Changes in the distribution of farm wealth in the United States. SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND RESOURCE ECONOMICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, ERS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WESTERN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI LOGAN PA C/O E BRUCE GODFREY, UTAH STATE UNIV, ECONOMICS DEPT, LOGAN, UT 84322-3530 USA SN 0162-1912 J9 J AGR RESOUR ECON JI J. Agric. Resour. Econ. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 26 IS 2 BP 571 EP 571 PG 1 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 518LB UT WOS:000173668900103 ER PT J AU Williams, MS Williams, MT Mowrer, HT AF Williams, MS Williams, MT Mowrer, HT TI A boundary reconstruction method for circular fixed-area plots in environmental survey SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS LA English DT Article DE edge-affected attributes; morphing; torus edge correction ID EDGE-BIAS; GROWTH AB In many ecological and forest surveys, some form of circular fixed-area sample plot is used on which numerous attributes are measured, some of which cannot be correctly estimated without knowledge of the conditions existing beyond the plot boundary. We refer to these as edge-affected attributes. An example from forest survey is crown cover, where a portion of the plot invariably is covered by the crowns of trees whose bases lie outside the plot boundary and would not be included in the sample under the standard survey design. Other examples include competition indices, mean canopy height, canopy roughness, and photosynthetically active radiation. A number of correction techniques for edge-affected attributes have been proposed for rectangular plots, but when these have been adapted for use with circular plots, some plot information has had to be sacrificed. In this study, a technique, called morphing, is described and used to transform a circular plot into a square plot. This technique is then combined with the torus edge-correction procedure for rectangular plots to estimate, without a loss of any plot information, edge-affected attributes in circular plots. Simulation results for 1 real and 11 artificial populations are presented to illustrate the technique. C1 US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Stat, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Williams, MS (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, 2150 A Ctr Dr,Suite 361, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 18 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER STATISTICAL ASSOC & INTERNATIONAL BIOMETRIC SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 I ST NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 1085-7117 J9 J AGRIC BIOL ENVIR S JI J. Agric. Biol. Environ. Stat. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 6 IS 4 BP 479 EP 494 DI 10.1198/10857110152946848 PG 16 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA 527MV UT WOS:000174190600005 ER PT J AU Miller, DN Varel, VH AF Miller, DN Varel, VH TI In vitro study of the biochemical origin and production limits of odorous compounds in cattle feedlots SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE bacteria; cattle; manures; odors ID LIVESTOCK BUILDINGS; EMISSIONS; BACTERIA; MANURE; ENUMERATION; SUBSTANCES; METABOLISM; WASTES; ACIDS; PH AB Livestock odors are closely correlated to airborne concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOC), which are a complex mixture of carbon-, sulfur-, and nitrogen-containing compounds produced primarily during the incomplete anaerobic fermentation of animal manure by microorganisms. Volatile fatty acids, alcohols, and aromatic ring compounds comprise a substantial fraction of VOC, yet very little is known about their biochemical origin and environmental factors controlling their production. The anaerobic production of fermentation products and consumption of substrates (CP, starch, and nonstarch carbohydrate) were analyzed in slurries of fresh (< 24 h) and aged (> 1 d) cattle manure over several weeks. Ethanol, acetate, propionate, butyrate, lactate, and H-2 were the major products of fermentation. Aged cattle manure produced twice the concentration of VFA during incubation produced by the fresh manure (P < 0.001). Aromatic compounds (phenols, indoles, and benzoates) remained unchanged in both manures. Production of VFA from fresh manure was inhibited when the pH fell below 4.5. It is likely that the presence of calcareous soil, which has a high buffering capacity, and lactate-consuming microorganisms minimized acidification in the aged manure slurries. Low starch content limited VFA production in the aged manure. Starch was the likely biochemical source for fermentation products in both manures based on the strong negative correlations between fermentation product and starch content (r = -0. 944 and -0.773) and ratio of fermentation products produced to starch consumed (r = 0.64 and 0.72) for fresh and aged manure, respectively. Nonstarch carbohydrate served an indeterminate role in the production of fermentation products. Nonstarch carbohydrate decreased by 4.7 and 23.4 g/L in the fresh and aged manure, respectively, whereas the starch content decreased by 18.6 and 22.4 g/L in the fresh and aged manure, respectively. The concentration of CP did not change, which suggests a balance between protein consumption and new bacterial biomass production. We conclude that the types of substrates in cattle manure and the feedlot soils where they are deposited are significant factors in the production of odors. C1 USDA ARS, Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Miller, DN (reprint author), USDA ARS, Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. OI Miller, Daniel/0000-0003-3476-487X NR 20 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 16 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 79 IS 12 BP 2949 EP 2956 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 508QC UT WOS:000173099100002 PM 11811446 ER PT J AU Wulster-Radcliffe, MC Williams, MA Stellflug, JN Lewis, GS AF Wulster-Radcliffe, MC Williams, MA Stellflug, JN Lewis, GS TI Technical note: Artificial vagina vs a vaginal collection vial for collecting semen from rams SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE artificial insemination; artificial vagina; rams; semen AB The time required to train rams to an artificial vagina (AV) makes collecting semen from large numbers of rams difficult. To manage this problem, we developed a glass, round-bottomed, 1.9-cm i.d. x 9.8-cm long vaginal collection vial (VCV). Three experiments were conducted to determine whether the VCV affected 1) semen volume per collection, 2) percentage of motile spermatozoa, 3) forward progressive motility score before and after extension and after freezing and thawing, and 4) our ability to collect semen from untrained rams. A soft rubber cap with a hole in the center was used to cover the VCV. A VCV was inserted into the vagina of an estrual ewe, and a monofilament line attached to the VCV was clipped to the wool near the vulva. Rams were joined with unrestrained ewes in a pen until they ejaculated into the VCV. In Exp. 1, five rams trained to an AV were used in a switchback design with four collection periods. During each period (1 d), semen was collected with an AV and a VCV. Immediately after collection, semen volume and sperm motility were quantified. Semen was extended with an aloe vera gel-based diluent at a 1:4 dilution rate, motility was quantified again, and semen was frozen. At 1 h after freezing, semen was thawed and sperm motility was quantified. Ejaculate volume (mean = 0.7 mL) and all measures of motility after collection were similar (P > 0.05) for the two collection methods. In Exp. 2, 10 rams trained to an AV were used in a switchback design with five collection periods (period = 3 d). On d 1 and 3 of each period, an AV and a VCV were used to collect semen. Collection method did not affect (P > 0.05) ejaculate volume (mean = 1.0 mL), percentage of motile cells, or forward progressive motility score. In Exp. 3, 51 untrained rams were used in a switchback design with a single collection period (2 d). Semen was collected with an AV and a VCV. Ability to collect an ejaculate and time required for collection were recorded. The likelihood of collecting semen from untrained rams was greater (P < 0.01) using a VCV (mean = 31.4%) than using an AV (mean = 9.8%). Collection method did not affect (P > 0.05) ejaculate volume (mean = 0.8 mL), percentage of motile cells, or forward progressive motility score. We concluded that a VCV could be used to collect semen from rams that are not trained for semen collection without decreasing ejaculate volume or sperm motility. C1 USDA ARS, US Sheep Expt Stn, USSES, Dubois, ID 83423 USA. RP Lewis, GS (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Sheep Expt Stn, USSES, HC 62,Box 2010, Dubois, ID 83423 USA. NR 10 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 79 IS 12 BP 2964 EP 2967 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 508QC UT WOS:000173099100004 PM 11811448 ER PT J AU Wheeler, TL Shackleford, SD Casas, E Cundiff, LV Koohmaraie, M AF Wheeler, TL Shackleford, SD Casas, E Cundiff, LV Koohmaraie, M TI The effects of Piedmontese inheritance and myostatin genotype on the palatability of longissimus thoracis, gluteus medius, semimembranosus, and biceps femoris SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef; double muscling; genes; muscles; Piedmont; tenderness ID BELGIAN-BLUE; BEEF TENDERNESS; CARCASS TRAITS; CATTLE; MUTATIONS; MUSCLES; LOCUS; GENE; QUALITY; BULLS AB The objective of this study was to determine the relative contributions of Piedmontese inheritance (0, 25, 50, or 75%) and myostatin genotype (+/+, mh/+, and mh/mh) to tenderness of four major muscles. Matings were made to produce animals with 0 (+/+), 1 (mh/+), or 2 (mh/mh) inactive myostatin alleles that were known to result in normal muscling, heavy muscling, and extremely heavy muscling, respectively. Over a 4-yr period, 395 steers and heifers (14 to 17 mo of age) were humanely slaughtered and the carcasses were chilled 48 h at 0degreesC. An eight-member trained descriptive attribute panel evaluated tenderness, ease of fragmentation, connective tissue amount, juiciness, and beef flavor intensity of longissimus thoracis (LD), gluteus medius (GM), semimembranosus (SM), and biceps femoris (BF) steaks at 14 d postmortem. Data were analyzed for the main effects of group (eight combinations of myostatin genotype and percentage Piedmontese; [+/+]/0%, [+/+]/25%, [+/+]/50%, [mh/+]/25%, [mh/+]/50%, [mh/+]/75%, [mh/mh]/50%, [mh/mh]/75%) and muscle. Muscle x group interactions were not significant (P > 0.05). Within myostatin genotypes, contrasts to test the effect of percentage Piedmontese were not significant (P > 0.05). Data were reanalyzed for the main effects of myostatin genotype and muscle. Tenderness, ease of fragmentation, and amount of connective tissue ratings were higher (P < 0.05) for the mh/+ and mh/mh genotypes relative to +/+ in all muscles. In biceps femoris, mh/mh had higher (P < 0.05) tenderness, ease of fragmentation, and amount of connective tissue ratings than the mh/+ genotype. Juiciness ratings were lower (P < 0.05) for mh/mh than for mh/+ in all muscles and were lower for mh/mh than for +/+ in all muscles except gluteus medius. Beef flavor intensity ratings were lower (P < 0.05) for mh/mh than for +/+ in all muscles. Muscle ranks for tenderness within myostatin genotype were LD> GM > SM > BF, LD > GM > SM > BF, LD > GM > BF > SM, for +/+, mh/+, and mh/mh genotypes, respectively. The effects of Piedmontese inheritance on meat tenderness were all due to myostatin genotype. Piedmontese mh/mh bulls could be used as terminal sires to produce mh/+ progeny with improved carcass value due to improved tenderness in the four muscles studied. C1 USDA ARS, Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Wheeler, TL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 NR 27 TC 38 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 79 IS 12 BP 3069 EP 3074 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 508QC UT WOS:000173099100017 PM 11811461 ER PT J AU Cox, NA Bailey, JS Stern, NJ AF Cox, NA Bailey, JS Stern, NJ TI Effectiveness of an undefined mucosal competitive exclusion treatment to control Salmonella in turkeys during brooding SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE brood; competitive exclusion; mucosal competitive exclusion; Salmonella; turkeys ID CHICKS; COLONIZATION; PREVENTION; CULTURES; POULTRY; INFECTION; FLORA AB Mucosal compeitive exclusion (MCE) cultures generated from the mucosal scrapings of healthy adult turkeys were administered to commercial turkey poults. MCE-treated poults were placed on torn and hen farms with paired untreated control poults in adjacent houses. After 6 wkin the brood house, cecal droppings from control and treated flocks were collected and analyzed for the presence of salmonellae. Salmonellae were detected in 14 of 30 cecal droppings (47%) from control flocks and from only 1 of 30 (3.3%) droppings from the treated poults. This study demonstrated that mucosal competitive exclusion could be used to effectively control salmonellae in a commercial field trial of young turkey flocks. C1 USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Cox, NA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 25 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 1056-6171 J9 J APPL POULTRY RES JI J. Appl. Poult. Res. PD WIN PY 2001 VL 10 IS 4 BP 319 EP 322 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 622RJ UT WOS:000179660500002 ER PT J AU Bailey, JS Line, E AF Bailey, JS Line, E TI In ovo gentamicin and mucosal starter culture to control salmonella in broiler production SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE broilers; competitive exclusion; gentamicin; in ovo; Salmonella ID COMPETITIVE-EXCLUSION; CHICKENS AB Salmonella continues to be the primary bacterial food safety focus of the U.S. poultry industry. HACCP regulations allow no more than 23% of processed broilers to be positive for Salmonella, and this level may be reduced in the future. To be consistently below these levels of Salmonella, it is important to control the introduction and proliferation of Salmonella on the farm. One of the most effective methods for controlling Salmonella is to treat young chicks with competitive exclusion (CE) cultures. The literature suggests that in ovo administration of gentamicin and other antibiotics may reduce the effectiveness of CE. The current study demonstrates conclusively that gentamicin, at a commercial rate of 0.4 mg per egg administered in ovo on Day 18, had no adverse effect on the CE product MSC(R) (Mucosal Starter Culture). There also appeared to be a cumulative beneficial effect of the gentamicin and the MSC on reduction of Salmonella, which enters the chick on the day of hatch. C1 USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Poultry Microbiol Safety Res Unit, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Bailey, JS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Poultry Microbiol Safety Res Unit, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 7 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 1056-6171 J9 J APPL POULTRY RES JI J. Appl. Poult. Res. PD WIN PY 2001 VL 10 IS 4 BP 376 EP 379 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 622RJ UT WOS:000179660500011 ER PT J AU Branton, SL Simmons, JD Lott, BD Miles, DM Maslin, WR AF Branton, SL Simmons, JD Lott, BD Miles, DM Maslin, WR TI Chick mortality associated with elevated water lines and consumption of wet litter SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE chicks; mortality; water height; wet litter AB In a nipple waterer study, 55 (6.11%) of 900 total chicks were found dead the day after placement with another 25 to 30 chicks alive but in apparent respiratory distress. Examination of temperature and humidity records revealed no aberrations from the respective set points; however, examination of the dead chicks showed most to have a mass of litter (pine Wood shavings) in the mouth cavity. The litter mass appeared to be wet and to physically block the opening of the larynx. Reexamination of the house showed the water line to be 3.5 cm higher than the factory recommended level. Furthermore, several nipples had leaked, which resulted in wet litter. We concluded that in their attempt to satisfy thirst, the smaller chicks consumed the wet litter beneath the leaking nipples and succumbed to choking. C1 USDA ARS, Cent S Poultry Res Lab, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Branton, SL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Cent S Poultry Res Lab, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 1056-6171 J9 J APPL POULTRY RES JI J. Appl. Poult. Res. PD WIN PY 2001 VL 10 IS 4 BP 427 EP 430 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 622RJ UT WOS:000179660500018 ER PT J AU Nash, MS Whitford, WG Bradford, DF Franson, SE Neale, AC Heggem, DT AF Nash, MS Whitford, WG Bradford, DF Franson, SE Neale, AC Heggem, DT TI Ant communities and livestock grazing in the Great Basin, USA SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article DE indicator; livestock grazing; ant; vegetation; bare patches; Great Basin; range condition; cool desert ID SEED-HARVESTER ANTS; SOUTHEASTERN ARIZONA; CHIHUAHUAN DESERT; BIOLOGICAL INTEGRITY; INDICATORS; AUSTRALIA; DIVERSITY; PATTERNS; RECOLONIZATION; ORGANIZATION AB The objectives of this study were to determine if metrics for ant species assemblages can be used as indicators of rangeland condition, and to determine the influence of vegetation and ground cover variables, factors often influenced by livestock grazing, on ant communities. The study was conducted in two areas in the Great Basin: a sagebrush-steppe in southeastern Idaho (n = 30 sites), and a salt-desert shrub in western Utah (n = 27 sites). Sites were selected based on known rangeland condition (i.e. good, fair, poor) associated with livestock grazing. Ant communities differed considerably between the two study areas. Collectively, more ant species occurred at the Idaho sites (30) than at the Utah sites (21), relatively few species (eight) occurred in both areas, species richness was significantly greater at the Idaho sites (mean = 12(.)0 species) than the Utah sites (mean = 6(.)9 species), and Formica spp. were diverse (total of 15 species) at the Idaho sites but rare (one species) at the Utah sites. In Idaho, all species collectively, generalists, and Formica spp. were significantly less abundant on sites in poor condition than that on sites in good or fair condition, whereas in Utah, seed harvesters and Pheidole spp. were significantly more abundant on sites in poor condition than that on sites in good or fair condition. In Idaho, species richness was significantly lower on sites in poor condition. In Idaho, species richness and relative abundances of several ant groups were significantly related to bare patch size and parameters for cover or species richness of several vegetation groups. In contrast to the comparisons involving sites in poor condition, no differences in ant communities in either Idaho or Utah were evident between sites in good and fair condition. Thus, the ant communities responded only to large changes in rangeland condition and to large differences in climatic/edaphic conditions between the two areas. Hence, ant community metrics appear to have limited utility as indicators of rangeland condition in the Great Basin. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Nash, MS (reprint author), US EPA, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. OI Heggem, Daniel/0000-0001-9238-3368 NR 58 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 17 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 49 IS 4 BP 695 EP 710 DI 10.1006/jare.2001.0824 PG 16 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 514YW UT WOS:000173469500004 ER PT J AU Morishita, TY Mertins, JW Baker, DG Monahan, CM Brooks, DL AF Morishita, TY Mertins, JW Baker, DG Monahan, CM Brooks, DL TI Occurrence and species of lice on free-living and captive raptors in California SO JOURNAL OF AVIAN MEDICINE AND SURGERY LA English DT Article DE lice; parasites; Mallophaga; rehabilitation center; birds; avian; raptor ID NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; ISCHNOCERA; PHILOPTERIDAE; PARASITES; BIRDS; OWL AB This study determined the occurrence and identity of chewing lice (Mallophaga) on 35 clinically healthy raptors presented with traumatic injuries at the California Raptor Center during the summers of 1993 and 1994. Samples of lice were collected and preserved in 70% ethanol during physical examinations within 24 hours of admission. Eleven species of chewing lice were collected and identified from 7 species of raptors, including 2 long-term captive birds. All louse species except 1 were on their usual, previously documented raptor hosts. Four of the 10 species of free-living birds examined had no lice, but their sample sizes were small (1-3 birds each). At least 1 bird from each of the other 6 raptor species harbored some lice, but only 2 species, an American kestrel (Falco sparverius) and a barn owl (Tyto alba) were sampled in useful numbers. One of 8 kestrels yielded lice ( 1 species), and 4 of 14 barn owls were infested with lice (representing 2 species). Two captive birds, a spotted owl (Strix occidentalis) and a Swainson's hawk (Buteo swainsoni), were infested with lice (I species each) after 463 days and 1198 days in captivity, respectively. C1 Ohio State Univ, Dept Vet Prevent Med, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Vet Serv, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Sch Vet Med, Div Vet Med, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Morishita, TY (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Calif Raptor Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 38 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 5 PU ASSOC AVIAN VETERINARIANS PI BOCA RATON PA PO BOX 811720, BOCA RATON, FL 33481 USA SN 1082-6742 J9 J AVIAN MED SURG JI J. Avian Med. Surg. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 15 IS 4 BP 288 EP 292 DI 10.1647/1082-6742(2001)015[0288:OASOLO]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 540BN UT WOS:000174908500005 ER PT J AU Sreenath, HK Moldes, AB Koegel, RG Straub, RJ AF Sreenath, HK Moldes, AB Koegel, RG Straub, RJ TI Lactic acid production by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of alfalfa fiber SO JOURNAL OF BIOSCIENCE AND BIOENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE SSF; alfalfa fiber; lactic acid; nutrient supplementation ID BEET MOLASSES; CELLULOSE; KINETICS; WATER; BACTERIA; BIOMASS; LACTATE; GLUCOSE; XYLOSE AB Lactic acid was produced by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of liquid hot water (LHW)-pretreated and non-LHW-pretreated alfalfa fibers. The Lactobacillus plantarum and L. delbrueckii strains produced 0.464 and 0.354 g of lactic acid per g of dry matter of alfalfa fiber, respectively, by non-LHW pretreatment. L. xylosus and L. pentoaceticus produced lower yields of lactic acid from the same amount of alfalfa fiber, however, their acetic acid production was higher. These Lactobacillus strains did not require any additional nutrients during SSF of non-LHW-pretreated alfalfa fiber. After LHW pretreatment, the "raffinate" cellulosic fraction of alfalfa required additional nutrients for lactic acid production by SSF. Both L. plantarum and L. delbrueckii produced 0.606 and 0.59 g of lactic acid per g of dry matter of fiber, respectively. However, the "extract" soluble hemicellulosic fraction of alfalfa produced 0.38 to 0.62 g of lactic acid per g of dry matter extract during SSF and did not require nutrient supplementation. These results suggest that during the LHW pretreatment, alfalfa fiber nutrients are lost in cellulosic fractions but retained in hemicellulosic extract fractions. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biol Syst Eng, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Vigo, Dept Chem Engn, Orense 32004, Spain. USDA, Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Sreenath, HK (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biol Syst Eng, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Moldes, Ana/I-1092-2015 OI Moldes, Ana/0000-0002-8895-1948 NR 41 TC 39 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 5 PU SOC BIOSCIENCE BIOENGINEERING JAPAN PI OSAKA PA OSAKA UNIV, FACULTY ENGINEERING, 2-1 YAMADAOKA, SUITA, OSAKA, 565-0871, JAPAN SN 1389-1723 J9 J BIOSCI BIOENG JI J. Biosci. Bioeng. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 92 IS 6 BP 518 EP 523 DI 10.1263/jbb.92.518 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 522ED UT WOS:000173882000003 PM 16233139 ER PT J AU Clarke, R Lewington, S Donald, A Johnston, C Refsum, H Stratton, I Jacques, P Breteler, MMB Holman, R AF Clarke, R Lewington, S Donald, A Johnston, C Refsum, H Stratton, I Jacques, P Breteler, MMB Holman, R TI Underestimation of the importance of homocysteine as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in epidemiological studies SO JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR RISK LA English DT Article DE homocysteine; cardiovascular disease; risk assessment ID PLASMA TOTAL HOMOCYSTEINE; REGRESSION DILUTION; ELDERLY POPULATION; DETERMINANTS; VARIABILITY; SERUM; TERM AB Background In epidemiological studies, within-person variability in plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) measurements may dilute the association of 'usual' levels of tHcy with risk of cardiovascular disease, referred to as 'regression dilution'. The aim of this report was to estimate the magnitude of regression dilution after varying intervals of follow-up. Methods Regression dilution ratios (RDR) for tHcy were calculated using replicate tHcy measurements obtained after 3, 6 and 8 years from the Rotterdam, Hordaland and Framingham studies, respectively, and after 3, 6, 9 and 12 years from the United Kingdom Prospective Study of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (UKPDS). Results The RDR for tHcy decreased with increasing interval in the three population-based studies and in the UKPDS. Moreover, the rate of decline of the RDR in the population-based studies was similar to that obtained in the UKPDS. Using linear regression analysis for the population-based studies, these results suggest an RDR of 0.83 at 2 years, 0.71 at 6 years and 0.53 at 12 years. Conclusions These results have important implications for the interpretation of prospective studies of tHcy and cardiovascular disease. Failure to correct for increasing regression dilution using lower RDRs for longer follow-up may underestimate the relative risks of cardiovascular disease associated with tHcy by about one-fifth after 2 years and one-half after 10 years. J Cardiovasc Risk 8:363-369 (C) 2001 Lippincott Williams Wilkins. C1 Univ Oxford, Radcliffe Infirm, Nuffield Dept Clin Med, Clin Trial Serv Unit, Oxford OX2 6HE, England. Univ Oxford, Nuffield Dept Clin Med, Epidemiol Studies Unit, Oxford OX2 6HE, England. Univ Dept Pharmacol, Oxford, England. Univ Bergen, Dept Pharmacol, N-5020 Bergen, Norway. Univ Oxford, Diabet Trials Unit, Oxford OX1 2JD, England. Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Erasmus Med Ctr, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Rotterdam, Netherlands. RP Clarke, R (reprint author), Univ Oxford, Radcliffe Infirm, Nuffield Dept Clin Med, Clin Trial Serv Unit, Oxford OX2 6HE, England. RI Refsum, Helga/A-4073-2010; Breteler, Monique /J-5058-2014; OI stratton, irene/0000-0003-1172-7865 NR 21 TC 55 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1350-6277 J9 J CARDIOVASC RISK JI J. Cardiovasc. Risk PD DEC PY 2001 VL 8 IS 6 BP 363 EP 369 DI 10.1097/00043798-200112000-00005 PG 7 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 516CP UT WOS:000173534500005 PM 11873092 ER PT J AU Bartelt, RJ Cosse, AA Zilkowski, BW Weisleder, D Momany, FA AF Bartelt, RJ Cosse, AA Zilkowski, BW Weisleder, D Momany, FA TI Male-specific sesquiterpenes from Phyllotreta and Aphthona flea beetles SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE sesquiterpene; himachalene; cadinene; flea beetle; Aphthona; Phyllotreta; Chrysomelidae; Alticinae ID AGGREGATION PHEROMONE; CHRYSOMELIDAE; COLEOPTERA; EUPHORBIACEAE; SPURGE AB It was previously reported that males of the crucifer flea beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae, feeding on host foliage are attractive to both males and females in the field. Based on this evidence for an aggregation pheromone, volatiles were collected from male and female P. cruciferae feeding on cabbage (Brassica oleracea) and analyzed. For comparison, volatiles were also collected from males and females of three other flea beetle species, Aphthona flava, A. czwalinae, and A. cyparissiae, all feeding on their host, leafy spurge foliage (Euphorbia esula). Six male-specific compounds were isolated from P. cruciferae, and the same compounds plus two additional ones were isolated from males of Aphthona flava. A. czwalinae. and A. cyparissiae. The blends of compounds were relatively consistent within species, but there were characteristic differences between species, Compound structures were studied by mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy, UV spectroscopy, polarimetry, chiral and achiral gas chromatography, molecular modeling, and microchemical tests. Three of the compounds were identified as (+)-ar-himachalene; (+)-trans-alpha -himachalene; (+)-gamma -cadinene. Two others were new enantiomers of himachalene hydrocarbons that were previously identified from the fir trees, Abies alba and Abies nordmanniana. Finally, there were two himachalene alcohols and one norsesquiterpene ketone that is a himachalene analog. Only (+)-ar-himachalene and (+)-gamma -cadinene are previously known natural products. Electrophysiological activity was demonstrated for five of the compounds. The chemical and electrophysiological patterns are consistent with, but do not prove, a pheromonal function. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Bartelt, RJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 27 TC 44 Z9 48 U1 2 U2 11 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 27 IS 12 BP 2397 EP 2423 DI 10.1023/A:1013667229345 PG 27 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 508AE UT WOS:000173063800002 PM 11789948 ER PT J AU Hunter, WJ AF Hunter, WJ TI Use of vegetable oil in a pilot-scale denitrifying barrier SO JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE bioremediation; contamination; groundwater; nitrate; nitrite; denitrifying wall ID NITRATE REMOVAL; PARACOCCUS-DENITRIFICANS; SAND COLUMNS; GROUNDWATER; REDUCTION; NITRITE; WATER; BIODENITRIFICATION; ACCUMULATION; BACTERIA AB Nitrate in drinking water is a hazard to both humans and animals. Contaminated water can cause methemoglobinemia and may pose a cancer risk. Permeable barriers containing innocuous oils, which stimulate denitrification, can remove nitrate from flowing groundwater. For this study, a sand tank (1.1 x 2.0 x 0.085 to in size) containing sand was used as a one-dimensional open-top scale model of an aquifer. A meter-long area near the center of the tank contained sand coated with soybean oil. This region served as a permeable denitrifying barrier. Water containing 20 mg l(-1) nitrate-N was pumped through the barrier at a high flow rate, 11121 week(-1), for 30 weeks. During the 30-week study, the barrier removed 39% of the total nitrate-N present in the water. The barrier was most efficient during the first 10 weeks of the study when almost all of the nitrate and nitrogen was removed. Efficiency declined with time so that by week 30 almost no nitrate was removed by the system. Nitrite levels in the effluent water remained low throughout the study. Barriers could be used to protect groundwater from nitrate contamination or for the in situ treatment of contaminated water. At the low flow rates that exist in most aquifers, such barriers should be effective at removing nitrate from groundwater for a much longer period of time. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Hunter, WJ (reprint author), USDA, Crops Res Lab, 1701 Ctr Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 38 TC 52 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-7722 J9 J CONTAM HYDROL JI J. Contam. Hydrol. PD DEC 1 PY 2001 VL 53 IS 1-2 BP 119 EP 131 DI 10.1016/S0169-7722(01)00137-1 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 495KB UT WOS:000172338800007 PM 11816990 ER PT J AU Harbo, JR Harris, JW AF Harbo, JR Harris, JW TI Resistance to Varroa destructor (Mesostigmata : Varroidae) when mite-resistant queen honey bees (Hymenoptera : Apidae) were free-mated with unselected drones SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Apis mellifera; Varroa destructor; breeding; selection; resistance ID APIS-MELLIFERA L; JACOBSONI OUD; WORKER BROOD; BEHAVIOR; TOLERANCE; COLONIES; DEFENSE AB This study demonstrated (1) that honeybees, Apis mellifera L, can express a high level of resistance to Varroa destructor Anderson & Trueman when bees were selected for only one resistant trait (suppression of mite reproduction); and (2) that a significant level of mite-resistance was retained when these queens were free-mated with unselected drones. The test compared the growth of mite populations in colonies of bees that each received one of the following queens: (1) resistant-queens selected for suppression of mite reproduction and artificially inseminated in Baton Rouge with drones from similarly selected stocks; (2) resistant X control-resistant queens, as above, produced and free-mated to unselected drones by one of four commercial queen producers; and (3) control-commercial queens chosen by the same four queen producers and free-mated as above. All colonies started the test with approximate to0.9 kg; of bees that were naturally infested with approximate to 650 mites. Colonies with resistant X control queens ended the 115-d test period with significantly fewer mites than did colonies with control queens. This suggests that beekeepers can derive immediate benefit from mite-resistant queens that have been free-mated to unselected drones. Moreover, the production and distribution of these free-mated queens from many commercial sources may be an effective way to insert beneficial genes into our commercial population of honey bees without losing the genetic diversity and the useful beekeeping characteristics of this population. C1 USDA ARS, Honey Bee Breeding Genet & Physiol Lab, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 USA. RP Harbo, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Honey Bee Breeding Genet & Physiol Lab, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 USA. NR 19 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 3 U2 11 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 94 IS 6 BP 1319 EP 1323 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 502JT UT WOS:000172741000001 PM 11777031 ER PT J AU Wittmeyer, JL Coudron, TA AF Wittmeyer, JL Coudron, TA TI Life table parameters, reproductive rate, intrinsic rate of increase, and estimated cost of rearing Podisus maculiventris (Heteroptera : Pentatomidae) on an artificial diet SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Podisus maculiventris; beneficial insect; predator; intrinsic rate of increase; fecundity; rearing ID POTATO BEETLE COLEOPTERA; PERILLUS-BIOCULATUS; MATING STATUS; HOST PLANTS; SAY; CHRYSOMELIDAE; HEMIPTERA; PREDATION; OVIPOSITION; STATISTICS AB The impact of an insect-free artificial diet provided at nymphal and/or adult stage upon the developmental rate, life table parameters, and fertility table parameters was examined for Podisus maculiventris (Say). This study showed that when fed an insect-free artificial diet during both the nymphal and adult stage, developmental time was prolonged, preoviposition period was extended, and reproductive rate (R-0) and intrinsic rate of increase (r) were significantly lower than when fed larval insect prey at both nymphal and adult stages. Additionally, feeding larval prey to adults reared as nymphs on an artificial diet significantly increased the proportion of fertile females, the number of eggs laid by mated females, the reproductive rate and intrinsic rate of increase, but the mean generation time was not significantly different, Likewise, feeding artificial diet to adults reared on larval prey resulted in a significant reduction in reproductive rate and intrinsic rate of increase. The "realized" cost to rear P. maculiventris on the artificial diet was calculated (as the cost to double the population size) using raw material cost, fertility table parameters and doubling time values. Raw material cost for rearing P. maculiventris colony on Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) was only 1.4 times higher than the cost of artificial diet raw materials required to rear the same size colony. However, the realized cost of rearing was 3.5 times higher when rearing on artificial diet because of the prolonged developmental time and reduced reproductive output. The cost efficiency of rearing a beneficial insect on an artificial diet that decreases the intrinsic rate of increase of a colony is discussed, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of supplementing adult diets with natural prey at the reproductive stage. C1 USDA ARS, Biol Control Insects Res Lab, Columbia, MO 65203 USA. RP Wittmeyer, JL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biol Control Insects Res Lab, Res Pk,1503 S Providence Rd, Columbia, MO 65203 USA. NR 43 TC 46 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 8 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 94 IS 6 BP 1344 EP 1352 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 502JT UT WOS:000172741000005 PM 11777035 ER PT J AU Shelly, TE McInnis, DO AF Shelly, TE McInnis, DO TI Exposure to ginger root oil enhances mating success of irradiated, mass-reared males of Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera : Tephritidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ceratitis capitata; sterile insect technique; ginger root oil ID CERATITIS-CAPITATA DIPTERA; STERILE INSECT TECHNIQUE; FLIES DIPTERA; ALPHA-COPAENE; COMPETITIVENESS; COURTSHIP; BEHAVIOR; HAWAII AB Previous research revealed that exposure to ginger root oil, Zingiber officinale Roscoe, containing the known male attractant (alpha -copaene) increased the mating success of male Mediterranean fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), from a newly established laboratory colony. The goal of the current study was to determine whether exposure to ginger root oil likewise enhanced the mating competitiveness of irradiated C capitata males from a 5-yr-old mass-reared strain. Mating tests were conducted in field cages containing guava trees (Psidium guajava L.) to monitor the mating frequency of irradiated, mass-reared and wild males competing for wild females. In the absence of chemical exposure, wild males outcompeted the mass-reared males and obtained 74% of all matings. However, following exposure to ginger root oil (20 mul for 6 h), the mating frequencies were reversed. Whether exposed as mature (3-d-old) or immature (1-d-old) adults, mass-reared males achieved approximate to 75% of all matings in tests conducted 2 or 4 d following exposure, respectively. Irradiated, mass-reared males prevented from contacting the oil directly (i.e., exposed to the odor only for 6 h) still exhibited mating advantage over wild males. In an additional study, signaling levels and female arrivals were compared between males exposed to ginger root oil and nonexposed males, but no significant differences were detected. The implications of these findings for the sterile insect technique are discussed. C1 USDA, APHIS, Waimanalo, HI 96795 USA. Univ Hawaii, Hawaiian Evolutionary Biol Progra, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. USDA ARS, PBARC, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Shelly, TE (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, POB 1040, Waimanalo, HI 96795 USA. NR 23 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 94 IS 6 BP 1413 EP 1418 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 502JT UT WOS:000172741000013 PM 11777043 ER PT J AU Moreno, DS Celedonio, H Mangan, RL Zavala, JL Montoya, P AF Moreno, DS Celedonio, H Mangan, RL Zavala, JL Montoya, P TI Field evaluation of a phototoxic dye, phloxine B, against three species of fruit flies (Diptera : Tephritidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Mexican fruit fly; Mediterranean fruit fly; West Indian fruit fly; Diachasmimorpha longicaudata; phloxine B; phototoxic dye ID LIGHT-ACTIVATED TOXICITY; ERYTHROSIN-B; FLY AB The xanthene dye phloxine B (D&C Red #28) bait was sprayed against fruit flies in mango orchards in 1996 and 1997. The flies used for testing were Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew), West Indian fruit fly, Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart), and Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). Results of the experiments indicate that the toxic efficacy of phloxine B against these fruit flies is as good as that of malathion-bait sprays. Results also indicate that type of protein used with phloxine B can dramatically influence its efficacy, Hydrolyzed proteins of corn origin, Mazoferm 802 and Nutriplus, and one from microbial origin, Coltec yeast broth, were best. Phloxine B-bait applications as complete coverage or alternate swaths reduced fly populations as well as 19.5 or 9.8% (Al) malathion-Captor 300. Applications of phloxine B bait at concentrations of 0.12% phloxine B reduced populations as well as those applied at 0.48% (AI). The fruit fly parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata was adversely affected when exposed to phloxine B-Nutriplus bait but not when exposed to the other proteins. C1 USDA ARS, Kika de la Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Moreno, DS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Kika de la Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Bldg 200,2413 E Highway 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RI Marion-Poll, Frederic/D-8882-2011; Montoya, Pablo/A-7298-2015 OI Marion-Poll, Frederic/0000-0001-6824-0180; Montoya, Pablo/0000-0002-8415-3367 NR 31 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 8 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 94 IS 6 BP 1419 EP 1427 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 502JT UT WOS:000172741000014 PM 11777044 ER PT J AU Behle, RW AF Behle, RW TI Consumption of residue containing cucurbitacin feeding stimulant and reduced rates of carbaryl insecticide by western corn rootworm (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Diabrotica virgifera virgifera; cucurbitacin; carbaryl; consumption; mortality ID BEETLES COLEOPTERA; DIABROTICITE BEETLES; BAIT AB Application of insecticide at a reduced rate with a cucurbitacin-based Feeding stimulant is a viable alternative to a broadcast insecticide application for control of adult western corn rootworms, Diahrotica virgifera virgifera, LeConte. Because of the small amount of material applied, it is conceivable that a high density of beetles could consume all of the spray residue before economic control is achieved. A laboratory experiment was conducted to determine the amount of cucurbitacin-based spray residue consumed by beetles. Dried residue of four treatments were exposed to three groups of 10 rootworm beetles for 1 h each. Treatments consisted of a cucurbitacin-based adjuvant (Cidetrak CRW, Trece, Salinas, CA) with carbaryl insecticide (Sevin XLR. Plus, Rhone Poulenc, Research Triangle Park, NC) mixed at 0, 0.12, 1.2, and 12 g (AI)/liter. For the treatment with cucurbitacin adjuvant only (no insecticide), beetles consumed 0.029 mg beetle(-1) h(-1) of exposure. Approximately 54% of the beetles were recorded as feeding at any given time during the 60-min feeding period. However, when the spray residue contained carbaryl, no weight loss of treatment residue was measured, though the beetles were observed to feed from the residue during the first few minutes of exposure. When residue included insecticide, beetles quickly ceased feeding (within 20 min), and toxicity behavior was observed 30 min after initial exposure for up to 75% of the beetles, which were classified as moribund (unable to stand upright). Beetle mortality was recorded 24 h after exposure and demonstrated that male beetles (53% dead for three insecticide treatments) were more susceptible to carbaryl toxicity than female beetles (28% dead for three insecticide treatments). Regression analysis showed a significant positive relationship between mortality of female beetles and ovarian development. Based on the measurements of this experiment, it is unlikely that realistic beetle densities would consume enough spray residue to prevent economic control of the beetle population. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Crop Bioprotect Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Behle, RW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Crop Bioprotect Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 12 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 5 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 94 IS 6 BP 1428 EP 1433 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 502JT UT WOS:000172741000015 PM 11777045 ER PT J AU Gore, J Leonard, BR Adamczyk, JJ AF Gore, J Leonard, BR Adamczyk, JJ TI Bollworm (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) survival on 'Bollgard' and 'Bollgard II' cotton flower bud and flower components SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Helicoverpa zea; cotton; genetically modified; Bollgard; Bollgard II ID BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS; PROTEINS; LARVAE AB Genetically modified cotton, Gossypium hirsutum, L., cultivars ('Bollgard') that produce crystalline proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) are valuable tools for managing lepidopteran insect pests in the United States. However, high numbers of bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), larvae have been observed feeding in white flowers of these cultivars. Fresh tissue bioassays were conducted to investigate bollworm survival on Bollgard and 'Bollgard II' cottons. Bollworm survival was higher on square and flower anthers than on other floral structures on 'Deltapine 5415' (conventional cotton) and 'NuCOTN 33B' (Bollgard). Bollworm survival at 72 h was higher on all floral structures from Deltapine 5415 than on corresponding structures from NuCOTN 33B. ELISA tests indicated that CryIA(c) expression varied among plant parts; however, bollworm survival did not correlate with protein expression levels. Trends in bollworm survival on Bollgard II were similar to those on Bollgard and conventional cotton; however, survival was lower on all structures of Bollgard II than on corresponding structures of Bollgard and conventional cotton. These data support field observations of bollworm injury to white flowers and small bolls and provide a better understanding of larval behavior on Bollgard cotton. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Dept Entomol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. USDA ARS, SIMRU, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Gore, J (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Dept Entomol, 402 Life Sci Bldg, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 31 TC 73 Z9 81 U1 0 U2 8 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 94 IS 6 BP 1445 EP 1451 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 502JT UT WOS:000172741000017 PM 11777047 ER PT J AU Butler, MD Alderman, SC Hammond, PC Berry, RE AF Butler, MD Alderman, SC Hammond, PC Berry, RE TI Association of insects and ergot (Claviceps purpurea) in Kentucky bluegrass seed production fields SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Claviceps purpurea; Poa pratensis; Chortodes rufostrigata; grass seed; insect samples; disease samples ID OREGON AB Insects in Kentucky bluegrass seed production fields in Oregon, Iaho, and Washington were sampled just before harvest and their association with ergot conidia of Claviceps purpurea Fr. (Tul.) was evaluated during 1996-1998. A diversity of insects was observed at all three locations. The most abundant beneficial insects collected with sweep nets were Nysium spp., Nabis spp., ichneumonid wasps, and Hippodamia spp. The cranberry girdler, Chrysoteuchia topiaria (Zeller), was the only important pest on grass seed collected by sweep net. Numbers of aphids such as Sitobion avenae (F), cicadellids and thrips such as Anaphothrips spp. and Aptinothrips spp. that were collected with an aphid sampler were below economic thresholds. Other insect groups occurred in low numbers. Noctuid moths collected in universal blacklight traps included nine species of cutworms and armyworms. Protagrotis obscura (B. & McD.) was the most common cutworm species and was present in all fields. The moth Chortodes rufostrigata (Pack) previously reported only from wet meadows in northeast and south central Oregon was found in Kentucky bluegrass fields in central Oregon, suggesting that irrigated Kentucky bluegrass seed production fields may simulate a montane meadow habitat. Conidia of C. purpurea were found on a diversity of insects, including moths, flies, leafhoppers, and thrips. Up to 100% of moths and 75% of flies collected from some fields carried conidia of C purpurea. No correlation between ergot honeydew present in a field and number of insects with conidia of C. purpurea was detected. C1 Oregon State Univ, Cent Oregon Agr Res Ctr, Madras, OR 97741 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Forage Seed Prod Res Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Entomol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Butler, MD (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Cent Oregon Agr Res Ctr, Madras, OR 97741 USA. NR 21 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 7 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 94 IS 6 BP 1471 EP 1476 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 502JT UT WOS:000172741000021 PM 11777051 ER PT J AU Higbee, BS Calkins, CO Temple, CA AF Higbee, BS Calkins, CO Temple, CA TI Overwintering of codling moth (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae) larvae in apple harvest bins and subsequent moth emergence SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Cydia pomonella; codling moth; overwintering; apple; pear; pest management ID ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODES AB Codling moths, Cydia pomonella (L.), have long been suspected of emerging from stacks of harvest bins in the spring and causing damage to nearby apple and pear orchards. With increased use of mating disruption for codling moth control, outside sources of infestation have become more of a concern for growers using pheromone based mating disruption systems. Studies were designed to provide information on bins as a source of codling moth and the pattern of codling moth emergence from stacks of bins. In these studies, codling moth larvae colonized wood harvest bins at a much higher frequency than hai-vest bins made of injection molded plastic (189 moths emerged from wood compared with five from plastic). There was no statistical difference in the number of moths infesting bins that had been filled with infested fruit compared with bins left empty at harvest. This suggests that codling moth enter the bins during the time that the bins are in the orchard before harvest. Emergence of laboratory reared adult codling moth from wood bins placed in stacks was found to be prolonged compared with field populations. Temperature differences within the bin stacks accounted for this attenuated emergence pattern. Covering bin stacks with clear plastic accelerated codling moth development in the upper levels of the stack. Codling moth emergence patterns from plastic-covered stacks more closely coincided with male flight in field populations. This information could be important in developing a technique for neutralizing codling moth-infested bins, and in understanding how infested bins may influence pest management in fruit orchards that are located near bin piles. Implications for control of codling moth in Conventional orchards and in those using mating disruption as the principal component of an integrated pest management system include increased numbers of treatments directed at areas affected by infested bins. C1 ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, USDA, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. RP Higbee, BS (reprint author), ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, USDA, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. NR 27 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 10 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 94 IS 6 BP 1511 EP 1517 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 502JT UT WOS:000172741000027 PM 11777057 ER PT J AU Toscano, NC Prabhaker, N Castle, SJ Henneberry, TJ AF Toscano, NC Prabhaker, N Castle, SJ Henneberry, TJ TI Inter-regional differences in baseline toxicity of Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera : Aleyrodidae) to the two insect growth regulators, buprofezin and pyriproxyfen SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bemisia argentifolii; whiteflies; resistance monitoring; baseline susceptibility ID HORMONE ANALOG PYRIPROXYFEN; POTATO WHITEFLY HOMOPTERA; MANAGING RESISTANCE; EMBRYOGENESIS; TABACI AB A survey of 53 Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring populations from different agricultural regions in California and Arizona was conducted from 1997 to 1999 to establish baseline toxicological responses to buprofezin and pyriproxyfen. Although both compounds proved to be highly toxic even in minute quantities to specific stages, geographical and temporal differences in responses were detected using a leaf spray bioassay technique. Monitoring for three years revealed that six to seven populations had higher LC(50) values but not greater survival when exposed to these two insecticides. A significant difference in relative susceptibility to buprofezin was first observed in late season 1997 in San Joaquin Valley populations with LC(50)s ranging from 16 to 22 mg (AI) / liter(-1) compared with LC(50)s of 1 to 3 mg (AI) / liter(-1) in Imperial, Palo Verde Valley and Yuma populations. Whiteflies collected in subsequent years from these and other locations showed an increase in susceptibility to buprofezin. Regional differences in susceptibilities to pyriproxyfen were minimal within the same years. Three years of sampling revealed consistently higher LC50s to pyriproxyfen in populations from Palo Verde Valley, CA, compared with whiteflies from Imperial, San Joaquin Valley or Yuma. As was the case with buprofezin, a decline in LC(50)s to pyriproxyfen was observed in whiteflies from all locations sampled in 1999. However, no correlation was observed between buprofezin and pyriproxyfen toxicity in,my of the strains. The variable toxicities observed to both compounds over a period of 3 yr may be due principally to inherent differences among geographical populations or due to past chemical use which may confer positive or negative cross-resistance to buprofezin or pyriproxyfen. C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Entomol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Toscano, NC (reprint author), Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Entomol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. EM nick.toscano@ucr.edu NR 28 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 7 PU ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 10001 DEREKWOOD LANE, STE 100, LANHAM, MD 20706-4876 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 94 IS 6 BP 1538 EP 1546 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 502JT UT WOS:000172741000031 PM 11777061 ER PT J AU Adamczyk, JJ Adams, LC Hardee, DD AF Adamczyk, JJ Adams, LC Hardee, DD TI Field efficacy and seasonal expression profiles for terminal leaves of single and double Bacillus thuringiensis toxin cotton genotypes SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE transgenic cotton varieties; ELISA; Bacillus thuringiensis quantification; dual-toxin ID LEPIDOPTERA; PROTEIN AB Evaluation of commercial Cry1Ac transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) cotton varieties (Bollgard, Monsanto, St. Louis, MO) and an experimental Cry1Ac + Cry2Ab transgenic Bt cotton variety (Bollgard II, Monsanto) for lepidopteran field efficacy was conducted during the 2000 growing season. In addition, a commercially available (Envirologix, Portland, ME) quantification assay (ELISA) was used to measure and profile the expression levels of Cry proteins in two of these varieties ['DP 50B, Bollgard'; 'DP 50BII, Bollgard II' (Delta & Pine Land, Scott, MS)]. Populations of beet armyworms, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), and soybean loopers, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in Bollgard II plots compared with Bollgard. Population numbers for fall armyworms, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), and salt marsh caterpillars, Estigmene acrea (Drury), were lower in Bollgard II plots compared with Bollgard but means did not differ significantly (P > 0.05). Single and dual-toxin genotypes remained superior (P < 0.05) compared with conventional cotton against the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.). The addition of Cry2Ab had no significant (P > 0.05) impact on Cry1Ac expression in Bollgard II compared with Cry1Ac expression in Bollgard. Furthermore. throughout the season Cry2Ab was present at much higher levels in the plant compared with Cry1Ac for Bollgard II plants. Possible species-specific reasons for increased efficacy of Bollgard II over Bollgard are discussed. C1 USDA ARS, So Insect Management Res Unit, MSA, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Adamczyk, JJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Insect Management Res Unit, MSA, POB 346, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 22 TC 89 Z9 105 U1 3 U2 15 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 94 IS 6 BP 1589 EP 1593 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 502JT UT WOS:000172741000039 PM 11777069 ER PT J AU Geden, CJ Carlson, DA AF Geden, CJ Carlson, DA TI Mechanical barrier for preventing climbing by lesser mealworm (Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae) and hi de beetle (Coleoptera : Dermestidae) larvae in poultry houses SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE litter beetles; mechanical barrier; lesser mealworm; hide beetle; Dermestes maculatus; Alphitobius diaperinus ID ALPHITOBIUS-DIAPERINUS COLEOPTERA; BEAUVERIA-BASSIANA MONILIALES; RESERVOIR COMPETENCE; LITTER; ENTEROBACTERIACEAE; EUBACTERIALES; DIPTERA; DAMAGE; PESTS; TREE AB Mechanical barriers consisting of bands of polyethylene terepthalate resin attached to wooden posts by latex caulk adhesive and staples were 100% effective in preventing passage. of dispersing lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer), larvae in the laboratory. Barriers continued to be 100% effective after being held in a caged laver poultry house for 3 mo, Polyethylene continued to be 100% effective after being terepthalate barriers installed oil support posts in a pullet house in Brooker, FL, were > 92% effective against natural populations of lesser mealworm larvae 6 mo after installation. The barriers also were > 94% effective against natural populations of larvae of the hide beetle, Dermestes maculatus DeGeer, when fly populations were low. Fecal spot depositions by house flies in excess of 31 cumulative fly spots per, square centimeter oil spot cards reduced the effectiveness of the barriers to 79 -90%, and barrier efficacy was reduced to 40-56% when hurt fly spots covered > 80% of the surface of the plastic, Washing the barriers with water to remove fly spots restored their effectiveness against hide beetle larvae to > 99%. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Geden, CJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 33 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 6 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 94 IS 6 BP 1610 EP 1616 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 502JT UT WOS:000172741000042 PM 11777072 ER PT J AU Burfisher, ME Robinson, S Thierfelder, K AF Burfisher, ME Robinson, S Thierfelder, K TI The impact of NAFTA on the United States SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article C1 USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC USA. Int Food Policy Res Inst, Trade & Macroecon Div, Washington, DC 20036 USA. USN Acad, Annapolis, MD 21402 USA. RP Burfisher, ME (reprint author), USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC USA. NR 45 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER ECONOMIC ASSOC PI NASHVILLE PA 2014 BROADWAY, STE 305, NASHVILLE, TN 37203 USA SN 0895-3309 J9 J ECON PERSPECT JI J. Econ. Perspect. PD WIN PY 2001 VL 15 IS 1 BP 125 EP 144 DI 10.1257/jep.15.1.125 PG 20 WC Economics SC Business & Economics GA 407EG UT WOS:000167258800010 ER PT J AU Shy, G Ehler, L Herman, E Galili, G AF Shy, G Ehler, L Herman, E Galili, G TI Expression patterns of genes encoding endomembrane proteins support a reduced function of the Golgi in wheat endosperm during the onset of storage protein deposition SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE wheat; storage proteins; endoplasmic reticulum; storage vacuoles; endomembrane system ID TRANSPORT; VACUOLES AB Wheat storage proteins are deposited in the vacuole of maturing endosperm cells by a novel pathway that is the result of protein body formation by the endoplasmic reticulum followed by autophagy into the central vacuole, bypassing the Golgi apparatus. This model predicts a reduced role of the Golgi in storage protein accumulation, which has been supported by electron microscopy observations. To study this issue further, wheat cDNAs encoding three distinct proteins of the endomembrane system were cloned and characterized. The proteins encoded were homologues (i) of the ER translocon component Sec61 alpha, (ii) the vacuolar sorting receptor BP-80 which is located in the Golgi and clathrin-coated prevacuole vesicles (CCV), and (iii) the Golgi COPI coatomer component COP alpha. During endosperm development, the levels of all three mRNAs were highest in young stages, before the onset of storage protein synthesis, and declined with seed maturation. However, the relative mRNA levels of BP-80/Sec61 alpha and the COP alpha /Sec61 alphaa were lower during the onset of storage protein synthesis than at earlier stages of endosperm development. These results support previous studies, suggesting a reduced function of the Golgi apparatus in wheat storage protein transport and deposition. C1 Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Plant Sci, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. USDA, Soybean Genom Improvement Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Galili, G (reprint author), Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Plant Sci, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. NR 9 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 4 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0022-0957 J9 J EXP BOT JI J. Exp. Bot. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 52 IS 365 BP 2387 EP 2388 DI 10.1093/jexbot/52.365.2387 PG 2 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 496XC UT WOS:000172422800015 PM 11709589 ER PT J AU DeGraaf, RM Maier, TJ AF DeGraaf, RM Maier, TJ TI Obtaining and storing House Sparrow eggs in quantity for nest-predation experiments SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ARTIFICIAL-NEST; QUAIL EGGS; SUCCESS; FOREST; EDGE; SIZE AB House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) eggs are useful in artificial nest experiments because they are approximately the same size and shell thickness as those of many forest passerines. House Sparrow eggs can be readily collected in quantity by providing nest boxes in active livestock barns. We collected over 1200 eggs in three years (320-567 per year) from a colony of about 24 breeding pairs by providing 60 nest boxes. Eggs dry-refrigerated at 8-9 degreesC lost mass after 2 weeks, whereas eggs submerged in sodium silicate solution at 8-9 degreesC remained fresh for 2 months until deployment. Eggs stored in sodium silicate solution should be rinsed with clean water before use. C1 Univ Massachusetts, US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP DeGraaf, RM (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, 201 Holdsworth Hall, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. NR 23 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD WIN PY 2001 VL 72 IS 1 BP 124 EP 130 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 403ZD UT WOS:000167072200014 ER PT J AU Miller-Ihli, NJ Baker, SA AF Miller-Ihli, NJ Baker, SA TI Trace element composition of municipal waters in the United States: A comparison of ICP-AES and ICP-MS methods SO JOURNAL OF FOOD COMPOSITION AND ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE trace elements; municipal water; inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry; (ICP-AES); inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS); nationwide sampling ID SPECTROMETRY AB A collaborative project was outlined by representatives of the Nutrient Data Laboratory and the Food Composition Laboratory of the United States Department of Agriculture. The purpose of the project was to obtain trace element (Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, P, K, Na, Mn, Zn, Co, Cr, Ni and V) composition data for municipal waters sampled around the United States during three different seasons. Several sub-goals were outlined: (1) Compare inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) methods for the direct determination of nutritionally important elements in water; (2) Compare data from this study with a national, probability-based sampling plan, to existing published data in U.S. Department of Agriculture's Standard Reference Database SR-13; (3) Consider the variability of values comparing different locations; (4) Evaluate seasonal variability; (5) Conclude as to whether or not this high consumption product is a reasonable source of trace elements in the human diet, Results from the study indicated that the excellent detection capability of ICP-MS provided Cr, Ni and V results at the ppb level and also provided P and K data, all of which will be significant positive additions to USDA's Standard Reference Database SR-13. Correlation studies comparing ICP-MS and ICP-AES data showed excellent agreement (Ca, Cu, Mg, Na R = 0.99 +; K R = 0.96). No real significant seasonal variability was identified during the course of the study. This study highlighted the fact that water is not a significant source of most trace elements in the U.S. diet. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 USDA, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Food Composit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Miller-Ihli, NJ (reprint author), USDA, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Food Composit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 11 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0889-1575 J9 J FOOD COMPOS ANAL JI J. Food Compos. Anal. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 14 IS 6 BP 619 EP 629 DI 10.1006/jfca.2001.1024 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 518KZ UT WOS:000173668600008 ER PT J AU Seo, KH Holt, PS Gast, RK AF Seo, KH Holt, PS Gast, RK TI Comparison of Salmonella enteritidis infection in hens molted via long-term feed withdrawal versus full-fed wheat middling SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID WHITE LEGHORN HENS; LAYING HENS; TRANSMISSION; CHICKENS; LACTOSE AB Molting is an important economic management tool for the layer industry as a means of maximizing the effective laying life of a flock. Previous work has shown that molting birds through feed removal (FM) increased the severity of a Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) infection. The current study was conducted to follow the progression of an SE infection in unmolted hens versus hens molted via 14-day FM or ad libitum feeding of wheat middlings (WM), in the presence or absence of 2.5% lactose administered in the drinking water. In two trials of the experiment, all hens were infected with approximately 1 x 10(7) SE at day 4 of molt and sampled for SE shedding on days 4, 10, 17, and 24. postinfection (PI). Organ levels of SE were determined on day 7 PI. All molt procedures caused cessation of egg lay within 3 to 7 days. In trials 1 and 2, birds subjected to total FM shed 3 to 5 logs more SE than either the control birds (unmolted) or the birds fed WM on days 4 and 10 PI. Liver and spleen, ovary, and cecum counts were also significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the fasted birds in one trial and liver and spleen and cecum counts in the second. No differences in any of the SE counts were observed in unmolted versus WM-fed birds. Lactose supplementation in drinking water did not provide any advantage in reducing SE infection in either trial. These results indicate that there are alternative methods to long-term FM that can be used to molt birds and not increase the risk for SE problems. How these alternative methods compare with FM with regard to second-cycle egg production and the mechanisms involved in the reduced SE shedding remain to be investigated. C1 USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Holt, PS (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, 934 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RI Tast Lahti, Elina/R-8664-2016 NR 15 TC 48 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 64 IS 12 BP 1917 EP 1921 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 502ZG UT WOS:000172772200005 PM 11770617 ER PT J AU Craven, SE AF Craven, SE TI Occurrence of Clostridium perfringens in the broiler chicken processing plant as determined by recovery in iron milk medium SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID ENUMERATION; SCALDER; ANIMALS AB Over 30 years ago, Clostridium perfringens was reported as a contaminant of the processing plant and processed carcasses of broiler chickens. Poultry processing procedures and methods for detecting C. perfringens have changed since that time. Therefore, a study was conducted to determine the incidence and numbers of C. perfringens in the water of the scald tank, the water of the chill tank, and the rinse water of the processed carcasses from modern broiler chicken processing plants. In trial 1, collected samples were inoculated into iron milk medium (IMM) and incubated at 46 degreesC for 18 h (the traditional method) or at 37 degreesC for 3 h followed by incubation at 46 degreesC for 15 h (an injury recovery method). Each of three preselected broiler chicken flocks from two integrators were the first processed for that processing shift. The overall incidence of confirmed C. perfringens in samples associated with the three flocks was 40% of postprocessing scald water samples, 13% of preprocessing chill water samples, 13% of postprocessing chill water samples. and 19% of carcass rinses. The incidence of C. perfringens in samples incubated in IMM using the injury recovery procedure was significantly higher than in samples incubated in IMM by the traditional method, but only when all samples associated with the three flocks were pooled. In trial 2, water samples from each tank of a three-tank counterflow scalder, water samples from the prechill and chill tank, and samples of carcass rinses were collected in the middle of a processing shift during multiple visit. to a processing plant, Samples were inoculated into IMM with neomycin and polymyxin B sulfate (IMMA) and incubated using the traditional and injure recovery procedures. The incidence of C. perfringens in water samples was 100% from scald tank 1. 100% from scald tank 2. 100% from scald tank 3, 88% from the prechill tank, and 63% from the chill tank. The incidence in carcass rinse samples was 67%. The mean most probably number (MPN) of C. perfringens for contaminated samples decreased from long(10) 5.07/100 ml of water in scald tank I to log(10) 1.26/100 ml of water in the chill tank. The mean MPN in carcass rinse samples was log(10) 1.20 C. perfringens per 100 ml. The incidence and mean MPN of C. perfringens in these samples after heat shock at 75 degreesC for 20 min was somewhat less, but high enough to indicate that much of the contamination arises from heat-resistant spores of this organism. In trial 2, there were no differences in incidence and MPN of C. perfringens in samples incubated in IMMA with the traditional method or the injury recovery method. C1 USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Poultry Microbiol Safety Res Unit, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Craven, SE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Poultry Microbiol Safety Res Unit, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 21 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 64 IS 12 BP 1956 EP 1960 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 502ZG UT WOS:000172772200011 PM 11770623 ER PT J AU Castelo, MM Koohmaraie, M Berry, ED AF Castelo, MM Koohmaraie, M Berry, ED TI Microbial and quality attributes of ground pork prepared from commercial pork trim treated with combination intervention processes SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; STEAM-VACUUM SANITIZER; CARCASS SURFACE TISSUE; HOT-WATER; LACTIC-ACID; TRISODIUM PHOSPHATE; SPRAY WASHES; BEEF CARCASSES; ACETIC-ACID; RAW BEEF AB The effects of combination intervention treatments of commercial pork trim on microbial and quality attributes of the subsequent ground pork were examined. Fresh commercial pork trim was inoculated with swine feces and subjected to five different intervention treatments: (i) control (untreated), (ii) water (15 degreesC, 120 s), (iii) water followed by 2% lactic acid wash (15 degreesC, 75 s), (iv) Combination 1 (water plus lactic acid plus hot air [510 degreesC, 90 s]), and (v) Combination 2 (hot air plus water plus hot air). Following treatment, the pork brim was stored at 4 degreesC for 24 h, then ground, stuffed, vacuum packaged, and stored at 4 degreesC for 21 days. Populations of aerobic bacteria, coliforms, Escherichia coli, and lactic acid bacteria in the ground pork were monitored before treatment, after treatment (day 0), and at 2, 7, 14 and 21 days. In addition, uninoculated pork trim was treated as described above, and the color and emulsion stability of the ground product was evaluated. Ground pork prepared from trim treated with any of the treatment processes had lower initial microbial populations compared to the untreated samples. The applications of water plus lactic acid or Combination 1, which included a lactic acid wash, were more effective than water or Combination 2 at both reducing initial populations and suppressing the growth of aerobic bacteria, coliforms, and E. coli in ground pork during refrigerated storage. By day 21, populations of aerobic bacteria in ground pork prepared from control, water-treated, and Combination 2-treated trim were 8.22 to 8.32 log CFU/g, but in water plus lactic acid and Combination 1 ground pork, populations were 6.32 and 4.90 log CFU/g, respectively. Among the trim interventions examined, Combination I was most detrimental to the color and emulsion stability of the ground pork. The water plus lactic acid treatment provided the greatest microbial reduction and inhibition without large negative effects on quality attributes of the ground pork. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Berry, ED (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 NR 33 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 64 IS 12 BP 1981 EP 1987 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 502ZG UT WOS:000172772200015 PM 11770627 ER PT J AU Rajkowski, KT Thayer, DW AF Rajkowski, KT Thayer, DW TI Alfalfa seed germination and yield ratio and alfalfa sprout microbial keeping quality following irradiation of seeds and sprouts SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; SURFACE STERILIZATION; GAMMA-IRRADIATION; LETTUCE; DISINFECTION; HYPOCHLORITE; VEGETABLES; POPULATION; SALMONELLA; RADIATION AB Foods can be treated with gamma radiation, a nonthermal food process, to inactivate foodborne pathogens and fungi, to kill insects on or in fruits and vegetables, and to increase shelf life. Gamma irradiation is especially well suited for these treatments because of its ability to penetrate commercial pallets of foods. Irradiated fruit, vegetables, poultry, and hamburger have been received favorably by the public and are now available in supermarkets. The use of irradiation on fresh alfalfa sprouts was studied to determine its effect on keeping quality as related to aerobic microbial load, After an irradiation dose of 2 kGy, the total aerobic count decreased from 10(5-8) to 10(3-5) CFU/g, and the total coliform counts decreased from 10(5-8) to 10(3-0) CFU/g. The results showed that the sprouts maintained their structure after irradiation. and the keeping quality was extended to 21 days, which is an increase of 10 days from the usual shelf life. The effect of various doses of irradiation on alfalfa seeds as measured by percent germination and yield ratio (wt/wt) of sprouts was determined. There was little effect on the percent germination, but as the dose increased, the yield ratio of alfalfa sprouts decreased. As the length of growing time increased, so did the yield ratio of the lower dose irradiated seeds (1 to 2 kGy). The irradiation process can be used to increase the shelf life of alfalfa sprouts, and irradiating alfalfa seeds at doses up to 2 kGy does not unacceptably decrease the yield ratio for production of alfalfa sprouts. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Rajkowski, KT (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 37 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 8 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 64 IS 12 BP 1988 EP 1995 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 502ZG UT WOS:000172772200016 PM 11770628 ER PT J AU Frenzen, PD DeBess, EE Hechemy, KE Kassenborg, H Kennedy, M McCombs, K McNees, A AF Frenzen, PD DeBess, EE Hechemy, KE Kassenborg, H Kennedy, M McCombs, K McNees, A CA Foodnet Working Grp TI Consumer acceptance of irradiated meat and poultry in the United States SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID FOOD-CONSUMPTION; ILLNESS; RISK AB Food manufacturers in the United States are currently allowed to irradiate raw meat and poultry to control microbial pathogens and began marketing irradiated beef products in mid-2000. Consumers can reduce their risk of foodborne illness by substituting irradiated meat and poultry for nonirradiated products, particularly if they are more susceptible to foodborne illness. The objective of this study was to identify the individual characteristics associated with willingness to buy irradiated meat and poultry, with a focus on five risk factors for foodborne illness: unsafe food handling and consumption behavior. young and old age, and compromised immune status. A logistic regression model of willingness to buy irradiated meat or poultry was estimated using data from the 1998-1999 FoodNet Population Survey, a single-stage random-digit dialing telephone survey conducted in seven sites covering 11% of the U.S. population. Nearly one-half (49.8%) of the 10.780 adult respondents were willing to buy irradiated meat or poultry. After adjusting for other factors, consumer acceptance of these products was associated with male gender, greater education. higher household income. food irradiation knowledge, household exposure to raw meat and poultry, consumption of animal flesh, and geographic location. However. there was no difference in consumer acceptance by any of the foodborne illness risk factors. It is unclear why persons at increased risk of foodborne illness were not more willing to buy irradiated products, which could reduce the hazards they faced from handling or undercooking raw meat or poultry contaminated by microbial pathogens. C1 US Econ Res Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20036 USA. Oregon Hlth Div, Portland, OR 97232 USA. New York State Dept Hlth, Wadsworth Ctr Labs & Res, Albany, NY 12201 USA. Minnesota Dept Hlth, Acute Dis Epidemiol Sect, Minneapolis, MN 55440 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Georgia Div Publ Hlth, Notifiable Dis Unit, Atlanta, GA 30033 USA. Calif Emerging Infect Program, San Francisco, CA 94103 USA. RP Frenzen, PD (reprint author), US Econ Res Serv, USDA, 1800 M St NW, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 44 TC 27 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 6 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 64 IS 12 BP 2020 EP 2026 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 502ZG UT WOS:000172772200021 PM 11770633 ER PT J AU Berrang, ME Buhr, RJ Cason, JA Dickens, JA AF Berrang, ME Buhr, RJ Cason, JA Dickens, JA TI Broiler carcass contamination with Campylobacter from feces during defeathering SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID POULTRY; JEJUNI; RECOVERY; LEVEL AB Three sets of experiments were conducted to explore the increase in recovery of Campylobacter from broiler carcasses after defeathering. In the first set of experiments, live broilers obtained from a commercial processor were transported to a pilot plant, and breast skin was sampled by a sponge wipe method before and after defeathering. One of 120 broiler breast skin samples was positive for Campylobacter before defeathering, and 95 of 120 were positive after defeathering. In the second set of experiments, Campylobacter-free flocks were identified, subjected to feed withdrawal, and transported to the pilot plant. Carcasses were intracloacally inoculated with Campylobacter (10(7) CFU) just prior to entering the scald tank. Breast skin sponge samples were negative for Campylobacter before carcasses entered the picker (0 of 120 samples). After defeathering, 69 of 120 samples were positive for Campylobacter, with an average of log(10) 2.7 CFU per sample (approximately 30 cm(2)). The third set of experiments was conducted using Campylobacter-positive broilers obtained at a commercial processing plant and transported live to the pilot plant. Just prior to scalding, the cloacae were plugged with tampons and sutured shut on half of the carcasses. Plugged carcasses were scalded, and breast skin samples taken before and after defeathering were compared with those collected from control broilers from the same flock. Prior to defeathering, 1 of 120 breast skin sponge samples were positive for the control carcasses, and 0 of 120 were positive for the plugged carcasses. After passing through the picker, 120 of 120 control carcasses had positive breast shin sponge samples, with an average of log(10) 4.2 CFU per sample (approximately 30 cm(2)). Only 13 of 120 plugged carcasses had detectable numbers of Campylobacter on the breast skin sponge, with an average of log(10) 2.5 CFU per sample. These data indicate that an increase in the recovery of Campylobacter after defeathering can be related to the escape of contaminated feces from the cloaca during defeathering. C1 USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Poultry Proc & Meat Qual Res Unit, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Berrang, ME (reprint author), USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Poultry Proc & Meat Qual Res Unit, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 15 TC 80 Z9 83 U1 3 U2 7 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 64 IS 12 BP 2063 EP 2066 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 502ZG UT WOS:000172772200027 PM 11770639 ER PT J AU Edrington, TS Harvey, RB Farrington, LA Nisbet, DJ AF Edrington, TS Harvey, RB Farrington, LA Nisbet, DJ TI Evaluation of subtherapeutic use of the antibiotics apramycin and carbadox on the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella infection in swine SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID FECAL ESCHERICHIA-COLI; UNITED-STATES; BACTERIA; CANADA; FARMS; PIGS AB The antibiotics apramycin and carbadox were fed to growing swine, and the prevalence of Salmonella isolates that are resistant to apramycin and related aminoglycoside antibiotics was examined. Three hundred twelve Salmonella-positive pigs raised on one of five farms in an integrated swine operation and slaughtered at a central plant were used. All farms fed carbadox during the grower phase, and two farms administered apramycin during the first 21 days of age. Ileocolic lymph nodes and cecal contents were sampled at slaughter. One hundred of the 312 pigs were randomly selected to examine apramycin- and carbadox-resistant Salmonella infection, while all 312 pigs were used to evaluate the association between apramycin exposure and infection with Salmonella organisms resistant to amikacin, gentamicin, kanamycin, and streptomycin. Antimicrobial resistance was determined using disk diffusion and breakpoint concentrations. Apramycin treatment appeared to have little effect on apramycin- (12.5 versus 20.9%) or streptomycin- (76.4 versus 73.5%) resistant Salmonella isolates when averaged across farms and compared to control animals. Feeding carbadox resulted in carbadox-resistant Salmonella infection in only 5.3% of the isolates on one farm. The prevalence of amikacin-, gentamicin-, and kanamycin-resistant Salmonella isolates on farms feeding apramycin and carbadox were 0, 0, and 1.8%, respectively. Serogroup B was the most prevalent serogroup isolated, followed by C1 and E1. Apramycin and carbadox treatment did not appear to have any effect on the serogroup isolated. Subtherapeutic use of carbadox and apramycin did not appear to increase the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella in market-age swine. C1 USDA, So Plains Agr Res Serv, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Grady Hlth Syst, Dept Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA 30335 USA. RP Edrington, TS (reprint author), USDA, So Plains Agr Res Serv, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 24 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 64 IS 12 BP 2067 EP 2070 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 502ZG UT WOS:000172772200028 PM 11770640 ER PT J AU Huang, LH Juneja, VK AF Huang, LH Juneja, VK TI A new kinetic model for thermal inactivation of microorganisms: Development and validation using Escherichia coli O157 : H7 as a test organism SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID HEAT-RESISTANCE; GROUND-BEEF AB A new kinetic model has been proposed to simulate the nonlinear behavior of survivor curves frequently observed in thermal inactivation of microorganisms. This model incorporates a time component into the first-order inactivation kinetics and is capable of describing the linear, convex, and concave survivor curves. The model was validated using Escherichia coli O157:H7 as a test microorganism. Ground beef (93% lean) samples inoculated to 10(7) to 10(8) CFU/g of meat were subjected to immersion heating at 55, 57.5, 60, 62.5, and 65 degreesC, respectively, in a water bath. All the survivor curves in this study showed upward concavity. Linear and nonlinear regressions were used to fit the survivor curves to the linear first-order inactivation kinetics and the proposed model. Analyses showed that the new kinetic model provides it much better estimate of the thermal inactivation behavior of E. coli O157:H7 in ground beef. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Food Safety Res Unit, Wyndmoor, PA 19039 USA. RP Huang, LH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Food Safety Res Unit, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19039 USA. NR 14 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 5 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 64 IS 12 BP 2078 EP 2082 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 502ZG UT WOS:000172772200031 PM 11770643 ER PT J AU LeVan-Green, SL Livingston, JM AF LeVan-Green, SL Livingston, JM TI Value-added uses for small-diameter trees SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, State & Private Forestry Technol Mkt Unit, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP LeVan-Green, SL (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, State & Private Forestry Technol Mkt Unit, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 99 IS 12 BP 25 EP 26 PG 2 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 494WG UT WOS:000172308400007 ER PT J AU Schuler, A Adair, C Elias, E AF Schuler, A Adair, C Elias, E TI Engineered lumber products - Taking their place in the global market SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE composites; economics; industry; international forestry AB World demand for engineered lumber products is driven by a shift to performance-based building codes; the changing nature of the softwood fiber supply; worldwide demand for affordable housing; and advances in resin technology and wood conversion systems. From structural composite lumber to prefabricated wood l-joists and glulam, these products extend the forest resource by allowing higher product recoveries and using conversion technology that facilitates broader use of underutilized species and sizes. They also enable higher stumpage prices as markets are created for a wider range of species, grades, and sizes of timber. And sustainable forestry objectives are enhanced as markets for small-diameter, low-grade fiber are developed throughout the world. C1 US Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, USDA, NE Res Stn, Princeton, WV 24740 USA. APA Engineered Wood Assoc, Market Res, Tacoma, WA USA. APA Engineered Wood Assoc, Int Markets, Tacoma, WA USA. RP Schuler, A (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, USDA, NE Res Stn, 241 Mercer Springs Rd, Princeton, WV 24740 USA. NR 39 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 3 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 99 IS 12 BP 28 EP 35 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 494WG UT WOS:000172308400008 ER PT J AU Spencer, DF Ksander, GG AF Spencer, DF Ksander, GG TI Comparison of light compensation points for two submersed macrophytes SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POTAMOGETON; CARBON; GROWTH AB A laboratory growth experiment indicated that the ribbon-leaved Potamogeton gramineus L. had a lower light compensation point for growth (LCP) than the thread-leaved P. pectinatus L. LCP and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were 0.86 M m(-2) day(-1) (95% CI, -0.006 to 1.540) and 3.87 M m(-2) day(-1) (95% CI, 3.12 to 4.63), respectively. When germinated propagules of each species were planted in a P. gramineus stand in the Byrnes Canal, P. pectinatus exhibited lower survival than similar plants placed in the canal but outside the P. gramineus bed. Mean plant weight for P. pectinatus grown within the plant bed was less than 10% of that for plants grown outside the P. gramineus bed. Neither survival nor mean dry weight of P. gramineus planted at the same sites differed among the sites. Estimates of light levels in the P. gramineus bed indicated that shading by P. gramineus reduced light to levels at or below the LCP for P. pectinatus but above the LCP for P. gramineus. These results suggest that P. pectinatus may be displaced from areas inhabited by P. gramineus due to reduced light availability. C1 Univ Calif Davis, USDA ARS, Exot & Invas Weeds Res Unit, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Spencer, DF (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, USDA ARS, Exot & Invas Weeds Res Unit, Robbins Hall, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 19 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 16 IS 4 BP 509 EP 515 DI 10.1080/02705060.2001.9663842 PG 7 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 504ZH UT WOS:000172885900004 ER PT J AU Johnson, CM Perez, DR French, R Merrick, WC Donis, RO AF Johnson, CM Perez, DR French, R Merrick, WC Donis, RO TI The NS5A protein of bovine viral diarrhoea virus interacts with the alpha subunit of translation elongation factor-1 SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID DEPENDENT RNA-POLYMERASE; BROME MOSAIC-VIRUS; FACTOR 1-ALPHA; FACTOR-I; RABBIT RETICULOCYTES; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; MOLECULAR-CLONING; PESTIVIRUS GENOME; FACTOR-TU; EF-TU AB A cellular protein that interacts with the NS5A polypeptide of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) was identified in a yeast two-hybrid screen. The NS5A interactor was identified as the oc subunit of bovine translation elongation factor 1A (eEF1A). Cell-free binding studies were performed with chimeric NS5A fused to glutathione S-transferase (GST-NS5A) expressed in bacteria. GST-NS5A bound specifically to both in vitro-translated and mammalian cell-expressed eEF1A. Moreover, purified eEF1A bound specifically to GST-NS5A attached to a solid phase. Conservation of this interaction was then analysed using a set of NS5A proteins derived from divergent BVDV strains encompassing known biotypes and genotypes. NS5A from all BVDV strains tested so far interacted with eEF1A. The conserved association of eEF1A with virus molecules involved in genome replication and the postulated role of pestivirus and hepacivirus NS5A in replication indicate that this interaction may play a role in the replication of BVDV. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Vet & Biomed Sci 202 VBS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Dept Plant Pathol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. RP Donis, RO (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Vet & Biomed Sci 202 VBS, Fair St & E Campus Loop, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. OI Perez, Daniel/0000-0002-6569-5689 NR 49 TC 36 Z9 39 U1 2 U2 2 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AE, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0022-1317 J9 J GEN VIROL JI J. Gen. Virol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 82 BP 2935 EP 2943 PN 12 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA 497EJ UT WOS:000172442200012 PM 11714969 ER PT J AU Urban, JF Noben-Trauth, N Schopf, L Madden, KB Finkelman, FD AF Urban, JF Noben-Trauth, N Schopf, L Madden, KB Finkelman, FD TI Cutting edge: IL-4 receptor expression by non-bone marrow-derived cells is required to expel gastrointestinal nematode parasites SO JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY; NIPPOSTRONGYLUS-BRASILIENSIS; TRICHINELLA-SPIRALIS; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; MICE; GAMMA; MASTOCYTOSIS; INFECTIONS; EXPULSION AB Expulsion of two gastrointestinal nematode parasites, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Trichinella spiralis, is similar in that both require IL-4R alpha expression, but different in that T cells and mast cells are required for IL-4-induced expulsion of T. spiralis but not N. brasiliensis. To examine the role of IL-4R alpha signaling in immunity to these parasites, we studied worm expulsion in chimeric mice that selectively expressed IL-4R alpha on bone marrow-derived or non-bone marrow-derived cells. N. brasiliensis was expelled by mice that expressed IL-4R alpha only on non-bone marrow-derived cells, but not by mice that expressed IL-4R alpha only on bone marrow-derived cells. Although T. spiralis expulsion required IL-4R alpha expression by both bone marrow and non-bone marrow-derived cells, IL-4 stimulation eliminated the requirement for IL-4R alpha expression by bone marrow-derived cells. Thus, direct IL-4R alpha signaling of nonimmune gastrointestinal cells may be generally required to induce worm expulsion, even when mast cell and T cell responses are also required. C1 USDA ARS, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NIAID, Immunol Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Pediat, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Coll Med, Dept Internal Med, Div Immunol, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA. RP Finkelman, FD (reprint author), Cincinnati Vet Adm Med Ctr, Res Serv 151, 3200 Vine St, Cincinnati, OH 45220 USA. OI Urban, Joseph/0000-0002-1590-8869 FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI44971, R01 AI35987, R21 AI46972] NR 23 TC 73 Z9 74 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC IMMUNOLOGISTS PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1767 J9 J IMMUNOL JI J. Immunol. PD DEC 1 PY 2001 VL 167 IS 11 BP 6078 EP 6081 PG 4 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA 494WU UT WOS:000172309500003 PM 11714764 ER PT J AU Higgins, JA Fayer, R Trout, JM Xiao, LH Lal, AA Kerby, S Jenkins, MC AF Higgins, JA Fayer, R Trout, JM Xiao, LH Lal, AA Kerby, S Jenkins, MC TI Real-time PCR for the detection of Cryptosporidium parvum SO JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Article DE Cryptosporidium parvum; PCR; TaqMan ID POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; SUBUNIT RIBOSOMAL-RNA; MESSENGER-RNA; NONINVASIVE DETECTION; PUTATIVE BIOMARKERS; FECAL SPECIMENS; WATER SAMPLES; GIARDIA CYSTS; COLON-CANCER; CELL-CULTURE AB Real time. TaqMan PCR assays were developed for the Cp11 and 18S rRNA genes of the protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium parvum. The TaqMan probes were specific for the genus Cryptosporidium, but could not hybridize exclusively with human-infectious C. parvum species and genotypes. In conjunction with development of the TaqMan assays, two commercial kits, the Mo Bio UltraClean (TM) Soil DNA kit, and the Qiagen QIAamp (TM) DNA Stool kit, were evaluated for DNA extraction from calf diarrhea and manure, and potassium dichromate and formalin preserved human feces. Real-time quantitation was achieved with the diarrhea samples., but nested PCR was necessary to detect C. parvum DNA in manure and human feces. Ileal tissues were obtained from calves at 3, 7, and 14 days post-infection, and DNA extracted and assayed, Nested PCR detected C. part,um DNA in the 7-day post-infection sample, but neither of the other time point samples were positive. These results indicate that real-time quantitation of C. parvum DNA, extracted using the commercial kits, is feasible on diarrheic feces, with large numbers of oocysts and small concentrations of PCR inhibitor(s). For samples with few oocysts and high concentrations of PCR inhibitor(s), such as manure, nested PCR is necessary for detection. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Ctr Dis Control, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. US FDA, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Higgins, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Rm 202,Bldg 173,10300 Baltimore Blvd, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Xiao, Lihua/B-1704-2013 OI Xiao, Lihua/0000-0001-8532-2727 NR 33 TC 65 Z9 75 U1 0 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-7012 J9 J MICROBIOL METH JI J. Microbiol. Methods PD DEC PY 2001 VL 47 IS 3 BP 323 EP 337 DI 10.1016/S0167-7012(01)00339-6 PG 15 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology GA 498DF UT WOS:000172494000008 PM 11714523 ER PT J AU Orion, D Kritzman, G Meyer, SLF Erbe, EF Chitwood, DJ AF Orion, D Kritzman, G Meyer, SLF Erbe, EF Chitwood, DJ TI A role of the gelatinous matrix in the resistance of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) eggs to microorganisms SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biological control; Burkholderia cepacia; egg; electron microscopy; gelatinous matrix; Meloidogyne; Mortierella sp.; nematode; root-knot nematode ID JAVANICA; MASSES AB The survival of eggs of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica was studied in a series of experiments comparing the infectivity of egg masses (EM) to that of separated eggs (SE). The EM or SE were placed in the centers of pots containing citrus orchard soil and incubated for 24 hours, 10 days, or 20 days. Following each incubation time, 10-day-old tomato plants were planted in each pot, and 3 to 4 weeks later the plants were harvested and the galling indices determined. In the EM treatments, galling indices of ca. 4.0 to 5.0 were recorded after all three incubation periods; in the SE treatments, the infectivity gradually declined to trace amounts by 20 days. Incubating EM and SE for 2 weeks in four different soil types showed the same pattern in all the soil types: EM caused heavy infection of the test plants while the infection rate from the SE was extremely low. Incubating EM and SE in soil disinfested with formaldehyde resulted in comparable galling indices in most treatments. In petri dish experiments, 100 mg of natural soil was spread at the perimeter of a Phytagel surface and EM or SE of M. incognita were placed in the center. Light microscopy revealed that within 5 to 10 days the SE were attacked by a broad spectrum of microorganisms and were obliterated while the eggs within the EM remained intact. Separated eggs placed within sections of gelatinous matrix (GM) were not attacked by the soil microorganisms. When selected microbes were placed on Phytagel surfaces with EM of M. incognita, electron microscopy demonstrated that at least some microbes colonized the GM. As the major difference between the EM and the SE was the presence of the GM, the GM may serve as a barrier to the invasion of some microorganisms. C1 Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, Dept Nematol, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, Dept Plant Pathol, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. USDA, ARS, Henry A Wallace Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Nematol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Orion, D (reprint author), Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, Dept Nematol, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. NR 15 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 12 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 USA SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 33 IS 4 BP 203 EP 207 PG 5 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 639UQ UT WOS:000180648100009 PM 19265882 ER PT J AU Giblin-Davis, RM Williams, DS Wergin, WP Dickson, DW Hewlett, TE Bekal, S Becker, JO AF Giblin-Davis, RM Williams, DS Wergin, WP Dickson, DW Hewlett, TE Bekal, S Becker, JO TI Ultrastructure and development of Pasteuria sp (S-1 strain), an obligate endoparasite of Belonolaimus longicaudatus (Nemata : Tylenchida) SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Belonolaimus longicaudatus; development; obligate nematode endoparasitic bacterium; Pasteuria sp (S-1 strain); sporogenesis; sting nematode; ultrastructure ID PLANT-PARASITIC NEMATODES; RAMOSA METCHNIKOFF 1888; BACTERIAL PARASITE; CYST-NEMATODE; PHYLOGENETIC POSITION; MELOIDOGYNE-INCOGNITA; HETERODERA-GLYCINES; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; PENETRANS GROUP; LIFE-CYCLE AB Pasteuria sp., strain S-1, is a gram-positive, obligate endoparasitic bacterium that uses the phytoparasitic sting nematode, Belonolaimus longicaudatus, as its host in Florida. The host attachment of S-I appears to be specific to the genus Belonolaimus with development occurring only in juveniles and adults of B. longicaudatus. This bacterium is characterized from other described species of Pasteuria using ultrastructure of the mature endospore. Penetration, development, and sporogenesis were elucidated with TEM, LTSEM, and SEM and are similar to other nematode-specific Pasteuria. Recent analysis of 16S rDNA sequence homology confirms its congeneric ranking with other Pasteuria species and strains from nematodes and cladocerans, and corroborates ultrastructural, morphological, morphometric, and host-range evidence suggesting separate species status. C1 Univ Florida, Ft Lauderdale Res & Educ Ctr, IFAS, Davie, FL 33314 USA. USDA, ARS, Nematol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Entomol & Nematol, IFAS, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Nematol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. RP Giblin-Davis, RM (reprint author), Univ Florida, Ft Lauderdale Res & Educ Ctr, IFAS, 3205 Coll Ave, Davie, FL 33314 USA. NR 34 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 3 U2 5 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 USA SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 33 IS 4 BP 227 EP 238 PG 12 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 639UQ UT WOS:000180648100013 PM 19265886 ER PT J AU Giblin-Davis, RM Makinson, J Center, BJ Davies, KA Purcell, M Taylor, GS Scheffer, SJ Goolsby, J Center, TD AF Giblin-Davis, RM Makinson, J Center, BJ Davies, KA Purcell, M Taylor, GS Scheffer, SJ Goolsby, J Center, TD TI Fergusobia/Fergusonina-induced shoot bud gall development on Melaleuca quinquenervia SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Australia; biocontrol; Diptera; Fergusobia; Fergusonina; Fergusoninidae; fly; gall development; life history; mutualism; Myrtaceae; Nemata; nematode; oviposition; Tylenchida AB Fergusobia nematodes and Fergusonina flies are mutualists that cause a variety of gall types on myrtaceous plant buds and young leaves. The biology of an isolate of the gall complex was studied in its native range in Australia for possible use in southern Florida as a biological control agent against the invasive broad-leaved paperbark tree, Melaleuca quinquenervia. Timed studies with caged Fergusonina flies on young branches of M. quinquenervia revealed that females are synovigenic with lifetime fecundities of 183 +/- 42 (standard error; SE) eggs and longevities of 17 +/- 2 days. None of the male flies but all dissected female flies contained parasitic female nematodes (range = 3-15), nematode eggs (12-112), and nematode juveniles (78-1,750). Female flies deposited eggs (34 +/- 6: 8-77 per bud) and nematode juveniles (114 +/- 15; 44-207 per bud) into bud apices within 15 days. Histological sections of shoot buds suggested that nematodes induce the formation of hypertrophied, uninucleate plant cells prior to fly larval eclosion. Enlarged size, granular cytoplasm, and enlarged nucleus and nucleolus characterized these cells, which appeared similar to those of other species galled by nematodes in the Anguinidae. Observations of ovipositional behavior revealed that female Fergusonina sp. create diagnostic oviposition scars. The presence of these scars may facilitate recognition of host use during specificity screening. C1 Univ Florida, Ft Lauderdale Res & Educ Ctr, IFAS, Davie, FL 33314 USA. USDA, Australian Biol Control Lab, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068, Australia. Univ Adelaide, Dept Appl & Mol Ecol, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia. USDA, Agr Res Ctr, Systemat Entomol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Invas Plant Res Lab, Davie, FL 33314 USA. RP Giblin-Davis, RM (reprint author), Univ Florida, Ft Lauderdale Res & Educ Ctr, IFAS, 3205 Coll Ave, Davie, FL 33314 USA. RI Purcell, Matthew/C-2098-2008; Makinson, Jeffrey/M-7031-2014 OI Makinson, Jeffrey/0000-0001-9870-5866 NR 12 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 USA SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 33 IS 4 BP 239 EP 247 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 639UQ UT WOS:000180648100014 PM 19265887 ER PT J AU Riegel, C Nelson, SD Dickson, DW Allen, LH Peterson, LG AF Riegel, C Nelson, SD Dickson, DW Allen, LH Peterson, LG TI Efficacy of 1,3-dichloropropene in soil amended with compost and unamended soil SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE compost-amended soil; deep sand soil; 1,3-dichloropropene; fumigation; Lycopersicon esculentum; Meloidogyne incognita; nematicide; nematode; root-knot nematode; tomato AB 1,3-Dichloropropene (1,3-D) is a likely alternative soil fumigant for methyl bromide. The objective was to determine root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, survival in microplots after exposure to 1,3-D for various periods of time in Soil that have previously been amended with compost. The treatments were 1,3-D applied broadcast at 112 liters/ha and untreated controls in both compost compost-amended and unamended soil. Soil samples were collected from each microplot at 6, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after fumigation at three depths (0-15, 15-30, and 30-45 cm). One week after fumigation, six tomato seedlings were transplanted into each microplot and root galling was recorded 6 weeks later. Plants grown in fumigated compost-amended soil had more galls than plants from fumigated unamendcd soil at P less than or equal to 0.1. Gall indices from roots in fumigated soil amended with compost were not different from nonfumigated controls. Based oil soil bioassays, the number of galls decreased with increasing time after fumigation in both compost-amended and unamended soil at 0-to-15 and 15-to-30 cm depths, but not at 30 to 45 cm deep. Higher soil water content due to the elevated levels of organic matter in the soil a( these depths may have interfered with 1,3-D movement, thus reducing its efficacy. C1 Univ Florida, Inst Food & Agr Sci, Dept Entomol & Nematol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. USDA ARS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Agron, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Dow AgroSci LLC, Technol Dev, Tallahassee, FL 32308 USA. RP Riegel, C (reprint author), Univ Florida, Inst Food & Agr Sci, Dept Entomol & Nematol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 22 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 USA SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 33 IS 4 SU S BP 289 EP 293 PG 5 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 640RK UT WOS:000180701600002 PM 19265889 ER PT J AU Nyczepir, AP Pinochet, J AF Nyczepir, AP Pinochet, J TI Assessment of guardian peach rootstock for resistance to two isolates of Pratylenchus vulnus SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE host-parasitic relationship; nematode; pathogenicity; peach; Pratylenchus vulnus; Prunus persica; resistance; root-lesion nematode; rootstock ID ROOT-LESION NEMATODE; PRUNUS ROOTSTOCKS; MELOIDOGYNE-JAVANICA; UNITED-STATES; FIELD; POPULATION; SPAIN AB Guardian, Lovell, and Nemaguard peach rootstocks were evaluated for their susceptibility and growth response to two isolates of Pratylenchus vulnus. One nematode isolate was obtained from peach in Georgia (P. vulnus [GA-isolate]) and the other from apple in Idaho (P. vulnus [ID-isolate]). Nematode reproduction and pathogenicity as related to rootstock were determined 29 months after inoculation in outdoor microplors. All rootstocks were susceptible to both nematode isolates. Guardian supported a greater number of nematodes Per grant dry root weight than Lovell or Nemaguard rootstocks. All rootstocks supported greater numbers of P. vulnus (GA-isolate) than P. vulnus (ID-isoLatc). Tree growth among the three rootstocks was similar in the presence of either P. vulnus isolate, but growth suppression was greatest in P. vulnus (GA-isolate) plots, intermediate it) P. vulnus (ID-isolate) plots, and least in the uninoculated plots. C1 USDA ARS, SE Fruit & Tree Nut Res Lab, Byron, GA 31008 USA. Agromillora Catalana SA, Barcelona 08739, Spain. RP Nyczepir, AP (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Fruit & Tree Nut Res Lab, 21 Dunbar Rd, Byron, GA 31008 USA. NR 27 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 3 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 USA SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 33 IS 4 SU S BP 302 EP 305 PG 4 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 640RK UT WOS:000180701600005 PM 19265892 ER PT J AU Jensen, AR Elnif, J Burrin, DG Sangild, PT AF Jensen, AR Elnif, J Burrin, DG Sangild, PT TI Development of intestinal immunoglobulin absorption and enzyme activities in neonatal pigs is diet dependent SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE colostrum; immunoglobulin; disaccharidase; peptidase; intestinal closure; piglets ID FED NEWBORN PIGS; PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS; PLASMA-PROTEIN; GROWTH-FACTOR; COLOSTRUM; PIGLETS; MILK; EXPRESSION; SURVIVAL; INSULIN AB Uptake of colostrum just after birth is essential to stimulate intestinal growth and function, and in many species, including pigs, colostrum also provides immunological protection via the absorption of immunoglobulin G (IgG). In this study, intestinal growth, IgG absorptive capacity and enzyme activities were investigated in newborn pigs in response to different diets. Newborn piglets were bottle-fed porcine colostrum (PC), bovine colostrum (BC), porcine plasma (PP), porcine milk (PM), bovine colostrum containing porcine plasma (BCP) or a milk replacer (MR) every 3 h (15 mL/kg) for up to 2 d. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was added to the diets as a macromolecule marker. The percentage of absorbed BSA just after birth was highest for piglets fed the PC diet (30-50%), lower for those fed the BC and BCP diets (23-30%) and lowest for the PP, PM and MR diet-fed piglets (7-20%, P<0.05 relative to those fed colostrum). Porcine IgG was absorbed more efficiently than bovine IgG. Intestinal closure occurred earlier in MR and BCP piglets (within 12 h after birth) than in PC pigs. At 2 d of age, intestinal mucosal weight (+120% increase from birth) and villus morphology were similar in the PC, BCP and MR groups. All 3 groups also had increased aminopeptidase A activity compared with values at birth (+100% increase). Compared with PC pigs, the BCP group had higher sucrase and maltase activities (+50% and +200%, respectively) and lower aminopeptidase N activity (-50%, P<0.05). Similarly, MR pigs showed elevated sucrase activity (+40%) and lowered maltase, lactase and aminopeptidase N activities (-20% to -50%. P<0.05) compared with PC pigs. We conclude that porcine and bovine colostrum contain factors that stimulate the intestinal endocytotic and enzymatic capacity in newborn pigs. A milk replacer can produce normal gut growth, but may be inefficient in mediating normal macromolecule transport and disaccharidase activity. Bovine colostrum mixed with porcine plasma proteins may be a useful substitute for porcine colostrum in artificial rearing of newborn pigs. C1 Royal Vet & Agr Univ, Dept Anim Sci & Anim Hlth, Div Anim Nutr, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Sangild, PT (reprint author), Royal Vet & Agr Univ, Dept Anim Sci & Anim Hlth, Div Anim Nutr, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark. NR 37 TC 90 Z9 92 U1 2 U2 24 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 131 IS 12 BP 3259 EP 3265 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 502LR UT WOS:000172745500018 PM 11739877 ER PT J AU Froetschel, MA Azain, MJ Edwards, GL Barb, CR Amos, HE AF Froetschel, MA Azain, MJ Edwards, GL Barb, CR Amos, HE TI Opioid and cholecystokinin antagonists alleviate gastric inhibition of food intake by premeal loads of casein in meal-fed rats SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE intake; satiety; casein; opioids; cholecystokinin; rats ID BETA-CASOMORPHINS; PEPTIDES; MORPHICEPTIN; MORPHINE; PROTEINS; CCK; INSULIN; PIG AB This study was undertaken to determine whether casein, compared with its constituent amino acids, given at the onset of a meal, would influence intake due to cholecystokinin (CCK) or opioid activity. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=80; 225 g) were given either premeal loads of casein or its constituent amino acids and treated with opioid or CCK antagonists in a 2 x 4 factorially designed experiment. During a 21-d period, rats were meal-fed by restricting access to food to 5 h/d. The rats were fed the AIN-93 diet with soy isolate substituted for casein as the dietary protein source. On d 7-21, rats were given oral premeal loads of 5 mL of a 50 g/L casein or constituent amino acid solution before meal-feeding. On d 14-21, 20 rats were injected intraperitoneally with one of the following treatments: saline, naltrexone (I mg/kg), naloxone methiodide (5 mg/kg) or lorglumide (1 mg/kg) before the premeal load and feeding. Antagonist treatments increased intake (P<0.05) by 15.3% compared with saline treatment (7.82 vs. 9.02 g/d) in rats given premeal loads of casein. Intake of rats given premeal loads of amino acids was not influenced by antagonists. At 2 h after feeding on d 21, the rats were killed, bled and eviscerated. Effects of antagonists on stomach and intestinal mass, digesta contents and fecal output were also dependent on the type of premeal load, indicating that gastric retention of digesta due to casein was mediated by CCK and opioids. Body weight accretion, liver, and epididymal fat mass and blood concentrations of specific amino acids changed in the same manner as intake (P<0.05). Serum insulin was greater (P<0.05) in casein-treated rats and reduced (P<0.01) by opioid antagonists. Satiety associated with premeal loads of casein is related to changes in gastrointestinal function of meal-fed animals and involves both opioid and CCK regulation. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Anim & Dairy Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Physiol & Pharmacol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. ARS, USDA, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Froetschel, MA (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Anim & Dairy Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 32 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 131 IS 12 BP 3270 EP 3276 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 502LR UT WOS:000172745500020 PM 11739879 ER PT J AU Choumenkovitch, SF Jacques, PF Nadeau, MR Wilson, PWF Rosenberg, IH Selhub, J AF Choumenkovitch, SF Jacques, PF Nadeau, MR Wilson, PWF Rosenberg, IH Selhub, J TI Folic acid fortification increases red blood cell folate concentrations in the Framingham Study SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Experimental Biology 2001 Annual Meeting CY MAR 31-APR 04, 2001 CL ORLANDO, FLORIDA SP Amer Soc Nutr Sci DE folate; folic acid; fortification; erythrocyte folate; nutritional status; humans ID NEURAL-TUBE DEFECTS; FOOD FORTIFICATION; MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSAY; LACTOBACILLUS-CASEI; HOMOCYSTEINE; METABOLISM; DISEASE AB In 1996 the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a regulation to take effect in January 1998 that all enriched cereal grain products include 140 mug of folic acid/100 g. The present cross-sectional study was undertaken to assess the effect of this fortification on RBC folate concentrations in the Framingham Offspring Cohort. Among those who did not take B-vitamin supplements, we compared RBC folate in 561 individuals who were examined before implementation of the FDA mandatory folic acid fortification (not exposed) vs. 354 individuals who were examined after implementation of fortification (exposed). We calculated the prevalence of deficient (<160 g/L, 362.6 nmol/L) and acceptable (>200 mug/L, 453.2 nmol/L) RBC folate concentrations in both groups. Those exposed to folic acid fortification had a mean RBC folate of 450.0 mug/L (1019.7 nmol/L), a value 38% higher than the mean RBC folate of 325.3 mug/L (737.1 nmol/L) in those who were not exposed to fortification (P<0.001). The prevalence of individuals with deficient RBC folate was 4.9% in the group not exposed to fortification compared with 1.9% in the group exposed to fortification (P<0.02), and the prevalence of individuals with acceptable RBC folate was 87.0% in the group not exposed to fortification compared with 96.1% in the group exposed to fortification (P<0.001). Similar results were seen in individuals who used supplements containing B-vitamins. The results of this study showed that in this cohort, the introduction of folic acid fortification significantly improved folate nutritional status measured as RBC folate. C1 Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Jean Mayer US Dept Agr, Vitamin Metab & Aging Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Jean Mayer US Dept Agr, Program Epidemiol, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Med, Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01701 USA. RP Selhub, J (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Jean Mayer US Dept Agr, Vitamin Metab & Aging Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [N01-HC-38038]; NIDDK NIH HHS [1R01 DK 56105-01] NR 31 TC 93 Z9 97 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 131 IS 12 BP 3277 EP 3280 PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 502LR UT WOS:000172745500021 PM 11739880 ER PT J AU Reeves, PG Briske-Anderson, M Johnson, LA AF Reeves, PG Briske-Anderson, M Johnson, LA TI Pre-treatment of Caco-2 cells with zinc during the differentiation phase alters the kinetics of zinc uptake and transport SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Caco-2 cells; zinc transport; transport kinetics; zinc uptake; absorption; trace elements ID BORDER MEMBRANE-VESICLES; RICH INTESTINAL PROTEIN; RAT INTESTINE; DIETARY ZINC; METALLOTHIONEIN; ABSORPTION; MODEL; MECHANISMS AB The Caco-2 cell model was used to study the efficiency of absorption and endogenous excretion of zinc (Zn) regulated by dietary Zn concentration. Cells were seeded onto high pore-density membranes and maintained in medium supplemented with 10% FBS. After confluence. cells were treated with 5 or 25 mu mol Zn/L for 7 d, and Zn uptake and transport were measured in both apical (AP) and basolateral (BL) directions by using Zn-65. Similar cells were labeled with Zn-65 and the release of Zn to the AP and BL sides was measured. The AP uptake of Zn in cells exposed to 25 mu mol Zn/L was slower (p < 0.05) than that in cells exposed to 5 mu mol Zn/L. The AP to BL transport rate in the 25 mu mol Zn/L group was only 40% (p < 0.05) of that in the 5 muM group. In contrast, the rate of BL Zn uptake was 4-fold higher in cells treated with 25 mu mol Zn/L than in those treated with 5 mu mol Zn/L (p < 0.05). The BL to AP transport rate was 2-fold higher in cells treated with 25 mu mol Zn/L than in those treated with 5 mu mol Zn/L (p < 0.05). Basolateral uptake was 6 to 25 times greater (p < 0.05) than AP uptake for cells treated with 5 and 25 mu mol Zn/L, respectively. The rate of Zn release was enhanced about 4-fold (p < 0.05) by 25 mu mol Zn/L treatment. Release to the BL side was 10 times greater than to the AP side. Zn-induced metallothionein (MT), thought to down-regulate AP to BL Zn transport, was 4-fold higher (p < 0.001) in the 25 mu mol Zn/L group than in the 5 muM group, but the rate of BL Zn release was higher in cells treated with 25 mu mol Zn/L than in those treated with 5 mu mol Zn/L (p < 0.05). Induced changes in transport rates by media Zn concentrations could involve the up- and/or down-regulation of Zn influx and efflux proteins such as the ZIP and ZnT families of Zn transporters. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Reeves, PG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 32 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0955-2863 J9 J NUTR BIOCHEM JI J. Nutr. Biochem. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 12 IS 12 BP 674 EP 684 DI 10.1016/S0955-2863(01)00185-1 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 493ND UT WOS:000172228800002 ER PT J AU Hoberg, EP AF Hoberg, EP TI Presentation of the ASP Distinguished Service Award to Robert L. Rausch SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 ARS, US Natl Parasite Collect, USDA,Biosystemat Unit, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Beltsville, MD 20715 USA. RP Hoberg, EP (reprint author), ARS, US Natl Parasite Collect, USDA,Biosystemat Unit, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, BARC E 1180, Beltsville, MD 20715 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 87 IS 6 BP 1239 EP 1239 DI 10.1645/0022-3395(2001)087[1239:POTADS]2.0.CO;2 PG 1 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 505JR UT WOS:000172910100005 PM 11780805 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Johnson, GC Bermudez, A Suedmeyer, KW Fritz, DL AF Dubey, JP Johnson, GC Bermudez, A Suedmeyer, KW Fritz, DL TI Neural sarcocystosis in a straw-necked ibis (Carphibis spinicollis) associated with a Sarcocystis neurona-like organism and description of muscular sarcocysts of an unidentified Sarcocystis species SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EQUINE PROTOZOAL MYELOENCEPHALITIS; BUDGERIGAR MELOPSITTACUS-UNDULATUS; N-SP PROTOZOA; DIDELPHIS-ALBIVENTRIS; FALCATULA APICOMPLEXA; PSITTACINE BIRDS; WILD TURKEY; ENCEPHALITIS; PATHOGENESIS; OPOSSUM AB A Sarcocystis neurona-like parasite was associated with acute sarcocystosis in the brain of an ibis (Carphibis spinicollis). Numerous schizonts and merozoites were found extravascularly in encephalitic lesions. These schizonts reacted positively with anti-S. neurona and anti-S. falcatula polyclonal antibodies in an immunohistochemical test. Sarcocysts of an unidentified Sarcocystis species were present in the brain, heart, and skeletal muscles. Sarcocysts in skeletal muscles were microscopic, and the sarcocyst wall was up to 3 mum thick. The villar protrusions on the sarcocyst wall were up to 4.5 mum long, constricted at the base, and expanded laterally. Schizonts and sarcocysts distinct from those of S. falcatula. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Bldg 1001, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 36 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 87 IS 6 BP 1317 EP 1322 DI 10.1645/0022-3395(2001)087[1317:NSIASN]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 505JR UT WOS:000172910100015 PM 11780815 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Lindsay, DS Fritz, D Speer, CA AF Dubey, JP Lindsay, DS Fritz, D Speer, CA TI Structure of Sarcocystis neurona sarcocysts SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID OPOSSUM DIDELPHIS-VIRGINIANA; BOBCAT FELIS-RUFUS; N-SP PROTOZOA; DOMESTIC CATS; FALCATULA; ALBIVENTRIS; PARASITE; MUSCLES AB The ultrastructure of Sarcocystis neurona sarcocysts was studied from muscle of an experimentally infected cat. The cat was killed 144 days after being fed sporocysts from a naturally infected opossum. Sarcocysts were microscopic, up to 700 mum long, and up to 50 mum wide. By light microscopy, the sarcocyst wall was 1-2 mum thick. Ultrastructurally, the sarcocyst wall consisted of numerous villar protrusions. The villar protrusions were up to 2.8 mum long and 0.4 mum wide, with a tapered end. Microtubules extended from the tip of the villus to the base and occasionally extended deep into the granular layer. The granular layer was similar to0.5 mum thick. Longitudinally cut bradyzoites were 5.2 by 1.2 (4.8-6.5 by 1.0-13) mum in size. Micronemes in bradyzoites were numerous and located in the anterior 1/3 of the conoidal end. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Bldg 1001, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Lindsay, David/G-8891-2016 OI Lindsay, David/0000-0002-0592-8321 NR 23 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 87 IS 6 BP 1323 EP 1327 DI 10.1645/0022-3395(2001)087[1323:SOSNS]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 505JR UT WOS:000172910100016 PM 11780816 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Rosypal, AC Rosenthal, BM Thomas, NJ Lindsay, DS Stanek, JF Reed, SM Saville, WJA AF Dubey, JP Rosypal, AC Rosenthal, BM Thomas, NJ Lindsay, DS Stanek, JF Reed, SM Saville, WJA TI Sarcocystis neurona infections in sea otter (Enhydra lutris): Evidence for natural infections with sarcocysts and transmission of infection to opossums (Didelphis virginiana) SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FALCATULA AB Although Sarcocystis neurona has been identified in an array of terrestrial vertebrates, recent recognition of its capacity to infect marine mammals was unexpected. Here, sarcocysts from 2 naturally infected sea otters (Enhydra lutris) were characterized biologically, ultrastructurally, and genetically. DNA was extracted from frozen muscle of the first of these sea otters and was characterized as S. neurona by polymerase chain reation (PCR) amplification followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and sequencing. Sarcocysts from sea otter no. 1 were up to 350 mum long, and the villar protrusions on the sarcocyst wall were up to 1.3 mum long and up to 0.25 mum wide. The villar protrusions were tapered towards the villar tip. Ultrastructurally, sarcocysts were similar to S. neurona sarcocysts from the muscles of cats experimentally infected with S. neurona sporocysts, Skeletal muscles from a second sea otter failed to support PCR amplification of markers considered diagnostic for S. neurona but did induce the shedding of sporocysts when fed to a laboratory-raised opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Such sporocysts were subsequently fed to knockout mice for the interferon-gamma gene, resulting in infections with an agent identified as S. neurona on the basis of immunohistochemistry, serum antibodies, and diagnostic sequence detection. Thus, sea otters exposed to S. neurona may support the development of mature sarcocysts that are infectious to competent definitive hosts. C1 ARS, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), Virginia Tech, Dept Biomed Sci, Ctr Mol Med & Infect Dis, Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, 1410 Prices Fork Rd, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RI Lindsay, David/G-8891-2016; Rosypal, Alexa/I-7114-2016; OI Lindsay, David/0000-0002-0592-8321; Rosenthal, Benjamin/0000-0002-0224-3773 NR 22 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 87 IS 6 BP 1387 EP 1393 DI 10.1645/0022-3395(2001)087[1387:SNIISO]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 505JR UT WOS:000172910100026 PM 11780826 ER PT J AU Fayer, R Trout, JM Xiao, L Morgan, UM Lal, AA Dubey, JP AF Fayer, R Trout, JM Xiao, L Morgan, UM Lal, AA Dubey, JP TI Cryptosporidium canis n. sp from domestic dogs SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; URBAN DOGS; PARASITES; PUP; PREVALENCE; DISTEMPER; GIARDIA; OOCYSTS; GENE AB Oocysts of Cryptosporidium, from the feces of a naturally infected dog and from an HIV-infected human, were identified as the previously reported canine genotype of Cryptosporidium parvum, hereafter referred to as Cryptosporidium canis n. sp. Also among the oocysts from the dog, a trace amount of C. parvum bovine genotype was detected. Cryptosporidium canis oocysts from both the dog and human were infectious for calves. Oocysts excreted by calf 1 (dog source) were approximately 90% C. canis and 10% C. parvum, whereas those excreted by calf 3 (human source) were 100% C canis. Oocysts from calf 1 infected calf 2 resulting in excretion by calf 2 of oocysts similar to 90% C. partum and 10% C. canis. Oocysts of C. canis were not infectious for BALB/c neonatal mice or immunosuppressed C57 juvenile mice, although all control mice became infected with the C. parvum Beltsville isolate. Oocysts of C. canis from calf 1 and the human were structurally indistinguishable from oocysts of the C. parvum Beltsville isolate (bovine). However, C. canis oocysts differed markedly at the molecular level from all known species of Cryptosporidium based on sequence data for the 18S rDNA and the HSP 70 gene. The differences in genetics and host specificity clearly differentiate C. canis as a new species. C1 ARS, USDA, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Fayer, R (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI Xiao, Lihua/B-1704-2013 OI Xiao, Lihua/0000-0001-8532-2727 NR 38 TC 112 Z9 131 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 87 IS 6 BP 1415 EP 1422 DI 10.1645/0022-3395(2001)087[1415:CCNSFD]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 505JR UT WOS:000172910100031 PM 11780831 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Lindsay, DS Rosenthal, BM Kerber, CE Kasai, N Pena, HFJ Kwok, OCH Shen, SK Gennari, SM AF Dubey, JP Lindsay, DS Rosenthal, BM Kerber, CE Kasai, N Pena, HFJ Kwok, OCH Shen, SK Gennari, SM TI Isolates of Sarcocystis falcatula-like organisms from South American opossums Didelphis marsupialis and Didelphis albiventris from Sao Paulo, Brazil SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MELOPSITTACUS-UNDULATUS; NEURONA; VIRGINIANA; BIRDS; PATHOGENESIS; BUDGERIGAR; PARASITE; TRANSMISSION; PSITTACINES; SPOROCYSTS AB Isolates of Sarcocystis falcatula-like organisms from South American opossums were characterized based on biological and morphological criteria. Sporocysts from intestinal scrapings of 1 Didelphis marsupialis and 8 Didelphis albiventris from Sao Paulo, Brazil. were fed to captive budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulants). Budgerigars fed sporocysts from all 9 isolates became ill and S. falcatula-like schizonts were identified in sections of their lungs by immunohistochemical staining. Sarcocystis falcatula-like organisms were cultured from lungs of budgerigars fed sporocysts from D. marsupialis and from lungs of budgerigars fed sporocysts from 3 of 8 D. albiventris. The 33/54 locus amplified by polymerase chain reaction from culture-derived merozoites contained both a HinfI endonuclease recognition site previously suggested to diagnose S. falcatula and a DraI site thought to diagnosed S. neurona. Development of the isolate from D. marsupialis was studied in cell cultured its schizonts divided by endopolygeny, leaving a residual body. Morphological and genetic variation differentiated this Sarcocystis isolate originating in D. marsupialis from the Cornell 1 isolate of S. falcatula. This is the first report of a S. falcatula infection in the South American opossum. D. marsupialis. C1 ARS, USDA, Anim & Nat Resources Res Inst, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Dept Biomed Sci & Pathobiol, Ctr Mol Med & Infect Dis, 1410 Prices Fork Rd, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RI Gennari, Solange/K-2447-2012; PENA, HILDA/K-4506-2012; Lindsay, David/G-8891-2016; OI Gennari, Solange/0000-0001-7500-5277; Lindsay, David/0000-0002-0592-8321; Rosenthal, Benjamin/0000-0002-0224-3773 NR 33 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 87 IS 6 BP 1449 EP 1453 DI 10.2307/3285317 PG 5 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 505JR UT WOS:000172910100037 PM 11780836 ER PT J AU Blackston, CR Dubey, JP Dotson, E Su, C Thulliez, P Sibley, D Lehmann, T AF Blackston, CR Dubey, JP Dotson, E Su, C Thulliez, P Sibley, D Lehmann, T TI High-resolution typing of Toxoplasma gondii using microsatellite loci SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID STRAINS; MUTATION; DISEASE AB High-resolution typing of Toxoplasma gondii is essential to understand the effect of genetic differences among strains on the variation in disease manifestation and transmission patterns. Current typing methods discern 3 lineages with minimal within-lineage variation. Described here are 6 new variable loci. These loci, including a minisatellite and 5 microsatellites, were more polymorphic than allozymes, restriction fragment length polymorphisms, and sequence variation in introns. Most importantly, these loci revealed, for the first time, substantial within-lineage variation that was over 6-fold higher than that detected by other markers. Genotyping at these loci facilitates classification of isolates beyond the lineage level. C1 USDA ARS, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Microbiol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA. Inst Puericulture, Lab Toxoplasmose, Paris, France. RP Blackston, CR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Sibley, L. David/C-4616-2008; Su, Chunlei/M-1892-2013 OI Su, Chunlei/0000-0001-8392-7108 NR 19 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 87 IS 6 BP 1472 EP 1475 PG 4 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 505JR UT WOS:000172910100042 PM 11780841 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP AF Dubey, JP TI Parasitemia and early tissue localization of Sarcocystis neurona in interferon gamma gene knockout mice fed sporocysts SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EQUINE PROTOZOAL MYELOENCEPHALITIS; OPOSSUM DIDELPHIS-VIRGINIANA; TOXOPLASMA-GONDII OOCYSTS; N-SP PROTOZOA; FALCATULA; INFECTIONS AB Early localization and parasitemia of Sarcocystis neurona were studied in gamma interferon gene knockout (KO) mice fed S. neurona sporocysts. Mice were examined for S. neurona infection histologically and immunohistochemically and by bioassay in KO mice. For bioassay, blood and tissue homogenates were inoculated subcutaneously into KO mice. Parasitemia was demonstrated by bioassay in KO mice 1-8 days after feeding sporocysts (DAFS). Sporozoites were seen in histologic sections of all regions of the small intestine and in cells in Peyer's patches of a mouse killed 6 hr after feeding sporocysts. At 1 DAFS. organisms were present in all regions of the small intestine and were also seen in mesenteric lymph nodes. At 3 DAFS, organisms had begun to invade extraintestinal tissues. Sarcocystis neurona was demonstrated histologically in mouse brain as early as 4 DAFS. C1 USDA ARS, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Bldg 1001, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 27 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 87 IS 6 BP 1476 EP 1479 PG 4 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 505JR UT WOS:000172910100043 PM 11780842 ER PT J AU Porat, R Vinokur, V Holland, D McCollum, TG Droby, S AF Porat, R Vinokur, V Holland, D McCollum, TG Droby, S TI Isolation of a citrus chitinase cDNA and characterization of its expression in response to elicitation of fruit pathogen resistance SO JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chitinase; citrus; pathogen resistance; Penicillium digitatum ID PLANT DEFENSE GENES; GREEN MOLD DECAY; PENICILLIUM-DIGITATUM; ORANGE CALLUS; SWEET ORANGE; GRAPEFRUIT; INDUCTION; PROTEINS; BETA-1,3-ENDOGLUCANASE; INHIBITORS AB Chitinases are well-known antifungal proteins and belong to the pathogenesis-related (PR) group of proteins. In the present study, we screened a Valencia orange flavedo cDNA expression library with an antibody raised against a purified Valencia basic chitinase polypeptide and isolated its corresponding cDNA. The Valencia flavedo chitinase cDNA, designated chi 1, is 875 bp in length, with an open reading frame of 693 bp. The chi I gene encodes a predicted polypeptide of 231 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 25.1 kDa and a pl of 9. 15. The CHI 1 protein shares 60, 58, and 56 % identity with the basic chitinase proteins of rice, grape and maize, respectively. Southern blot analysis indicated that chi I is present as a low-copy gene. RNA gel blot hybridizations revealed that chi1 gene expression was markedly induced by various treatments that induce fruit resistance against the green mould pathogen Penicillium digitatum (Pers.Fr.) Sacc. These treatments included elicitation of fruit pathogen resistance by UV irradiation, hot water brushing, and application of beta-aminobutyric acid (BABA) and Candida oleophila antagonist yeast cells. C1 Agr Res Org, Dept Postharvest Sci Fresh Produce, Volcani Ctr, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, Dept Fruit Tree Breeding & Mol Biol, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. USHRL, USDA, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. RP Porat, R (reprint author), Agr Res Org, Dept Postharvest Sci Fresh Produce, Volcani Ctr, POB 6, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. NR 33 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 6 PU URBAN & FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA BRANCH OFFICE JENA, P O BOX 100537, D-07705 JENA, GERMANY SN 0176-1617 J9 J PLANT PHYSIOL JI J. Plant Physiol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 158 IS 12 BP 1585 EP 1590 DI 10.1078/0176-1617-00585 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 508DW UT WOS:000173074200010 ER PT J AU Sidle, JG Ball, M Byer, T Chynoweth, JJ Foli, G Hodorff, R Moravek, G Peterson, R Svingen, DN AF Sidle, JG Ball, M Byer, T Chynoweth, JJ Foli, G Hodorff, R Moravek, G Peterson, R Svingen, DN TI Occurrence of Burrowing Owls in black-tailed prairie dog colonies on Great Plains National Grasslands SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Burrowing Owl Symposium CY SEP 29-30, 1998 CL OGDEN, UT DE Burrowing Owl; Athene cunicularia; black-tailed prairie dog; Cynomys lucdovicianus; breeding distribution; survey; National Grasslands; Great Plains AB The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service classifies the Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia) as a sensitive species on Great Plains National Grasslands, although no grassland-wide assessment had been conducted prior to the survey described here. During spring and summer 1998, most black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys hulovicianus) colonies on National Grasslands were examined for the presence of Burrowing Owls. Of 582 colonies examined for Burrowing Owls, 444 (76%) showed signs of black-tailed prairie dog activity. Remaining colonies examined (N = 138) were inactive due to sylvatic plague (Yersinia pestis), shooting, or poisoning. We observed Burrowing Owls at 322 (55%) of the 582 colonies: owls were detected on 307 (69%) of 444 active colonies and 15 (11%) of 138 inactive colonies. Among National Grassland units, the percentage of colonies occupied by owls ranged from 16-93%. Burrowing Owl occupancy of active black-tailed prairie dog colonies was higher in the southern Great Plains (93%) than in the northern Great Plains (59%). National Grasslands occur primarily in the western Great Plains from North Dakota to Texas and encompass approximately 1.5 million ha of short- and mixed-grass prairie, most of which is potential habitat for black-tailed prairie dogs. Of this potential habitat, prairie dog colonies currently occupy 17 075 ha. Thus, there is substantial National Grassland area for prairie dog colonies to increase and provide additional nesting opportunities for Burrowing Owls. C1 US Forest Serv, Great Plains Natl Grasslands, USDA, Chadron, NE 69337 USA. Pawnee Natl Grassland, Greeley, CO 80631 USA. Thunder Basin Natl Grassland, Douglas, WY 82633 USA. Cimarron Natl Grassland, Elkhart, KS 67950 USA. Little Missouri Natl Grassland, Watford City, ND 58854 USA. Buffalo Gap Natl Grassland, Hot Springs, SD 57747 USA. Ft Pierre Natl Grassland, Pierre, SD 57501 USA. Comanche Natl Grassland, Springfield, CO 81073 USA. RP Sidle, JG (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Great Plains Natl Grasslands, USDA, 125 N Main St, Chadron, NE 69337 USA. EM jsidle@fs.fed.us NR 28 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 6 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 USA SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 35 IS 4 BP 316 EP 321 PG 6 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 514EG UT WOS:000173424900008 ER PT J AU Murphy, RK Hasselblad, KW Grondahl, CD Sidle, JG Martin, RE Freed, DW AF Murphy, RK Hasselblad, KW Grondahl, CD Sidle, JG Martin, RE Freed, DW TI Status of the Burrowing Owl in North Dakota SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Burrowing Owl Symposium CY SEP 29-30, 1998 CL OGDEN, UT DE Burrowing Owl; Athene cunicularia hypugaea; breeding range; breeding population trends; Great Plains; mixed-grass prairie; nesting habitat; North Dakota ID SPEOTYTO-CUNICULARIA; CONSERVATION; DECLINE; BIRDS AB Western Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia hypugaea) was among breeding birds characteristic of North Dakota's vast presettlement mixed-grass prairie, but now seems rare or absent in much of its former breeding range in the state. We assessed the Burrowing Owl's current breeding range in North Dakota and quantified occurrence of the owl where it was most common 15-30 yr ago: the Missouri Coteau and adjoining Drift Plain in central and northwestern North Dakota, and blacktailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovidanus) colonies in southwestern North Dakota. Burrowing Owls were detected at 23-60% of prairie dog colonies surveyed during 1994-99 (N = 25-89 colonies surveyed/ yr), which was lower than that reported for the owl at prairie dog colonies across most other states in the Great Plains. During 1995-98, we annually detected 0-3 owl pairs/100 km(2) on a 20% sample of a 840-km(2) survey area in each of central and northwestern North Dakota. In 1998, we also searched intensively for Burrowing Owls-within 0.5 km of nest-sites that had been occupied in northwestern North Dakota for at least one yr during 1976-87; we detected an owl at only one (3%)of 38 such areas. East and north of the Missouri River in North Dakota, breeding Burrowing Owls have changed from fairly common or uncommon to rare in the best potential habitat that remains and have disappeared from the eastern one-third of the state; populations apparently fell sharply during the last 5-15 yr. In southwestern North Dakota, the owl's current population trend is unclear but probably is tied closely to prairie dog abundance, which may still be declining. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Kenmare, ND 58746 USA. N Dakota Game & Fish Dept, Bismarck, ND 58501 USA. US Forest Serv, Great Plains Natl Grasslands, Chadron, NE 69337 USA. US Forest Serv, Little Missouri Natl Grassland, Watford City, ND 58854 USA. RP Murphy, RK (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 8315 Hwy 8,Des Lacs Natl Wildlife Refuge Complex, Kenmare, ND 58746 USA. EM bob-Murphy@fws.gov NR 34 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 USA SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 35 IS 4 BP 322 EP 330 PG 9 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 514EG UT WOS:000173424900009 ER PT J AU Makki, SS Somwaru, A AF Makki, SS Somwaru, A TI Evidence of adverse selection in crop insurance markets SO JOURNAL OF RISK AND INSURANCE LA English DT Article ID ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION; EQUILIBRIUM AB This article analyzes farmers' choices of crop insurance contracts and offers empirical evidence of adverse selection in crop insurance markets. Farmers' risk characteristics, their level of income, and the cost of insurance significantly affect the choice of yield and revenue insurance products as well as the selection of alternative coverage levels. Empirical analysis indicates that high-risk farmers are more likely to select revenue insurance contracts and higher coverage levels. Results show that low-risk farmers are overcharged and high-risk farmers are undercharged for comparable insurance contracts, implying informational asymmetries in the crop insurance market. C1 Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Makki, SS (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. NR 45 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL PUBL LTD PI OXFORD PA 108 COWLEY RD, OXFORD OX4 1JF, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-4367 J9 J RISK INSUR JI J. Risk Insur. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 68 IS 4 BP 685 EP 708 DI 10.2307/2691544 PG 24 WC Business, Finance; Economics SC Business & Economics GA 542GT UT WOS:000175035700006 ER PT J AU Richards, GP AF Richards, GP TI Enteric virus contamination of shellfish: Intervention strategies SO JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Molluscan Shellfish Safety CY JUN 19-24, 2000 CL SOUTHAMPTON, NEW YORK DE enteric virus; hepatitis; Norwalk; rotavirus; astrovirus; illness; shellfish; intervention ID HEPATITIS-A; UNITED-STATES; GASTROENTERITIS; OUTBREAK; OYSTERS; ILLNESS; FOODS AB Enteric viruses, such as hepatitis A, Norwalk-like caliciviruses, rotaviruses, and astroviruses, are responsible for outbreaks of food-borne illness. There are an estimated 9.2 million cases of food-bome Nonwalk-like illness in the United States each year. The portion of those cases associated with shellfish is uncertain; however, shellfish are a major vector of human caliciviruses. In addition to the classical viral illnesses transmitted by shellfish, hepatitis E may become a potential threat to the shellfish consumer, particularly in Asian countries. Intervention strategies to enhance product safety include increased industry and consumer education; changes in harvesting and water monitoring practices, product management, and processing technologies immunizations; and the development of improved detection methods. C1 Delaware State Univ, USDA, ARS, WW Baker Ctr, Dover, DE 19901 USA. RP Richards, GP (reprint author), Delaware State Univ, USDA, ARS, WW Baker Ctr, Dover, DE 19901 USA. NR 17 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL SHELLFISHERIES ASSOC PI SOUTHAMPTON PA C/O DR. SANDRA E. SHUMWAY, NATURAL SCIENCE DIVISION, SOUTHAMPTON COLLEGE, SOUTHAMPTON, NY 11968 USA SN 0730-8000 J9 J SHELLFISH RES JI J. Shellfish Res. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 20 IS 3 BP 1241 EP 1243 PG 3 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 526JN UT WOS:000174127300042 ER PT J AU Hwang, HS Erhan, SZ AF Hwang, HS Erhan, SZ TI Modification of epoxidized soybean oil for lubricant formulations with improved oxidative stability and low pour point SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE epoxidized soybean oil; lubricant; oxidative stability; Penn State micro-oxidation; pour point; ring-opening reaction ID VEGETABLE-OILS; BIODEGRADABLE LUBRICANTS AB To produce soybean oil-based lubricants with good oxidative stability and low pour point, epoxidized soybean oil (SBO) was chemically modified. Epoxidized SBO was reacted with various alcohols in the presence of sulfuric acid as a catalyst to give a ring-opened intermediate product. In this step, the epoxy group was transformed to the functional group of -CH(OR1)CH(OH)- (where the R-1 = methyl, 1-butyl, 2-butyl, 1-hexyl, cyclohexyl, 2,2-dimethyl-1-propyl, or 1-decyl). The H-1 nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the products indicated that transesterification was accompanied by the ring-opening reaction except when the bulky 2,2-dimethyl-1-propanol was used. Acid anhydride was used to esterify the hydroxy groups in the ring-opened product. This resulted in a fluid that is a lubricant candidate with the functional group of -CH(OR1)CH(OCOR2)-. Pour point studies of the resulting products showed that the pour points varied with the substituents, R-1 and R-2. Products with R-1 = CH3(CH2)(5)- and R-2 = CH3(CH2)(2)-, (CH3)(2)CH- or CH3(CH2)(4)- showed the lowest pour points (-39, -39, and -45degreesC, respectively) when 1% of pour point depressant was added. For the oxidative stability test, two products, in which R-1, R-2 = CH3(CH2)(5)-, (CH3)(2)CH- and R-1, R-2 = CH3(CH2.)(5)-, CH3(CH2)(4)-, were chosen for a modified Penn State micro-oxidation test. In the oxidative stability test, the products gave 69-71% of oxidative evaporation and 10-17% of tetrahydrofuran-insoluble deposits in 3 h at 175degreesC. The amounts of deposits were much lower than those of soybean oil (96%) and epoxidized SBO (83%) and even less than those of most petroleum-based lubricant basestocks (3-93%). C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Erhan, SZ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 18 TC 96 Z9 99 U1 2 U2 22 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 78 IS 12 BP 1179 EP 1184 DI 10.1007/s11745-001-0410-0 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 509AD UT WOS:000173121200002 ER PT J AU Lowrance, R Williams, RG Inamdar, SR Bosch, DD Sheridan, JM AF Lowrance, R Williams, RG Inamdar, SR Bosch, DD Sheridan, JM TI Evaluation of coastal plain conservation buffers using the riparian ecosystem management model SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE water quality; riparian forest buffers; vegetated filter strips; nitrogen; phosphorus; nutrient loads; sediment loads; ecosystem model ID LIQUID DAIRY MANURE; SHALLOW GROUNDWATER; WATER-QUALITY; SYSTEM; DENITRIFICATION; FOREST; REMM; TRANSPORT; COMPONENT; WETLAND AB Riparian buffers are increasingly important as watershed management tools and are cost-shared by programs such as Conservation Reserve that are part of the USDA Conservation Buffer Initiative. Riparian buffers as narrow as 4.6 m (15ft) are eligible for cost-share by USDA. The Riparian Ecosystem Management Model (REMM) provides a tool to judge water quality improvement by buffers and to set design criteria for nutrient and sediment load reduction. REMM was used for a Coastal Plain site to simulate 14 different buffers ranging from 4.6 m to 51.8 m (15 to 170 ft) with three different types of vegetation (hardwood trees, pine trees, and perennial grass) with two water and nutrient loads. The load cases were low sediment/low nutrient - typical of a well managed agricultural field and low sediment/high nutrient - typical of liquid manure application to perennial forage crops. Simulations showed that the minimum width buffer (4.6 m) was inadequate for control of nutrients under either load case. The minimum width buffer that is eligible for cost share assistance on a field with known water quality problems (10.7 m, 35 ft) was projected to achieve at least 50 percent reduction of N, P, and sediment in the load cases simulated. C1 USDA ARS, SE Watershed Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. SUNY Coll Buffalo, Great Lakes Ctr, Buffalo, NY 14222 USA. SUNY Coll Buffalo, Dept Geog & Planning, Buffalo, NY 14222 USA. RP Lowrance, R (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Watershed Res Lab, POB 946, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RI inamdar, shreeram/B-7433-2009 NR 21 TC 18 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 18 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 37 IS 6 BP 1445 EP 1455 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb03651.x PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 513LF UT WOS:000173379400002 ER PT J AU Magilligan, FJ Nislow, KH AF Magilligan, FJ Nislow, KH TI Long-term changes in regional hydrologic regime following impoundment in a humid-climate watershed SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE dams; floods; low flow; watershed management; aquatic ecosystems ID ENDANGERED FISH HABITATS; REGULATED RIVERS; GRAND-CANYON; DOWNSTREAM; COLORADO; DAMS; GEOMORPHOLOGY; CONSTRUCTION; RESTORATION; VARIABILITY AB We analyzed the type of hydrologic adjustments resulting from flow regulation across a range of dam types, distributed throughout the Connecticut River watershed, using two approaches: (1) the Index of Hydrologic Alteration (IHA) and (2) log-Pearson Type III flood frequency analysis. We applied these analyses to seven rivers that have extensive pre- and post-disturbance flow records and to six rivers that have only long post-regulation flow records. Lastly, we analyzed six unregulated streams to establish the regional natural flow regime and to test whether it has changed significantly over time in the context of an increase in forest cover from less than 20 percent historically to greater than 80 percent at present. We found significant hydrologic adjustments associated with both impoundments and land use change. On average, maximum peak flows decrease by 32 percent in impounded rivers, but the effect decreases with increasing flow duration. One-day minimum low flows increase following regulation, except for the hydro-electric facility on the mainstem. Hydrograph reversals occur more commonly now on the mainstem, but the tributary flood control structures experience diminished reversals. Major shifts in flood frequency occur with the largest effect occurring downstream of tributary flood control impoundments and less so downstream of the mainstem's hydroelectric facility. These overall results indicate that the hydrologic impacts of dams in humid environments can be as significant as those for large, multiple-purpose reservoirs in more and environments. C1 Dartmouth Coll, Dept Geog, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Magilligan, FJ (reprint author), Dartmouth Coll, Dept Geog, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. EM magilligan@dartmouth.edu NR 49 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 3 U2 21 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 37 IS 6 BP 1551 EP 1569 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb03659.x PG 19 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 513LF UT WOS:000173379400010 ER PT J AU Reungsang, A Moorman, TB Kanwar, RS AF Reungsang, A Moorman, TB Kanwar, RS TI Transport and fate of atrazine in midwestern Riparian Buffer Strips SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE modeling; water quality; atrazine; transport; leaching; buffer strips ID SOIL COLUMNS; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; MINERALIZATION; DEGRADATION; GROUNDWATER; RUNOFF; FIELD; ROOTS; INFILTRATION; VARIABILITY AB The fate of pesticides entering the Riparian Buffer Strips (RBS) has not been well documented. This study compared the transport and fate of atrazine in soil of three-, five-, and nine-year-old switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) RBS to that in adjacent soils cropped to a corn-soybean rotation or a grass-alfalfa pasture. Undisturbed soil columns were collected from the RBS and cropped areas within the Bear Creek watershed, near Roland, Iowa. Atrazine and bromide breakthrough curves obtained using intact soil columns under saturated conditions were described by a two-region, mobile-immobile transport model. Preferential flow of bromide and atrazine was evident in five- and nine-year-old RBS soil, but there was little difference in transport characteristics between these two RBS soils and the adjacent cropped soils. There was a trend towards an increase in dispersion coefficients between the five- and nine-year-old RBS sites, which suggests an increased degree of preferential flow with increasing RBS age. Despite similar texture and organic C contents, atrazine sorption was significantly greater in RBS soil than the adjacent cropped soil. Cropped soil degraded atrazine faster than the RBS soil. The rapid degradation of atrazine in the corn-soybean soil adjacent to the five-year-old RBS (atrazine half-life of 19 days) appeared to be due to a larger population of atrazine-degrading microorganisms. Atrazine-degrading microorganisms in the corn-soybean soil were 50,940 Cells g(-1) soil compared with 2,970 cells g(-1) soil in 5-year-old RBS soil which resulted in 60 percent mineralization of [C-14-UL-atrazine] in the corn-soybean soil. C1 Khon Kaen Univ, Dept Biotechnol, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Moorman, TB (reprint author), Khon Kaen Univ, Dept Biotechnol, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. NR 42 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 37 IS 6 BP 1681 EP 1692 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb03669.x PG 12 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 513LF UT WOS:000173379400020 ER PT J AU Pabst, RJ Spies, TA AF Pabst, RJ Spies, TA TI Ten years of vegetation succession on a debris-flow deposit in Oregon SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE debris flow; revegetation; riparian forest; succession; watershed management ID COAST RANGE; RECENT LANDSLIDES; RIPARIAN FORESTS; DISTURBANCE; MOUNTAINS; REGENERATION; GERMINATION; ALASKA; GROWTH; COVER AB We tracked vegetation succession on a debris-flow deposit in Oregon's Coast Range to examine factors influencing the development of riparian plant communities following disturbance. Plots were stratified across five areas of the deposit (bank slump, seep, upper and lower sediment wedge, log jam) the first growing season after debris flow. At six times during the next ten years we estimated cover of vascular plants and tallied density of woody plants. Plant colonization occurred within two years. Total cover increased two- to seven-fold on the five areas within three years. Red alder and salmonberry were the dominant species, although weedy herbs persisted where woody species were lacking. Ordination of cover data showed that the five areas remained floristically distinct over time, while undergoing similar shifts related to the increasing dominance of alder and salmonberry. Rapid height growth of alder allowed it to outcompete salmonberry and effectively capture most areas by the tenth year, even where sprouts from transported rhizomes gave salmonberry an early advantage. Our results suggest that successional patterns were influenced by substrate variability, species composition of initial colonizers, propagule sources and their distribution, and species life-history traits such as growth rate, competitive ability, and shade tolerance. C1 Oregon State Univ, Coll Forestry, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Pabst, RJ (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Coll Forestry, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. NR 45 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 37 IS 6 BP 1693 EP 1708 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb03670.x PG 16 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 513LF UT WOS:000173379400021 ER PT J AU Gove, NE Edwards, RT Conquest, LL AF Gove, NE Edwards, RT Conquest, LL TI Effects of scale on land use and water quality relationships: A longitudinal basin-wide perspective SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE water quality; scale; land use; watershed management; Willapa River; North River ID AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS; LANDSCAPE; INTEGRITY; CHEMISTRY; STREAMS; COVER; RIVER AB Human land use is a major source of change in catchments in developing areas. To better anticipate the long-term effects of growth, land use planning requires estimates of how changes in land use will affect ecosystem processes and patterns across multiple scales of space and time. The complexity of biogeochemical and hydrologic interactions within a basin makes it difficult to scale up from process-based studies of individual reaches to watershed scales over multiple decades. Empirical models relating land use/land cover (LULC) to water quality can be useful in longterm planning, but require an understanding of the effects of scale on apparent land use-water quality relationships. We empirically determined how apparent relationships between water quality and LULC data change at different scales, using LULC data from the Willapa Bay watershed (Washington) and water quality data collected along the Willapa and North Rivers. Spatial scales examined ranged from the local riparian scale to total upstream catchment. The strength of the correlations between LULC data and longitudinal water quality trends varied with scale. Different water quality parameters also varied in their response to changes in scale. Intermediate scales of land use data generally were better predictors than local riparian or total catchment scales. Additional data from the stream network did not increase the strength of relationships significantly. Because of the likelihood of scale-induced artifacts, studies quantifying land use-water quality relationships performed at single scales should be viewed with great caution. C1 Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Div Comm Fish, Anchorage, AK 99518 USA. US Forest Serv, Aquat Land Interact Res Program, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fisheries Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Conquest, LL (reprint author), Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Div Comm Fish, 333 Raspberry Rd, Anchorage, AK 99518 USA. NR 22 TC 36 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 31 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 37 IS 6 BP 1721 EP 1734 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb03672.x PG 14 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 513LF UT WOS:000173379400023 ER PT J AU Li, MH Manning, BB Robinson, EH AF Li, MH Manning, BB Robinson, EH TI Comparison of growth, processing yield, and body composition of USDA103 and Mississippi "normal" strains of channel catfish fed diets containing three concentrations of protein SO JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID GENOTYPE ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION; ICTALURUS-PUNCTATUS; ANIMAL PROTEIN; PONDS AB This study evaluated the effects of dietary protein concentration (26, 28, and 32%) on growth, feed efficiency, processing yield, and body composition of USDA103 and Mississippi "normal" (MN) strains of channel catfish raised in ponds. Fingerling channel catfish (average weight = 32.5 and 47.3 g/fish for USDA103 and MN strains, respectively) were stocked into 24 0.04-ha ponds (12 ponds/ strain) at a density of 18,530 fish/ha. Fish were fed once daily to apparent satiation from May to October 1999. There were no interactions between fish strain and dietary protein concentration for any parameters measured. Regardless of dietary protein concentrations, the USDA103 strain consumed more feed and gained more weight than the MN strain. There were no differences in feed conversion ratio (FCR) or survival between the two strains. Feed consumption, weight gain, FCR, and survival were not affected by dietary protein concentration. The USDA103 strain exhibited a lower level of visceral fat, a higher carcass yield, a lower level of fillet moisture, and a higher level of fillet fat than the MN strain. Regardless of fish strains, fish fed the 32% protein diet had a lower level of visceral fat and a higher fillet yield than fish fed the 26% protein diet. Fish fed the 32% protein diet were also higher in carcass yield as compared to those fed the 28% protein diet. Fillet moisture, protein, and fat concentrations were not affected by dietary protein concentration. Results from this study indicate that the USDA103 strain of channel catfish appears to possess superior traits in growth characteristics compared with the MN strain that is currently cultured commercially. Both strains appear to have the same dietary protein requirement. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Thad Cochran Natl Warmwater Aquaculture Ctr, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. USDA ARS, Thad Cochran Natl Warmwater Aquaculture Ctr, Catfish Genet Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Robinson, EH (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, Thad Cochran Natl Warmwater Aquaculture Ctr, POB 197, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 17 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY PI BATON ROUGE PA LOUISIANA STATE UNIV, 143 J M PARKER COLISEUM, BATON ROUGE, LA 70803 USA SN 0893-8849 J9 J WORLD AQUACULT SOC JI J. World Aquacult. Soc. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 32 IS 4 BP 402 EP 408 DI 10.1111/j.1749-7345.2001.tb00466.x PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 510AB UT WOS:000173185600006 ER PT J AU Schumacher, D Tischer, BK Reddy, SM Osterrieder, N AF Schumacher, D Tischer, BK Reddy, SM Osterrieder, N TI Glycoproteins E and I of Marek's disease virus serotype 1 are essential for virus growth in cultured cells SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID HERPES-SIMPLEX VIRUS; VARICELLA-ZOSTER VIRUS; TRANS-GOLGI NETWORK; FEATHER FOLLICLE EPITHELIUM; RAT VISUAL-SYSTEM; PSEUDORABIES VIRUS; BOVINE HERPESVIRUS-1; INTRACELLULAR-TRANSPORT; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; CYTOPLASMIC TAIL AB The role of glycoprotein E (gE) and gI of Marek's disease virus serotype 1 (MDV-1) for growth in cultured cells was Investigated. MDV-1 mutants lacking either gE (20 Delta gE), gI (20 Delta gI), or both gE and gI (20 Delta gE1) were constructed by recE/T-mediated mutagenesis of a recently established infectious bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone of MDV-1 (D. Schumacher, B. K. Tischer, W. Fuchs, and N. Osterrieder, J. Virol. 74:11088-11098, 2000). Deletion of either gE or gI, which form a complex in MDV-1-infected cells, resulted in the production of virus progeny that were unable to spread from cell to cell in either chicken embryo fibroblasts or quail muscle cells. This was reflected by the absence of virus plaques and the detection of only single infected cells after transfection, even after coseeding of transfected cells with uninfected cells. In contrast, growth of rescuant viruses, in which the deleted glycoprotein genes were reinserted by homologous recombination, was indistinguishable from that of parental BAC20 virus. In addition, the 20 Delta gE mutant virus was able to spread from cell to cell when cotransfected into chicken embryo fibroblasts with an expression plasmid encoding MDV-1 gE, and the 20 Delta gI mutant virus exhibited cell-to-cell spread capability after cotransfection with a gI expression plasmid. The 20 Delta gEI mutant virus, however, was not able to spread in the presence of either a gE or gl expression plasmid, and only single infected cells were detected by indirect immunofluorescence. The results reported here demonstrate for the first time that both gE and gI are absolutely essential for cell-to-cell spread of a member of the Alphaherpesvirinae. C1 Fed Res Ctr Virus Dis Anim, Friedrich Loeffler Inst, Inst Mol Biol, D-17498 Insel Riems, Germany. USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. RP Osterrieder, N (reprint author), Fed Res Ctr Virus Dis Anim, Friedrich Loeffler Inst, Inst Mol Biol, Boddenblick 5A, D-17498 Insel Riems, Germany. NR 68 TC 44 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 75 IS 23 BP 11307 EP 11318 DI 10.1128/JVI.75.23.11307-11318.2001 PG 12 WC Virology SC Virology GA 490CP UT WOS:000172033100006 PM 11689611 ER PT J AU Trabelsi, S Kraszewski, AW Nelson, SO AF Trabelsi, S Kraszewski, AW Nelson, SO TI Microwave dielectric sensing of bulk density of granular materials SO MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dielectric properties; granular materials; bulk density; microwave frequencies; relative complex permittivity; complex-plane representation; moisture content; temperature; microwave sensing AB A nondestructive dielectric method for sensing bulk density of granular materials is presented. The bulk density is determined from measurement of the dielectric properties of these materials at a single microwave frequency without knowledge of their moisture content and temperature. Bulk density calibration equations are generated from a complex-plane representation of the dielectric properties normalized with respect to bulk density. The effectiveness of the method is shown through measurement of the dielectric properties at 7 GHz for materials with significant compositional and structural differences, i.e. wheat. oats, corn and soybeans. over wide ranges of moisture content and temperature. The standard error of calibration and the relative error calculated for each material indicate that the method is as accurate as or better than commonly used methods for on-line density determination. Because the density is expressed in terms of the relative complex permittivity, the method can be applied regardless of the measurement technique (using transmission lines. a resonant cavity. admittance or impedance). C1 USDA ARS, Qual assessment Res Unit, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP USDA ARS, Qual assessment Res Unit, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. EM strabelsi@qaru.ars.usda.gov NR 11 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0957-0233 EI 1361-6501 J9 MEAS SCI TECHNOL JI Meas. Sci. Technol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 12 IS 12 BP 2192 EP 2197 DI 10.1088/0957-0233/12/12/322 PG 6 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 504UY UT WOS:000172875300024 ER PT J AU Xue, RD Barnard, DR Ali, A AF Xue, RD Barnard, DR Ali, A TI Laboratory and field evaluation of insect repellents as larvicides against the mosquitoes Aedes albopictus and Anopheles albimanus SO MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Aedes albopictus; Anopheles albimanus; AI3-35765; AI3-37220; deet; insect repellents; larvicide; mosquito control; piperidines; Florida; USA ID OVIPOSITION; CULICIDAE; TOXICITY; DIPTERA AB Acute toxicity and persistence of three insect repellents, deet and two piperidines (AI3-35765 and AI3-37220), were evaluated against mosquito larvae of Aedes albopictus (Sk-use) and Anopheles albimanus Wiedemann (Diptera: Culicidae) in the laboratory, and against natural populations of Ae. albopictus in the field. In laboratory studies. the LC50 values of the repellents for first instars ranged between 0.005 and 0.021% (Ae. albopictus) and between 0.01 and 0.014% (An. albimanus) and. for fourth instars, between 0.019 and 0.034% (Ae. albopictus) and between 0.015 and 0.024% (An. albimanus). A 0.1% concentration of deet caused 90-100% mortality in first-instar Ae. albopictus for 4 weeks. whereas AI3-35765 and AI3-37220 at the same concentration killed 95-100% of larvae for 12 weeks and 98-100% of larvae for 33 weeks post-treatment, respectively. Deet and AI3-35765 at 0.1% concentration resulted in complete mortality of first-instar An. albimanus for 3 weeks post-treatment, whereas AI3-37220 resulted in 91-99% larval mortalities for 35 weeks post-treatment. A 0.1% concentration of AI3-37220 provided 77-98% larval mortality for 20 weeks and 63-97% larval mortality for 12 weeks post-treatment. respectively, against fourth-instar Ae. albopictus and An. albimanus. In the field, in artificial containers, the reduction of Ae. albopictus larvae caused by deet, AI3-35765 and AI3-37220 was 88-95% for 3-4 weeks, 98-100% for 7 weeks, and 82-100% for 13 weeks post-treatment. respectively. In used tyres, the same concentration of the repellents resulted in 100% reduction of Ae. albopictus larvae for 2 weeks (deet), 4 weeks (AI3-35765) and 5 weeks (AI3-37220) post-treatment. In cemetery flower vases, Aedes spp. larvae were eliminated for 4 weeks (deet) and 6 weeks post-treatment by both AI3-35765 and AI3-37220. These topical repellents (particularly AI3-37220) have good potential for development and use in the management of container-inhabiting mosquitoes because they deter oviposition and kill larvae. C1 ARS, USDA, CMAVE, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. Univ Florida, IFAS, Mid Florida Res & Educ Ctr, Apopka, FL USA. RP Xue, RD (reprint author), ARS, USDA, CMAVE, POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RI Ali, Arshad/J-6647-2015 NR 14 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-283X J9 MED VET ENTOMOL JI Med. Vet. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 15 IS 4 BP 374 EP 380 DI 10.1046/j.0269-283x.2001.00323.x PG 7 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 505FW UT WOS:000172903600004 PM 11776456 ER PT J AU Poole, TL Hume, ME Genovese, KJ Anderson, TJ Sheffield, CL Bischoff, KM Nisbet, DJ AF Poole, TL Hume, ME Genovese, KJ Anderson, TJ Sheffield, CL Bischoff, KM Nisbet, DJ TI Persistence of a vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in an anaerobic continuous-flow culture of porcine microflora in the presence of subtherapeutic concentrations of vancomycin SO MICROBIAL DRUG RESISTANCE-MECHANISMS EPIDEMIOLOGY AND DISEASE LA English DT Article ID COMPETITIVE-EXCLUSION TREATMENT; GASTROINTESTINAL-TRACT; SALMONELLA INFECTION; CHICKS; COLONIZATION; PIGS; BACTERIA AB Recombined porcine continuous-flow culture (RPCF) maintained in a continuous-flow fermentation system is effective in protecting neonatal and weaned pigs against infection by enteropathogens.(2,13,14) In the current study, we demonstrate the effect of RPCF on vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in the presence and absence of subtherapeutic levels of vancomycin. Also examined was the ability of VRE to transfer vancomycin resistance to endogenous Enterococcus faecalis 137.1. When RPCF was challenged with VRE, the rate of VRE clearance was dependent on the method of challenge. In the control experiment, RPCF was challenged with 7.0 log(10)/CFU/ml VRE. Clearance of VRE from the culture was observed within 7 days at a rate of 1.44 log(10)/day. RPCF containing 0.001 mug/ml vancomycin cleared VRE at a slightly lower rate of 0.94 log(10)/day. RPCF containing 0.01 mug/ml or 0.1 mug/ml vancomycin reduced the level of VRE from 7.0 log(10)/CFU/ml to 2.0 log(10)/CFU/ml within 9 days, but failed to clear the VRE after 24 days. During the period of decline, the VRE clearance rate for the 0.01 mug/ml and 0.1 mug/ml vancomycin-treated cultures was 0.52 log(10)/day, and 0.53 log(10)/day, respectively. E. faecalis 137.1 endogenous to RPCF did not acquire the vancomycin resistance genes throughout the experiment as evidenced by direct selection, ribotyping, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. C1 USDA ARS, Feed & Food Safety Res Unit, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Poole, TL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Feed & Food Safety Res Unit, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 31 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 3 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1076-6294 J9 MICROB DRUG RESIST JI Microb. Drug Resist.-Mechan. Epidemiol. Dis. PD WIN PY 2001 VL 7 IS 4 BP 343 EP 348 DI 10.1089/10766290152773356 PG 6 WC Infectious Diseases; Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Infectious Diseases; Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 513VV UT WOS:000173401700005 PM 11822774 ER PT J AU Ballvora, A Schornack, S Baker, BJ Ganal, M Bonas, U Lahaye, T AF Ballvora, A Schornack, S Baker, BJ Ganal, M Bonas, U Lahaye, T TI Chromosome landing at the tomato Bs4 locus SO MOLECULAR GENETICS AND GENOMICS LA English DT Article DE avrBs3; avrBs3-2; sequence-tagged-site (STS) marker; bacterial spot disease; cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) ID CAMPESTRIS PV VESICATORIA; AVIRULENCE GENE AVRBS3; DISEASE RESISTANCE; RECOMBINATION HOTSPOT; POSITIONAL CLONING; PLANT-RESISTANCE; YAC LIBRARY; GENOME; DNA; YEAST AB The tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) Bs4 gene confers resistance to strains of Xanthomonas campestris pathovar vesicatoria that express the avirulence protein AvrBs4. As part of a map-based cloning strategy for the isolation of Bs4, we converted Bs4-linked amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers into locus-specific sequence-tagged-site (STS) markers. The use of these markers for the analysis of 1972 meiotic events allowed high-resolution genetic mapping within a 1.2-cM interval containing the target gene. Two tomato yeast artificial chromosome (YAC clones, each harboring inserts of approximately 250 kb, were identified using the marker most closely linked to Bs4. YAC end-specific markers were established and employed to construct a local YAC contig. The ratio of physical to genetic distance at Bs4 was calculated to be 280 kb/cM, revealing that recombination rates in this region are about three times higher than the genome-wide average. Mapping of YAC end-derived markers demonstrated that the Bs4 locus maps within a region of 250 kb, corresponding to a genetic interval of 0.9 cM. C1 Univ Halle Wittenberg, Inst Genet, D-06120 Halle Saale, Saale, Germany. CNRS, Inst Sci Vegetales, F-91190 Gif Sur Yvette, France. Univ Calif Berkeley, USDA, Ctr Plant Gene Express, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Inst Plant Genet & Crop Plant Res, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany. RP Lahaye, T (reprint author), Univ Halle Wittenberg, Inst Genet, Weinbergweg 10, D-06120 Halle Saale, Saale, Germany. RI Schornack, Sebastian/A-3650-2011; Baker, Barbara/L-7198-2016 OI Schornack, Sebastian/0000-0002-7836-5881; Baker, Barbara/0000-0002-1276-971X NR 57 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1617-4615 J9 MOL GENET GENOMICS JI Mol. Genet. Genomics PD DEC PY 2001 VL 266 IS 4 BP 639 EP 645 DI 10.1007/s004380100583 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 508GP UT WOS:000173080600014 PM 11810236 ER PT J AU Yu, GX Braun, E Wise, RP AF Yu, GX Braun, E Wise, RP TI Rds and Rih mediate hypersensitive cell death independent of gene-for-gene resistance to the oat crown rust pathogen Puccinia coronata f. sp avenae SO MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article ID PLANT-DISEASE RESISTANCE; POTATO VIRUS-X; DIPLOID AVENA; CONFERRING RESISTANCE; DEFENSE RESPONSES; HEXAPLOID OAT; STRIPE RUST; SUPPRESSION; IDENTIFICATION; LOCUS AB The Pca crown rust resistance cluster in the diploid Avena genus confers gene-for-gene specificity to numerous isolates of Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae. Recombination breakpoint analysis indicates that specificities conferred by the Pca cluster are controlled by at least five distinct genes, designated Pc81, Pc82, Pc83, Pc84, and Pc85. Avena plants with the appropriate genotype frequently respond to P. coronata by undergoing hypersensitive cell death at the sites of fungal infection. Autofluorescence of host cells in response to P. coronata occurs in plants that develop visible necrotic lesions but not in plants that lack this phenotype. Two newly described, non-Pc loci were shown to control hypersensitive cell death. Rds (resistance-dependent suppressor of cell death) suppresses the hypersensitive response (HR), but not the resistance, mediated by the Pc82 resistance gene. In contrast, Rih (resistance-independent hypersensitive cell death) confers HR in both resistant and susceptible plants. Linkage analysis indicates that Rds is unlinked to the Pca cluster, whereas Rih is tightly linked to it. These results indicate that multiple synchronous pathways affect the development of hypersensitive cell death and that HR is not essential for resistance to crown rust. Further characterization of these genes will clarify the relationship between plant disease resistance and localized hypersensitive cell death. C1 Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, Interdept Genet Program, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Plant Pathol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Wise, RP (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, Interdept Genet Program, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 46 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0894-0282 J9 MOL PLANT MICROBE IN JI Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 14 IS 12 BP 1376 EP 1383 DI 10.1094/MPMI.2001.14.12.1376 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA 499TF UT WOS:000172585900004 PM 11768532 ER PT J AU Lodge, DJ AF Lodge, DJ TI New basidiomycetes from the greater antilles SO MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT News Item ID NEOTROPICAL POLYPORES; PUERTO-RICO; ISLANDS C1 US Forest Serv, Ctr Forest Res, USDA, Luquillo, PR 00773 USA. RP Lodge, DJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Ctr Forest Res, USDA, POB 1377, Luquillo, PR 00773 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4221 USA SN 0953-7562 J9 MYCOL RES JI Mycol. Res. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 105 BP 1410 EP 1411 DI 10.1017/S0953756201235473 PN 12 PG 2 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 517LZ UT WOS:000173613200002 ER PT J AU Schreiner, RP Ivors, KL Pinkerton, JN AF Schreiner, RP Ivors, KL Pinkerton, JN TI Soil solarization reduces arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as a consequence of weed suppression SO MYCORRHIZA LA English DT Article DE fumigation; glomalean fungi; infectivity; metam sodium; methyl bromide ID HIGH-TEMPERATURE; PLANT-PATHOGENS; GROWTH; POPULATIONS; FUMIGATION; INFECTION AB Soil solarization, the process of heating soil by covering fields with clear plastic, is a promising method to reduce populations of soilborne pests and weeds without the use of pesticides. However, the destruction of beneficial organisms such as arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi also may occur, thereby reducing positive effects of solarization. We compared the effects of solarization and chemical fumigants on the survival of indigenous AM fungi in 1995 and 1996. The infectivity of AM fungi was monitored before and after solarization using a greenhouse bioassay with Sorghum bicolor L. for both years. AM colonization of roots was also monitored in the field 8 months after solarization in 1995. Weed densities were measured 8 months after treatment in 1996. Solarization increased the average daily soil temperature 6-10degreesC and the maximum soil temperature reached by 10-16degreesC (5-20 cm depth). Solarization did not reduce the infectivity of AM fungi immediately after the solarization period in either year, as determined by the greenhouse bioassay. Infectivity was greatly reduced in solarized plots 8 months after solarization (over winter) in both years as assessed in the field (1995) or with the greenhouse bioassay (1996). Fumigation with metam sodium at 930 l ha(-1) (350 kg active ingredient ha(-1)) reduced the infectivity of AM fungi in both years, and fumigation with methyl bromide at 800 kg ha(-1) eliminated infection by AM fungi. Solarization was as effective as methyl bromide and metam sodium at 930 l ha(-1) in controlling winter annual weeds measured 8 months after treatment. Solarization apparently reduced AM fungi in soil indirectly by reducing weed populations that maintained infective propagules over the winter. Fumigation with metam sodium or methyl bromide directly reduced AM fungi in soil. C1 USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RP Schreiner, RP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, 3420 NW Orchard Ave, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. NR 32 TC 17 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 11 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0940-6360 J9 MYCORRHIZA JI Mycorrhiza PD DEC PY 2001 VL 11 IS 6 BP 273 EP 277 PG 5 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 510EN UT WOS:000173195900002 PM 24549346 ER PT J AU Tiehen, L AF Tiehen, L TI Tax policy and charitable contributions of money SO NATIONAL TAX JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Tax Policy Forum Conference CY APR 30, 2001 CL BROOKINGS INST, WASHINGTON, D.C. HO BROOKINGS INST ID CROSS-SECTIONS; TIME-SERIES; PANEL-DATA; MODELS AB I use a recent series of household surveys to estimate the price and income elasticities of charitable giving. I estimate price elasticities of -0.94 to -1.15 and income elasticities of 0.24 to 0.35. Although the price elasticity estimates are smaller than those found in early studies, they do imply that the charitable deduction has a substantial impact on charitable giving. I also find that respondents' own reports of their sensitivity to tax deductions corroborate the price elasticity estimates. Those who report being most influenced by tax deductions have the highest price elasticity and those who report being least sensitive to tax deductions have the lowest price elasticity. C1 USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Tiehen, L (reprint author), USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 22 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 6 PU NATL TAX ASSOC PI WASHINGTON PA 725 15TH ST, N W #600, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-2109 USA SN 0028-0283 J9 NATL TAX J JI Natl. Tax J. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 54 IS 4 BP 707 EP 723 PG 17 WC Business, Finance; Economics SC Business & Economics GA 506BQ UT WOS:000172950400002 ER PT J AU Carta, LK Skantar, AM Handoo, ZA AF Carta, LK Skantar, AM Handoo, ZA TI Molecular, morphological and thermal characters of 19 Pratylenchus spp. and relatives using the D3 segment of the nuclear LSU rRNA gene SO NEMATROPICA LA English DT Article DE Hirschmanniella; lesion nematode; molecular evolution; morphometrics; Nacobbus; nematode phylogeny; Pratylenchus; Radopholus; ribosomal DNA; systematics; taxonomy; thermal adaptation ID CAENORHABDITIS-ELEGANS; PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS; SEQUENCE; NEMATODES; RDNA; COFFEAE; CHOICE AB Gene sequences are provided for the D3 segment of the large subunit rRNA gene in Pratylenchus agilis, P. hexincisus, P. teres, and P. zeae. They were aligned with the closest comparable previously published molecular sequences and evaluated with parsimony, distance and maximum-likelihood methods. Different outgroups and more taxa in this study compared to a previous D3 tree resulted in improved phylogenetic resolution. Congruence of trees with thermal, vulval and lip characters was evaluated. A tropical clade of Pratylenchus with 2 lip annules was seen in all trees. Maximum-Parsimony and Quartet-Puzzling Maximum-Likelihood trees, with ambiguously-alignable positions excluded and Radopholus similis as an outgroup, had topologies congruent with species possessing 2, 3 or 4 lip annules. An updated sequence for Pratylenchus hexincisus indicated it was an outgroup of R penetrans, P. arlingtoni, P. fallax and P. convallariae. Pratylenchus zeae was related to P. neglectus in a Neighbor-joining tree, but was equivocal in others. The relatives of P. teres were P. neglectus and Hirschmanniella belli rather than morphometrically similar P. crenatus. The P. agilis sequence is more closely related to the nearly identical sequences of P. pseudocoffeae and P. brachyurus, than to that of P. scribneri, which is a species closely related morphologically. C1 USDA ARS, Inst Plant Sci, Nematol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Carta, LK (reprint author), USDA ARS, Inst Plant Sci, Nematol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 37 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 8 PU ORGANIZATION TROP AMER NEMATOLOGISTS PI AUBURN PA AUBURN UNIV DEPT PLANT PATHOLOGY, AUBURN, AL 36849 USA SN 0099-5444 J9 NEMATROPICA JI Nematropica PD DEC PY 2001 VL 31 IS 2 BP 193 EP 207 PG 15 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 525KF UT WOS:000174068500005 ER PT J AU Waters, JR Zabel, CJ McKelvey, KS Welsh, HH AF Waters, JR Zabel, CJ McKelvey, KS Welsh, HH TI Vegetation patterns and abundances of amphibians and small mammals along small streams in a northwestern California watershed SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID OREGON COAST RANGE; WESTERN OREGON; RIPARIAN; FORESTS; PERSPECTIVE; COMMUNITIES; HABITAT; STANDS AB Our goal was to describe and evaluate patterns of association between stream size and abundances of amphibians and small mammals in a northwestern California watershed. We sampled populations at 42 stream sites and eight upland sites within a 100-km(2) watershed in 1995 and 1996. Stream leaches sampled ranged from poorly defined channels that rarely flowed to 10-m-wide channels with perennial flow. The majority of reaches flowed only intermittently. Aquatic vertebrates were sampled by conducting area-constrained surveys, and terrestrial vertebrates were sampled along three 45-m-long transects using cover boards, drift fence/pitfall trap arrays, and two types of live trap. Vegetation characteristics were strongly associated with measures of stream size, especially channel width. Compared to upland sites, mean numbers of plant species in the herbaceous layer were significantly greater along streams with active channel widths as small as 0.9-1.3 m. Larval Pacific giant salamanders (Dicamptodon tenebrosus) were found only in stream reaches with continuous flow or in channels greater than or equal to2.4-m wide, and larval tailed frogs (Ascaphus truei) were found only at sites with continuous or nearly continuous flow. Alien's chipmunks (Tamias senex) and deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) occurred at nearly every site sampled but were more abundant at reaches along larger streams than at reaches along smaller streams or at upland sites. None of the vertebrate species evaluated was significantly associated with intermittent streams having channels less than about 2-m wide and drainage areas less than about 10 ha. Our results provide additional information on the ecological role of small, intermittent streams. C1 USDA Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. RP Waters, JR (reprint author), USDA Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 800 E Beckwith, Missoula, MT 59801 USA. NR 45 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 11 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645020, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 USA SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD WIN PY 2001 VL 75 IS 1 BP 37 EP 52 PG 16 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 414HF UT WOS:000167660000004 ER PT J AU Hennon, PE Trummer, LM AF Hennon, PE Trummer, LM TI Yellow-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkafensis) at the northwest limits of its natural range in Prince William Sound, Alaska SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID DECLINE AB Little is known about yellow-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach) in Prince William Sound, Alaska; even the northwest limit of the range of this valuable tree has been unresolved. Mapping the occurrence of yellow-cedar from aircraft, boat, and by foot revealed two general locations: small populations on or near Hawkins Island and larger and more extensive populations from Glacier Island to Cedar Bay, Wells Bay, and Unakwik Inlet. A population of yellow-cedar on the eastern shore of Unakwik Inlet represents the furthest known northwest extent of the natural range. Results from plots located in the eastern and north-central areas of Prince William Sound indicate that yellow-cedar is common in all diameter classes, but is younger than the associated western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) and mountain hemlock (T. mertensiana (Bong.) Carr.). The tree is reproducing prolifically in the north-central portion of the sound. Reproduction, growth, and the vigorous appearance of trees suggest that yellow-cedar is currently thriving and increasing in abundance near the edge of its range. Direct human use of these forests has been limited to the harvesting of small diameter trees and the common occurrence of bark removal on the larger yellow-cedar trees. C1 USDA Forest Serv State & Private Forestry, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Hennon, PE (reprint author), USDA Forest Serv State & Private Forestry, 2770 Sherwood Lane,2A, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. NR 26 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645020, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 USA SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD WIN PY 2001 VL 75 IS 1 BP 61 EP 71 PG 11 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 414HF UT WOS:000167660000006 ER PT J AU Iverson, AL Iverson, LR Eshita, S AF Iverson, AL Iverson, LR Eshita, S TI The effects of surface-applied jasmonic and salicylic acids on caterpillar growth and damage to tomato plants SO OHIO JOURNAL OF SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID INDUCED RESISTANCE; LYCOPERSICON-ESCULENTUM; INSECT ATTACK; DEFENSE; HERBIVORES; ELICITORS; INHIBITORS; PATHOGEN; LEAVES; FIELD AB We tested the role of salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) in altering the tomato plant's defense against herbivory by tobacco hornworm. Treatments of SA or JA were topically applied to tomato plants, hornworm consumption was allowed to proceed for 12 days, and harvest analyses were performed. Measurements taken included a subjective plant rating (1-10 score), plant dry mass, caterpillar mass, and the number of times the caterpillars fell off the plant. Results showed significant effects of exogenously applied SA and JA on the defense of tomato plants against insect herbivory. Plants treated with SA had little resistance to the feeding caterpillars and the plant lost more biomass to them. JA, in contrast, apparently increased the defensive mechanisms of the plant, resulting in lower caterpillar growth and increased caterpillar detachment from plants. The data are consistent with a model where JA, endogenous or exogenously applied, is necessary for defense against insect herbivory and SA disrupts JA biosynthesis and/or pool accumulation. C1 Buckeye Valley High Sch, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. RP Iverson, AL (reprint author), Buckeye Valley High Sch, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. RI Iverson, Louis/C-7554-2009 OI Iverson, Louis/0000-0001-9501-471X NR 23 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 3 U2 5 PU OHIO ACAD SCIENCE PI COLUMBUS PA 1500 W 3RD AVE SUITE 223, COLUMBUS, OH 43212-2817 USA SN 0030-0950 J9 OHIO J SCI JI Ohio J. Sci. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 101 IS 5 BP 90 EP 94 PG 5 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 525KP UT WOS:000174069300003 ER PT J AU Broza, M Pereira, RM Stimac, JL AF Broza, M Pereira, RM Stimac, JL TI The nonsusceptibility of soil Collembola to insect pathogens and their potential as scavengers of microbial pesticides SO PEDOBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Collembola; Folsomia candida; Beauveria bassiana; Metarhizium anisopliae; Bacillus thuringiensis; entomopathogens ID BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS; BEAUVERIA-BASSIANA; FOLSOMIA-CANDIDA; FIRE ANT; FUNGI AB Collembola are very abundant soil insects which contribute to the decomposition of organic matter. This paper presents data on the interaction between Collembola and selected microbial agents being tested or used as biological pesticides. The Collembolan, Folsomia candida, was not susceptible to the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, Hirsutella spp., and Verticillium lecanii, or to the bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis, and its endotoxins. F. candida consumed and inactivated the insect pathogens without suffering mortality, reproductive disturbance or any other harmful effects. Consumption of insect pathogens demonstrates the potential of the Collembola as scavengers of biological insecticides artificially introduced into the environment. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Entomol & Nematol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Haifa, IL-36006 Tivon, Israel. RP Pereira, RM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, 1600 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RI Pereira, Roberto/B-5008-2010 OI Pereira, Roberto/0000-0002-5618-7690 NR 33 TC 21 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 11 PU URBAN & FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA BRANCH OFFICE JENA, P O BOX 100537, D-07705 JENA, GERMANY SN 0031-4056 J9 PEDOBIOLOGIA JI Pedobiologia PD DEC PY 2001 VL 45 IS 6 BP 523 EP 534 DI 10.1078/0031-4056-00104 PG 12 WC Ecology; Soil Science SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture GA 503GN UT WOS:000172790900004 ER PT J AU Dungan, RS Gan, JY Yates, SR AF Dungan, RS Gan, JY Yates, SR TI Effect of temperature, organic amendment rate and moisture content on the degradation of 1,3-dichloropropene in soil SO PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE biodegradation; 1,3-dichloropropene; enhanced degradation; fumigant pesticide; isomers; organic amendments ID FLOWER-BULB FIELDS; TRANSFORMATION RATE; 1,2-DICHLOROPROPANE; VOLATILIZATION; ATRAZINE; MANURE; 1,3-D; FILMS AB 1,3-Dichloropropene (1,3-D), which consists of two isomers, (Z)- and (E)-1,3-D, is considered to be a viable alternative to methyl bromide, but atmospheric emission of 1,3-D is often associated with deterioration of air quality. To minimize environmental impacts of 1,3-D, emission control strategies are in need of investigation. One approach to reduce 1,3-D emissions is to accelerate its degradation by incorporating organic amendments into the soil surface. In this study, we investigated the ability of four organic amendments to enhance the rate of degradation of (Z) - and (E) 1,3-D in a sandy loam soil. Degradation of (Z)- and (E)-1,3-D was well described by first-order kinetics, and rates of degradation for the two isomers were similar. Composted steer manure (SM) was the most reactive of the organic amendments tested. The half-life of both the (Z)- and (E)-isomers in unamended soil at 20 degreesC was 6.3 days; those in 5% SM-amended soil were 1.8 and 1.9 days, respectively. At 40 degreesC, the half-life of both isomers in 5% SM-amended soil was 0.5 day. Activation energy values for amended soil at 2, 5 and 10% SM were 56.5, 53.4 and 64.5 kJ mol(-1), respectively. At 20 degreesC, the contribution of degradation from biological mechanisms was largest in soil amended with SM, but chemical mechanisms still accounted for more than 58% of the (Z)- and (E)-1,3-D degradation. The effect of temperature and amendment rate upon degradation should be considered when describing the fate and transport of 1,3-D isomers in soil. Use of organic soil amendments appears to be a promising method to enhance fumigant degradation and reduce volatile emissions. Published in 2001 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Soil Phys & Pesticides Res Unit, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Yates, SR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Soil Phys & Pesticides Res Unit, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, 450W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. NR 33 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 14 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1526-498X J9 PEST MANAG SCI JI Pest Manag. Sci. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 57 IS 12 BP 1107 EP 1113 DI 10.1002/ps.400 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 500DM UT WOS:000172610700003 PM 11802597 ER PT J AU Minocha, R McQuattie, C Fagerberg, W Long, S Noh, EW AF Minocha, R McQuattie, C Fagerberg, W Long, S Noh, EW TI Effects of aluminum in red spruce (Picea rubens) cell cultures: Cell growth and viability, mitochondrial activity, ultrastructure and potential sites of intracellular aluminum accumulation SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article ID SUSTAINABLE FOOD-PRODUCTION; PINUS-RIGIDA SEEDLINGS; ION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; SUSPENSION-CULTURES; PLASMA-MEMBRANE; INORGANIC-IONS; TOBACCO CELLS; CATHARANTHUS-ROSEUS; ABSORBED ALUMINUM; PLANT NUTRITION AB The effects of Al on red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) cell suspension cultures were examined using biochemical, stereological and microscopic methods. Exposure to: Al for 24-48 h resulted in a loss of cell viability, inhibition of growth! and a significant decrease in mitochondrial activity. Soluble protein content increased in cells treated with Al. Using energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis on sections of freeze-substituted cells that had no obvious disruption in cytoplasmic or cell wall structure, Al (always in the presence of P) was detected in dense regions in cell walls, cytoplasm, plastids and vacuoles after 48 h exposure to Al. Stereological quantification of spruce cell structure showed that, after 24 h of Al treatment, intact cells had increased vacuolar and total cell volume, but the nuclear volume did not change. In addition, Al treatment resulted in increased surface area of Golgi membranes and endoplasmic reticulum. The biochemical and ultrastructural alterations in red spruce cells, in combination with the presence of Al in cellular organelles of visually intact cells, suggest that Al movement occurred across the plasma membrane without major cellular disruption. Detailed short-term time course studies are needed to determine if intracellular Al in these cells results from its passage into cells through submicroscopic lesions in the plasma membrane or it is taken up into the symplast through the intact membrane by an active, but slow, process. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Durham, NH 03824 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Dept Plant Biol, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Forest Res Inst, Div Biotechnol, Suwon 441350, South Korea. RP Minocha, R (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, POB 640,271 Mast Rd, Durham, NH 03824 USA. NR 50 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 113 IS 4 BP 486 EP 498 DI 10.1034/j.1399-3054.2001.1130407.x PG 13 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 507BW UT WOS:000173007700007 ER PT J AU Knight, VI Wang, H Lincoln, JE Lulai, EC Gilchrist, DG Bostock, RM AF Knight, VI Wang, H Lincoln, JE Lulai, EC Gilchrist, DG Bostock, RM TI Hydroperoxides of fatty acids induce programmed cell death in tomato protoplasts SO PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE arachidonic acid; apoptosis; HpETES; lipoxygenase; programmed cell death; tomato ID ELICITOR ARACHIDONIC-ACID; PROTEIN-KINASE-C; SOLANUM-TUBEROSUM L; PHYTOPHTHORA-INFESTANS; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; LIPOXYGENASE GENE; METHYL JASMONATE; MAP KINASE; LIPID HYDROPEROXIDES; TRACHEARY ELEMENTS AB Arachidonic acid (AA) is a fatty acid elicitor abundant in the glycerolipids of the late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans and related Oomycete species. Lipoxygenases (LOX), which catalyze the addition of molecular oxygen to the 1 or 5 position of a cis, cis-1,4+Z,Z-pentadiene system in polyunsaturated fatty acids, is induced in host plants such as tomato and potato during infection by P. infestans. Here it is reported that AA, the LOX metabolites of AA, 5- and 15-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenioc acid (5- and 15-HpETE), and the LOX metabolite of linoleic acid, 9-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid (9-HpODE), are potent inducers of programmed cell death (PCD) in tomato protoplasts. 5- and 15-HpETE increased DNA fragmentation as detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-X nick end labeling (TUNEL) and increased DNA laddering as visualized by ligation-mediated PCR. Background levels of DNA laddering were decreased in intensity by Zn2+ and increased by Ca2+, effects that are consistent with the reported action of these cations on PCD-associated endonucleases in other systems, H2O2 methyl jasmonate, and linoleic and linolenic acids were not toxic to tomato protoplasts at concentrations up to 350 muM, and lipid peroxides (LD100 = 80 muM) were far more potent inducers of death than free AA within this same concentration range. These results indicate the potential of fatty acid peroxides and LOX-related metabolism to engage an apoptotic type of PCD in higher plant cells. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Limited. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Plant Pathol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Ctr Engn Plants Resistance Pathogens, Davis, CA 95616 USA. USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, Univ Stn, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Bostock, RM (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Plant Pathol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 65 TC 37 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0885-5765 J9 PHYSIOL MOL PLANT P JI Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 59 IS 6 BP 277 EP 286 DI 10.1006/pmpp.2001.0366 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 529XP UT WOS:000174326800002 ER PT J AU Abbas, HK Gronwald, JW Plaisance, KL Paul, RN Lee, YW AF Abbas, HK Gronwald, JW Plaisance, KL Paul, RN Lee, YW TI Histone deacetylase activity and phytotoxic effects following exposure of duckweed (Lemna pausicostata L.) to apicidin and HC-toxin SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COCHLIOBOLUS-CARBONUM; CYCLIC TETRAPEPTIDES; SELECTIVE TOXIN; TRICHOSTATIN-A; MAIZE; COMPLEX; CHLOROPHYLL; INHIBITION; INVIVO; AGENTS AB The effects of two cyclic tetrapeptide fungal toxins, apicidin (from Fusarium spp.) and HC-toxin (from Cochliobolus carbonum), on duckweed (Lemna pausicostata L.) were examined. Both toxins inhibited historic deacetylase (HD) activity from duckweed plantlets; the effective concentration (EC50) for inhibition of HD was 5.6 and 1.1 muM for apicidin and HC-toxin, respectively. Approximately 65 and 85% of in vitro HD activity was inhibited by 50 muM apicidin or HC-toxin, respectively. Exposing duckweed for 72 h to apicidin or HC-toxin (25 or 50 muM) enhanced cellular leakage, impaired chlorophyll synthesis, and inhibited growth (cell division). At equivalent concentrations, the effects of HC-toxin were more pronounced than those of apicidin. In fronds, 72 h of exposure to 50 muM apicidin resulted in chloroplast deterioration indicated by loss of orientation and excess starch accumulation. In roots, a 72-h treatment with 50 muM apicidin resulted in the loss of the root cap and increased vacuolization and starch accumulation in plastids. C1 USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Agr Biotechnol, Suwon 441744, South Korea. Seoul Natl Univ, Res Ctr New Biomat Agr, Suwon 441744, South Korea. USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Abbas, HK (reprint author), USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Prod Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 32 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD DEC PY 2001 VL 91 IS 12 BP 1141 EP 1148 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2001.91.12.1141 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 497CX UT WOS:000172436100002 PM 18943328 ER PT J AU Goodwin, SB Cavaletto Jr Waalwijk, C Kema, GHJ AF Goodwin, SB Cavaletto, JR Waalwijk, C Kema, GHJ TI DNA fingerprint probe from Mycosphaerella graminicola identifies an active transposable element SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Sln1; transposition; transposon ID RICE BLAST FUNGUS; ANAMORPH-SEPTORIA-TRITICI; MAGNAPORTHE-GRISEA; PHYTOPHTHORA-INFESTANS; GENOME ORGANIZATION; FUSARIUM-OXYSPORUM; RIBOSOMAL DNA; POPULATIONS; PATHOGEN; REARRANGEMENTS AB DNA fingerprinting has been used extensively to characterize populations of Mycosphaerella graminicola, the Septoria tritici blotch pathogen of wheat. The highly polymorphic DNA fingerprints of Mycosphaerella graminicola were assumed to reflect the action of transposable elements. However, there was no direct evidence to support that conclusion. To test the transposable clement hypothesis, the DNA fingerprint probe pSTL70 was sequenced, along with three other clones from a subgenomic library that hybridized with pSTL70. Analysis of these sequences revealed that pSTL70 contains the 3' end of a reverse transcriptase sequence plus 29- and 79-bp direct repeats. These are characteristics of transposable elements identified in other organisms. Southern analyses indicated that either the direct-repeat or reverse-transcriptase sequences by themselves essentially duplicated the original DNA fingerprint pattern, but other portions of pSTL70 contained single-copy DNA. Analysis of 60 progeny from a sexual cross between two Dutch isolates of Mycosphaerella graminicola identified several new bands that were not present in the parents. Thus, the putative transposable element probably is active during meiosis. Tests of single-spore isolates revealed gains or losses of one or more DNA fingerprint bands in 4 out of 10 asexual lines derived from isolate IPO94269. Therefore, DNA fingerprint patterns produced by the putative transposable clement were capable of changes during asexual reproduction of this isolate. Probe pSTL70 did not hybridize at high stringency to genomic DNAs from other fungi related to Septoria and Mycosphaerella. These results indicate that the DNA fingerprint probe pSTL70 most likely identifies a transposable element in Mycosphaerella graminicola that may have been acquired recently, and appears to be active during both sexual and asexual reproduction. C1 Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Plant Res Int, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands. RP Goodwin, SB (reprint author), Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, 1155 Lilly Hall, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. EM goodwin@btny.purdue.edu NR 34 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD DEC PY 2001 VL 91 IS 12 BP 1181 EP 1188 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2001.91.12.1181 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 497CX UT WOS:000172436100007 PM 18943333 ER PT J AU Pinkerton, JN Johnson, KB Aylor, DE Stone, JK AF Pinkerton, JN Johnson, KB Aylor, DE Stone, JK TI Spatial and temporal increase of eastern filbert blight in European hazelnut orchards in the pacific northwest SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID VENTURIA-INAEQUALIS ASCOSPORES; ANISOGRAMMA-ANOMALA; SUSCEPTIBILITY; TRANSPORT; INFECTION; RELEASE; DISEASE AB Since its first detection in southwest Washington state 30 years ago, eastern filbert blight, caused by Anisogramma anomala, has spread slowly southward (approximate to 2 km/year) into the Willamette Valley of Oregon, an important hazelnut production region. Experiments were conducted to measure gradients of disease spread, rates of disease increase as affected by distance from an inoculum source and variation in host plant resistance, and dispersal of ascospores of A. anomala from diseased orchards. In each of 3 years, 1-year-old hazelnut trees placed from 0 to 150 in north of diseased orchards were infected uniformly and slopes of disease gradients were not significantly different from zero. In I year when trees also were placed south of an orchard, the disease gradient was significant (P < 0.05), with disease incidence high at the edge of the orchard and few trees infected at 10 m south of the orchard. Disease gradients were shallower and the magnitude of the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) greater in 0.1-ha mini-orchards of highly susceptible cv. Ennis than in mini-orchards of moderately susceptible cvs. Barcelona or Casina. Lower AUDPC values were observed in mini-orchards of Barcelona interplanted with a moderately resistant pollenizer Hall's Giant compared with the highly susceptible pollenizer Daviana. Fungicides applied biweekly starting at bud break reduced AUDPC values in Ennis mini-orchards to values observed in Barcelona and Casina mini-orchards. Data from aspirated spore samplers placed on towers adjacent to severely diseased hazelnut orchards indicated that spores of A. anomala dispersed horizontally and vertically away from the canopy during periods of extended branch wetness and, thus, show potential to be transported long distances in wind currents. Weather patterns in the Pacific Northwest may account for the relatively slow, southward spread of eastern filbert blight within Oregon's Willamette Valley. Of 196 precipitation events greater than 10 h in duration recorded from 1974 to 1995, conditions most favorable for ascospores discharge, periods with wind from the north were rare, representing < 6% of total hours. C1 USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. Connecticut Agr Expt Stn, Dept Plant Pathol & Ecol, New Haven, CT 06504 USA. RP Pinkerton, JN (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, 3340 NW Orchard Ave, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. NR 26 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD DEC PY 2001 VL 91 IS 12 BP 1214 EP 1223 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2001.91.12.1214 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 497CX UT WOS:000172436100011 PM 18943337 ER PT J AU Skovgaard, K Nirenberg, HI O'Donnell, K Rosendahl, S AF Skovgaard, K Nirenberg, HI O'Donnell, K Rosendahl, S TI Evolution of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp vasinfectum races inferred from multigene genealogies SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIC DNA; GENE GENEALOGIES; VEGETATIVE-COMPATIBILITY; PATHOGENIC RACES; REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION; FUNGUS FUSARIUM; COTTON PLANTS; WILT; COMPLEX; DISEASE AB Fusarium wilt of cotton is a serious fungal disease responsible for significant yield losses throughout the world. Evolution of the causal organism Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum, including the eight races described for this specialized form, was studied using multigene genealogies. Partial sequences of translation elongation factor (EF-la), nitrate reductase (NIR), phosphate permase (PHO), and the mitochondrial small subunit (mtSSU) rDNA were sequenced in 28 isolates of F oxysporum f. sp, vasinfectum selected to represent the global genetic diversity of this forma specialis. Results of a Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks Templeton test indicated that sequences of the four genes could be combined. In addition, using combined data from EF-1 alpha and mtSSU rDNA, the phylogenetic origin of F oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum within the F oxysporum complex was evaluated by the Kishino-Hasegawa likelihood test. Results of this test indicated the eight races of F oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum appeared to be nonmonophyletic, having at least two independent, or polyphyletic, evolutionary origins. Races 3 and 5 formed a strongly supported clade separate from the other six races. The combined EF-1 alpha, NIR, PHO, and mtSSU rDNA sequence data from the 28 isolates of F oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum recovered four lineages that correlated with differences in virulence and geographic origin: lineage I contained race 3, mostly from Egypt, and race 5 from Sudan; lineage Il contained races 1, 2, and 6 from North and South America and Africa; lineage III contained race 8 from China; and lineage IV contained isolates of races 4 and 7 from India and China, respectively. C1 Univ Copenhagen, Dept Mycol, DK-1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark. Biol Bundesanstalt Land & Forstwirtschaft, Inst Pflanzenvirol Mikrobiol & Biol Sicherheit, D-14195 Berlin, Germany. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Microbial Properties Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Skovgaard, K (reprint author), Univ Copenhagen, Dept Mycol, Oester Farimagsgade 2D, DK-1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark. RI Rosendahl, Soren/F-4461-2014 OI Rosendahl, Soren/0000-0001-5202-6585 NR 33 TC 71 Z9 75 U1 3 U2 9 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD DEC PY 2001 VL 91 IS 12 BP 1231 EP 1237 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2001.91.12.1231 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 497CX UT WOS:000172436100013 PM 18943339 ER PT J AU Liu, JQ Uhde-Stone, C Li, A Vance, C Allan, D AF Liu, JQ Uhde-Stone, C Li, A Vance, C Allan, D TI A phosphate transporter with enhanced expression in proteoid roots of white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE cluster root; Lupinus albus L.; phosphate deficiency; phosphate transporter; proteoid root ID PHOSPHORUS; ARABIDOPSIS; ACQUISITION; ENCODES; CLONING; PLANTS; GENES AB Two full-length cDNAs encoding putative plant phosphate (P (i)) transporters were isolated from proteoid roots of P (i)-starved white lupin plants 7 and 10 days after emergence (DAE). The deduced amino acid sequences of LaPT1 and LaPT2 are 75.7% identical and both display the typical 12 membrane spanning domains characteristic of other plant P (i) transporters. The LaPT1 transcript was expressed most strongly in -P roots (both normal and proteoid) and less so in -P stems and leaves. Transcripts of LaPT1 were low to nondetectable in +P plants. The LaPT2 transcript was highly expressed in roots in both +P and -P treatments. LaPT1 is much more dramatically induced by P deficiency over time, and is more highly expressed in -P proteoid than -P normal root tissue. In contrast, LaPT2 expression was fairly similar over time and in +P and -P normal and -P proteoid roots. While LaPT1 was expressed only under P deficiency, LaPT2 was uniformly expressed by plants exposed to excess Al and deficiencies of N, Mn, Fe and P. The LaPT1 gene was isolated and shown to have two exons interrupted by one intron. The sequence of the 5'-upstream putative promoter was determined. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Allan, D (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. NR 25 TC 44 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 8 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD DEC PY 2001 VL 237 IS 2 BP 257 EP 266 DI 10.1023/A:1013396825577 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 504ND UT WOS:000172862000007 ER PT J AU Sharpley, AN McDowell, RW Kleinman, PJA AF Sharpley, AN McDowell, RW Kleinman, PJA TI Phosphorus loss from land to water: integrating agricultural and environmental management SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE eutrophication; fertilizers; manures; nonpoint source pollution; runoff; water quality ID QUALITY IMPACTS; SOUTHERN PLAINS; FESCUE PLOTS; SOIL-PHOSPHORUS; POULTRY MANURE; SWINE MANURE; RUNOFF; NITROGEN; RAINFALL; TILLAGE AB Phosphorus (P), an essential nutrient for crop and animal production, can accelerate freshwater eutrophication, now one of the most ubiquitous forms of water quality impairment in the developed world. Repeated outbreaks of harmful algal blooms (e.g., Cyanobacteria and Pfiesteria) have increased society's awareness of eutrophication, and the need for solutions. Agriculture is regarded as an important source of P in the environment. Specifically, the concentration of specialized farming systems has led to a transfer of P from areas of grain production to animal production. This has created regional surpluses in P inputs (mineral fertilizer and feed) over outputs (crop and animal produce), built up soil P in excess of crop needs, and increased the loss of P from land to water. Recent research has shown that this loss of P in both surface runoff and subsurface flow originates primarily from small areas within watersheds during a few storms. These areas occur where high soil P, or P application in mineral fertilizer or manure, coincide with high runoff or erosion potential. We argue that the overall goal of efforts to reduce P loss to water should involve balancing P inputs and outputs at farm and watershed levels by optimizing animal feed rations and land application of P as mineral fertilizer and manure. Also, conservation practices should be targeted to relatively small but critical watershed areas for P export. C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Sharpley, AN (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, Bldg 3702,Curtin Rd, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. OI McDowell, Richard/0000-0003-3911-4825 NR 88 TC 170 Z9 194 U1 20 U2 132 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD DEC PY 2001 VL 237 IS 2 BP 287 EP 307 DI 10.1023/A:1013335814593 PG 21 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 504ND UT WOS:000172862000010 ER PT J AU Grzebelus, D Senalik, D Jagosz, B Simon, PW Michalik, B AF Grzebelus, D Senalik, D Jagosz, B Simon, PW Michalik, B TI The use of AFLP markers for the identification of carrot breeding lines and F-1 hybrids SO PLANT BREEDING LA English DT Article DE Daucus carota; AFLP; PCR; genetic distance; hybrid seed purity ID GENETIC DIVERSITY AB Four inbred lines of carrot (cytoplasmic male-steriles and corresponding maintainers) and eight of their F-1 hybrids were studied with the amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) technique to examine their genetic relationship and produce markers useful for testing hybrid seed purity. Eighty-six polymorphic amplicons were identified in bulked DNA samples using eight primer pair combinations. Genetic distance was estimated on the basis of the presence or absence of polymorphic bands. The dendrogram plotted on the basis of the AFLP data closely represented the pedigree relationships of the lines and their hybrids. From one to six amplicons specific for a breeding line were identified. Most of them were also present in the DNA bulks of respective F-1 hybrids. However. screening performed on individual plants of two parental lines and the corresponding hybrid indicated insufficient uniformity of parental lines, limiting the applicability of AFLP markers for testing hybrid seed purity. C1 Agr Univ Krakow, Dept Genet Plant Breeding & Seed Sci, PL-31425 Krakow, Poland. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, USDA ARS, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Grzebelus, D (reprint author), Agr Univ Krakow, Dept Genet Plant Breeding & Seed Sci, 29 Listopada 54, PL-31425 Krakow, Poland. RI Grzebelus, Dariusz/I-8832-2014 OI Grzebelus, Dariusz/0000-0001-6999-913X NR 7 TC 5 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0179-9541 J9 PLANT BREEDING JI Plant Breed. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 120 IS 6 BP 526 EP 528 DI 10.1046/j.1439-0523.2001.00647.x PG 3 WC Agronomy; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA 510YQ UT WOS:000173235500013 ER PT J AU Takeuchi, Y Kubiske, ME Isebrands, JG Pregtizer, KS Hendrey, G Karnosky, DF AF Takeuchi, Y Kubiske, ME Isebrands, JG Pregtizer, KS Hendrey, G Karnosky, DF TI Photosynthesis, light and nitrogen relationships in a, young deciduous forest canopy under open-air CO2 enrichment SO PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE A/C; analysis; global change; N allocation; Rubisco; trembling aspen ID CONTRASTING SHADE TOLERANCE; RISING ATMOSPHERIC CO2; ELEVATED CO2; FAGUS-SYLVATICA; USE EFFICIENCY; LEAF NITROGEN; GAS-EXCHANGE; C-3 PLANTS; TREE; ACCLIMATION AB Leaf photosynthesis (Ps), nitrogen (N) and light environment were measured on Populus tremuloides trees in a developing canopy under free-air CO2 enrichment in Wisconsin, USA. After 2 years of growth, the trees averaged 1.5 and 1.6 in tall under ambient and elevated CO2, respectively, at the beginning of the study period in 1999. They grew to 2.6 and 2.9 in, respectively, by the end of the 1999 growing season. Daily integrated photon flux from cloud-free days (PPFDday,sat) around the lowermost branches was 16.8 +/- 0.8 and 8.7 +/- 0.2% of values at the top for the ambient and elevated CO2 canopies, respectively. Elevated CO2 significantly decreased leaf N on a mass, but not on an area, basis. N per unit leaf area was related linearly to PPFDday,sat throughout the canopies, and elevated CO2 did not affect that relationship. Leaf Ps light-response curves responded differently to elevated CO2, depending upon canopy position. Elevated CO2 increased Ps(sat) only in the upper (unshaded) canopy, whereas characteristics that would favour photosynthesis in shade were unaffected by elevated CO2. Consequently, estimated daily integrated Ps on cloud-free days (Ps(day,sat)) was stimulated by elevated CO2 only in the upper canopy. Ps(day,sat) of the lowermost branches was actually lower with elevated CO2 because of the darker light environment. The lack of CO2 stimulation at the mid- and lower canopy was probably related to significant down-regulation of photosynthetic capacity; there was no down-regulation of Ps in the upper canopy. The relationship between Ps(day,sat) and leaf N indicated that N was not optimally allocated within the canopy in a manner that would maximize whole-canopy Ps or photosynthetic N use efficiency. Elevated CO2 had no effect on the optimization of canopy N allocation. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Dept Forestry, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Forest Expt Stn, Rhinelander, WI USA. Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forestry & Wood Prod, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Brookhaven, NY USA. RP Kubiske, ME (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, Dept Forestry, Box 9681, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 47 TC 42 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 11 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0140-7791 J9 PLANT CELL ENVIRON JI Plant Cell Environ. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 24 IS 12 BP 1257 EP 1268 DI 10.1046/j.0016-8025.2001.00787.x PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 501PD UT WOS:000172693200002 ER PT J AU Olhoft, PM Lin, K Galbraith, J Nielsen, NC Somers, DA AF Olhoft, PM Lin, K Galbraith, J Nielsen, NC Somers, DA TI The role of thiol compounds in increasing Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of soybean cotyledonary-node cells SO PLANT CELL REPORTS LA English DT Article DE Agrobacterium tumefaciens; L-cysteine; Glycine max; transformation; plant wound and pathogen defense ID BETA-GLUCURONIDASE; PATHOGEN INFECTION; PHENOLIC-COMPOUNDS; T-DNA; PLANTS; TUMEFACIENS; GENE; EXPRESSION; RESISTANCE; OXIDASES AB Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of soybean cells and the production of fertile transgenic soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] plants using the cotyledonary-node (cot-node) method were improved by amending the solid co-cultivation medium with L-cysteine. The goal of this study was to investigate the role of cysteine and other thiol compounds in increasing the frequency of transformed soybean cot-node cells. The frequency of transformed cells was increased only when L-cysteine was present during co-cultivation of Agrobacterium and cot-node explants. This effect was due to the thiol group since D-cysteine and other thiol compounds also increased the frequency of transformed cells. Copper and iron chelators also increased the frequency of transformed cells, indicating an association with inhibition of polyphenol oxidases and peroxidases. Thiol compounds likely inhibit wound- and pathogen-induced responses, thereby increasing the capacity for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of soybean cells. The increases in transformed cot-node cells were independent of soybean genotype, Agrobacterium strain, and binary plasmid. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Agron, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Somers, DA (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, 411 Borlaug Hall,1991 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 28 TC 81 Z9 118 U1 3 U2 8 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0721-7714 J9 PLANT CELL REP JI Plant Cell Reports PD DEC PY 2001 VL 20 IS 8 BP 731 EP 737 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 510HC UT WOS:000173201800009 ER PT J AU Preiszner, J VanToai, TT Huynh, L Bolla, RI Yen, HH AF Preiszner, J VanToai, TT Huynh, L Bolla, RI Yen, HH TI Structure and activity of a soybean Adh promoter in transgenic hairy roots SO PLANT CELL REPORTS LA English DT Article DE abiotic stress; alcohol dehydrogenase genetic transformation Glycine max; hairy roots ID ALCOHOL-DEHYDROGENASE GENE; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; MAIZE; EXPRESSION; INDUCTION; PROTEIN; BINDING; ELEMENTS; CLONING; STRESS AB The alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) gene in plants is transcriptionally induced by anoxia and hypoxia. The Adh gene family consists of one to four members, depending on the plant species. The developmental expression and tissue-specific responses of each gene member to hypoxic stress have been well documented. In addition to hypoxia, the Adh gene is also induced by heat, dehydration, cold, and treatment with the hormone abscisic acid (ABA). Extensive studies of the structure and function of the maize (Zea mays L.) Adh promoters have identified several common motifs that are essential for the proper responses to environmental stimuli. The structure and expression of the soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) Adh promoter have not been as well documented as in maize and Arabidopsis. In this study, we isolated a 976-bp fragment upstream of the soybean Adh2 gene start codon. The putative promoter contains motifs homologous to the anaerobiosis responsive element and the G-box-1 palindromic element characteristic of known Adh promoters. The putative promoter was fused with the P-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene, and the pBI-Adh:GUS plasmid was introduced into soybean hairy roots by Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation of cotyledons. GUS activity assay and histochemical staining of the five transgenic Adh:GUS hairy root lines indicated that the promoter was inducible by anoxia but did not respond to cold temperature, wounding or ABA treatment. GUS expression in transgenic 35S:GUS hairy root lines was not affected by anoxia, cold, wounding, or ABA. The Adh promoter may be useful in transformation experiments where the hypoxically induced expression of the transgenes is needed to improve the plant's tolerance to flooding or hypoxia stress. C1 USDA ARS, Soil Drainage Res Unit, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Ohio State Univ, Plant Biotechnol Program, Dept Hort & Crop Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP VanToai, TT (reprint author), USDA ARS, Soil Drainage Res Unit, 590 Woody Hayes Dr, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. NR 30 TC 9 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 8 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0721-7714 J9 PLANT CELL REP JI Plant Cell Reports PD DEC PY 2001 VL 20 IS 8 BP 763 EP 769 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 510HC UT WOS:000173201800014 ER PT J AU Ivic, SD Sicher, RC Smigocki, AC AF Ivic, SD Sicher, RC Smigocki, AC TI Growth habit and sugar accumulation in sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) transformed with a cytokinin biosynthesis gene SO PLANT CELL REPORTS LA English DT Article DE Beta vulgaris; isopentenyl transferase (ipt); sugarbeet; sucrose ID ISOPENTENYL TRANSFERASE GENE; TRANSGENIC TOBACCO PLANTS; ENDOGENOUS CYTOKININS; IPT GENE; T-DNA; AGROBACTERIUM; TISSUES; MORPHOLOGY; EXPRESSION AB Expression of a bacterial cytokinin biosynthesis gene fused to a patatin gene promoter was studied in sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.). Two independent transformants, Pat-ipt 1 and 2, exhibited a number of distinguishable morphological alterations commonly induced by cytokinins, i.e. less root growth, reduced leaf surface area. and increased axillary shoot development. Concentrations of the cytokinins zeatin and zeatin riboside were increased by twofold in taproots and 7- to 18-fold in leaves. Leaf sucrose and glucose concentrations were not significantly different from those in control plants except in Pat-ipt 2 where glucose levels were elevated ninefold. Since normal taproot development was severely inhibited, sucrose concentrations in the taproots were significantly reduced. C1 USDA ARS, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Climate Stress Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Smigocki, AC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, Bldg 006, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 23 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0721-7714 J9 PLANT CELL REP JI Plant Cell Reports PD DEC PY 2001 VL 20 IS 8 BP 770 EP 773 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 510HC UT WOS:000173201800015 ER PT J AU Ainsley, PJ Hammerschlag, FA Bertozzi, T Collins, GG Sedgley, M AF Ainsley, PJ Hammerschlag, FA Bertozzi, T Collins, GG Sedgley, M TI Regeneration of almond from immature seed cotyledons SO PLANT CELL TISSUE AND ORGAN CULTURE LA English DT Article DE adventitious shoots; indole-3-butyric acid; organogenesis; Prunus dulcis Mill.; thidiazuron ID AGROBACTERIUM-MEDIATED TRANSFORMATION; MATURE STORED SEED; SHOOT REGENERATION; PRUNUS-PERSICA; EMBRYOS; PLANTS; ORGANOGENESIS; THIDIAZURON; EXPLANTS; CHERRY AB Adventitious shoots were regenerated from immature cotyledons of four almond cultivars ('Ne Plus Ultra', 'Nonpareil', 'Carmel' and `Parkinson'). Open-pollinated fruit were collected from orchard-grown trees 100-115 days after full bloom. The proximal ends of the cotyledons were excised and the embryonic axes discarded. The effects of different concentrations of thidiazuron (TDZ) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and the presence or absence of light for the first 7 days of culture were determined. Shoot regeneration rates were highest for cotyledons cultured for 8 weeks on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium containing TDZ (10.0 muM), followed by 4 weeks on medium without plant growth regulators. Regeneration levels were further improved if cotyledons were maintained in darkness for the first 7 days. IBA (0.5 muM) significantly reduced the development of adventitious shoots. The frequency of cotyledons that developed adventitious shoots under the optimum tested conditions for 'Ne Plus Ultra', 'Nonpareil', 'Carmel', and 'Parkinson' were 80.0%, 73.3%, 100.0% and 86.7%, respectively. C1 Univ Adelaide, Plant Res Ctr, Dept Hort Viticulture & Oenol, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia. ARS, USDA, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Sedgley, M (reprint author), Univ Adelaide, Plant Res Ctr, Dept Hort Viticulture & Oenol, Waite Campus,PMB1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia. RI Bertozzi, Terry/E-2748-2013 OI Bertozzi, Terry/0000-0001-6665-3395 NR 18 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6857 J9 PLANT CELL TISS ORG JI Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 67 IS 3 BP 221 EP 226 DI 10.1023/A:1012700714085 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA 490VG UT WOS:000172074000002 ER PT J AU Khan, NI Schisler, DA Boehm, MJ Slininger, PJ Bothast, RJ AF Khan, NI Schisler, DA Boehm, MJ Slininger, PJ Bothast, RJ TI Selection and evaluation of microorganisms for biocontrol of Fusarium head blight of wheat incited by Gibberella zeae SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE Fusarium graminearum; scab of wheat ID DRY ROT; SCAB; KERNELS; SOIL AB Gibberella zeae incites Fusarium head blight (FHB), a devastating disease that causes extensive yield and quality losses to wheat and barley. Of over 700 microbial strains obtained from wheat anthers, 54 were able to utilize tartaric acid as a carbon source when the compound was supplied as choline bitartrate in liquid culture. Four tartaric acid-utilizing and three nonutilizing strains reduced FHB in initial tests and were selected for further assays. Antagonists were effective against three different isolates of G. zeae when single wheat florets were inoculated with pathogen and antagonist inoculum. All seven antagonists increased 100-kernel weight when applied simultaneously with G. zeae isolate Z3639 (P less than or equal to 0.05). Bacillus strains AS 43.3 and AS 43.4 and Cryptococcus strain OH 182.9 reduced disease severity by > 77, 93, and 56%, respectively. Five antagonists increased 100-kernel weight of plants inoculated with G. zeae isolate DAOM 180378. All antagonists except one increased 100-kernel weight, and four of seven antagonists reduced disease severity (P : 0.05) when tested against G. zeae isolate Fg-9-96. In spray-inoculation experiments, Bacillus strains AS 43.3 and AS 43.4 and Cryptococcus strains OH 71.4 and OH 182.9 reduced disease severity, regardless of the sequence, timing, and concentration of inoculum application (P less than or equal to 0.05), though 100-kernel weight did not always increase when antagonists were applied 4 h after inoculum of G. zeae. Overall, 4 of 54 isolates that utilized tartaric acid in vitro were effective against G. zeae versus only 3 of 170 isolates tested that did not utilize tartaric acid (P less than or equal to 0.05, chi -square test of goodness of fit), demonstrating the potential benefit of prescreening candidate antagonists of FHB for their ability to utilize tartaric acid. Biological control shows promise as part of an integrated pest management program for managing FEB. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Slininger, PJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 27 TC 46 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 85 IS 12 BP 1253 EP 1258 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2001.85.12.1253 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 495VX UT WOS:000172362000007 ER PT J AU Pretorius, ZA Kloppers, FJ Frederick, RD AF Pretorius, Z. A. Kloppers, F. J. Frederick, R. D. TI First Report of Soybean Rust in South Africa SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT News Item C1 [Pretorius, Z. A.] Univ Orange Free State, Dept Plant Pathol, ZA-9300 Bloemfontein, South Africa. [Kloppers, F. J.] PANNAR Pty Ltd, ZA-3250 Greytown, South Africa. [Frederick, R. D.] ARS, USDA, Foreign Dis Weed Sci Res Unit, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. RP Pretorius, ZA (reprint author), Univ Orange Free State, Dept Plant Pathol, ZA-9300 Bloemfontein, South Africa. NR 4 TC 22 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 85 IS 12 BP 1288 EP U26 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2001.85.12.1288C PG 2 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA V19ZC UT WOS:000208109300012 ER PT J AU Redlin, SC Stack, RW AF Redlin, S. C. Stack, R. W. TI Cryptodiaporthe Canker of Pagoda Dogwood in North Dakota SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT News Item C1 [Redlin, S. C.] CPHST, USDA, APHIS PPQ, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. [Stack, R. W.] N Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Redlin, SC (reprint author), CPHST, USDA, APHIS PPQ, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 85 IS 12 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2001.85.12.1290A PG 1 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA V19ZC UT WOS:000208109300022 ER PT J AU Fitch, MMM Lehrer, AT Komor, E Moore, PH AF Fitch, MMM Lehrer, AT Komor, E Moore, PH TI Elimination of Sugarcane yellow leaf virus from infected sugarcane plants by meristem tip culture visualized by tissue blot immunoassay SO PLANT PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE luteovirus; Saccharum spp. hybrids; sugarcane yellow leaf syndrome; Sugarcane yellow leaf virus; tissue culture ID RECOMBINATION; TRANSMISSION; ASSOCIATION; LUTEOVIRUS; DISEASE AB Sugarcane yellow, leaf virus (SCYLV), a member of the Luteoviridae, is implicated in the sugarcane disease known as yellow leaf syndrome (YLS), which is characterized by yellowing of the leaf midrib followed by leaf necrosis and possible growth suppression. YLS is distributed worldwide and susceptible cultivars are commonly infected with SCYLV. However, not all cultivars infected with SCYLV show symptoms of YLS and some cultivars that show symptoms do so sporadically. Since it is difficult to obtain virus-free plants of susceptible cultivars, it has not been possible to study the factors involved in SCYLV infection nor the effects of infection on plant growth and yield. A tissue blot immunoassay was used to visualize in vivo presence of the virus so that virus-infected and virus-free plants could be distinguished. Meristem tip cultures were used to produce virus-free plantings of six SCYLV-susceptible sugarcane cultivars. Nearly all of the regenerated sugarcane lines remained virus-free over a period of up to 4 years, whether grown in isolated fields or in the glasshouse. Experimental re-infection of the virus-free plants by viruliferous aphids demonstrated that meristem tip culture did not affect susceptibility of sugarcane to SCYLV. Improved diagnosis and production of virus-free plants of SCYLV-susceptible cultivars will facilitate research to quantify the effect of the virus on yield and to analyse the processes involved in disease development. C1 Univ Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany. ARS, USDA, Aiea, HI 96701 USA. RP Fitch, MMM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, 99-193 Aiea Hts Dr, Aiea, HI 96701 USA. NR 21 TC 34 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 8 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0032-0862 J9 PLANT PATHOL JI Plant Pathol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 50 IS 6 BP 676 EP 680 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3059.2001.00639.x PG 5 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 503PD UT WOS:000172806100003 ER PT J AU Dahlberg, JA Bandyopadhyay, R Rooney, WL Odvody, GN Madera-Torres, P AF Dahlberg, JA Bandyopadhyay, R Rooney, WL Odvody, GN Madera-Torres, P TI Evaluation of sorghum germplasm used in US breeding programmes for sources of sugary disease resistance SO PLANT PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Claviceps africana; ergot; germplasm; honeydew; resistance; sorghum ID CLAVICEPS-AFRICANA; ERGOT RESISTANCE; PATHOGEN; AUSTRALIA; AMERICA AB Ergot or sugary disease of sorghum has become an important constraint in North and South American countries that rely on F-1 hybrid seeds for high productivity. The objective of this research was to determine the vulnerability of various germplasm sources and publicly bred sorghum lines to sugary disease (Claviceps africana) in the United States. Flower characteristics associated with sugary disease resistance were also studied. A-/B-line pairs, R-lines, putative sources of resistance and their hybrid combinations with an A(3) cytoplasmic male-sterile source were evaluated using a disease incidence, severity, and dual-ranking system. Trials were planted in a randomized complete block design with three replications and repeated in at least two planting dates. Planting dates and pedigrees had significant effects on overall ranking for resistance. A-lines were most susceptible to sugary disease. R-lines were more susceptible than B-lines with respect to incidence and severity of the disease. Newer releases of A- and B-lines were more susceptible to sugary disease than older releases. Sugary disease reaction of A-lines was a good indicator of disease reaction of B-lines. Tx2737, a popular R-line, was highly susceptible to sugary disease in spite of being a good pollen shedder because the stigma emerged from glumes 2-3 days before anthesis. The combination of flower characteristics associated with resistance were least exposure time of stigma to inoculum before pollination, rapid stigma drying after pollination, and small stigma. An Ethiopian male-fertile germplasm accession, IS 8525, had good levels of resistance. Its A(3) male-sterile hybrid had the highest level of resistance in the male-sterile background. IS 8525 should be exploited in host-plant resistance strategies. C1 Int Crops Res Inst Semi Arid Trop, Genet Resources & Enhancement Program, Patancheru 502324, Andhra Pradesh, India. Natl Grain Sorghum Producers, Lubbock, TX 79408 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas A&M Univ Res & Extens Ctr, Corpus Christi, TX 78410 USA. ARS, USDA, TARS, Mayaguez, PR 00680 USA. RP Bandyopadhyay, R (reprint author), Int Crops Res Inst Semi Arid Trop, Genet Resources & Enhancement Program, Patancheru 502324, Andhra Pradesh, India. NR 25 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0032-0862 J9 PLANT PATHOL JI Plant Pathol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 50 IS 6 BP 681 EP 689 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3059.2001.00636.x PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 503PD UT WOS:000172806100004 ER PT J AU Whitaker, TB Wu, J Peterson, GL Giesbrecht, FG Johansson, AS AF Whitaker, TB Wu, J Peterson, GL Giesbrecht, FG Johansson, AS TI Variability associated with the official USDA sampling plan used to inspect export wheat shipments for Tilletia controversa spores SO PLANT PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dwarf bunt; sampling; Tilletia controversa; variability; wheat ID DWARF BUNT; AFLATOXIN; PEANUTS AB The variability associated with estimating the true concentration of teliospores of dwarf bunt (Tilletia controversa) per 50 g of wheat (TC concentration) in an export wheat shipment was studied by measuring the TC concentration in 16 test samples (50 g) taken from each of 137 export shipments. The variability among the 16 TC test sample results, as measured by the standard deviation, was found to increase with TC concentration. The functional relationship was approximately linear in a full-log plot and regression analysis was used to determine the coefficients of the regression equation. Using statistical theory, the regression equation was modified to predict the standard deviation among test sample sizes other than the 50 g size used in this study. The standard deviation and coefficient of variation associated with using a 50 g test sample to estimate the true TC concentration of a wheat shipment with 2000 spores per 50 g were estimated to be 1062.8 and 53.1%, respectively. Increasing test sample size to 1600 g reduced the standard deviation and coefficient of variation to 187.9 and 9.4%, respectively. C1 N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. USDA, CR, Washington, DC 20250 USA. ARS, USDA, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Stat, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Whitaker, TB (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Box 7625, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0032-0862 J9 PLANT PATHOL JI Plant Pathol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 50 IS 6 BP 755 EP 760 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3059.2001.00640.x PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 503PD UT WOS:000172806100012 ER PT J AU Kim, HJ Triplett, BA AF Kim, HJ Triplett, BA TI Cotton fiber growth in planta and in vitro. Models for plant cell elongation and cell wall biogenesis SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Letter ID GOSSYPIUM-HIRSUTUM-L; MESSENGER-RNAS; OVULE CULTURE; PROTEIN; GENE; ARABIDOPSIS; EXPRESSION; DNA; IDENTIFICATION; MICROTUBULE C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, Cotton Fiber Biosci Res, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Triplett, BA (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, Cotton Fiber Biosci Res, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 63 TC 279 Z9 327 U1 3 U2 35 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 127 IS 4 BP 1361 EP 1366 DI 10.1104/pp.010724 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 503WK UT WOS:000172824500007 PM 11743074 ER PT J AU Tesfaye, M Temple, SJ Allan, DL Vance, CP Samac, DA AF Tesfaye, M Temple, SJ Allan, DL Vance, CP Samac, DA TI Overexpression of malate dehydrogenase in transgenic alfalfa enhances organic acid synthesis and confers tolerance to aluminum SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE; RESISTANCE; NODULES; PLANTS; ROOTS; EXPRESSION; EXUDATION; TOXICITY; ENZYME; GENE AB Al toxicity is a severe impediment to production of many crops in acid soil. Toxicity can be reduced through lime application to raise soil pH, however this amendment does not remedy subsoil acidity, and liming may not always be practical or cost-effective. Addition of organic acids to plant nutrient solutions alleviates phytotoxic Al effects, presumably by chelating Al and rendering it less toxic. In an effort to increase organic acid secretion and thereby enhance Al tolerance in alfalfa (Medicago saliva), we produced transgenic plants using nodule-enhanced forms of malate dehydrogenase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase cDNAs under the control of the constitutive cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. We report that a 1.6-fold increase in malate dehydrogenase enzyme specific activity in root tips of selected transgenic alfalfa led to a 4.2-fold increase in root concentration as well as a 7.1-fold increase in root exudation of citrate, oxalate, malate, succinate, and acetate compared with untransformed control alfalfa plants. Overexpression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase enzyme specific activity in transgenic alfalfa did not result in increased root exudation of organic acids. The degree of Al tolerance by transformed plants in hydroponic solutions and in naturally acid soil corresponded with their patterns of organic acid exudation and supports the concept that enhancing organic acid synthesis in plants may be an effective strategy to cope with soil acidity and Al toxicity. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Pathol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Samac, DA (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Pathol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM debbys@puccini.cdl.umn.edu NR 36 TC 187 Z9 237 U1 5 U2 50 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 127 IS 4 BP 1836 EP 1844 DI 10.1104/pp.010376 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 503WK UT WOS:000172824500064 PM 11743127 ER PT J AU Schmelz, EA Alborn, HT Tumlinson, JH AF Schmelz, EA Alborn, HT Tumlinson, JH TI The influence of intact-plant and excised-leaf bioassay designs on volicitin- and jasmonic acid-induced sesquiterpene volatile release in Zea mays SO PLANTA LA English DT Article DE bioassay (excised vs. intact tissues); Jasmonic acid; Spodoptera (volicitin); plant volatiles; volicitin; Zea (herbivory) ID LIMA-BEAN LEAVES; PARASITIC WASPS; ORAL SECRETIONS; GENE-EXPRESSION; WATER DEFICIT; CELL-CULTURES; RICE LEAVES; DEFENSE; HERBIVORE; BIOSYNTHESIS AB Induced plant responses to insect attack include the release of volatile chemicals. These volatiles are used as host-location signals by foraging parasitoids, which are natural enemies of insect herbivores. A plant's response to herbivory can be influenced by factors present in insect oral secretions. Volicitin (N-(17-hydroxylinolenoyl)-L-glutamine), identified in beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) oral secretions, stimulates volatile release in corn (Zea mays L.) seedlings in a manner similar to beet armyworm herbivory. Volicitin is hypothesized to trigger release of induced volatiles, at least in part, by modulating levels of the wound hormone, jasmonic acid (JA). We compare the sesquiterpene volatile release of damaged leaves treated with aqueous buffer only or with the same buffer containing volicitin or JA. Leaves were damaged by scratching with a razor and test solutions were applied to the scratched area. The leaves were either excised from the plant or left intact shortly after this treatment. Plants were treated at three different times (designated as Evening, Midnight, and Morning) and volatiles were collected in the subsequent photoperiod. JA and volicitin treatments stimulated the release of volatile sesquiterpenes, namely beta-caryophyllene, (E)-alpha-bergamotene, and (E)-beta-farnesene. In all cases, JA stimulated significant sesquiterpene release above mechanical damage alone. Volicitin induced an increase in sesquiterpene volatiles for all excised-leaf bioassays and the Midnight intact plants. Volicitin treatments in the Evening and Morning intact plants produced more sesquiterpenes than the untreated controls, while mechanical damage alone produced an intermediate response that did not differ from either treatment group. Excised leaves produced a 2.5- to 8.0-fold greater volatile response than similarly treated intact plants. Excision also altered the ratio of JA-and volicitin-induced sesquiterpene release by preferentially increasing (E)-beta-farnesene levels relative to beta-caryophyllene. The inducibility of volatile release varied with time of treatment. On average, sesquiterpene release was highest in the Midnight excised leaves and lowest in the Morning intact plants. The duration of induced volatile release also differed between treatments. On average, JA produced a sustained release of sesquiterpenes over time, with over 20% of the combined sesquiterpenes released in the third and final volatile collection period. In contrast, less than 8% of the combined sesquiterpenes induced by volicitin were emitted during this period. The large quantitative differences between intact plants and detached leaves suggest that the results of assays using excised tissues should be cautiously interpreted when considering intact-plant models. C1 ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RP Schmelz, EA (reprint author), ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, 1700 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RI Tumlinson, James/G-8358-2011 NR 46 TC 113 Z9 125 U1 1 U2 19 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0032-0935 J9 PLANTA JI Planta PD DEC PY 2001 VL 214 IS 2 BP 171 EP 179 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 510GT UT WOS:000173200900002 PM 11800380 ER PT J AU Yahav, S McMurtry, JP AF Yahav, S McMurtry, JP TI Thermotolerance acquisition in broiler chickens by temperature conditioning early in life - The effect of timing and ambient temperature SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE thermal conditioning; broiler; thermal challenge; performance; thermotolerance ID PHYSIOLOGICAL-RESPONSES; EARLY-AGE AB Thermal conditioning of chicks results in improvements in performance and thermotolerance at marketing age. Conditioning has been found to be a sensitive process, dependent on age and the temperature used. The objective of this study was to assess the optimal timing and temperature for the conditioning processes. Six separate trials were conducted on male broiler chickens: the first two aimed to find the optimal age for thermal conditioning (1 to 5 d of age); the other four evaluated the optimal thermal conditioning temperature between 36 and 40.5 C. At 42 d of age chickens were thermally challenged to evaluate their ability to cope with acute heat stress. The highest body weight was achieved when thermal conditioning had been applied at the age of 3 d, and it coincided with low feed intake and higher to significantly higher feed efficiency. These treated chickens showed relatively lower mortality rate under thermal challenge and lower to significantly lower Triiodothyronine (T-3) concentration in Trial 2. Chicks that had been thermally conditioned at ambient temperatures (T-a) of 36 and 37.5 C at the age of 3 d demonstrated the best performance characteristics and the ability to reduce T3 concentration to the lowest levels during thermal challenge. It can be suggested, therefore, that a T-a between 36.0 and 37.5 C, applied at 3 d of age is optimum for thermal conditioning of broiler chickens. C1 Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, Inst Anim Sci, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. USDA ARS, Growth Biol Lab, BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Yahav, S (reprint author), Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, Inst Anim Sci, POB 6, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. NR 15 TC 67 Z9 72 U1 1 U2 8 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 80 IS 12 BP 1662 EP 1666 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 502FQ UT WOS:000172733400002 PM 11771878 ER PT J AU Muller-Doblies, UU Egli, J Hauser, B Li, H Strasser, M Ehrensperger, F Braun, U Ackermann, M AF Muller-Doblies, UU Egli, J Hauser, B Li, H Strasser, M Ehrensperger, F Braun, U Ackermann, M TI The diagnosis of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever SO SCHWEIZER ARCHIV FUR TIERHEILKUNDE LA German DT Article ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; DIARRHEA-MUCOSAL-DISEASE; ALCELAPHINE HERPESVIRUS-1; VIRUS; ANTIBODIES; LESIONS; CATTLE; RUMINANTS; TESTS; BVDV AB Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a mostly fatal lymphoproliferative disease of cattle. In 1995 a PCR based method was introduced for the detection of the ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2), which is regarded as the causative agent of the sheep-associated form of the disease. This PCR can be regarded as a gold standard for the in vivo diagnosis of sheep-associated MCF in cattle (Muller-Doblies et al., 1998). This semi-nested PCR was now used as a reference test for the reassessment of diagnostic criteria in the clinical and post mortem diagnosis that could previously not be quantitated. Based on 83 suspected cases with a complete clinical record the clinical signs were weighted and grouped according to their sensitivity and specificity into lead signs indicative of MCF and frequently accompanying signs supportive for the diagnosis of MCF and general clinical signs that were less reliable for the diagnosis. Differential diagnoses are discussed, which are of particular significance due to their status as OIE list A diseases e.g. foot-and-mouth disease or rinderpest. 38 PCR confirmed cattle with MCF served for the quantitative analysis of organ lesions. For the post mortem diagnosis an essential set of organ samples is defined to permit a reliable histological diagnosis, as the gross pathology often did not give any indication for the diagnosis. These criteria should help to improve the diagnostic efficiency and to select the appropriate laboratory diagnostic procedures for MCF-suspected cattle. C1 Univ Zurich, Inst Virol, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland. Univ Zurich, Klin Wiederkauer & Pferdemed, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland. Univ Zurich, Inst Vet Pathol, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Anim Dis Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Univ Bern, Inst Vet Virol, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. RP Muller-Doblies, UU (reprint author), Univ Connecticut, Ctr Hlth, Ctr Microbial Pathogenesis, 263 Farmington Ave MC 3710, Farmington, CT 06030 USA. NR 49 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU VERLAG HANS HUBER PI BERN 9 PA LANGGASS-STRASSE 76, CH-3000 BERN 9, SWITZERLAND SN 0036-7281 J9 SCHWEIZ ARCH TIERH JI Schweiz. Arch. Tierheilkd. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 143 IS 12 BP 581 EP 591 PG 11 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 506HE UT WOS:000172963400002 PM 11776716 ER PT J AU Jung, W Skadsen, RW Peterson, DM AF Jung, W Skadsen, RW Peterson, DM TI Characterization of a novel barley beta-amylase gene expressed only during early grain development SO SEED SCIENCE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE beta-amylase; barley (Hordeum vulgare L.); grain development; shrunken endosperm mutant ID LEAF-PETIOLE CUTTINGS; ALPHA-AMYLASE; SWEET-POTATO; SEED DEVELOPMENT; CDNA CLONE; ENDOSPERM; MUTANT; RYE; ENZYME; STARCH AB A developmentally regulated, novel beta-amylase gene (ESDbamy) from Hordeum vulgare L. has 76% amino acid similarity with a previously described barley (beta-amylase. However, the 3'-end sequences of these beta-amylases were different. The glycine-rich repeats, which are signature sequences of endosperm-type beta-amylases, are absent in this novel ESDbamy gene. ESDbamy is highly expressed in the caryopsis during early development; however, it is not expressed in other tissues. Early seed development-specific (ESD) beta-amylase mRNA levels and enzyme activities were higher in a shrunken endosperm mutant, seg8, than in the wild type. Seg8 has defective endosperm development, reduced starch synthesis and elevated monosaccharide concentrations. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Agron, Madison, WI 53706 USA. USDA ARS, Cereal Crops Res Unit, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Jung, W (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Inst Plant Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 43 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU C A B I PUBLISHING PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O PUBLISHING DIVISION, WALLINGFORD OX10 8DE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0960-2585 J9 SEED SCI RES JI Seed Sci. Res. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 11 IS 4 BP 325 EP 333 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 510HG UT WOS:000173202200006 ER PT J AU Goodner, KL Dreher, JG Rouseff, RL AF Goodner, KL Dreher, JG Rouseff, RL TI The dangers of creating false classifications due to noise in electronic nose and similar multivariate analyses SO SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL LA English DT Article DE statistics; chemical sensor; chemometrics AB Randomly generated data with the error limits of 1-10% along with experimental data was employed to demonstrate the dangers of over-fitting data which creates artificial differentiation, Analysis of variance (ANOVA), principal components analysis (PCA), and discriminant function analysis (DFA) were employed for the data analysis. In cases, where the ratio of samples to variables (features) falls below six, single class systems containing only random noise and random groupings can be misclassified. into more than a single group when the discriminate techniques are employed. The smaller the group size, the more erroneous classifications are made. Larger sample sizes minimize the random noise and allow the true differences to show. A minimum number of variable (features) should be employed with developing classification models to avoid over-fitting data. The ratio of data points to variables should be at least six to avoid over-fitting classification errors with validation of the model using data points not used in generating the model. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, ARS, SAA, US Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, Winter Haven, FL 33881 USA. Univ Florida, Ctr Citrus Res & Educ, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 USA. RP Goodner, KL (reprint author), USDA, ARS, SAA, US Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, 600 Ave S,NW, Winter Haven, FL 33881 USA. NR 10 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0925-4005 J9 SENSOR ACTUAT B-CHEM JI Sens. Actuator B-Chem. PD DEC 1 PY 2001 VL 80 IS 3 BP 261 EP 266 DI 10.1016/S0925-4005(01)00917-0 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Electrochemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 492PY UT WOS:000172177800015 ER PT J AU Moorman, TB Jayackandran, K Reungsang, A AF Moorman, TB Jayackandran, K Reungsang, A TI Adsorption and desorption of atrazine in soils and subsurface sediments SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE herbicide transport; sorption; binding; triazine; subsurface; vadose ID ALLUVIAL AQUIFER; ORGANIC-CARBON; WATER-QUALITY; SORPTION; GROUNDWATER; HERBICIDES; ALACHLOR; SURFACE; DEETHYLATRAZINE; METABOLITES AB Prediction of herbicide movement in the subsurface environment requires accurate estimates of herbicide sorption in soils and geologic materials. This information is often lacking for materials below the soil surface. We describe adsorption and desorption of atrazine in surface soils, subsoils, and sediments from different geologic settings with the Freundlich equation. Average adsorption partition coefficients (K-f) for the C horizon materials were 0.43 +/- 0.25 for oxidized till, 0.51 +/- 0.02 for loess, and 0.55 +/- 0.24 for alluvium. Adsorption of atrazine was controlled principally by organic C. Samples of unoxidized tills adsorbed atrazine at levels equivalent to surface soils. All subsurface sediments retained atrazine during desorption to a greater relative extent than that predicted from adsorption isotherms. Although sorption of atrazine in subsurface sediments is generally low, there is sufficient retention to warrant consideration of sorption processes in the assessment of atrazine transport in the subsurface environment. C1 USDA, Agr Res Serv, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Florida Int Univ, Environm Studies Dept, Miami, FL USA. Florida Int Univ, SE Environm Res Ctr, Miami, FL USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, Ames, IA USA. RP Moorman, TB (reprint author), USDA, Agr Res Serv, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 29 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 3 U2 14 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 166 IS 12 BP 921 EP 929 DI 10.1097/00010694-200112000-00006 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 508ME UT WOS:000173092100006 ER PT J AU Zhang, M Alva, AK Li, YC Calvert, DV AF Zhang, M Alva, AK Li, YC Calvert, DV TI Aluminum and iron fractions affecting phosphorus solubility and reactions in selected sandy soils SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE alfisols; entisols; ionic activities; MINTEQA2 speciation model; phosphate solid phase; sequential fractionation; soil solution phosphate; spodosols ID KENTUCKY ALFISOLS; ACID SOIL; PHOSPHATE; TRANSFORMATIONS; METALS; PH AB Phosphate solubility and reactions were investigated in each of three horizon samples from six cultivated soils representing Spodosols, Alfisols and Entisols, with pH ranging from 4.6 to 7.7. Soils were incubated for 30 days near field capacity moisture content without P application or,with 44.5 mg P kg(-1) soil applied as KH2PO4. Soil solution was extracted by centrifugation, and the concentrations of anions and cations were determined. The ionic activities were calculated using the MINTEQA2 speciation program. Sequential-fractionation data suggested that amorphous forms of Al- and Fe-phosphates and P associated with crystalline Al-and Fe- oxides accounted for a significant portion of total P. The activities of Al3+ and Fe3+ in most cases were adequate to support the stability of wavelite, crandallite, variscite, and strengite and were close to the equilibrium point of amorphous Al- or Fe- phosphate without applying P. Following the application of the equivalent of 100 kg P ha(-1), the soil solution chemistry from two Spodosols and one Alfisol suggested the formation of amorphous varscite- and strengite-like minerals. However, the soil solutions were undersaturated with respect to amorphous Al- and Fe- phosphates in two Entisols and in another Alfisol with higher pH, where Ca-phosphate minerals seemed to control the soil solution phosphate activity. The research results suggest that liming practices under citrus production increase the soil pH of the surface horizon and, in turn, shift the control reaction and solubility of the phosphate minerals and influence the availability of phosphorus in these sandy soils. C1 Shandong Agr Univ, Coll Resources & Environm, Tai An 271018, Peoples R China. USDA ARS, PWA, Vegetable & Forage Crop Prod Res Unit, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. Univ Florida, IFAS, Ctr Trop Res & Educ, Homestead, FL 33031 USA. Univ Florida, Indian River Res & Educ Ctr, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. RP Alva, AK (reprint author), USDA ARS, PWA, Vegetable & Forage Crop Prod Res Unit, 24106 N Bunn Rd, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. NR 32 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 9 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 166 IS 12 BP 940 EP 948 DI 10.1097/00010694-200112000-00008 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 508ME UT WOS:000173092100008 ER PT J AU Busscher, WJ Frederick, JR Bauer, PJ AF Busscher, WJ Frederick, JR Bauer, PJ TI Effect of penetration resistance and timing of rain on grain yield of narrow-row corn in a coastal plain loamy sand SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE paratill subsoiler; deep tillage; loamy sand; rainfall; subsoil hardpan; coastal plain; penetration resistance ID SOIL STRENGTH; SOYBEAN YIELD; ROOT-GROWTH; TILLAGE; WHEAT; COMPACTION; SEEDLINGS; STRESS; FIELD AB In many soils of the southeastern Coastal Plain of the USA, subsurface hard layers reduce yield by limiting root exploration of the profile, We evaluated the impact of reduced frequency of deep tillage (and thus increased penetration resistance) and timing of rain on corn (Zea mays L.) yield for a 0.38 m row-width management system. Treatments were either disced or not disced; treatments were also deep-tilled from 0 to 3 years before sowing corn into a structureless Goldsboro loamy sand, a thermic siliceous fine-loamy Aquic Paleudult (fine-loamy Acrisol). Because of a pan at the 0.1-0.3 m depth. cone indices for disced treatments were greater than for non-disced treatments. Cone indices were also greater for treatments that had longer times between tillage and sowing corn. increasing on an average of about 200 kPa/year. Whether caused by discing or by reduced tillage frequency, each MPa of increased mean profile cone index reduced corn grain yields by 1. 1-2.4 Mg/ha. Cone index vs. grain yield linear regressions differed among years. Regressions for the 3 years could be combined into a single relationship by including rainfall during 42-56 days after sowing (vegetative growth) and 70-98 days after sowing (silking) to the relationship (R-2 = 0.87). The same procedure was then applied to soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) grown in the same plots for the previous 3 years, giving similar results (R-2 = 0.73). When rainfall for the growing season or selected parts of the growing season based on plant maturity is included in the regression relationship of yield as a function of soil cone index. the relationship may be valid for multiple growing seasons eliminating the need to have individual relationships for each season. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Coastal Plain Soil Water & Plant Res Ctr, Florence, SC 29501 USA. Clemson Univ, Pee Dee Res Ctr, Florence, SC 29506 USA. RP Busscher, WJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Coastal Plain Soil Water & Plant Res Ctr, 2611 W Lucas St, Florence, SC 29501 USA. NR 33 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 63 IS 1-2 BP 15 EP 24 DI 10.1016/S0167-1987(01)00228-8 PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 488JZ UT WOS:000171933200002 ER PT J AU Godfrey, K Steinkraus, D McGuire, M AF Godfrey, K Steinkraus, D McGuire, M TI Fungal pathogens of the cotton and green peach aphids (Homoptera : Aphididae) in the San Joaquin Valley SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID GOSSYPII AB The native fungi attacking cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, and green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), were surveyed routinely for two years and intermittently for another year in the San Joaquin Valley, California. A low incidence of fungal infection was found, and fungi were most prevalent in the cooler, wetter times of the year. Three fungi, Pandora neoaphidis, Conidiobolus obscurus, and Entoinophthora planchoniana were identified from the aphids. Additionally, vegetative stages of unidentified entomophthoralean fungi were also recovered. A pictorial guide to these fungi is given. C1 Calif Dept Food & Agr, Biol Control Program, Sacramento, CA 95832 USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Entomol, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. ARS, USDA, Shafter Res & Extens Ctr, Shafter, CA 93263 USA. RP Godfrey, K (reprint author), Calif Dept Food & Agr, Biol Control Program, 3288 Meadowview Rd, Sacramento, CA 95832 USA. NR 16 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 26 IS 4 BP 297 EP 303 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 542KW UT WOS:000175043500003 ER PT J AU French, BW Elliot, NC AF French, BW Elliot, NC TI Species diversity, richness, and evenness of ground beetles (Coleoptera : Carabidae) in wheat fields and adjacent grasslands and riparian zones. SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID BENEFICIAL ARTHROPODS; ASSEMBLAGES; MARGINS; MANAGEMENT; BOUNDARIES; DENSITIES; ABUNDANCE; HABITATS; FARMLAND; ECOLOGY AB Natural habitats adjacent to or near agricultural fields harbor a variety of beneficial arthropods that assist in pest control. Ground beetles are polyphagous predators of various agricultural pests and often colonize cereal fields from adjacent habitats. Our objective was to measure the richness, diversity, and evenness of ground beetles in the interiors and boundaries of winter wheat fields and adjacent grasslands and riparian zones, and suggest strategies for managing carabid diversity and abundance in agricultural landscapes. We used pitfall traps to study ground beetles in winter wheat fields and in adjacent riparian zones and grasslands from 1993 through 1997 in north-central Oklahoma. During autumn, winter, and spring, species richness, evenness, and diversity were generally higher in the natural habitat interiors and the edges than in the interiors of wheat fields. We suggest adding grassy strips to wheat fields and extending the saum (zone of perennial herbs and grasses) adjacent to wooded riparian habitats to supplement numbers and diversity of ground beetles in the agricultural landscape. C1 ARS, USDA, NPA, No Grain Insects Res Lab, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. RP French, BW (reprint author), ARS, USDA, NPA, No Grain Insects Res Lab, 2923 Medary Ave, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. NR 38 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 13 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 EI 2162-2647 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 26 IS 4 BP 315 EP 324 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 542KW UT WOS:000175043500005 ER PT J AU Henneberry, TJ Jech, LF de la Torre, T AF Henneberry, TJ Jech, LF de la Torre, T TI Effects of transgenic cotton on cabbage looper, tobacco budworm, and beet armyworm (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) larval mortality and development and foliage consumption in the laboratory SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID PECTINOPHORA-GOSSYPIELLA SAUNDERS; BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS TOXIN; PINK-BOLLWORM; GELECHIIDAE; RESISTANCE AB Tobacco budworm larvae, Heliothis virescens (F.), were highly susceptible to feeding on Bt leaves or flower buds with 100% and 96% mortality occurring within 4 days, respectively, compared to an average mortality of 95% for cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), and 57% for beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), after 8 days on Bt leaves and 47% and 37% mortality on flower buds for four days. Larval weights, used as a measure of growth, of cabbage looper and beet armyworm after 7, 10, or 14 days of feeding on Bt leaves were lower compared with those feeding on non-Bt cotton leaves. Beet armyworm, cabbage looper and tobacco budworm larvae consumed significantly less Bt leaf area per feeding day compared with DPL 5415. However, a leaf-age effect showed that both species also consumed less leaf tissue and weighed less on old (7(th) to 9(th) node) vs. new (15(th) to 17(th) node) leaves of both DPL 5415 and Bt cottons. Leaf-age effects on larval mortality and pupation were variable. C1 ARS, USDA, PWA, Western Cotton Res Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Henneberry, TJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, PWA, Western Cotton Res Lab, 4135 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 17 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 26 IS 4 BP 325 EP 338 PG 14 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 542KW UT WOS:000175043500006 ER PT J AU Vogt, JT Smith, WA Jones, DB Wright, RE AF Vogt, JT Smith, WA Jones, DB Wright, RE TI Feasibility of dragging pastures for control of Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera : Formicidae), the red imported fire ant, in Oklahoma SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID TEXAS AB Cultural control of Solenopsis invicta Buren, the red imported fire ant, was investigated by destroying mounds with a large (380 kg) angle iron drag prior to freezing weather. Mean mound density, and mound height and width, were statistically indistinguishable between dragged and control plots (P>0.05). Ambient temperature approached -3degreesC the night following dragging. Ambient temperature near the study site fell to near or below S. invicta's lower critical thermal limit an average of 65.3 +/- 6.5 (mean +/- SD) days per year between January 1994 and October 2000. Soil temperature (10 cm below ground level) never fell below the supercooling point of S. invicta workers (ca. -4 to -6degreesC). Data suggest that dragging pastures for control of S. invicta is not likely to be an effective means of control in southern Oklahoma. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Entomol & Plant Pathol, Noble Res Ctr 127, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Vogt, JT (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, USDA ARS, Biol Control & Mass Rearing Res Unit, Box 5367, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 26 IS 4 BP 339 EP 344 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 542KW UT WOS:000175043500007 ER PT J AU Hardee, DD Adams, LC Elzen, GW AF Hardee, DD Adams, LC Elzen, GW TI Monitoring for changes in tolerance and resistance to insecticides in bollworm/tobacco budworm in Mississippi, 1996-1999 SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID LEPIDOPTERA; NOCTUIDAE; POPULATIONS AB Strains of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), and bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), collected in Mississippi in 1996 through 1999, were evaluated in bioassays to four classes of chemical insecticides and a biological product (Bt), Bacillus thuringensis Berliner. Stable, high frequencies of resistance in tobacco budworm were found to cypermethrin, methomyl, and thiodicarb; toxicity of Bt remained low but unchanged. Three years of tobacco budworm data against spinosad, representing a new class of insecticides, showed no reduction in susceptibility from one year to the next. Bollworm colonies showed little consistent change in tolerance for the 4-year period, but 1999 data indicated a slight but not significant decrease in susceptibility to cypermethrin and profenofos. Profenofos was equally as effective as spinosad against both species. Continued monitoring will be necessary to verify subsequent changes. C1 ARS, USDA, So Insect Management Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. ARS, USDA, Beneficial Insects Res Unit, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Hardee, DD (reprint author), ARS, USDA, So Insect Management Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 25 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 26 IS 4 BP 365 EP 372 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 542KW UT WOS:000175043500010 ER PT J AU Adamczyk, JJ AF Adamczyk, JJ TI Use of pupal diapausing ability to indicate health of laboratory colonies of the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS; LEPIDOPTERA; RESISTANCE; NOCTUIDAE; ENDOTOXIN; PROTEINS; COTTON C1 ARS, So Insect Management Res Unit, USDA, MSA, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Adamczyk, JJ (reprint author), ARS, So Insect Management Res Unit, USDA, MSA, POB 346, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 26 IS 4 BP 373 EP 375 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 542KW UT WOS:000175043500011 ER PT J AU Jones, RG AF Jones, RG TI The history of malathion ULV use for boll weevil control SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID CURCULIONIDAE; COLEOPTERA; VOLUME AB A history is presented of the use of ultra low volume (ULV) applications of malathion for the control of insects in general. The use of the ULV technique, defined as the application of volumes of 0.5 gallons per acre or less, is discussed. The use of malathion against the boll weevil was begun in 1964, following the successful use of this compound in controlling grasshoppers and the cereal leaf beetle. A review of the research on the effect of droplet size and dosage of malathion ULV applications is presented, This insecticide's role in current boll weevil eradication programs is discussed. C1 USDA, APHIS, PPQ, PPPC, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Jones, RG (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, PPQ, PPPC, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 60 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2001 SU 24 BP 5 EP 12 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 543TU UT WOS:000175117900002 ER PT J AU Tillman, PG Mulrooney, JE AF Tillman, PG Mulrooney, JE TI Effect of malathion on beneficial insects SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID INSECTICIDES; HYMENOPTERA; BRACONIDAE; VOLUME AB Susceptibility of four natural enemies, Geocoris punctipes (Say), Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson), Bracon mellitor Say, and Cardiochiles nigriceps Vierick, to several insecticides was determined. In topical toxicity tests, malathion ultra-low-volume (ULV 95 %) was applied undiluted at 1.36 and at 1.02 kg (AI)/ha with cottonseed oil in a total volume of 1.17 Liter/ha. Fipronil and cyfluthrin were applied at 0.043 and 0.037 kg (AI)/ha, respectively, plus cottonseed oil in a total volume of 1.17 liter/ha. Emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulations of malathion and fipronil at 1.12 and 0.043 kg (AI)/ha, respectively, also were applied with water in a total volume of 46.8 Liter/ha. All of the insecticides were highly toxic to all four insect species when applied topically. In 1996 insecticide residue tests, malathion at 1.02 kg (Al)/ha, fipronil at 0.056 kg (AI)/ha, and cyfluthrin at 0.037 kg (Al)/ha plus cottonseed oil were applied in a total volume of 1.17 liter/ha. Toxicity of residues of these insecticides to C. nigriceps and G. punctipes was determined at 0, 24, and 48 h after treatment (HAT). Exposure to malathion residues at 0 HAT resulted in lowest survival for the two insects. Toxicity of malathion residues decreased sharply at 48 HAT for both insect species. Cyfluthrin was less toxic than malathion at 0 HAT for both insects. Fipronil was less toxic to C. nigriceps than to G. punctipes at 24 HAT. L 1997 insecticide residue tests, undiluted malathion ULV at 1.36 kg (AI)/ha and malathion ULV at 0.85 kg (AI/ha), fipronil at 0.028 kg (AI/ha), and cyfluthrin at 0.022 kg (AI)/ha plus Orchex(R) 796 were applied in a total volume of 1.17 liter/ha. Residues of undiluted malathion ULV were highly toxic to the insects through 48 HAT except for C. nigriceps, while residues of malathion ULV at the lower rate were highly toxic to only B. mellitor and C. marginiventris at 48 HAT. Residues of fipronil were less toxic to C. nigriceps than to the other natural enemies 0 to 48 HAT. Residues of cyfluthrin were less toxic to all insects than the other two insecticide treatments for each time regime. C1 ARS, Crop Protect & Management Res Lab, USDA, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Tillman, PG (reprint author), ARS, Crop Protect & Management Res Lab, USDA, POB 748, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 37 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2001 SU 24 BP 13 EP 21 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 543TU UT WOS:000175117900003 ER PT J AU Villavaso, EJ Mulrooney, JE McGovern, WL Howard, KD AF Villavaso, EJ Mulrooney, JE McGovern, WL Howard, KD TI Low dosages of malathion for boll weevil eradication SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article AB Aerially-applied malathion at ultra-low-volume (ULV) rates of 0.58, 0.88, and 1.17 liters per ha (8, 12, and 16 oz per acre) killed at least 90% boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman, immediately after application and at least 80% at 24 and 48 h after application, unless rainfall occurred. After 48 h, effectiveness declined, but greater than 60% mortality could be expected at 72 h after application. A lower rate of 0.29 liters per ha (4 oz per acre) killed 55-62% of exposed weevils up to 48 h after application. Toxicity of the four rates was compared by placing boll weevils in petri dishes with leaves collected from cotton plants at selected times after malathion application. Rainfall of as little as 1.3 mm (0.05 in.) reduced the effectiveness of all treatments significantly indicating that malathion should be reapplied as soon as possible after rainfall. C1 ARS, USDA, SIMRU, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Villavaso, EJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, SIMRU, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2001 SU 24 BP 23 EP 27 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 543TU UT WOS:000175117900004 ER PT J AU Mulrooney, JE AF Mulrooney, JE TI Enhancement of transfer of technical malathion from cotton leaves to boll weevils using cottonseed oil SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article AB Transfer tests of technical malathion alone and in mixtures of different ratios of cottonseed oil (CSO) were conducted in the laboratory. A Potter spray tower was used to treat cotton leaves excised from plants grown in a greenhouse. Mixtures of malathion:CSO were applied first at constant volume and then at constant rate. CSO was found to enhance transfer of malathion from cotton leaves into boll weevils. Mortality and the amount of malathion transferred to weevils were related to the rate of malathion, the amount of CSO in the mixture, and the volume applied. A three-parameter modified Weibull Function was found to best fit the data. Two types of data were fit. First, maximum cumulative mortality was found to increase with increasing volumes of malathion and a steady state of insecticide transfer to the boll weevil was reached within 5 - 15 em of travel across a treated cotton leaf. The distance at which half of the maximum cumulative mortality occurred increased as the volume of application increased. Also the rate of cumulative mortality over distance traveled increased when malathion was mixed with CSO. All mixtures except the 1:1 ratio of malathion:CSO had greater maximum cumulative mortalities than an undiluted application of malathion. The highest ratio, 1:9, produced the greatest maximum cumulative mortality (99%) and transferred the greatest amount of malathion from cotton leaves to boll weevils. The second type of data modeled by the cumulative Weibull function was the malathion residue that was transferred to boll weevils as they traveled various distances across leaves treated with various mixtures. Cumulative malathion residue on boll weevils for each treatment followed similar trends as cumulative mortality. C1 ARS, Applicat & Prod Technol Res Unit, USDA, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Mulrooney, JE (reprint author), ARS, Applicat & Prod Technol Res Unit, USDA, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2001 SU 24 BP 29 EP 40 PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 543TU UT WOS:000175117900005 ER PT J AU Mulrooney, JE Smith, LA AF Mulrooney, JE Smith, LA TI Application of reduced rates of technical malathion applied as ultra low volume in oils SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article AB Aerial application tests of malathion ultra low volume (ULV) mixed in once-refuted cottonseed (CSO) and horticultural mineral oils (HMO) were conducted in 1998 and 1999 to determine toxicity to boll weevils with leaf bioassays. The HMO's used in these tests were: Orchex(R) 796, and WS2908, an Orchex(R) 796 formulation with drift retardant. Mortalities showed that a 6 oz/A (208 g [AI]/ha) rate of malathion ULV mixed with 26 oz/A (1.9 L/ha) of CSO was as effective against boll weevils as a 12 oz/A (415 g [AI] /ha) rate of undiluted malathion ULV. Efficacy of 6:26 (0.44:1.9 L/ha), 6:10 (0.44:0.73 L/ha), 7:18 (0.51:1.3 L ha), 8:8 (0.58:0.58 L/ha), and 10:0 oz/A (0.73:0 L/ha) ratios of malathion ULV:CSO against boll weevils was determined. Results showed that 6 (208 g [AI]/ha) and 8 oz/A (277 g [Al]/ha) rates of malathion ULV mixed with 10 (0.73 L) and 8 (0.58 L) oz/A of cottonseed oil. respectively, can be as effective as an undiluted 10 oz/A (346 g [Alpha) rate for the first 2 3 days after treatment. Application of the 7:18 ratio deposited greater amounts of malathion on main stem sections 9 - 12" below the terminal than the 8:8 ratio. Malathion residues accumulated on leaf surfaces during rain free periods in August after repeated applications of technical malathion alone and when diluted with CSO. C1 ARS, USDA, Applicat & Prod Technol Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Mulrooney, JE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Applicat & Prod Technol Res Unit, POB 36, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2001 SU 24 BP 41 EP 48 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 543TU UT WOS:000175117900006 ER PT J AU Villavaso, EJ Smith, DB AF Villavaso, EJ Smith, DB TI Dose-mortality and rainfastness of ULV malathion/cottonseed oil formulations for the boll weevil SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article AB Relationships were established between boll weevil mortality and malathion residues measured on cotton leaf disks before and after applying 2.5 mm of artificial rainfall. Four ratios of malathion to cottonseed oil (1:0, 2:1. 1:1 and 1:2) were applied to the leaf disks using a spinning disk sprayer. Bioassays of 24 and 48 hour mortality of boll weevils placed on leaf disks in petri dishes here compared to chemical assays of malathion on the disks. No significant differences in either 24 or 48 hour mortality acre found between the formulations. Data were pooled to obtain LD50 and LD90 estimates of 1.02 and 2.25 mug malathion her cm(2) of leaf surface, respectively, at 24 hours of exposure and 0.86 and 1.71 mug malathion per cm(2) of leaf surface, respectively, at 48 hours. The artificial rainfall washed most (66-88%) of the malathion residue froth leaf surfaces for all four ratios of malathion to cottonseed oil: correspondingly, post-rain mortality was reduced by 48-95%. These data should help boll weevil eradication managers to make decisions about reapplying malathion to fields subjected to rainfall between scheduled applications. C1 ARS, USDA, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Villavaso, EJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, POB 5367, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2001 SU 24 BP 49 EP 55 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 543TU UT WOS:000175117900007 ER PT J AU Villavaso, EJ Mulrooney, JE Wagner, TL McGovern, WL Willers, JL AF Villavaso, EJ Mulrooney, JE Wagner, TL McGovern, WL Willers, JL TI Boll weevil mortality and malathion residues on cotton leaves treated by eradication mist blowers SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article AB Malathion deposition and toxicity to boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, were measured on cotton leaves treated by mist blowers used by the Southeastern Boll Weevil Eradication Foundation. Leaves were sampled at 11 distances between 2.3 and 31.2 m from the paths traveled by the mist blowers. More than 50% of weevils exposed to leaves collected within 19.9 m of mist blowers spraying with the wind died within 24 hours, and more than 90,0 of weevils exposed to leaves collected within 9.8 m of mistblowers spraying against the wind died within 24 hours. Depositions of 0.53 and 1.63 mug malathion/cm(2) of leaf surface resulted in 50 and 90% mortality at 24 hours of treatment and depositions of 0.41 and 1.07 mug malathion/cm(2) of leaf surface resulted in 50% and 90% mortality at 48 hours, respectively. Mortality at 24 and 48 hours following treatment were closely correlated. More malathion was deposited at greater distances from the mist blowers for applications with the wind, but significant boll weevil mortality and malathion deposition were seen when spray was directed against the wind. Results of this research should lead to a more thorough understanding of hove mist blowers should be used in boll weevil eradication. C1 ARS, USDA, SIMRU, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Villavaso, EJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, SIMRU, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2001 SU 24 BP 75 EP 81 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 543TU UT WOS:000175117900010 ER PT J AU Villavaso, EJ Mulrooney, JE McGovern, WL Wagner, TL AF Villavaso, EJ Mulrooney, JE McGovern, WL Wagner, TL TI Boll weevil mortality and malathion residues on cotton leaves treated by eradication aircraft SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article AB Malathion at rates of 0.73, 0.88, and 1.17 liters per ha (10, 12, and 16 oz per acre) was aerially-applied to approximately 162 ha (400 acres) of cotton by pilots engaged in boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis Boheman) eradication in Mississippi. Leaves front treated fields were collected on the day of application and the next 6 days unless rainfall occurred. Toxicity of the treated leaves was evaluated in the laboratory using a petri dish bioassay. Ethanol rinses of leaf surfaces were analyzed for malathion residues. All three rates resulted in consistently high levels of boll weevil mortality. but mortality tended to occur faster at the higher rates, and high mortality persisted longer as rate increased. As time after treatment increased, malathion residues on leaves declined at rates similar to those seen for mortality. Consequently, greater amounts of malathion persisted on leaves treated with the higher rates at any given tithe period after treatment. More than 20% of malathion residue was found on the bottom surfaces of treated leaves. C1 ARS, USDA, SIMRU, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Villavaso, EJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, SIMRU, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2001 SU 24 BP 83 EP 100 PG 18 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 543TU UT WOS:000175117900011 ER PT J AU Singh, V Yang, P Moreau, RA Hicks, KB Eckhoff, SR AF Singh, V Yang, P Moreau, RA Hicks, KB Eckhoff, SR TI Effect of harvest moisture content and ambient air drying on maize fiber oil yield and its phytosterol composition SO STARCH-STARKE LA English DT Article DE phytosterol; ferulate phytosterol esters; maize fiber oil; maize fiber yield ID COUNTERCURRENT STEEP SYSTEM; CORN FIBER; WET; TEMPERATURE AB Effect of harvest moisture content and ambient air drying on maize fiber yield, fiber oil content and the phytosterol composition of maize fiber oil were evaluated. Maize was harvested at approximately five different harvest moisture contents (28.0, 23.0, 20.0, 18.0 and 15.0%). Effect of air drying was studied by ambient drying the maize harvested at 28.0% moisture content to 20.0 and 13.0% moisture content. Effect of both harvest moisture content and ambient air drying were significant on all the dependent variables, however, no clear trends were observed. The results suggest that as harvest moisture content goes down the amount of oil extracted from the maize fiber decreases but the concentration of the phytosterols in the maize fiber oil increases proportionally. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Agr Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Singh, V (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RI Eckhoff, Steven/F-2505-2010; OI Moreau, Robert/0000-0002-8166-8322 NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 0038-9056 J9 STARCH-STARKE JI Starch-Starke PD DEC PY 2001 VL 53 IS 12 BP 635 EP 638 DI 10.1002/1521-379X(200112)53:12<635::AID-STAR635>3.0.CO;2-I PG 4 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 506HL UT WOS:000172964000005 ER PT J AU Cybulska, M Goswami, BC MacAlister, D AF Cybulska, M Goswami, BC MacAlister, D TI Failure mechanism in staple yarns SO TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SPUN YARNS; JET AB The failure mechanism in staple yams is strongly influenced by yam structure. Manufacturing methods impose certain constraints on the disposition and distribution of fibers in the yam cross section. This paper investigates the failure mechanism in ling, rotor, air-jet, and vortex yarns. The yams are subjected to uniaxial loading on a tensile tester, and images of the yams before and after breaking are recorded. Image analysis of the failure regions yields some interesting features and reveals typical mechanisms occurring in different yam structures. The failure mechanism in each yam type is discussed in terms of some basic parameters characteristic of the structure. C1 Clemson Univ, Sch Text Fiber & Polymer Sci, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. USDA ARS, Cotton Qual Res Stn, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Cybulska, M (reprint author), Clemson Univ, Sch Text Fiber & Polymer Sci, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. NR 9 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU TEXTILE RESEARCH INST PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 625, PRINCETON, NJ 08540 USA SN 0040-5175 J9 TEXT RES J JI Text. Res. J. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 71 IS 12 BP 1087 EP 1094 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Textiles SC Materials Science GA 511JQ UT WOS:000173261200009 ER PT J AU Hart, GE Schertz, KF Peng, Y Syed, NH AF Hart, GE Schertz, KF Peng, Y Syed, NH TI Genetic mapping of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench QTLs that control variation in tillering and other morphological characters SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE Sorghum bicolor; QTLs; recombinant inbred lines; genetic mapping ID QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI; FLOWERING DROUGHT TOLERANCE; AFFECTING PLANT HEIGHT; GRAIN-SORGHUM; LINKAGE-MAP; STAY-GREEN; IDENTIFICATION; POPULATION; MATURITY AB Grain yield of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench is significantly influenced by genetically controlled variation in the number of tillers, plant height, time of anthesis, and various other morphological and physiological characters. In this study, a minimum of 27 unique QTLs that control variation in nine morphological traits, including the presence versus the absence and the height of basal tillers, were mapped, and the percentage of additive genetic variance explained by the QTLs was determined in a population of 137 recombinant inbred lines in two environments. Four QTLs explained from 86.3% to 48.9% (depending upon the environment) of the additive genetic variance in the number of basal tillers with heads, and seven QTLs explained from 85.9% to 47.9% of the additive genetic variance in, panicle width. It is unlikely that different alleles were segregating in the mapping population at any of the major dwarfing loci, but five QTLs that explained from 65.8% to 52.0% of the additive genetic variance in main-culm height were mapped. QTLs controlling variation in height of the tallest basal tiller, number of basal tillers per basal-tillered plant, panciple lenght, leaf angle, maturity, and awn length also were mapped. Three or more QTLs were mapped in linkage groups A, E, G, and I, while none were mapped in linkage groups B and D. Several of the QTLs mapped in this study are likely candidates for marker-assisted selection in breeding programs. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas A&M Univ, USDA ARS, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Hart, GE (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 33 TC 56 Z9 64 U1 2 U2 22 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 103 IS 8 BP 1232 EP 1242 DI 10.1007/s001220100582 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 511JR UT WOS:000173261300015 ER PT J AU Werner, SJ Tobin, ME Fioranelli, PB AF Werner, SJ Tobin, ME Fioranelli, PB TI Great egret preference for catfish size classes SO WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE Ardea alba; aquaculture; behavior; depredation; ecology; fish; foraging; handling time; Ictalurus punctatus; wading bird ID HERONS AB Several species of fish-eating birds are commonly observed near aquaculture facilities in the southern United States. An understanding of the relationships between these birds and specific commodities is needed to interpret and manage bird impacts to aquacultural production. We conducted two foraging experiments to evaluate the preference of Great Egrets (Ardea alba) for three specific size classes of Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). During six no-choice feeding trials, egrets consumed significantly more small (7.5-10 cm) fingerlings than medium (15-18 cm) or large (23-25 cm) catfish. Egrets captured 19 large catfish, and ingested only two, even when no other fish were available. During two-choice trials, Great Egrets significantly preferred small fingerlings to medium-sized fish, and medium-sized catfish to large fish. Handling time was directly related to the size of catfish ingested. Handling time was inversely related to the number of catfish ingested from each size class, particularly when Great Egrets were given a choice between two catfish size classes. Thus, we infer that the ease of capture and physical defenses (e.g., catfish spines) associated with particular foods affect Great Egret foraging preferences. Management of Great Egret impacts to aquacultural production should focus on dispersing egrets from ponds containing small (< 18 cm) Channel Catfish, rather than generalized dispersal at all ponds on all farms. C1 Mississippi State Univ, USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv,Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr,Mississippi Res Stn, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Werner, SJ (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv,Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr,Mississippi Res Stn, PO Drawer 6099, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 10 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 1524-4695 J9 WATERBIRDS JI Waterbirds PD DEC PY 2001 VL 24 IS 3 BP 381 EP 385 DI 10.2307/1522068 PG 5 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 498LC UT WOS:000172510400008 ER PT J AU Wooten, DE AF Wooten, DE TI Population status and distribution of double-crested cormorants wintering in the southeastern delta of Arkansas SO WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE double-crested Cormorant; Phalacrocorax auritus; population; roost-sites; air survey; catfish; Ictalurus punctatus ID MISSISSIPPI; REGION AB Double-crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) wintering in the southeast delta of Arkansas were monitored via aerial surveys to determine their numbers and distribution. At least two surveys per month (December 1999-April 2000) were conducted. Each survey was comprised of two separate afternoon flights to cover the study area during the evening roosting period. Most of the two flights making up each survey were flown on consecutive days to reduce possible movement of cormorants between the two flight routes. December through February surveys all exceeded 15,000 individuals, except for early January, when there was an appreciable drop in numbers. The cormorant numbers peaked in early February at 26,822 individuals. During this study, cormorants utilized a total of ten night roosts within this catfish-producing region of Arkansas. This study area in southeast Arkansas encompasses the primary production acreage for the Arkansas catfish industry and is a likely attractant for the Double-crested Cormorant. This collection of baseline population data is important in researching the relation of the Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) industry to growing cormorant numbers. These data will also provide a valuable base line in assessing cormorant population changes that might occur due to any future management strategies adopted by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. C1 ARS, USDA, Harry K Dupree Stuttgart Natl Aquaculture Res Ctr, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. RP Wooten, DE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Harry K Dupree Stuttgart Natl Aquaculture Res Ctr, POB 860,2955 Highway 130 East, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 1524-4695 J9 WATERBIRDS JI Waterbirds PD DEC PY 2001 VL 24 IS 3 BP 446 EP 449 DI 10.2307/1522080 PG 4 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 498LC UT WOS:000172510400020 ER PT J AU Palik, B Batzer, DP Buech, R Nichols, D Cease, K Egeland, L Streblow, DE AF Palik, B Batzer, DP Buech, R Nichols, D Cease, K Egeland, L Streblow, DE TI Seasonal pond characteristics across a chronosequence of adjacent forest ages in northern Minnesota, USA SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE seasonal forest ponds; forest disturbance; wetland invertebrates; amphibians; forest-pond interactions ID MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITIES; SMALL STREAMS; WETLANDS AB Small seasonal ponds are abundant in many forest landscapes, yet they remain poorly understood in terms of their response to disturbance of the surrounding upland forest. The potential for such a response is large because of the small size and, hence, high perimeter-to-area ratios of most ponds. High perimeter-to-area ratio may increase the importance of functional connections with the surrounding forest, via exchange of energy, organisms, and materials. To better understand this connection, we studied 19 seasonal ponds across a 100-year chronosequence of single-cohort forests in northern Minnesota. Our objective was to see if there are distinct changes over time in select pond attributes, which may reflect alteration of functional link-ages with the surrounding forest. In 1998 and 1999, we sampled hydroperiod, water depth and chemistry, canopy openness, grass, sedge, shrub, and coarse woody debris cover, coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM) flux, and macroinvertebrate and amphibian populations. We related these variables to stand age through regression. Stand age explained little variation for most variables. Responsive variables included canopy openness and CPOM flux. Canopy openness, in turn, was related positively to total macroinvertebrate abundance, sensitive taxon richness, and Haliplidae beetle and Physidae snail abundances. Calling wood frogs occurred more frequently under an open canopy and low CPOM flux. An open canopy, which occurs more often over ponds in younger than in older forest, likely results in increases in water and air temperatures and photosynthetically active radiation, all of which may influence resource availability and habitat suitability for some macroinvertebrates and amphibian taxa. Results from our exploratory study suggest that many characteristics of small seasonal ponds are unaffected by harvest of the adjacent upland forest, at least as detected through examination of a chronosequence. However, responsive variables may include several abiotic characteristics that provide mechanistic links to pond foodwebs. C1 USDA Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, N Central Res Stn, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Entomol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Palik, B (reprint author), USDA Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, N Central Res Stn, 1831 Hwy 169 E, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 USA. NR 29 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 3 U2 20 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD DEC PY 2001 VL 21 IS 4 BP 532 EP 542 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2001)021[0532:SPCAAC]2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 505NK UT WOS:000172918700008 ER PT J AU Seamans, TW Lovell, CD Dolbeer, RA Cepek, JD AF Seamans, TW Lovell, CD Dolbeer, RA Cepek, JD TI Evaluation of mirrors to deter nesting starlings SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE deterrent; European starling; mirror; nest box; Sturnus vulgaris ID RED-WINGED BLACKBIRDS AB European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) nesting in buildings and other structures can cause health, nuisance, and safety problems. We evaluated effectiveness of flashing lights combined with mirrors, and mirrors alone, as deterrents for starlings nesting in starling nest boxes in northern Ohio, 1998-2000. Each year, 100 nest boxes attached to utility poles were randomly assigned equally among 4 treatments (including untreated boxes): 1998-mirrored (internally placed on the back and 2 side walls of nest boxes), mirrored with red-flashing lights, and mirrored with green-flashing lights; 1999-convex mirror above entrance hole, convex mirror at back of nest box, and flat mirror at back of nest box; 2000-mirrors on 3 sides with exposed surface areas of 263 cm(2), 527 cm(2), or 790 cm(2). Starlings nested in 67% (1998) and 78% (1999 and 2000) of the nest boxes. In 1998, boxes within the 3 treatments with mirrors, regardless of lights, had fewer nests and fewer nests with eggs, nestlings, or fledglings than did control boxes (P less than or equal to0.002). Boxes with mirrors and lights had fewer (P <0.05) nestlings than mirrored boxes. No difference was noted in number of fledglings produced/nest with nestlings for each treatment. In 1999 and 2000 there was no difference (P >0.25) among the 4 treatments in proportion of nest boxes with starling nests, eggs, nestlings, and young fledged. However, in 2000, boxes with complete mirror coverage did show the lowest occupancy rate of the 4 treatments. Mean dates of first egg, clutch size, number of nestlings, and number of fledglings/nest also were similar (P >0.06) among treatments. We conclude that mirrors, although slightly repellent under some configurations, are not a practical method to repel starlings from nesting in structures. C1 USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Sandusky, OH 44870 USA. RP Seamans, TW (reprint author), USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 6100 Columbus Ave, Sandusky, OH 44870 USA. NR 28 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 2001 VL 29 IS 4 BP 1061 EP 1066 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 507EW UT WOS:000173014900009 ER PT J AU Karraker, NE AF Karraker, NE TI String theory: reducing mortality of mammals in pitfall traps SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE coverboards; Ensatina eschscholtzii; mammal mortality; pitfall traps; small-mammal; escape devices; SMED; Sorex trowbridgii AB Pitfall traps are commonly used to sample reptiles and amphibians, but their use often results in high levels of mortality in small mammals. I tested a method intended to allow mammals to escape pitfall traps but retain captured amphibians and reptiles. I established 2 pitfall trap transects in each of 10 forested sites. Each transect contained 7 arrays of 4 pitfall traps each, with 28 traps/transect and 56 traps/site. I attached jute twine to the undersides of coverboards in one of the 2 transects at each site and suspended it into pitfall traps to provide escape routes for mammals; the other transect included pitfall traps without twine. Sampling occurred October 1999-June 2000, with some traps being closed during winter because snow made them inaccessible. Number of mammals retained in pitfall traps without escape strings differed significantly (234/3) from those with strings. Numbers (90/76) of amphibians captured in traps without strings did not differ significantly from those with strings. Reptile captures differed significantly (63/34) between traps without strings and those with strings. My results indicated that this method reduces mammal mortality in pitfall traps while preventing amphibians from escaping. However, reptiles may be capable of using strings to escape pitfall traps. C1 US Forest Serv, Redwood Sci Lab, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. RP Karraker, NE (reprint author), SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Dept Environm & Forest Biol, 350 Illick Hall, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. NR 9 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 12 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 2001 VL 29 IS 4 BP 1158 EP 1162 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 507EW UT WOS:000173014900020 ER PT J AU York, EC Moruzzi, TL Fuller, TK Organ, JF Sauvajot, RM DeGraaf, RM AF York, EC Moruzzi, TL Fuller, TK Organ, JF Sauvajot, RM DeGraaf, RM TI Description and evaluation of a remote camera and triggering system to monitor carnivores SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE California; camera; carnivores; photographs; Vermont ID NEST PREDATION RATES; WILDLIFE; PHOTOGRAPHY AB Remotely triggered cameras have been used in many ecological studies, but most are relatively inexpensive one-time-only systems or expensive infrared systems. We describe the setup and wiring technique for a moderately priced, multiple-photo camera system. Two study areas, California and Vermont, were used to assess usefulness of the camera system. Although some target carnivore species were photographed regularly, visitation rates of other carnivores were low, due either to low population densities or camera shyness. Cameras generally worked well under all conditions, but the pressure-plate triggering devices sometimes became inoperable during heavy rains. Other camera activation systems may reveal additional uses for this remote camera system. C1 Natl Pk Serv, Santa Monica Mt Natl Recreat Area, Thousand Oaks, CA 91360 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Nat Resources Conservat, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Univ Massachusetts, US Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Hadley, MA 01035 USA. RP York, EC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, 1147 E 6th St, Corona, CA 92879 USA. NR 26 TC 15 Z9 18 U1 4 U2 15 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 2001 VL 29 IS 4 BP 1228 EP 1237 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 507EW UT WOS:000173014900029 ER PT J AU Stoleson, SH Finch, DM AF Stoleson, SH Finch, DM TI Breeding bird use of and nesting success in exotic Russian olive in New Mexico SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID COTTONWOOD POPULUS-DELTOIDES; ELAEAGNUS-ANGUSTIFOLIA AB The exotic tree. Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia), has invaded riparian zones throughout much of the western Unites States. Although promoted as a useful species for wildlife because of its abundant edible fruit, evidence for its value to breeding birds remains sparse. We compared relative rates of usage, nest success, and cowbird parasitism of birds breeding in Russian olive versus native tree species at a site where Russian olive is a minor component. Some species, such as the Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura) and Yellow-breasted Chat (Icteria virens), preferentially placed their nests in Russian olive. Nest success was similar for nests in Russian olive and native species. During 1997, nests of the Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii) were significantly more likely to be parasitized by Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) when placed in Russian olive than in native species, although nest success was not significantly different. Our results may not apply to areas where Russian olive is common. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Albuquerque, NM 87102 USA. RP Stoleson, SH (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 333 Broadway SE,Suite 115, Albuquerque, NM 87102 USA. RI Finch, Deborah/H-2876-2015 OI Finch, Deborah/0000-0001-9118-7381 NR 15 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 17 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 113 IS 4 BP 452 EP 455 DI 10.1676/0043-5643(2001)113[0452:BBUOAN]2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 571CF UT WOS:000176696700017 ER PT J AU Greenberg, AS Shen, WJ Muliro, K Patel, S Souza, SC Roth, RA Kraemer, FB AF Greenberg, AS Shen, WJ Muliro, K Patel, S Souza, SC Roth, RA Kraemer, FB TI Stimulation of lipolysis and hormone-sensitive lipase via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ACTIVATED PROTEIN-KINASE; LIPID STORAGE DROPLETS; SEQUENCE SIMILARITY; 3T3-L1 ADIPOCYTES; COUPLED RECEPTORS; BROWN ADIPOCYTES; RAT ADIPOCYTES; PERILIPIN-A; IN-VITRO; PHOSPHORYLATION AB Hormonally stimulated lipolysis occurs by activation of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) which phosphorylates hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and increases adipocyte lipolysis. Evidence suggests that catecholamines not only can activate PKA, but also the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). We now demonstrate that two different inhibitors of MEK, the upstream activator of ERK, block catecholamine- and beta (3)-stimulated lipolysis by similar to 30%. Furthermore, treatment of adipocytes with dioctanoylglycerol, which activates ERK, increases lipolysis, although MEK inhibitors decrease dioctanoylglycerol-stimulated activation of lipolysis. Using a tamoxifen regulatable Raf system expressed in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, exposure to tamoxifen causes a 14-fold activation of ERK within 15-30 min and results in similar to2-fold increase in HSL activity. In addition, when differentiated 3T3-L1 cells expressing the regulatable Raf were exposed to tamoxifen, a 2-fold increase in lipolysis is observed. HSL is a substrate of activated ERK and site-directed mutagenesis of putative ERK consensus phosphorylation sites in HSL identified Ser(600) as the site phosphorylated by active ERK. When S600A HSL was expressed in 3T3-L1 cells expressing the regulatable Raf, tamoxifen treatment fails to increase its activity. Thus, activation of the ERK pathway appears to be able to regulate adipocyte lipolysis by phosphorylating HSL on Ser(600) and increasing the activity of HSL. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Med, Div Endocrinol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Tufts Univ New England Med Ctr, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Meyer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Vet Affairs Palo Alto Hlth Care Syst, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Mol Pharmacol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Kraemer, FB (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Med, Div Endocrinol, S-005, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. FU NIDDK NIH HHS [DK 46942, DK 49705, DK 50647] NR 57 TC 196 Z9 205 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0021-9258 J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD NOV 30 PY 2001 VL 276 IS 48 BP 45456 EP 45461 DI 10.1074/jbc.M104436200 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 496QD UT WOS:000172406700143 PM 11581251 ER PT J AU Turner, C King, JW Mathiasson, L AF Turner, C King, JW Mathiasson, L TI Supercritical fluid extraction and chromatography for fat-soluble vitamin analysis SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Review DE reviews; supercritical fluid chromatography; supercritical fluid extraction; extraction methods; vitamins; tocopherols; carotenoids ID CARBON-DIOXIDE EXTRACTION; PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; BETA-CAROTENE; ALPHA-CAROTENE; CO2 EXTRACTION; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ELECTROCHEMICAL DETECTION; TRAPPING EFFICIENCIES; INFANT FORMULAS; MILK POWDERS AB Extraction and chromatographic separation of fat-soluble vitamins is a challenging task, due to the sensitivity of these compounds towards light, oxygen, heat and pH. In light of this, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) are attractive techniques as they function at considerably milder conditions than conventional solvent-based analytical techniques. Moreover, supercritical techniques consume much less amounts of organic solvents than conventional ones. This review gives a brief description of suitable supercritical media as well as basic theory on SFE and SFC processes. Furthermore, guidelines are provided for optimizing the important extraction and separation parameters to facilitate a successful method development. Finally, applications employing SFE and/or SFC for fat-soluble vitamin enrichment and final determination are reviewed. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Lund Univ, Dept Analyt Chem, S-22100 Lund, Sweden. USDA ARS, NCAUR, New Crop Res Unit, Peoria, IL USA. RP Turner, C (reprint author), Lund Univ, Dept Analyt Chem, POB 124, S-22100 Lund, Sweden. RI Turner, Charlotta/I-6045-2013 OI Turner, Charlotta/0000-0001-9466-1149 NR 112 TC 90 Z9 99 U1 0 U2 39 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD NOV 30 PY 2001 VL 936 IS 1-2 BP 215 EP 237 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(01)01082-2 PG 23 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 495BJ UT WOS:000172320100018 PM 11761002 ER PT J AU Shaw, PE Goodner, KL Moshonas, MG Hearn, CJ AF Shaw, PE Goodner, KL Moshonas, MG Hearn, CJ TI Comparison of grapefruit hybrid fruit with parent fruit based on composition of volatile components SO SCIENTIA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Article DE Shamouti orange; pummelo; tangelo; Citrus paradisi; Citrus grandis; Citrus reticulata; multivariate analysis ID ORANGE JUICES; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; CONSTITUENTS; FRESH; CLASSIFICATION AB Two new grapefruit hybrids and their parent cultivars were evaluated by headspace gas chromatographic analysis of fresh juice from the fruit. Quantities of 39 volatile components were determined, and the variation compared to the parent fruit for each component monitored was tabulated. The relatively low amounts of some volatile components in hybrid 2 fruit support the observation that the flavor of juice from this hybrid fruit is milder than that of grapefruit. Multivariate analysis using principal component and discriminant analyses afforded more information on the similarities and differences of fruit of each hybrid to its parents' fruits and to that of the other hybrid. Discriminant analysis showed the hybrid fruit to be similar to each other and dissimilar to the parent fruit based on the volatile components monitored. One hybrid is useful for cross-breeding to produce other new grapefruit-like hybrids, and the other has potential as a new commercial grapefruit-type fruit since it matures very early and has an excellent grapefruit flavor. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, SAA, Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, Winter Haven, FL 33881 USA. US Hort Res Lab, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. RP Shaw, PE (reprint author), USDA ARS, SAA, Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, 600 Ave S NW, Winter Haven, FL 33881 USA. NR 14 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4238 J9 SCI HORTIC-AMSTERDAM JI Sci. Hortic. PD NOV 30 PY 2001 VL 91 IS 1-2 BP 71 EP 80 DI 10.1016/S0304-4238(01)00241-2 PG 10 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 495AJ UT WOS:000172317800007 ER PT J AU Moss, BR Reeves, DW Lin, JC Torbert, HA McElhenney, WH Mask, P Kezar, W AF Moss, BR Reeves, DW Lin, JC Torbert, HA McElhenney, WH Mask, P Kezar, W TI Yield and quality of three corn hybrids as affected by broiler litter fertilization and crop maturity SO ANIMAL FEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE corn silage; nutrient analyses; fertilization; broiler litter ID WHOLE-PLANT; ENSILING CHARACTERISTICS; RUMINAL FERMENTABILITY; CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION; NUTRITIVE-VALUE; STOVER; MAIZE; SILAGE; EAR AB Specific hybrids, fertilization and maturity impact yields and nutrient quality of corn silage. To address these effects, three corn hybrids (Zea mays L.) (Pioneer 3136, 3140, 3154) with five N fertilization (F) treatments were planted for 2 years and harvested at approximately 1/3, 2/3 or 100% milk line in a split-split plot design. Main treatments were No-F, 4.5, 9.0, 13.5 (Year 1) or 18.0 (Year 2) Mg ha(-1) of broiler litter (BrL) or 202 kg ha(-1) of NH4NO3. At harvest, milk lines and whole plant, stover and grain yields were determined. Whole plant and stover portions were chopped and subsampled for subsequent nutrient component and in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD). Milk line advanced rapidly, especially during Year I that was a dry year. Whole plant yields were greatest for the 13.5/18.0 BrL treatments with no difference between 9.0 BrL and NH4NO3 treatments. Nutrient content varied with fertilizer treatment and year; during Year 1, NH4NO3 treatments had greater CP and lower ADF values, but the 13.5/18.0 BrL had the greatest CP content in Year 2, a wetter year. Whole plant lVDMD values were greater for NH4NO3 than the 13.5/18.0 BrL treatments during both years, but this occurred only during Year I for stover. Corn hybrid did not consistently affect yield, but during both years stover ADF was lower and IVDMD was higher for Hybrid 3136. These advantages existed in the whole plant only during Year 1. Increased maturity enhanced grain and whole plant yield, but effects on nutrient quality were variable. Appropriate application rates of BrL provide comparable yields to commercial fertilizer without an adverse effect on nutrient composition, although digestibility may be reduced. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Auburn Univ, Dept Anim & Dairy Sci, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Dynam Lab, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. USDA ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, Temple, TX 76502 USA. Auburn Univ, Dept Agron & Soils, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Pioneer Hi Bred Int Inc, Boise, ID USA. RP Moss, BR (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Dept Anim & Dairy Sci, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. NR 31 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-8401 J9 ANIM FEED SCI TECH JI Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. PD NOV 27 PY 2001 VL 94 IS 1-2 BP 43 EP 56 DI 10.1016/S0377-8401(01)00303-0 PG 14 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 493DY UT WOS:000172207800004 ER PT J AU Kidd, MT Gerard, PD Heger, J Kerr, BJ Rowe, D Sistani, K Burnham, DJ AF Kidd, MT Gerard, PD Heger, J Kerr, BJ Rowe, D Sistani, K Burnham, DJ TI Threonine and crude protein responses in broiler chicks SO ANIMAL FEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE threonine; crude protein; broiler; non-essential amino acids ID DIETARY-PROTEIN; GROWING CHICKS; LYSINE; ACID; REQUIREMENT; PERFORMANCE; LEVEL AB A (2 x 3) factorial arrangement of treatments was used in one experiment to evaluate dietary crude protein (CP) (190 and 225 g/kg) and dietary Thr (6.0, 7.0 and 8.0 g/kg) in Ross x Ross 308 male broilers from Days 5 to 15. At Day 5,336 chicks were randomized across 48 battery pens (seven chicks per replicate and eight replicates per treatment). Essential amino acids, except Thr, were in excess of [National Research Council, 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, 9th Edition (revised). National Academy Press, Washington, DC] specifications and similar between both CP diets. Chicks receiving the 190 g CP/kg diet had increased (P < 0.001) body weight (BW) gain and feed intake compared with chicks fed the 225 g CP/kg diet. Protein efficiency ratio was improved (P < 0.001) in chicks fed the 190 g CP/kg diet versus chicks fed the 225 g CP/kg diet. Similarly, chicks fed the 190 g CP/kg diet had reduced nitrogen excretion (P = 0.043) in comparison with chicks receiving the 225 g CP/kg diet. Increasing dietary Thr from 6.0 to 7.0 g/kg diet improved (P < 0.001) BW gain and feed intake. Immune organ weights were not affected by dietary treatments. Feed:gain ratio was improved (P = 0.016) in chicks receiving both CP diets as Thr was increased from 6.0 to 7.0 g/kg diet. However, chicks fed 8.0 g Thr/kg diet had lower (P = 0.016) feed:gain ratio when fed the 225 g CP/kg diet than chicks fed the 190 g CP/kg diet. Male broiler chicks had improved growth performance measurements when fed 7.0 g Thr/kg diet. The effect of CP on Thr needs of chicks should be studied further. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Dept Expt Stat, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Biofaktory Praha, CZ-25096 Prague, Czech Republic. NutriQuest Inc, Chesterfield, MO 63017 USA. USDA ARS, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Heartland Lysine Inc, Chicago, IL USA. RP Kidd, MT (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, Box 9665, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 27 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-8401 J9 ANIM FEED SCI TECH JI Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. PD NOV 27 PY 2001 VL 94 IS 1-2 BP 57 EP 64 DI 10.1016/S0377-8401(01)00301-7 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 493DY UT WOS:000172207800005 ER PT J AU Gowher, H Ehrlich, KC Jeltsch, A AF Gowher, H Ehrlich, KC Jeltsch, A TI DNA from Aspergillus flavus contains 5-methylcytosine SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE 5-methylcytosine; DNA methylation; fluffy phenotype; fungal development; Aspergillus flavus ID NIGER VAR AWAMORI; AFLATOXIN BIOSYNTHESIS; TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENT; METHYLATION; GENE; ASCOBOLUS; EXPRESSION; FUNGI; METHYLTRANSFERASES; NIDULANS AB DNA from Aspergillus sp. has been reported not to contain 5-methylcytosine. However, it has been found that Aspergillus nidulans responds to 5-azacytidine, a drug that is a strong inhibitor of DNA methyltransferases. Therefore. we have re-examined the occurrence of 5-methylcytosine in DNA from Aspergillus flavus by using a highly sensitive and specific method for detection of modified bases in genomic DNA comprising high-performance liquid chromatography separation of nucleosides, labeling of the nucleoside with deoxynucleoside kinase and two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography. Our results show that 5-methylcytosine is present in DNA from A. flavus, We estimate the relative amounts of 5-methylcytosine to cytosine to be approximately 1/400. (C) 2001 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Inst Biochem, FB 8, D-3392 Clausthal Zellerfeld, Germany. USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Jeltsch, A (reprint author), Inst Biochem, FB 8, Heinrich Buff Ring 58, D-3392 Clausthal Zellerfeld, Germany. RI Jeltsch, Albert/O-7404-2014 OI Jeltsch, Albert/0000-0001-6113-9290 NR 39 TC 21 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1097 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL LETT JI FEMS Microbiol. Lett. PD NOV 27 PY 2001 VL 205 IS 1 BP 151 EP 155 DI 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10939.x PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 497TQ UT WOS:000172471900023 PM 11728730 ER PT J AU Hallman, G AF Hallman, G TI Peer review SO SCIENTIST LA English DT Letter C1 USDA ARS, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Hallman, G (reprint author), USDA ARS, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU LABX MEDIA GROUP PI MIDLAND PA PO BOX 216, 478 BAY ST, MIDLAND, ONTARIO L4R 1K9, CANADA SN 0890-3670 J9 SCIENTIST JI Scientist PD NOV 26 PY 2001 VL 15 IS 23 BP 6 EP 6 PG 1 WC Information Science & Library Science; Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Information Science & Library Science; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 497XX UT WOS:000172481700003 ER PT J AU Key, KF Haqshenas, G Guenette, DK Swenson, SL Toth, TE Meng, XJ AF Key, KF Haqshenas, G Guenette, DK Swenson, SL Toth, TE Meng, XJ TI Genetic variation and phylogenetic analyses of the ORF5 gene of acute porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus isolates SO VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE PRRSV; vaccine; envelope gene; ORF5 ID LELYSTAD-VIRUS; SWINE INFERTILITY; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; PREGNANT GILTS; FIELD STRAINS; UNITED-STATES; ATCC VR-2332; PRRS VIRUS; ABORTION; PROTEINS AB Swine herds in the US have experienced recent outbreaks of a severe form of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (designated acute or atypical PRRS) characterized by abortion and high mortality in pregnant sows. Most of the affected herds had been vaccinated with modified live-vaccines (MLVs) against PRRS. To explore the possible mechanism of the emergence of acute PRRS, the open reading frame 5 (ORF5) gene encoding the major envelope protein (GP5) of acute PRRSV isolates was characterized. The complete ORF5 gene of eight acute PRRSV isolates from herds experiencing acute PRRS outbreaks in Iowa and North Carolina was amplified and sequenced. Sequence analyses revealed that these acute PRRSV isolates shared 88-95% nucleotide and 88-96% amino acid sequence identities to each other, 87-97% nucleotide and 84-96% amino acid sequence identities with other North American PRRSV isolates and the MLVs. Most of the amino acid substitutions locate in the putative signal sequence and two short hypervariable regions at the amino terminus. The ORF5 gene sequence of the acute PRRSV isolate 98-37120-2 from a non-vaccinated swine herd in Iowa is very closely related to that of the RespPRRS MLV, with 97% nucleotide and 96% amino acid sequence identities. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all eight acute PRRSV isolates are clustered within the North American genotype. Several minor branches that are not associated with geographic origins were also identified within the North American genotype. One acute PRRSV isolate (98-37120-2) is clustered with the RespPRRS MLV and several Danish isolates that were confirmed to be derived from the RespPRRS MLV. The ORF5 gene sequences of other seven acute isolates are more related to those of several earlier PRRSV isolates and the PrimePac MLV than to that of the RespPRRS MLV. Our results showed that the acute PRRSV isolates analyzed in this study differed from each other in ORF5 genes, although they all clustered within the North American genotype. The data from this study do not fully support the hypothesis that the emergence of acute PRRS is due to reversion of MLVs to a pathogenic phenotype, as only one of the eight acute isolates was shown to be very closely related to the RespPRRS MLV. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Ctr Mol Med & Infect Dis, Dept Biomed Sci & Pathobiol, Blacksburg, VA 24060 USA. Natl Vet Serv Labs, Diagnost Virol Lab, Bovine & Porcine Viruses Sect, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Meng, XJ (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Ctr Mol Med & Infect Dis, Dept Biomed Sci & Pathobiol, 1410 Prices Fork Rd, Blacksburg, VA 24060 USA. RI Meng, X.J./B-8769-2009 OI Meng, X.J./0000-0002-2739-1334 NR 45 TC 60 Z9 81 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1135 J9 VET MICROBIOL JI Vet. Microbiol. PD NOV 26 PY 2001 VL 83 IS 3 BP 249 EP 263 DI 10.1016/S0378-1135(01)00427-8 PG 15 WC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences SC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences GA 478YU UT WOS:000171377800005 PM 11574173 ER PT J AU Abidi, SL AF Abidi, SL TI Chromatographic analysis of plant sterols in foods and vegetable oils SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Review DE reviews; vegetable oils; food analysis; photosterols; sterols ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY; CAPILLARY GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION; SUPERCRITICAL-FLUID EXTRACTION; RATIO MASS-SPECTROMETRY; EDIBLE OILS; SOYBEAN OIL; QUANTITATIVE-DETERMINATION; GENETIC-MODIFICATION AB This paper reviews recently published chromatographic methods for the analysis of plant sterols in various sample matrices with emphasis on vegetable oils. An overview of structural complexities and biological/nutritional aspects including hypocholesterolemic activities of phytosterols is provided in the Section 1. The principal themes of the review highlight the development and application of chromatographic techniques for the isolation, purification, separation and detection of the title compounds. Pertinent gas chromatographic and high-performance liquid chromatographic methods from the literature are tabulated to illustrate common trends and methodological variability. The review also covers specific analyses of natural/synthetic standard mixtures to shed light on potential applicability in plant sample assays. Examples of combined chromatographic techniques linked in tandem for the analysis of complex samples are included. Elution characteristics of sterol components are discussed in the context of analyte substituent effects, structural factors and stationary/mobile phase considerations. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Abidi, SL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 133 TC 133 Z9 156 U1 7 U2 60 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD NOV 23 PY 2001 VL 935 IS 1-2 BP 173 EP 201 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(01)00946-3 PG 29 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 495RE UT WOS:000172353500012 PM 11762774 ER PT J AU Zarlenga, DS Geary, TG AF Zarlenga, DS Geary, TG TI Special issue - Advances in molecular parasitology - Preface SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USDA ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Pharmacia Anim Hlth, Discovery Res, Kalamazoo, MI 49001 USA. RP Zarlenga, DS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Bldg 1180,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD NOV 22 PY 2001 VL 101 IS 3-4 BP 171 EP 172 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(01)00561-1 PG 2 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 495GN UT WOS:000172332000001 ER PT J AU Rosenthal, BM AF Rosenthal, BM TI Defining and interpreting intraspecific molecular variation SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE intraspecific genetic variation; parasite genes; falciparum malaria ID MICROSATELLITE-PRIMED PCR; PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM; ANTIGENIC VARIATION; GENE FLOW; EVOLUTION; HETEROGENEITY; ERYTHROCYTES; POPULATIONS; EXPRESSION; SEQUENCE AB Defining the extent and character of intraspecific genetic variation provides important information about gene function and organismal history. Powerful tests may be applied to sequenced alleles in order to critically examine whether natural selection is responsible for limiting or elevating intraspecific polymorphism in particular genes. Unconventional patterns of sequence variation and unusual allelic frequency distributions can be used to test whether genes encoding parasite antigens are being diversified by immune selection. The strikingly limited genetic variation in the falciparum malaria genome, and in human chromosomes encoding resistance to severe malaria, date the emergence of this disease to within the last few thousand years, illustrating the power of population genetic analysis to elucidate the history of host-parasite interactions. Coupling phylogenetic and geographic information and analyzing the rate of diversification in intraspecific gene trees provides new and rich sources of information on microbial evolution and epidemiology. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Rosenthal, BM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. OI Rosenthal, Benjamin/0000-0002-0224-3773 NR 50 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD NOV 22 PY 2001 VL 101 IS 3-4 BP 187 EP 200 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(01)00566-0 PG 14 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 495GN UT WOS:000172332000003 PM 11707296 ER PT J AU Zarlenga, DS Higgins, J AF Zarlenga, DS Higgins, J TI PCR as a diagnostic and quantitative technique in veterinary parasitology SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE diagnosis; differentiation; multiplex; parasite; PCR; real-time; RT-PCR; quantitation ID POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; REAL-TIME PCR; CYTOKINE MESSENGER-RNA; POLYMORPHIC DNA PCR; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM-PARVUM; OSTERTAGIA-OSTERTAGI; TOXOPLASMA-GONDII; MOLECULAR BEACONS; ARBITRARY PRIMERS; PRIMARY INFECTION AB Over the past 15 years, there has been a dramatic evolution in molecular approaches to study parasites and parasitic diseases. Many of these advancements have been brought about through the development of new applications of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Enhancements in sensitivity that can be achieved using PCR now permit scientists to investigate changes at the level of a single cell, far below what is often needed for parasite-derived applications. PCR has had a substantial impact on advances made in the areas of parasite systematics and epidemiology, immunology and host-parasite interactions, recombinant DNA vaccine development and most recently, the analysis of whole genomes either through directly sequencing the DNA, the analysis of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) or through the rapidly growing field of functional genomics. This paper, however, focuses on the application of PCR methodology to parasite detection and differentiation, and the diagnosis of disease. Specific attention is given to advances provided by multiplex PCR, fluorescence-based "real-time" PCR, and the utilization of PCR as a quantitative technique. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, ANRI, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Anim Waster Pathogen Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Zarlenga, DS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, ANRI, Bldg 1180,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 72 TC 40 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD NOV 22 PY 2001 VL 101 IS 3-4 BP 215 EP 230 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(01)00568-4 PG 16 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 495GN UT WOS:000172332000005 PM 11707298 ER PT J AU Jenkins, MC AF Jenkins, MC TI Advances and prospects for subunit vaccines against protozoa of veterinary importance SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Review DE vaccine; recombinant antigen; Eimeria; Giardia; Cryptosporidium; Toxoplasma; Neospora; Trypanosoma; Babesia; Theileria ID TRYPANOSOMA-CRUZI INFECTION; TACHYZOITE SURFACE PROTEIN; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM-PARVUM SPOROZOITES; NEOSPORA-CANINUM TACHYZOITES; CELL PROLIFERATIVE RESPONSES; TOXOPLASMA-GONDII-INFECTION; INTESTINAL IMMUNE-RESPONSES; PARAFLAGELLAR ROD PROTEINS; BABESIA-BOVIS ANTIGEN; LOW-LEVEL INFECTION AB Protozoa are responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality in domestic and companion animals. Preventing infection may involve deliberate exposure to virulent or attenuated parasites so that immunity to natural infection is established early in life. This is the basis for vaccines against theilerosis and avian coccidiosis. Vaccination may not be effective or practical with diseases, such as cryptosporidiosis, that primarily afflict the immune-compromised or individuals with an incompletely developed immune system. Strategies for combating these diseases often rely on passive immunotherapy using serum or colostrums containing antibodies to parasite surface proteins. Subunit vaccines offer an attractive alternative to virulent or attenuated parasites for several reasons. These include the use of bacteria or lower eukaryotes to produce recombinant proteins in batch culture, the relative stability of recombinant proteins compared to live parasites, and the flexibility to incorporate only those antigens that elicit "protective" immune responses. Although subunit vaccines offer many theoretical advantages, our lack of understanding of immune mechanisms to primary and secondary infection and the capacity of many protozoa to evade host immunity remain obstacles to developing effective vaccines. This review examines the progress made on developing recombinant proteins of Eimeria, Giardia, Cryptosporidium, Toxoplasma, Neospora, Trypanosoma, Babesia, and Theileria and attempts to use these antigens for vaccinating animals against the associated diseases. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Jenkins, MC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 178 TC 62 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD NOV 22 PY 2001 VL 101 IS 3-4 BP 291 EP 310 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(01)00557-X PG 20 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 495GN UT WOS:000172332000010 PM 11707303 ER PT J AU Sonstegard, TS Gasbarre, LC AF Sonstegard, TS Gasbarre, LC TI Genomic tools to improve parasite resistance SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE gastrointestinal parasites; resistance; genomics; economic trait loci ID QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI; GASTROINTESTINAL NEMATODE INFECTIONS; GENETIC-LINKAGE MAP; OSTERTAGIA-OSTERTAGI; ANTHELMINTIC RESISTANCE; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; BOVINE GENOME; DAIRY-CATTLE; IMMUNITY; CALVES AB The natural genetic variability of the ruminant immune system provides a feasible means to control gastrointestinal (GI) parasite infection without anthelmintics. However, the paradigm of traditional selection has not been effectively applied to the moderately heritable traits of parasite resistance (h approximate to 0.3) due to the difficulty and expense of gathering accurate phenotypes in a commercial production setting. These characteristics make host traits related to GI nematode infection ideal candidates for genomics-based research. To initiate explanation of important allelic differences, economic trait loci (ETL) are being identified and mapped using a resource population of Angus cattle segregating for GI nematode resistance and susceptibility to the two most common nematode parasites of US cattle, Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia oncophora. The population is composed of five generations of half-sib progeny with complete phenotypic records produced from controlled infections. To detect the genomic locations of the three distinct phenotypic traits being expressed (innately immune, acquired immune, and immunologically non-responsive), genotypes have been generated for DNA markers (N = 199) spaced at regular intervals (similar to 20 cm intervals) throughout the entire genome (3000 cm), Although initial ETL detection may be limited by half-sib family size, the unique structure of this population provides additional statistical power for refining map position of potential ETL. After allele frequency and contribution to phenotype are determined in this population, marker tests associated with ETL most beneficial for controlling parasite infection can be accurately used for selection. Comparative map and functional genomic information from humans and other species of biomedical importance will be utilized in further investigations to elucidate the genes underlying ETL. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Gene Evaluat & Mapping Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Sonstegard, TS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Gene Evaluat & Mapping Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Beltsville Area,Bldg 200,Room 2A,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 70 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD NOV 22 PY 2001 VL 101 IS 3-4 BP 387 EP 403 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(01)00563-5 PG 17 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 495GN UT WOS:000172332000015 PM 11707308 ER PT J AU Chopping, MJ AF Chopping, MJ TI Testing LiSKBRDF models over a semi-arid grassland region with visible and near-infrared ATSR-2 and AVHRR data SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID BIDIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE; SOLAR SPECTRUM; SURFACE; CALIBRATION; VEGETATION; RETRIEVAL; CANOPIES AB This paper assesses the capability of the Roujean and LiSparse-MODIS-RossThin linear semi-empirical kernel-driven (LiSK) bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) models to predict bidirectional reflectance at geometries other than those of the observations used to invert the model, when the models are inverted against a sparse set of angular samples from 21 orbits (3 19 August 1996) of the operational Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometers (AVHRRs) on NOAA TIROS series AM (morning) and PM (evening) satellites. Red ('visible') and near-infrared (NIR) spectral reflectance estimates acquired at 4:40 GMT on 14 August 1996 by the Along-Track Scanning Radiometer-2 (ATSR-2) sensor flown on the European Space Agency's ERS-2 satellite are used as reference data. The test area is a semi-arid grassland region in Inner Mongolia, P.R. China, bounded by 42.84 degrees -44.71 degreesN and 112.40 degrees -116.05 degrees E. The results show that in spite of the difficulties posed by such a task, LiSK models can be inverted against multiangular AVHRR observations to predict bidirectional reflectance at the acquisition geometry of the ATSR-2 with reasonable accuracy: the rms. error of the reflectance predictions made by both models is less than 4% for the nadir views and less than or equal to 6% in the forward views. These error values are less than one-half those provided by a 13 August 1996 AM AVHRR scene in the 0.65 mum channel and about one-seventh of those for the AVHRR scene in the 0.87 mum (NIR) channel, in both nadir and forward views. C1 ARS, USDA, Hydrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Chopping, MJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Hydrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 34 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD NOV 20 PY 2001 VL 22 IS 17 BP 3533 EP 3552 DI 10.1080/01431160010007024 PG 20 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 490BF UT WOS:000172029800020 ER PT J AU McPherson, EG AF McPherson, EG TI Sacramento's parking lot shading ordinance: environmental and economic costs of compliance SO LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING LA English DT Article DE planning; tree shade; natural resource valuation ID AIR-QUALITY; VEGETATION; IMPACTS; TREES; OZONE AB A survey of 15 Sacramento parking lots and computer modeling were used to evaluate parking capacity and compliance with the 1983 ordinance requiring 50% shade of paved areas (PA) 15 years after development. There were 6% more parking spaces than required by ordinance, and 36% were vacant during peak use periods. Current shade was 14% with 44% of this amount provided by covered parking. Shade was projected to increase to 27% (95% CI 24-37%) when all lots in the sample were 15-year-old. Annual benefits associated with the corresponding level of tree shade were estimated to be US$ 1.8 million (CI US$ 1.5-2.6 million) annually citywide, or US$ 2.2 million less than benefits from 50% shade (Cl US$ 1.4-2.5 million). The cost of replacing dying trees and addressing other health issues was US$ 1.1 million. Planting 116,000 trees needed to achieve 50% shade was estimated to cost approximately US$ 20 million. Strategies for revising parking ordinances to enhance their effectiveness are presented. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Calif Davis, US Forest Serv, USDA,Dept Environm Hort, Western Ctr Urban Forest Res & Educ,Pacific SW Re, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP McPherson, EG (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, US Forest Serv, USDA,Dept Environm Hort, Western Ctr Urban Forest Res & Educ,Pacific SW Re, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 47 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-2046 J9 LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN JI Landsc. Urban Plan. PD NOV 20 PY 2001 VL 57 IS 2 BP 105 EP 123 DI 10.1016/S0169-2046(01)00196-7 PG 19 WC Ecology; Environmental Studies; Geography; Geography, Physical; Urban Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geography; Physical Geography; Urban Studies GA 497QD UT WOS:000172466200005 ER PT J AU Lazo, A Tassello, J Aytay, S Jayarama, J Lunderville, D Marmorata, A Billia-Shaveet, D Kramer, E Brown, F Bolin, S Ohagen, A AF Lazo, A Tassello, J Aytay, S Jayarama, J Lunderville, D Marmorata, A Billia-Shaveet, D Kramer, E Brown, F Bolin, S Ohagen, A TI Inactivation of non-enveloped viruses in red cell concentrates using the INACTINE (TM) compound PEN110. SO BLOOD LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 VI Technol Inc, Watertown, MA USA. USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. Michigan State Univ, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HEMATOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1900 M STREET. NW SUITE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0006-4971 J9 BLOOD JI Blood PD NOV 16 PY 2001 VL 98 IS 11 MA 2259 BP 540A EP 540A PN 1 PG 1 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA 491WY UT WOS:000172134102264 ER PT J AU Mithofer, A Fliegmann, J Daxberger, A Ebel, C Neuhaus-Url, G Bhagwat, AA Keister, DL Ebel, J AF Mithofer, A Fliegmann, J Daxberger, A Ebel, C Neuhaus-Url, G Bhagwat, AA Keister, DL Ebel, J TI Induction of H2O2 synthesis by beta-glucan elicitors in soybean is independent of cytosolic calcium transients SO FEBS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE cytosolic calcium; beta-glucan; plant defence; soybean ID PHYTOALEXIN DEFENSE RESPONSE; ANION-CHANNEL BLOCKERS; GLYCINE-MAX L; OXIDATIVE BURST; PLANT DEFENSE; GUARD-CELLS; BRADYRHIZOBIUM-JAPONICUM; CYTOPLASMIC CALCIUM; GLYCAN SUPPRESSORS; MESSENGER-RNA AB Soybean cell suspension cultures have been used to investigate the role of the elevation of the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration in beta -glucan elicitors-induced defence responses, such as H2O2 and phytoalexin production. The intracellular Ca2+ concentration was monitored in transgenic cells expressing the Ca2+-sensing aequorin. Two lines of evidence showed that a transient increase of the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration is not necessarily involved in the induction of H2O2 generation: (i) a Bradyrhizobium japonicum cyclic beta -glucan induced the H2O2 burst without increasing the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration; (ii) two ion channel blockers (anthracene-9-carboxylate, A9C, 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)-benzoate, NPPB) could not prevent a Phytophthora soja beta -glucan elicitor-induced H2O2 synthesis but did prevent a cytosolic Ca2+ concentration increase. Moreover, A9C and NPPB inhibited A sojae beta -glucan-elicited defence-related gene inductions as well as the inducible accumulation of phytoalexins, suggesting that the A sojae beta -glucan-induced transient cytosolic Ca2+ increase is not necessary for the elicitation of H2O2 production but is very likely required for phytoalexin synthesis (C) 2001 Federation of European Biochemical Societies. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Inst Bot, D-80638 Munich, Germany. Friedrich Miescher Inst, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland. USDA ARS, BARC W, Prod Qual & Safety Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, BARC W, Soybean Genom & Improvement Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Mithofer, A (reprint author), Inst Bot, Menzinger Str 67, D-80638 Munich, Germany. NR 27 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0014-5793 J9 FEBS LETT JI FEBS Lett. PD NOV 16 PY 2001 VL 508 IS 2 BP 191 EP 195 DI 10.1016/S0014-5793(01)03054-X PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Cell Biology GA 495PT UT WOS:000172350100006 PM 11718714 ER PT J AU Shigaki, T Cheng, NH Pittman, JK Hirschi, K AF Shigaki, T Cheng, NH Pittman, JK Hirschi, K TI Structural determinants of Ca2+ transport in the Arabidopsis H+/Ca2+ antiporter CAX1 SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; NA+/H+ ANTIPORTER; NHAA; YEAST; SENSITIVITY; SELECTIVITY; EXPRESSION; MANGANESE; RETICULUM AB Ca2+ levels in plants, fungi, and bacteria are controlled in part by H+/Ca2+ exchangers; however, the relationship between primary sequence and biological activity of these transporters has not been reported. The Arabidopsis H+/cation exchangers, CAX1 and CAX2, were identified by their ability to suppress yeast mutants defective in vacuolar Ca2+ transport. CAX1 has a much higher capacity for Ca2+ transport than CAX2. An Arabidopsis thaliana homolog of CAX1, CAX3, is 77% identical (93% similar) and, when expressed in yeast, localized to the vacuole but did not suppress yeast mutants defective in vacuolar Ca2+ transport. Chimeric constructs and site-directed mutagenesis showed that CAX3 could suppress yeast vacuolar Ca2+ transport mutants if a nine-amino acid region of CAX1 was inserted into CAX3 (CAX3-9). Biochemical analysis in yeast showed CAX3-9 had 36% of the H+/Ca2+ exchange activity as compared with CAX1; however, CAX3-9 and CAX1 appear to differ in their transport of other ions. Exchanging the nine-amino acid region of CAX1 into CAX2 doubled yeast vacuolar Ca2+ transport but did not appear to alter the transport of other ions. This nine-amino acid region is highly variable among the plant CAX-like transporters. These findings suggest that this region is involved in CAX-mediated Ca2+ specificity. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Plant Physiol Grp, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Vegetable & Fruit Improvement Ctr, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Hirschi, K (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Plant Physiol Grp, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. OI Pittman, Jon/0000-0001-7197-1494 FU NIGMS NIH HHS [1R01 GM57427]; PHS HHS [5 P30] NR 30 TC 48 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0021-9258 J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD NOV 16 PY 2001 VL 276 IS 46 BP 43152 EP 43159 DI 10.1074/jbc.M106637200 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 492LF UT WOS:000172169300068 PM 11562366 ER PT J AU Schaefer, EJ Audelin, MC McNamara, JR Shah, PK Tayler, T Daly, JA Augustin, JL Seman, LJ Rubenstein, JJ AF Schaefer, EJ Audelin, MC McNamara, JR Shah, PK Tayler, T Daly, JA Augustin, JL Seman, LJ Rubenstein, JJ TI Comparison of fasting and postprandial plasma lipoproteins in subjects with and without coronary heart disease SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CARDIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TRIGLYCERIDE-RICH LIPOPROTEINS; LOW-DENSITY; ARTERY DISEASE; A-I; III HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA; IMMUNOSEPARATION METHOD; BLOOD-PLASMA; CHOLESTEROL; REMNANTS; SERUM AB Plasma lipoprotein levels, including remnant-like particle (RLP) cholesterol and RLP triglycerides, were assessed in fasting (12 hours) and postprandial (PP) (4 hours after a fat-rich meal) states in 88 patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and 88 controls. All lipoproteins were assessed by direct methods. We hypothesized that patients with CHD would have greater percent increases in their triglyceride levels, RLP cholesterol, and RLP triglycerides, in response to a fat-rich meal. In the fasting state, triglycerides, RLP cholesterol, RLP triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels were all significantly higher in cases versus controls by 51%, 35%, 39%, and 40%, respectively. These levels were 57%, 37%, 64%, and 37% higher in the PP state, respectively. Mean high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol values were 27% lower in cases in both the fasting and PP states. After eating, triglycerides, RLP cholesterol, and RLP triglycerides increased 64%, 71%, and 290% in controls, respectively, whereas in cases these levels increased by 71%, 94%, and 340%, respectively (all p<0.0001). Percent increases in the PP state were not significantly different in cases versus controls. Following the fat-rich meal, LDL and HDL cholesterol decreased by 5% and 4% in controls, and by 7% and 6% in patients, with no significant difference in percent changes between groups. Fasting values correlated very highly with PP values for all parameters (all p<0.0001). Our data indicate that although patients with CHD have higher fasting and PP levels of triglycerides, RLP cholesterol, and RLP triglycerides than controls, the response (percent increase) to a fat-rich meal is comparable in both groups. Thus, a feeding challenge is not essential for assessment of these lipoproteins. Moreover, it is not necessary to obtain a fasting sample to assess direct LDL and HDL cholesterol. (C) 2001 by Excerpta Medica, Inc. C1 Tufts Univ, Lipid Metab Lab, Jan Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ New England Med Ctr, Lipid & Heart Dis Prevent Program, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Newton Wellesley Hosp, Div Cardiol, Newton, MA USA. RP Schaefer, EJ (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Lipid Metab Lab, Jan Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL 39326, HL 57477] NR 32 TC 70 Z9 74 U1 0 U2 3 PU EXCERPTA MEDICA INC PI NEW YORK PA 650 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10011 USA SN 0002-9149 J9 AM J CARDIOL JI Am. J. Cardiol. PD NOV 15 PY 2001 VL 88 IS 10 BP 1129 EP 1133 DI 10.1016/S0002-9149(01)02047-1 PG 5 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 496TH UT WOS:000172412300009 PM 11703957 ER PT J AU Pawlosky, RJ Flanagan, VP Pfeiffer, CM AF Pawlosky, RJ Flanagan, VP Pfeiffer, CM TI Determination of 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid in human serum by stable-isotope dilution high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry SO ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid; folate; electrospray mass spectrometry; human serum; isotope dilution ID BLOOD FOLATE; WHOLE-BLOOD AB The need for specific and sensitive methods for the determination of distinct serum folates is of high priority in clinical research settings. A stable-isotope liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS) assay was developed for the quantitative determination of the monoglutamyl form of 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid (5-MTHFA) in human serum. Serum samples (0.5 ml) were amended with the internal standard, [5-C-13(5)]MTHFA that had been labeled on the glutamic acid portion of the molecule and allowed to equilibrate. The analyte was trapped onto a solid-phase cartridge and then eluted with the HPLC mobile phase. Forty microliters was taken for LC/ESI-MS analysis using electrospray ionization operated in the positive ion mode. Using the standard method of addition of 5-MTHFA to serum, a linear dilution curve (y = 12.777x - 1.404; range 0.94-97 ng ml(-1)) was constructed. The precision of the method was 5.3% (CV) based on the analysis of four sample replicates. The mass spectrum produced upon collision induced dissociation of the analyte in serum was used to confirm the identity of the 5-MTHFA. The method was applied to the analysis of a set of serum samples that contained standardized concentrations of 5-MTHFA. The determinations of 5-MTHFA in these samples using the LC/ESI-MS procedure were found to be in good agreement with other folate methods. A highly accurate and specific method for the analysis of 5-MTHFA in serum has been developed utilizing stable isotope dilution mass spectrometry. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Food Composit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Environm Hlth Lab Sci, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Pawlosky, RJ (reprint author), Food Composit Lab Bldg 161,Room 104,10300 Baltimo, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 11 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0003-2697 J9 ANAL BIOCHEM JI Anal. Biochem. PD NOV 15 PY 2001 VL 298 IS 2 BP 299 EP 305 DI 10.1006/abio.2001.5394 PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 497JK UT WOS:000172451600019 PM 11700986 ER PT J AU Williams, MS AF Williams, MS TI New approach to areal sampling in ecological surveys SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE ecological surveys; visualization technique; discrete attributes; continuous attributes AB Underpinning the majority of ecological surveys is some form of areal sampling. The sample is determined by randomly placing a plot within the boundaries of a population of known area and collecting information about a number of attributes found within the boundary of the plot. A plot may have a fixed or variable size or may comprise a cluster of plots. The shape of these plots is usually circular or rectangular and the attributes measured on the plot can be either a sum of discrete objects (e.g. number of trees and the sum of their volume) or some measure of a continuous attribute (e.g. proportion of the plot covering forest, percent crown cover, and length of boundaries). A general approach for areal sampling is presented that can accommodate both discrete and continuous attributes. The approach demonstrates that the estimators associated with areal sampling are functions of the random variable that generates the locations of the plots. The advantage of this approach is that the statistical background required to understand these techniques is greatly reduced and the estimators can be derived from a single equation. A technique is presented that should help sampling practitioners design efficient and practical inventories without the use of formulae. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mtn Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Williams, MS (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mtn Res Stn, 2150 A Ctr Dr, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 10 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD NOV 15 PY 2001 VL 154 IS 1-2 BP 11 EP 22 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00601-0 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 490JV UT WOS:000172049500002 ER PT J AU Cregg, BM Zhang, JW AF Cregg, BM Zhang, JW TI Physiology and morphology of Pinus sylvestris seedlings from diverse sources under cyclic drought stress SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Scots pine; carbon isotope ratio; drought tolerances; provenance ID CARBON-ISOTOPE DISCRIMINATION; PONDEROSA PINE; GAS-EXCHANGE; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; GROWTH AB We examined seed source variation in drought tolerance characteristics of Pinus sylvestris seedlings from 12 diverse geographic origins representing a longitudinal transect across the species range. The seedlings were subjected to three dry-down cycles in raised water-use efficiency in a greenhouse experiment. We measured pre-dawn needle water potential (Psi (n)) and instantaneous water-use efficiency (WUE) (W) during the cyclic droughts. Seedling survival, growth, biomass allocation to roots, and carbon isotope ratio (delta C-13) were measured at the end of the experiment. The seed sources varied (P < 0.05) in biomass growth, biomass allocation to roots, and delta C-13. In general, seedlings from the drier central Asian seed sources survived longer under drought than seedlings from more mesic European and coastal seed sources. Seedlings from the Asian seed sources were smaller, allocated more biomass to roots, and had higher integrative water-use efficiency (as indicated by higher delta C-13) than the seedlings from the European sources. Seed source variation in P. and W was not significant (P > 0.05). Carbon isotope ratio was correlated with precipitation at the seed origin (r = -0.75, P < 0.05). The results of this study support the generalization that Scots pine seed sources from the interior portion of the species range grow slower but are more drought tolerant than European seed sources. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, Forest Serv Rocky Mtn Res Stn, Natl Agroforestry Ctr, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Forestry Fisheries & Wildlife, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Cregg, BM (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Hort, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NR 26 TC 50 Z9 62 U1 5 U2 30 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD NOV 15 PY 2001 VL 154 IS 1-2 BP 131 EP 139 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00626-5 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 490JV UT WOS:000172049500010 ER PT J AU Greenberg, CH Lanham, JD AF Greenberg, CH Lanham, JD TI Breeding bird assemblages of hurricane-created gaps and adjacent closed canopy forest in the southern Appalachians SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE gaps; southern Appalachian birds; natural disturbance and birds; breeding bird diversity ID HABITAT USE; DISTURBANCE; MOUNTAINS; LANDSCAPE; SIZE AB We studied breeding bird assemblages in forest gaps created in 1995 by Hurricane Opal at the Bent Creek Experimental Forest in Asheville, NC. We hypothesized that forest gaps and adjacent closed-canopy forest would differ in bird density, richness, diversity, and relative abundances of some species. To test this hypothesis we censused breeding bird assemblages for 2 years in 12 gaps (0.1-1.2 ha) and 12 adjacent closed canopy controls using strip transects. Gaps had more coarse woody debris, shrub cover, brushpiles, and pit and mound microtopography than controls. Canopy cover was lower in gaps than controls, but remained high (69.4 +/- 2.1% versus 89.6 +/- 1.7%). Bird assemblage similarity was high. Total density and species richness of birds were higher in gaps than in controls, but species diversity did not differ between treatments. Shrub (primarily Carolina Wrens) and bark-foragers, and cavity shrub and canopy-nesters were more abundant in gaps than in controls. Densities of gap-associated (Indigo Bunting, Hooded Warbler, Carolina Wren) and edge (Eastern Towhee) species were more abundant in gaps. Abundance of interior species including Red-eyed Vireo and Scarlet Tanager were about equal in gaps and controls. Only Ovenbirds were more abundant in controls than gaps. Species that require larger patches of young second-growth forest, such as Prairie Warbler, and Yellow-breasted Chat, did not occur in gaps: but neither are they abundant in the Asheville basin. No Brown-beaded Cowbirds were observed in gaps or controls. Unpublished data indicate that parasitism of artificial ground nests did not occur, and predation rates did not differ between gaps and controls. Juvenile birds and other evidence of breeding were observed more often in gaps than in controls, suggesting that gaps attract bird families for foraging and provide microsites that attract breeding pairs. Gap size was positively correlated with bird density, species richness, and diversity. This study suggests that small openings and interior edge habitat created by treefall gaps within a forested matrix do not adversely affect breeding birds as measured by the abundance of individual species or community indices. We suggest that canopy gaps increase avian diversity at a landscape scale by providing habitat patches for some species that require young, second-growth forest, and serve as magnets for recruitment and foraging. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Bent Creek Expt Forest, Asheville, NC 28806 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Forest Resources, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Greenberg, CH (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Bent Creek Expt Forest, 1577 Brevard Rd, Asheville, NC 28806 USA. NR 31 TC 39 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD NOV 15 PY 2001 VL 154 IS 1-2 BP 251 EP 260 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00631-9 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 490JV UT WOS:000172049500020 ER PT J AU Carey, AB Harrington, CA AF Carey, AB Harrington, CA TI Small mammals in young forests: implications for management for sustainability SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Review DE small mammals; forest-floor characteristics; sustainability ID COARSE WOODY DEBRIS; OLD-GROWTH FORESTS; RED-BACKED VOLES; TOWNSENDS CHIPMUNK POPULATIONS; TEMPERATE RAIN-FOREST; DOUGLAS-FIR FOREST; WESTERN OREGON; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; PEROMYSCUS-MANICULATUS; SQUIRREL POPULATIONS AB Small mammals have been proposed as indicators of sustainability in forests in the Pacific Northwest and elsewhere. Mammal community composition and species abundances purportedly result from interactions among species, forest-floor characteristics, large coarse woody debris, understory vegetation, and overstory composition. Coarse woody debris is thought to be particularly important because of its diverse ecological functions; covers from 10 to 15% have been recommended based on retrospective studies of forests and small mammals. Unfortunately, ecological correlations are not necessarily indicative of causal relationships and magnitudes depend on composition of finite, usually non-random, cross-sectional samples. Retrospective studies must be replicated to confirm relationships. We conducted a large-scale, cross-sectional survey of 30- to 70-year-old coniferous forests in western Washington to determine if previously reported relationships would hold with an unrelated, larger sample. Coarse woody debris cover was 8.3 +/- 0.6% ((x) over bar +/- S.E., n = 8 blocks of forest, range 4-13%). Understory cover was too low (18 +/- 8% for shrubs) to allow examining interactions between understory and coarse woody debris. Overstory composition covaried with coarse woody debris. One or two of four statistically extracted habitat factors (overstory composition, herbaceous cover, abundance of Acer circinatum, and abundance of Acer macrophyllum) accounted for 18-70% of variance in abundance of I I mammal species. Our results support hypotheses that: (1) biocomplexity resulting from interactions of decadence, understory development, and overstory composition provides pre-interactive niche diversification with predictable, diverse, small-mammal communities; (2) these communities incorporate numerous species and multiple trophic pathways, and thus, their integrity measures resiliency and sustainability. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. RP Carey, AB (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, 3625 93rd Ave, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. EM acarey@fs.fed.us RI Harrington, Constance/G-6161-2012 NR 133 TC 78 Z9 88 U1 3 U2 25 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD NOV 15 PY 2001 VL 154 IS 1-2 BP 289 EP 309 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00638-1 PG 21 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 490JV UT WOS:000172049500023 ER PT J AU Morrow-Tesch, JL AF Morrow-Tesch, JL TI Evaluating management practices for their impact on welfare SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Annual Forum on Animal Welfare CY NOV 10, 2000 CL ITASCA, ILLINOIS SP American Vet Med Assoc ID ANIMAL-WELFARE; DAIRY-COWS; RESPONSES; BEHAVIOR; CATTLE; PAIN; CARE C1 Texas Tech Univ, USDA ARS, Livestock Issues Res Unit, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. RP Morrow-Tesch, JL (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, USDA ARS, Livestock Issues Res Unit, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. NR 19 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD NOV 15 PY 2001 VL 219 IS 10 BP 1374 EP 1376 PG 3 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 493DA UT WOS:000172205700020 PM 11724171 ER PT J AU Parker, CT Guard-Petter, J AF Parker, CT Guard-Petter, J TI Contribution of flagella and invasion proteins to pathogenesis of Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis in chicks SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE flagella; invasion; chicken; egg; Salmonella ID TRANSCRIPTIONAL CONTROL; SEROTYPE ENTERITIDIS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; VIRULENCE FACTOR; MASTER OPERON; CELL-DIVISION; TYPHIMURIUM; FLHD; EXPRESSION; MOTILITY AB To explore the relative contribution that flagella and Salmonella invasion proteins make to the virulence of Salmonella enteritidis in poultry. 20-day-old chicks were challenged orally and by subcutaneous injection with wild-type strain SE-HCD, two non-flagellated mutants (fliC::Tn10 mutant and flhD::Tn10 Mutant) and two Salmonella invasion protein insertion mutants (sipD and iacP). When injected subcutaneously, wild-type SE-HCD was the only strain to cause substantial mortality and morbidity and to grow well in organs. The flhD mutant of SE-HCD was invasive when given orally, whereas wild-type SE-HCD and the fliC mutant were significantly attenuated, Salmonella invasion protein mutants were not invasive by either route, These results suggest that temporary suppression of Class I regulators of flagellin biosynthesis may aid oral infection in Poultry. (C) 2001 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Guard-Petter, J (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, 934 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 37 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1097 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL LETT JI FEMS Microbiol. Lett. PD NOV 13 PY 2001 VL 204 IS 2 BP 287 EP 291 DI 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10899.x PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 494NT UT WOS:000172289300012 PM 11731137 ER PT J AU Brown, F AF Brown, F TI Inactivation of viruses by aziridines SO VACCINE LA English DT Review ID MOUTH-DISEASE VIRUS; BINARY ETHYLENIMINE; FOOT; VACCINES; GLYCOPROTEINS C1 USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. RP Brown, F (reprint author), USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, POB 848, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. NR 35 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD NOV 12 PY 2001 VL 20 IS 3-4 BP 322 EP 327 DI 10.1016/S0264-410X(01)00342-5 PG 6 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 492DP UT WOS:000172153400006 PM 11672893 ER PT J AU Weinstock, IA Barbuzzi, EMG Wemple, MW Cowan, JJ Reiner, RS Sonnen, DM Heintz, RA Bond, JS Hill, CL AF Weinstock, IA Barbuzzi, EMG Wemple, MW Cowan, JJ Reiner, RS Sonnen, DM Heintz, RA Bond, JS Hill, CL TI Equilibrating metal-oxide cluster ensembles for oxidation reactions using oxygen in water SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSIS; SOLUBLE SALTS; POM ANIONS; POLYOXOMETALATE; DIOXYGEN; HETEROPOLYANIONS; ACTIVATION; CHEMISTRY; TUNGSTEN; OLEFINS AB Although many enzymes can readily and selectively use oxygen in water-the most familiar and attractive of all oxidants and solvents, respectively-the design of synthetic catalysts for selective water-based oxidation processes utilizing molecular oxygen(1-4) remains a daunting task(5,6). Particularly problematic is the fact that oxidation of substrates by O-2 involves radical chemistry, which is intrinsically non-selective and difficult to control. In addition, metallo-organic catalysts are inherently susceptible to degradation(5) by oxygen-based radicals, while their transition-metal-ion active sites often react with water to give insoluble, and thus inactive, oxides or hydroxides(7). Furthermore, pH control is often required to avoid acid or base degradation of organic substrates or products. Unlike metallo-organic catalysts, polyoxometalate anions are oxidatively stable and are reversible oxidants(8,9) for use with O-2 (refs 8-10). Here we show how thermodynamically controlled self-assembly of an equilibrated ensemble of polyoxometalates, with the heteropolytungstate anion(11,12) [AIV(V)W(11)O(40)](6-) as its main component, imparts both stability in water and internal pH-management. Designed to operate at near-neutral pH, this system facilitates a two-step O-2-based process for the selective delignification of wood (lignocellulose) fibres. By directly monitoring the central Al atom, we show that equilibration reactions typical of polyoxometalate anions(13,14) keep the pH of the system near 7 during both process steps. C1 US Forest Serv, Chem & Pulping Res Work Unit, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Emory Univ, Dept Chem, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Chem Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Weinstock, IA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Chem & Pulping Res Work Unit, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 30 TC 115 Z9 115 U1 6 U2 60 PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD NOV 8 PY 2001 VL 414 IS 6860 BP 191 EP 195 DI 10.1038/35102545 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 490AY UT WOS:000172029100043 PM 11700554 ER PT J AU Neill, JD Ridpath, JF AF Neill, JD Ridpath, JF TI Recombination with a cellular mRNA encoding a novel DnaJ protein results in biotype conversion in genotype 2 bovine viral diarrhea viruses SO VIRUS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE RNA recombination; biotype; cytopathogenic BVDV; molecular chaperon ID DISEASE VIRUS; CYTOPATHOGENICITY; GENOME; SEQUENCE; INSERTIONS; STRAINS; REGION; CELLS; GENE; BVDV AB Bovine viral diarrhea viruses (BVDV) exist as two biotypes, cytopathic and noncytopathic, based on their ability to produce cytopathology in cultured cells. Cytopathic viruses arise from noncytopathic viruses following genetic alteration (insertions, duplications, rearrangements) within the region encoding the NS2/3 protein. In BVDV genotype 2, the majority of biotype conversions result from the integration of a cellular mRNA into the genomic RNA of a noncytopathic virus within the NS2/3 coding region. The translation of the cellular sequences during viral replication results in the proteolytic cleavage of the nonstructural protein NS2/3 to the NS2 and NS3 proteins with the appearance of the cytopathic phenotype. Here, these cellular sequences were identified as a portion of a cellular mRNA encoding a novel DnaJ protein (bDnaJ1). The 60 amino acid J-domain was identified near the C-terminus of the protein. Potential nuclear localization, famesylation and hydrophobic transmembrane domains were also identified. Reverse transcription-PCR analysis of the expression of bDnaJ1 in bovine tissues showed that it was expressed in all tissues examined, and additionally, there may be alternate splicing of the transcript, yielding a second form of the bDnaJ1 protein. Northern blot analysis of mock and BVDV2 infected cells indicated that infection by noncytopathic BVDV2 altered the expression level of a bDnaJ1-hybridizing transcript. The increase in expression may represent a stress response to the infection by noncytopathic BVDV. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Virus & Pr Dis Livestock Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Neill, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Virus & Pr Dis Livestock Res Unit, 2300 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 25 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1702 J9 VIRUS RES JI Virus Res. PD NOV 5 PY 2001 VL 79 IS 1-2 BP 59 EP 69 DI 10.1016/S0168-1702(01)00298-2 PG 11 WC Virology SC Virology GA 477GL UT WOS:000171274900006 PM 11551646 ER PT J AU Vigo, TL Parikh, DV Danna, GF AF Vigo, TL Parikh, DV Danna, GF TI Improved durability of peroxide-based antibacterial agents on fabrics SO AATCC REVIEW LA English DT Article DE antibacterial agents; magnesium dihydroperoxide; magnesium hydroperoxyacetate; nonwovens; polyester; softeners AB Initial attachment of the antibacterial agent magnesium hydroperoxyacetate (MHPA) on nonwoven and woven 50/50 cotton/polyester and 100% polyester fabrics and its subsequent durability to laundering or leaching was substantially improved by inclusion of an alkaline pH polyethylene softener in the formulation and choice of curing conditions. Physical properties of treated fabrics with or without softener were either comparable or improved relative to untreated fabrics. Initial amounts of antibacterial agent bound as well as percent retained after laundering or leaching when softener was used in the treating formulation were far superior in all fabrics compared to fabrics treated with formulations not containing softener. All treated cotton/polyester woven and nonwoven fabrics completely suppressed growth of bacteria, but some polyester treated fabrics did not suppress microbial growth. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Vigo, TL (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 RE Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC TEXTILE CHEMISTS COLORISTS PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA PO BOX 12215, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA SN 1532-8813 J9 AATCC REV JI AATCC Rev. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 1 IS 11 BP 40 EP 44 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Engineering; Materials Science GA 493UL UT WOS:000172241800007 ER PT J AU Mohanty, BP Skaggs, TH AF Mohanty, BP Skaggs, TH TI Spatio-temporal evolution and time-stable characteristics of soil moisture within remote sensing footprints with varying soil, slope, and vegetation SO ADVANCES IN WATER RESOURCES LA English DT Article ID SGP97 HYDROLOGY EXPERIMENT; WATER CONTENT; HYDRAULIC-PROPERTIES; VARIABILITY; MODEL; STABILITY; PATTERNS; BALANCE; BUDGET AB Air-borne passive microwave remote sensors measure soil moisture at the footprint scale, a scale of several hundred square meters or kilometers that encompasses different characteristic combinations of soil, topography, vegetation, and climate. Studies of within-footprint variability of soil moisture are needed to determine the factors governing hydrologic processes and their relative importance, as well as to test the efficacy of remote sensors. Gridded ground-based impedance probe water content data and aircraft-mounted Electronically Scanned Thinned Array Radiometer (ESTAR) pixel-average soil moisture data were used to investigate the spatio-temporal evolution and time-stable characteristics of soil moisture in three selected (LW03, LW13, LW21) footprints from the Southern Great Plains 1997 (SGP97) Hydrology Experiment. Better time-stable features were observed within a footprint containing sandy loam soil than within two pixels containing silty loam soil. Additionally, flat topography with split wheat/grass land cover produced the largest spatio-temporal variability and the least time stability in soil moisture patterns. A comparison of ground-based and remote sensing data showed that ESTAR footprint-average soil moisture was well calibrated for the LW03 pixel with sandy loam soil, rolling topography, and pasture land cover, but improved calibration is warranted for the LW13 (silty loam soil, rolling topography, pasture land) and LW21 (silty loam soil, flat topography, split vegetation of wheat and grass land with tillage practice) pixels. Footprint-scale variability and associated nonlinear soil moisture dynamics may prove to be critical in the regional-scale hydroclimatic models. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, George E Brown Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Mohanty, BP (reprint author), USDA ARS, George E Brown Salin Lab, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. NR 44 TC 170 Z9 173 U1 5 U2 45 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0309-1708 J9 ADV WATER RESOUR JI Adv. Water Resour. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 24 IS 9-10 BP 1051 EP 1067 DI 10.1016/S0309-1708(01)00034-3 PG 17 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 506FB UT WOS:000172958200009 ER PT J AU Vandeveer, ML AF Vandeveer, ML TI Demand for area crop insurance among litchi producers in northern Vietnam SO AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE crop insurance; litchi; Vietnam; logit AB This study examines the need for crop insurance for litchi production in northern Vietnam and how farmers might participate in such a program. Hypothetical insurance programs were developed which proposed all-risk coverage based on area yields. This coverage was offered to farmers to determine both their interest in the program and how insurance features and farmer characteristics affected their decision to buy insurance. Farmers were also surveyed regarding their production practices, price and yield expectations, and financial and personal characteristics. Even before considering other program costs and government budget constraints, there is not a strong case for establishing a crop insurance program here. results indicate that while farmer participation would be significant, crop insurance is not needed to achieve policy goals like raising farmer income or guaranteeing subsistence levels of income. Crop insurance is not needed to promote litchi production, which is already expanding rapidly due to its high profitability relative to other farm enterprises. In their choice of coverages, farmers preferred higher yield guarantee levels and lower indemnity prices. Estimated premiums were quite low when expressed as a percent of expected revenue, and farmers were not responsive to changes in premiums. Econometric analysis indicated that high income farmers were more likely to participate, but other fanner characteristics seemed to matter little. Anecdotal evidence suggested that farmers believed the expected area yields used to set insurance coverage levels were too low. Because litchi productivity varies significantly by tree age and the litchi planted area is expanding rapidly, determining appropriate values for expected area yields and insurance coverage levels appeared to be the biggest challenge in program design. It is hypothesized that additional farmer education about the relationship between area and farm yields and other aspects of area insurance could improve such a program's operation. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Vandeveer, ML (reprint author), USDA, Econ Res Serv, 1800 M St NW,Room S5013, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 9 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-5150 J9 AGR ECON JI Agric. Econ. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 26 IS 2 BP 173 EP 184 DI 10.1111/j.1574-0862.2001.tb00061.x PG 12 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 495RF UT WOS:000172353600005 ER PT J AU Cornish, K Brichta, JL Yu, P Wood, DF McGlothlin, MW Martin, JA AF Cornish, K Brichta, JL Yu, P Wood, DF McGlothlin, MW Martin, JA TI Guayule latex provides a solution for the critical demands of the non-allergenic medical products market SO AGRO FOOD INDUSTRY HI-TECH LA English DT Article ID HEVEA-BRASILIENSIS LATEX; AIRBORNE PARTICLES; CROSS-REACTIVITY; IGE ANTIBODIES; RUBBER; ANAPHYLAXIS; PROTEINS; GLOVES; DUST C1 USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Apex Med Technol, San Diego, CA 92121 USA. Yulex Corp, Carlsbad, CA 92009 USA. NR 32 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU TEKNOSCIENZE PUBL PI MILAN PA VIA AURELIO SAFFI 23, 20123 MILAN, ITALY SN 1120-6012 J9 AGRO FOOD IND HI TEC JI Agro Food Ind. Hi-Tech PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 12 IS 6 BP 27 EP 31 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 513EK UT WOS:000173364800006 ER PT J AU Heatherly, LG Elmore, CD Spurlock, SR AF Heatherly, LG Elmore, CD Spurlock, SR TI Row width and weed management systems for conventional soybean plantings in the midsouthern USA SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID GLYCINE-MAX; CLAY SOIL; POSTEMERGENCE HERBICIDES; SEEDING RATES; REDUCED RATES; NARROW; STALE; IRRIGATION; YIELD; ENVIRONMENTS AB Field studies were conducted from 1994 through 1996 on Sharkey clay (very fine, smectitic, thermic chromic Epiaquert) at Stoneville, MS (33 degrees 26'N lat) to determine effect of weed management treatment (WTRT) on yield and net return from Maturity Group V soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars differing in height and grown in narrow rows (NRs; 50-cm width) and wide rows (WRs; 100-cm width) without and with irrigation. The WTRTs were (i) pre-emergence (PRE) and postemergence (POST) broadleaf weed management; (ii) PRE broadleaf, PRE grass, and POST broadleaf weed management; (iii) POST broadleaf weed management; and (iv) POST broadleaf and POST grass weed management. Herbicides were broadcast-applied in NRs and band-applied (0.5-m-wide band centered over each row) in WRs. Postemergent cultivation was conducted in WRs. Weed management expense for NRs was greater than that for WRs in most cases. Use of NRs vs. WRs resulted in less weed cover at the end of the growing season, regardless of cultivar or WTRT. Three-year average seed yield and net return from NRs were greater than those from WRs. Regardless of row width, cultivar, or irrigation environment, highest net returns were obtained from managing only broadleaf weeds either PRE or POST under the conditions at this site. C1 ARS, USDA, Crop Genet & Prod Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. ARS, USDA, Appl & Prod Technol Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. Dept Agr Econ, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Heatherly, LG (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Crop Genet & Prod Res Unit, POB 343, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 40 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 93 IS 6 BP 1210 EP 1220 PG 11 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 502MY UT WOS:000172748400004 ER PT J AU Seguin, P Sheaffer, CC Ehlke, NJ Russelle, MP Graham, PH AF Seguin, P Sheaffer, CC Ehlke, NJ Russelle, MP Graham, PH TI Nitrogen fertilization and rhizobial inoculation effects on kura clover growth SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID DINITROGEN FIXATION; TRIFOLIUM-AMBIGUUM; BIRDSFOOT-TREFOIL; ALFALFA; ESTABLISHMENT; NODULATION; RESPONSES; MATTER; YIELD AB Kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum M.B.) is a persistent, rhizomatous forage legume; however, its use is currently limited by slow establishment. We determined the effects of rhizobial inoculation and N fertilization on kura clover growth and N-2 fixation in the seeding year. Kura clover was seeded with or without a commercial rhizobial inoculant and with and without N fertilization in three environments. Fertilization treatments consisted of 100 kg N ha(-1) either applied at seeding or split in 10 kg N ha(-1) applications every other week after seeding. Nitrogen fertilization increased seeding-year herbage accumulation in all locations, but the response to fertilizer N was greater on a loamy sand with low organic matter and available N than on a silt loam with high soil organic matter. Rhizobial inoculation failed to consistently improve seeding-year herbage accumulation compared with no inoculation; a positive response was observed in only one of three environments. Dry matter accumulation responses of root and rhizome to N fertilization and rhizobial inoculation were similar to that of herbage. Dinitrogen fixation in the seeding year varied between 9 and 25 kg ha(-1) fixed N, depending on the environment. Seeding-year inoculation increased postseeding year herbage yield. Also, when a positive response to N fertilization occurred in the seeding year, the response was maintained in the postseeding year. A commercial rhizobial inoculant was ineffective in establishing adequate nodulation in the seeding year in a N-limited soil, indicating the need to identify more effective rhizobia for kura clover. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. McGill Univ, Dept Plant Sci, St Anne De Bellevue, PQ H9X 3V9, Canada. ARS, USDA, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Minnesota Cluster, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Sheaffer, CC (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, 1991 Buford Circle,411 Borlaug Hall, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 28 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 93 IS 6 BP 1262 EP 1268 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 502MY UT WOS:000172748400011 ER PT J AU Meints, PD Chastain, TG Young, WC Banowetz, GM Garbacik, CJ AF Meints, PD Chastain, TG Young, WC Banowetz, GM Garbacik, CJ TI Stubble management effects on three creeping red fescue cultivars grown for seed production SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID FESTUCA-RUBRA L; KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS; RESIDUE MANAGEMENT; NITROGEN-FERTILIZATION; CHEWINGS FESCUE; REMOVAL; DENSITY; YIELD; CROPS AB Nonthermal management to mechanically remove residue in creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) seed crops has been associated with yield loss when compared with field burning. This 2-yr field study was conducted to investigate the underlying causes for reduced seed yield potential under mechanical residue removal management compared with traditional burning. The effects of two stubble heights, 2.5 and 5.0 cm, complete mechanical stubble removal, and burning were measured on three cultivars of creeping red fescue stands during the first, second, and third year after establishment. Plant reserves for regrowth were reduced by an average of 47% over all cultivars when stubble was completely removed by burning or mechanically below 5.0 cm. Fall regrowth in stubble >2.5 cm in height ranged from 0.6 to 1.9 cm taller compared with treatments where stubble was completely removed. Fall tiller height showed a consistent negative relationship with fertile tiller production in the following spring. Rhizome development in 'Shademaster' and 'Hector', which produce many rhizomes, was reduced >30% when stubble was removed below 2.5 cm. Fertile tiller production, a major component of creeping red fescue yield potential, increased by >25% when stubble was removed by burning or mechanically to ground level in both Shademaster and Hector but was unaffected in 'Seabreeze', which produces few rhizomes. In seed production of creeping red fescue, stubble removal to the plant crown, particularly in cultivars producing many rhizomes, is crucial for maximizing seed yield potential. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. ARS, USDA, NFSPRC, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Meints, PD (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. OI Chastain, Thomas/0000-0003-2324-1571 NR 28 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 93 IS 6 BP 1276 EP 1281 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 502MY UT WOS:000172748400013 ER PT J AU Sanderson, MA Rotz, CA Fultz, SW Rayburn, EB AF Sanderson, MA Rotz, CA Fultz, SW Rayburn, EB TI Estimating forage mass with a commercial capacitance meter, rising plate meter, and pasture ruler SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID GRAZING SIMULATION-MODEL; ESTIMATING HERBAGE MASS; DAIRY FARMS; GRASIM AB Accurate assessment of forage mass in pastures is key to budgeting forage in grazing systems. Our objective was to determine the accuracy of an electronic capacitance meter, a rising plate meter, and a pasture ruler in measuring forage mass and to determine the cost of measurement inaccuracy. Forage mass was estimated in grazed pastures on farms in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and West Virginia in 1998 and 1999. Forage mass estimated by each method was compared with forage mass estimated by hand-clipped samples. None of these indirect methods were accurate or precise, and error levels ranged from 26 to 33% of the mean forage mass measured on the pastures. The computer model DAFOSYM (Dairy Forage System Model) was used to simulate farm performance and the resulting effects of inaccuracies in estimating forage mass on pasture. A representative grazing dairy farm was developed, and the costs and returns from low-input and conventional managements were calculated. Different scenarios were then simulated, including under- or overestimating forage yield on pastures by 10 or 20%. All scenarios simulated resulted in lower returns compared with the optimum farm, with decreases in net return ranging from $8 to $198 ha(-1) yr(-1). Underestimating forage mass resulted in less hay and silage being harvested, more pasture being consumed, and more forage purchased compared with the optimum scenario. The opposite occurred for overestimation of forage mass. Our results indicate that achieving greater accuracy (to within 10% of actual pasture yield) in estimating pasture yields will improve forage budgeting and increase net returns. C1 ARS, USDA, Pasture Syst & Watershed Manage Res Unit, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Maryland Coop Ext Serv, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. W Virginia Univ, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. RP Sanderson, MA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Pasture Syst & Watershed Manage Res Unit, Bldg 3702,Curtin Rd, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 28 TC 49 Z9 52 U1 2 U2 16 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 93 IS 6 BP 1281 EP 1286 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 502MY UT WOS:000172748400014 ER PT J AU Gascho, GJ Hubbard, RK Brenneman, TB Johnson, AW Sumner, DR Harris, GH AF Gascho, GJ Hubbard, RK Brenneman, TB Johnson, AW Sumner, DR Harris, GH TI Effects of broiler litter in an irrigated, double-cropped, conservation-tilled rotation SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID LAND APPLICATION; SOIL; MANAGEMENT; NITROGEN AB Broiler production is increasing rapidly in the Southern Coastal Plain, and little research has been conducted to evaluate broiler litter applications on the sandy soils of the region. We conducted a 4-yr field study to determine optimum rates of broiler litter, its economic value, changes in soil tests to a depth of 90 cm, and effects on pathogens and nematodes. Summer crops were cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] for grain, and peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Winter crops were wheat (Triticum aesitivum L.) and oilseed canola (Brassica napus L.). Litter rates were 0, 4.5, 9.0, and 13.5 Mg ha(-1) for each crop. Litter application increased yields of cotton, pearl millet, wheat, and canola and decreased yield of peanut. Average crop value increase from application of a mega-gram of broiler litter was estimated to be $42 ha(-1) yr(-1) when the application was made to all crops and $68 ha(-1) yr(-1) when none was applied to peanut. The mean cost of applied litter was approximately $12 Mg-1. Surface soil P, K, Cu, Zn, and Mn were increased in direct relation to litter rate. Data indicate that it would be prudent to limit applications to about 4.5 Mg ha(-1). Litter applications had little effect on soil nematodes, but Rhizoctonia limb rot (Rhizoctonia solani AG-4) of peanut increased. Lodging of canola, due to Sclerotinia spp., was doubled by any application of broiler litter. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Plant Pathol, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. ARS, SE Watershed Res Lab, USDA, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. ARS, USDA, Crop Protect & Manage Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Gascho, GJ (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 25 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 93 IS 6 BP 1315 EP 1320 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 502MY UT WOS:000172748400018 ER PT J AU Li, H Lascano, RJ Barnes, EM Booker, J Wilson, LT Bronson, KF Segarra, E AF Li, H Lascano, RJ Barnes, EM Booker, J Wilson, LT Bronson, KF Segarra, E TI Multispectral reflectance of cotton related to plant growth, soil water and texture, and site elevation SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID LEAF-AREA INDEX; SPECTRAL RADIANCE; FIELD EXPERIMENTS; CORN CANOPIES; WINTER-WHEAT; NITROGEN; VARIABILITY; RADIATION; CALIBRATION; PANELS AB Radiometric data can be useful to determine the impact of field heterogeneity, irrigation, and fertilization on plant water and N use. A 2-yr (1998-1999) study was conducted on the South Texas High Plains to investigate cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) spectral and agronomic responses to irrigation and N fertilization and to determine the simple and cross correlation among cotton reflectance, plant growth, N uptake, lint yield, site elevation (SE), and soil water and texture. The treatments were irrigation at 50 and 75% of calculated cotton evapotranspiration (ET) and N rates of 0, 90, and 135 kg ha(-1) arranged in an incomplete block of size-2 design. Plant and soil spectral properties were investigated within a wavelength of 447 to 1752 nm. Near-infrared (NIR) reflectance was positively correlated with plant biomass and N uptake. Reflectance in the red and midinfrared band increased with SE. The mixed-model analysis showed that cotton NIR reflectance, normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI), soil water, N uptake, and lint yield were significantly affected by irrigation (P < 0.0012). The N treatment had no effect on spectral parameters, and interaction between irrigation and N fertilizer was significant on NIR reflectance (P < 0.0027). All spectral and agronomic parameters measured were associated with SE. The red and NIR reflectance and NDVI were cross-correlated with soil water, sand, clay, and SE across a distance of 60 to 80 m. Characterization of plant and soil reflectance and their spatial structure can be the basis for variable N application on heterogeneous fields to increase N use efficiency. C1 Texas A&M Univ, ARS, USDA, Lubbock, TX 79415 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Lubbock, TX 79403 USA. ARS, USDA, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ USA. Texas A&M Univ, Beaumont, TX 77713 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Dept Agr & Appl Econ, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. RP Lascano, RJ (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, ARS, USDA, 3810 4th St, Lubbock, TX 79415 USA. RI Wilson, Lloyd/E-9971-2011 NR 35 TC 46 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 93 IS 6 BP 1327 EP 1337 PG 11 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 502MY UT WOS:000172748400020 ER PT J AU Helmers, GA Yamoah, CF Varvel, GE AF Helmers, GA Yamoah, CF Varvel, GE TI Separating the impacts of crop diversification and rotations on risk SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID NITROGEN RATE; YIELD AB It has been commonly accepted that crop rotations reduce risk compared with monoculture systems. Quantifying this phenomenon requires that effects of yield stability on risk (positive or negative) arising from rotating crops be separated from other risk elements. Using an ARS-University of Nebraska series of yields for corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] grown over a 14-yr period, both in rotation and in monoculture, the impact of crop rotation on risk was isolated and estimated. Risk was defined as the failure to meet an annual per-hectare net return target. A corn-soybean rotation had significantly less risk than monoculture practices. Diversification was found to contribute to part of this reduction while higher yields and reduced cost contributed to the remainder. This reduction in risk occurred even though the corn-soybean rotation had a higher yield variance. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Agr Econ, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Soil Res Inst, Kumasi, Ghana. Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Helmers, GA (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Agr Econ, POB 830922, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 17 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 93 IS 6 BP 1337 EP 1340 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 502MY UT WOS:000172748400021 ER PT J AU Kiniry, JR McCauley, G Xie, Y Arnold, JG AF Kiniry, JR McCauley, G Xie, Y Arnold, JG TI Rice parameters describing crop performance of four US cultivars SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID RADIATION-USE EFFICIENCY; LEAF NITROGEN; ACCUMULATION; MODEL; YIELD AB Parameters describing processes of crop growth and yield production provide modelers with the means to simulate crops and provide breeders with a system of comparing cultivars. Such values for rice (Oryza sativa L.) are especially important for some regions in the southern USA. Accordingly, the objective of this study was to quantify key biomass and yield production processes of four rice cultivars common in this region. We measured the leaf area index (LAI), the light extinction coefficient (k) for Beer's law, N concentrations, and the harvest index (HI) for the main and ratoon crops in 1999 and 2000 at Eagle Lake, TX. Dry matter was linearly related to intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (IPAR) for all of the data sets. The mean radiation use efficiency (RUE) was 2.39 g aboveground biomass MJ I IPAR. Maximum LAI values ranged from 9.8 to 12.7, and the mean k value for the main crop was 0.37. The highest main crop yields were 7.04 Mg ha(-1) for Cocodrie in 1999 and 7.22 Mg ha(-1) for Jefferson in 2000. Yield differences among cultivars were due to HI differences and were not related to RUE values. The mean HI was 0.32 for all four cultivars over the two harvests in each of the 2 yr. Consistency in values of RUE, k, N concentrations, and HI among the cultivars in this study and between this study and values reported in the literature will aid modelers simulating rice development and yield and aid breeders in identifying key traits critical to rice grain yield improvement. C1 ARS, USDA, Temple, TX 76502 USA. Texas A&M Agr Exp Stn, Eagle Lake, TX 77434 USA. Beijing Normal Univ, Beijing 100875, Peoples R China. RP Kiniry, JR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, 808 E Blackland Rd, Temple, TX 76502 USA. NR 28 TC 59 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 93 IS 6 BP 1354 EP 1361 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 502MY UT WOS:000172748400025 ER PT J AU Pettigrew, WT Jones, MA AF Pettigrew, WT Jones, MA TI Cotton growth under no-till production in the lower Mississippi River valley alluvial flood plain SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN HIGH-PLAINS; CONSERVATION TILLAGE; WINTER COVER; SYSTEMS; YIELD; WHEAT; EMERGENCE; ROTATION; SOILS; CORN AB Declining profit margins have forced Mississippi Delta cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) producers to consider conservation tillage as a means of reducing production inputs. Due to limited experience and research with conservation tillage in the Mississippi Delta, our objectives were to determine how no-till production affected cotton growth, light interception, dry matter partitioning, yield, and fiber quality compared with conventional tillage. Six cotton genotypes were evaluated in no-till and conventional tillage systems in 1997 and 1998. Data for dry matter partitioning, light interception, bloom counts, nodes above white bloom (NAWB), lint yield, yield components, and fiber quality were collected. Slower emergence delayed development of the no-till cotton throughout both seasons. No-till plants averaged 42% less leaf area index (LAI) during prebloom and 27% less LAI at midbloom than plants in conventional tillage before recovering to have similar late-season LAI. Conventional tillage plants intercepted 28% more sunlight during prebloom and 17% more sunlight at midbloom before both tillage treatments reached canopy closure late in the season. Flower production and cutout (NAWB = 5) were delayed in no-till compared with conventional tillage. Lint yield was 11% lower in the no-till treatment than in conventional tillage due primarily to an 8% reduction in the number of bolls m(-2). Fiber quality traits were inconsistently altered by tillage treatments across years. The delayed blooming period of the no-till plants meant that these plants may have encountered slightly different weather during bloom, possibly contributing to the yield and fiber quality differences between treatments. C1 ARS, USDA, Crop Genet & Prod Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. Clemson Univ, Pee Dee Res & Educ Cent, Florence, SC 29506 USA. RP Pettigrew, WT (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Crop Genet & Prod Res Unit, POB 345, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 24 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 93 IS 6 BP 1398 EP 1404 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 502MY UT WOS:000172748400030 ER PT J AU De Guzman, LI Rinderer, TE Delatte, GT Stelzer, JA Williams, JL Beaman, LD Kuznetsov, V Bernard, SJ Bigalk, M Tubbs, H AF De Guzman, LI Rinderer, TE Delatte, GT Stelzer, JA Williams, JL Beaman, LD Kuznetsov, V Bernard, SJ Bigalk, M Tubbs, H TI Multi-state field trials of ARS Russian honey bees - 3. Responses to Acarapis woodi 1999, 2000 SO AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID COLONIES C1 ARS, USDA, Honey Bee Breeding Genet & Physiol Lab, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 USA. RP De Guzman, LI (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Honey Bee Breeding Genet & Physiol Lab, 1157 Ben Hur Rd, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 USA. NR 8 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 1 PU DADANT & SONS INC PI HAMILTON PA AMER BEE JOURNAL, HAMILTON, IL 62341 USA SN 0002-7626 J9 AM BEE J JI Am. Bee J. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 141 IS 11 BP 810 EP 812 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 487BD UT WOS:000171853100020 ER PT J AU Gundersen, C Oliveira, V AF Gundersen, C Oliveira, V TI The Food Stamp Program and food insufficiency SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE food insecurity; food insufficiency; food stamps; simultaneous equation models ID PARTICIPATION; DECISIONS; CHILDREN; MODEL AB Food stamp participants have higher food insufficiency rates than eligible nonparticipants, even after controlling for other factors. Given the Food Stamp Program's prominent role in the alleviation of hunger, this is a counterintuitive result. We conjecture that these higher rates are due to adverse selection insofar as households more likely to be food insufficient are also more likely to receive food stamps. We establish a theoretical framework to address this adverse selection. Using a simultaneous equation model with two probits, we show that once one controls for this adverse selection, food stamp recipients have the same probability of food insufficiency as nonrecipients. C1 USDA, Serv Econ Res, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Gundersen, C (reprint author), USDA, Serv Econ Res, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 20 TC 89 Z9 89 U1 0 U2 9 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 83 IS 4 BP 875 EP 887 DI 10.1111/0002-9092.00216 PG 13 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 498PU UT WOS:000172520500006 ER PT J AU MacDonald, JM Ollinger, ME AF MacDonald, JM Ollinger, ME TI Scale economies and consolidation in hog slaughter: Reply SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP MacDonald, JM (reprint author), USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 83 IS 4 BP 1084 EP 1086 DI 10.1111/0002-9092.00234 PG 3 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 498PU UT WOS:000172520500024 ER PT J AU Ledig, FT Capo-Arteaga, MA Hodgskiss, PD Sbay, H Flores-Lopez, C Conkle, MT Bermejo-Velazquez, B AF Ledig, FT Capo-Arteaga, MA Hodgskiss, PD Sbay, H Flores-Lopez, C Conkle, MT Bermejo-Velazquez, B TI Genetic diversity and the mating system of a rare Mexican pinon, Pinus pinceana, and a comparison with Pinus maximartinezii (Pinaceae) SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE endangered species; fitness; fragmentation; genetic distance; genetic structure; isozymes; pollen allele frequencies; selfing ID POPULATION; DIFFERENTIATION; HETEROZYGOSITY; EXTINCTION; DISTANCE; ALLELES; PINYON; FLOW AB Weeping pinon (Pinus pinceana) has a restricted and fragmented range, trees are widely scattered within populations, and reproduction is limited. Nevertheless, genetic diversity was high; based on 27 isozyme loci in 18 enzyme systems, unbiased expected heterozygosity averaged 0.174. Differentiation also was high (F-sr = 0.152), reflecting isolation between southern, central, and northern fragments of the range. Among populations in the northern fragment, F-sr was only 0.056, and the number of migrants per generation (Nm) was 4.21, which should preclude fixation. Nm between central and southern populations or between them and populations in the northern fragment was lower, 0.99-1.66, indicating a degree of genetic isolation. Multilocus outcrossing rates (t(m)) ranged from 0.836 in the south to 0.897 in the north. Therefore, selling is low but statistically significant. The equilibrium inbreeding coefficient (F-e) calculated from t(m) was in good agreement with observed inbreeding coefficients, suggesting that weeping pinon may be near equilibrium with respect to inbreeding and selection against selfed trees. Weeping pinon was variable at all loci polymorphic in maxipinon (Pinus maximartinezii) and, therefore, qualities as a possible progenitor of maxipinon. Because of the high level of diversity, reasonable levels of gene flow within the northern fragment of weeping pinon's range, high rates of outcrossing, and, perhaps, only weak selection against inbred trees, protection in reserves would be a viable option for conservation. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Inst Forest Genet, Placerville, CA 95667 USA. Univ Autonoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Dept Forestal, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico. Ctr Natl Rech Forestiere, Serv Genet & Ameliorat Arbres Forestieres, Chaira Omar Iban El Khattab, Rabat, Morocco. Colegio Postgrad Ciencias Agricolas, Inst Recursos Nat, Programa Forestal, Mexico City 56230, DF, Mexico. Univ Autonoma Chapingo, Ctr Genet Forestal, Mexico City 56230, DF, Mexico. RP Ledig, FT (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Inst Forest Genet, 2480 Carson Rd, Placerville, CA 95667 USA. NR 55 TC 37 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 7 PU BOTANICAL SOC AMER INC PI COLUMBUS PA OHIO STATE UNIV-DEPT BOTANY, 1735 NEIL AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43210 USA SN 0002-9122 J9 AM J BOT JI Am. J. Bot. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 88 IS 11 BP 1977 EP 1987 DI 10.2307/3558425 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 494HZ UT WOS:000172277500006 PM 21669631 ER PT J AU Hijmans, RJ Spooner, DM AF Hijmans, RJ Spooner, DM TI Geographic distribution of wild potato species SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE GIS; geographic distribution; geographic information systems; potato; section Petota; Solanum; Solanaceae; species richness ID BREVICAULE COMPLEX SOLANACEAE; SECT. PETOTA; COLLECTING EXPEDITION; GENETIC-RESOURCES; TAXONOMY; PATTERNS; COLLAPSE; WORLD AB The geographic distribution of wild potatoes (Solanaceae sect. Petota) was analyzed using a database of 6073 georeferenced observations. Wild potatoes occur in 16 countries, but 88% of the observations are from Argentina, Bolivia, Mexico, and Peru. Most species are rare and narrowly endemic: for 77 species the largest distance between two observations of the same species is < 100 km. Peru has the highest number of species (93), followed by Bolivia (39). A grid of 50 X 50 km cells and a circular neighborhood with a radius of 50 km to assign points to grid cells was used to map species richness. High species richness occurs in northern Argentina, central Bolivia, central Ecuador, central Mexico, and south and north-central Peru. The highest number of species in a grid cell (22) occurs in southern Peru. To include all species at least once, 59 grid cells need to be selected (out of 1317 cells with observations). Wild potatoes occur between 38 degrees N and 41 degrees S, with more species in the southern hemisphere. Species richness is highest between 8 degrees and 20 degrees S and around 20 degrees N. Wild potatoes typically occur between 2000 and 4000 m altitude. C1 Int Potato Ctr, Lima 12, Peru. Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, Dept Hort, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Hijmans, RJ (reprint author), Int Potato Ctr, Apartado 1558, Lima 12, Peru. RI Hijmans, Robert/N-3299-2016; OI Hijmans, Robert/0000-0001-5872-2872 NR 45 TC 106 Z9 135 U1 1 U2 22 PU BOTANICAL SOC AMER INC PI COLUMBUS PA OHIO STATE UNIV-DEPT BOTANY, 1735 NEIL AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43210 USA SN 0002-9122 J9 AM J BOT JI Am. J. Bot. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 88 IS 11 BP 2101 EP 2112 DI 10.2307/3558435 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 494HZ UT WOS:000172277500016 PM 21669641 ER PT J AU Stephensen, CB AF Stephensen, CB TI Examining the effect of a nutrition intervention on immune function in healthy humans: What do we mean by immune function and who is really healthy anyway? SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Editorial Material ID HORMONES; STRESS; SUBSETS C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Nutr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. USDA, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Davis, CA USA. RP Stephensen, CB (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Nutr, Room 3243,Meyer Hall,1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 8 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 74 IS 5 BP 565 EP 566 PG 2 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 485TG UT WOS:000171779500002 PM 11684519 ER PT J AU Yee, AJ Fuerst, T Salamone, L Visser, M Dockrell, M Van Loan, M Kern, M AF Yee, AJ Fuerst, T Salamone, L Visser, M Dockrell, M Van Loan, M Kern, M TI Calibration and validation of an air-displacement plethysmography method for estimating percentage body fat in an elderly population: a comparison among compartmental models SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE body composition; elderly; men; women; hydrostatic weighing; air-displacement plethysmography; multicompartment models; body density; percentage body fat ID 4-COMPARTMENT MODEL; WOMEN; AGE; DENSITY; WATER; MASS; MEN AB Background: The use of hydrostatic weighing (HW) to measure body composition in the elderly can be difficult and is based on the assumption of constancy of body compartments. Objective: We calibrated and validated a new air-displacement plethysmography (AP) method for measuring body composition in the elderly. Design: A 4-compartment equation for calculating percentage body fat (%BF) that used body density (D-b), total body water, and bone mineral content was used as the criterion for evaluating %BF estimated by the 2- and 3-compartment models. Db was measured by HW [D-b(HW)] and by use of the AP instrument [D-b(AP)] in 30 elderly men and 28 elderly women aged 70-79 y. Results: D-b(AP) was not significantly different from D-b(HW). However, analysis of variance showed a significant two-way interaction between sex and compartment model (P < 0.02), indicating that the comparisons between the sexes were different across all compartment models. The %BF calculated for the women was significantly higher than that calculated for the men by both HW and AP and for all compartment models. Conclusion: Our data indicate that D-b(AP) was not significantly different from D-b(HW). Although differences were seen in %BF between the sexes, we observed no significant differences among the compartment models within each sex for this group of older individuals. C1 San Francisco State Univ, Dept Kinesiol, Exercise Physiol Lab, San Francisco, CA 94132 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Radiol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Grad Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. NIA, Epidemiol Demog & Biometry Program, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Univ Calif Davis, USDA, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Kern, M (reprint author), San Francisco State Univ, Dept Kinesiol, Exercise Physiol Lab, 1600 Holloway Ave, San Francisco, CA 94132 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR11805-02]; NIA NIH HHS [AG62106] NR 27 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 74 IS 5 BP 637 EP 642 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 485TG UT WOS:000171779500015 PM 11684532 ER PT J AU Coss-Bu, JA Klish, WJ Walding, D Stein, F Smith, EO Jefferson, LS AF Coss-Bu, JA Klish, WJ Walding, D Stein, F Smith, EO Jefferson, LS TI Energy metabolism, nitrogen balance, and substrate utilization in critically ill children SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE energy expenditure; nitrogen balance; substrate oxidation; pediatrics; mechanical ventilation; critically ill patients ID TOTAL PARENTERAL-NUTRITION; MECHANICALLY VENTILATED CHILDREN; CHAIN AMINO-ACIDS; RESPIRATORY QUOTIENT; INDIRECT CALORIMETRY; CLINICAL NUTRITION; PROTEIN-METABOLISM; PEDIATRIC-PATIENTS; GLUCOSE-OXIDATION; SURGICAL NEWBORN AB Background: Critically ill patients are characterized by a hypermetabolic state, a catabolic response, higher nutritional needs, and a decreased capacity for utilization of parenteral substrate. Objective: We sought to analyze the relation between a patient's metabolic state and their nutritional intake, substrate utilization, and nitrogen balance (NB) in mechanically ventilated, critically ill children receiving parenteral nutrition. Design: This was a cross-sectional study in which resting energy expenditure (REE) and NB were measured and substrate utilization and the metabolic index (MI) ratio (REE/expected energy requirements) were calculated. Results: Thirty-three children (mean age: 5 y) participated. Their average REE was 0.23 +/- 0.10 MJ.kg(-1).d(-1) and their average MI was 1.2 +/- 0.5. Mean energy intake, protein intake, and NB were 0.25 +/- 0.14 MJ.kg(-1).d(-1), 2.1 +/- 1 g.kg(-1).d(-1), and -89 +/- 166 mg.kg(-1).d(-1), respectively. Patients with an MI > 1.1 (n = 19) had a higher fat oxidation than did patients with an MI < 1. 1 (n = 14; P < 0.05). Patients with lipogenesis (n = 13) had a hip-her carbohydrate intake than did patients without lipogenesis (n = 20; P < 0.05). Patients with a positive NB (n = 12) had a higher protein intake than did patients with a negative NB (n = 21; P < 0.001) and lower protein oxidation (P < 0.01). Conclusions: Critically ill children are hypermetabolic and in negative NB. In this population, fat is used preferentially for oxidation and carbohydrate is utilized poorly. A high carbohydrate intake was associated with lipogenesis and less fat oxidation, a negative NB was associated with high oxidation rates for protein, and a high protein intake was associated with a positive NB. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Sect Crit Care, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Gastroenterol Sect, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Sect Nutr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX USA. RP Coss-Bu, JA (reprint author), Texas Childrens Hosp, Sect Crit Care Med, 6621 Fannin St,Suite 440,MC 2-3450, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 56 TC 54 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 74 IS 5 BP 664 EP 669 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 485TG UT WOS:000171779500019 PM 11684536 ER PT J AU McDermott, AY Shevitz, A Knox, T Roubenoff, R Kehayias, J Gorbach, S AF McDermott, AY Shevitz, A Knox, T Roubenoff, R Kehayias, J Gorbach, S TI Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on fat, lean, and bone mass in HIV-seropositive men and women SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE HIV; human immunodeficiency virus; highly active antiretroviral therapy; HAART; dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; protease inhibitors; nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; lipodystrophy; fat redistribution; lean body mass; fat mass; bone mineral content; osteopenia; osteoporosis ID X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY; IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS INFECTION; BODY-COMPOSITION; PROTEASE INHIBITORS; PERIPHERAL LIPODYSTROPHY; COMPUTED-TOMOGRAPHY; INSULIN-RESISTANCE; MUSCLE MASS; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; ABNORMALITIES AB Background: Alterations in body composition have been reported in HIV-positive adults receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), but the magnitude and potential determinants of these changes are unclear. Objective: We compared total and regional body composition, as measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, in 203 HIV-positive men and 62 HIV-positive women according to HAART. Design: This was a cross-sectional analysis of a cohort study of nutrition and HIV infection, Results: After adjustment for age, weight, race, and exercise habits, total weight and fat mass did not differ significantly in men or women by HAART. Trunk fat was greater in men (1.0 kg; P < 0.001) and women (1.4 ka; P = 0.005) and leg fat was lower in men (-1.0 kg; P < 0.001) and women (-1.5 kg, P = 0.005) receiving HAART than in those not. This corresponded to a greater percentage of total fat mass located in the trunk (men: 7.5%, P < 0.001; women: 5.1 %, P = 0.02). Lean mass was also greater with longer duration of HAART in men (P < 0.002). In men receiving HAART, total and regional bone mineral content were less than in the men not receiving HAART (P < 0.001). These effects increased with longer duration of HAART. Protease inhibitors were associated with the largest differences in regional fat. Conclusions: HAART is associated with redistribution of fat mass from the legs to the trunk, despite no significant differences in total fat mass or weight. In men, HAART is also associated with a reduction in bone mineral content, suggesting that HAART increases the risk of central obesity and osteoporosis. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr, Nutr Exercise Physiol & Sarcopenia Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Dept Family Med & Community Hlth, Boston, MA USA. Tufts Univ New England Med Ctr, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP McDermott, AY (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr, Nutr Exercise Physiol & Sarcopenia Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [M01-RR00054]; NIDDK NIH HHS [P30-DK46200, P01-DK45734] NR 47 TC 66 Z9 70 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 74 IS 5 BP 679 EP 686 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 485TG UT WOS:000171779500021 PM 11684538 ER PT J AU Suryawan, A Nguyen, HV Bush, JA Davis, TA AF Suryawan, A Nguyen, HV Bush, JA Davis, TA TI Developmental changes in the feeding-induced activation of the insulin-signaling pathway in neonatal pigs SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM LA English DT Article DE protein synthesis; growth; insulin; muscle; liver ID PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3-KINASE; RECEPTOR SUBSTRATE-1; PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS; SKELETAL-MUSCLE; SUCKLING RATS; TYROSINE PHOSPHORYLATION; TRANSLATION INITIATION; IRS-1; GROWTH; LIVER AB In neonatal animals, feeding stimulates skeletal muscle protein synthesis, a response that declines with development. Both the magnitude of the feeding response and its developmental decline can be reproduced by insulin infusion, suggesting that an altered responsiveness to insulin is a primary determinant of the developmental decline in the stimulation of protein synthesis by feeding. In this study, 7- and 26-day-old pigs were either fasted overnight or fed porcine milk after an overnight fast. We examined the abundance and degree of tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor (IR), insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), and IRS-2 in skeletal muscle and, for comparison, liver. We also evaluated the association of IRS-1 and IRS-2 with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase). The abundance of IR protein in muscle was twofold higher at 7 than at 26 days, but IRS-1 and IRS-2 abundances were similar in muscle of 7- and 26-day-old pigs. The feeding-induced phosphorylations were greater at 7 than at 26 days of age for IR (28- vs. 13-fold), IRS-1 (14- vs. 8-fold), and IRS-2 (21- vs. 12-fold) in muscle. The associations of IRS-1 and IRS-2 with PI 3-kinase were also increased by refeeding to a greater extent at 7 than at 26 days (9- vs. 5-fold and 6- vs. 4-fold, respectively). In liver, the abundance of IR, IRS-1, and IRS-2 was similar at 7 and 26 days of age. Feeding increased the activation of IR, IRS-1, IRS-2, and PI 3-kinase in liver only twofold, and these responses were unaffected by age. Thus our findings demonstrate that the feeding-induced activation of IR, IRS-1, IRS-2, and PI 3-kinase in skeletal muscle decreases with development. Further study is needed to ascertain whether the developmental decline in the feeding-induced activation of early insulin-signaling components contributes to the developmental decline in translation initiation in skeletal muscle. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Davis, TA (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. FU NIAMS NIH HHS [R01-AR-44474, R01 AR044474] NR 49 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0193-1849 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-ENDOC M JI Am. J. Physiol.-Endocrinol. Metab. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 281 IS 5 BP E908 EP E915 PG 8 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Physiology SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Physiology GA 484MM UT WOS:000171694200004 PM 11595645 ER PT J AU Jackson, AA Phillips, G McClelland, I Jahoor, F AF Jackson, AA Phillips, G McClelland, I Jahoor, F TI Synthesis of hepatic secretory proteins in normal adults consuming a diet marginally adequate in protein SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-GASTROINTESTINAL AND LIVER PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE protein synthesis; phenylalanine; albumin; transthyretin; very low-density lipoprotein apolipoprotein B-100; high-density lipoprotein apolipoprotein A-1; fibrinogen; alpha 1-antitrypsin; haptoglobin ID APOLIPOPROTEIN-A-I; RAT SERUM-ALBUMIN; ACUTE-PHASE; AMINO-ACIDS; HEART-DISEASE; HEPG2 CELLS; HUMANS; METABOLISM; TURNOVER; PLASMA AB The plasma concentration and hepatic synthesis rates of albumin, transthyretin, very low-density lipoprotein apolipoprotein B-100 (VLDL-apoB-100), high-density lipoprotein apolipoprotein A-1, fibrinogen, alpha1-antitrypsin, and haptoglobin were measured in six normal adults before and after consuming a protein intake of 0.6 g . kg body wt(-1) . day(-1) for 7 days. The synthesis of hepatic proteins was measured from the incorporation of [(2)H(5)] phenylalanine, following prime/continuous infusion, using plasma VLDL-apoB-100 isotopic enrichment to represent the precursor pool. Synthesis of albumin declined by 50% (P< 0.001) following the lower-protein diet, VLDL-apoB-100 declined by 20% (P< 0.001), and apoA-1 declined by 16% (P< 0.05). By contrast, synthesis increased for fibrinogen (50%, P< 0.05) and haptoglobin (90%, P< 0.001). This pattern of change, with decreased synthesis of nutrient transport proteins and increased formation of acute-phase proteins, suggestive of a low-grade inflammatory response, was accompanied by increased plasma concentration of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin 6 (30%, P< 0.05). The pattern of change in the synthesis of hepatic secretory proteins following 7 days on the low-protein diet may be of functional relevance for lipid transport and the capacity to cope with stress. C1 Univ Southampton, Inst Human Nutr, Southampton SO16 6YD, Hants, England. Baylor Univ, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Jackson, AA (reprint author), Univ Southampton, Southampton Gen Hosp, Inst Human Nutr, Level C 113 W Wing,Tremona Rd, Southampton SO16 6YD, Hants, England. NR 39 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0193-1857 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-GASTR L JI Am. J. Physiol.-Gastroint. Liver Physiol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 281 IS 5 BP G1179 EP G1187 PG 9 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Physiology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Physiology GA 483RB UT WOS:000171648700009 PM 11668026 ER PT J AU Pavek, JJ Corsini, DL AF Pavek, JJ Corsini, DL TI Utilization of potato genetic resources in variety development SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF POTATO RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE genebanks; germplasm; disease/pest resistance; potato breeding ID RESTRICTION-ENDONUCLEASE ANALYSIS; X ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS; CULTIVATED POTATOES; SOLANUM-CHACOENSE; VERTICILLIUM WILT; CHLOROPLAST DNA; GERMPLASM RELEASE; TETRAPLOID POTATO; ANDIGENA POTATOES; FIELD-RESISTANCE AB Potato varieties of Europe, widely grown prior to the late blight epidemic of the 1840s, were apparently derived mainly from Chilean Solanum tuberosum Group (Gp) Tuberosum and with contributions from Gp Andigena. A small number of these old varieties had field resistance and consequently survived the late blight. These survivors, along with a limited number of 19(th) and early 20(th) century introductions, provided the very narrow genetic base for our modern potato variety development. Beginning in the first half of the 20(th) century, resistance to diseases and pests from exotic species and primitive relatives was backcrossed into the existing parental stocks, with little improvement in broadening of the genebase. By the 1980s, 77% of European and somewhat fewer North American varieties had genes, derived by backcrossing, from S. demissum (late blight resistance) and Andigena (resistance to cyst nematode). Broadening of the Tuberosum genebase was undertaken in 1959 by creating long-day adapted Neo-Tuberosum (N-T) from large populations of Andigena. This took six or more cycles of recurrent mass selection. Simmonds, in England, was the first to begin this work, followed shortly after by Plaisted, in the U.S., and Tarn, in Canada. Varieties with N-T in their pedigrees include the New York releases "Rosa", which is 50% N-T, and "Eva", 25% N-T. The Tuberosum genebase has also been broadened with diploid Gp Phureja resulting in the releases of "Yukon Gold," with yellow flesh and high internal quality, and "NorValley," a chipper with resistance to cold sweetening. Over 5000 accessions of about 150 wild species are available to breeders from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Research Support Project 6 (NRSP-6) genebank. Many of these accessions have been evaluated for resistance to diseases and pests as well as other important traits. Six genebanks in other countries also have many accessions for breeders. These seven collections are a great source of valuable traits for breeding, but remain under-utilized, mainly because of the time and additional resources required in eliminating the "wildness" characters associated with the desired traits. "Pre-breeding" is needed to help breeders utilize the many needed genes and alleles in the wild species. There now are two projects with pre-breeding as an objective in the U.S., one at Madison, WI, and the other at Prosser, WA. Resistance to cold sweetening (low sugar build up in cold storage) has been backcrossed from several wild species into the Tuberosum background, as has resistance to late blight, the Columbia rootknot nematode, and the potato leafroll virus (PLRV). Resistance to potato virus Y (PVY) and PLRV obtained from N-T has been incorporated into Tuberosum parental stocks. Durable resistance to late blight in Polish breeding stocks, with S. demissum and S. stoloniferum background, and in improved Bolivian and Peruvian Andigena has also been utilized by North American programs. C1 Univ Idaho, USDA ARS, R&E Ctr, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. RP Pavek, JJ (reprint author), Univ Idaho, USDA ARS, R&E Ctr, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. NR 84 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 3 U2 9 PU POTATO ASSOC AMER PI ORONO PA UNIV MAINE, 5715 COBURN HALL, RM 6, ORONO, ME 04469-5715 USA SN 1099-209X J9 AM J POTATO RES JI Am. J. Potato Res. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 78 IS 6 BP 433 EP 441 PG 9 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 517AD UT WOS:000173588200006 ER PT J AU Day, RM Yang, YZ Suzuki, YJ Stevens, J Pathi, R Perlmutter, A Fanburg, BL Lanzillo, JJ AF Day, RM Yang, YZ Suzuki, YJ Stevens, J Pathi, R Perlmutter, A Fanburg, BL Lanzillo, JJ TI Bleomycin upregulates gene expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme via mitogen-activated protein kinase and early growth response 1 transcription factor SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SMOOTH-MUSCLE CELLS; ARTERY ENDOTHELIAL-CELLS; MESSENGER-RNA; TRANSFORMING GROWTH-FACTOR-BETA-1; FIBROSIS; INHIBITION; FACTOR-BETA(1); REGENERATION; HYPERTROPHY; FIBROBLASTS AB Pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive disorder characterized by the loss of alveolar architecture through epithelial and endothelial cell apoptosis and fibroblast proliferation. Recent studies showed that angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity is increased in fibrotic tissues, and ACE inhibitors administered in vivo ameliorate fibrosis, suggesting that ACE may play a critical role. However, the regulation of ACE expression is not well understood. In the present study, we demonstrate that bleomycin, a chemotherapeutic agent which induces pulmonary fibrosis in animals and humans, increases gene expression of ACE. Treatment of primary bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells with 0.1 to 1.0 mug/ml bleomycin increased ACE enzymatic activity and ACE mRNA, as monitored by hippuryl-L-histidyl-L-leucine assay and competitive quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), respectively. Luciferase reporter constructs showed that upregulation of ACE transcription by bleomycin is mediated through element(s) in the 97-bp ACE promoter. Bleomycin activated p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and induced nuclear translocation and activation of the early growth response (Egr)-1 transcription factor, a factor previously shown to positively regulate ACE expression. The MAPK kinase1/2 (MEK1/2) inhibitor U0126 blocked MAPK and Egr-1 activation by bleomycin, suggesting that Egr-1 activation is MAPK dependent. These data provide the first evidence that bleomycin activates ACE gene expression through the MAPK pathway and Egr-1. C1 Tupper Res Inst, New England Med Ctr, Div Pulm & Crit Care, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Lanzillo, JJ (reprint author), Tupper Res Inst, New England Med Ctr, Div Pulm & Crit Care, NEMC 257,750 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL-14456] NR 40 TC 28 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER THORACIC SOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019-4374 USA SN 1044-1549 J9 AM J RESP CELL MOL JI Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 25 IS 5 BP 613 EP 619 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Respiratory System SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Respiratory System GA 502FU UT WOS:000172733700012 PM 11713104 ER PT J AU Pelan-Mattocks, LS Pesch, BA Kehrli, ME AF Pelan-Mattocks, LS Pesch, BA Kehrli, ME TI Flow cytometric analysis of intracellular complexity and CD45 expression for use in rapid differentiation of leukocytes in bovine blood samples SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID AUTOMATED HEMATOLOGY ANALYZERS; PERIPHERAL-BLOOD; HUMAN EOSINOPHILS; LIGHT-SCATTERING; BONE-MARROW; COUNTS; LYMPHOCYTES; ENUMERATION; LEUKEMIA AB Objective-To develop an efficient and reliable method that accurately differentiates bovine lymphocytes from monocytes in leukograms. Sample Population-Blood samples from 30 healthy cows and 1 calf with bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency. Procedure-Flow cytometric analysis of intracellular complexity and CD45 expression on bovine leukocytes was compared with results for conventional light microscopy methods. Verification of leukocyte subpopulations determined by intracellular complexity and CD45 expression was conducted, using 2-color phenotypic analysis with selected monoclonal antibodies. Results-The CD45 and side-scatter properties of bovine leukocytes clearly differentiated cell types, including neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance This is a rapid assay that is simple to use. More importantly, it is more accurate than the conventional method that involves the use of blood slides and light microscopy, because of the ability of the assay to readily distinguish bovine monocytes and lymphocytes. Rapid preparation of samples and short analysis times allow for efficient and reliable examination of a large number of samples, and the task of viewing slides by light microscopy is eliminated. The labor-savings benefit of this procedure is most apparent in research environments that require frequent processing of batches of blood samples. C1 Iowa State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Prevent Med, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Periparturient Dis Cattle Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Kehrli, ME (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Prevent Med, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 32 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 62 IS 11 BP 1740 EP 1744 DI 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.1740 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 487CD UT WOS:000171855300011 PM 11703017 ER PT J AU Shigaki, T Hirschi, KD AF Shigaki, T Hirschi, KD TI Use of Class IIS restriction enzymes for site-directed mutagenesis: Variations on phoenix mutagenesis SO ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article C1 Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Hirschi, KD (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. FU NIGMS NIH HHS [5 P 30 1R01 GM 57427] NR 3 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0003-2697 J9 ANAL BIOCHEM JI Anal. Biochem. PD NOV 1 PY 2001 VL 298 IS 1 BP 118 EP 120 DI 10.1006/abio.2001.5341 PG 3 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 490LB UT WOS:000172052400014 PM 11673903 ER PT J AU Sivinski, J Vulinec, K Aluja, M AF Sivinski, J Vulinec, K Aluja, M TI Ovipositor length in a guild of parasitoids (Hymenoptera : Braconidae) attacking Anastrepha spp. fruit flies (Diptera : Tephritidae) in southern Mexico SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Diachasmimorpha; Doryctobracon; Opius; Utetes; biological control; interspecific competition ID DISTRIBUTIONS; SELECTION; VERACRUZ; HOST AB In southern Mexico, four native and one introduced species of Opiinae (Braconidae) attack larvae of Anastrepha spp. fruit flies. There is a substantial overlap in the hosts of the parasitoids, and every species has been collected from fruit flies attacked by at least one or two other species. The ovipositors of these braconids have a broad interspecific range of lengths, some are less than the length of the abdomen, and others, several times the length of the abdomen. The following three hypotheses are proposed to account for this variety of lengths: (1) Because of differences in the host stage attacked, there are differences in host vulnerability; i.e., mature host larvae feed at greater depths within fruit pulp and can be best reached with a longer ovipositor. There is an implication that competition among the wasp species has selected for foraging on different host stages and that this diversifying selection has resulted in different ovipositor lengths. (2) Although longer ovipositors increase host range and thus have competitive advantages, they may be heavy, awkward, and expensive to move around. If so, species with longer ovipositors might have to invest more in locomotion (reflected in wing size) and less in reproductive capacity (numbers of mature eggs held in the ovarial calyx), Balancing selection would then maintain both short ovipositor-small winged-high fecundity species and long ovipositor-large wing-low fecundity species. (3) Although there are niche overlaps among the species, each has a "core environment" determined by factors such as temperature, humidity, seasonality, and host diversity. Ovipositor lengths have evolved to met the requirements of these specialized environments, and are not due to interspecific competition mediated by ovipositor length; i.e,, there has been no diversifying or balancing selection for differences in ovipositor length. Hypothesis number I fails because all the species attack similar host stages. Neither was there support for hypothesis number 2. There were no correlations between wing size, or potential fecundity, and ovipositor length. The lack of correlation between species-pairs niche overlaps and differences in species-pairs relative ovipositor length is most consistent with hypothesis number 3. That is, because species with similar ovipositors are neither more or less likely I P to co-occur in the same samples from various fruits and locations than species with different ovipositor lengths it may be that species interactions are unimportant in the evolution of ovipositor lengths. If so, the lack of a pattern of competition made easily recognizable by differences in ovipositor length could influence biological control tactics. For example, if it is difficult to predict the abilities of newly introduced species to integrate in the existing guild of natural enemies, it may be more prudent over the short term to concentrate on the conservation of the natural enemies already present rather than pursue the "classical" introductions of new species. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Entomol & Nematol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Inst Ecol, Xalapa 91000, Veracruz, Mexico. RP Sivinski, J (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 31 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 94 IS 6 BP 886 EP 895 DI 10.1603/0013-8746(2001)094[0886:OLIAGO]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 497JJ UT WOS:000172451400009 ER PT J AU Roehrdanz, RL AF Roehrdanz, RL TI Genetic differentiation of southeastern boll weevil and thurberia weevil populations of Anthonomus grandis (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) using mitochondrial DNA SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE boll weevil; thurberia weevil; Mexican boll weevil; mtDNA; PCR-RFLP; cotton ID SPECIES COMPLEX COLEOPTERA; CHAIN-REACTION PRIMERS; BARK WEEVILS; EVOLUTION; PHYLOGENY; SEQUENCES AB The southeastern boll weevil, the Mexican boll weevil. and the thurberia weevil are considered to be morphologically similar but behaviorally different variants of the same species, Anthonomus grandis Boheman. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified 9.2-kb section of the mitochondrial DNA was cleaved with restriction enzymes. RFTPs of weevils from three cotton growing locations in Texas and one in northeastern Mexico were compared with thurberia weevil from three sites in Arizona. Six haplotypes were observed in the Texas/Mexico collections and 12 haplotypes were found among the thurberia weevil. There were no shared haplotypes between these two groups. Polymorphism was observed within the weevil types. The three thurberia weevil locations exhibit some geographic isolation and exhibit differences in both the haplotypes present and the relative frequencies of the haplotypes. Only one haplotype was recovered at all three Arizona sites. The Texas/ Mexico samples showed less genetic variability with the northern most site having the lowest polymorphism. 52/53 of these weevils appear to be genetically southeastern boll weevil. Two haplotypes were shared by all four of these populations and comprised 72% of the insects examined. The range of genetic distances between haplotypes was <0.001-0.022. The Mexican boll weevil was not explicitly examined; however, three individuals were discovered that appear to represent a genetically distinct third population. One was from Mexico and the other two were from a thurberia weevil site. These three individuals may represent the Mexican boll weevil. The results include apparent diagnostic restriction fragment differences between the thurberia weevil and the southeastern boll weevil that could be used to help determine whether future weevils found in Arizona or California cotton are thurberia weevil. southeastern boll weevil. or another population of weevils. C1 USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, Red River Valley Agr Res Ctr, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Roehrdanz, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, Red River Valley Agr Res Ctr, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 31 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 94 IS 6 BP 928 EP 935 DI 10.1603/0013-8746(2001)094[0928:GDOSBW]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 497JJ UT WOS:000172451400014 ER PT J AU Strom, BL Goyer, RA AF Strom, BL Goyer, RA TI Effect of silhouette color on trap catches of Dendroctonus frontalis (Coleoptera : Scolytidae) SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE bark beetles; southern pine beetle; Scolytidae; host finding; insect vision ID IPS-PARACONFUSUS COLEOPTERA; SOUTHERN PINE-BEETLE; BAITED TRAPS; WAVELENGTH REGIONS; HOPKINS COLEOPTERA; FOREST COLEOPTERA; VISIBLE SPECTRUM; PHEROMONE TRAPS; HOST; BARK AB With the exception of responses to semiochemicals, host selection behaviors of . frontalis are largely unstudied. To better understand the host finding behavior of D.frontalis, and to identify Potential visual disruptants, we evaluated the response of D. frontalis to multiple-funnel traps of eight different colors, Multiple-funnel traps provide an attractive vertical silhouette, similar to a host stem, that aids in capturing bark beetles and allows for controlled evaluation of visual cues. Evaluation of mean trap catch of each color by analysis of variance (ANOVA) produced two separate groups: white and yellow traps caught significantly fewer D. frontalis than the other six colors tested (black, blue, brown. gray, green, red). Examination of spectral reflectance curves showed that the eight colors could be naturally placed into two groups, those with high peak reflectance (white and yellow) and those with low peak reflectance (black, blue, brown. gray, green, red). When high and low peak reflectance were substituted for color in a separate ANOVA, reflectance group was as good as color at explaining the variability in trap catch (r(2) = 0.88 versus 0.92). Therefore, hue (dominant wavelength) was unimportant in affecting D.frontalis host finding behavior at the reflectance levels we tested and, thus, we found no strong evidence that differential wavelength sensitivity affected the response of D. frontalis. These results, show that dark colored silhouettes (those with low reflectance values), regardless of hue, are best for capturing D. frontalis, while white or yellow are the best candidate colors for disrupting host finding. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Dept Entomol, Ctr Agr, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Strom, BL (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, 2500 Shreveport Highway, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. EM bstrom01@fs.fed.us NR 34 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 6 PU ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 10001 DEREKWOOD LANE, STE 100, LANHAM, MD 20706-4876 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 94 IS 6 BP 948 EP 953 DI 10.1603/0013-8746(2001)094[0948:EOSCOT]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 497JJ UT WOS:000172451400016 ER PT J AU Robacker, DC Fraser, I AF Robacker, DC Fraser, I TI Effects of food deprivation on attraction of Mexican fruit flies (Diptera : Tephritidae) to grapefruit in a wind tunnel SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Anastrepha ludens; fruit fly; grapefruit; attraction; oviposition; food deprivation ID ANASTREPHA-LUDENS DIPTERA; 2 SYNTHETIC LURES; LABORATORY-STRAIN; GAMMA-IRRADIATION; ODOR; BEHAVIOR; RESPONSES; TRAPS; WILD; FLY AB Sexually mature, mated female Mexican fruit flies, Anastrepha ludens (Loew), from a laboratory culture, whether starved or not. were attracted to grapefruit in a wind tunnel. Females starved for 24 h were more strongly attracted than fed females but those starved for 48 h were equivalent to fed females in responsiveness. There were no significant differences in propensity to attempt oviposition on grapefruit by fed or starved females. Sexually mature, mated males, whether fed or starved for 24 h. were not attracted to grapefruit, but those starved for 48 h were attracted. C1 USDA ARS, Kika de la Garza SARC, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Robacker, DC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Kika de la Garza SARC, 2413 E Highway 83,Bldg 200, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 27 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 94 IS 6 BP 954 EP 958 DI 10.1603/0013-8746(2001)094[0954:EOFDOA]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 497JJ UT WOS:000172451400017 ER PT J AU Kalfa, VC Jia, HP Kunkle, RA McCray, PB Tack, BF Brogden, KA AF Kalfa, VC Jia, HP Kunkle, RA McCray, PB Tack, BF Brogden, KA TI Congeners of SMAP29 kill ovine pathogens and induce ultrastructural damage in bacterial cells SO ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY LA English DT Article ID ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDE; PASTEURELLA-HAEMOLYTICA; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; SHEEP; MEMBRANES; LL-37 AB SMAP29, an ovine cathelicidin, was systematically altered to create a family of 23 related peptides for MIC and minimum bactericidal concentration determinations. SMAP28, SMAP29, and a derivative of SMAP29 called ovispirin were all antimicrobial. However, many congeners of SMAP29 and ovispirin were not as active as the parent molecules. With immunoelectron microscopy, SMAP29 was seen on membranes and within the cytoplasm of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Resp Dis Livestock Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Dept Microbiol, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. RP Brogden, KA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Resp Dis Livestock Res Unit, 2300 Dayton Ave,POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 16 TC 55 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0066-4804 J9 ANTIMICROB AGENTS CH JI Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 45 IS 11 BP 3256 EP 3261 DI 10.1128/AAC.45.11.3256-3261.2001 PG 6 WC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 483ZC UT WOS:000171664900051 PM 11600395 ER PT J AU Feldlaufer, MF Pettis, JS Kochansky, JP Stiles, G AF Feldlaufer, MF Pettis, JS Kochansky, JP Stiles, G TI Lincomycin hydrochloride for the control of American foulbrood disease of honey bees SO APIDOLOGIE LA English DT Article DE lincomycin toxicity; American foulbrood; antibiotic; control ID HYGIENIC BEHAVIOR; LARVAE AB The antibiotic lincomycin hydrochloride was evaluated for toxicity to larval and adult honey bees and for efficacy in controlling American foulbrood disease (AFB). Results of toxicity studies involving nine applications of lincomycin (200-, 600-, or 1000 mg active ingredient per application) as a dust in confectioners sugar revealed no significant differences in mortality among any of the treatment groups for either adults or larvae, when compared to untreated or sugar-treated controls. In field efficacy studies, 18 colonies with existing oxytetracycline-resistant AFB were dusted three times, one week apart, with either 100-, 200-, or 400 mg lincomycin (in 20 g confectioners sugar). Forty-five days after the third treatment, no visible signs of AFB could be found, regardless of the initial severity of disease or the dose applied. C1 ARS, USDA, Bee Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NJ Dept Agr, Div Plant Ind, Trenton, NJ 08625 USA. RP Feldlaufer, MF (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Bee Res Lab, Bldg 476,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 13 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 4 PU E D P SCIENCES PI LES ULIS CEDEXA PA 7, AVE DU HOGGAR, PARC D ACTIVITES COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEXA, FRANCE SN 0044-8435 J9 APIDOLOGIE JI Apidologie PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 32 IS 6 BP 547 EP 554 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 495CC UT WOS:000172321800002 ER PT J AU Wilhite, SE Lumsden, RD Straney, DC AF Wilhite, SE Lumsden, RD Straney, DC TI Peptide synthetase gene in Trichoderma virens SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GRAMINIS VAR TRITICI; PYTHIUM DAMPING-OFF; GLIOCLADIUM-VIRENS; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; HYDROXAMATE SIDEROPHORES; HISTOPLASMA-CAPSULATUM; RHIZOCTONIA-SOLANI; DIMERUM ACID; SUPPRESSION; TRANSFORMATION AB Trichoderma virens (synonym, Gliocladium virens), a deuteromycete fungus, suppresses soilborne plant diseases caused by a number of fungi and is used as a biocontrol agent. Several traits that may contribute to the antagonistic interactions of T. virens with disease-causing fungi involve the production of peptide metabolites (e.g., the antibiotic gliotoxin and siderophores used for iron acquisition). We cloned a 5,056-bp partial cDNA encoding a putative peptide synthetase (Psy1) from T. virens using conserved motifs found within the adenylate domain of peptide synthetases. Sequence similarities with conserved motifs of the adenylation domain, acyl transfer, and two condensation domains support identification of the Psy1 gene as a gene that encodes a peptide synthetase. Disruption of the native Psy1 gene through gene replacement was used to identify the function of this gene. Psy1 disruptants produced normal amounts of gliotoxin but grew poorly under low-iron conditions, suggesting that Psy1 plays a role in siderophore production. Psy1 disruptants cannot produce the major T. virens siderophore dimerum acid, a dipetide of acylated N-delta-hydroxyornithine. Biocontrol activity against damping-off diseases caused by Pythium ultimum and Rhizoctonia solani was not reduced by the Psy1 disruption, suggesting that iron competition through dimerum acid production does not contribute significantly to disease suppression activity under the conditions used. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Cell Biol & Mol Genet, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. USDA, Agr Res Serv, Biocontrol Plant Dis Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Straney, DC (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Cell Biol & Mol Genet, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 37 TC 24 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 67 IS 11 BP 5055 EP 5062 DI 10.1128/AEM.67.11.5055-5062.2001 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 488BL UT WOS:000171914100015 PM 11679326 ER PT J AU Higgins, JA Jenkins, MC Shelton, DR Fayer, R Karns, JS AF Higgins, JA Jenkins, MC Shelton, DR Fayer, R Karns, JS TI Rapid extraction of DNA from Escherichia coli and Cryptosporidium parvum for use in PCR SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TEMPLATE PREPARATION; SEQUENCE; SAMPLES AB The Xtra Amp tube, Isocode paper, Instagene matrix, and PrepMan matrix methods were evaluated for their ability to rapidly extract PCR-quality DNAs from Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Cryptosporidium parvum. All ability methods provided satisfactory DNA from E. coli, and the Xtra Amp and Instagene reagents provided satisfactory DNA from C. parvum. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Higgins, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Rm 202,Bldg 173,10300 Baltimore Blvd, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 12 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 67 IS 11 BP 5321 EP 5324 DI 10.1128/AEM.67.11.5321-5324.2001 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 488BL UT WOS:000171914100051 PM 11679362 ER PT J AU McAlister, DD AF McAlister, DD TI Comparison of ultra-narrow row and conventionally grown cottons SO APPLIED ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE cotton; growing methods; fiber quality; processing AB An experiment involving ultra-narrow row and conventionally grown cottons was performed during the 1998 crop year. Fiber properties, yarn properties, and processing performance in the Pilot Spinning Laboratory were studied to determine if these two growing methods result in significantly different cottons with respect to properties important in textile utilization. Nine farms participated in the experiment, each planting a selected variety in both conventional and ultra-narrow rows. The conventionally grown cottons were ginned using standard procedures for spindle-harvested cotton. Gin cleaning was increased for the ultra-narrow row cottons, which were stripper-harvested, to produce grades similar to the conventionally grown cottons. Analysis of the experimental results indicates that differences exist between ultra-narrow row and conventionally grown cottons; however, the differences were likely influenced by the gin machinery sequences used. The quality, measurements normally used in marketing and utilization account for most of the differences observed in yarn and processing quality. C1 ARS, USDA, Cotton Qual Res Stn, Clemson, SC 29633 USA. RP McAlister, DD (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Cotton Qual Res Stn, POB 792, Clemson, SC 29633 USA. NR 12 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0883-8542 J9 APPL ENG AGRIC JI Appl. Eng. Agric. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 17 IS 6 BP 737 EP 741 PG 5 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 530JC UT WOS:000174353700001 ER PT J AU McAlister, DD AF McAlister, DD TI Gin process control and the resultant textile yarn and knit fabric quality SO APPLIED ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE cotton gin; fiber/yarn quality; textile mill; process control AB This article presents the effects of gin process control on textile processing and subsequent yarn and fabric quality. By comparing bales of cotton from the same module processed with and without gin process control, it was shown that mills could benefit significantly from the resulting improved yield and improved yarn quality. The results indicate a positive influence of gin process control through improved waste removal and yarn strength. For years, it has been the desire of spinners to obtain easy-to-clean cotton with low short fiber content without compromising fiber yield. For these and other reasons, a gin process control system was developed. The process control system was designed to help ginners minimize short fibers created at ginning, and to maintain trash particle size distributions that are more easily managed by the opening and cleaning equipment of the yarn mill. Fiber tests indicate improved length, length uniformity, short fiber content, and neps using gin process control. C1 ARS, USDA, Cotton Qual Res Stn, Clemson, SC 29633 USA. Inst Text Technol, Charlottesville, VA USA. RP McAlister, DD (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Cotton Qual Res Stn, POB 792, Clemson, SC 29633 USA. NR 6 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0883-8542 J9 APPL ENG AGRIC JI Appl. Eng. Agric. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 17 IS 6 BP 761 EP 764 PG 4 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 530JC UT WOS:000174353700005 ER PT J AU Kornecki, TS Fouss, JL AF Kornecki, TS Fouss, JL TI Quantifying soil trafficability improvements provided by subsurface drainage for field crop operations in Louisiana SO APPLIED ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE subsurface drainage; trafficability; soil moisture; soil strength AB Afield experiment was conducted on a Commerce silt loam (alluvial) soil near Baton Rouge, Louisiana, to study the effects of subsurface drainage on soil trafficability for two different water management systems: surface drainage only and subsurface drainage. Following a 30-mm rainfall event there was a significant difference in the decrease of soil moisture at a 10-cm depth directly above the subsurface drains compared with midway between drainpipes spaced at 15 m. Differences in soil moisture content between subsurface drained and surface drained only plots were not statistically significant, however the plots that were subsurface drained had trafficable conditions one day sooner than the surface drained only plots. Soil strength values above the subsurface drains were consistently higher than at the mid-point between drains and soil strength increased as water table depth increased. A portable capacitance volumetric soil moisture meter was evaluated in this project for the accuracy in obtaining soil moisture content in the field. Results have shown that there was no correlation between the soil moisture obtained in situ by the volumetric moisture meter and by analysis of soil samples. C1 ARS, USDA, Baton Rouge, LA 70808 USA. RP Kornecki, TS (reprint author), ARS, USDA, 4115 Gourrier Ave, Baton Rouge, LA 70808 USA. NR 13 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 3 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0883-8542 J9 APPL ENG AGRIC JI Appl. Eng. Agric. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 17 IS 6 BP 777 EP 781 PG 5 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 530JC UT WOS:000174353700008 ER PT J AU Byler, RK Anthony, WS Mangialardi, GJ AF Byler, RK Anthony, WS Mangialardi, GJ TI Improving the HVI strength measurement by adjusting for measured moisture content SO APPLIED ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE cotton; measurement; moisture content; strength AB A three-part study was conducted to improve the measurement of strength in the High Volume Instrument (HVI) classification system for cotton by adjusting the measured strength for moisture content. First, a resistance-type moisture meter was used to develop the HVI strength-moisture relationship and formulate correction equations based on data from 275 cotton samples conditioned at five relative humidity levels. The first model validation was conducted at a U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS) Office to verify the algorithm on cotton samples that were not used in the model development. The second model validation involved field-testing the approach in an AMS Classing Office to determine if moisture conditioning could be relaxed. The study showed that the resistance moisture meter system allowed HVI strength readings to be corrected with reasonable error on samples that had not been preconditioned to a standard relative humidity. C1 ARS, US Cotton Ginning Lab, USDA, Stoneville, MS USA. RP Byler, RK (reprint author), POB 256, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0883-8542 J9 APPL ENG AGRIC JI Appl. Eng. Agric. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 17 IS 6 BP 821 EP 826 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 530JC UT WOS:000174353700015 ER PT J AU Beerwinkle, KR AF Beerwinkle, KR TI An automatic capture-detection, time-logging instrumentation system for boll weevil pheromone traps SO APPLIED ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE boll weevil; pheromone trap; event logger; automation ID CURCULIONIDAE; COLEOPTERA AB The design configuration, operation, and field performance of an electro-mechanical capture detection and time-logging system for boll weevil pheromone traps is described. The system uses an infrared light blockage detector in conjunction with an air-pressure capture assist mechanism, a one-way insect gating valve, and a solid-state, self-contained event logger to automatically record the precise times of insect captures. Information provided by the instrumentation System permits fine temporal resolution of capture timing that is useful for relating observed boll weevil pheromone trap attraction behavior to various physical and environmental factors. C1 ARS, USDA, SPARC, Areawide Pest Management Res Unit, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Beerwinkle, KR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, SPARC, Areawide Pest Management Res Unit, 2771 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0883-8542 J9 APPL ENG AGRIC JI Appl. Eng. Agric. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 17 IS 6 BP 893 EP 898 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 530JC UT WOS:000174353700025 ER PT J AU Blackburn, MB Jaffe, H Kochansky, J Raina, AK AF Blackburn, MB Jaffe, H Kochansky, J Raina, AK TI Identification of four additional myoinhibitory peptides (MIPs) from the ventral nerve cord of Manduca sexta SO ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Manduca sexta; myoinhibitory peptide; myoinhibiting peptide; allatostatin; prothoracicostatin ID JUVENILE-HORMONE BIOSYNTHESIS; BLOWFLY CALLIPHORA-VOMITORIA; GRYLLUS-BIMACULATUS ENSIFERA; DIPLOPTERA-PUNCTATA; COCKROACH ALLATOSTATINS; IMMUNOREACTIVE NEURONS; LOCUSTA-MIGRATORIA; TOBACCO HORNWORM; IN-VITRO; LOM-MIP AB Four new myoinhibitory peptides were isolated and identified from the ventral nerve cord of adult Manduca sexta. The new peptides are related to two previously identified myoinhibitory peptides also isolated from adult M. sexta, Alas-MIP I and Mas-MIP II. The sequences of the new peptides are APEKWAAFHGSWamide (Mas-MIP III), GWNDMSSAWamide (Mas-MIP IV), GWQDMSSAWamide (Mas-MIP V), and AWSALHGAWamide (Mas-MIP VI). Mas-MIPs III-VI were found to inhibit spontaneous peristalsis of the adult M. sexta anterior hindgut (ileum) in vitro. Published 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 USDA ARS, PSI, IBL, BARC W,Insect Biocontrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NINCDS, Prot Peptide Sequencing Facil, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. USDA ARS, BARC E, Bee Res Lab, PSI, Beltsville, MD USA. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, MSA, Formosan Subterranean Termite Res Unit, New Orleans, LA USA. RP Blackburn, MB (reprint author), USDA ARS, PSI, IBL, BARC W,Insect Biocontrol Lab, Bldg 011A,Rm 214, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 31 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0739-4462 J9 ARCH INSECT BIOCHEM JI Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 48 IS 3 BP 121 EP 128 DI 10.1002/arch.1064 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology GA 487PK UT WOS:000171884300002 PM 11673841 ER PT J AU Lu, F Teal, PEA AF Lu, F Teal, PEA TI Sex pheromone components in oral secretions and crop of male Caribbean fruit files, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew) SO ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE suspensolide; anastrephin; epianastrephin; sex pheromone; Caribbean fruit fly; Anastrepha suspensa; oral secretion; crop ID TEPHRITIDAE; DIPTERA; FLIES; FLY; VOLATILES; EPIANASTREPHIN; ATTRACTION AB Chemical analysis of hexane extracts of the oral secretions from male Caribbean fruit flies, Anastrepha suspensa, resulted in identification of pheromone components including: anastrephin, epianastrephin, suspensolide, beta -bisabolene, and alpha -farnesene in a ratio of 63:396:4:8:1. Extracts of the crop from male flies contained these same components. No pheromone was detected in the extracts of female oral secretions. Bioassay of the oral secretions indicated that females were attracted to oral secretions from males but not from females. The amounts of anastrephin and epianastrephin in male oral secretions changed with age and time of the day, and were correlated with the amounts of volatile pheromone components released by male flies. The amounts of suspensolide, beta -bisabolene, and alpha -farnesene in the crop tissue were greater than those in the crop liquid, while amounts of anastrephin and epianastrephin in the crop tissue and crop liquid changed during the day. Generally, the amounts of suspensolide and beta -bisabolene decreased, and the amounts of anastrephin and epianastrephin increased from 9 am to 6 pm in both crop tissue and crop liquid. The amounts of anastrephin and epianastrephin from crop tissue or crop liquid incubated with suspensolide were significantly higher than those of control. The data show that oral secretions deposited on leaves by males contained terpenoid pheromone components that attract females and that suspensolide was converted to anastrephin and epianastrephin by enzymatic degradation in the crop of male flies. Published 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 USDA ARS, CMAVE, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Teal, PEA (reprint author), USDA ARS, CMAVE, 1700 SW 23 Dr,POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 22 TC 17 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 23 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0739-4462 J9 ARCH INSECT BIOCHEM JI Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 48 IS 3 BP 144 EP 154 DI 10.1002/arch.1067 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology GA 487PK UT WOS:000171884300005 PM 11673844 ER PT J AU Bostom, AG Kronenberg, F Jacques, PF Kuen, E Ritz, E Konig, P Kraatz, G Lhotta, K Mann, JFE Muller, GA Neyer, U Riegel, W Schwenger, V Riegler, P Selhub, J AF Bostom, AG Kronenberg, F Jacques, PF Kuen, E Ritz, E Konig, P Kraatz, G Lhotta, K Mann, JFE Muller, GA Neyer, U Riegel, W Schwenger, V Riegler, P Selhub, J TI Proteinuria and plasma total homocysteine levels in chronic renal disease patients with a normal range serum creatinine: critical impact of true glomerular filtration rate SO ATHEROSCLEROSIS LA English DT Article DE hyperhomocysteinemia; renal function ID DEPENDENT DIABETIC SUBJECTS; CYSTATIN C; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; RISK; HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA; LIPOPROTEIN(A); DETERMINANTS; METABOLISM; MORTALITY; EXCRETION AB Conflicting data have been reported concerning the independent association between proteinuria and plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) levels, particularly among chronic renal disease (CRD) patients with a normal range serum creatinine. Studies of this potential relationship have been limited by failure to assess true GFR, failure to assess proteinuria in a quantitative manner, or arbitrary restriction of the range of proteinuria examined. We examined the potential independent relationship between plasma tHcy levels and a wide range of quantitatively determined proteinuria (i.e., 0.000-8.340 g/day), among 109 CRD patients with a normal range serum creatinine (range; 0.8-1.5 mg/dl; median = 1.2 mg/dl). Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was directly assessed by iohexol clearance, and plasma status of folate, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, and B12, along with serum albumin, were also determined. Linear modeling with ANCOVA revealed that proteinuria was not independently associated with tHcy levels (partial R=0.127; P=0.201), after adjustment for potential confounding by GFR (partial R=0.408; P <0.001), age, sex, plasma B-vitamin status, and serum albumin. Moreover, descending across quartiles (Q) [from Q4 to Q1] of GFR, ANCOVA-adjusted (i.e., for age, sex, and folate status) geometric mean tHcy levels (mu ml/l) were significantly increased: tHcy Q4 GFR = 9.6; tHcy Q3 GFR = 10.5; tHcy Q2 GFR = 11.9; tHcy Q4 GFR = 14.5; P < 0.001 for overall Q difference. We conclude that across a broad spectrum of quantitatively determined proteinuria, after adjustment for true GFR, in particular, there is no independent relationship between proteinuria and tHcy levels among CRD patients with a normal range serum creatinine. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Mem Hosp, Div Gen Internal Med, Pawtucket, RI 02860 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Vitamin Bioavilabil Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ Innsbruck, Inst Med Biol & Human Genet, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. Ruprecht Karls Univ Heidelberg, Div Nephrol, Dept Internal Med, Heidelberg, Germany. Univ Innsbruck Hosp, Dept Clin Nephrol, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. Ernst Moritz Arndt Univ Greifswald, Dept Internal Med, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany. LMU, Stadt Krankenhaus Munchen Schwabing, Munich, Germany. Univ Gottingen, Dept Nephrol & Rheumatol, D-3400 Gottingen, Germany. Feldkirch Hosp, Dept Nephrol, Feldkirch, Austria. Med Univ Kliniken Saarlandes, Homburg, Germany. Bozen Hosp, Div Nephrol & Hemodialysis, Bolzano, Italy. RP Bostom, AG (reprint author), Mem Hosp, Div Gen Internal Med, 111 Brewster St, Pawtucket, RI 02860 USA. EM abostom@loa.com RI Kronenberg, Florian/B-1736-2008 OI Kronenberg, Florian/0000-0003-2229-1120 NR 31 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA ELSEVIER HOUSE, BROOKVALE PLAZA, EAST PARK SHANNON, CO, CLARE, 00000, IRELAND SN 0021-9150 J9 ATHEROSCLEROSIS JI Atherosclerosis PD NOV PY 2001 VL 159 IS 1 BP 219 EP 223 DI 10.1016/S0021-9150(01)00502-0 PG 5 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 496ZW UT WOS:000172429100025 PM 11689224 ER PT J AU Schaefer, EJ Brousseau, ME Diffenderfer, MR Cohn, JS Welty, FK O'Connor, J Dolnikowski, GG Wang, J Hegele, RA Jones, PJ AF Schaefer, EJ Brousseau, ME Diffenderfer, MR Cohn, JS Welty, FK O'Connor, J Dolnikowski, GG Wang, J Hegele, RA Jones, PJ TI Cholesterol and apolipoprotein B metabolism in Tangier disease SO ATHEROSCLEROSIS LA English DT Article DE cholesterol; ApoB metabolism; Tangier disease ID BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER-1; DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN DEFICIENCY; STABLE ISOTOPES; PLASMA; MUTATIONS; KINETICS; ABSORPTION AB Tangier disease (TD), caused by mutations in the gene encoding ATP-binding cassette 1 (ABCA1), is a rare genetic disorder in which homozygotes have a marked deficiency of high density lipoproteins (HDL), as well as concentrations of low density lipoproteins (LDL) that are typically 40% of normal. Although it is well known that the reduced levels of HDL in TD are due to hypercatabolism, the mechanism responsible for the low LDL levels has not been defined. Recently, it has been reported that intestinal cholesterol absorption is altered in ABCA1 deficient mice, suggesting that aberrant cholesterol metabolism may contribute to the LDL reductions in TD. In order to explore this possibility, as well as to define the role that ABCA1 plays in the metabolism of apolipoprotein (apoB)-containing lipoproteins, we determined the kinetics of apoB-100 within lipoproteins, and cholesterol absorption, biosynthesis, and turnover, in a compound heterozygote for TD. The levels of HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and LDL apoB-100 in this subject were 7, 27 and 69% of normal, respectively, the latter of which was due to a two-fold increase in LDL catabolism (0.54 vs. 0.26 +/- 0.07 pools day(-1)) relative to controls (n=11). NMR analysis of plasma lipoproteins revealed that 91% of the LDL cholesterol in the TD subject was contained within small, dense LDL, as compared with only 20% for controls (n=70). Cholesterol absorption was 97% of the value for controls (n=15) in the TD subject, at 45%, with cholesterol synthesis and turnover increased modestly by 17 and 25%, respectively. Our data are consistent with the concept that the reductions of LDL observed in TD are due to enhanced catabolism, secondary to changes in LDL composition and size, with neither cholesterol absorption nor metabolism significantly influenced by mutations in ABCA1. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, New England Med Ctr,Dept Med,Lipid Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Clin Res Inst Montreal, Hyperlipidemia & Atherosclerosis Res Grp, Montreal, PQ H2W 1R7, Canada. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Inst Mass Spectrometry, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ Western Ontario, John P Robarts Res Inst, Blackburn Cardiovasc Genet Lab, Dept Med, London, ON, Canada. McGill Univ, Fac Agr & Environm Sci, Sch Dietet & Human Nutr, Clin Res Inst Montreal, Montreal, PQ H3A 2T5, Canada. RP Schaefer, EJ (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, New England Med Ctr,Dept Med,Lipid Metab Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RI Hegele, Robert/G-3301-2011; OI Jones, Peter/0000-0001-5887-2846 FU NCRR NIH HHS [M01 RR000054]; NHLBI NIH HHS [HL-60935] NR 26 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0021-9150 J9 ATHEROSCLEROSIS JI Atherosclerosis PD NOV PY 2001 VL 159 IS 1 BP 231 EP 236 DI 10.1016/S0021-9150(01)00688-8 PG 6 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 496ZW UT WOS:000172429100027 PM 11689226 ER PT J AU Martinson, T Williams, L English-Loeb, G AF Martinson, T Williams, L English-Loeb, G TI Compatibility of chemical disease and insect management practices used in New York vineyards with biological control by Anagrus spp. (Hymenoptera : Mymaridae), parasitoids of Erythroneura leafhoppers SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE Anagrus; Vitis vinifera; Vitis labruscana; bioassay; insecticide; fungicide; biological control; egg parasitoid; Erythroneura; grape ID GRAPE LEAFHOPPER; CICADELLIDAE; HOMOPTERA AB Toxicity to Anagrus spp. of fungicides and insecticides used in grape production was assessed with laboratory and field bioassays. Field-equivalent rates of fungicides were relatively nontoxic to Anagrus spp. adults in laboratory bioassays. In bioassays with field-weathered residues, sulfur (9600 ppm) caused elevated mortality of adults for 14 to 21 days posttreatment. Residues of microencapsulated methyl parathion (600 and 1200 ppm) increased mortality relative to the control up to 43 days posttreatment. Duration of elevated mortality of adults exposed to carbaryl was dose dependent and ranged from 14 (at 1200 ppm) to > 43 days (at 4800 ppm). Residues of carbaryl and methyl parathion applied over parasitized eggs had little effect on emergence, but may have delayed development. In a field trial, adults trapped in carbaryl-treated plots were significantly reduced starting 3 weeks after treatment. Subsequent lower trap catches may have been related to effects of residues on Anagrus spp. adults or to lower leafhopper egg densities in treated Plots. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 Cornell Cooperat Extens, Penn Yan, NY 14527 USA. USDA ARS, SIMRU, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. Cornell Univ, New York State Agr Expt Stn, Dept Entomol, Geneva, NY 14456 USA. RP Martinson, T (reprint author), Cornell Cooperat Extens, 110 Court St, Penn Yan, NY 14527 USA. NR 11 TC 19 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD NOV PY 2001 VL 22 IS 3 BP 227 EP 234 DI 10.1006/bcon.2001.0975 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 492MP UT WOS:000172172400004 ER PT J AU Wheeler, GS AF Wheeler, GS TI Host plant quality factors that influence the growth and development of Oxyops vitiosa, a biological control agent of Melaleuca quinquenervia SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article ID HERBIVORY; WEEVIL AB The Australian weevil Oxyops vitiosa was released in 1997 in Florida as a biological control agent of Melaleuca quinquenervia. The larvae of this agent are flush-feeders, found only on the growing tips of their host. Knowledge of this restriction to feeding on the growing tips and other nutritional requirements may assist in the establishment and dispersal of this species. Therefore, O. vitiosa survival was assessed when neonates were fed M. quinquenervia leaves from branches that had dormant buds or emerging bud leaves. Additionally, the influence of leaf quality from different sites and within sites was determined by the feeding of neonates emerging bud leaves collected at three sites and from three leaf qualities (poor, intermediate, and high). Within-site leaf qualities were described in the field by leaf color and in the laboratory by percentage dry mass and nitrogen. Larval survival was lowest when fed leaves from branches that had dormant buds. Associated with this low survival were high leaf toughness and percentage dry mass. When larvae were fed emerging bud leaves, most of the variation in larval survival and performance was attributed to differences in within-site plant quality. Generally, the highest-quality leaves had relatively low percentage dry mass and high percentage nitrogen. Larval survival generally decreased when fed the poor-quality leaves, and in one site, the intermediate-quality leaves. Larvae required less time to develop to adults when fed the high-quality leaves. Development time increased in females but not in males when the larvae were fed the poor-quality leaves. Adult biomass of both females and males generally increased when the larvae were fed the high-quality leaves from two of the three sites. The results indicate that the larvae of O. vitiosa are restricted to feeding on flush foliage with low toughness. Additionally, variations in foliar percentage dry mass and nitrogen influence larval survival and performance. This knowledge benefited the development of mass-production nursery sites and the selection of suitable release sites, which facilitated the establishment of this biological control agent. C1 USDA ARS, Invas Plant Res Lab, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. RP Wheeler, GS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Invas Plant Res Lab, 3205 Coll Ave, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. NR 21 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD NOV PY 2001 VL 22 IS 3 BP 256 EP 264 DI 10.1006/bcon.2001.0980 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 492MP UT WOS:000172172400007 ER PT J AU Moraes, MP Mayr, GA Grubman, MJ AF Moraes, MP Mayr, GA Grubman, MJ TI pAd5-Blue: Direct ligation system for engineering recombinant adenovirus constructs SO BIOTECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI; VECTORS; GENERATION; EXPRESSION; TYPE-5; VIRUS AB We have engineered a new vector that makes use of direct ligation for the generation of replication-defective recombinant adenovirus constructs. In the pAd5-Blue vector, unique yet common restriction endonuclease sites exist, that allow cloning in a directional manner of a gene of interest under control of a cytomegalovirus promoter, upstream of a simian virus 40 polyadenylation signal. The insertion of the new gene replaces the (beta -galactosidase alpha gene fragment in the pAd5-Blue vector, allowing the identification of recombinants in bacterial culture by the selection of white colonies. Plasmid DNA from white colonies is digested with PacI and transfected into 293 cells, resulting in the generation of a homogenous population of adenovirus containing the gene of interest. The pAd5-Blue vector system does not rely on recombination either in mammalian or bacterial cells. Furthermore, because of compatible overhangs, the variety, of restriction endonucleases that can be used to generate the inserted gene gives flexibility to the process for greater ease of use. The system is quick and straightforward, allowing the generation of recombinant adenoviruses within three weeks of obtaining an appropriate insert. This new vector should greatly enhance the ease and speed with which new recombinant adenovirus constructs can be made. C1 USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, NAA, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. RP Grubman, MJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, NAA, POB 848, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. NR 18 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU EATON PUBLISHING CO PI NATICK PA 154 E. CENTRAL ST, NATICK, MA 01760 USA SN 0736-6205 J9 BIOTECHNIQUES JI Biotechniques PD NOV PY 2001 VL 31 IS 5 BP 1050 EP + PG 5 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 492ER UT WOS:000172155900012 PM 11730012 ER PT J AU Duca, KA Lam, V Keren, I Endler, EE Letchworth, GJ Novella, IS Yin, J AF Duca, KA Lam, V Keren, I Endler, EE Letchworth, GJ Novella, IS Yin, J TI Quantifying viral propagation in vitro: Toward a method for characterization of complex phenotypes SO BIOTECHNOLOGY PROGRESS LA English DT Article ID VESICULAR STOMATITIS-VIRUS; MICROARRAYS; INFLUENZA; PARTICLES; TRYPSIN; LINE AB For a eukaryotic virus to successfully infect and propagate in cultured cells several events must occur: the virion must identify and bind to its cellular receptor, become internalized, uncoat, synthesize viral proteins, replicate its genome, assemble progeny virions, and exit the host cell. While these events are taking place, intrinsic host defenses activate in order to defeat the virus, e.g., activation of the interferon system, induction of apoptosis, and attempted elicitation of immune responses via chemokine and cytokine production. As a first step in developing an imaging methodology to facilitate direct observation of such complex host/virus dynamics, we have designed an immunofluorescence-based system that extends the traditional plaque assay, permitting simultaneous quantification of the rate of viral spread, as indicated by the presence of a labeled viral protein, and cell death in vitro, as indicated by cell loss. We propose that our propagation and cell death profiles serve as phenotypic readouts, complementing genetic analysis of viral strains. As our virus/host system we used vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) propagating in hamster kidney epithelial (BHK-21) and murine astrocytoma (DBT) cell lines. Viral propagation and death profiles were strikingly different in these two cell lines, displaying both very different initial titer and cell age effects. The-rate of viral spread and cell death tracked reliably in both cell lines. In BHK-21 cells, the rate of viral propagation, as well as maximal spread, was relatively insensitive to initial titer and was roughly linear over several days. In contrast, viral plaque expansion in DBT cells was contained early in the infections with high titers, while low titer infections spread in a manner similar to the BHK-21 cells. The effect of cell age on infection spread was negligible in BHK-21 cells but not in DBTs. Neither of these effects was clearly observed by plaque assay. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Chem Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Med Coll Ohio, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Toledo, OH 43699 USA. ARS, USDA, ABADRL, Laramie, WY USA. RP Yin, J (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Chem Engn, 1415 Johnson Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. FU NIGMS NIH HHS [5T32 GM08349] NR 23 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 8756-7938 J9 BIOTECHNOL PROGR JI Biotechnol. Prog. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 17 IS 6 BP 1156 EP 1165 DI 10.1021/bp010115m PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 502TL UT WOS:000172758800025 PM 11735454 ER PT J AU Daigle, DJ Johnson, RM Sands, D Connick, WJ AF Daigle, DJ Johnson, RM Sands, D Connick, WJ TI Surface charge properties and soil mobilities of mycoherbicidal spores SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COLLETOTRICHUM-TRUNCATUM; IMPROVEMENT C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. Montana State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. RP Daigle, DJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 67 IS 5 BP 617 EP 624 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 482NF UT WOS:000171581700001 PM 11911629 ER PT J AU Baldocchi, D Falge, E Gu, LH Olson, R Hollinger, D Running, S Anthoni, P Bernhofer, C Davis, K Evans, R Fuentes, J Goldstein, A Katul, G Law, B Lee, XH Malhi, Y Meyers, T Munger, W Oechel, W U, KTP Pilegaard, K Schmid, HP Valentini, R Verma, S Vesala, T Wilson, K Wofsy, S AF Baldocchi, D Falge, E Gu, LH Olson, R Hollinger, D Running, S Anthoni, P Bernhofer, C Davis, K Evans, R Fuentes, J Goldstein, A Katul, G Law, B Lee, XH Malhi, Y Meyers, T Munger, W Oechel, W U, KTP Pilegaard, K Schmid, HP Valentini, R Verma, S Vesala, T Wilson, K Wofsy, S TI FLUXNET: A new tool to study the temporal and spatial variability of ecosystem-scale carbon dioxide, water vapor, and energy flux densities SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Review ID TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FOREST; FREQUENCY-RESPONSE CORRECTIONS; LONG-TERM MEASUREMENTS; SURFACE-AIR EXCHANGE; SENSIBLE HEAT FLUXES; BOREAL ASPEN FOREST; LEAF-AREA INDEX; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS; TALL VEGETATION AB FLUXNET is a global network of micrometeorological flux measurement site's that measure the exchanges of carbon dioxide, water vapor, and energy between the biosphere and atmosphere. At present over 140 sites are operating on a long-term and continuous basis. Vegetation under study includes temperate conifer and broadleaved (deciduous and evergreen) forests, tropical and boreal forests, crops, grasslands, chaparral, wetlands, and tundra. Sites exist on five continents and their latitudinal distribution ranges from 70 degreesN to 30 degreesS. FLUXNET has several primary functions. First, it provides infrastructure for compiling, archiving, and distributing carbon, water, and energy flux measurement, and meteorological, plant, and soil data to the science community. (Data and site information are available online at the FLUXNET Web site, http://www-eosdis.oml.gov/FLUXNTET/.) Second, the project supports calibration and flux intercomparison activities. This activity ensures that data from the regional networks are intercomparable. And third, FLUXNET supports the synthesis, discussion, and communication of ideas and data by supporting project scientists, workshops, and visiting scientists. The overarching goal is to provide information for validating computations of net primary productivity, evaporation, and energy absorption that are being generated by sensors mounted on the NASA Terra satellite. Data being compiled by FLUXNET are being used to quantify and compare magnitudes and dynamics of annual ecosystem carbon and water balances, to quantify the response of stand-scale carbon dioxide and water vapor flux densities to controlling biotic and abiotic factors, and to validate a hierarchy of soil-plant-atmosphere trace gas exchange models. Findings so far include 1) net CO2 exchange of temperate broadleaved forests increases by about 5.7 a C m(-2) day(-1) for each additional day that the growing season is extended; 2) the sensitivity of net ecosystem CO2 exchange to sunlight doubles if the sky is cloudy rather than clear; 3) the spectrum of CO2 flux density exhibits peaks at timescales of days, weeks, and years, and a spectral gap exists at the month timescale. 4) the optimal temperature of net CO2 exchange varies with mean summer temperature; and 5) stand age affects carbon dioxide and water vapor flux densities. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Ecosyst Sci Div, ESPM, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Durham, NH USA. Univ Montana, Sch Forestry, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Tech Univ Dresden, IHM Meteorol, Tharandt, Germany. Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. Duke Univ, Sch Environm, Durham, NC USA. Yale Univ, Sch Forestry, New Haven, CT USA. Univ Edinburgh, Inst Ecol & Resource Management, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland. NOAA, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Oak Ridge, TN USA. Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. San Diego State Univ, Dept Biol, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Risoe Natl Lab, Plant Biol & Biogeochem Dept, Roskilde, Denmark. Indiana Univ, Dept Geog, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. Univ Tuscia, DISAFRI, Viterbo, Italy. Univ Nebraska, Sch Nat Resource Sci, Lincoln, NE USA. Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, Helsinki, Finland. RP Baldocchi, D (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Ecosyst Sci Div, ESPM, 151 Hilgard Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Katul, Gabriel/A-7210-2008; Baldocchi, Dennis/A-1625-2009; Oechel, Walter/F-9361-2010; Munger, J/H-4502-2013; Gu, Lianhong/H-8241-2014; Goldstein, Allen/A-6857-2011; Valentini, Riccardo/D-1226-2010; Hollinger, David/G-7185-2012; Schmid, Hans Peter/I-1224-2012; Pilegaard, Kim/I-7137-2013; Meyers, Tilden/C-6633-2016; Vuichard, Nicolas/A-6629-2011; Vesala, Timo/C-3795-2017; OI Katul, Gabriel/0000-0001-9768-3693; Baldocchi, Dennis/0000-0003-3496-4919; Oechel, Walter/0000-0002-3504-026X; Munger, J/0000-0002-1042-8452; Gu, Lianhong/0000-0001-5756-8738; Goldstein, Allen/0000-0003-4014-4896; Valentini, Riccardo/0000-0002-6756-5634; Schmid, Hans Peter/0000-0001-9076-4466; Pilegaard, Kim/0000-0002-5169-5717; Vesala, Timo/0000-0002-4852-7464; Law, Beverly/0000-0002-1605-1203 NR 103 TC 1616 Z9 1762 U1 56 U2 450 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 82 IS 11 BP 2415 EP 2434 DI 10.1175/1520-0477(2001)082<2415:FANTTS>2.3.CO;2 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 488HG UT WOS:000171929700004 ER PT J AU Margiloff, L Harris, SS Lee, S Lechan, R Dawson-Hughes, B AF Margiloff, L Harris, SS Lee, S Lechan, R Dawson-Hughes, B TI Vitamin D status of an outpatient clinic population SO CALCIFIED TISSUE INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE vitamin D; season; supplements; 25-hydroxyvitamin D ID WOMEN; CALCIUM; EXPOSURE; SUNLIGHT; SEASON; BOSTON; SKIN; BONE; MEN AB Vitamin D insufficiency contributes to bone loss and fracture risk. Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D (250HD) levels are common in elderly people and in housebound and hospitalized patients. This study was conducted to assess wintertime 250HD levels in relation to self-reported vitamin D supplement use in an outpatient thyroid clinic population. We assessed the medical history, vitamin D intake from milk and supplements, and serum 250HD levels in 231 women and 41 men, who attended a Thyroid Clinic between January and March, 1999. Of the 272 outpatients, 13.6% had 250HD levels < 40 nmol/l and 53.3% had levels below 80 nmol/l. Fewer than 15% of the patients consumed more than 200 IU per day of vitamin D from milk. Vitamin D supplement use was a positive determinant of serum 250HD concentration (P < 0.001). For example, among the largest homogenous subset of patients, Caucasian women (n = 137), 30% of the unsupplemented women, and 65% of those taking 400 IU/day of vitamin D had levels of 250HD as high as 80 nmol/l. Other significant determinants of 250HD levels were race, weight, milk intake, and recent southern travel. Thyroid disorder, serum TSH level, and age were not predictors of serum 250HD concentration. In conclusion, at their current dietary vitamin D intake levels, most patients at this latitude will need vitamin D supplements in the wintertime. C1 Tufts Univ, Calcium & Bone Metab Lab, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Boston Univ, Med Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ New England Med Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Dawson-Hughes, B (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Calcium & Bone Metab Lab, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 26 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0171-967X J9 CALCIFIED TISSUE INT JI Calcif. Tissue Int. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 69 IS 5 BP 263 EP 267 DI 10.1007/s002230010054 PG 5 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 501JD UT WOS:000172680800002 PM 11768195 ER PT J AU Hansen, EM Bentz, BJ Turner, DL AF Hansen, EM Bentz, BJ Turner, DL TI Physiological basis for flexible voltinism in the spruce beetle (Coleoptera : Scolytidae) SO CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID LIFE-CYCLES; TEMPERATURE; LEPIDOPTERA; DIAPAUSE AB The spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby), has described life cycles of 1-3 years. Although temperature has been shown to be strongly associated with flexible voltinism in the spruce beetle, the physiological basis for this phenomenon is not clear, Two competing hypotheses were tested under laboratory conditions. First, we tested the hypothesis that larval diapause, induced by cool temperatures during or before instar III, initiates prolonged life cycles while larvae not diapausing complete development to adults before the first winter. We compared development times at constant temperature (12 degreesC) and field-simulated thermoperiod treatments against development times in a reference (21 degreesC) treatment for which there is no indication of diapause induction. The constant temperature treatment was not significantly different than the reference treatment, although there were a few outliers. The thermoperiod treatment was significantly longer than the reference treatment, but only by a few days. These results provide little support for the hypothesis of larval diapause induction during or before instar III. Second, we investigated the hypothesis of life-cycle regulation through life stage specific developmental temperature thresholds, particularly, a relatively high threshold for pupation that might prevent development beyond the prepupal life stage under cool conditions. We found little evidence of distinct differences in low-temperature thresholds between life stages. Instar-IV larvae held at less than or equal to 15 degreesC, however, did not pupate for 125-300 days, a developmental arrest that suggests diapause. Based on all present and previous investigations, the induction-sensitive phase appears to be late in the instar-IV or early in the prepupal stages. For semivoltine spruce beetles, this life stage occurs late in the growing season, after most temperature-dependent development has been completed. It is our conclusion that spruce beetle voltinism is primarily under direct temperature control and that prepupal diapause is the default overwintering strategy for individuals not completing development to maturity by fall. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Logan, UT 84321 USA. RP Hansen, EM (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 860 N 1200 E, Logan, UT 84321 USA. NR 31 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 8 PU ENTOMOL SOC CANADA PI OTTAWA PA 393 WINSTON AVE, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K2A 1Y8, CANADA SN 0008-347X J9 CAN ENTOMOL JI Can. Entomol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 133 IS 6 BP 805 EP 817 PG 13 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 507XY UT WOS:000173057600005 ER PT J AU Hansen, EM Bentz, BJ Turner, DL AF Hansen, EM Bentz, BJ Turner, DL TI Temperature-based model for predicting univoltine brood proportions in spruce beetle (Coleoptera : Scolytidae) SO CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article AB The spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby), has possible life cycles of 1 or 2 years. Empirical and experimental evidence suggest that temperature is the primary regulator of these life-history pathways. These different life cycles potentially result in substantial differences in population dynamics and subsequent spruce mortality. A multiyear field study was conducted in Utah, Colorado, and Alaska, to monitor spruce beetle development under a variety of field conditions with concurrent air temperature measurements. This information was used to model the tree- or stand-level proportion Of univoltine beetles as a function of air temperature. Temperatures were summarized as averages, cumulative time, and accumulated heat units above Specified thresholds over various seasonal intervals. Sampled proportions of univoltine insects were regressed against the summarized temperature values in logistic models. The best predictive variable, as evaluated by Akaike's Information Criterion, was found to be cumulative hours above a threshold of 17 degreesC elapsed from 40 to 90 days following peak adult funnel-trap captures. Because the model can be used to forecast trends in spruce beetle populations and associated spruce mortality, it is a tool for forest planning. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Logan, UT 84321 USA. RP Hansen, EM (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 860 N 1200 E, Logan, UT 84321 USA. EM matthansen@fs.fed.us NR 21 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 7 PU ENTOMOL SOC CANADA PI OTTAWA PA 393 WINSTON AVE, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K2A 1Y8, CANADA SN 0008-347X J9 CAN ENTOMOL JI Can. Entomol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 133 IS 6 BP 827 EP 841 PG 15 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 507XY UT WOS:000173057600007 ER PT J AU Fielding, DJ Brusven, MA Shafii, B Price, WJ AF Fielding, DJ Brusven, MA Shafii, B Price, WJ TI Spatial heterogeneity of low-density populations of Melanoplus sanguinipes (Orthoptera : Acrididae) associated with grazing and vegetation treatments SO CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID RANGELAND GRASSHOPPER ORTHOPTERA; SOUTHERN IDAHO RANGELAND; MIXED-GRASS PRAIRIE; ECOLOGICAL DISTURBANCE; COMMUNITY COMPOSITION; GREAT-PLAINS; VARIABILITY; COEXISTENCE; PERSISTENCE; STRATEGIES AB The objectives of this study were to determine whether the spatial distribution of Melanoplus sanguinipes F., the most abundant species of grasshopper on rangeland in southern Idaho, varied annually in response to changing patterns of grazing and to investigate how vegetation affects the spatial distribution of low-density populations of M. sanguinipes at scales relevant to most rangeland-management activities. A lattice of 72 sites was established across nine pastures, covering approximately 5000 ha. At each site, densities of M. sanguinipes, percent canopy coverage by plant species, and percent forage utilization by livestock were estimated twice per year, in June when M. sanguinipes, was in the nymphal stage and in August during the adult stage, for 4 years, 1991-1994. Spatial analyses of variance were used to evaluate the influence of grazing and vegetation type on densities of M. sanguinipes. In August of each year, densities of M. sanguinipes were lower on heavily grazed sites than on lightly grazed sites, except in 1993, when the opposite trend was observed. Above-normal precipitation in 1993 resulted in abundant growth of annual forbs and regrowth of grazed plants. The distribution of nymphs in June of 1993 and 1994 reflected the grazing patterns of the previous summer. Densities of Al. sanguinipes were lower on crested wheatgrass habitats than on annual grasslands for every sampling period from June 1991 to June 1993, after which no differences were observed. We interpret the results to suggest that grazing effects on low-density populations of M. sanguinipes were contingent on weather conditions; under dry conditions, grazed habitats were less favorable to M. sanguinipes but, during relatively cool wet summers, grazing created conditions that were more favorable to M. sanguinipes. C1 Univ Alaska, USDA ARS, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Idaho, Coll Agr, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. RP Fielding, DJ (reprint author), Univ Alaska, USDA ARS, POB 757200, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. EM ffdjf1@uaf.edu NR 57 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 6 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA SN 0008-347X EI 1918-3240 J9 CAN ENTOMOL JI Can. Entomol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 133 IS 6 BP 843 EP 855 PG 13 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 507XY UT WOS:000173057600008 ER PT J AU Lait, CG Bates, SL Morrissette, KK Borden, JH Kermode, AR AF Lait, CG Bates, SL Morrissette, KK Borden, JH Kermode, AR TI Biochemical assays for identifying seeds of lodgepole pine and other conifers fed on by Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann (Hemiptera : Coreidae) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE LA English DT Article DE Leptoglossus occidentalis; saliva; biochemical markers; polyclonal antibody; immunodetection; Pinus contorta ID DOUGLAS-FIR; PSEUDOTSUGA-MENZIESII; PROTEINS; IMPACT AB Radiography is a valuable tool for assessing quality of conifer seeds, but it cannot differentiate between aborted seeds and seeds that have been emptied by western conifer seed bug (Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann) feeding. We tested three biochemical marker-based assays that were developed to identify L. occidentalis damage to seeds of Douglas-fir, Pseudostuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, for their use in lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelmann. The three assays included measurement of storage protein reserve depletion, immunodetection of fragments of insoluble (crystalloid) storage proteins, and immunodetection of L. occidentalis salivary proteins. Aborted seeds contained significantly less soluble and insoluble protein than seeds that were fed on by L. occidentalis. Polyclonal antibodies raised against 11S globulin crystalloid proteins or L. occidentalis salivary gland extracts only immunoreacted with proteins in seeds exposed to L. occidentalis feeding. In a single-blind test, antibody raised against salivary-gland extracts correctly distinguished between undamaged full seeds, unfilled aborted seeds, and seeds fed on by L. occidentalis. Immunodetection of L. occidentalis salivary proteins was also performed on seeds of Abies amabilis Dougl. ex J. Forbes, Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg., Picea sitchensis Bong (Carr.), Pinus ponderosa Lawson, and Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don. For all species, immunoreactive polypeptides were only detected in seeds fed on by L. occidentalis. These biochemical marker-based techniques could help researchers and seed orchard managers estimate seed losses caused by L. occidentalis in commercial seed orchards and natural forest stands. C1 Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. RP Lait, CG (reprint author), ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, Chem Unit, 1700 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. NR 20 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 6 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4026 J9 CAN J BOT JI Can. J. Bot.-Rev. Can. Bot. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 79 IS 11 BP 1349 EP 1357 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 494DB UT WOS:000172265000012 ER PT J AU Auckland, LD Johnston, JS Price, HJ Bridgwater, FE AF Auckland, LD Johnston, JS Price, HJ Bridgwater, FE TI Stability of nuclear DNA content among divergent and isolated populations of Fraser fir SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE LA English DT Article DE conifers; gymnosperm; C-values; nuclear genome; Abies fraseri ID HIGHER-PLANTS; ABIES AB Fraser fir (Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.) is an endemic species consisting of six major disjunct populations in the Appalachian Mountains, U.S.A. Nuclear DNA content was measured with laser flow cytometry to determine if genome size differences could be detected among the disjunct populations of Fraser fir and its close relatives, balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) and Canaan fir (A. balsamea var. phanerolepsis Fern.). The mean DNA content for Fraser fir was 17.2 pg/C, which was similar to the two related fir species. There were no significant differences among disjunct Fraser-fir populations. Mean DNA content differences for fir species in the southern Appalachian Mountains were similar even with speciation events (7000 B.P.) and subsequent population isolation. In the absence of polyploidy or large chromosomal rearrangements, genome size changes in conifers occur on a broad evolutionary time scale. C1 Texas A&M Univ, USDA, Forest Serv, Forest Sci Lab, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Forest Sci, TAMU 2135, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Entomol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Bridgwater, FE (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, USDA, Forest Serv, Forest Sci Lab, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 23 TC 7 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4026 J9 CAN J BOT JI Can. J. Bot.-Rev. Can. Bot. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 79 IS 11 BP 1375 EP 1378 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 494DB UT WOS:000172265000014 ER PT J AU Woo, KS Fins, L McDonald, GI Wiese, MV AF Woo, KS Fins, L McDonald, GI Wiese, MV TI Differences in needle morphology between blister rust resistant and susceptible western white pine stocks SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID CRONARTIUM-RIBICOLA; EPICUTICULAR WAXES; CUTICLE STRUCTURE; WATER RELATIONS; CONTACT ANGLES; AIR-POLLUTANTS; STROBUS; CHEMISTRY; SURFACE; WHEAT AB Needle traits were evaluated on three groups of western white pine (Pinus monticola Dougl.) seedlings: four open-pollinated families that ranked high for the "reduced needle lesion frequency" type of resistance to blister rust; four blister rust susceptible families; and two bulk lots from a seed orchard selected for blister rust resistance. No statistically significant differences were found for most traits in pairwise comparisons among the three groups. However, needles of susceptible families had significantly wider and larger stomata (greater area) than did those of resistant families and seed orchard lots; their stomata were also rounder (smaller ratio of stomatal length to width) than those of the seed orchard lots. Needles of the resistant stocks were significantly shorter than those from seed orchard bulks. Contact angles of water droplets on adaxial needle surfaces were also significantly larger on resistant families compared with the other genetic stocks. Results suggest the possibility of some threshold stomatal size and (or) critical stomatal shape related to infection by the blister rust fungus, Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fisch. ex Rabenh., and possible differences among the groups in wax chemistry and (or) surface textures, both of which may alter behavior of blister rust germ tubes and (or) be altered by blister rust infection. C1 Univ Idaho, Dept Forest Resources, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. Univ Idaho, Dept Plant Soil & Entomol Sci, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. RP Fins, L (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Dept Forest Resources, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. EM lfins@uidaho.edu NR 41 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 31 IS 11 BP 1880 EP 1886 DI 10.1139/cjfr-31-11-1880 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 489VB UT WOS:000172012200003 ER PT J AU Davidson, CB Johnson, JE Gottschalk, KW Amateis, RL AF Davidson, CB Johnson, JE Gottschalk, KW Amateis, RL TI Prediction of stand susceptibility and gypsy moth defoliation in Coastal Plain mixed pine-hardwoods SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID FORESTS; LYMANTRIIDAE; LEPIDOPTERA AB The European gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) is an introduced defoliator that has become endemic in forests of the northeastern United States. During the last five decades, populations have continued to advance into the southeastern United States. Defoliation outbreaks continue to occur along the leading edge of the infestation, and the potential for extensive defoliation within southern forests remains. A field study was implemented in 1991 to determine the relationship between species composition and gypsy moth defoliation in Coastal Plain mixed pine-hardwood stands and to formulate a defoliation prediction model. Stands in both pine-oak and pine-sweetgum cover types were extensively defoliated during a single defoliation outbreak. Mean stand defoliation in the pine-oak type peaked at 42.6% in 1994, while mean defoliation in the pine-sweetgum type peaked at 32.8% in 1995. Defoliation intensity was significantly related to stand composition, with oaks and sweetgum being defoliated at the greatest intensities. Overall, pines were not heavily defoliated in either cover type. However, moderate to heavy defoliation of a small number of overstory pines was observed in some pine-oak stands and appeared to be due to a threshold level of oak defoliation (> 80%). A nonlinear model for the prediction of mean total stand defoliation is also presented. Defoliation is predicted as a function of the number of gypsy moth egg masses, the number of years since the beginning of the outbreak, susceptible species basal area, pine basal area, and total stand basal area. C1 Int Paper, Savannah, GA 31402 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Forestry 0324, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Davidson, CB (reprint author), Int Paper, POB 1391, Savannah, GA 31402 USA. EM chris.davidson@ipaper.com NR 22 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 9 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 31 IS 11 BP 1914 EP 1921 DI 10.1139/cjfr-31-11-1914 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 489VB UT WOS:000172012200007 ER PT J AU Hubbert, KR Beyers, JL Graham, RC AF Hubbert, KR Beyers, JL Graham, RC TI Roles of weathered bedrock and soil in seasonal water relations of Pinus Jeffreyi and Arctostaphylos patula SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID ROCK; DEPLETION; PRESSURE; ANATOMY; CLIMATE; BALANCE; FOREST; PLANTS; ROOTS AB In the southern Sierra Nevada, California, relatively thin soils overlie granitic bedrock that is weathered to depths of several metres. The weathered granitic bedrock is porous and has a plant-available water capacity of 0.124 m(3).m(-3), compared with 0.196 m(3).m(-3) for the overlying soil. Roots confined within bedrock joint fractures access this rock-held water, especially during late summer when overlying soils are dry. We sought to determine seasonal soil and bedrock water changes in a Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi Grev & Balf.) plantation and to examine concurrent effects on the water relations of Jeffrey pine and greenleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos patula Greene). In 1996, plant-available water in the 75 cm thick soil was depleted by late June, with soil water potential (psi (soil)) < -2.2 MPa, but below 75 cm, bedrock water potential (psi (bedrock)) was still > -2.2 MPa. Thus, the bedrock, not the soil, supplied water to plants for the remainder of the dry season. Higher values of, and smaller fluctuations in, seasonal predawn pressure potential (psi (predawn)) for Jeffrey pine indicated that it is deeply rooted, whereas active roots of greenleaf manzanita were interpreted to be mostly within the upper 100 cm. The extra rooting volume supplied by weathered bedrock is especially important to pine relative to manzanita. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Environm Sci, Soil & Water Sci Program, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. RP Hubbert, KR (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, 4955 Canyon Crest Dr, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. EM khubbert@fs.fed.us NR 47 TC 46 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 8 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 31 IS 11 BP 1947 EP 1957 DI 10.1139/cjfr-31-11-1947 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 489VB UT WOS:000172012200011 ER PT J AU Spring, DA Bevers, M Kennedy, JOS Harley, D AF Spring, DA Bevers, M Kennedy, JOS Harley, D TI Economics of a nest-box program for the conservation of an endangered species: a reappraisal SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID GYMNOBELIDEUS-LEADBEATERI MCCOY; POSSUM; AUSTRALIA; FORESTS; POPULATIONS; MANAGEMENT; VICTORIA; IMPACTS; TREES AB An optimization model is developed to identify timing and placement strategies for the installation of nest boxes and the harvesting of timber to meet joint timber-wildlife objectives. Optimal management regimes are determined on the basis of their impacts on the local abundance of a threatened species and net present value (NPV) and are identified for a range of NPV levels to identify production possibility frontiers for abundance and NPV. We apply the model to a case study focusing on an area of commercially productive mountain ash (Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell.) forest in the Central Highlands region of Victoria, Australia. The species to be conserved is Leadbeater's possum (Gymnobelideus leadbeateri McCoy), which is locally limited by a scarcity of nesting hollows. The modeling is exploratory but indicates that nest boxes may offer a promising population recovery tool if consideration is taken of their placement and areal extent through time. C1 La Trobe Univ, Sch Business, Bundoora, Vic 3083, Australia. US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. Monash Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia. RP Spring, DA (reprint author), La Trobe Univ, Sch Business, Bundoora, Vic 3083, Australia. NR 28 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 3 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 31 IS 11 BP 1992 EP 2003 DI 10.1139/cjfr-31-11-1992 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 489VB UT WOS:000172012200015 ER PT J AU Hamir, AN Hanlon, CA Niezgoda, M Rupprecht, CE AF Hamir, AN Hanlon, CA Niezgoda, M Rupprecht, CE TI The prevalence of interstitial nephritis and leptospirosis in 283 raccoons (Procyon lotor) from 5 different sites in the United States SO CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL-REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE LA English DT Article ID RECOMBINANT AB A retrospective histopathological study was carried out on tissues of 283 raccoons from 5 different geographical locations for presence of interstitial nephritis and renal leptospirosis. Results of this study indicate that although interstitial nephritis was common in raccoons from all locations, the presence of renal leptospiral spirochetes was not. C1 Univ Penn, New Bolton Ctr, Sch Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol, Kennett Sq, PA 19348 USA. Wistar Inst Anat & Biol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Hamir, AN (reprint author), USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, ARS, 2300 Dayton Ave,POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 10 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 4 U2 5 PU CANADIAN VET MED ASSOC PI OTTAWA PA 339 BOOTH ST ATTN: KIMBERLY ALLEN-MCGILL, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1R 7K1, CANADA SN 0008-5286 J9 CAN VET J JI Can. Vet. J.-Rev. Vet. Can. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 42 IS 11 BP 869 EP 871 PG 3 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 489WW UT WOS:000172016300012 PM 11708206 ER PT J AU Doehlert, DC McMullen, MS AF Doehlert, DC McMullen, MS TI Optimizing conditions for experimental oat dehulling SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article AB The determination of groat percentage in experimental oat breeding lines requires the dehulling of oats. Here, we report the results of our efforts to optimize dehulling conditions so that the most accurate and reliable result can be obtained. Hand dehulling was always reliable and accurate, however, it was the most time-consuming and tedious of the methods studied. Two mechanical methods of oat dehulling, compressed-air dehulling and impact dehulling, also frequently provided reliable results, however, results were strongly influenced by dehulling conditions. Optimal dehulling conditions represented compromises between unfavorable extremes. Correct aspiration strength was critical to accurate groat percentage determination. We have found that a secondary aspiration is highly desirable after compressed-air dehulling to remove hulls remaining with the groats after dehulling. Also, increased mechanical stress on oats as exerted either by the number of passes through the impact dehuller, or by the air pressure in the compressed-air dehuller, resulted in higher dehulling efficiency, but increased groat breakage as well. Dehulling efficiency decreased as moisture increased from 7.5 to 15%, but increased as moisture was further increased to 30%. In contrast, groat breakage with impact dehulling decreased as moisture increased from 7.5 to 30%. A new equation for goat percentage calculation has been introduced where the mass of hulled oats remaining after dehulling is subtracted from the mass of the original oat sample, so that poor dehulling efficiency does not influence the groat percentage. C1 N Dakota State Univ, USDA ARS, Hard Red Spring & Durum Wheat Qual Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Doehlert, DC (reprint author), N Dakota State Univ, USDA ARS, Hard Red Spring & Durum Wheat Qual Lab, Harris Hall, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 13 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 78 IS 6 BP 675 EP 679 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.2001.78.6.675 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 490DW UT WOS:000172036000007 ER PT J AU Pasikatan, MC Haque, E Steele, JL Spillman, CK Milliken, GA AF Pasikatan, MC Haque, E Steele, JL Spillman, CK Milliken, GA TI Evaluation of a near-infrared reflectance spectrometer as a granulation sensor for first-break ground wheat: Studies with six wheat classes SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID MEDIAN PARTICLE-SIZE; SPECTROSCOPY; FLOUR AB In flour milling, a granulation sensor for ground wheat is needed for automatic control of a roller mill's roll gap. A near-infrared (NIR) reflectance spectrometer was evaluated as a potential granulation sensor of first-break ground wheat using offline methods. Sixty wheat samples, ground independently, representing six classes and five roller mill gaps, were each used for calibration and validation sets. Partial least squares regression was used to develop the models with cumulative mass of size fraction as the reference value. Combinations of four data pretreatments (log (1/R), baseline correction, unit area normalization, and derivatives) and three wavelength regions (700-1,500, 800-1,600, and 600-1,700 nm) were evaluated. Unit area normalization combined with baseline correction or second derivative yielded models that predicted well each size fraction of first-break ground wheat. Standard errors of performance of 4.07, 1.75, 1.03, and 1.40 and r(2) of 0.93, 0.90, 0.88, and 0.38 for the >1,041-, >375-, >240-, and >136-mum size ranges, respectively, were obtained for the best model. Results indicate that the granulation sensing technique based on NIR reflectance is ready for online evaluation. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. USDA ARS, N Cent Reg, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Grain Sci, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Stat, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Pasikatan, MC (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. EM choypc@gmprc.ksu.edu NR 38 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AACC INTERNATIONAL PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 EI 1943-3638 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 78 IS 6 BP 730 EP 736 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.2001.78.6.730 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 490DW UT WOS:000172036000015 ER PT J AU McDowell, RW Sharpley, AN AF McDowell, RW Sharpley, AN TI Soil phosphorus fractions in solution: influence of fertiliser and manure, filtration and method of determination SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE phosphate; soil solution; analysis; filtration; manure; fertiliser ID MOLYBDATE REACTIVE PHOSPHORUS; PHOSPHATE; ORTHOPHOSPHATE; INTERFERENCE; GRASSLAND; EXTRACTS; MOBILITY; WATERS; FORMS; PH AB This study investigated the forms of soil P released to solution, accuracy of their determination, and influence of colloids on P sorption/desorption dynamics. A Hagerstown silt loam, amended with dairy and poultry manure or superphosphate at five rates (0, 25, 50, 100, and 200 kg P ha(-1)), was extracted at two soil:solution ratios (1:5 and 1:100) and filtered at three pore sizes (0.8, 0.45, and 0.22 mum). Results showed that relative to the proportion of dissolved organic P (DOP, determined as the difference between total dissolved P [TDP] and P detected by ion chromatography), DRP increased with amendment rate. Relative to Mehlich-3 extractable P, DRP exhibited a power relationship with a much greater potential for soil P release at concentrations in excess of ca. 50 mg Mehlich-3 P kg(-1). Concentrations of DRP, determined by the acid molybdate method, were on average 12.5% greater than P detected by ion chromatography indicating P was solubilised during colorimetric determination. A linear relationship was found between total Al and DRP, which could indicate acid mediated hydrolysis of Al-humic-P substances, although acid mediated desorption of P from colloids cannot be discounted. No difference in solubilised P was found between solutions filtered at 0.22 and 0.45 mum, but was found between 0.8 mum and smaller filter sizes. Organic P extracted from manured soils was more recalcitrant than that extracted from soils amended with superphosphate, the later attributed to its accumulation in more labile pools. The sorption/desorption of P by colloids in solution were greatly affected by the rate of amendment and the soil:solution extraction ratio. More P was sorbed by superphosphate solutions compared to dairy manure amended soil solutions and was attributed to the saturation of colloidal P sorption sites by organic matter. In order to minimise the effects of colloids on P dynamics and the potential for hydrolysis in solution, filtration to at least 0.45 mum is required. However, soils with a lesser aggregate stability may require additional filtration. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Unit, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Sharpley, AN (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Unit, Curtin Rd, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. OI McDowell, Richard/0000-0003-3911-4825 NR 34 TC 45 Z9 54 U1 2 U2 30 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD NOV PY 2001 VL 45 IS 6-7 BP 737 EP 748 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00117-5 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 481EV UT WOS:000171507700005 PM 11695592 ER PT J AU Waters, WR Nonnecke, BJ Rahner, TE Palmer, RV Whipple, DL Horst, AL AF Waters, WR Nonnecke, BJ Rahner, TE Palmer, RV Whipple, DL Horst, AL TI Modulation of Mycobacterium bovis-specific responses of bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 SO CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DELTA-T-CELLS; NITRIC-OXIDE SYNTHASE; VITAMIN-D DEFICIENCY; WHITE-TAILED DEER; TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION; INTERFERON-GAMMA; PROLIFERATIVE RESPONSES; MURINE MACROPHAGES; CYTOKINE SECRETION; GROWTH-INHIBITION AB Historically, administration of vitamin D has been considered beneficial in the treatment of tuberculosis. The interaction of this vitamin {i.e., 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 [1,25(OH)(2)D-3]} with the antitubercular immune response, however, is not clear. In the present study, in vitro recall responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from cattle infected with Mycobacterium bovis were used to study the immune-modulatory effects of 1,25(OH)(2)D-3 on M. bovis-specific responses in vitro. Addition of 1 or 10 nM 1,25(OH)(2)D-3 inhibited M. bovis-specific proliferative responses of PBMC from M. bovis-infected cattle, affecting predominately the CD4(+) cell subset. In addition, 1,25(OH)(2)D-3 inhibited M. bovis-specific gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production yet enhanced M. bovis-specific nitric oxide (NO) production. Lymphocyte apoptosis, measured by flow cytometry using annexin-V staining, was diminished by addition of 1,25(OH)2D3 to PBMC cultures. These findings support the current hypothesis that 1,25(OH)(2)D-3 enhances mycobacterial killing by increasing NO production, a potent antimicrobial mechanism of activated macrophages, and suggest that 1,25(OH)2D3 limits host damage by decreasing M. bovis-induced IFN-gamma production. C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Bacterial Dis Livestock Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. ARS, USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Periparturient Dis Livestock Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Waters, WR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Bacterial Dis Livestock Res Unit, 2300 Dayton Ave,POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 65 TC 26 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 1071-412X J9 CLIN DIAGN LAB IMMUN JI Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 8 IS 6 BP 1204 EP 1212 DI 10.1128/CDLI.8.6.1204-1212.2001 PG 9 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 490EA UT WOS:000172036400029 PM 11687464 ER PT J AU Weathers, WW Hodum, PJ Blakesley, JA AF Weathers, WW Hodum, PJ Blakesley, JA TI Thermal ecology and ecological energetics of California Spotted Owls SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE doubly labeled water; energetics; field metabolic rate; food consumption; Strix occidentalis occidentalis; thermal ecology; thermoregulation ID CENTRAL SIERRA-NEVADA; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; HABITAT SELECTION; PARENTAL EFFORT; BODY SIZE; METABOLISM; BIRDS; TEMPERATURE; LIMITATION AB In this study, we used open-circuit respirometry and the doubly labeled water technique (DLW) to examine the thermal ecology and ecological energetics of California Spotted Owls (Strix occidentalis occidentalis). Our physiological and behavioral observations indicated that Spotted Owls are less heat tolerant than typical birds. At temperatures above the thermoneutral zone (18.2-35.2 degreesC), resting metabolic rate increased 1.48 times faster than predicted allometrically, and behavioral responses to heat stress (increased breathing rate, ptiloerection, gaping, and wing drooping) occurred at relatively modest temperatures, 30-34 degreesC. Our data support the hypothesis that Spotted Owls prefer old-growth and late seral stage forests because they provide favorable microclimates. Our metabolic measurements reveal that Spotted Owls have exceptionally low energy requirements. Their basal metabolic rate, 10.13 +/- 0.46 J g(-1) hr(-1), is only 82% of that predicted allometrically for owls. Field metabolic rate (FMR) of five adults provisioning dependent young averaged 249 +/- 60 kJ day(-1), only 34% of that predicted for comparably sized non-passerine birds. We calculated Spotted Owl prey requirements from our FMR data, laboratory determinations of assimilation efficiency (77%), and the body composition of representative prey types. On average, Spotted Owls feeding young can meet their own energy needs by consuming one northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus) every 1.8 days or one woodrat (Neotoma fuscipes) every 3.7 days. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Anim Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. US Forest Serv, Redwood Sci Lab, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. RP Weathers, WW (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Anim Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 54 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 11 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 2001 VL 103 IS 4 BP 678 EP 690 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2001)103[0678:TEAEEO]2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 491XM UT WOS:000172135400002 ER PT J AU Garnett, N Gipson, C AF Garnett, N Gipson, C TI Suggestions to bring electronic protocol system into compliance SO CONTEMPORARY TOPICS IN LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Letter C1 NIH, Off Lab Anim Welf, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. USDA, APHIS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Garnett, N (reprint author), NIH, Off Lab Anim Welf, Bldg 10, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 1 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE PI MEMPHIS PA 9190 CRESTWYN HILLS DR, MEMPHIS, TN 38125 USA SN 1060-0558 J9 CONTEMP TOP LAB ANIM JI Contemp. Top. Lab. Anim. Sci. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 40 IS 6 BP 8 EP 8 PG 1 WC Veterinary Sciences; Zoology SC Veterinary Sciences; Zoology GA 494XF UT WOS:000172310600003 PM 11757526 ER PT J AU Naranjo, SE Ellsworth, PC AF Naranjo, SE Ellsworth, PC TI Special Issue: Challenges and opportunities for pest management of Bemisia tabaci in the new century SO CROP PROTECTION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Entomol, Maricopa Agr Ctr, Maricopa, AZ 85239 USA. RP Naranjo, SE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, 4135 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 0 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0261-2194 J9 CROP PROT JI Crop Prot. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 20 IS 9 BP 707 EP 707 DI 10.1016/S0261-2194(01)00107-7 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 510TG UT WOS:000173222900001 ER PT J AU Oliveira, MRV Henneberry, TJ Anderson, P AF Oliveira, MRV Henneberry, TJ Anderson, P TI History, current status, and collaborative research projects for Bemisia tabaci SO CROP PROTECTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 21st International Congress of Entomology CY AUG 20-26, 2000 CL IGUASSU FALLS, BRAZIL DE Bemisia argentifolii; Bemisia tabaci; pest; geminivirus; economics; IPM ID WHITEFLY-TRANSMITTED GEMINIVIRUSES; POTATO VIRUS-DISEASE; COAT PROTEIN GENE; YELLOW LEAF CURL; SWEET-POTATO; GENNADIUS HEMIPTERA; B-BIOTYPE; SAMPLING PLANS; ALEYRODIDAE POPULATIONS; ARGENTIFOLII HOMOPTERA AB Bemisia tabaci was described over 100 years ago and has since become one of the most important pests worldwide in subtropical and tropical agriculture as well as in greenhouse production systems. It adapts easily to new host plants and geographical regions and has now been reported from all global continents except Antarctica. In the last decade, international transport of plant material and people have contributed to geographical spread, B. tabaci has been recorded from more than 600 plant species and there may be many additional hosts not yet formally documented. Biotypes have been identified in different areas of the world suggesting that B. tabaci may be a species-complex undergoing evolutionary change. These biotypes may exhibit differences in viruses transmitted and transmission efficiency, rates of development, endosymbionts, host utilization, and physiological host damage. Excessive B. tabaci induced losses worldwide occur in field, vegetable and ornamental crop production. Losses occur from plant diseases caused by B. tabaci transmitted viruses, direct feeding damage, plant physiological disorders, and honeydew contamination and associated fungal growth. The number of B. tabaci-transmitted plant viruses has increased, and total yield losses of important food and industrial crops has occurred. Effective control at present is dependent on insecticides. However, this has been achieved with more selective chemistries, use of action thresholds, and resistance management. Host plant resistance and various cultural methods are also components of developing integrated management systems. National and international collaborative projects have made significant progress towards improved characterization of the whitefly problem, increased research, development of management methods, transfer of technology to the agricultural communities, and information exchange. These projects, as well as intensive education. research and extension activities form the basis for biologically and ecologically based approaches to management. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA, Western Cotton Res Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. EMBRAPA, Recursos Genet & Biotecnol, BR-70849970 Brasilia, DF, Brazil. Ctr Int Agr Trop, Cali AA6713, Colombia. RP Henneberry, TJ (reprint author), USDA, Western Cotton Res Lab, 4135 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 182 TC 309 Z9 415 U1 5 U2 82 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0261-2194 J9 CROP PROT JI Crop Prot. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 20 IS 9 BP 709 EP 723 DI 10.1016/S0261-2194(01)00108-9 PG 15 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 510TG UT WOS:000173222900002 ER PT J AU Faria, M Wraight, SP AF Faria, M Wraight, SP TI Biological control of Bemisia tabaci with fungi SO CROP PROTECTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 21st International Congress of Entomology CY AUG 20-26, 2000 CL IGUASSU FALLS, BRAZIL DE Bemisia tabaci; Bemisia argentifolli; biological control; fungi ID PAECILOMYCES-FUMOSOROSEUS DEUTEROMYCOTINA; PARASITOID ENCARSIA-FORMOSA; BEAUVERIA-BASSIANA; ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGI; TRIALEURODES-VAPORARIORUM; METARHIZIUM-FLAVOVIRIDE; ARGENTIFOLII HOMOPTERA; VEGETATIVE GROWTH; ASCHERSONIA-ALEYRODIS; VERTICILLIUM-LECANII AB Recent advances in production, formulation, and application of insect pathogenic fungi have resulted in improvements in long-standing whitefly mycoinsecticide products based on Verticillium lecanii, and development and registration of several new products based on Paecilomyces fumosoroseus and Beauveria bassiana. These products have the capacity to suppress and. in some instances, provide good control of whiteflies in both greenhouse and field crops. However, numerous factors continue to impede the commercial development of fungi as whitefly biological control agents. These include slow action., poor adulticidal activity. potentially negative interactions with commonly used fungicides, relatively high cost, limited shelf life, and dependence on favorable environmental conditions. Development of methods and strategies for overcoming these limitations has progressed, however, and various practices that enhance mycoinsecticide efficacy have been identified. Principal recommendations include: (1) initiating treatments against the early stages of the pest to prevent population buildup, (2) targeting pest populations developing under moderate environmental conditions (e.g., during spring or fall growing seasons), (3) selecting crops amenable to multiple., highly efficient spray applications, and (4) applying fungi asynchronously with incompatible fungicides. Commercial markets for these products have been slow to develop and remain unstable in the face of strong competition from less costly, highly efficacious chemical insecticides. Nevertheless, continuing problems with chemical insecticide resistance and environmental and food contamination support continued development of fungi as relevant tools in the whitefly biological control arsenal. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 EMBRAPA, Genet Resources & Biotechnol, BR-70770900 Brasilia, DF, Brazil. USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Faria, M (reprint author), EMBRAPA, Genet Resources & Biotechnol, Parque Estacao Biol S-N, BR-70770900 Brasilia, DF, Brazil. RI Moreira, Eder/B-2309-2010; Faria, Marcos/E-1446-2012 OI Faria, Marcos/0000-0001-9420-0916 NR 98 TC 139 Z9 213 U1 2 U2 27 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0261-2194 J9 CROP PROT JI Crop Prot. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 20 IS 9 BP 767 EP 778 DI 10.1016/S0261-2194(01)00110-7 PG 12 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 510TG UT WOS:000173222900005 ER PT J AU Naranjo, SE AF Naranjo, SE TI Conservation and evaluation of natural enemies in IPM systems for Bemisia tabaci SO CROP PROTECTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 21st International Congress of Entomology CY AUG 20-26, 2000 CL IGUASSU FALLS, BRAZIL SP Int Union Forest Res Org DE Bemisia tabaci; B. argentifolii; conservation biological control; arthropod predators; parasitoids; selective insecticides; habitat manipulation; parasitism; life table analysis ID PARASITOID ENCARSIA-FORMOSA; AUGMENTATIVE BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; PREDATOR DELPHASTUS-PUSILLUS; NR-CALIFORNICUS HYMENOPTERA; INSECT GROWTH-REGULATORS; FIELD-WEATHERED RESIDUES; ISRAELI COTTON FIELDS; LIFE TABLE ANALYSIS; ARGENTIFOLII HOMOPTERA; WHITEFLY HOMOPTERA AB Conservation biological control emphasizes the preservation and enhancement of natural enemies and is the cornerstone of all approaches to biological control. This review critically examines recent and current research efforts in conservation biological control by predators and parasitoids of Bemisia tabaci worldwide. A large number of natural enemy species have been identified from many agricultural systems. Further research has demonstrated that these natural enemies may act along with other mortality agents to inflict high levels of mortality on populations of B. tabaci. Less effort has been placed on determining the factors constraining or potentially enhancing biological control. The widespread use of broad-spectrum insecticides in many crops has severely hampered the contribution of predators and parasitoids to pest suppression. However, the arsenal of selective insecticides has grown in the past decade and their increased usage may permit the true integration of biological control into IPM systems. The effects of species interactions (e.g., intraguild predation) and host-plant attributes an disruption of biological control are poorly understood in most systems. Research in the area of habitat manipulation and enhancement is minimal. Very little research has addressed the evaluation of natural enemy effects on B. tabaci population dynamics in any system. As a result our ability to predict and exploit these effects for pest suppression are limited. Problems in estimating and interpreting parasitism are highlighted. Recent life table studies of B. tabaci in Arizona cotton are summarized to demonstrate how integration of natural enemies with use of selective insecticides resulted in the development of an efficient pest management system. Avenues for future research are discussed that may enhance the use of conservation biological control as a key tactic in IPM of B. tabaci. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Naranjo, SE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, 4135 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. EM snaranjo@wcrl.ars.usda.gov NR 127 TC 97 Z9 116 U1 2 U2 24 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0261-2194 J9 CROP PROT JI Crop Prot. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 20 IS 9 BP 835 EP 852 DI 10.1016/S0261-2194(01)00115-6 PG 18 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 510TG UT WOS:000173222900010 ER PT J AU Emmons, CL Peterson, DM AF Emmons, CL Peterson, DM TI Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of oat as affected by cultivar and location SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID F SP AVENAE; CROWN RUST; AVENANTHRAMIDES; GROATS; HULLS; IDENTIFICATION; REGISTRATION; ACID AB Phenolic compounds in oat (Avena sativa L.) may have health-promoting effects on humans due to their antioxidant or other properties. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of cultivar and location on phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of alcohol-soluble extracts from oat groats. Antioxidant activities (AOA) and concentrations of eight phenolic compounds having AOA were measured in three cultivars grown at seven locations in Wisconsin during 1998. There were significant differences among cultivars for AOA, concentrations of all of the phenolic compounds measured except p-coumaric and ferulic acids, and for total free phenolic contents (FPC). Location significantly affected the concentrations of five of the phenolics and total FPC, but did not affect AOA. There were significant cultivar X location interactions for the concentrations of avenanthramides and for total FPC. The unexpectedly high concentrations of avenanthramides from the Sturgeon Bay location were confirmed by analysis of groats from 1999 and 2000. It should be possible to improve the AOA and phenolic concentrations of oat as quantitative traits in a cultivar development program, but significant location effects may attenuate rapid progress. C1 USDA ARS, Cereal Crops Res Unit, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Alfred Univ, Div Biol, Alfred, NY 14802 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Agron, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Peterson, DM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Cereal Crops Res Unit, 501 Walnut St, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 31 TC 65 Z9 75 U1 0 U2 16 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 41 IS 6 BP 1676 EP 1681 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 563CM UT WOS:000176237000002 ER PT J AU Helland, SJ Holland, JB AF Helland, SJ Holland, JB TI Blend response and stability and cultivar blending ability in oat SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MIXTURES; AGRICULTURE; MANAGEMENT; YIELDS AB Genetic diversity in cropping systems can provide buffering against varying environmental conditions. Therefore, cultivar blends may have greater and more stable yields than their pure-line components. Optimization of cultivar blend development requires knowledge, of the relative importance of pure-line yield potential, blend response, and cultivar interactions to blend yield. Grain yield and volume weight of oat (Avena sativa L.) pure-line cultivars and cultivar blends were measured in eight Iowa environments in order to compare their productivity and stability and to estimate genetic components of blend yields. In one experiment, five early-maturing cultivars were grown as pure lines and as all possible two- and three-way cultivar blends. In a second experiment, ten midseason-maturing cultivars were grown as pure lines and as all possible two-way blends. Grain yield was 31% greater (P < 0.05) and volume weight was 1% greater (P < 0.05) in blends than in pure lines in the early-maturity experiment; however, pure line and blends did not differ in the midseason-maturity experiment. Blends had more stable (P < 0.05) yields than pure lines in the early-maturity experiment only. Modified diallel analysis was used to partition the variation among two-way blends into general yielding ability (GYA) and true general competitive ability (TGCA) of each component genotype, and specific competing ability (SCA) interaction between blend components. General yielding ability variation was significant, whereas variation for neither TGCA nor SCA was significant. Oat genotype responses to blending were sufficiently consistent across blending partners that superior blends can: be selected based on pure-line evaluations of early-maturing cultivars. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Helland, SJ (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. OI Holland, James/0000-0002-4341-9675 NR 23 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 5 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 41 IS 6 BP 1689 EP 1696 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 563CM UT WOS:000176237000004 ER PT J AU Anderson, JV Morris, CF AF Anderson, JV Morris, CF TI An improved whole-seed assay for screening wheat germplasm for polyphenol oxidase activity SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CANTONESE NOODLE COLOR; DURUM-WHEAT; TYROSINASE ACTIVITY; CULTIVARS; COMMON; FLOURS AB Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) causes darkening and discoloration of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) foods such as noodles. Consequently, a simple, nondestructive, quantitative assay for determining PPO on one to a few wheat seeds could identify superior germplasm and eliminate inferior breeding lines, thus greatly assisting the development of wheat cultivars with superior noodle color. We sought to (i) examine current PPO whole-seed assays and develop an improved assay that would facilitate rapid, efficient evaluation of wheat breeding lines and cultivars, be amenable to single seeds, and not adversely affect seed viability; (ii) use the assay to evaluate a large collection of wheat germplasm with the aim of identifying lines with very low PPO levels for crossing; and (iii) gain additional information on4he location of PPO gene(s). Phenol, L-tyrosine, catechol, methyl catechol, 3,4 dihydroxyphenyalanine (L-DOPA), and caffeic acid were evaluated as potential substrates. Kinetic studies indicated that L-DOPA and catechol at pH 6.5 produced the greatest enzyme activity. L-DOPA did not reduce seed viability, whereas catechol is reportedly toxic to seeds. A standard assay [1.5 mL of 10 mM L-DOPA in 50 mM 3-(N-morpholino) propane sulfonic acid (MOPS) buffer, pH 6.5, with 3 to 5 seeds constantly rotated in a 2-mL microcentrifuge tube for 0.5 or 1 h at room temperature] was used to screen 1953 germplasm accessions grown in a common environment. Lines with low levels of PPO (i.e., 10% of the population) were identified; 24 of 66 lines displayed low PPO when evaluated under a second environment. Lastly, chromosome 2D was identified as a location of PPO gene(s) based on 'Langdon' durum/'Chinese Spring' D-genome substitution lines, and homoeologous group 2 nullisomie/tetrasomic stocks of Chinese Spring. The L-DOPA standard assay described here provides a robust and efficient method of evaluating germplasm and cultivars for PPO. C1 Washington State Univ, Western Wheat Qual Lab, USDA ARS, E202 Food Sci & Human Nutr Facil, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Morris, CF (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Western Wheat Qual Lab, USDA ARS, E202 Food Sci & Human Nutr Facil, E POB 646394, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. EM morrisc@wsu.edu OI Anderson, James/0000-0002-1801-5767 NR 42 TC 72 Z9 129 U1 1 U2 10 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 41 IS 6 BP 1697 EP 1705 PG 9 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 563CM UT WOS:000176237000005 ER PT J AU White, WH Miller, JD Milligan, SB Burner, DM Legendre, BL AF White, WH Miller, JD Milligan, SB Burner, DM Legendre, BL TI Inheritance of sugarcane borer resistance in sugarcane derived from two measures of insect damage SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID HERITABILITY; SELECTION; YIELD AB The sugarcane borer [Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius)] is an important insect pert of sugarcane grown in the Americas. Environmental and economic concerns are driving these sugarcane industries to consider alternatives to insecticides for controlling damaging infestations of the borer. Breeding for resistance is a viable option; however, little is known of the inheritance of sugarcane borer resistance. The inheritance of sugarcane borer resistance in sugarcane (Saccharum spp. L.) was investigated in a field study conducted in 1990, 1992, and 1993. We measured resistance by both plant damage response ratings and mean percent internodes damaged. Seedling progeny (F, plants generated from seed) from 21 to 27 crosses were evaluated each year. These progeny, originated from a mating design with females nested within males. Parental genotypes were randomly selected for borer resistance. but were elite cultivars adapted to Louisiana, Data were collected from progeny infested with artificially introduced sugarcane borers. Narrow-sense heritability on a single-plot basis (36 plants measured per plot) for damage ratings (h(2) = 0.73) and for percent damaged internodes (h(2) = 0.76) were high and of comparable magnitude. For both traits, we detected neither dominance nor additive x year interaction; however, dominance x year interaction variance existed. The potential for genetic advance (GA) from direct selection against percent damaged internodes (GA = 33.9% of mean bored internode) was higher than that from direct selection for lower damage rating (13.5% of mean rating). The much greater resources needed to effect selection for percent bored internodes (approx. 24 times that for rating) suggested direct selection for damage rating may be more efficient. Because the traits were highly correlated (r(A) = 0.94) and their heritabilities high, correlated gains in percent damaged internodes by direct selection for damage rating were nearly as high as direct selection for percent damaged internodes (31% indirect vs. 33.9% direct). C1 USDA ARS, SRRC, Sugarcane Res Unit, Houma, LA 70360 USA. USDA ARS, Sugarcane Field Stn, Canal Point, FL 33438 USA. US Sugar Corp, Clewiston, FL 33440 USA. USDA ARS, Dale Bumpers Small Farms Res Ctr, Booneville, AR 72927 USA. LSU Ag Ctr, Plant Sci Div, Baton Rouge, LA 70894 USA. RP White, WH (reprint author), USDA ARS, SRRC, Sugarcane Res Unit, 5883 USDA Rd, Houma, LA 70360 USA. NR 27 TC 11 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 41 IS 6 BP 1706 EP 1710 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 563CM UT WOS:000176237000006 ER PT J AU Njiti, VN Johnson, JE Torto, TA Gray, LE Lightfoot, DA AF Njiti, VN Johnson, JE Torto, TA Gray, LE Lightfoot, DA TI Inoculum rate influences selection for field resistance to soybean sudden death syndrome in the greenhouse SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID RATE-REDUCING RESISTANCE; FUSARIUM-SOLANI; CYST-NEMATODE; SYNDROME SDS; CAUSAL AGENT; REGISTRATION; LOCI; IDENTIFICATION; COMPONENTS; SEEDLINGS AB Effective selection of field resistance to soybean sudden death syndrome (SDS) caused by Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. f. sp. glycines (Fsg) (Roy, 1997), measured by disease index (DX), requires multiple environments. Current greenhouse assays reduce genotype V environment interactions, but fail to predict field resistance. Our objective was to compare selection for field resistance to SDS in the greenhouse among recombinant inbred lines (RILs) inoculated with Fsg at three rates. Thirty soybean [Glycine mar (L.) Merr.] RILs with characterized field resistance to SDS were evaluated in the greenhouse for scorch severity at three inoculum rates in four experiments. Ten cultivars with characterized field resistance were compared using disease severity (DS) readings from one experiment at one inoculum rate. The heritability of DS among RILs in the greenhouse was 46% at the low, 66% at the moderate, and 3716 at the high inoculum rates. Reduced inoculum rates in the greenhouse (3500 to 5000 spores cm(-3) plant growth medium) provided DS values that explained approximate to65% of variation in the field DX. Using a Fsg inoculum rate of 5000 spores cm 3 plant growth medium and greenhouse midparent DS as criterion for selection, the number of lines potentially resistant to SDS within a segregating population could be reduced by 53%. Errors caused approximate to10%, of field resistant lines to be eliminated. Among unrelated soybean cultivars, greenhouse DS values from an inoculum rate of 4000 spores cm(-3) plant growth medium explained 81 and 73% of variations in field DS and DX, respectively. Therefore, the method is an effective tool for inheritance studies and cultivar evaluation for SDS. C1 So Illinois Univ, Dept Plants Soil & Gen Agr, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. Univ Illinois, USDA ARS, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Njiti, VN (reprint author), So Illinois Univ, Dept Plants Soil & Gen Agr, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. OI Lightfoot, David/0000-0002-5725-4381 NR 37 TC 36 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 4 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 41 IS 6 BP 1726 EP 1731 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 563CM UT WOS:000176237000009 ER PT J AU Rebetzke, GJ Pantalone, VR Burton, JW Carter, TE Wilson, RF AF Rebetzke, GJ Pantalone, VR Burton, JW Carter, TE Wilson, RF TI Genetic background and environment influence palmitate content of soybean seed oil SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID FATTY-ACID COMPOSITION AB Dietary concerns over high saturates contained in edible vegetable oils has stimulated development of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars with reduced palmitate content. Little is known of factors that might influence phenotypic expression of palmitate content among soybean populations varying for presence of a major reduced palmitate allele. The objective of this study was to investigate how environment and genetic background influence palmitate content when introducing the reduced palmitate trait into adapted backgrounds. Crosses were made between reduced palmitate germplasm, N87-2122-4 (53 g kg(-1) palmitate) and normal palmitate cultivars, A3733, Burlison, Kenwood, P9273, and P9341 (103-123 g kg I palmitate). For each cross, F-46 lines homozygous for major reduced or normal palmitate alleles were bulked separately into Maturity Groups (MG) II, III, IV, and V, and evaluated in 10 contrasting field environments during 1993. Palmitate content varied between 82 and 90 g kg(-1) across southern U.S. and Puerto Rican environments. Much of this environmental variation was associated with changes in minimum temperature during the growing season. Genetic background effects were highly significant (P < 0.01) with cross means for palmitate content ranging between 81 and 93 g kg (1). Across different maturity groups, palmitate content of the progeny was correlated (r = 0.94-0.99, P < 0.05) with mean content of the normal palmitate parent, such that for every 1 g kg (1) palmitate increase in the normal palmitate parent there was a 0.32 to 0.51 g kg(-1) palmitate increase in the progeny. Genetic background effects were presumed to be associated with action of minor alleles transmitted from the normal palmitate parent. Presence of the reduced palmitate allele was associated with significantly (P < 0.01) lower stearate (-6 to -13%) and higher oleate (+4 to +10%) contents across all maturity groups. Selection of low palmitate, high-yielding parents should further decrease palmitate content and produce correlated improvements in stearate and oleate contents to improve overall oil quality in progeny containing reduced palmitate alleles. C1 CSIRO Plant Ind, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. Univ Tennessee, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Knoxville, TN 37901 USA. N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Rebetzke, GJ (reprint author), CSIRO Plant Ind, POB 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. RI Rebetzke, Greg/F-6078-2010 NR 21 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 41 IS 6 BP 1731 EP 1736 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 563CM UT WOS:000176237000010 ER PT J AU Lukaszewski, AJ Porter, DR Baker, CA Rybka, K Lapinski, B AF Lukaszewski, AJ Porter, DR Baker, CA Rybka, K Lapinski, B TI Attempts to transfer Russian wheat aphid resistance from a rye chromosome in Russian triticales to wheat SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID HYBRIDS; HOMOPTERA; TRANSLOCATIONS; RECOMBINATION; NOMENCLATURE; HEMIPTERA; AESTIVUM; BANDS AB The Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia Mordvilko) is a serious pest of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). To extend the range of genetic variation of resistance, attempts were undertaken to transfer near-immunity to RWA into wheat from two Russian triticales (X. Triticosecale Wittmack) PI 386146 and PI 386156 by irradiation and by induced homologous recombination. The rye genome in the triticale lines was derived from Secale montanum Guss. Tests of resistance in early backcrosses to wheat indicated that the near-immunity of the triticale lines was controlled by at least two loci, one of which was located on rye chromosome arm 4RL(mon). Centric wheat-rye translocation 7DS.4RL(mon) that appeared to be compensating, was produced. To further reduce the amount of rye chromatin present, its long arm was induced to recombine with wheat chromosomes by the removal of the Ph1 locus. Among 3563 progeny screened, only two wheat-rye recombinant chromosomes were recovered. Both appeared to be noncompensating and were involved in multivalents in meiosis. Irradiation of PI 386156 followed by crosses and backcrosses to wheat with several generations of selection for resistance resulted in a wheat line that was found to be a disomic addition of chromosome 4R(mon)-centric translocation homozygote of rye chromosome tentatively identified as 5R(mon). With only one locus for resistance from the original triticale parents, the addition line of 4R(mon), centric translocation line 7DS.4RL(mon) and recombinant lines of 4RL(mon) had only moderate level of resistance to RWA. The study demonstrates that transfers of alien variation into wheat may be severely complicated by unclear genetics of the target traits, low levels of homology, and structural differences between the donor and recipient chromosomes. C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Bot & Plant Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. USDA, ARS, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. Inst Plant Breeding & Acclimatizat, PL-05870 Blonie, Poland. RP Lukaszewski, AJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Bot & Plant Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. NR 27 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 3 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 41 IS 6 BP 1743 EP 1749 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 563CM UT WOS:000176237000012 ER PT J AU Demeke, T Morris, CF Campbell, KG King, GE Anderson, JA Chang, HG AF Demeke, T Morris, CF Campbell, KG King, GE Anderson, JA Chang, HG TI Wheat polyphenol oxidase: Distribution and genetic mapping in three inbred line populations SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID HARD RED WINTER; TRITICUM-AESTIVUM; DURUM-WHEAT; TRAITS; COMMON; CROSS; CULTIVARS; NOODLES; PROGRAM; QUALITY AB The enzyme polyphenol oxidase (PPO) has been implicated in discoloration of Asian noodles. The recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations, M6/'Opata 85', NY18/CC, and ND2603/'Butte 86' were used to investigate the distribution, chromosome location, and number of loci involved in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) PPO. PPO activity was measured by means of the substrates L-DOPA (L-3.4-dihydroxyphenyl-alanine) and L-tyrosine. The M6/Opata 85 RIL population had a normal distribution, while the ND2603/Butte 86 RIL population had a bimodal distribution for PPO activity (L-DOPA assay). Transgressive segregants were observed for all three populations. Correlations between L-DOPA and L.-tyrosine assays for PPO activity were low to medium and could be attributed to substrate specificity and environment. For the combined analysis of M6/Opata 85 RIL populations, the QTL marker Xfba314 (located on chromosome 2D) showed significant association with PPO activity for the L-DOPA assay. For the combined analysis of NY18/CC, three QTL markets for L-DOPA, and two different QTL markers for L-tyrosine, revealed an association with PPO activity at LOD scores of >2.4. The QTL markers for the NY18/CC RIL population were located on chromosomes 2A, 2B, 3D, and 6B. The ND2603/Butte 86 population had relatively few other loci for linkage analysis and only the marker Xbcd907.RV.I located on chromosome 3BS showed a weak association with PPO activity on the basis of the L-DOPA assay. The identified QTL markers will be useful for marker-assisted selection as they build upon the evolving maps for these populations, and for resolving in greater detail the genetic basis of PPO activity in wheat. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Western Wheat Qual Lab, E 202 Food Sci & Human Nutr Facil E, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Canadian Grain Commis, Winnipeg, MB R3C 3G7, Canada. USDA ARS, Wheat Genet Qual Physiol & Dis Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55116 USA. Kyungwon Univ, Dept Food & Bioengn, Sungnam 461701, South Korea. RP Morris, CF (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Western Wheat Qual Lab, E 202 Food Sci & Human Nutr Facil E, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 38 TC 42 Z9 85 U1 0 U2 4 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 41 IS 6 BP 1750 EP 1757 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 563CM UT WOS:000176237000013 ER PT J AU Springer, TL Dewald, CL Aiken, GE AF Springer, TL Dewald, CL Aiken, GE TI Seed germination and dormancy in eastern gamagrass SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB Eastern gamagrass [Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) L.] is an important native rangeland species and could be a more widely used perennial pasture grass. Stand establishment, however, is slow, and it can take 3 yr before a full stand is attained. Our objectives were to determine the caryopsis weight distribution, the relationship between caryopsis weight and percentage germination, the role of the copulate fruit case in seed dormancy, and the force required to open the cupulate fruit case. Caryopses of 'Iuka' and 'Pete' eastern gamagrass were extracted from the cupulate fruit case by hand, individually weighed, separated into five weight classes, and germinated in a germination chamber. Differences in percentage observed germination and total potential germination at 7 and 14 d were attributed to caryopsis weight (P > 0.05). No caryopsis weight X cultivar interaction occurred, suggesting homogeneity of slopes for cultivars (P > 0.25). An artificial fruit case (band) was fashioned from an extruded plastic tube and a caryopsis placed inside to examine the role of the fruit case in germination. Germination of unbanded caryopses (44.8%) was significantly greater than banded caryopses (6.3%, P less than or equal to 0.01). A lever and fulcrum were used to rind the force required to open the fruit case. We concluded that seed dormancy was likely mechanical for these cultivars. Under natural conditions, the integrity of the fruit case must be reduced before germination will proceed normally. Light, alternating temperatures, freezing and thawing, fire, rodents, and soil microorganisms, to name a few, may be involved in the decay of the fruit case. C1 USDA ARS, So Plains Range Res Stn, Woodward, OK 73801 USA. USDA ARS, Dale Bumpers Small Farms Res Ctr, Booneville, AR 72927 USA. RP Springer, TL (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Plains Range Res Stn, 2000 18th St, Woodward, OK 73801 USA. NR 17 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 6 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 41 IS 6 BP 1906 EP 1910 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 563CM UT WOS:000176237000037 ER PT J AU Bauchan, GR Hossain, MA AF Bauchan, GR Hossain, MA TI Distribution and characterization of heterochromatic DNA in the tetraploid African population alfalfa genome SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MEDICAGO-SATIVA L; DIPLOID ALFALFA; CHROMOSOMES; KARYOTYPE; FALCATA AB A reference karyotype of tetraploid alfalfa (Medicago sativa subsp. sativa, 2n = 4x = 32) African Population germplasm source (PI 536539) was constructed using the combined techniques of C-banding and image analysis. The image analysis system is a method of obtaining enhanced images of chromosomes in which morphological data can be obtained for the development of karyotypes. In addition, C-banding is a diagnostic toot for distinguishing the homologous chromosomes of alfalfa. Chromosome analysis of tetraploid alfalfa revealed that alfalfa has four similar series of chromosomes based on their chromosome morphology and C-banding. The karyotype of African Population alfalfa germplasm consists of one set of chromosomes with satellites (SATs, Chromosome 8), four sets of submetacentric chromosomes (Chromosomes 1-4), and three sets of metacentric chromosomes (Chromosomes 5-7). All of the chromosomes have centromeric bands and a terminal band on the short arm, with the exception of the SAT. Interstitial bands were observed on the short arm of each of the chromosomes, with the exception of Chromosome 7. Chromosomes 1, 2, and 3 have interstitial bands on their long arms. There exists considerable variability in the number, intensity, and location of the constitutive heterochromatic DNA; however, this variability is not sufficient to preclude recognition of the homologous chromosomes. The chromosome banding pattern of the African Population germplasm resembles the distribution of heterochromatic DNA C-bands of diploid M. sativa subsp. caerulea (Less. ex Ledeb.) Schmalh. The African Population karyotype of alfalfa developed in this study is suggested as the reference for the development of additional chromosome maps of diverse alfalfa populations. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Soybean Genom & Improvement Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Bauchan, GR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Soybean Genom & Improvement Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 23 TC 7 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 41 IS 6 BP 1921 EP 1926 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 563CM UT WOS:000176237000040 ER PT J AU Narvel, JM Walker, DR Rector, BG All, JN Parrott, WA Boerma, HR AF Narvel, JM Walker, DR Rector, BG All, JN Parrott, WA Boerma, HR TI A retrospective DNA marker assessment of the development of insect resistant soybean SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI; CORN-EARWORM; MOLECULAR MARKERS; GERMPLASM LINES; REGISTRATION; MAP; GENOME; GENE AB There has been limited success over the past 30 yr in the development of superior soybean cultivars [Glycine max (L.) Merr] with insect resistance. Success may be hampered by the quantitative nature of resistance and by linkage drag from resistant plant introduction (PI) donor parents. Soybean insect resistance quantitative trait loci (SIR QTLs) have been identified from PI 229358 and PI 171451 by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. The objective of this study was to tag the SIR QTLs from PI 229358 with simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and to determine the extent to which the SIR QTLs have been introgressed in registered cultivars, germplasm releases, or breeding lines that have resistance derived from this PI or from PI 171451. Marker analysis defined intervals by 5 centimorgans (cM) or less for a SIR QTL on linkage group D1b (SIR-D1b), and for SIR-G, SIR-H, and SIR-M. SIR QTLs were tracked through pedigrees by evaluating the inheritance of PI alleles at marker loci tightly linked to the QTLs during the phenotypic selection for insect resistance. It was inferred that at least 13 of the 15 SIR genotypes studied had introgressed SIR-M. PI genome introgression around SIR-M was measured to assess linkage drag. Some genotypes exhibited a dramatic reduction in the amount of linked PI genome, which likely occurred in response to phenotypic selection for agronomic performance as a means of reducing linkage drag. Only a few genotypes were inferred to possess SIR-G or SIR-H, and no genotypes possessed SIR-D1b. The results of this study indicate that marker-assisted selection for SIR QTLs is needed to introgress these loci into elite genetic backgrounds. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Monsanto Co, Galena, MD 21635 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Entomol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Breeding Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Boerma, HR (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 34 TC 41 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 3 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 41 IS 6 BP 1931 EP 1939 PG 9 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 563CM UT WOS:000176237000042 ER PT J AU Cui, ZL Carter, TE Burton, JW Wells, R AF Cui, ZL Carter, TE Burton, JW Wells, R TI Phenotypic diversity of modern Chinese and North American soybean cultivars SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID GENETIC DIVERSITY; TOTAL NITROGEN; COEFFICIENT; PARENTAGE; N,N-DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE; PATTERNS; LINES; YIELD; BASE AB Chinese and North American (NA) soybean breeding programs have a 70-yr history of genetic progress in relative isolation from each other. Because both programs rest upon a genetic base that is primarily Chinese in origin, the actual genetic distinctness of Chinese and NA breeding is not clear. The objectives of this study were to (i) develop a phenotypic similarity (PS) index for a large group of Chinese and NA cultivars, on the basis of biochemical, morphological, and agronomic traits, (ii) compare Chinese and NA cultivars for PS through cluster analysis, and (iii) use results to develop guidelines for management of the contrasting Chinese and NA breeding programs as reservoirs of diversity. Chinese (47) and NA (25) cultivars were evaluated for 25 traits in growth chambers. Traits pleiotropic to maturity were avoided. Significant (P < 0.05) differences between Chinese and NA cultivars were noted for leaf and seed traits. Multivariate analysis captured 79% of the total genotypic variation among the 72 cultivars and was used to develop PS estimates. Cluster analysis of PS showed a much greater phenotypic diversity among Chinese than among NA cultivars and a striking distinctness between the two groups. The contrasting nature of Chinese and NA cultivars in this study is theorized to reflect that (i) the NA cultivars may trace to a subset of the Chinese cultivar genetic base, and/or (ii) Chinese and NA cultivars may have diverged phenotypically via breeder selection pressure. Cluster results here, based on PS, agreed roughly with previous cluster analyses which were derived from pedigree analysis. The physical distinctness of NA and Chinese cultivars shows that introgression of Chinese cultivars into NA breeding should broaden NA germplasm's agronomic, morphological, and biochemical diversity. Introgression may be accomplished most effectively by avoiding matings of Chinese and NA cultivars from the same phenotypic cluster. C1 USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Carter, TE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 39 TC 30 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 3 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 41 IS 6 BP 1954 EP 1967 PG 14 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 563CM UT WOS:000176237000045 ER PT J AU Steiner, JJ Beuselinck, PR Greene, SL Kamm, JA Kirkbride, JH Roberts, CA AF Steiner, JJ Beuselinck, PR Greene, SL Kamm, JA Kirkbride, JH Roberts, CA TI A description and interpretation of the NPGS birdsfoot trefoil core subset collection SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CORNICULATUS L. GENOTYPES; WILD CROP GERMPLASM; EX-SITU COLLECTIONS; GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION; GENETIC-RESOURCES; ADAPTIVE ECOLOGY; DIVERSITY; CULTIVARS; POPULATIONS; ACCESSIONS AB Systematic evaluations for a range of traits from accessions in National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) core subset collections should assist collection management and enhance germplasm utilization. The objectives of this research were to: (i) evaluate the 48-accession NPGS birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) core subset collection by means of a variety of biochemical, morphological, and agronomic characters; (ii) determine how these characters were distributed among the core subset accessions and associations among plant and ecogeographic characters; (iii) define genetic diversity pools on the basis of descriptor interpretive groups; and (iv) develop a method to utilize the core subset as a reference collection to evaluate newly acquired accessions for their similarity or novelty. Geographic information system (GIS) databases were used to estimate the ecogeography of accession origins. Interpretive groups were constructed to describe the range of core subset descriptor variation by cluster analysis and verified by discriminant analysis. Associations among plant descriptors and with ecogeographic characteristics were determined by Pearson's correlation coefficients or the Mantel Z statistic. The accessions were classified into four distinct genetic diversity pools that were described by plant traits and ecogeographic origins. The core subset used as a reference collection successfully classified three unique accessions not originally included in the core subset. This approach identified germplasm that was different from that present in most North American cultivars and can be used to evaluate future acquisitions. The concepts of interpretive groups, genetic diversity pools, and reference collection comparisons should be applicable for assessing and managing other core subset collections. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Forage Seed Prod Res Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USDA ARS, Plant Genet Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Natl Temperate Forage Legume Germplasm Resources, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Agron, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Steiner, JJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Forage Seed Prod Res Ctr, 3450 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 49 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 41 IS 6 BP 1968 EP 1980 PG 13 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 563CM UT WOS:000176237000046 ER PT J AU Jones, SS Murray, TD Lyon, SR Morris, CF Line, RF AF Jones, SS Murray, TD Lyon, SR Morris, CF Line, RF TI Registration of 'Bruehl' wheat SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Western Wheat Qual Lab, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Wheat Genet Qual Physiol Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Jones, SS (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RI Murray, Timothy/A-9771-2016 OI Murray, Timothy/0000-0002-6772-202X NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 41 IS 6 BP 2006 EP 2007 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 563CM UT WOS:000176237000069 ER PT J AU Elias, EM Miller, JD Manthey, FA AF Elias, EM Miller, JD Manthey, FA TI Registration of 'Lebsock' durum wheat SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 N Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Dept Cereal Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Elias, EM (reprint author), N Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 5 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 41 IS 6 BP 2007 EP 2008 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 563CM UT WOS:000176237000070 ER PT J AU Elias, EM Miller, JD Manthey, FA AF Elias, EM Miller, JD Manthey, FA TI Registration of 'Plaza' durum wheat SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 N Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Dept Cereal Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Elias, EM (reprint author), N Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. EM elias_elias@ndsu.nodak.edu NR 4 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 41 IS 6 BP 2008 EP 2008 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 563CM UT WOS:000176237000071 ER PT J AU Widstrom, NW Snook, ME AF Widstrom, NW Snook, ME TI Registration of EPM6 and SIM6 maize germplasm, high silk-maysin sources of resistance to corn earworm SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Breeding Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. USDA ARS, Richard Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Widstrom, NW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Breeding Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 6 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 41 IS 6 BP 2009 EP 2010 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 563CM UT WOS:000176237000073 ER PT J AU Widstrom, NW Burton, GW Gates, RN AF Widstrom, NW Burton, GW Gates, RN TI Registration of high digestibility maize germplasm GT-HID9 SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID FORAGE YIELDS; BAHIAGRASS C1 USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Breeding Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Widstrom, NW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Breeding Res Unit, POB 748, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 41 IS 6 BP 2010 EP 2010 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 563CM UT WOS:000176237000074 ER PT J AU Hallauer, AR Lamkey, KR White, PR AF Hallauer, AR Lamkey, KR White, PR TI Registration of B115 inbred line of maize SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, Corn Insects & Crop Genet Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Hallauer, AR (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RI Lamkey, Kendall/D-7631-2013 OI Lamkey, Kendall/0000-0001-8510-8798 NR 2 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 41 IS 6 BP 2012 EP 2013 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 563CM UT WOS:000176237000077 ER PT J AU Pennycooke, JC Towill, LE AF Pennycooke, JC Towill, LE TI Medium alterations improve regrowth of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) shoot tips cryopreserved by vitrification and encapsulation-dehydration SO CRYOLETTERS LA English DT Article DE sweet potato; cryopreservation; vitrification; encapsulation-dehydration; recovery medium ID LIQUID-NITROGEN; AMMONIUM ION; CELLS; RESISTANCE AB In vitro grown sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L. I Lam.) shoot tips were successfully cryopreserved by both solution based and encapsulation-dehydration vitrification methods, Improved recovery medium enhanced recovery for both vitrification procedures. The effects of sucrose preculture, cryoprotectant preculture and post-warm recovery media on regrowth following LN exposure were investigated. Sucrose preculture was critical for the survival of sweet potato shoot tips cooled to ca, -200degreesC. Cryoprotectant preculture with 2 M glycerol + 0.4 M sucrose before dehydration with PVS2 gave the highest recovery following LN exposure, The viability of cooled samples following culture on ammonium-free MS medium for 5 days was increased three-fold over those cultured on MS medium. The improvement in recovery by altering post-warming conditions suggests that cryoinjury is not always lethal and can be ameliorated by suitable culture conditions. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Seed Storage Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Hort & Landscape Architecture, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Towill, LE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Seed Storage Lab, 1111 S Mason St, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 17 TC 24 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 3 PU CRYO LETTERS PI LONDON PA C/O ROYAL VETERINARY COLLEGE, ROYAL COLLEGE ST, LONDON NW1 0TU, ENGLAND SN 0143-2044 J9 CRYOLETTERS JI CryoLetters PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 22 IS 6 BP 381 EP 389 PG 9 WC Biology; Physiology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Physiology GA 515CB UT WOS:000173476900008 PM 11788880 ER PT J AU Haraguchi, R Mo, R Hui, CC Motoyama, J Makino, S Shiroishi, T Gaffield, W Yamada, G AF Haraguchi, R Mo, R Hui, CC Motoyama, J Makino, S Shiroishi, T Gaffield, W Yamada, G TI Unique functions of Sonic hedgehog signaling during external genitalia development SO DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE external genitalia; Shh; Fgf; Bmp; genital tubercle; urethra; hypospadias; mouse ID EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL INTERACTIONS; EMBRYONIC MOUSE LUNG; VERTEBRATE LIMB; BRANCHING MORPHOGENESIS; GENE FAMILY; GROWTH; TOOTH; SHH; INVOLVEMENT; INDUCTION AB Coordinated growth and differentiation of external genitalia generates a proximodistally elongated structure suitable for copulation and efficient fertilization. The differentiation of external genitalia incorporates a unique process, i.e. the formation of the urethral plate and the urethral tube. Despite significant progress in molecular embryology, few attempts have been made to elucidate the molecular developmental processes for external genitalia. The sonic hedgehog (Shh) gene and its signaling genes have been found to be dynamically expressed during murine external genitalia development. Functional analysis by organ culture revealed that Shh could regulate mesenchymally expressed genes, patched 1 (Ptch1), bone morphogenetic protein 4 (Bmp4), Hoxd13 and fibroblast growth factor 10 (Fgf10), in the anlage: the genital tubercle (GT). Activities of Shh for both GT outgrowth and differentiation were also demonstrated. Shh(-/-) mice displayed complete GT agenesis, which is compatible with such observations. Furthermore, the regulation of apoptosis during GT formation was revealed for the first time. Increased cell death and reduced cell proliferation of the Shh(-/-) mice GT were shown. A search for alterations of Shh downstream gene expression identified a dramatic shift of Binp4 gene expression from the mesenchyme to the epithelium of the Shh mutant before GT outgrowth. Regulation of mesenchymal Fgf10 gene expression by the epithelial Shh was indicated during late GT development. These results suggest a dual mode of Shh function, first by the regulation of initiating GT outgrowth, and second, by subsequent GT differentiation. C1 Kumamoto Univ, Ctr Anim Resources & Dev, Kumamoto 8600811, Japan. Kumamoto Univ, Grad Sch Mol & Genom Pharm, Kumamoto 8600811, Japan. Hosp Sick Children, Program Dev Biol, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada. Univ Toronto, Dept Mol & Med Genet, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada. RIKEN, Inst Phys & Chem Res, Dept Mol Neuropathol, Brain Sci Inst, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan. Natl Inst Genet, Mammalian Genet Lab, Mishima, Shizuoka 411, Japan. USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Yamada, G (reprint author), Kumamoto Univ, Ctr Anim Resources & Dev, Honjo 2-2-1, Kumamoto 8600811, Japan. NR 81 TC 163 Z9 168 U1 0 U2 5 PU COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD PI CAMBRIDGE PA BIDDER BUILDING CAMBRIDGE COMMERCIAL PARK COWLEY RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4DL, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0950-1991 J9 DEVELOPMENT JI Development PD NOV PY 2001 VL 128 IS 21 BP 4241 EP 4250 PG 10 WC Developmental Biology SC Developmental Biology GA 496HF UT WOS:000172389600012 PM 11684660 ER PT J AU Minina, E Wenzel, HM Kreschel, C Karp, S Gaffield, W McMahon, AP Vortkamp, A AF Minina, E Wenzel, HM Kreschel, C Karp, S Gaffield, W McMahon, AP Vortkamp, A TI BMP and Ihh/PTHrP signaling interact to coordinate chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation SO DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE BMP; Ihh; PTHrP; chondrocyte; proliferation; hypertrophic differentiation; endochondral ossification; mouse; chick ID HORMONE-RELATED PEPTIDE; BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEINS; TGF-BETA SUPERFAMILY; PARATHYROID-HORMONE; INDIAN HEDGEHOG; SPEMANN ORGANIZER; CARTILAGE DIFFERENTIATION; VERTEBRATE DEVELOPMENT; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; SONIC HEDGEHOG AB During endochondral ossification, two secreted signals, Indian hedgehog (Ihh) and parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), have been shown to form a negative feedback loop regulating the onset of hypertrophic differentiation of chondrocytes. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), another family of secreted factors regulating bone formation, have been implicated as potential interactors of the Ihh/PTHrP feedback loop. To analyze the relationship between the two signaling pathways, we used an organ culture system for limb explants of mouse and chick embryos. We manipulated chondrocyte differentiation by supplementing these cultures either with BMP2, PTHrP and Sonic hedgehog as activators or with Noggin and cyclopamine as inhibitors of the BMP and Ihh/PTHrP signaling systems. Overexpression of Ihh in the cartilage elements of transgenic mice results in an upregulation of PTHrP expression and a delayed onset of hypertrophic differentiation. Noggin treatment of limbs from these mice did not antagonize the effects of Ihh overexpression. Conversely, the promotion of chondrocyte maturation induced by cyclopamine, which blocks Ihh signaling, could not be rescued with BMP2. Thus BMP signaling does not act as a secondary signal of Ihh to induce PTHrP expression or to delay the onset of hypertrophic differentiation. Similar results were obtained using cultures of chick limbs. We further investigated the role of BMP signaling in regulating proliferation and hypertrophic differentiation of chondrocytes and identified three functions of BMP signaling in this process. First we found that maintaining a normal proliferation rate requires BMP and Ihh signaling acting in parallel. We further identified a role for BMP signaling in modulating the expression of Ihh. Finally, the application of Noggin to mouse limb explants; resulted in advanced differentiation of terminally hypertrophic cells, implicating BMP signaling in delaying the process of hypertrophic differentiation itself. This role of BMP signaling is independent of the Ihh/PTHrP pathway. C1 Max Planck Inst Mol Genet, Otto Warburg Lab, D-14195 Berlin, Germany. Harvard Univ, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Vortkamp, A (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Mol Genet, Otto Warburg Lab, Ihnestr 73, D-14195 Berlin, Germany. FU NIDDK NIH HHS [P01-DK56246] NR 59 TC 268 Z9 286 U1 0 U2 13 PU COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD PI CAMBRIDGE PA BIDDER BUILDING CAMBRIDGE COMMERCIAL PARK COWLEY RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4DL, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0950-1991 J9 DEVELOPMENT JI Development PD NOV PY 2001 VL 128 IS 22 BP 4523 EP 4534 PG 12 WC Developmental Biology SC Developmental Biology GA 499FC UT WOS:000172559500012 PM 11714677 ER PT J AU Perez-Jimenez, F Lopez-Miranda, J Pinillos, MD Gomez, P Paz-Rojas, E Montilla, P Marin, C Velasco, MJ Blanco-Molina, A Pereperez, JAJ Ordovas, JM AF Perez-Jimenez, F Lopez-Miranda, J Pinillos, MD Gomez, P Paz-Rojas, E Montilla, P Marin, C Velasco, MJ Blanco-Molina, A Pereperez, JAJ Ordovas, JM TI A Mediterranean and a high-carbohydrate diet improve glucose metabolism in healthy young persons SO DIABETOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Mediterranean diet; CHO-diet; insulin sensitivity; glucose metabolism; monounsaturated fat; monocytes ID DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; INSULIN-RESISTANCE; MONONUCLEAR-CELLS; PLASMA; SENSITIVITY; TRANSPORT; FAT AB Aims/hypothesis. Insulin resistance usually precedes the diagnosis of Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. However, in most patients, the clinical expression of the disease could be prevented by dietary and lifestyle changes. We investigated the effects of a diet enriched in monounsaturated fatty acids (Mediterranean diet) and a low fat, high-carbohydrate diet on in vivo and in vitro glucose metabolism in 59 young subjects (30 men and 29 women). Methods. We carried out an intervention dietary study with a saturated fat phase and two randomized-crossover dietary periods: a high-carbohydrate diet and a Mediterranean diet for 28 days each. We analysed the plasma lipoproteins fractions, free fatty acids, insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake in isolated monocytes at the end of the three dietary periods. Results. In comparison to the saturated fat diet, the CHO and Mediterranean diets induced a decrease of LDL-cholesterol (p < 0.001) and HDL-cholesterol (p < 0.001). Steady-state plasma glucose decreased (p = 0.023) and basal and insulin-stimulated 2-deoxiglucose uptake in peripheral monocytes increased in both diets (CHO and Mediterranean), (p = 0.007) indicating an improvement in insulin sensitivity. Fasting free fatty acids plasma values were correlated positively with steady state plasma glucose (r = 0.45; p < 0.0001). In addition, there was an inverse correlation between the mean glucose of the steady state plasma glucose period and logarithmic values of basal (r = -0.34; p = 0.003) and insulin stimulated glucose uptake in monocytes (r = -0.32; p = 0.006). Conclusion/interpretation. Isocaloric substitution of carbohydrates and monounsaturated fatty acids for saturated fatty acids improved insulin sensitivity in vivo and in vitro, with an increase in glucose disposal. Both diets are an adequate alternatives for improving glucose metabolism in healthy young men and women. C1 Univ Cordoba, Sch Med, E-14071 Cordoba, Spain. Reina Sofia Univ Hosp, Lipid Arteriosclerosis Res Unit, Cordoba, Spain. Reina Sofia Univ Hosp, Biochem Lab, Cordoba, Spain. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Lipid Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Perez-Jimenez, F (reprint author), Fac Med, Avda Menendez Pidal S-N, Cordoba 14004, Spain. OI Perez-Jimenez, Francisco/0000-0001-7499-7681; Perez Jimenez, Francisco/0000-0001-9808-1280; Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL 54776] NR 28 TC 139 Z9 146 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0012-186X J9 DIABETOLOGIA JI Diabetologia PD NOV PY 2001 VL 44 IS 11 BP 2038 EP 2043 DI 10.1007/s001250100009 PG 6 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 499GR UT WOS:000172563600010 PM 11719836 ER PT J AU Barb, CR Hausman, GJ Houseknecht, KL AF Barb, CR Hausman, GJ Houseknecht, KL TI Biology of leptin in the pig SO DOMESTIC ANIMAL ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 51st Annual Meeting of the European-Association-for-Animal-Production CY AUG 21-24, 2000 CL THE HAGUE, NETHERLANDS SP European Assoc Anim Prod DE leptin; nutrition; immune system; hormone; adipocyte; pig ID GROWTH-HORMONE SECRETION; MESSENGER-RNA EXPRESSION; STROMAL-VASCULAR CELLS; OB GENE-EXPRESSION; MODULATING NEUROENDOCRINE FUNCTION; ENHANCER-BINDING-PROTEINS; CENTRAL NEURAL NETWORKS; WHITE ADIPOSE-TISSUE; NORMAL FEMALE MICE; FREE FATTY-ACIDS AB The recently discovered protein, leptin, which is secreted by fat cells in response to changes in body weight or energy, has been implicated in regulation of feed intake, energy expenditure and the neuroendocrine axis in rodents and humans. Leptin was first identified as the gene product found deficient in the obese ob/ob mouse. Administration of leptin to ob/ob mice led to improved reproduction as well as reduced feed intake and weight loss. The porcine leptin receptor has been cloned and is a member of the class I cytokine family of receptors. Leptin has been implicated in the regulation of immune function and the anorexia associated with disease. The leptin receptor is localized in the brain and pituitary of the pig. The leptin response to acute inflammation is uncoupled from anorexia and is differentially regulated among swine genotypes. In vitro studies demonstrated that the leptin gene is expressed by porcine preadipocytes and leptin gene expression is highly dependent on dexamethasone induced preadipocyte differentiation. Hormonally driven preadipocyte recruitment and subsequent fat cell size may regulate leptin gene expression in the pig. Expression of CCAAT-enhancer binding proteinalpha (C/EBPalpha) mediates insulin dependent preadipocyte leptin gene expression during lipid accretion. In contrast, insulin independent leptin gene expression may be maintained by C/EBPa auto-activation and phosphorylation/dephosphorylation. Adipogenic hormones may increase adipose tissue leptin gene expression in the fetus indirectly by inducing preadipocyte recruitment and subsequent differentiation. Central administration of leptin to pigs suppressed feed intake and stimulated growth hormone (GH) secretion. Serum leptin concentrations increased with age and estradiol-induced leptin mRNA expression in fat was age and weight dependent in prepuberal gilts. This occurred at the time of expected puberty in intact contemporaries and was associated with greater LH secretion. Further work demonstrated that leptin acts directly on pituitary cells to enhance LH and GH secretion, and brain tissue to stimulate gonadotropin releasing hormone secretion. Thus, development of nutritional schemes and (or) gene therapy to manipulate leptin secretion will lead to practical methods of controlling appetite, growth and reproduction in farm animals, thereby increasing efficiency of lean meat production. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Anim Physiol Unit, Athens, GA 30604 USA. Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT 06340 USA. RP Barb, CR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Anim Physiol Unit, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 125 TC 83 Z9 94 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0739-7240 J9 DOMEST ANIM ENDOCRIN JI Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 21 IS 4 SI SI BP 297 EP 317 AR PII S0739-7240(01)00123-0 DI 10.1016/S0739-7240(01)00123-0 PG 21 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Agriculture; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 531DT UT WOS:000174401300006 PM 11872322 ER PT J AU Wallerstein, NP Alonso, CV Bennett, SJ Thorne, CR AF Wallerstein, NP Alonso, CV Bennett, SJ Thorne, CR TI Distorted Froude-scaled flume analysis of large woody debris SO EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS LA English DT Article DE large woody debris; Froude scale modelling; scale distortion; sand-bed channels; drag force AB This paper presents the results of a movable-boundary, distorted, Froude-scaled hydraulic model based on Abiaca Creek, a sand-bedded channel in northern Mississippi. The model was used to examine the geomorphic and hydraulic impact of simplified large woody debris (LWD) elements. The theory of physical scale models is discussed and the method used to construct the LWD test channel is developed. The channel model had bed and banks moulded from 0.8 mm sand, and flow conditions were just below the threshold of motion so that any sediment transport and channel adjustment were the result of the debris element. Dimensions and positions of LWD elements were determined using a debris jam classification model. Elements were attached to a dynamometer to measure element drag forces, and channel adjustment was determined through detailed topographic surveys. The fluid drag force on the elements decreased asymptotically over time as the channel boundary eroded around the elements due to locally increased boundary shear stress. Total time for geomorphic adjustment computed for the prototype channel at the Q(2) discharge (discharge occurring once every two years on average) was as short as 45 hours. The size, depth and position of scour holes, bank erosion and bars created by flow acceleration past the elements were found to be related to element length and position within the channel cross-section. Morphologies created by each debris element in the model channel were comparable with similar jams observed in the prototype channel. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Univ Nottingham, Sch Geog, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England. USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. RP Wallerstein, NP (reprint author), Bioengn Grp, 18 Commercial St, Salem, MA 01970 USA. NR 35 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 7 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0197-9337 J9 EARTH SURF PROC LAND JI Earth Surf. Process. Landf. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 26 IS 12 BP 1265 EP 1283 DI 10.1002/esp.271 PG 19 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 494RZ UT WOS:000172300800002 ER PT J AU Longland, WS Jenkins, SH Vander Wall, SB Veech, JA Pyare, S AF Longland, WS Jenkins, SH Vander Wall, SB Veech, JA Pyare, S TI Seedling recruitment in Oryzopsis hymenoides: Are desert granivores mutualists or predators? SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE deserts; Dipodomys merriami; granivory; harvester ants; heteromyid rodents; Indian ricegrass; Merriam's kangaroo rats; Oryzopsis hymenoides; plant-animal interactions; seed caching; seed dispersal; seeds ID MERRIAM KANGAROO RATS; YELLOW PINE CHIPMUNKS; HETEROMYID RODENTS; BIRDS; MAMMALS; ANTS; GERMINATION; POPULATION; DISPERSAL AB Granivorous animals that cache as well as consume seeds may actually serve as mutualists to their plant resources. Seeds of Indian ricegrass (Oryzopsis hymenoides), a perennial bunchgrass in North American deserts, are consumed by various desert granivores and dispersed by seed-caching heteromyid rodents. We used a three-way factorial design at a western Nevada site to selectively exclude or allow access to experimental plots by granivorous rodents and seed harvester ants, and to subsequently follow the fate of radiolabeled Indian ricegrass seeds introduced to the plots. In addition to the presence or absence of rodents or ants, the third experimental treatment factor was to allow "initial caching" of the radiolabeled seeds by single Merriam's kangaroo rats (Dipodomys merriami), which were confined to certain plots for one night. Both rodents and ants larder-hoarded seeds in their burrows, but seedlings rarely established from larders. Only rodents also placed seeds in scatterhoards: shallowly buried surface caches distributed about an animal's home range. Following initial caching by a kangaroo rat, the number of seedlings established from scatterhoards was significantly greater (usually by more than an order of magnitude) than those from seeds unharvested by either type of granivore. With no initial caching, rodents reduced seedling recruitment from unharvested seeds but facilitated compensatory seedling recruitment from scatterhoards. Seeds harvested by ants seldom established seedlings. We used a seed fate model to estimate that, on average, rodents and ants harvested 96% and 7%. respectively, of seeds to which they had exclusive access, and that the probability of seedling establishment for a seed harvested by a rodent was an order of magnitude greater than from a seed harvested by an ant and slightly greater than for an unharvested seed. The predicted rank order of seedling recruitment among nine experimental treatments based on expected effects of rodent seed caching closely matched the observed ranking pattern, indicating that rodents determined seedling recruitment patterns of Indian ricegrass. Because rodents harvested such a large majority of seeds and their caches enhanced seedling establishment., they played a central role in the population dynamics of Indian ricegrass. C1 Univ Nevada, USDA ARS, Reno, NV 89512 USA. Univ Nevada, Program Ecol Evolut & Conservat Biol, Reno, NV 89557 USA. RP Longland, WS (reprint author), Univ Nevada, USDA ARS, 920 Valley Rd, Reno, NV 89512 USA. NR 42 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 5 U2 29 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD NOV PY 2001 VL 82 IS 11 BP 3131 EP 3148 DI 10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[3131:SRIOHA]2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 491ZB UT WOS:000172139500013 ER PT J AU Hiremath, AJ Ewel, JJ AF Hiremath, AJ Ewel, JJ TI Ecosystem nutrient use efficiency, productivity, and nutrient accrual in model tropical communities SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article ID PLANT DIVERSITY; NITROGEN; FOREST; AVAILABILITY; DYNAMICS; SUSTAINABILITY; BIODIVERSITY; ALLOCATION; SYSTEMS; BIOMASS AB Ecosystem nutrient use efficiency-the ratio of net primary productivity to soil nutrient supply-is an integrative measure of ecosystem functioning. High productivity and nutrient retention in natural systems are frequently attributed to high species diversity, even though some single-species systems can be highly productive and effective at resource capture. We investigated the effects of both individual species and life-form diversity on ecosystem nutrient use efficiency using model tropical ecosystems comprised of monocultures of three tree species and polycultures in which each of the tree species was coplanted with species of two additional life forms. Tree species significantly influenced nutrient use efficiency by whole ecosystems in monocultures; however, in polycultures, the additional life forms interacted with the influence exerted by the dominant tree. Furthermore, the presence of the additional life forms significantly increased nutrient uptake and uptake efficiency, but in only two of the three systems and 2 of the 4 years of the study period. These results indicate that the effect of life-form diversity on ecosystem functioning is not constant and that there may be temporal shifts in the influence exerted by different components of the community. Furthermore, although species (and life forms) exerted considerable influence on ecosystem nutrient use efficiency, this efficiency was most closely related to soil nutrient availability. These findings demonstrate that ecosystem nutrient use efficiency is an outcome not only of the characteristics of the species or tife forms that comprise the system but also of factors that affect soil nutrient supply. The results argue against the simple upward scaling of nutrient use efficiency from leaves and plants to ecosystems. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Bot, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Inst Pacific Isl Forestry, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. RP Hiremath, AJ (reprint author), Ashoka Trust Res Ecol & Environm, 659 5th A Main Rd, Bangalore 560024, Karnataka, India. NR 51 TC 31 Z9 38 U1 3 U2 14 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1432-9840 J9 ECOSYSTEMS JI Ecosystems PD NOV PY 2001 VL 4 IS 7 BP 669 EP 682 DI 10.1007/s10021-001-0036-x PG 14 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 498HG UT WOS:000172503300005 ER PT J AU Bean, SR Lookhart, GL AF Bean, SR Lookhart, GL TI High-performance capillary electrophoresis of meat, dairy, and cereal proteins SO ELECTROPHORESIS LA English DT Review DE high-performance capillary electrophoresis; food proteins; review ID ISOELECTRIC BUFFERS; ZONE-ELECTROPHORESIS; COWS MILK; WHEAT PROTEINS; SPECIES IDENTIFICATION; STORAGE PROTEINS; CASEIN FRACTIONS; ACIDIC BUFFERS; FOOD ANALYSIS; TREATED MILK AB Food proteins play important roles in food functionality, nutrition, and human health. For these reasons, new analytical methods are continually being developed to separate and characterize these important proteins. High-performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE) is one of the latest analytical methods to be applied to the separation of food proteins: This review covers methods and applications for the separation of three major groups of food proteins, meat, dairy, and cereal proteins.* C1 Kansas State Univ, USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Dept Grain Sci & Ind, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Lookhart, GL (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Dept Grain Sci & Ind, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. OI Bean, Scott/0000-0001-8678-8094 NR 69 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 10 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 0173-0835 J9 ELECTROPHORESIS JI Electrophoresis PD NOV PY 2001 VL 22 IS 19 BP 4207 EP 4215 DI 10.1002/1522-2683(200111)22:19<4207::AID-ELPS4207>3.0.CO;2-S PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 502TD UT WOS:000172758100012 PM 11824638 ER PT J AU Bonnette, SG Hadsell, DL AF Bonnette, SG Hadsell, DL TI Targeted disruption of the IGF-I receptor gene decreases cellular proliferation in mammary terminal end buds SO ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GROWTH-FACTOR-I; INSULIN-RECEPTOR; GLAND DEVELOPMENT; POSTNATAL-GROWTH; NULL MUTATION; APOPTOSIS; MOUSE; MORPHOGENESIS; DIFFERENTIATION; EPITHELIUM AB IGF-I mediates mammary ductal development through stimulation of terminal end bud (TEB) development; however, no published data exist on the mechanism through which this occurs. The mechanism of IGF-I action on the TEB was studied by determining the requirement for the IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) in IGF-I-dependent ductal development. We hypothesized that loss of the IGF-ER would disrupt mammary ductal development through a combination of decreased proliferation or increased apoptosis. Because IGF-IR null mice die at birth, embryonic mammary gland transplantation was used to study the effects of a disrupted IGF-IR gene. Analyses of grafts after 4 or 8 wk of development demonstrated a limited growth potential of the null mammary epithelium in virgin hosts. Bromodeoxyuridine labeling and terminal deoxynucleotidyl-transferase-mediated deoxy-UTP nick-end labeling showed that cell proliferation was significantly decreased in null TEBs, but apoptosis was not. In addition, both the size and number of TEBs were reduced in null outgrowths. In pregnant hosts, null ductal growth was stimulated beyond the level seen in virgin hosts. These findings directly establish a proliferation-dependent role for the IGF-IR in the cells of the TEB. Additionally, this study indicates that pregnancy-dependent compensatory mechanisms can stimulate mammary development in the absence of an IGF-IR. C1 Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Dept Pediat, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Hadsell, DL (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, 10th Floor,1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. FU NIDDK NIH HHS [DK-52197-01] NR 45 TC 85 Z9 88 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENDOCRINE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 4350 EAST WEST HIGHWAY SUITE 500, BETHESDA, MD 20814-4110 USA SN 0013-7227 J9 ENDOCRINOLOGY JI Endocrinology PD NOV PY 2001 VL 142 IS 11 BP 4937 EP 4945 DI 10.1210/en.142.11.4937 PG 9 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 488BT UT WOS:000171915300041 PM 11606462 ER PT J AU Dosskey, MG AF Dosskey, MG TI Toward quantifying water pollution abatement in response to installing buffers on crop land SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Review DE nonpoint source; water quality; buffers; research; review; watershed ID NONPOINT-SOURCE POLLUTION; VEGETATIVE FILTER STRIPS; RIPARIAN FOREST BUFFERS; LOWLAND RIVER SYSTEM; NITRATE REMOVAL; COASTAL-PLAIN; AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS; GRASS HEDGES; GROUNDWATER NITRATE; SIMULATED VEGETATION AB The scientific research literature is reviewed (i) for evidence of how much reduction in nonpoint source pollution can be achieved by installing buffers on crop land, (ii) to summarize important factors that can affect this response, and (III) to identify remaining major information gaps that limit our ability to make probable estimates. This review is intended to clarify the current scientific foundation of the USDA and similar buffer programs designed in part for water pollution abatement and to highlight important research needs. At this time, research reports are lacking that quantify a change in pollutant amounts (concentration and/or load) in streams or lakes in response-to converting portions of cropped land to buffers. Most evidence that such a change should occur is indirect, coming from site-scale studies of individual functions of buffers that act to retain pollutants from runoff: (1) reduce surface runoff from fields, (2) filter surface runoff from fields, (3) filter groundwater runoff from fields, (4) reduce bank erosion, and (5) filter stream water. The term filter is used here to encompass the range of specific processes that act to reduce pollutant amounts in runoff flow. A consensus of experimental research on functions of buffers clearly shows that they can substantially limit sediment runoff from fields, retain sediment and sediment-bound pollutants from surface runoff, and remove nitrate N from groundwater runoff. Less certain is the magnitude of these functions compared to the cultivated crop condition that buffers would replace within the context of buffer installation programs. Other evidence suggests that buffer installation can substantially reduce bank erosion sources of sediment under certain circumstances. Studies have yet to address the degree to which buffer installation can enhance channel processes that remove pollutants from stream flow. Mathematical models offer an alternative way to develop estimates for water quality changes in response to buffer installation. Numerous site conditions and buffer design factors have been identified that can determine the magnitude of each buffer function, Accurate models must be able to account for and integrate these functions and factors over whole watersheds. At this time, only pollutant runoff and surface filtration functions have been modeled to this extent. Capability is increasing as research data is produced, models become more comprehensive, and new techniques provide means to describe variable conditions across watersheds. A great deal of professional judgment is still required to extrapolate current knowledge of buffer functions into broadly accurate estimates of water pollution abatement in response to buffer installation on crop land. Much important research remains to be done to improve this capability. The greatest need is to produce direct quantitative evidence of this response. Such data would confirm the hypothesis and enable direct testing of watershed-scale prediction models as they become available. Further study of individual pollution control functions is also needed, particularly to generate comparative evidence for how much they can be manipulated through buffer installation and management. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA, Natl Agroforestry Ctr, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Dosskey, MG (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA, Natl Agroforestry Ctr, East Campus, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 179 TC 162 Z9 168 U1 8 U2 83 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 28 IS 5 BP 577 EP 598 DI 10.1007/s002670010245 PG 22 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 476ZT UT WOS:000171259200002 PM 11568840 ER PT J AU Iverson, LR Szafoni, DL Baum, SE Cook, EA AF Iverson, LR Szafoni, DL Baum, SE Cook, EA TI A riparian wildlife habitat evaluation scheme developed using GIS SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE landscape ecology; riparian habitat; wildlife habitat; GIS; Illinois; spatial analysis ID WATER-QUALITY; FRAGMENTATION; CORRIDORS; FOREST AB To evaluate riparian habitat for wildlife, we used a geographic information system (GIS) that prioritized individual streams (for acquisition or management) by habitat ranking. We demonstrate this methodology for the Vermilion River basin in east-central Illinois, USA. Three data sets were used to evaluate land cover encompassing 300 m on either side of the streams: (1) the US Geological Survey's land use and land cover information (LUDA), (2) land cover manually digitized from the National High Altitude Photography (NHAP) program, and (3) Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data classified into land cover. Each of 30 tributaries in the study area was ranked for habitat according to the data contained in each data set, and results were compared. Habitat ranking schemes were devised and analysis performed for three specles guilds: forest, grassland, and mixed successional species, TM and NHAP each differentiated habitat scores (for forest, grassland, and mixed successional guilds) among tributaries in a similar and suitable way, while LUDA was not suitable, due to the coarse resolution of the data. Overall, it was shown that the methodology is suitable to rank streams based on riparian habitat quality. Even though more work is needed to test and verify the method, the project has shown the potential for such techniques to assist in evaluating, tracking, and improving the management of riparian wildlife resources. The method can easily be applied over large areas such as states if TM-based land cover and stream data are available. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Northeastern Res Stn, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. Univ Illinois, Geog Modeling Spatial Lab, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Illinois Nat Hist Survey, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. Lincoln Univ, USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Jefferson City, MO 65102 USA. RP Iverson, LR (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Northeastern Res Stn, 359 Main Rd, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. RI Iverson, Louis/C-7554-2009 OI Iverson, Louis/0000-0001-9501-471X NR 34 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 9 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 28 IS 5 BP 639 EP 654 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 476ZT UT WOS:000171259200006 PM 11568844 ER PT J AU Weggemans, RM Zock, PL Ordovas, JM Ramos-Galluzzi, J Katan, MB AF Weggemans, RM Zock, PL Ordovas, JM Ramos-Galluzzi, J Katan, MB TI Genetic polymorphisms and lipid response to dietary changes in humans SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article DE cafestol; cholesterol; genetic polymorphisms; lipids; saturated fat; trans fat ID DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN-CHOLESTEROL; A-I GENE; PLASMA HDL-CHOLESTEROL; ESTER TRANSFER PROTEIN; APOLIPOPROTEIN-B GENE; SERUM-LIPIDS; FAMILIAL HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; CETP GENE; C-III; FAT AB Background Previous studies on the effects of genetic polymorphisms on the serum cholesterol response to dietary treatments were often inconsistent and frequently involved small numbers of subjects. Materials and methods We studied the effect of 10 genetic polymorphisms on the responses of serum cholesterol to saturated and trans fat, cholesterol and the coffee diterpene, cafestol, as measured in 26 dietary trials performed over 20 years in 405 mostly normolipidaemic subjects. Results Apoprotein A4 360-2 allele attenuated the response of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol to dietary cholesterol, but not in women. Subjects with the cholesteryl ester transfer protein TaqIb-1 allele had -0.02 to -0.05 mmol L-1 smaller responses of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to diet than those with the 2/2 genotype. The effects of the other eight polymorphisms on cholesterol response were either inconsistent with results in previous studies or need to be replicated in other studies. Conclusions Apoprotein A4360 and cholesteryl ester transfer protein TaqIb polymorphisms may affect dietary responses. However, no one single genotype was a major determinant of a subject's lipid response to diet. Therefore, knowledge of these genotypes by themselves is of little use in the identification of subjects who may or may not benefit from dietary treatment. C1 Wageningen Ctr Food Sci, Nutr & Hlth Program, NL-6703 HD Wageningen, Netherlands. Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Div Human Nutr & Epidemiol, Wageningen, Netherlands. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Katan, MB (reprint author), Wageningen Ctr Food Sci, Nutr & Hlth Program, Bomenweg 2, NL-6703 HD Wageningen, Netherlands. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 NR 39 TC 14 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0014-2972 J9 EUR J CLIN INVEST JI Eur. J. Clin. Invest. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 31 IS 11 BP 950 EP 957 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2362.2001.00906.x PG 8 WC Medicine, General & Internal; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC General & Internal Medicine; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 495LP UT WOS:000172342900006 PM 11737237 ER PT J AU Mantovani, HC Kam, DK Ha, JK Russell, JB AF Mantovani, HC Kam, DK Ha, JK Russell, JB TI The antibacterial activity and sensitivity of Streptococcus bovis strains isolated from the rumen of cattle SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE rumen; bacteriocin; resistance; Streptococcus bovis ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; BACTERIA AB Approximately 50% of Streptococcus bovis isolates (n = 90) from cattle fed hay- or grain-based diets inhibited the growth of S. bovis JB1. The bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance (BLIS) of the most active strain (HC5) was sensitive to Pronase E, and 16S rDNA analyses indicated that HC5 was closely related to S. bovis strains. When repetitive DNA (BOX) sequences were amplified by PCR, blis(+) strains could be organized into 16 BOX-PCR groups, but the similarity indexes were as low as 40%. PCR analyses indicated that none of the blis(+) strains had the gene for bovicin 255. a bacteriocin produced by Streptococcus gallolyticus LRC0255, and many of the blis(+) isolates were sensitive to bovicin 255. Isolates that survived bovicin 255 and were transferred a second time became less sensitive (less than or equal to2 log reduction in viability). The isolates were more sensitive to the BLIS of S. bovis HC5 than bovicin 255, the initial average decrease in viability was approximately 3 logs greater (4.8 +/- 2.7 versus 1.8 +/- 2.1, respectively, P < 0.001), and the HC5-sensitive strains did not adapt. Sixteen of the blis(+) isolates were highly resistant to S. bovis HC5 (less than or equal to1 log reduction in viability), and BOX-PCR indicated that only five of them had the same BOX pattern as S. bovis HC5. The remaining blis(+), HC5-resistant isolates (n = 11) had distinctly different BOX patterns and were not always highly resistant to bovicin 255. Because blis(+) and blis(+) strains could be isolated from the same animal, it appears that bacteriocin production is not the only factor affecting S. bovis competition in the rumen. (C) 2001 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Cornell Univ, Microbiol Sect, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. USDA ARS, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Russell, JB (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Microbiol Sect, Wing Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RI Mantovani, Hilario/J-5287-2012; OI Ha, Jong K./0000-0001-8783-4777 NR 17 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-6496 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL ECOL JI FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 37 IS 3 BP 223 EP 229 DI 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2001.tb00869.x PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 502KT UT WOS:000172743300004 ER PT J AU Norred, WP Riley, RT Meredith, FI Poling, SM Plattner, RD AF Norred, WP Riley, RT Meredith, FI Poling, SM Plattner, RD TI Instability of N-acetylated fumonisin B1 (FA1) and the impact on inhibition of ceramide synthase in rat liver slices SO FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE fumonisin; acetylated fumonisin; mycotoxin; ceramide synthase; sphingolipid; rat liver slices ID PHASE EXTRACTION COLUMNS; FUSARIUM-MONILIFORME; SPHINGOLIPID BIOSYNTHESIS; RAPID PURIFICATION; MECHANISM; CARCINOGENESIS; MYCOTOXINS; DISRUPTION; METABOLISM; CULTURES AB Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium verticillioides. It inhibits ceramide synthase, which is a proposed underlying mechanism responsible for the myriad of toxic endpoints observed. We previously reported that N-acetylation of FB1 prevents ceramide synthase inhibition, but cautioned that impure preparations of FA1 can contain a contaminant with the ability to inhibit ceramide synthase. We now report that FA1 spontaneously rearranges to O-acetylated analogs. These rearrangement products are putative inhibitors of ceramide synthase. Rat liver slices exposed to impure FA1 containing O-acetylated FB1 had sphinganine/sphingosine (Sa:So) ratios of 1.15-1.64. Control slices had Sa:So ratios of 0.07-0.24. Clean-up to remove the O-acetylated FB1 yielded purified FA1 which produced Sa:So ratios in liver slices of 0.08-0.18. After storage for approximately 1 year as either a dry powder in a desiccator, or as a dried film at 4 degreesC, the purified FA1 again contained O-acetylated FB1, and was capable of ceramide synthase inhibition. FA1 was most stable in neutral solution, but in acidic Solution the equilibrium shifted towards the O-acetylated forms. FA1 in solid form also rearranged, but more slowly than in acid solution. As FA1 is considerably less cytotoxic than FB1, these results provide additional support for the conclusion that a primary amino group is necessary for both ceramide synthase inhibition and toxicity. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Toxicol & Mycotoxin Res Unit, Athens, GA 30613 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, Peoria, IL USA. RP Norred, WP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Toxicol & Mycotoxin Res Unit, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30613 USA. NR 23 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-6915 J9 FOOD CHEM TOXICOL JI Food Chem. Toxicol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 39 IS 11 BP 1071 EP 1078 DI 10.1016/S0278-6915(01)00055-2 PG 8 WC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology SC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology GA 475RL UT WOS:000171178000004 PM 11527566 ER PT J AU Delaney, B Phillips, K Buswell, D Mowry, B Nickels, D Cox, D Wang, HB Manthey, J AF Delaney, B Phillips, K Buswell, D Mowry, B Nickels, D Cox, D Wang, HB Manthey, J TI Immunotoxicity of a standardized citrus polymethoxylated flavone extract SO FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE citrus; flavones; immunotoxicity; natural killer cells (NK cells) ID BASOPHIL HISTAMINE-RELEASE; TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR; INDUCED TUMOR-GROWTH; LOCAL IMMUNOSUPPRESSION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; MEDIATOR RELEASE; ALPHA PRODUCTION; TNF-ALPHA; CELLS; MICE AB Polymethoxylated flavones (PMFs) from citrus inhibit production of TNF-alpha and other pro-inflammatory cytokines. As TNF-alpha also modulates NK cell activity, the current studies were conducted to assess the potential for a standardized citrus PMF mixture to suppress humoral and innate immune functions. PMFs were isolated from orange peel oil using a procedure that obtained a consistent mixture of PMFs both in identity and proportion. The mixture consisted of nobiletin (30.7%), 3,3 ' ,4,5,6,7,8-heptamethoxyflavone (27.9%), trimethylscutellarein (14.5%), tangeretin (10.4%), sinensetin (5.8%), 5-demethyl-nobiletin (2.0%), hexa-O-methylquercetagetin (1.3%), 5-demethyl-tetramethylscutellarein (0.6%), and other flavonoids (2.7%). To assess the effect of the PMF mixture on humoral immune responses, female B6C3F1 mice (n = 8) were exposed to the PMF by gavage at 5, 50, 150 and 500 mg/kg/day for 28 days. On day 25, mice were sensitized to sRBC by tail vein injection and AFC response determined 4 days later. Humoral immunity was insensitive to suppression following exposure to all concentrations of the PMF mixture. Suppression of NK cell activity was observed only following 500 mg/kg/day for 28 days. Body weights were not affected by exposure to any concentration of the PMF mixture in sRBC immunized or non-immunized mice. However, in sRBC-immunized mice, higher concentrations of PMF were associated with a statistically insignificant increase in spleen weight (P > 0.05). No change in spleen weight was observed in non-immunized mice. As anticipated, based on previously published in vitro observations, long-term, high-dose exposure to a standardized mixture of citrus PMFs caused a mild suppression of NK cell activity; however, humoral immunity was not sensitive to suppression at the same exposure levels. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Cargill Nutraceut, Minneapolis, MN 55440 USA. Midwest Res Inst, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA. Cargill Feed Applicat, Minneapolis, MN 55440 USA. Cargill CitroAmer Inc, Frostproof, FL 33843 USA. ARS, USDA, SAA, US Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, Winter Haven, FL 33881 USA. RP Delaney, B (reprint author), Cargill Nutraceut, POB 9300,MS110, Minneapolis, MN 55440 USA. NR 39 TC 19 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-6915 J9 FOOD CHEM TOXICOL JI Food Chem. Toxicol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 39 IS 11 BP 1087 EP 1094 DI 10.1016/S0278-6915(01)00058-8 PG 8 WC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology SC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology GA 475RL UT WOS:000171178000006 PM 11527568 ER PT J AU Garzon, GA Wrolstad, RE AF Garzon, GA Wrolstad, RE TI The stability of pelargonidin-based anthocyanins at varying water activity SO FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE anthocyanin; pigment; water activity; rate of degradation; half life ID COLOR; STORAGE; APPEARANCE; JUICE; WINE; DETERIORATION; CONCENTRATE; KINETICS; FOODS AB The stability of pelargonidin 3-glucoside. pelargonidin 3-sophoroside and pelargonidin 3-sophoroside 5-glucoside acylated with malonic and cinnamic acids was determined at varying water activities. Model systems, containing purified anthocyanin in pH 3.4 citrate buffer and glycerol, were stored at 25 degreesC in the dark for 242 days. Changes in pigment, degradation index, and anthocyanin profile, as monitored by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), were studied. In general, anthocyanin degradation followed first order kinetics and the degree of anthocyanin degradation increased with water activity. Half lives of the anthocyanins ranged from 56 to 934 days. Changes in the chromatographic profile showed hydrolysis of pelargonidin 3-sophoroside to pelargonidin 3-glucoside and production of malonic acid from the acylated anthocyanin. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Biomat Proc Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Wrolstad, RE (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 38 TC 26 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0308-8146 J9 FOOD CHEM JI Food Chem. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 75 IS 2 BP 185 EP 196 DI 10.1016/S0308-8146(01)00196-0 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 481GQ UT WOS:000171511900008 ER PT J AU Haynes, R Quigley, T Spies, T Clifford, J AF Haynes, R Quigley, T Spies, T Clifford, J TI The Science Basis for Ecosystem Management in the Interior Columbia River Basin - Preface SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Portland, OR 97208 USA. USDI, Bur Land Management, Portland, OR 97208 USA. RP Haynes, R (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, POB 3890, Portland, OR 97208 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD NOV 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 1-3 SI SI BP 1 EP 1 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00449-2 PG 1 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 485VG UT WOS:000171784200001 ER PT J AU Haynes, RW Quigley, TM Clifford, JL Gravenmier, RA AF Haynes, RW Quigley, TM Clifford, JL Gravenmier, RA TI Science and ecosystem management in the interior Columbia basin SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE forest management; ecosystems; land management planning AB Significant changes over the past 150 years in aquatic, terrestrial, landscape, and socioeconomic systems have altered biophysical systems in the interior Columbia basin. Changes and conflict in public policy concerns, such as resource use vs. restoration vs. conservation are especially evident in more than 34% of total forest and rangeland in the United States that are federally administered. In the last decade, design and implementation of complex land management strategies has become an issue for public land managers. In turn, the scientific community is often challenged to develop approaches for management of complete ecosystems. This paper discusses the use of science in the assessment and evaluation phases of one large-scale (multi-region) ecosystem management effort on federal lands in the Columbia river basin, the Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project (ICBEMP), and briefly describes the evaluations of three alternative management strategies which are detailed by other papers in this issue. This paper contends that understanding the context of land management decisions is essential to defining the veracity or applicability of alternative land management strategies. Evaluating the alternatives is a complicated science process, which requires understanding the effects of each set of direction over both the short and long term, projecting the effects of those directions, making assumptions about pieces not yet developed, and modeling resource change. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Portland, OR 97208 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. USDI Bur Land Management, Portland, OR 97208 USA. Interior Columbia Basin Ecosyst Management Projec, Portland, OR 97208 USA. RP Haynes, RW (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, POB 3890, Portland, OR 97208 USA. NR 29 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 3 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD NOV 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 1-3 SI SI BP 3 EP 14 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00450-9 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 485VG UT WOS:000171784200002 ER PT J AU Marcot, BG Holthausen, RS Raphael, MG Rowland, MM Wisdom, MJ AF Marcot, BG Holthausen, RS Raphael, MG Rowland, MM Wisdom, MJ TI Using Bayesian belief networks to evaluate fish and wildlife population viability under land management alternatives from an environmental impact statement SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Bayesian belief networks; Bayesian statistics; wildlife modeling; fish modeling; population viability; Columbia River; interior Columbia basin ID DECISION-MAKING; INFERENCE AB We developed procedures for using Bayesian belief networks (BBNs) to model habitat and population viability of selected at-risk fish and wildlife species. The BBN models represent the ecological causal web of key environmental correlates (KECs) that most influence habitat capability, potential population response for each species, and influence of habitat planning alternatives. BBN models represent site-specific KECs, habitat capability at the subwatershed level, and pattern of habitat capability across all subwatersheds. BBNs use Dirichlet prior probability distributions and standard Bayesian updating of posterior probabilities. We derived estimates of prior and conditional probabilities from a mix of empirical data and expert judgment, mostly the latter. Sensitivity analyses identified planning, decisions and KECs that most influence species outcomes, and can help prioritize monitoring activities. BBN models, however, substitute for neither field studies nor empirical, quantitative population viability analyses of population demography and genetics. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Portland Forest Sci Lab, Portland, OR 97224 USA. US Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Olympia Forest Sci Lab, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. US Bur Land Management, Forest & Range Sci Lab, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry & Range Sci Lab, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. RP Marcot, BG (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Portland Forest Sci Lab, 1221 SW Yamhill St, Portland, OR 97224 USA. NR 33 TC 167 Z9 169 U1 8 U2 55 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD NOV 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 1-3 SI SI BP 29 EP 42 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00452-2 PG 14 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 485VG UT WOS:000171784200004 ER PT J AU Rieman, B Peterson, JT Clayton, J Howell, P Thurow, R Thompson, W Lee, D AF Rieman, B Peterson, JT Clayton, J Howell, P Thurow, R Thompson, W Lee, D TI Evaluation of potential effects of federal land management alternatives on trends of salmonids and their habitats in the interior Columbia River basin SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Bayesian belief network; fish; salmon; trout; Columbia river basin; aquatic habitat ID POPULATIONS; FISH AB Aquatic species throughout the interior Columbia River basin are at risk. Evaluation of the potential effects of federal land management on aquatic ecosystems across this region is an important but challenging task. Issues include the size and complexity of the systems, uncertainty in important processes and existing states, flexibility and consistency in the analytical framework, and an ability to quantify results. We focused on salmonid fishes and their habitats as indicators of conditions in aquatic ecosystems and used Bayesian belief networks as a formal, quantitative framework to address the issues in our evaluation of land management alternatives proposed for the interior Columbia River basin. Because empirical information is limited at the scales relevant to our analysis, an ability to combine both empirical and more subjective information was key to the analysis. The representation of linkages through conditional probabilities made uncertainty explicit. We constructed two general networks. One represented the influence of landscape characteristics and existing and predicted management activities on aquatic habitats. A second represented the influence of habitat, existing biotic conditions, and for two anadromous species, ocean and migratory conditions, on the status of six widely distributed salmonid fishes. In the long term (100 years) all three land management alternatives were expected to produce positive changes in the status and distribution of the salmonids and their habitats. Trends were stronger for habitat than for the status of salmonids because of greater uncertainty in linking the fish and habitat networks and constraints outside spawning and rearing habitat on federal lands in the study area. Trends were stronger for resident salmonids than anadromous forms because of additional effects of the migratory corridor assumed for the latter. Alternative S2, which approached ecosystem restoration more conservatively, generally produced the strongest positive changes, and alternative S3, designed to promote more aggressive restoration, the weakest. Averaged across the basin, differences among the alternatives were small. Differences were greater at finer temporal and spatial scales. In the short term (10 years) alternative S3 was expected to lead to further degradation in some areas. By formalizing our understanding and assumptions in these networks, we provided a framework for exploring differences in the management alternatives that is more quantifiable, spatially explicit, and flexible than previous approaches. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Boise, ID 83702 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Sierra Nevada Conservat Framework, Sacramento, CA 95814 USA. RP Howell, P (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, 1401 Gekeler Lane, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. NR 29 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 6 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD NOV 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 1-3 SI SI BP 43 EP 62 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00453-4 PG 20 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 485VG UT WOS:000171784200005 ER PT J AU Raphael, MG Wisdom, MJ Rowland, MM Holthausen, RS Wales, BC Marcot, BG Rich, TD AF Raphael, MG Wisdom, MJ Rowland, MM Holthausen, RS Wales, BC Marcot, BG Rich, TD TI Status and trends of habitats of terrestrial vertebrates in relation to land management in the interior Columbia river basin SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Bayesian modeling; conservation; ecosystem management; models; terrestrial vertebrates; interior Columbia basin; population viability; wildlife habitat ID POPULATION AB We analyzed effects of three land management alternatives on 31 terrestrial vertebrates of conservation concern within the interior Columbia river basin study area. The three alternatives were proposed in a Supplemental Draft Environmental Impact Statement (SDEIS) that was developed for lands in the study area administered by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service (FS) and US Department of Interior (USDA) Bureau of Land Management (BLM). To evaluate effects of these alternatives, we developed Bayesian belief network (BBN) models, which allowed empirical and hypothesized relations to be combined in probability-based projections of conditions. We used the BBN models to project abundance and distribution of habitat to support potential populations (population outcomes) for each species across the entire study area. Population outcomes were defined in five classes, referred to as outcomes A-E. Under outcome A, populations are abundant and well distributed, with little or no likelihood of extirpation. By contrast, populations under outcome E are scarce and patchy, with a high likelihood of local or regional extirpation. Outcomes B-D represent gradients of conditions between the extremes of classes A and E. Most species (65%, or 20 of 31) were associated with outcome A historically and with outcomes D or E currently (55%, or 17 of 31). Population outcomes projected 100 years into the future were similar for all three alternatives but substantially different from historical and current outcomes. For species dependent on old-forest conditions, population outcomes typically improved one outcome class - usually from E or D to D or C - from current to the future under the alternatives. By contrast, population outcomes for rangeland species generally did not improve under the alternatives, with most species remaining in outcomes C, D, or E. Our results suggest that all three management alternatives will substantially improve conditions for most fore st-associated species but provide few improvements for rangeland-associated vertebrates. Continued displacement of native vegetation by exotic plants, as facilitated by a variety of human-associated disturbances, will be an on-going challenge to the improvement of future conditions for rangeland species. Published by Elsevier Science BN. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. USDI Bur Land Management, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Portland, OR 97208 USA. USDI Dept Interior, Bur Land Management, Boise, ID 83709 USA. RP Raphael, MG (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, 3625 93rd Ave, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. NR 25 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD NOV 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 1-3 SI SI BP 63 EP 88 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00454-6 PG 26 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 485VG UT WOS:000171784200006 ER EF