FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Torbert, HA AF Torbert, HA TI Effect of fertility management and soil type on phosphorus losses in runoff from rainfall simulation studies. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, Temple, TX 76502 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 123-AGRO BP U72 EP U72 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000281 ER PT J AU Tumlinson, JH AF Tumlinson, JH TI Plant signals guide natural enemies to insect herbivores. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, CMAVE, Insect Chem Res Unit, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RI Tumlinson, James/G-8358-2011 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 17-AGRO BP U55 EP U55 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000175 ER PT J AU Tunick, MH Farrell, HM AF Tunick, MH Farrell, HM TI DSC studies of alpha-lactalbumin denaturation. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 59-AGFD BP U34 EP U34 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000059 ER PT J AU Volz, SA Johnston, JJ AF Volz, SA Johnston, JJ TI Solid phase extraction gas chromatography/electron capture detector method for the determination of organochlorine pesticides in animal tissue. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, APHIS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 37-AGRO BP U58 EP U58 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000195 ER PT J AU Wauchope, RD AF Wauchope, RD TI National needs, regional solutions: The development of site-specific assessments of pesticides in water resources. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, SE Watershed Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31794 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 143-AGRO BP U75 EP U75 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000301 ER PT J AU Zablotowicz, RM Locke, MA Lerch, R Knight, SS AF Zablotowicz, RM Locke, MA Lerch, R Knight, SS TI Dynamics of herbicide concentrations in Mississippi Delta oxbow lakes and the role of planktonic microorganisms in herbicide metabolism. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. USDA ARS, CSWQRU, Washington, DC 20520 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 128-AGRO BP U73 EP U73 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000286 ER PT J AU Boothe, DDH Smith, MC Gattie, DK Das, KC AF Boothe, DDH Smith, MC Gattie, DK Das, KC TI Characterization of microbial populations in landfill leachate and bulk samples during aerobic bioreduction SO ADVANCES IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE landfill; bioreduction; aerobic; Leachate; compost; microbial populations; substrate utilization ID REFUSE AB Aerobic microbial populations in landfill leachate and bulk material were characterized during an engineered aerobic bioreduction process in a test cell of a municipal landfill in Atlanta, Georgia, USA. Assessment of the microbial ecology (bacterial numbers, species, and substrate utilization patterns) of this engineered system was undertaken to determine its biological status during the progression of the remediation process. Counts of aerobes in leachate increased by two orders of magnitude during the first 5 months of air injection. Bacterial counts in solid samples collected from various depths in the cell varied more than three orders of magnitude during the fifth month of treatment, exceeding counts in leachate by as much as three log units. In the ninth month of treatment, bacterial counts in bulk material were non-detectable in some cases, suggesting stability of the degraded waste material. Although bacterial species in leachate and bulk samples varied with sample collection date, eight species were identified in samples from multiple sampling dates. Only two Gram positive and six Gram negative species were isolated from both leachate and bulk material, and none of the yeast (Candida sp. or Cryptococcus sp.) isolated from solid samples was found in leachate. Analysis of the substrate utilization patterns of individual bacteria isolated from leachate collected on sequential sampling dates indicated a decrease in the percentage of Gram negative bacteria able to metabolize selected sugars with a concomitant increase in the percentage of Gram positive bacteria able to metabolize them. The amino acids tested were not readily utilized by Gram positive or Gram negative bacteria from either sample type. The observed decrease in percentage of bacteria able to metabolize specific substrates may have resulted from a decrease in substrate availability as waste stabilization, which was the goal of the project, began. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Driftmier Engn Ctr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Boothe, DDH (reprint author), ARS, USDA, PPMQ, Russell Res Ctr, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 11 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1093-0191 J9 ADV ENVIRON RES JI Adv. Environ. Res. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 5 IS 3 BP 285 EP 294 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 463NQ UT WOS:000170482600008 ER PT J AU Abbaspour, KC Schulin, R van Genuchten, MT AF Abbaspour, KC Schulin, R van Genuchten, MT TI Estimating unsaturated soil hydraulic parameters using ant colony optimization SO ADVANCES IN WATER RESOURCES LA English DT Article DE inverse modeling; unsaturated soil; hydraulic parameter; ant colony optimization; parameter estimation ID FLOW; CONDUCTIVITY; UNCERTAINTY; EXAMPLE AB Although models are now routinely used for addressing environmental problems, both in research and management applications, the problem of obtaining the required parameters remains a major challenge. An attractive procedure for obtaining model parameters in recent years has been through inverse modeling. This approach involves obtaining easily measurable variables (model output), and using this information to estimate a set of unknown model parameters. Inverse procedures usually require optimization of an objective function. In this study we emulate the behavior of a colony of ants to achieve this optimization. The method uses the fact that ants are capable of finding the shortest path from a food source to their nest by depositing a trail of pheromone during their walk. Results obtained with the ant colony parameter optimization method are very promising; in eight different applications we were able to estimate the 'true' parameters to within a few percent. One such study is reported in this paper plus an application to estimating hydraulic parameters in a lysimeter experiment. Despite the encouraging results obtained thus far, further improvements could still be made in the parameterization of the ant colony optimization for application to estimation of unsaturated flow and transport parameters. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Swiss Fed Inst Environm Sci & Technol EAWAG, CH-8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland. Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Inst Terr Ecol, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. USDA ARS, George E Warren Jr Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Abbaspour, KC (reprint author), Swiss Fed Inst Environm Sci & Technol EAWAG, Ueberlandstr 133,POB 611, CH-8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland. RI van Genuchten, Martinus/K-6892-2013 OI van Genuchten, Martinus/0000-0003-1654-8858 NR 32 TC 107 Z9 119 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0309-1708 J9 ADV WATER RESOUR JI Adv. Water Resour. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 24 IS 8 BP 827 EP 841 DI 10.1016/S0309-1708(01)00018-5 PG 15 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 453FB UT WOS:000169904900001 ER PT J AU Collins, AM Pettis, JS AF Collins, AM Pettis, JS TI Effect of varroa infestation on semen quality SO AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID VIABILITY ASSESSMENT; HONEY-BEE; UNITED-STATES; MATING YARD; JACOBSONI; INSEMINATION; SPERMATOZOA AB Varroa mite (Varroa destructor) infestation in a colony is a factor in the production of sufficient, high-quality drones for mating. Using a staining technique that distinguishes between live and dead sperm, we determined that both normal drones and those parasitized, but not deformed, by varroa mites during pupation, had equally viable sperm. The volume of semen and concentration sperm were also similar. However, the numbers of drones that live to the age of reproductive maturity were reduced when varroa were found in the cells. Queen producers should be aware of this reduced drone population and should adjust drone-source colony numbers accordingly. C1 USDA ARS, Bee Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Collins, AM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Bee Res Lab, 10300 Baltimore Ave,Bldg 476 BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 16 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 4 PU DADANT & SONS INC PI HAMILTON PA AMER BEE JOURNAL, HAMILTON, IL 62341 USA SN 0002-7626 J9 AM BEE J JI Am. Bee J. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 141 IS 8 BP 590 EP 593 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 454EX UT WOS:000169960400023 ER PT J AU Lusk, JL Fox, JA Schroeder, TC Mintert, J Koohmaraie, M AF Lusk, JL Fox, JA Schroeder, TC Mintert, J Koohmaraie, M TI In-store valuation of steak tenderness SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE beef; consumer demand; experimental economics; field experiment; tenderness; willingness to pay ID EXPERIMENTAL AUCTION MARKETS; STRUCTURAL-CHANGE; MEAT DEMAND; BEEF; PREFERENCES; QUALITY; VALUES; FOOD; PAY AB Experimental methods were used to examine consumer willingness-to-pay for steak tenderness in a grocery store setting. When relying on a taste test alone to determine product quality, the participants paid an average premium of $1.23/lb for a tender versus tough steak. Fifty-one percent of the participants were willing to pay an average of $1.84/lb when they had completed a taste test and were also provided information about the steak's tenderness. Results indicate that most consumers prefer more tender steaks and that many are willing to pay a premium for tender steaks. C1 Kansas State Univ, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. USDA ARS, Meat Anim Res Ctr, Meat Res Unit, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Lusk, JL (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 NR 37 TC 101 Z9 105 U1 1 U2 12 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 83 IS 3 BP 539 EP 550 DI 10.1111/0002-9092.00176 PG 12 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 467FL UT WOS:000170691700005 ER PT J AU Makki, SS Somwaru, A AF Makki, SS Somwaru, A TI Farmers' participation in crop insurance markets: Creating the right incentives SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT ASSA Winter Meeting CY JAN, 2001 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA SP ASSA C1 Ohio State Univ, Dept Agr Environm & Dev Econ, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. USDA, Econ Res Serv, Mkt & Trade Econ Div, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Makki, SS (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Dept Agr Environm & Dev Econ, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. NR 10 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 83 IS 3 BP 662 EP 667 DI 10.1111/0002-9092.00187 PG 6 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 467FL UT WOS:000170691700016 ER PT J AU Fleming, DJ Jacques, PF Massaro, JM D'Agostino, RB Wilson, PWF Wood, RJ AF Fleming, DJ Jacques, PF Massaro, JM D'Agostino, RB Wilson, PWF Wood, RJ TI Aspirin intake and the use of serum ferritin as a measure of iron status SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE aspirin; serum ferritin; myocardial infarction; elderly; cytokine; C-reactive protein; inflammation; iron stores; epidemiology; atherosclerosis; anti inflammatory ID NONSTEROIDAL ANTIINFLAMMATORY DRUGS; ISCHEMIC-HEART-DISEASE; C-REACTIVE PROTEIN; MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; ELDERLY POPULATION; PLASMA FERRITIN; ALCOHOL INTAKE; RISK; STORES; MEN AB Background: Atherosclerosis, a primary cause of myocardial infarction (MI), is an inflammatory disease. Aspirin use lowers risk of MI, probably through antithrombotic and antiinflammatory effects. Because serum ferritin (SF) can be elevated spuriously by inflammation, reported associations between elevated SF. used as an indicator of iron stores, and heart disease could be confounded by occult inflammation and aspirin use if they affect SF independently of iron status. Objective: We tested the hypothesis that aspirin use is associated with reduced SF. Design: We used analysis of covariance to investigate the relation between SF and categories of aspirin use in 913 elderly participants aged 67-96 y in the Framingham Heart Study. Results: After adjustment for sex, age, body mass index, smoking, alcohol use. concentrations of C-reactive protein and liver enzymes, white blood cell count, and use of nonaspirin nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and other medications, subjects who took >7 aspirins/wk had a significantly lower (by 25%) geometric mean SF than did nonusers, who took < 1 aspirin/wk (71 compared with 95 mug/L, respectively, P for trend = 0.004). This effect of aspirin on SF was more marked in diseased subjects than in healthy subjects (mean SF was 50% lower compared with 21% lower. respectively). Conclusions: Aspirin use is associated with lower SF. We suggest this effect results from possible increased occult blood loss and a cytokine-mediated effect on SF in subjects with inflammation, infection, or liver disease. The relations between aspirin, inflammation, and SF may confound epidemiologic associations between elevated SF, as an indicator of iron stores, and heart disease risk. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr, Mineral Bioavailabil Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA USA. Boston Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Boston Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Boston Univ, Dept Math & Stat, Boston, MA 02215 USA. RP Wood, RJ (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr, Mineral Bioavailabil Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [N01-HC-38038, R01-HL-40423-05]; NINDS NIH HHS [2-R01-NS-17950-12] NR 62 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 74 IS 2 BP 219 EP 226 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 457GQ UT WOS:000170129100013 PM 11470724 ER PT J AU Wold, LE Saari, JT Ren, J AF Wold, LE Saari, JT Ren, J TI Isolated ventricular myocytes from copper-deficient rat hearts exhibit enhanced contractile function SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-HEART AND CIRCULATORY PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cardiac; intracellular Ca2+ transients ID CARDIAC MYOCYTES; HYPERTROPHY; TISSUE; ABNORMALITIES; GLYCATION; PROTEINS; TITIN AB Dietary copper deficiency leads to cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac fibrosis, derangement of myofibrils, and impaired cardiac contractile and electrophysiological function. The purpose of this study was to determine whether impaired cardiac function from copper deficiency is due to depressed contractile function at the single myocyte level. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diets that were either copper adequate (5.59-6.05 mug copper/g body wt; n = 11) or copper deficient (0.29-0.34 mug copper/g body wt; n = 11) for 5 wk. Ventricular myocytes were dispersed and mechanical properties were evaluated using the SoftEdge video-based edge-detection system. Intracellular Ca2+ transients were examined using fura 2-acetoxymethyl ester. Myocytes were electrically stimulated to contract at 0.5 Hz. Properties evaluated included peak shortening (PS), time to peak shortening (TPS), time to 90% relengthening (TR90), and maximal velocities of shortening and relengthening (+/-dL/dt). Myocytes from the copper-deficient rat hearts exhibited significantly enhanced PS values associated with shortened TR90 measurements compared with those from copper-adequate rat hearts. The +/-dL/dt values were enhanced and the intracellular Ca2+ transient decay rate was depressed in myocytes from copper-deficient rats. These data indicate that impaired cardiac contractile function that is seen in copper-deficient whole hearts might not be due to depressed cardiac contractile function at the single cell level but rather to other mechanisms such as cardiac fibrosis. C1 Univ N Dakota, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol Physiol & Therapeut, Grand Forks, ND 58203 USA. ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, USDA, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Ren, J (reprint author), Univ N Dakota, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol Physiol & Therapeut, 501 N Columbia Rd, Grand Forks, ND 58203 USA. NR 27 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0363-6135 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-HEART C JI Am. J. Physiol.-Heart Circul. Physiol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 281 IS 2 BP H476 EP H481 PG 6 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Physiology; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology; Physiology GA 451XZ UT WOS:000169829200003 PM 11454548 ER PT J AU Lentsch, AB Kato, A Saari, JT Schuschke, DA AF Lentsch, AB Kato, A Saari, JT Schuschke, DA TI Augmented metalloproteinase activity and acute lung injury in copper-deficient rats SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LUNG CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE inflammation; gelatinase; neutrophils; cytokines ID RESPIRATORY-DISTRESS-SYNDROME; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES; SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE; DIETARY COPPER; PRETERM INFANT; NEUTROPHILS; GELATINASES; ALVEOLITIS; ENZYME; FLUID AB Dietary copper is required for normal function of >30 mammalian enzyme systems. Copper deficiency causes a number of cardiovascular defects as well as impaired immune cell function. Little is known regarding the effects of copper deficiency on acute inflammatory responses, but this topic is relevant because many members of the Western population receive less than the recommended dietary allowance of copper. In the current studies, we investigated the effects of dietary copper deficiency on acute lung injury induced by intrapulmonary deposition of IgG immune complexes. Weanling male Long-Evans rats were fed diets either adequate (5.6 mug/g) or deficient (0.3 mug/g) in copper. IgG immune complex lung injury was greatly increased in copper-deficient rats as determined by lung vascular leakage of albumin and histopathology. However, no change was observed in either the lung content of tumor necrosis factor-alpha or lung neutrophil accumulation. Lungs from copper-deficient rats had much higher levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 than did copper-adequate control animals. This increased activity was not attributable to alveolar macrophages or neutrophils. These data suggest that the augmented lung injury caused by copper deficiency is due to increased pulmonary MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity and not a generalized amplification of the inflammatory response. C1 Univ Louisville, Sch Med, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Louisville, KY 40292 USA. Univ Louisville, Sch Med, Dept Surg, Louisville, KY 40292 USA. ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, USDA, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Schuschke, DA (reprint author), Univ Louisville, Sch Med, Dept Physiol & Biophys, HSC-A1103, Louisville, KY 40292 USA. EM daschu01@gwise.louisville.edu FU NIDDK NIH HHS [DK-55030-02] NR 34 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 1040-0605 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-LUNG C JI Am. J. Physiol.-Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 281 IS 2 BP L387 EP L393 PG 7 WC Physiology; Respiratory System SC Physiology; Respiratory System GA 448QA UT WOS:000169637600013 PM 11435213 ER PT J AU Hurd, HS Gailey, JK McKean, JD Rostagno, MH AF Hurd, HS Gailey, JK McKean, JD Rostagno, MH TI Rapid infection in market-weight swine following exposure to a Salmonella Typhimurium-contaminated environment SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID PIGS; LAIRAGE; TIME AB Objective-To evaluate the possibility of swine becoming infected with Salmonella Typhimurium when housed for 2 to 6 hours in an environment contaminated with Salmonella, similar to a lairage situation prior to slaughter. Animals-40 crossbred market pigs with an approximate body weight of 92 kg. Procedure Five trials were conducted (8 pigs/trial) in simulated lairage conditions. Superficial inguinal, ileocecal, and mandibular lymph nodes, cecal contents, distal portion of the ileum, and fecal samples were obtained from each pig after 2 (n = 10), 3 (10), and 6 (5) hours of exposure to an environment contaminated with feces defecated by 10 pigs intranasally inoculated with nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium (chi 4232). In addition, 5 control pigs that were not exposed were also evaluated in the same manner. Results Feces deposited on the floor by intranasally inoculated swine were mixed with water to form slurry with a resulting load of approximately 10(3) colony-forming units of Salmonella Typhimurium/g of material. Eight of 10, 6 of 10, and 6 of 6 pigs exposed to the slurry for 2, 3, or 6 hours, respectively, had positive results for at least 1 sample when tested for the specific strain of Salmonella Typhimurium. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Pigs can become infected during routine resting or holding periods during marketing when exposed to relatively low amounts of Salmonella organisms in the preslaughter environment. Intervention at this step of the production process may have a major impact on the safety of pork products. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Preharvest Food Safety & Enter Dis Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Iowa State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Diagnost & Prod Med, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Hurd, HS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Preharvest Food Safety & Enter Dis Res Unit, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 15 TC 96 Z9 102 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 62 IS 8 BP 1194 EP 1197 DI 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.1194 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 458JH UT WOS:000170190900002 PM 11497437 ER PT J AU Whitehead, TR Cotta, MA AF Whitehead, TR Cotta, MA TI Characterisation and comparison of microbial populations in swine faeces and manure storage pits by 16S rDNA gene sequence analyses SO ANAEROBE LA English DT Article DE 16S; swine; faeces; manure; odour ID UREASE INHIBITORS; WASTE; PHYLOGENY; DIVERSITY; NITROGEN AB Odour emanating from anaerobic lagoons and swine production facilities has increased the tension among rural neighbors and among urban and rural residents. Storage of swine manure is associated with the production of a variety of odorous compounds, including ammonia, organic acids and alcohols, and sulphides. Although the generation of these chemicals is the result of microbiological activity little is known about the types of microorganisms responsible for their production. We have initiated an approach to determine and compare the bacterial populations present in both pig faeces and manure storage pits. Total DNA was isolated from both of these ecosystems. DNA sequence analyses of PCR amplified 16S rDNA genes derived from eubacterial sequences were carried out. Similarity analyses of the 16S sequences indicated the presence of primarily low G + C Gram-positive bacteria, such as Clostridium sp., Streptococcus sp., and Lactobacillus sp. in both ecosystems. Many of the sequences were from unidentified microorganisms. These results indicate that the primary eubacteria identified in swine faeces and manure pits are low G + C, Gram-positive bacteria. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Fermentat Biochem Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Whitehead, TR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, FBR, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RI Whitehead, Terence/B-5235-2009; Ducey, Thomas/A-6493-2011; OI Cotta, Michael/0000-0003-4565-7754 NR 33 TC 54 Z9 55 U1 2 U2 17 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1075-9964 J9 ANAEROBE JI Anaerobe PD AUG PY 2001 VL 7 IS 4 BP 181 EP 187 DI 10.1006/anae.2001.0388 PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 492ND UT WOS:000172173700001 ER PT J AU Moon, M Anderson, KL AF Moon, M Anderson, KL TI Eubacterium cellulosolvens alters its membrane protein, lipoprotein, and fatty acid composition in response to growth on cellulose SO ANAEROBE LA English DT Article DE lipoprotein; fatty acid; cellulolytic bacteria; membrane protein; membrane fluidity ID BACTEROIDES-THETAIOTAOMICRON; LIPID-COMPOSITION; CLOSTRIDIUM-THERMOCELLUM; THERMAL ADAPTATION; STARCH UTILIZATION; BACILLUS-SUBTILIS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; BACTERIA; BINDING; DIVERSITY AB The cellulolytic bacterium, Eubacterium cellulosolvens, altered its cytoplasmic membrane protein composition in response to growth on specific energy substrates. Electrophoresis profiles obtained from membrane protein fractions of cellulose-grown cells were different from that obtained from cells cultivated with other carbohydrates, such as cellobiose or glucose. In addition, [H-3]palmitic acid labelling of cellulose-grown E. cellulosolvens revealed two lipoproteins. that were not detected in glucose- or cellobiose-grown cultures. These lipoproteins partitioned with the membrane fraction, indicating their association with the cytoplasmic membrane. Proteinase K treatment of whole cells further suggested that these lipoproteins were exposed to the surface of the cell envelope. These membrane proteins and lipoproteins appear to be under some substrate-specific regulatory control with distinct, but as yet undetermined, roles in cellulose utilization. In addition, cellulose-grown E. cellulosolvens was found to posses a higher ratio of oleic. acid (C-18:1) to palmitic acid (C-16:0) than cells cultivated on soluble carbohydrates. This change in the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids was consistent with a comparative increase of membrane fluidity. Further analysis of this shift in the fatty acid profile revealed a correlation with the appearance of protruberances on the cell surface. Such a shift of fatty acid composition may indicate that the assembly and function of proteins for cellulose utilization necessitates an increase of the membrane fluidity. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Swine Res & Informat Ctr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Anderson, KL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Swine Res & Informat Ctr, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 47 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1075-9964 J9 ANAEROBE JI Anaerobe PD AUG PY 2001 VL 7 IS 4 BP 227 EP 236 DI 10.1006/anae.2001.0389 PG 10 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 492ND UT WOS:000172173700006 ER PT J AU Ashwell, MS Ashwell, CA Garrett, WA Bennett, GL AF Ashwell, MS Ashwell, CA Garrett, WA Bennett, GL TI Isolation, characterization and mapping of the bovine signal peptidase subunit 18 gene SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Editorial Material ID LOCI; MAP C1 ARS, USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, USDA, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Ashwell, MS (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0268-9146 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 32 IS 4 BP 232 EP 233 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2052.2001.0769b.x PG 2 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA 473BU UT WOS:000171020200012 PM 11531706 ER PT J AU Ilarslan, H Palmer, RG Horner, HT AF Ilarslan, H Palmer, RG Horner, HT TI Calcium oxalate crystals in developing seeds of soybean SO ANNALS OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE calcium; crystals; development; Glycine max; ovule; oxalate; seed; soybean ID CAPSICUM-ANNUUM SOLANACEAE; ASCORBIC-ACID; PISTIA-STRATIOTES; YUCCA-TORREYI; OXALIC-ACID; IDIOBLASTS; LEAVES; PLANTS; CELLS; DIFFERENTIATION AB Young developing soybean seeds contain relatively large amounts of calcium oxalate (CaOx) monohydrate crystals. A test for Ca and CaOx indicated that Ca deposits and crystals initially occurred in the funiculus, where a single vascular bundle enters the seed. Crystals formed in the integuments until the embryo enlarged enough to crush the inner portion of the inner integument. Crystals then appeared in the developing cotyledon tissues and embryo axis. All crystals formed in cell vacuoles. Dense bodies and membrane complexes were evident in the funiculus. In the inner integument, cell vacuoles assumed the shape of the future crystals. This presumed predetermined crystal mould is reported here for the first time for soybean seeds, As crystals in each tissue near maturity, a wall forms around each crystal. This intracellular crystal wall becomes contiguous with the cell wall. Integument crystals remain visible until the enlarging embryo crushes the integuments; the crystals then disappear. A related study revealed that the highest percent of oxalate by dry mass was reached in the developing + 16 d (post-fertilization) seeds. and then decreased during late seed maturation. At +60 d, CaOx formation and disappearance are an integral part of developing soybean seeds. Our results suggest that Ca deposits and crystals functionally serve as Ca storage for the rapidly enlarging embryos. The oxalate, derived from one or more possible metabolic pathways, could be involved in see storage protein synthesis. (C) 2001 Annals of Botany Company. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Bot, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Ankara Univ, Dept Biol, TR-06100 Ankara, Turkey. Iowa State Univ, Bessey Microscopy Facil, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Zool Genet, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, CICGR, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Horner, HT (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Bot, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 75 TC 40 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0305-7364 J9 ANN BOT-LONDON JI Ann. Bot. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 88 IS 2 BP 243 EP 257 DI 10.1006/anbo.2001.1453 PG 15 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 459VW UT WOS:000170273000009 ER PT J AU Jatoi, A Daly, BDT Hughes, VA Dallal, GE Kehayias, J Roubenoff, R AF Jatoi, A Daly, BDT Hughes, VA Dallal, GE Kehayias, J Roubenoff, R TI Do patients with nonmetastatic non-small cell lung cancer demonstrate altered resting energy expenditure? SO ANNALS OF THORACIC SURGERY LA English DT Article ID ADENOSINE 5'-TRIPHOSPHATE; MEGESTROL-ACETATE; CACHEXIA; TRIAL; ANOREXIA AB Background. The cancer cachexia syndrome occurs in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and includes elevated resting energy expenditure (REE). This increase in REE leads to weight loss, which in turn confers a poor prognosis. This study was undertaken to determine whether the cancer cachexia syndrome occurs in patients with nonmetastatic NSCLC. Methods. In this case-control study, 18 patients with nonmetastatic NSCLC (stages IA to IIIB) were matched to healthy controls on age (+/- 5 years), gender, and body mass index (+/- 3 kg/m(2)). Only 4 cancer patients had experienced > 5% weight loss. Cancer patients and controls were compared on the basis of: (1) unadjusted REE, as measured by indirect calorimetry; (2) REE adjusted for lean body mass, as measured by dual x-ray absorptiometry, (3) REE adjusted for body cell mass, as measured by potassium-40 measurement; and (4) REE adjusted for total body water, as measured by tritiated water dilution. Results. We observed no significant difference in unadjusted REE or in REE adjusted for total body water. However, with separate adjustments for lean body mass and body cell mass, cancer patients manifested an increase in REE: mean difference standard error of the mean: 140 +/- 35 kcal/day (p = 0.001) and 173 +/- 65 kcal/day (p = 0.032), respectively. Further adjustment for weight loss yielded similarly significant results. Conclusions. These results suggest that the cancer cachexia syndrome occurs in patients with nonmetastatic NSCLC and raise the question of whether clinical trials that target cancer cachexia should be initiated before weight loss. (C) 2001 by The Society of Thoracic Surgeons. C1 Tufts Univ, New England Med Ctr, Dept Surg, Div Cardiothorac Surg, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Nutr Exercise Physiol & Sarcopenia Lab, Biostat Sect, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Nutr Exercise Physiol & Sarcopenia Lab, Body Composit Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Jatoi, A (reprint author), Mayo Clin, Div Med Oncol, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [F32CA69742]; NCRR NIH HHS [M01RR00054-36A1] NR 20 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0003-4975 J9 ANN THORAC SURG JI Ann. Thorac. Surg. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 72 IS 2 BP 348 EP 351 DI 10.1016/S0003-4975(01)02847-8 PG 4 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Respiratory System; Surgery SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology; Respiratory System; Surgery GA 462UC UT WOS:000170437300009 PM 11515864 ER PT J AU Lenart, J Andersen, AA Rockey, DD AF Lenart, J Andersen, AA Rockey, DD TI Growth and development of tetracycline-resistant Chlamydia suis SO ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY LA English DT Article ID INCLUSION MEMBRANE; REACTIVE ARTHRITIS; TRACHOMATIS; INFECTION; ANTIBIOTICS; PSITTACI; PIGS AB Tetracycline (TET) is a front-line antibiotic for the treatment of chlamydial infections in both humans and animals, and the emergence of TET-resistant (Tet(r)) Chlamydia is of significant clinical importance. Recently, several Tet(r) chlamydial strains have been isolated from swine (Sus scrofa) raised in production facilities in Nebraska. Here, the intracellular development of of two Tet(r) strains, R19 and R27, is characterized through the use of tissue culture and immunofluorescence, The strains grow in concentrations of up to 4 mug of TET/ml, while a TET-sensitive (Tet(s)) swine strain (S45) and a strain of the human serovar L2 (LGV-434) grow in up to 0.1 mug of TET/ml. Although inclusions form in the presence of TET, many contain large aberrant reticulate bodies (RBs) that do not differentiate into infectious elementary bodies. The percentage of inclusions containing typical developmental forms decreases with increasing TET concentrations, and at 3 mug of TET/ml 100% of inclusions contain aberrant RBs, However, upon removal of TET the aberrant RBs revert to typical RBs, and a productive developmental cycle ensues. In addition, inclusions were found that contained both C. suis R19 and Chlamydia trachomatis L2 after sequential infection, demonstrating that two biologically distinct chlamydial strains could both develop within a single inclusion. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Rockey, DD (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Microbiol, 220 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 33 TC 40 Z9 43 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0066-4804 J9 ANTIMICROB AGENTS CH JI Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 45 IS 8 BP 2198 EP 2203 DI 10.1128/AAC.45.8.2198-2203.2001 PG 6 WC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 454YQ UT WOS:000169999700002 PM 11451674 ER PT J AU Glandorf, DCM Verheggen, P Jansen, T Jorritsma, JW Smit, E Leeflang, P Wernars, K Thomashow, LS Laureijs, E Thomas-Oates, JE Bakker, PAHM Van Loon, LC AF Glandorf, DCM Verheggen, P Jansen, T Jorritsma, JW Smit, E Leeflang, P Wernars, K Thomashow, LS Laureijs, E Thomas-Oates, JE Bakker, PAHM Van Loon, LC TI Effect of genetically modified Pseudomonas putida WCS358r on the fungal rhizosphere microflora of field-grown wheat SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GRADIENT GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; FUSARIUM-WILT; PHENAZINE-1-CARBOXYLIC ACID; FLUORESCENT PSEUDOMONAS; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; SOIL; IMPACT; 2,4-DIACETYLPHLOROGLUCINOL; COMMUNITIES; INSERTION AB We released genetically modified Pseudomonas putida WCS358r into the rhizospheres of wheat plants. The two genetically modified derivatives, genetically modified microorganism (GMM) 2 and GMM 8, carried the phz biosynthetic gene locus of strain P. fluorescens 2-79 and constitutively produced the antifungal compound phenazine-l-carboxylic acid (PCA). In the springs of 1997 and 1998 we sowed wheat seeds treated with either GMM 2, GMM 8, or WCS358r (approximately 10(7) CFU per seed), and measured the numbers, composition, and activities of the rhizosphere microbial populations. During both growing seasons, all three bacterial strains decreased from 10(7) CFU per g of rhizosphere sample to below the limit of detection (10(7) CFU per g) I month after harvest of the wheat plants. The phz genes were stably maintained, and PCA was detected in rhizosphere extracts of GMM-treated plants. In 1997, but not in 1998, fungal numbers in the rhizosphere, quantified on 2% malt extract agar (total filamentous fungi) and on Komada's medium (mainly Fusarium spp.), were transiently suppressed in GMM 8-treated plants. We also analyzed the effects of the GMMs on the rhizosphere fungi by using amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis. Introduction of any of the three bacterial strains transiently changed the composition of the rhizosphere fungal microflora. However, in both 1997 and 1998, GMM-induced effects were distinct from those of WCS358r and lasted for 40 days in 1997 and for 89 days after sowing in 1998, whereas effects induced by WCS358r were detectable for 12 (1997) or 40 (1998) days. None of the strains affected the metabolic activity of the soil microbial population (substrate- induced respiration), soil nitrification potential, cellulose decomposition, plant height, or plant yield. The results indicate that application of GMMs engineered to have improved antifungal activity can exert nontarget effects on the natural fungal microflora. C1 Univ Utrecht, Inst Biol, Sect Phytopathol, NL-3508 TB Utrecht, Netherlands. Univ Utrecht, Fac Chem, Dept Mass Spectrometry, Utrecht, Netherlands. Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Bakker, PAHM (reprint author), Univ Utrecht, Inst Biol, Sect Phytopathol, POB 80084, NL-3508 TB Utrecht, Netherlands. RI Bakker, Peter/B-9355-2011 NR 40 TC 56 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 67 IS 8 BP 3371 EP 3378 DI 10.1128/AEM.67.8.3371-3378.2001 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 460FP UT WOS:000170297800006 PM 11472906 ER PT J AU Hirano, SS Willis, DK Clayton, MK Upper, CD AF Hirano, SS Willis, DK Clayton, MK Upper, CD TI Use of an intergenic region in Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae B728a for site-directed genomic marking of bacterial strains for field experiments SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INVITRO INSERTIONAL MUTAGENESIS; GENE; POPULATIONS; LEMA; FRAGMENTS; FITNESS; FAMILY; GROWTH; PLANTS AB To construct differentially-marked derivatives of our model wild-type strain, Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae B728a (a causal agent of bacterial brown spot disease in snap bean plants), for field experiments, we selected a site in the gacS-cysM intergenic region for site-directed insertion of antibiotic resistance marker cassettes. In each of three field experiments, population sizes of the site-directed chromosomally marked B728a derivatives in association with snap bean plants were not significantly different from that of the wild-type strain. Inserts of up to 7 kb of DNA in the intergenic region did not measurably affect fitness of B728a in the field. The site is useful for site-directed genomic insertions of single copies of genes of interest. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Plant Pathol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Stat, Madison, WI 53706 USA. USDA ARS, Plant Dis Resistance Res Unit, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Hirano, SS (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Plant Pathol, 1630 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 17 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 67 IS 8 BP 3735 EP 3738 DI 10.1128/AEM.67.8.3735-3738.2001 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 460FP UT WOS:000170297800057 PM 11472957 ER PT J AU Carlson, SA Frana, TS Griffith, RW AF Carlson, SA Frana, TS Griffith, RW TI Antibiotic resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium exposed to microcin-producing Escherichia coli SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MAR LOCUS; DT104; EXPRESSION; ELEMENTS; MEMBRANE; GENES AB Microcin 24 is an antimicrobial peptide secreted by uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Secretion of microcin 24 provides an antibacterial defense mechanism for E. coh. In a plasmid-based system using transformed Salmonella enterica, we found that resistance to microcin 24 could be seen in concert with a multiple-antibiotic resistance phenotype. This multidrug-resistant phenotype appeared when Salmonella was exposed to an E. coli strain expressing microcin 24. Therefore, it appears that multidrug-resistant Salmonella can arise as a result of an insult from other pathogenic bacteria. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Preharvest Food Safety & Enter Dis Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Iowa State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Microbiol & Prevent Med, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Carlson, SA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Preharvest Food Safety & Enter Dis Res Unit, 2300 Dayton Rd,Box 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 24 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 67 IS 8 BP 3763 EP 3766 DI 10.1128/AEM.67.8.3763-3766.2001 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 460FP UT WOS:000170297800064 PM 11472964 ER PT J AU McIntosh, AH Grasela, JJ Goodman, CL Ignoffo, CM AF McIntosh, AH Grasela, JJ Goodman, CL Ignoffo, CM TI Growth of a clonal cell line of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) in suspension culture and replication of its homologous baculovirus HzSNPV SO APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Helicoverpa zea; suspension culture; HzSNPV ID NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS-VIRUS; INSECT CELLS; HELIOTHIS; PROTEINS; ADULTS AB A clonal cell line (BCIRL-HZ-AM1-11) of Helicoverpa zea was grown in stationary and suspension cultures in ExCell 401 (TM) medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum at 28 degreesC. The cell population doubling time was 22 h in stationary culture as compared with 27 h in suspension culture. A lag time of approximately 24 h was observed during the first 24 h of the suspension culture following initiation but no lag time was observed in the stationary culture. Maximum viral titers were achieved in stationary and suspension cultures at 120 h (1.80 X 10(6) TCID50/ml) and 168 h (1.48 X 10(7) TCID50/ml), respectively, following inoculation with the Helicoverpa zea baculovirus (HzSNPV/Br-CL2). Infected cells harvested at 168 h from the 50 ml suspension culture produced a total number of occlusion bodies of 3 X 10(9). C1 ARS, USDA, Biol Control Insects Res Lab, Columbia, MO 65203 USA. RP McIntosh, AH (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Biol Control Insects Res Lab, Columbia, MO 65203 USA. NR 23 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU JAPAN SOC APPL ENTOMOL ZOOL PI TOKYO PA 1-43-11 KOMAGOME TOSHIMA-KU, TOKYO, 170, JAPAN SN 0003-6862 J9 APPL ENTOMOL ZOOL JI Appl. Entomol. Zoolog. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 36 IS 3 BP 349 EP 352 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 467XH UT WOS:000170728700013 ER PT J AU Engel, P Scharfenstein, LL Dyer, JM Cary, JW AF Engel, P Scharfenstein, LL Dyer, JM Cary, JW TI Disruption of a gene encoding a putative gamma-butyrolactone-binding protein in Streptomyces tendae affects nikkomycin production SO APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DNA; TRANSFORMATION; RECEPTOR; BIOSYNTHESIS; REPLACEMENT; REVEALS; TN4560; FRI-5; FARA; ACTS AB A 2.6-kb BamHI fragment from the genome of the wild-type, nikkomycin-producing strain of Streptomyces tendae ATCC 31160 was cloned and sequenced. This 2.6-kb BamHI fragment corresponds to the DNA site where transposon Tn4560 had inserted to create a nikkomycin-nonproducing mutant. A possible ORF of 660 nucleotides was found in this 2.6-kb BamHI fragment, in which the third base of each codon was either G or C in 92% of the codons. The deduced amino acid sequence coded by this ORF (TarA, tendae autoregulator receptor) shows strong homology with several gamma -butyrolactone-binding proteins that negatively regulate antibiotic production in other streptomycetes and have a helix-turn-helix DNA-binding motif. A portion (179 nucleotides) of tarA that encodes the helix-turn-helix motif was replaced with ermE, and wild-type S. tendae was transformed with this construct borne in pDH5, a gene-disruption vector. Southern hybridization indicated that ermE had inserted in the 2.6-kb BamHI region in one isolate that is erythromycin resistant. Northern hybridization indicated that tarA disruption significantly increased the amount of disrupted-tarA mRNA. This suggests that TarA negatively regulates its own synthesis. Nikkomycin production by the tarA disruptant was delayed but reached the wild-type level after longer incubation in production medium. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Engel, P (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 14 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0175-7598 J9 APPL MICROBIOL BIOT JI Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 56 IS 3-4 BP 414 EP 419 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 465UP UT WOS:000170608600017 PM 11549012 ER PT J AU Zimmerman, DR Reinhardt, TA Kremer, R Beitz, DC Reddy, GS Horst, RL AF Zimmerman, DR Reinhardt, TA Kremer, R Beitz, DC Reddy, GS Horst, RL TI Calcitroic acid is a major catabolic metabolite in the metabolism of 1 alpha-dihydroxyvitamin D-2 SO ARCHIVES OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE calcitroic acid; 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-2; metabolism ID VITAMIN-D ANALOG; 1-ALPHA,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D-3; IDENTIFICATION; 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN-D3; PATHWAY; HYDROXYLATION; KIDNEY; CELLS; CYP24 AB Calcitroic acid (1 alpha -hydroxy-23 carboxy-24,25,26,27-tetranorvitamin D-3) is known to be the major water-soluble metabolite produced during the deactivation of 1 alpha ,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3. This deactivation process involves a series of oxidation reactions at C-24 and C-23 leading to side-chain cleavage and, ultimately, formation of the calcitroic acid. Like 1 alpha ,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3, 1 alpha ,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-2 is also known to undergo side-chain oxidation; however, to date there has been no evidence suggesting that 1 alpha ,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-2 undergoes side-chain cleavage. To investigate this possibility, we studied 1 alpha ,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-2 metabolism in HPK1A-ras cells as well as the well characterized perfused rat kidney system. Lipid and aqueous-soluble metabolites were prepared for characterization. Aqueous-soluble metabolites were subjected to reverse-phase HPLC analysis. The major aqueous-soluble metabolite from both the kidney and cell incubations comigrated with authentic calcitroic acid on two reverse-phase HPLC columns of different chemistry. The putative calcitroic acid from the cell and kidney incubations was methylated and found to comigrate with methylated authentic standard on straight-phase and reverse-phase HPLC columns. The identity of the methylated metabolite from cell incubations was also confirmed by mass spectral analysis. These data show, for the first time, that calcitroic acid is a major terminal product for the deactivation of 1 alpha ,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-2. Intermediates leading to the formation of the calcitroic acid in the 1 alpha ,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-2 metabolism pathway are currently being studied. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Periparturient Dis Cattle Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Biochem Biophys & Mol Biol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Royal Victoria Hosp, Calcium Res Labs, Montreal, PQ H3A 1A1, Canada. Brown Univ, Women & Infants Hosp, Dept Pediat, Providence, RI 02905 USA. RP Horst, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Periparturient Dis Cattle Res Unit, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RI Reinhardt, Timothy/A-7536-2009 OI Reinhardt, Timothy/0000-0001-5552-2509 NR 20 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0003-9861 J9 ARCH BIOCHEM BIOPHYS JI Arch. Biochem. Biophys. PD AUG 1 PY 2001 VL 392 IS 1 BP 14 EP 22 DI 10.1006/abbi.2001.2419 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 460GA UT WOS:000170298800003 PM 11469789 ER PT J AU Loeb, MJ De Loof, A Gelman, DB Hakim, RS Jaffe, H Kochansky, JP Meola, SM Schoofs, L Steel, C Vafopoulou, X Wagner, RM Woods, CW AF Loeb, MJ De Loof, A Gelman, DB Hakim, RS Jaffe, H Kochansky, JP Meola, SM Schoofs, L Steel, C Vafopoulou, X Wagner, RM Woods, CW TI Testis ecdysiotropin, an insect gonadotropin that induces synthesis of ecdysteroid SO ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Congress of Entomology CY AUG 20-26, 2000 CL IGUASSU FALLS, BRAZIL DE male reproduction; neuropeptide; ecdysteroid; cell signaling; immunocytochemistry ID LYMANTRIA-DISPAR; GYPSY-MOTH; PROTHORACICOTROPIC HORMONE; MANDUCA-SEXTA; LARVAL TESTES; BOMBYX-MORI; SPERMIOGENESIS; ARMYWORM; SHEATHS; CELLS AB Testes of lepidoptera synthesized ecdysteroid in a somewhat different temporal pattern than the prothoracic glands that release ecdysteroid to the hemolymph. Brain extracts from Heliothis virescens and Lymantria dispar induced testes to synthesize ecdysteroid, but did not affect prothoracic glands. The testis ecdysiotropin (LTE) was isolated from L. dispar pupal brains by a series of high-pressure chromatography steps. Its sequence was Ile-Ser-Asp-Phe-Asp-Glu-Tyr-Glu-Pro-Leu-Asn-Asp-Ala-Asp-Asn-Asn-Glu-Val-Leu-Asp-Phe-OH, of molecular mass 2,473 Daltons. The predominant signaling pathway for LTE was via Gi protein, IP3, diacylglycerol and PKC; a modulating pathway, apparently mediated by an angiotensin II-like peptide, was controlled via G. protein, cAMP, and PKA. Testis ecdysteroid caused isolated testis sheaths to also synthesize a growth factor that induced development of the male genital tract. The growth factor appeared to be a glycoprotein similar to vertebrate alpha-l-glycoprotein. A polyclonal antibody to LTE indicated LTE-like peptide in L. dispar brain medial neurosecretory cells, the suboesophageal, and other ganglia, and also in its target organ, the testis sheath. LTE immunoreactivity was also seen in testis sheaths of Rhodnius prolixus. LTE-like immunoactivity was also detected in developing optic lobes, antennae, frontal ganglia, and elongating spermatids of developing L. dispar pupae. This may indicate that LTE has a role in development as well as stimulation of testis ecdysteroid synthesis. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Zool Inst, Louvain, Belgium. Howard Univ, Dept Anat, Washington, DC USA. NIH, Bethesda, MD USA. USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, College Stn, TX USA. York Univ, Dept Biol, Toronto, ON, Canada. USDA ARS, Biol Control Insects Res Lab, Columbia, MO USA. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD USA. RP Loeb, MJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Bldg 011A,Rm 211,Barc W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 26 TC 18 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0739-4462 J9 ARCH INSECT BIOCHEM JI Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 47 IS 4 SI SI BP 181 EP 188 DI 10.1002/arch.1050 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology GA 457ZK UT WOS:000170168700003 PM 11462222 ER PT J AU Radford, IJ Nicholas, DM Brown, JR Kriticos, DJ AF Radford, IJ Nicholas, DM Brown, JR Kriticos, DJ TI Paddock-scale patterns of seed production and dispersal in the invasive shrub Acacia nilotica (Mimosaceae) in northern Australian rangelands SO AUSTRAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cattle-aided dispersal; landscape ecology; Mitchell (Astrebla) grasslands; riparian ID LARGE HERBIVORES; BRUCHID BEETLES; AFRICAN SAVANNA; VEGETATION AB Paddock-scale Acacia nilotica L. Willd. ex Del. (prickly acacia) spatial distribution, seed production and dispersal patterns were investigated in the Astrebla (Mitchell) grasslands of northern Australia as a step toward predicting future patterns of invasion. A number of hypotheses were tested based on what we know of this species in both Australia and regions where it is native, for example South Africa. It was hypothesized that most A. nilotica seeds would be produced by trees in riparian habitats with access to permanent water. In addition, we predicted that seeds would be dispersed throughout the Astrebla grassland landscape by cattle, following observations that cattle readily ingest and pass seeds and that cattle have access to all areas within paddock boundary fences. Tree density, seed production and seed dispersal by cattle were measured along a series of transects from permanent watering points to paddock boundary fences. Trees associated with permanent watering points produced more seeds per unit area and occurred at higher density than their non-riparian counterparts. The importance of riparian trees decreased in years with high rainfall and in paddocks with only small areas of riparian habitat. Cattle spread dung and seeds throughout paddocks, with peaks of deposition adjacent to permanent watering points. These results suggest that invasion patterns are likely to be uneven across the landscape and may be reactive to climate. High seedling recruitment and possible thicket formation is expected adjacent to permanent watering points and wherever cattle congregate. Patterns of recruitment in non-riparian areas are likely to be relatively sparse. The importance of post-dispersal factors in determining recruitment patterns is discussed. C1 CSIRO, Div Sustainable Ecosyst, Davies Lab, Townsville, Qld 4814, Australia. New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, Dept 3JER, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. CSIRO, Div Entomol, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. RP Radford, IJ (reprint author), CSIRO, Div Sustainable Ecosyst, Davies Lab, PMB PO Aitkenvale, Townsville, Qld 4814, Australia. RI Kriticos, Darren/A-4170-2008 OI Kriticos, Darren/0000-0003-2599-8105 NR 38 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 5 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE ASIA PI CARLTON PA 54 UNIVERSITY ST, P O BOX 378, CARLTON, VICTORIA 3053, AUSTRALIA SN 1442-9985 J9 AUSTRAL ECOL JI Austral Ecol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 26 IS 4 BP 338 EP 348 DI 10.1046/j.1442-9993.2001.01119.x PG 11 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 461FE UT WOS:000170353600004 ER PT J AU Gimeno, IM Witter, RL Hunt, HD Reddy, SM Neumann, U AF Gimeno, IM Witter, RL Hunt, HD Reddy, SM Neumann, U TI Differential attenuation of the induction by Marek's disease virus of transient paralysis and persistent neurological disease: a model for pathogenesis studies SO AVIAN PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NERVOUS-SYSTEM LESIONS; VACCINE VIRUSES; CHICKENS; HERPESVIRUS; DNA; ANTIBODIES; SEROTYPE-2; EFFICACY; STRAINS; GENES AB Since different biological characteristics of Marek's disease virus ( MDV) are attenuated at different passage levels in cell culture, an analysis of attenuation times provides, in theory, a model for establishing the presence or absence of relationships between characteristics, thus providing a basis to link them to genetic changes in the causative virus. We have used this model to better understand the pathogenesis of the central nervous system infection as well as to evaluate the relationship of clinical neurological disease to various other parameters of MDV infection. Inoculation of 15 x 7 crossbred chickens with strain 648A of very virulent plus MDV at different passage levels (between 10 and 100) showed that two neurological syndromes ( transient paralysis (TP) and persistent neurological disease), were attenuated at different passage levels. While strain 648A lost the ability to induce TP between 30 and 40 passages in chicken embryo fibroblast cultures, an event closely related with all parameters of MDV infection involving viral replication ( early cytolytic infection in lymphoid organs and viral replication in the feather follicle epithelium), the ability to induce persistent neurological disease was lost between 80 and 90 passages in chicken embryo fibroblasts, coincident with the loss of neoplastic lesions in peripheral nerves and other visceral organs. These data strongly suggest that transient paralysis and persistent neurological disease are unrelated and differently regulated. Moreover, comparison of brain changes induced by strain 648A at passage level 30 (TP) and at passage level 40 (no TP) also contributed to a better understanding of which brain alterations are associated with the onset of TP. The use of viruses at different passage levels with varying degrees of attenuation is presented as a useful tool for studying pathogenesis of MDV infection. C1 ARS, USDA, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. Hannover Sch Vet Med, Clin Poultry, D-30539 Hannover, Germany. RP Witter, RL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, 3606 E Mt Hope Rd, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. NR 50 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU CARFAX PUBLISHING PI BASINGSTOKE PA RANKINE RD, BASINGSTOKE RG24 8PR, HANTS, ENGLAND SN 0307-9457 J9 AVIAN PATHOL JI Avian Pathol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 30 IS 4 BP 397 EP 409 PG 13 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 458VN UT WOS:000170216300012 PM 19184925 ER PT J AU Solter, LF Keena, M Cate, JR McManus, ML Hanks, LM AF Solter, LF Keena, M Cate, JR McManus, ML Hanks, LM TI Infectivity of four species of nematodes (Rhabditoidea : Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae) to the Asian longhorn beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Motchulsky) (Coleoptera : Cerambycidae) SO BIOCONTROL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Steinernema carpocapsae; Heterorhabditis bacteriophora; H. indica; H. marelatus; Anoplophora glabripennis; Asian longhorn beetle AB Four species of entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema carpocapsae, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, H. indica and H. marelatus, were tested for their ability to kill and reproduce in larvae of the Asian longhorn beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Motchulsky). The larvae were permissive to all four species but mortality was higher and production of infective juveniles was greater for S. carpocapsae and H. marelatus. The lethal dosage of H. marelatus was determined to be 19 infective juveniles for second and third instar larvae and 347 infective juveniles for fourth and fifth instar larvae. H. marelatus infective juveniles, applied via sponges to oviposition sites on cut logs, located and killed host larvae within 30 cm galleries and reproduced successfully in several of the larvae. C1 Illinois Nat Hist Survey, Ctr Econ Entomol, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Ctr Forest Hlth Res, Hamden, CT 06514 USA. Integrated Biocontrol Syst Inc, Aurora, IN 47001 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Entomol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Solter, LF (reprint author), Illinois Nat Hist Survey, Ctr Econ Entomol, 607 E Peabody Dr, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. NR 11 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 5 PU CARFAX PUBLISHING PI BASINGSTOKE PA RANKINE RD, BASINGSTOKE RG24 8PR, HANTS, ENGLAND SN 0958-3157 J9 BIOCONTROL SCI TECHN JI Biocontrol Sci. Technol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 11 IS 4 BP 547 EP 552 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 461GA UT WOS:000170355500012 ER PT J AU McCoard, SA Wise, TH Fahrenkrug, SC Ford, JJ AF McCoard, SA Wise, TH Fahrenkrug, SC Ford, JJ TI Temporal and spatial localization patterns of Gata4 during porcine gonadogenesis SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article DE early development; embryo; ovary; Sertoli cells; testis ID TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR GATA-4; EMBRYONIC STEM-CELLS; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; PRIMORDIAL GERM-CELLS; SERTOLI CELLS; MOUSE TESTIS; PIG EMBRYOS; GONADAL DIFFERENTIATION; ERYTHROID DEVELOPMENT; HEMATOPOIETIC-CELLS AB The zinc ringer transcription factor Gata4, is associated with gonadal development in many species. The present study characterizes temporal and spatial localization of Gata4 throughout gonadogenesis in porcine embryos. Immunohistochemical studies illustrated that Gata4 protein is present in the coelomic epithelium prior to histological differentiation of the nascent bipotential gonad, marking the future site of both XX and XY porcine gonads. Many somatic cells of both XX and XY bipotential gonads continue to retain Gata4 immunoreactivity throughout sexual differentiation and subsequent gonadal development. Testicular cords were evident by 26 days postcoitum. Gata4 was present in Sertoli cells, identified by virtue of coexpression with Mullerian inhibiting substance and also interstitial cells including Leydig cells throughout fetal and postnatal life. Many somatic cells of the differentiating ovary including follicular cells also contained Gata4 protein throughout fetal and postnatal life. Gata4 was not present in germ cells, endothelial cells, or other undifferentiated mesenchymal cells of both XX and XY gonads. A population of Gata4-positive cells in the dorsal mesentery was continuous with the coelomic epithelium of the gonad. This localization pattern led to the hypothesis that a subpopulation of somatic cells in the dorsal mesentery moves toward the gonad. An in vitro cell migration assay demonstrated that Gata4-positive cells preferentially migrate toward explanted gonadal tissue, and morphological features of the developing gonad supported this hypothesis. This study illustrates that Gata4 is a very early marker for gonad formation, highlights species differences in temporal and spatial localization patterns, and suggests a potential role for Gata4 in the development of both XX and XY porcine gonads. Further, we suggest that mesenchymal cells of the dorsal mesentery may provide a source of somatic cells that migrate and incorporate into the gonad and contribute to various somatic cell lineages. Overall, the spatial and temporal localization patterns of Gata4 during porcine gonadogenesis implies a much earlier and wider role for Gata4 than previously reported in other species. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP McCoard, SA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166,State Spur 18D, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 62 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 65 IS 2 BP 366 EP 374 DI 10.1095/biolreprod65.2.366 PG 9 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 458QH UT WOS:000170205700005 PM 11466202 ER PT J AU Kolmer, JA AF Kolmer, JA TI Molecular polymorphism and virulence phenotypes of the wheat leaf rust fungus Puccinia triticina in Canada SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE LA English DT Article DE Puccinia recondita f.sp tritici; AFLP; specific virulence ID F-SP TRITICI; PHYSIOLOGICAL SPECIALIZATION; 2 POPULATIONS; UNITED-STATES; RECONDITA; DIVERSITY; GRAMINIS; DISEQUILIBRIA; DYNAMICS; ISOZYME AB Sixty-nine Puccinia triticina isolates from the eastern region of Ontario and Quebec, the prairie region of Manitoba and Saskatchewan, and Alberta were tested for virulence to 22 near-isogenic Thatcher wheat lines in seedling tests and the Thatcher line with Lr22b in adult plant tests. The isolates were also tested for amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) using 10 specific amplification primer pairs. Thirty-seven distinct virulence phenotypes were identified using the Thatcher lines and 69 molecular phenotypes were identified with 164 AFLP markers. The correlation of isolate grouping based on virulence phenotypes and AFLP phenotypes was 0.53. Almost all isolates from Manitoba and Saskatchewan with virulence to Lr17 had AFLP phenotypes that differed significantly from isolates in the same region that were avirulent to Lr17. This indicated that isolates with virulence to Lr17 are most likely a recent introduction to the prairie region. The presence of distinct groups of isolates based on virulence and AFLP variation provides evidence that a number of different P. triticina phenotypes have been introduced to North America. C1 Agr & Agri Food Canada, Cereal Res Ctr, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9, Canada. RP Kolmer, JA (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Cereal Dis Lab, Dept Plant Pathol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 32 TC 41 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4026 J9 CAN J BOT JI Can. J. Bot.-Rev. Can. Bot. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 79 IS 8 BP 917 EP 926 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 467LX UT WOS:000170705600007 ER PT J AU Gomi, T Sidle, RC Bryant, MD Woodsmith, RD AF Gomi, T Sidle, RC Bryant, MD Woodsmith, RD TI The characteristics of woody debris and sediment distribution in headwater streams, southeastern Alaska SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID WESTERN WASHINGTON; MOUNTAIN STREAM; CLEAR-CUT; LAND-USE; MORPHOLOGY; HABITAT; OREGON AB Large woody debris (LWD), fine woody debris (FWD), fine organic debris (FOD), and sediment deposition were measured in 15 steep headwater streams with five management and disturbance regimes. Clear-cut channels logged in 1995 contained large accumulations of logging residue that initially provided sites for sediment storage. Half of the LWD in clear-cut channels was recruited during and immediately after logging. Woody debris from logging activities remains in young growth conifer channels 37 years after logging. Numbers of LWD in clear-cut and young conifer channels were significantly higher than in old-growth channels, although numbers of FWD pieces were not significantly different because of higher recruitment from old-growth stands. Channels that experienced recent (1979 and (or) 1993) and earlier (1961 and (or) 1979) scour and runout of landslides and debris flows contained less LWD and FWD, although large volumes of LWD and FWD were found in deposition zones. The volumes of sediment stored in young alder and recent landslide channels were higher than in the other channels. Because of the recruitment of LWD and FWD from young alder stands, the ratio of sediment stored behind woody debris to total sediment volume was higher in young alder channels compared with recent landslide channels. Numbers of LWD and FWD pieces in all streams were significantly correlated with the volumes of sediment stored behind woody debris. Timber harvesting and soil mass movement influence the recruitment, distribution, and accumulation of woody debris in headwater streams; this modifies sediment storage and transport in headwater channels. C1 Natl Univ Singapore, Dept Geog, Kent Ridge 117570, Singapore. Univ British Columbia, Forest Sci Ctr, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Sidle, RC (reprint author), Natl Univ Singapore, Dept Geog, 1 Arts Link, Kent Ridge 117570, Singapore. RI Gomi, Takashi/E-3504-2010 NR 43 TC 56 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 5 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 31 IS 8 BP 1386 EP 1399 DI 10.1139/cjfr-31-8-1386 PG 14 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 469KW UT WOS:000170813900010 ER PT J AU Valentine, HT Gregoire, TG AF Valentine, HT Gregoire, TG TI A switching model of bole taper SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID INCORPORATING CROWN RATIO; STEM VOLUME; EQUATIONS; PREDICTION; TREES; STAND AB Numerical switches are employed to change the values of two exponents in a variable-form model of bole taper. The taper of a bole is modeled, with respect to height from the ground, by three connected geometric segments (i.e., a basal, middle, and top segment). The numerical switches provide for either graded or abrupt transition from the basal to the middle segment and from the middle to the top segment. The height of the base of the crown was assumed to be the point of transition between the middle and top segments. Crown height can be either measured or estimated with a simple submodel that emerged from the taper model. Compared with estimated crown height, the use of measured crown height improved the precision of the taper model when fitted for Liquidambar styraciflua L., but not Pinus elliottii Engelm., or Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex P. & C. Laws. The taper model also was fitted for Liriodendron tulipifera L., but crown height was not available. Correlation among residuals within individual boles was accounted for in the fitting procedure. The taper model proved to be reasonably precise for all four species, and the parameters are easy to interpret. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Northeasten Res Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Yale Univ, Sch Forestry & Environm Studies, New Haven, CT 06511 USA. RP Valentine, HT (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Northeasten Res Stn, POB 640, Durham, NH 03824 USA. NR 27 TC 41 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 1 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 31 IS 8 BP 1400 EP 1409 DI 10.1139/cjfr-31-8-1400 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 469KW UT WOS:000170813900011 ER PT J AU Valentine, HT Gove, JH Gregoire, TG AF Valentine, HT Gove, JH Gregoire, TG TI Monte Carlo approaches to sampling forested tracts with lines or points SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID COARSE WOODY DEBRIS; VOLUME; TREES AB Several line- and point-based sampling methods can be employed to estimate the aggregate dimensions of trees standing on a forested tract or pieces of coarse woody debris lying on the forest floor. Line methods include line intersect sampling, horizontal line sampling, and transect relascope sampling; point methods include variable- and fixed-radius plot sampling, and point relascope sampling. We demonstrate that the line methods can be interpreted as applications of importance sampling and that point methods can be interpreted as two-stage applications of importance sampling and crude Monte Carlo. Interestingly, each of the line methods also can be implemented as a point method. Operationally, the two stages of a point method effectively reduce to a single stage. Estimators of target parameters are derived from the Monte Carlo approach for all six methods. Two new methods of estimating cross-sectional areas of slanted or tilted log-shaped objects are suggested for use in line intersect sampling. Boundary problems also are discussed. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Northeastern Res Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Yale Univ, Sch Forestry & Environm Studies, New Haven, CT 06511 USA. RP Valentine, HT (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Northeastern Res Stn, POB 640, Durham, NH 03824 USA. NR 27 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 4 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 31 IS 8 BP 1410 EP 1424 DI 10.1139/cjfr-31-8-1410 PG 15 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 469KW UT WOS:000170813900012 ER PT J AU Troggio, M Kubisiak, TL Bucci, G Menozzi, P AF Troggio, M Kubisiak, TL Bucci, G Menozzi, P TI Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA linkage relationships in different Norway spruce populations SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID RAPD-MARKERS; EUCALYPTUS-UROPHYLLA; PINUS-PINASTER; MAPS; REPRODUCIBILITY; CONSTRUCTION; L.; LABORATORIES; CONSENSUS; GRANDIS AB We tested the constancy of linkage relationships of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker loci used to construct a population-based consensus map in material from an Italian stand of Picea abies (L.) Karst. in 29 individuals from three Norwegian populations. Thirteen marker loci linked in the Italian stand did show a consistent locus ordering in the Norwegian population. The remaining 16 unlinked marker loci were spread over different linkage groups and (or) too far apart both in the population map and in this study. The limited validity of RAPD markers as genomic "hallmarks" resilient across populations is discussed. We also investigated the reliability of RAPD markers; only 58% of the RAPD markers previously used to construct the consensus map in the Italian population were repeatable in the same material. Of the repeatable ones 76.3% were amplified and found polymorphic in 29 megagametophyte sibships from three Norwegian populations. C1 Univ Parma, Dipartimento Sci Ambientali, I-43100 Parma, Italy. USDA, Forest Serv, So Inst Forest Genet, Saucier, MS 39574 USA. CNR, IMGPF, I-50134 Florence, Italy. RP Troggio, M (reprint author), Univ Parma, Dipartimento Sci Ambientali, Parco Area Sci 11-A, I-43100 Parma, Italy. RI MENOZZI, PAOLO/A-6234-2012; Bucci, Gabriele/I-6582-2013 OI MENOZZI, PAOLO/0000-0001-8638-7370; Bucci, Gabriele/0000-0001-8931-0344 NR 25 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 31 IS 8 BP 1456 EP 1461 DI 10.1139/cjfr-31-8-1456 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 469KW UT WOS:000170813900016 ER PT J AU Delorme, TA Gagliardi, JV Angle, JS Chaney, RL AF Delorme, TA Gagliardi, JV Angle, JS Chaney, RL TI Influence of the zinc hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens J. & C. Presl. and the nonmetal accumulator Trifolium pratense L. on soil microbial populations SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE phytoremediation; Thlaspi caerulescens J. & C. Presl.; Trifolium pratense L.; rhizosphere; soil microbial populations ID RHIZOSPHERE; TOXICITY; SLUDGE AB Metal hyperaccumulator plants like Thlaspi caerulescens J. & C. Presl. are used for phytoremediation of contaminated soils. Since little is known about the rhizosphere of hyperaccumulators, the influence of T. caerulescens was compared with the effects of Trifolium pratense L. on soil microbes. High- and low-metal soils were collected near a zinc smelter in Palmerton, Penn. Soil pH was adjusted to 5.8 and 6.8 by the addition of Ca(OH)(2). Liming increased bacterial populations and decreased metal toxicity to levels allowing growth of both plants. The effects of the plants on total (culturable) bacteria, total fungi, as well as cadmium- and zinc-resistant populations were assessed in nonrhizosphere and rhizosphere soil. Both plants increased microbial populations in rhizosphere soil compared with nonrhizosphere soil. Microbial populations were higher in soils planted with T. pratense, but higher ratios of metal-resistant bacteria were found in the presence of T. caerulescens. We hypothesize that T. caerulescens acidifies its rhizosphere. Soil acidification in the rhizosphere of T. caerulescens would affect metal uptake by increasing available metals around the roots and consequently, increase the selection for metal-resistant bacteria. Soil acidification may be part of the hyperaccumulation process enhancing metal uptake from soil. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Nat Resource Sci & Landscape Architecture, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. ARS, USDA, Chestertown, MD 21620 USA. ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Angle, JS (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Nat Resource Sci & Landscape Architecture, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 17 TC 54 Z9 73 U1 0 U2 11 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4166 J9 CAN J MICROBIOL JI Can. J. Microbiol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 47 IS 8 BP 773 EP 776 DI 10.1139/cjm-47-8-773 PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology GA 469JY UT WOS:000170811800012 PM 11575505 ER PT J AU Pearson, DE Ruggiero, LF AF Pearson, DE Ruggiero, LF TI Test of the prey-base hypothesis to explain use of red squirrel midden sites by American martens SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID CENTRAL ROCKY-MOUNTAINS; SOUTH-CENTRAL ALASKA; FOOD-HABITS; NORTHEASTERN OREGON; SCALE DEPENDENCE; SPATIAL SCALE; SMALL MAMMALS; PINE MARTENS; FOREST; BEHAVIOR AB We tested the prey-base hypothesis to determine whether selection of red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) midden sites (cone caches) by American martens (Martes americana) for resting and denning could be attributed to greater abundance of small-mammal prey. Five years of livetrapping at 180 sampling stations in 2 drainages showed that small mammals, particularly red-backed voles (Clethrionomys gapperi) and shrews (Sorex spp.), were more abundant at midden sites than at non-midden sites. However, logistic regression indicated that middens occurred in spruce-fir (Picea engelmannii - Abies lasiocarpa) stands, being correlated with decreasing lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) basal area, decreasing distance to water, and increasing canopy cover. Since middens were not randomly distributed, we constructed multiple linear regression models to determine the variability in small-mammal abundance and species richness attributable to structural and landscape variables. Regression models indicated that abundance of small mammals, red-backed voles, and uncommon small mammals could be predicted from structural and landscape variables, but midden presence did not significantly improve these models. Midden presence was a significant but weak predictor of small-mammal species richness. Our data do not support the prey-base hypothesis for explaining martens' selection of resting and denning sites near red squirrel middens at the scales we tested. C1 US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP Pearson, DE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, POB 8089, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. NR 60 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 6 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 79 IS 8 BP 1372 EP 1379 DI 10.1139/cjz-79-8-1372 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 472YU UT WOS:000171013200004 ER PT J AU Chung, JG Liu, C Smith, DE Seitz, HK Russell, RM Wang, XD AF Chung, JG Liu, C Smith, DE Seitz, HK Russell, RM Wang, XD TI Restoration of retinoic acid concentration supresses ethanol-enhanced c-Jun expression and hepatocyte proliferation in rat liver SO CARCINOGENESIS LA English DT Article ID CELL-CYCLE PROGRESSION; 2ND PRIMARY TUMORS; HEPATOCELLULAR-CARCINOMA; VITAMIN-A; ALCOHOL-CONSUMPTION; IN-VIVO; INHIBITION; REGENERATION; METABOLISM; APOPTOSIS AB Chronic and excessive ethanol intake decreases hepatic retinoic acid (RA) concentrations, which may play a critical role in ethanol-induced hyperproliferation in hepatocytes. The present study was conducted to determine whether RA supplementation in chronic ethanol-fed rats could restore hepatic RA concentrations to normal levels and modulate hepatocyte hyperproliferation. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: control, ethanol-fed, ethanol-fed + 50 mug all-trans-RA/kg body wt and ethanol-fed + 100 mug all-trans-RA/kg body wt. Ethanol was given to rats at 6.2% (v/v) in a liquid diet to provide 36% of total caloric intake. Control animals received the same amount of liquid diet with isocaloric maltodextrin in place of ethanol. Results show that the ethanol treatment in rats for a month significantly increased the mean number of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive hepatocytes [4.96 +/- 1.36% (ethanol-fed) versus 0.29 +/- 0.08% (control), P < 0.05]. This increase was associated with the induction of hepatic c-Jun protein (6.5-fold increase) and cyclin DI protein (3-fold increase) in ethanol-fed animals as compared with controls. Furthermore, activator protein 1 (AP-1) DNA-binding activity was significantly higher in hepatic nuclear extracts from ethanol-fed rats than those from controls. In contrast, RA supplementation in ethanol-fed rats raised hepatic RA concentration to normal levels and almost completely abolished the ethanol-enhanced c-Jun, cyclin D and AP-1 DNA-binding activities. Moreover, RA supplementation at both doses markedly suppressed the ethanol-induced PCNA-positive hepatocytes by similar to 80%. These results demonstrate that the restoration of hepatic RA concentrations by dietary RA supplementation suppresses ethanol-induced hepatocyte proliferation via inhibiting c-Jun overexpression, and suggest that RA may play a role in preventing or reversing certain types of ethanol-induced liver injury. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Gastrointestinal Nutr Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Salem Med Ctr, Dept Med, Heidelberg, Germany. RP Wang, XD (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Gastrointestinal Nutr Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [R01CA49195] NR 46 TC 53 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0143-3334 J9 CARCINOGENESIS JI Carcinogenesis PD AUG PY 2001 VL 22 IS 8 BP 1213 EP 1219 DI 10.1093/carcin/22.8.1213 PG 7 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 463HV UT WOS:000170471800015 PM 11470752 ER PT J AU Phillips, JD Marion, DA AF Phillips, JD Marion, DA TI Residence times of alluvium in an east Texas stream as indicated by sediment color SO CATENA LA English DT Article DE alluvial residence time; alluvium; fluvial system; iron oxides; color indicators ID NEW-SOUTH-WALES; FLOODPLAIN SEDIMENTS; GEOMORPHIC PROCESSES; RIVER; STORAGE; EROSION; CHANNEL; FOREST; CATCHMENT; AUSTRALIA AB The relationships between sediment production, storage, and transport in fluvial systems are complex and variable. Key issues in addressing these relationships are the residence times of sediment delivered to the channel, and the proportion derived from recent upland erosion as opposed to remobilized alluvium. The systematic changes in iron geochemistry often experienced by sediments deposited in an anaerobic environment, such as a stream channel or waterlogged floodplain, are used here as an indicator of residence time over contemporary time scales, In areas such as east Texas, where upland soils are high in iron oxide content, these changes are reflected in soil color. Alluvium with red, yellow, or brown colors indicating ferric (oxidized) iron and sufficient organic matter for reduction to occur indicates a short (< 1 year) residence time. Redox Features along root channels may indicate the residence time of oxidized material without organic matter. Alluvium with gley colors (Munsell chroma < 3) indicates a longer residence time (> 1 year). Sediments with the longest residence times in alluvial environments (>> 1 year) will not oxidize on exposure to the atmosphere due to the loss of iron, while those with ferrous iron remaining will experience oxidation and color change on exposure. In Loco Bayou, Texas, these indicators of residence time are shown to be generally consistent with other field evidence of erosion and sedimentation. Further, the color indicators correctly indicate the residence time in several cases where the latter is known from field observations. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Kentucky, Dept Geog, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. US Forest Serv, Forest Hydrol Lab, USDA, Oxford, MS USA. RP Phillips, JD (reprint author), Univ Kentucky, Dept Geog, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. EM jdp@pop.uky.edu OI Marion, Daniel/0000-0002-5871-8969 NR 63 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 3 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0341-8162 J9 CATENA JI Catena PD AUG 1 PY 2001 VL 45 IS 1 BP 49 EP 71 DI 10.1016/S0341-8162(01)00139-4 PG 23 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Geology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 441TX UT WOS:000169246600003 ER PT J AU Long, E Capuco, AV Wood, DL Sonstegard, T Tomita, G Paape, MJ Zhao, X AF Long, E Capuco, AV Wood, DL Sonstegard, T Tomita, G Paape, MJ Zhao, X TI Escherichia coli induces apoptosis and proliferation of mammary cells SO CELL DEATH AND DIFFERENTIATION LA English DT Article DE apoptosis; Escherichia coli; proliferation; mammary cell ID MESSENGER-RIBONUCLEIC-ACID; BREAST-CANCER CELLS; EPITHELIAL-CELLS; GLAND INVOLUTION; NEUTROPHIL RECRUITMENT; STAPHYLOCOCCUS-AUREUS; EXTRACELLULAR-MATRIX; EXPRESSION; BCL-2; MASTITIS AB Mammary cell apoptosis and proliferation were assessed after injection of Escherichia coli into the left mammary quarters of six cows. Bacteriological analysis of foremilk samples revealed coliform infection in the injected quarters of four cows. Milk somatic cell counts increased in these quarters and peaked at 24 h after bacterial injection. Body temperature also increased, peaking at 12 h postinjection, The number of apoptotic cells was significantly higher in the mastitic tissue than in the uninfected control. Expression of Bax and interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme increased in the mastitic tissue at 24 h and 72 h postinfection, whereas Bcl-2 expression decreased at 24 h but did not differ significantly from the control at 72 h postinfection, Induction of matrix metalloproteinase-g, stromelysin-1 and urokinase-type plasminogen activator was also observed in the mastitic tissue. Moreover, cell proliferation increased in the infected tissue, These results demonstrate that Escherichia coli-induced mastitis promotes apoptosis and cell proliferation. C1 McGill Univ, Dept Anim Sci, St Anne De Bellevue, PQ H9X 3V9, Canada. USDA ARS, Gene Evaluat & Mapping Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Zhao, X (reprint author), McGill Univ, Dept Anim Sci, 21 111 Lakeshore Rd, St Anne De Bellevue, PQ H9X 3V9, Canada. RI Zhao, Xin/M-4312-2015 OI Zhao, Xin/0000-0002-1078-7332 NR 53 TC 51 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 1350-9047 J9 CELL DEATH DIFFER JI Cell Death Differ. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 8 IS 8 BP 808 EP 816 DI 10.1038/sj.cdd.4400878 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA 454YN UT WOS:000169999500006 PM 11526434 ER PT J AU Rehfeldt, GE Wykoff, WR Ying, CC AF Rehfeldt, GE Wykoff, WR Ying, CC TI Physiologic plasticity, evolution, and impacts of a changing climate on Pinus contorta SO CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Article ID TRANSIENT-RESPONSE; UNITED-STATES; VEGETATION; MODEL; SCENARIOS; FLORIDA; TREE; CO2 AB Climate response functions for 125 Pinus contorta populations were updated to assess the impact of 16 climate change scenarios on forest productivity. Productivity was defined as the volume of wood expected per hectare at age 20 and was calculated as the product of predicted individual tree volumes, an initial stocking (1600 trees ha(-1)), and predicted survival. Impact was considered according to the transient effects of a changing climate governed by (1) physiological plasticity in the contemporary generation and (2) long-term evolutionary adjustments that provide adaptedness and optimize productivity in future generations. Direct short-term plastic responses were geographically complex and had repercussions throughout the species' distribution even when temperature fluctuations were small (+/- 1 degrees C) and changes in distribution were inconsequential. Evolutionary adjustments ameliorated negative short-term impacts while enhancing the positive. Scenarios that encompassed predictions for global warming produced short-term impacts that were negative in the south and positive in the north, but subsequent evolutionary adjustments projected substantial increases in productivity. The long-term adjustments may require only 1 to 3 generations in the north but 6 to 12 generations in the south, thereby taking between 200 and 1200 years. C1 US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. British Columbia Minist Forests, Res Branch, Victoria, BC V8W 9C2, Canada. RP Rehfeldt, GE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, 1221 S Main, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. NR 42 TC 93 Z9 95 U1 2 U2 33 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-0009 J9 CLIMATIC CHANGE JI Clim. Change PD AUG PY 2001 VL 50 IS 3 BP 355 EP 376 DI 10.1023/A:1010614216256 PG 22 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 443EH UT WOS:000169327000005 ER PT J AU Wray-Cahen, D Caperna, TJ Steele, NC AF Wray-Cahen, D Caperna, TJ Steele, NC TI Methyl-beta-cyclodextrin: an alternative carrier for intravenous infusion of palmitate during tracer studies in swine (Sus scrofa domestica) SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY A-MOLECULAR AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE albumin; fasted; fatty acid oxidation; fed; methyl-beta-cyclodextrin; palmitate; swine; tracer methodology ID HUMAN-SERUM-ALBUMIN; FATTY-ACID; GROWING PIGS; PLASMA; PHARMACOKINETICS; INJECTION; RATS; SOMATOTROPIN; CHOLESTEROL; FORMULATION AB Fatty acid-free albumin has been the standard carrier for intravenous infusion of fatty acids to study in vivo lipid metabolism. However, subjects can have adverse reactions to infusion of albumin. We sought an alternative to albumin as a carrier for intravenous infusion of fatty acids, using the pig as a model. Cyclodextrins are naturally occurring water-soluble molecules that can serve as carriers for lipid-soluble compounds. C-13-palmitate was complexed to either 20% methyl-beta -cyclodextrin, 20% 2-hydroxypropyl-beta -cyclodextrin, or 5% porcine albumin (isotopic purity of infusates: 99.22 +/- 0.66%). C-13-palmitate-albumin was infused under fed conditions and C-13-palmitate-methyl-beta -cyclodextrin was infused under fasted and fed conditions in 50-kg pigs. Palmitate remained in solution at 4 degreesC in methyl-beta -cyclodextrin, but precipitated at 25-30 degreesC in 2-hydroxypropyl-beta -cyclodextrin. Pigs infused with C-13-palmitate-methyl-beta -cyclodextrin maintained normal body temperature and appetite, those infused with C-13-palmitate-albumin became anorexic and exhibited other negative side effects to albumin. Palmitate oxidation rates under fed conditions were similar using either C-13-palmitate-methyl-beta -cyclodextrin or C-13-palmitate-albumin complexes. Fasting increased C-13-palmitate-methyl-beta -cyclodextrin oxidation by approximately eight-fold. These data suggest that methyl-beta -cyclodextrin may be a suitable substitute for albumin in fatty acid metabolism studies in swine. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 USDA ARS, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Growth Biol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Wray-Cahen, D (reprint author), US FDA, CDRH, OST Lab Large Anim Res, HFV-500,8401 Muirkirk Rd, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 37 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1095-6433 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS A JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A-Mol. Integr. Physiol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 130 IS 1 BP 55 EP 65 DI 10.1016/S1095-6433(01)00369-5 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Physiology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Physiology; Zoology GA 463JC UT WOS:000170472500006 PM 11672683 ER PT J AU Hummel, JW Sudduth, KA Hollinger, SE AF Hummel, JW Sudduth, KA Hollinger, SE TI Soil moisture and organic matter prediction of surface and subsurface soils using an NIR soil sensor SO COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE soil organic matter; soil moisture; spectrophotometry; optics AB Sensors are needed to document the spatial variability of soil parameters for successful implementation of Site-Specific Management (SSM). This paper reports research conducted to document the ability of a previously developed near infrared (NIR) reflectance sensor to predict soil organic matter and soil moisture contents of surface and subsurface soils. Three soil cores (5.56 cm dia. x 1.5 m long) were collected at each of 16 sites across a 144 000 km(2) area of the US Cornbelt. Cores were subsampled at eight depth increments, and wetted to six soil moisture levels ranging from air-dry to saturated. Spectral reflectance data (1603-2598 nm) were obtained in the laboratory on undisturbed soil samples. Data were collected on a 6.6 nm spacing with each reflectance value having a 45 nm bandpass. The data were normalized, transformed to optical density [OD, defined as log,, (1/normalized reflectance)l, and analyzed using stepwise multiple linear regression. Standard errors of prediction for organic matter and soil moisture were 0.62 and 5.31%, respectively. NIR soil moisture prediction can be more easily commercialized than can soil organic matter prediction, since a reduced number of wavelength bands are required (four versus nine, respectively). (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Cropping Syst & Water Qual Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Illinois State Water Survey, Atmospher Environm Sect, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. RP Hummel, JW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Cropping Syst & Water Qual Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 17 TC 103 Z9 138 U1 6 U2 39 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0168-1699 J9 COMPUT ELECTRON AGR JI Comput. Electron. Agric. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 32 IS 2 BP 149 EP 165 DI 10.1016/S0168-1699(01)00163-6 PG 17 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Agriculture; Computer Science GA 451PJ UT WOS:000169810200005 ER PT J AU Zwartjes, PW AF Zwartjes, PW TI Genetic structuring among migratory populations of the Black-whiskered Vireo, with a comparison to the Red-eyed Vireo SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Black-whiskered Vireo; genetic structure; island populations; RAPD; Red-eyed Vireo; Vireo altiloquus; Vireo olivaceus ID MACROGEOGRAPHIC PATTERNS; EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS; DNA; COMPLEX; DIFFERENTIATION; FLYCATCHERS; REGION; AVES AB The Black-whiskered Vireo (Vireo altiloquus) breeds from coastal southern Florida in the United States through the islands of the West Indies, and thus consists of several Populations separated by large regions of uninhabitable space. I examined genetic variation within and among six migratory populations in the Florida Keys, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico, using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). Calculations of variance components revealed that over 90% of the variance was among individuals; a significant portion also occurred among regional groups (Florida, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico). Variance between subpopulations within the regional groups was not significantly different from zero, This contrasts with the closely related Red-eyed Vireo (V. olivaceus) of continental North America, in which analyses of three widely separate geographic localities revealed that over 99% of the genetic variance was among individual, with no significant variance detectable among localities. The greatest differences in V altiloquus were detected between the Florida Keys populations and the populations from Jamaica and Puerto Rico; the latter two showed no significant differentiation. Estimates of gene flow from the AMOVA analog to Wright's F-statistics suggest that there is enough gene flow among regions to prevent differentiation by genetic drift. Although not strongly isolated, the Florida population of V. altiloquus is sufficiently differentiated to suggest reduced genetic exchange with the populations on Puerto Rico and Jamaica. C1 Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Zwartjes, PW (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 333 Broadway SE,Suite 115, Albuquerque, NM 87102 USA. NR 53 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD AUG PY 2001 VL 103 IS 3 BP 439 EP 448 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2001)103[0439:GSAMPO]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 461XY UT WOS:000170390200002 ER PT J AU Saab, VA Vierling, KT AF Saab, VA Vierling, KT TI Reproductive success of Lewis's Woodpecker in burned pine and cottonwood riparian forests SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE crown-burned forests; Lewis's Woodpecker; Melanerpes lewis; nest success; Pinus ponderosa; Populus fremontii; source-sink habitats ID BIRD POPULATIONS; MIGRATORY BIRDS; SIERRA-NEVADA; NEST SUCCESS; HABITAT; COLORADO; FIRE; FRAGMENTATION; LANDSCAPE; SURVIVAL AB Lewis's Woodpecker (Melanerpes lewis) has been characterized as a "burn specialist" because of its preference for nesting within burned pine forests. No prior study, however, has demonstrated the relative importance of crown-burned forests to this woodpecker species by examining its reproductive success in different forest types. We studied breeding Lewis's Woodpeckers in cottonwood (Populus fremontii) riparian forest patches of Colorado and crown-burned ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests of Idaho to compare their reproductive success, productivity, and potential source-sink status in the two forest types. Daily nest survival rates were significantly lower in cottonwood compared to burned pine forests. Nesting success was 46% (n=65) in cottonwood forests and 78% (n=283) in burned pine forests. Proportion of nests destroyed by predators was significantly higher in cottonwood forests (34%) compared to burned pine forests (16%). We consistently found crown-burned forests to be potential source habitat, whereas cottonwood riparian sites were more often concluded to be potential sink habitat. Cottonwood riparian forests were Surrounded primarily by an agricultural landscape where the composition and abundance of nest predators was likely very different than the predator assemblage occupying a large-scale burn in a relatively natural landscape. Conversion of riparian and adjacent grassland landscapes to agriculture and prevention of wildfire in ponderosa pine forests have likely reduced nesting habitat for this species. Prescribed understory fire is the prevailing management tool for restoring ponderosa pine ecosystems. Conditions created by crown fire may be equally important in maintaining ponderosa pine systems and conserving nesting habitat for the Lewis's Woodpecker. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Boise, ID 83702 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept EPO Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Saab, VA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 316 E Myrtle St, Boise, ID 83702 USA. EM vsaab@fs.fed.us RI Vierling, Kerri/N-6653-2016 NR 60 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 9 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD AUG PY 2001 VL 103 IS 3 BP 491 EP 501 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2001)103[0491:RSOLSW]2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 461XY UT WOS:000170390200007 ER PT J AU Gende, SM Willson, MF AF Gende, SM Willson, MF TI Passerine densities in riparian forests of southeast Alaska: Potential effects of anadromous spawning salmon SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE chironomids; forest passerines; Oncorhynchus; riparian; salmon ID ADULT AQUATIC INSECTS; BIRD COMMUNITIES; PACIFIC SALMON; STREAM PRODUCTIVITY; NORTHERN FORESTS; COHO SALMON; CARCASSES; ABUNDANCE; USA; NUTRIENTS AB Spawning salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) greatly influence many biotic processes in both the aquatic and terrestrial components of riparian systems, possibly including the community of breeding birds. In southeastern Alaska in 1996-1997, the riparian forests bordering salmon streams supported, on average, higher densities, but not diversity, of forest passerines compared to non-salmon streams. The presence of salmon in the fall increases the abundance of terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates and possibly enhances food resources to riparian birds in the spring. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Gende, SM (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, 2770 Sherwood Lane,Suite 2A, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. NR 32 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 6 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD AUG PY 2001 VL 103 IS 3 BP 624 EP 629 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2001)103[0624:PDIRFO]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 461XY UT WOS:000170390200023 ER PT J AU Budnik, JM Burhans, DE Ryan, MR Thompson, FR AF Budnik, JM Burhans, DE Ryan, MR Thompson, FR TI Nest desertion and apparent nest protection behavior by Bell's Vireos in response to Cowbird parasitism SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Bell's Virco; brood parasitism; Brown-headed Cowbird; Molothrus ater; nest desertion; nest protection; Vireo bellii ID AVIAN BROOD PARASITISM; BROWN-HEADED COWBIRD; YELLOW WARBLERS; MEADOW PIPITS; EVOLUTION; CUCKOO; EGGS AB Bell's Vireos (Vireo bellii) deserted 51 % of nests parasitized by Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) in central Missouri from 1996-1998. Deserting vireo pairs fledged more host young within a season than pairs that accepted cowbird eggs when only successful nests were considered; parasitized acceptor nests never fledged any vireo young. Vireo pairs that deserted did not always desert parasitized nests. We observed five encounters between female cowbirds and Bell's Vireos at four nests. In one observation the female vireo used nest-protection behavior, which resulted in the cowbird egg appearing beneath the nest; this nest was not deserted. We found a total of eight nests where cowbird eggs remained on the ground below nests, five of which were abandoned. Nest desertion appears to benefit Bell's Vireos by allowing for unparasitized renests, but the stimuli eliciting nest desertion by Bell's Vireos remain in need of further study. C1 Univ Missouri, USDA, US Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Burhans, DE (reprint author), Univ Missouri, USDA, US Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, 202 ABNR, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. EM dburhans@fs.fed.us NR 33 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 9 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 EI 1938-5129 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD AUG PY 2001 VL 103 IS 3 BP 639 EP 643 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2001)103[0639:NDAANP]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 461XY UT WOS:000170390200026 ER PT J AU Webster, TM Csinos, AS Johnson, AW Dowler, CC Sumner, DR Fery, RL AF Webster, TM Csinos, AS Johnson, AW Dowler, CC Sumner, DR Fery, RL TI Methyl bromide alternatives in a bell pepper-squash rotation SO CROP PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE Cyperus rotundus; Fusarium spp; Meloidogyne incognita; methyl bromide; Pythium spp; metham; methyl iodide; 1,3-dichloropropene ID TRANSPLANT PRODUCTION; SOIL FUMIGANT; IODIDE; CUCUMBER; CYPERUS; TOBACCO; TOMATO AB Field studies were conducted to evaluate potential methyl bromide alternatives against multiple pests in a bell pepper (Capsicum annum L.) - squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) cropping sequence. Early in the growing season, the most effective treatments in suppressing purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) emergence through the polyethylene mulch were methyl bromide, methyl iodide, and chisel-injected 1,3-dichloropropene plus chloropicrin [1,3-D + C35 (chisel)]. However by the end of the season in 1999, only methyl bromide treatment had less purple nutsedge emerging through the polyethylene than the nontreated control. Each soil-applied treatment resulted in nematode-susceptible pepper plants with lower root-gall indices [Meloidogyne spp. (root knot nematode)] than the nontreated control, while there were no differences among treatments with the nematode-resistant pepper cultivar. Total fungi isolated from soil was lower in all treated plots relative to the nontreated control, with the exception of methyl iodide. However, methyl bromide was the only treatment that was consistently effective against Pythium spp. and Fusarium spp. A treatment of metham. prior to planting squash was beneficial in reducing root-gall indices in plots treated with 1,3-D + C35 (chisel) and methyl bromide prior to the pepper crop. Methyl bromide, methyl iodide, and 1,3-D + C35 (chisel) applied before pepper resulted in squash with lower root-gall indices than the nontreated control. Glyphosate applied between the first and second crop eliminated exposed weed foliage through the polyethylene mulch, possibly muting the effects of the second crop treatment on weed densities. Results of this study indicate that there are some potential methyl bromide alternatives available to growers for use in pest control, however there does not appear to be one broad-spectrum pesticide that will replace methyl bromide. Also, an effective control for nutsedge species within the pepper-squash cropping system is still elusive. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Crop Protect & Management Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Plant Pathol, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. USDA ARS, Nematodes Weeds & Crop Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. USDA ARS, Vegetable Lab, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. RP Webster, TM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Crop Protect & Management Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RI Webster, Theodore/A-4468-2009 OI Webster, Theodore/0000-0002-8259-2059 NR 23 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0261-2194 J9 CROP PROT JI Crop Prot. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 20 IS 7 BP 605 EP 614 DI 10.1016/S0261-2194(01)00030-8 PG 10 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 479NZ UT WOS:000171411600008 ER PT J AU Bradley, CA Wax, LM Ebelhar, SA Bollero, GA Pedersen, WL AF Bradley, CA Wax, LM Ebelhar, SA Bollero, GA Pedersen, WL TI The effect of fungicide seed protectants, seeding rates, and reduced rates of herbicides on no-till soybean SO CROP PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE soya varieties; time of application; Abutilon; Amaranthus; Chenopodium; Setaria; weeds; Cercospora kikuchii ID GLYCINE-MAX; WEED-CONTROL; POSTEMERGENCE HERBICIDES; CERCOSPORA-KIKUCHII; CORN; SYSTEMS; TEMPERATURE; CULTIVATION; MANAGEMENT; DENSITIES AB A field study was conducted to determine if fungicide seed protectants, reduced rates of a complete preemergence or a complete postemergence herbicide program, and soybean seeding rates affect weed control and yield in a no-till system. Asgrow 3237, Pioneer 9273, and Pioneer 9342 soybean cultivars were planted into corn stubble at Urbana, Illinois in 1995 and 1996. Fungicide seed protectants increased soybean population density and reduced time to canopy closure in 1995, but had no effect in 1996. As seeding rates increased from 34.6 to 54.3 seeds m(-2), yields increased, and time to row canopy closure was decreased. In general, adequate weed control and soybean yields were maintained using reduced rates (greater than or equal to0.5X) of herbicides. In 1996, the purple seed stain fungus, Cercospora kikuchii, was isolated more often from Pioneer 9273 seed and Asgrow 3237 seed harvested from the no-herbicide, weedy control plots compared to plots treated with herbicides. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. USDA ARS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Pedersen, WL (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, 1102 S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 37 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0261-2194 J9 CROP PROT JI Crop Prot. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 20 IS 7 BP 615 EP 622 DI 10.1016/S0261-2194(01)00057-6 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 479NZ UT WOS:000171411600009 ER PT J AU Jinneman, KC Hill, WE AF Jinneman, KC Hill, WE TI Listeria monocytogenes lineage group classification by MAMA-PCR of the listeriolysin gene SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID VIRULENCE-ASSOCIATED GENES; POLYMORPHIC DNA; STRAINS; IDENTIFICATION; AMPLIFICATION; SEQUENCE AB Nucleotide sequence differences within several virulence genes, including the listeriolysin O (hly) gene, are associated with three evolutionary lineage groups of Listeria monocytogenes. Because the ability of L. monocytogenes to cause disease may vary by evolutionary lineage group, rapid discrimination among the three lineage types may be important for estimating pathogenic potential. A Mismatch Amplification Mutation Assay (MAMA) was developed and used to rapidly screen and characterize L. monocytogenes isolates with regard to lineage type. A standard PCR amplified a 446-bp region within the hly gene with all three L. monocytogenes lineage genotypes. MAMA primers to four different sites within this region of the hly gene were designed to amplify under the same PCR conditions and generated amplicons, the size of which depended on the isolate genotype. Ninety-seven L. monocytogenes isolates were screened. All isolates, except ATCC 19116, could be classified by MAMA PCR as one of the three hly genotypes. Overall, 56, 36, and 4 of the 97 isolates tested were type 1, 2, or 3 respectively. Among the 26 patient isolates, 85%, 15%, and 0% were type 1, 2, or 3 respectively; for the 60 food isolates, 54% were type 1, 43% were type 2, and 3% were type 3. The combination of these MAMA PCR analyses provides a rapid method to screen and categorize L. monocytogenes isolates because of conserved nucleotide differences within the hly gene. C1 US FDA, Seafood Prod Res Ctr, Pacific Reg Lab NW, Bothell, WA 98021 USA. RP Jinneman, KC (reprint author), USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, OPHS, Aerosp Ctr 344, 1400 Independence Ave SW, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 15 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0343-8651 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 43 IS 2 BP 129 EP 133 DI 10.1007/s002840010274 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 442XT UT WOS:000169310800011 PM 11391477 ER PT J AU Tulman, ER Rock, DL AF Tulman, ER Rock, DL TI Novel virulence and host range genes of African swine fever virus SO CURRENT OPINION IN MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Review ID CELLULAR PHOSPHATASE CALCINEURIN; GROWTH IN-VITRO; KAPPA-B HOMOLOG; DOMESTIC SWINE; ENDOPLASMIC-RETICULUM; INFECTED-CELLS; EFFICIENT REPLICATION; VIRAL VIRULENCE; PROTEIN; MACROPHAGES AB Current work is beginning to reveal the complex mechanisms by which African swine fever virus interacts with its swine and tick hosts. This work includes the identification of novel viral genes that mediate virulence and host range, and influence important cellular regulatory pathways. C1 USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. RP Tulman, ER (reprint author), USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, POB 848, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. NR 46 TC 21 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU CURRENT BIOLOGY LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 1369-5274 J9 CURR OPIN MICROBIOL JI Curr. Opin. Microbiol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 4 IS 4 BP 456 EP 461 DI 10.1016/S1369-5274(00)00235-6 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 463BY UT WOS:000170458000017 PM 11495811 ER PT J AU McSteen, P Hake, S AF McSteen, P Hake, S TI barren inflorescence2 regulates axillary meristem development in the maize inflorescence SO DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE meristem; axillary meristem; inflorescence; floret; flower; barren inflorescence2; ramosal; tasselsheath1; knotted1; maize ID ARABIDOPSIS GENE MONOPTEROS; FLORAL MERISTEMS; HOMEOBOX GENE; VASCULAR DEVELOPMENT; LATERAL-SUPPRESSOR; SHOOT; INITIATION; THALIANA; MUTATIONS; KNOTTED1 AB Organogenesis in plants is controlled by meristems. Shoot apical meristems form at the apex of the plant and produce leaf primordia on their flanks. Axillary meristems, which form in the axils of leaf primordia, give rise to branches and flowers and therefore play a critical role in plant architecture and reproduction. To understand how axillary meristems are initiated and maintained, we characterized the barren inflorescence2 mutant, which affects axillary meristems in the maize inflorescence. Scanning electron microscopy, histology and RNA in situ hybridization using knotted1 as a marker for meristematic tissue show that barren inflorescence2 mutants make fewer branches owing to a defect in branch meristem initiation. The construction of the double mutant between barren inflorescence2 and tasselsheath reveals that the function of barren inflorescence2 is specific to the formation of branch meristems rather than bract leaf primordia. Normal maize inflorescences sequentially produce three types of axillary meristem: branch meristem, spikelet meristem and floral meristem. Introgression of the barren inflorescence2 mutant into genetic backgrounds in which the phenotype was weaker illustrates additional roles of barren inflorescence2 in these axillary meristems. Branch, spikelet and floral meristems that form in these lines are defective, resulting in the production of fewer floral structures. Because the defects involve the number of organs produced at each stage of development, we conclude that barren inflorescence2 is required for maintenance of all types of axillary meristem in the inflorescence. This defect allows us to infer the sequence of events that takes place during maize inflorescence development. Furthermore, the defect in branch meristem formation provides insight into the role of knotted1 and barren inflorescence2 in axillary meristem initiation. C1 ARS, Ctr Plant Gene Express, USDA, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Hake, S (reprint author), ARS, Ctr Plant Gene Express, USDA, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 60 TC 74 Z9 82 U1 4 U2 10 PU COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD PI CAMBRIDGE PA BIDDER BUILDING CAMBRIDGE COMMERCIAL PARK COWLEY RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4DL, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0950-1991 J9 DEVELOPMENT JI Development PD AUG PY 2001 VL 128 IS 15 BP 2881 EP 2891 PG 11 WC Developmental Biology SC Developmental Biology GA 465RZ UT WOS:000170604900004 PM 11532912 ER PT J AU ten Berge, D Brouwer, A Korving, J Reijnen, MJ van Raaij, EJ Verbeek, F Gaffield, W Meijlink, F AF ten Berge, D Brouwer, A Korving, J Reijnen, MJ van Raaij, EJ Verbeek, F Gaffield, W Meijlink, F TI Prx1 and Prx2 are upstream regulators of sonic hedgehog and control cell proliferation during mandibular arch morphogenesis SO DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE Prx genes; mandibular arch; sonic hedgehog; jervine; mouse; embryogenesis ID HOMEOBOX GENE; TISSUE INTERACTIONS; BRANCHIAL ARCH; FEEDBACK LOOP; NEURAL-TUBE; MOUSE; EXPRESSION; POLARITY; GROWTH; FGF-8 AB The aristaless-related homeobox genes Prx1 and Prx2 are required for correct skeletogenesis in many structures. Mice that lack both Prx1 and Prx2 functions display reduction or absence of skeletal elements in the skull, face, limbs and vertebral column. A striking phenotype is found in the lower jaw, which shows loss of midline structures, and the presence of a single, medially located incisor. We investigated development of the mandibular arch of Prx1(-/-)Prx2(-/-) mutants to obtain insight into the molecular basis of the lower jaw abnormalities. We observed in mutant embryos a local decrease in proliferation of mandibular arch mesenchyme in a medial area. Interestingly, in the oral epithelium adjacent to this mesenchyme, sonic hedgehog (Shh) expression was strongly reduced, indicative of a function for Prx genes in indirect regulation of Shh. Wild-type embryos that were exposed to the hedgehog-pathway inhibitor, jervine, partially phenocopied the lower jaw defects of Prx1(-/-)Prx2(-/-) mutants. In addition, this treatment led to loss of the mandibular incisors. We present a model that describes how loss of Shh expression in Prx1(-/-)Prx2(-/-) mutants leads to abnormal morphogenesis of the mandibular arch. C1 Netherlands Inst Dev Biol, Hubrecht Lab, NL-3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands. ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Meijlink, F (reprint author), Netherlands Inst Dev Biol, Hubrecht Lab, Uppsalalaan 8, NL-3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands. RI ten Berge, Derk/C-1967-2012 NR 36 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 4 PU COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD PI CAMBRIDGE PA BIDDER BUILDING CAMBRIDGE COMMERCIAL PARK COWLEY RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4DL, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0950-1991 J9 DEVELOPMENT JI Development PD AUG PY 2001 VL 128 IS 15 BP 2929 EP 2938 PG 10 WC Developmental Biology SC Developmental Biology GA 465RZ UT WOS:000170604900008 PM 11532916 ER PT J AU Meigs, JB Jacques, PF Selhub, J Singer, DE Nathan, DM Rifai, N D'Agostino, RB Wilson, PWF AF Meigs, JB Jacques, PF Selhub, J Singer, DE Nathan, DM Rifai, N D'Agostino, RB Wilson, PWF TI Fasting plasma homocysteine levels in the insulin resistance syndrome - The Framingham Offspring Study SO DIABETES CARE LA English DT Article ID CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; DEPENDENT DIABETES-MELLITUS; GLOMERULAR-FILTRATION RATE; RISK FACTOR; VASCULAR-DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSAY; LACTOBACILLUS-CASEI; JAPANESE PATIENTS; SERUM CREATININE AB OBJECTIVE - insulin resistance, associated metabolic abnormalities, and elevated homocysteine levels are risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). We examined relationships between homocysteine levels and features of insulin resistance syndrome (IRS). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS - We measured clinical characteristics plasma levels of fasting homocysteine, folate, B vitamins, creatinine, and fasting and 2-h insulin and glucose levels after a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test in 2,214 subjects without CVD at the Fifth examination (1991-1995) of the Framingham Offspring Study. After excluding 203 subjects with diabetes, the remaining 2,011 subjects were categorized as having none, one, two, or all three of the phenotypes of IRS: impaired glucose tolerance, hypertension, and/or a central metabolic syndrome (two or more traits: obesity, dyslipidemia, or hyperinsulinemia), In addition, in 1,592 subjects attending the sixth examination (1995-1998), we measured the urine albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR). Age-, sex-, creatinine-, vitamin-, and UACR-adjusted mean. homocysteine levels or proportions with homocysteine > 14 mu mol/l in each phenotypic category and differences between categories were assessed with regression models. RESULTS - The mean age of the Subjects was 54 years (range 28-82) 55% were women, 12.3% had hyperinsulinemia, and 15.9% had two or more of the IRS phenotypes. Adjusted mean homocysteine levels were higher comparing those with hyperinsulinemia (9.8 mu mol/l) and those without (9.4 mu mol/l, P = 0.04) and were higher among subjects with two or more IRS phenotypes (9.9 mu mol/l) compared with those with I or no phenotype (9.3 mu mol/l, P = 0.003). Mean UACR levels were also higher among subjects with two or more IRS phenotypes (7.2 mg/g) compared with those with I or no phenotype (5.5 mg/g, P = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS - Hyperhomocysteinemia and abnormal urinary albumin excretion are both associated with hyperinsulinemia and may partially account for increased risk of CVD associated with insulin resistance. Because hyperhomocystememia and microalbuminuria also reflect endothelial injury, these observations also support the hypothesis that endothelial dysfunction is associated with expression of the IRS. C1 Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Div Gen Med, Boston, MA 02114 USA. Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02114 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Div Gen Med, Boston, MA USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Boston, MA USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Diabet Unit, Boston, MA 02114 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Diabet Unit, Boston, MA USA. Childrens Hosp, Med Ctr, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Boston Univ, Dept Math, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Boston Univ, Consulting Unit, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Med, Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA USA. RP Meigs, JB (reprint author), Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Div Gen Med, 50 Staniford St,9th Floor, Boston, MA 02114 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [N01-HC-38083] NR 73 TC 177 Z9 190 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER DIABETES ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1660 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0149-5992 J9 DIABETES CARE JI Diabetes Care PD AUG PY 2001 VL 24 IS 8 BP 1403 EP 1410 DI 10.2337/diacare.24.8.1403 PG 8 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 456HE UT WOS:000170076400016 PM 11473077 ER PT J AU Carroll, JA AF Carroll, JA TI Dexamethasone treatment at birth enhances neonatal growth in swine SO DOMESTIC ANIMAL ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID IGF-BINDING PROTEINS; RECEPTOR GENE-EXPRESSION; SOMATOTROPH FUNCTION; HORMONE-RECEPTOR; DEVELOPMENTAL REGULATION; PORCINE SOMATOTROPIN; POSTNATAL FUNCTION; GASTRIC PROTEASES; CESAREAN-SECTION; LATE-GESTATION AB The objective of the present study was to determine if dexamethasone (Dex; a potent synthetic glucocorticoid) treatment at birth would alter postnatal growth in neonatal pigs. Forty crossbred pigs were injected i.m. with either sterile saline (Cont; n = 10 males and 10 females) or Dex (1 mg/kg; n = 10 males and 10 females) within 1 hr of birth. All pigs remained with their respective dams until 18 d of age. Body weights were recorded weekly and on d 18. On d 17, all pigs were nonsurgically fitted with an indwelling jugular catheter and placed back with the sows. On d 18, all pigs were placed in individual pens for serial blood collection. Birth weights (1.53 +/- .04 kg) did not differ between birth treatments or sex classes (P > 0.70 and 0.89, respectively). A time by treatment effect was detected (P < 0.007) for body weight such that those pigs which received Dex at birth had the greatest body weights during the 18-d period. Average daily gain was increased (P < 0.017) by 12.2% in those pigs which received Dex at birth (.286 +/- .007) as compared to the Cont pigs (.255 +/- .01 kg/d). Serum concentration of IGF-I was influenced by both treatment (P < 0.0001) and sex class (P < 0.013). In the male pigs, Dex increased (P = 0.0041) serum concentration of IGF-1 by 47% as compared to Cont male pigs, whereas in the females, Dex increased (P < 0.011) serum concentration of IGF-1 by 34% as compared to Cont female pigs. Dex treatment reduced (P < 0.002) serum IGF-2 by 12.8%. Serum concentration of IGFBP-3 was influenced by both birth treatment (P < 0.007) and sex class (P < 0.002) such that Dex treatment increased serum IGFBP-3, and higher concentrations of IGFBP-3 were observed in boars as compared to gilts. These data suggest that the early neonatal period may be an opportune time to alter physiological factors which influence growth in swine. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Missouri, Anim Sci Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Anim Physiol Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Carroll, JA (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Anim Sci Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Anim Physiol Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 48 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0739-7240 J9 DOMEST ANIM ENDOCRIN JI Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 21 IS 2 BP 97 EP 109 DI 10.1016/S0739-7240(01)00107-2 PG 13 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Agriculture; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 481DL UT WOS:000171504600003 PM 11585700 ER PT J AU Bestelmeyer, BT Wiens, JA AF Bestelmeyer, BT Wiens, JA TI Local and regional-scale responses of ant diversity to a semiarid biome transition SO ECOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID SPECIES-DIVERSITY; FUNCTIONAL-GROUPS; SOIL TEXTURE; COMMUNITIES; CONSERVATION; AUSTRALIA; LANDSCAPE; PATTERNS; RICHNESS; MEXICO AB The locations of biome transitions and ecotones are frequently defined by the rapid shift from one form of dominant vegetation to another. The composition of animal taxa is predicted to shift in parallel with that of dominant plants and species diversity is predicted to be greater in transitional zones than in adjacent areas. We asked whether ant species diversity and composition supported these predictions across a biome transition between shortgrass steppe and Chihuahuan desert vegetation. Neither species richness nor diversity was highest at the biome transition region as a whole, or within habitats in the biome transition. The biome transition region was not intermediate in ant species composition or in the representation of different faunal complexes. The community similarity between matched habitats shared between the biome transition zone and adjacent regions was less than that between distinct habitats occurring within regions. A zoogeographic transition for ants may occur to the north of the phytogeographic transition and may be coincident with the northern limits of monsoonal precipitation patterns. In contrast, the phytogeographic transition may be related to less extreme climatic variation within the monsoonal region occurring further south. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Grad Degree Program Ecol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Bestelmeyer, BT (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, MSC 3JER Box 30003, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NR 54 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 15 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0906-7590 J9 ECOGRAPHY JI Ecography PD AUG PY 2001 VL 24 IS 4 BP 381 EP 392 DI 10.1034/j.1600-0587.2001.d01-194.x PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 485KJ UT WOS:000171753300002 ER PT J AU DeVelice, RL Martin, JR AF DeVelice, RL Martin, JR TI Assessing the extent to which roadless areas complement the conservation of biological diversity SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE biological diversity; ecoregions; elevation zones; land-cover classes; national forests; reserve networks; roadless areas; United States; wilderness AB We assessed the extent to which inventoried roadless areas (IRAs) on USDA Forest Service lands contain biophysical features that complement the conservation reserve network (e.g., national parks, designated wilderness areas, and wildlife refuges) in the United States. We compared the percentage of land area in IRAs and conservation reserves across three geographic divisions (Alaska, East, and West), 83 ecoregions, 10 elevation zones, and 1 1 land-cover classes. We also summarized variation in the size class distribution of IRAs. Of the 83 ecoregions evaluated in the United States, 28 have > 12% of their total area in conservation reserves. If IRAs are considered with conservation reserves, the number of ecoregions exceeding the 12% threshold increases from 28 to 32. When only national forest land in the ecoregions is considered, the area of designated wilderness exceeds 12% in 18 of the 45 ecoregions summarized. If IRAs are considered along with designated wilderness, the number of ecoregions exceeding the 12% threshold increases from 18 to 32. On national forest land below 1500 m, 10% is designated wilderness and 18.5% is IRA. Above 1500 m, 20% is designated wilderness and 31.5% is IRA. If IRAs are considered along with designated wilderness, all land-cover classes (except water in the West) would exceed the 12% threshold in Alaska and the West. In the East, only the evergreen forest class would exceed the 12% threshold when IRAs are considered with designated wilderness. Of 462 polygons of designated wilderness in the national forests, 353 are < 20 250 ha, and 25 areas exceed 101 175 ha. If adjacent IRA land is considered along with national forest wilderness, the number of areas < 20 250 ha decreases to 295, and the number of areas > 101 175 ha increases to 45. These results highlight the contribution that IRAs could make toward building a representative network of conservation reserves in the United States. Including these areas as reserves would expand ecoregional representation, increase the area of reserves at lower elevations, and increase the number of areas large enough to provide refugia for species needing large tracts relatively undisturbed by people. Even with the addition of IRAs, many ecoregions in the United States would remain underrepresented in the reserve network, especially in the East. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Washington Off, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP DeVelice, RL (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, 3301 C St,Suite 300, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 26 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 8 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 11 IS 4 BP 1008 EP 1018 DI 10.2307/3061008 PG 11 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 458RW UT WOS:000170209200006 ER PT J AU Bestelmeyer, BT Wiens, JA AF Bestelmeyer, BT Wiens, JA TI Ant biodiversity in semiarid landscape mosaics: The consequences of grazing vs. natural heterogeneity SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Review DE ants; canonical correspondence analysis; desert grassland; diversity; Formicidae; grazing; habitat classification; shortgrass steppe; soil texture ID CANONICAL CORRESPONDENCE-ANALYSIS; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; NORTH-AMERICA; TROPICAL AGROECOSYSTEM; CONSERVATION BIOLOGY; SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION; SHORTGRASS PRAIRIE; DESERT GRASSLANDS; DIVERSITY; ECOSYSTEMS AB The conservation of biodiversity in landscape mosaics requires an understanding of the impacts of human land use within mosaic elements and an evaluation of the biological uniqueness of different elements. We address these issues by examining patterns of ant diversity in three semiarid rangeland landscapes used predominantly for grazing. These landscapes lie along a regional gradient from shortgrass steppe through a transitional zone to desert grassland, along which climate and ant species composition vary. Within each landscape, we compared the effects of grazing and natural variation in soils and vegetation on ant diversity and community composition. Grazing had little effect on ant richness, diversity, or composition at the transitional zone or the desert grassland site, but ungrazed areas at the shortgrass steppe site had a higher overall richness and favored the abundance of some species. Some samples of saltbush (Atriplex canescens) shrubland were similar to ungrazed samples in richness and species composition. In both the transitional zone and the desert grassland, creosotebush (Larrea tridentata)-dominated habitats harbored comparatively species-rich and distinct ant communities. In addition, mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) coppice dunes at the desert grassland site favored the abundance of several species that were rare across the site. Canonical correspondence analysis revealed that variation in soil strength and texture best explained community variation at the shortgrass steppe site, whereas soil texture and associated differences in shrub density best explained differences in composition at the transitional and desert grassland sites. The characterization of habitats based upon vegetation classification did not adequately reflect environmental variation that was important to ants in shortgrass steppe, but reflected important soil textural variation in the transitional and desert grassland sites. These results suggest that ant conservation in these semiarid rangelands should emphasize patterns of variation in soil properties. The results add to a growing consensus that a variety of variables determined by the responses of several focal taxa may be needed to characterize biodiversity patterns. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Grad Degree Program Ecol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Bestelmeyer, BT (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS Jornada Expt Range, MSC 3JER,Box 30003, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NR 101 TC 99 Z9 107 U1 7 U2 38 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 11 IS 4 BP 1123 EP 1140 DI 10.2307/3061017 PG 18 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 458RW UT WOS:000170209200015 ER PT J AU Jenkins, JC Birdsey, RA Pan, Y AF Jenkins, JC Birdsey, RA Pan, Y TI Biomass and NPP estimation for the mid-Atlantic region (USA) using plot-level forest inventory data SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE biomass; forest C sequestration rates; Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA); mid-Atlantic region (USA); net primary production (NPP); process model validation ID NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; ATMOSPHERIC CARBON-DIOXIDE; GREAT DISMAL SWAMP; LAND-USE; TERRESTRIAL BIOSPHERE; HARDWOOD FORESTS; CLIMATE-CHANGE; UNITED-STATES; GLOBAL-MODEL; ECOSYSTEMS AB As interest grows in quantification of global carbon cycles, process model predictions of forest biomass and net primary production (NPP) are being developed at an accelerating rate. Such models can provide useful predictions at large scales, but it has been difficult to evaluate their performance. Using the network of plots comprising the comprehensive and spatially extensive Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data set collected and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, we applied methods typically used in field measurements to develop estimates of forest biomass and NPP for the mid-Atlantic region of the United States at a scale appropriate for comparison with model predictions. Plot-level and tree-level forest inventory data from a subset of plots were used together with species-specific biomass regression equations to calculate maximum current biomass and NPP values for the mid-Atlantic region. Estimates at the plot level were aggregated by forest type and to the 0.5 degrees x 0.5 degrees scale for analysis and comparison with process model predictions. Maximum current forest biomass averaged 248 and 200 Mg.ha(-1).yr(1) in hardwood and softwood forest types, respectively; wood biomass increment averaged 559 and 460 g.m(-2)-yr(-1) in hardwood and softwood forest types, respectively. Aggregated to the 0.5 degrees x 0.5 degrees scale, forest biomass ranged from 101 to 326 Mg/ha, while wood biomass increment ranged from 254 to 1050 g.m(-2).yr(-1). Biomass and NPP estimates for closed-canopy forests from this study were consistent with values reported in the literature but were as much as 50% lower than values reported for old-growth stands. NPP predictions from three process models were fairly consistent with the FIA-based estimates, but model predictions of biomass were higher than estimates from FIA data for the region. By describing upper and lower bounds on reasonable biomass and NPP values for closed-canopy forests, these FIA-derived estimates provide a foundation for model comparison and continued model development. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, No Global Change Program, Newtown Sq, PA 19073 USA. RP Jenkins, JC (reprint author), USDA Forest Serv, George D Aiken Forestry Sci Lab, POB 968, Burlington, VT 05402 USA. RI Pan, Yude/F-6145-2015 NR 86 TC 101 Z9 114 U1 2 U2 40 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 11 IS 4 BP 1174 EP 1193 DI 10.2307/3061020 PG 20 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 458RW UT WOS:000170209200018 ER PT J AU Archer, DW Shogren, JF AF Archer, DW Shogren, JF TI Risk-indexed herbicide taxes to reduce ground and surface water pollution: an integrated ecological economics evaluation SO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE pesticides; input tax; integration; CEEPES; groundwater; surface water ID PESTICIDE USE; MANAGEMENT; POLICY; COSTS; QUALITY AB Public policy toward pesticide use in agriculture can benefit from data coming from models that integrate ecological and economic constraints into cropping decisions and pesticide use. Herein we use such a model to focus on the environmental and economic effectiveness of a specific set of tools used to promote sustainable agriculture with less pesticide runoff - incentive-based instruments created by risk-indexed herbicide input-taxes. We measure risk by health advisory levels and by an ecological economic simulation model that estimates predicted exposure levels. We explore whether this innovative solution or herbicide input-taxes does better at reducing losses to farm net returns, and surface and groundwater loadings than quantity restrictions. Using the integrated CEEPES model, our results suggest that risk-indexed input taxes by information about individual herbicide exposure levels can be a cost-effective tool to reduce predicted groundwater exposures. No single policy, however, was efficient at simultaneously improving groundwater and surface water quality. Instead we construct an efficient policy set. We find exposure-induced taxes were most efficient for small percentage reductions in overall exposure, bans were efficient for medium reductions, and flat taxes were efficient for high reductions. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Wyoming, Dept Econ & Finance, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. USDA ARS, N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, Morris, MN 56267 USA. RP Shogren, JF (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, Dept Econ & Finance, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RI Shogren, Jason/B-9771-2017; OI Shogren, Jason/0000-0003-3757-959X; Archer, David/0000-0002-4816-7040 NR 43 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-8009 J9 ECOL ECON JI Ecol. Econ. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 38 IS 2 BP 227 EP 250 DI 10.1016/S0921-8009(01)00164-1 PG 24 WC Ecology; Economics; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Business & Economics GA 469HU UT WOS:000170809100009 ER PT J AU Ianchovichina, E Darwin, R Shoemaker, R AF Ianchovichina, E Darwin, R Shoemaker, R TI Resource use and technological progress in agriculture: a dynamic general equilibrium analysis SO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE agricultural TFP growth; population growth; food security; forestland AB We analyze the global effects of economic and population growth and the impact of a slowdown in agricultural total factor productivity (TFP) on agriculture and forest resources using a dynamic multi-region computable general equilibrium model with land use and cover detail. Given the current consensus about the growth of the world economy, our results suggest that food security will not be threatened and agricultural activities will not encroach on forest resources over the next decade. A slowdown in agricultural TFP growth might lead to higher crop prices in all regions, with South East Asia facing the steepest increases. A slowdown in agricultural TFP growth also might be accompanied by higher conversion rates of forestland to farmland as well as by greater environmental or ecological damages on the remaining forestland. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 World Bank, Washington, DC 20433 USA. Econ Res Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20433 USA. RP Ianchovichina, E (reprint author), World Bank, 1818 H St NW, Washington, DC 20433 USA. NR 25 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-8009 J9 ECOL ECON JI Ecol. Econ. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 38 IS 2 BP 275 EP 291 DI 10.1016/S0921-8009(01)00165-3 PG 17 WC Ecology; Economics; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Business & Economics GA 469HU UT WOS:000170809100012 ER PT J AU Knapp, RA Matthews, KR Sarnelle, O AF Knapp, RA Matthews, KR Sarnelle, O TI Resistance and resilience of alpine lake fauna to fish introductions SO ECOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS LA English DT Article DE alpine lakes; amphibians; exotic species; fish; invertebrates; predation; recovery; resilience; resistance; Sierra Nevada; stability; zooplankton ID HIGH-ELEVATION LAKES; DECLINING AMPHIBIAN POPULATIONS; ZOOPLANKTON SPECIES RICHNESS; SIERRA-NEVADA LAKES; YELLOW-LEGGED FROG; CRUSTACEAN ZOOPLANKTON; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; DIAPAUSING EGGS; MOUNTAIN LAKES; WHOLE-LAKE AB This paper reports on the response by amphibians, benthic macroinvertebrates, and zooplankton in naturally fishless alpine lakes to fish introductions and subsequent fish disappearance. We assessed resistance (the degree to which a system is altered when the environment changes) by comparing faunal distribution and abundance in lakes that have never been stocked with fish vs. the distribution and abundance in lakes that have been stocked and still contain fish. We assessed resilience (the degree and rate of a system's return to its previous configuration once the perturbation is removed) by comparing faunal distribution and abundance in lakes that were stocked at one time but have since reverted to a fishless condition (stocked-now-fishless lakes) vs. the distribution and abundance in lakes that have never been stocked. We quantified recovery rates and trajectories by comparing faunal assemblages of stocked-now-fishless lakes that had been fishless for 5-10, 11-20, and >20 yr. Faunal assemblages in the study lakes had low resistance to fish introductions, but in general showed high resilience. The mountain yellow-legged frog (Rana muscosa), conspicuous benthic macro invertebrates, and large crustacean zooplankton (>1 mm) were dramatically reduced in distribution and abundance by fish introductions but generally recovered to predisturbance levels after fish disappearance. Inconspicuous benthic invertebrate taxa, small crustacean zooplankton (<1 mm), and rotiferan zooplankton (<0.2 mm) were either unaffected by fish or increased in the presence of fish. For both the benthic macroinvertebrate community and the zooplankton community as a whole, fish disappearance was followed by a steady change away from the configuration characteristic of fish-containing lakes and toward that of lakes that had never been stocked. Both communities remained markedly different from those in never-stocked lakes 5-10 yr after fish disappearance and converged on the configuration of never-stocked lakes only 11-20 yr after fish disappearance. Recovery was likely facilitated by the winged adult stages of many benthic macroinvertebrates, resting eggs of zooplankton, and nearby source populations of frogs. However, many frog populations have disappeared since the time that lakes in this study reverted to a fishless condition, and the viability of zooplankton egg banks should decline in fish-containing lakes over time. As a result, faunal resilience may be lower in lakes that revert to a fishless condition today than is suggested by the results of our study. These findings have important implications for the restoration of alpine lake ecosystems. C1 Univ Calif, Sierra Nevada Aquat Res Lab, Mammoth Lakes, CA 93546 USA. USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Berkeley, CA 94701 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Knapp, RA (reprint author), Univ Calif, Sierra Nevada Aquat Res Lab, Star Route 1,Box 198, Mammoth Lakes, CA 93546 USA. RI Knapp, Roland/B-1337-2009; Matthews, Kathleen/G-8773-2012 OI Knapp, Roland/0000-0002-1954-2745; NR 86 TC 183 Z9 187 U1 10 U2 58 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9615 EI 1557-7015 J9 ECOL MONOGR JI Ecol. Monogr. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 71 IS 3 BP 401 EP 421 DI 10.1890/0012-9615(2001)071[0401:RAROAL]2.0.CO;2 PG 21 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 460KB UT WOS:000170305800004 ER PT J AU Taylor, CM Warren, ML AF Taylor, CM Warren, ML TI Dynamics in species composition of stream fish assemblages: Environmental variability and nested subsets SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE environmental gradients; environmental variability; extinction; immigration; nestedness; Ouachita Mountains, USA; species composition; stream fishes; stream size; upland streams ID COLONIZATION PROCESSES; SPATIAL POSITION; PATCH DYNAMICS; RIVER SYSTEMS; PATTERNS; HABITAT; COMMUNITIES; RECOVERY; DISTURBANCE; EXTINCTION AB Stream landscapes are highly variable in space and time and, like terrestrial landscapes, the resources they contain are patchily distributed. Organisms may disperse among patches to fulfill life-history requirements, but biotic and abiotic factors may limit patch or locality occupancy. Thus, the dynamics of immigration and extinction determine, in part, the local structure of assemblages. We sampled fishes and stream habitat at 12 localities for two years (96 samples) to examine the deterministic nature of immigration and extinction processes in stream fish assemblages. Mean immigration rates for assemblages were highest at large stream localities. where the pool of potential immigrants was largest. Mean extinction rates were highest where variability in the flow regime was high, though local refugia appeared to modify the extinction process at one locality. Significant nested subset patterns in species composition occurred over time for 7 of the 12 localities. The strength of the nesting was associated with mean immigration and extinction rates. Higher extinction rates corresponded to stronger nestedness, whereas higher immigration rates were associated with weaker nestedness. Across all species, both immigration and extinction rates were strongly associated with mean abundance. Species with high local abundances had higher immigration rates and lower extinction rates than did species with low local abundances. There were no significant associations between trophic guild or body size and immigration and extinction rate. This work supports the hypothesis that immigration and extinction rates for assemblages are predictable along environmental gradients, and that species are less prone to local extinction and more prone to colonize areas when they maintain high local abundances. The extinction process in local assemblages can be a highly ordered event leading to strong nested subset patterns. but immigration appears to be more stochastic. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Forest Hydrol Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. RP Taylor, CM (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, PO Drawer GY, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 58 TC 123 Z9 131 U1 1 U2 30 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD AUG PY 2001 VL 82 IS 8 BP 2320 EP 2330 DI 10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[2320:DISCOS]2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 462ZP UT WOS:000170452600017 ER PT J AU Levin, LA Boesch, DF Covich, A Dahm, C Erseus, C Ewel, KC Kneib, RT Moldenke, A Palmer, MA Snelgrove, P Strayer, D Weslawski, JM AF Levin, LA Boesch, DF Covich, A Dahm, C Erseus, C Ewel, KC Kneib, RT Moldenke, A Palmer, MA Snelgrove, P Strayer, D Weslawski, JM TI The function of marine critical transition zones and the importance of sediment biodiversity SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Review DE climate change; diversity; ecosystem function; estuaries; eutrophication; functional group; habitat alteration; mangrove; overfishing; salt marsh; species invasion; wetlands ID ENGLAND SALT-MARSH; AMPHIPOD UHLORCHESTIA-SPARTINOPHILA; FRESH-WATER ECOSYSTEMS; SAN-FRANCISCO BAY; ORGANIC-MATTER; PHRAGMITES-AUSTRALIS; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; SPECIES-DIVERSITY; CHESAPEAKE BAY; TUBIFICIDAE OLIGOCHAETA AB Estuaries and coastal wetlands are critical transition zones (CTZs) that link land, freshwater habitats, and the sea. CTZs provide essential ecological functions, including decomposition, nutrient cycling, and nutrient production, as well as regulation of fluxes of nutrients, water, particles, and organisms to and from land, rivers, and the ocean. Sediment-associated biota are integral to these functions. Functional groups considered essential to CTZ processes include heterotrophic bacteria and fungi, as well as many benthic invertebrates. Key invertebrate functions include shredding, which breaks down and recycles organic matter; suspension feeding, which collects and transports sediments across the sediment-water interface; and bioturbating, which moves sediment into or out of the seabed. In addition, macrophytes regulate many aspects of nutrient, particle, and organism dynamics above- and belowground. Animals moving within or through CTZs are vectors that transport nutrients and organic matter across terrestrial, freshwater, and marine interfaces. Significant threats to biodiversity within CTZs are posed by anthropogenic influences; eutrophication, nonnutrient pollutants, species invasions, overfishing, habitat alteration, and climate change affect species richness or composition in many coastal environments. Because biotic diversity in marine CTZ sediments is inherently low whereas their functional significance is great, shifts in diversity are likely to be particularly important. Species introductions (from invasion) or loss (from overfishing or habitat alteration) provide evidence that single-species changes can have overt, sweeping effects on CTZ structure and function. Certain species may be critically important to the maintenance of ecosystem functions in CTZs even though at present there is limited empirical evidence that the number of species in CTZ sediments is critical. We hypothesized that diversity is indeed important to ecosystem function in marine CTZs because high diversity maintains positive interactions among species (facilitation and mutualism), promoting stability and resistance to invasion or other forms of disturbance. The complexity of interactions among species and feedbacks with ecosystem functions suggests that comparative (mensurative) and manipulative approaches will be required to elucidate the role of diversity in sustaining CTZ functions. C1 Scripps Inst Oceanog, Marine Life Res Grp, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Studies, Cambridge, MD 21613 USA. Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Swedish Museum Nat Hist, Dept Invertebrate Zool, SE-10405 Stockholm, Sweden. US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, Inst Pacific Isl Forestry, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. Univ Georgia, Inst Marine, Sapelo Isl, GA 31327 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Entomol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Biol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Mem Univ Newfoundland, Fisheries Conservat Grp, St John, NF A1C 5R3, Canada. Polish Acad Sci, Inst Oceanol, PL-81712 Sopot, Poland. RP Levin, LA (reprint author), Scripps Inst Oceanog, Marine Life Res Grp, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. EM llevin@ucsd.edu RI Strayer, David/H-3788-2011; Weslawski, Jan/F-4075-2012; Ross, Donald/F-7607-2012; OI Ross, Donald/0000-0002-8659-3833; Weslawski, Jan-Marcin/0000-0001-8434-5927 NR 188 TC 198 Z9 208 U1 22 U2 189 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1432-9840 EI 1435-0629 J9 ECOSYSTEMS JI Ecosystems PD AUG PY 2001 VL 4 IS 5 BP 430 EP 451 DI 10.1007/s10021-001-0021-4 PG 22 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 464ZN UT WOS:000170563400006 ER PT J AU Ewel, KC Cressa, C Kneib, RT Lake, PS Levin, LA Palmer, MA Snelgrove, P Wall, DH AF Ewel, KC Cressa, C Kneib, RT Lake, PS Levin, LA Palmer, MA Snelgrove, P Wall, DH TI Managing critical transition zones SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE adaptive management; ecosystem restoration; landscape ecology; risk analysis; wetlands ID SAN-DIEGO BAY; SALT-MARSH; RESTORATION ECOLOGY; RIPARIAN ZONES; COMMUNITY; SUCCESSION; MITIGATION; MANGROVES; SCIENCE; RIVERS AB Ecosystems that function as critical transition zones (CTZs) among terrestrial, freshwater, and marine habitats are closely connected to the ecosystems adjacent to them and are characterized by a rapid flux of materials and organisms. CTZs play various roles, including mediating water flows, accumulating sediments and organic matter, processing nutrients, and providing opportunities for recreation. They are particularly difficult to manage because they tend to be small, albeit important, components of large watersheds, and managers may not have control over the entire landscape. Moreover, they are often the focus of intensive human activity. Consequently, CTZs are critically important zones, and their preservation and protection are likely to require unique collaboration among scientists, managers, and stakeholders. Scientists can learn a great deal from the study of these ecosystems, taking advantage of small size and the importance of fluxes, but a good understanding of adaptive management strategies is needed to establish a dialogue with managers and stakeholders on technical and management issues. An understanding of risk analysis is also important to help set meaningful goals and establish logical strategies that include all of the interested parties. Successful restoration of a CTZ is the best test of the quality of knowledge about its structure and function. Much has already been learned about coastal CTZs through restoration projects, and the large number of such projects involving riparian CTZs in particular suggests that there is considerable opportunity for fruitful collaborations between scientists and managers. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific Res Stn, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. Cent Univ Venezuela, Fac Ciencias, Inst Zool Trop, Caracas 1041A, Venezuela. Univ Georgia, Inst Marine, Sapelo Isl, GA 31327 USA. Monash Univ, Cooperat Res Ctr Freshwater Ecol, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia. Scripps Inst Oceanog, Marine Life Res Grp, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Biol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Mem Univ Newfoundland, Inst Marine, Fisheries Conservat Chair, St Johns, NF A1C 5R3, Canada. Colorado State Univ, Coll Nat Resources, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Ewel, KC (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific Res Stn, 1151 Punchbowl St,Suite 323, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. RI Wall, Diana/F-5491-2011 NR 62 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 5 U2 30 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1432-9840 J9 ECOSYSTEMS JI Ecosystems PD AUG PY 2001 VL 4 IS 5 BP 452 EP 460 DI 10.1007/s10021-001-0106-0 PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 464ZN UT WOS:000170563400007 ER PT J AU Pritchard, SG Davis, MA Mitchell, RJ Prior, SA Boykin, DL Rogers, HH Runion, GB AF Pritchard, SG Davis, MA Mitchell, RJ Prior, SA Boykin, DL Rogers, HH Runion, GB TI Root dynamics in an artificially constructed regenerating longleaf pine ecosystem are affected by atmospheric CO2 enrichment SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE roots; root demography; fine roots; elevated CO2; model ecosystem; Pinus palustris; belowground competition; root turnover; root production ID SOIL-RESOURCE AVAILABILITY; ELEVATED CARBON-DIOXIDE; GROWTH-RESPONSE; FINE ROOTS; IN-FIELD; SEEDLINGS; TURNOVER; TREE; COMPETITION; PERSPECTIVE AB Differential responses to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration exhibited by different plant functional types may alter competition for above- and belowground resources in a higher CO2 world. Because C allocation to roots is often favored over C allocation to shoots in plants grown with CO2 enrichment, belowground function of forest ecosystems may change significantly. We established an outdoor facility to examine the effects of elevated CO2 on root dynamics in artificially constructed communities of five early successional forest species: (1) a C, evergreen conifer (longleaf pine, Pinus palustris Mill.); (2) a C-4 monocotyledonous bunch grass (wiregrass, Aristida stricta Michx.); (3) a C-3 broadleaf tree (sand post oak, Quercus margaretta); (4) a C-3 perennial herbaceous legume (rattlebox, Crotalaria rotundifolia Walt. ex Gemel); and (5) an herbaceous C-3 dicotyledonous perennial (butterfly weed, Asclepias tuberosa L.). These species are common associates in early successional longleaf pine savannahs throughout the southeastern USA and represent species that differ in life-form, growth habit, physiology, and symbiotic relationships. A combination of minirhizotrons and soil coring was used to examine temporal and spatial rooting dynamics from October 1998 to October 1999. CO2-enriched plots exhibited 35% higher standing root crop length, 37% greater root length production per day, and 47% greater root length mortality per day. These variables, however, were enhanced by CO2 enrichment only at the 10-30 cm depth. Relative root turnover (flux/standing crop) was unchanged by elevated CO2. Sixteen months after planting, root biomass of pine was 62% higher in elevated compared to ambient CO2 plots. Conversely, the combined biomass of rattlebox, wiregrass, and butterfly weed was 28% greater in ambient compared to high CO2 plots. There was no difference in root biomass of oaks after 16 months of exposure to elevated CO2.(.) Using root and shoot biomass as a metric, longleaf pine realized the greatest and most consistent benefit from exposure to elevated CO2. This finding suggests that the ability of longleaf pine to compete with sand post oak, a common deciduous tree competitor, and wiregrass, the dominant understory herbaceous species, in regenerating ecosystems may be significantly enhanced by rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations. (C) Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Wind Erosion & Water Conservat Res Unit, Big Springs, TX 79720 USA. Auburn Univ, Sch Forestry, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Jones Ecol Res Ctr, Newton, GA 31770 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Dynam Lab, Auburn, AL 36832 USA. USDA ARS, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Pritchard, SG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Wind Erosion & Water Conservat Res Unit, 302 W 1-20, Big Springs, TX 79720 USA. NR 41 TC 23 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 17 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0098-8472 J9 ENVIRON EXP BOT JI Environ. Exp. Bot. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 46 IS 1 BP 55 EP 69 DI 10.1016/S0098-8472(01)00084-3 PG 15 WC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 442DE UT WOS:000169269300007 ER PT J AU Korzukhin, MD Porter, SD Thompson, LC Wiley, S AF Korzukhin, MD Porter, SD Thompson, LC Wiley, S TI Modeling temperature-dependent range limits for the fire ant Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) in the United States SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Solenopsis invicta; biogeographical range; modeling; distribution; United States; quarantine ID POPULATION-DYNAMICS; SOIL TEMPERATURES; COLONY-GROWTH; NORTH-AMERICA; TEXAS; EXPANSION; LONGEVITY; SURVIVAL; RATES; CYCLE AB We predict the future range of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta Buren within the United States based on climate and its current extreme distributions. To reach that goal, a dynamic model of colony growth with two time steps per day was formulated that operates by colony area, S, and alate production, a. Colony growth rate depended on daily maximum and minimum soil temperatures. Temperature records at 4,537 meteorological stations within the current (near 1.5 million km(2)) and potential range of S. invicta were obtained from NOAA's National Climatic Data Center. At each station, a colony was allowed to grow and lifetime female alate production was calculated. Estimated alate production was then examined at current extremes of the fire ant distribution at selected locations in Arkansas, Tennessee, and Oklahoma. Estimates from these locations were used to define four zones of colony proliferation success: certain, possible, undemonstrated, and improbable. An annual precipitation limit (510 mm) was selected to indicate regions where and conditions may prohibit growth in areas without supplemental water sources. Results of the model predict that S. invicta will likely move 80-150 km north in Oklahoma and Arkansas. It will also likely continue expanding into portions of Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware in the east and New Mexico, Arizona, California, Oregon, Nevada, and maybe even Washington and Utah in the west. C1 Inst Global Climate & Ecol, Moscow 107258, Russia. USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. Univ Arkansas, Sch Forest Resources, Monticello, AR 71656 USA. RP Korzukhin, MD (reprint author), Inst Global Climate & Ecol, Glebovskaya St 20-B, Moscow 107258, Russia. NR 44 TC 63 Z9 73 U1 5 U2 16 PU ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 10001 DEREKWOOD LANE, STE 100, LANHAM, MD 20706-4876 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 30 IS 4 BP 645 EP 655 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 465QU UT WOS:000170602100004 ER PT J AU Landolt, PJ Alfaro, JF AF Landolt, PJ Alfaro, JF TI Trapping Lacanobia subjuncta, Xestia c-nigrum, and Mamestra configurata (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) with acetic acid and 3-methyl-1-butanol in controlled release dispensers SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Lacanobia subjuncta; Mamestra configurata; Xestia c-nigrum; attractant; trapping; acetic acid ID CABBAGE-LOOPER MOTHS; CHEMICAL ATTRACTANTS; FLORAL COMPOUNDS; SEX-PHEROMONE; IDENTIFICATION; HYMENOPTERA; VESPIDAE; TRAPS AB Both sexes of tbe noctuid moths Lacanobia subjuncta (Grote & Robinson), Mamestra configurata Walker (bertha armyworm) and Xestia c-nigrum (L.) (spotted cutworm) are attracted to the combination of acetic acid and 3-methyl-1-butanol (isoamyl alcohol). A controlled-release system for use of this attractant in traps was comprised of separate polypropylene vials for each chemical, with the chemical release rate delimited by a hole in the vial lid. When hole sizes for both acetic acid and 3-methyl-1-butanol were varied together, numbers of all three moth species trapped were greatest with vial hole diameters 1.0-3.0 mm. For all three species, captures of moths also were positively correlated with the ratio of acetic acid to 3-methyl-1-butanol vial hole sizes (acetic acid vial hole size was varied, 3-methyl-1-butanol vial hole size was held constant). Captures of these moths were not correlated with the ratio of 3-methyl-1-butanol/acetic acid vial hole sizes (3-methyl-1-butanol vial hole size varied, acetic acid vial hole size was held constant), over the range of hole sizes tested. Captures of L. subjuncta, M. configurata, and X, c-nigrum in a wet trap were significantly increased by the addition of boric acid to the trap drowning solution (to retard microbial growth and decomposition of specimens). In a comparison of different designs of traps baited with acetic acid and 3-methyl-1-butanol, greatest numbers of all three species were captured in a dry "bucket" trap which moths entered from near the trap top. C1 USDA ARS, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. RP Landolt, PJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. NR 24 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 11 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 30 IS 4 BP 656 EP 662 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 465QU UT WOS:000170602100005 ER PT J AU Landolt, PJ Adams, T Reed, HC Zack, RS AF Landolt, PJ Adams, T Reed, HC Zack, RS TI Trapping alfalfa looper moths (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) with single and double component floral chemical lures SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE alfalfa looper; Autographa californica; attractant; trap; phenylacetaldehyde ID COTTON FLOWERS; UPWIND FLIGHT; BAITED TRAPS; IDENTIFICATION; HYMENOPTERA; VOLATILES; SYSTEM AB Both sexes of the alfalfa looper moth, Autographa californica (Speyer), were captured in traps baited with chemicals and combinations of chemicals that are odorants from "moth-visited" flowers. When presented alone, phenylacetaldehyde was strongly attractive and benzyl acetate was more weakly attractive to alfalfa looper moths, Few alfalfa looper moths were captured in traps baited with cis-jasmone, linalool, phenethyl alcohol, benzyl acetate or benzyl alcohol. In a comparison of varied amounts of phenylacetaldehyde, accomplished by varying the diameter of the hole in the lid of vial dispensers, greatest captures of alfalfa looper moths occurred With the largest hole size tested, 6.3 mm in diameter. Catches of alfalfa looper moths were enhanced when phenylacetaldehyde was presented with cis-jasmone and when benzyl acetate was presented along With benzaldehyde, compared with these chemicals presented singly. C1 USDA ARS, Wapato, WA USA. RP Landolt, PJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd, Wapato, WA USA. NR 19 TC 27 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 30 IS 4 BP 667 EP 672 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 465QU UT WOS:000170602100007 ER PT J AU Showers, WB Hellmich, RL Derrick-Robinson, ME Hendrix, WH AF Showers, WB Hellmich, RL Derrick-Robinson, ME Hendrix, WH TI Aggregation and dispersal behavior of marked and released European corn borer (Lepidoptera : Crambidae) adults SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ostrinia nubilalis; aggregation sites; dispersal; surface airflow; mate seeking; refuge ID BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS; DIAMONDBACK MOTH; SEXUAL-ACTIVITY; EGG MASSES; PYRALIDAE; SITES; RESISTANCE; POPULATION; CORNFIELD; STABILITY AB To observe the aggregation and dispersal behavior of adult European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), males in search of mates, two populations were marked, each with a different dye. One population was continuously reared in the laboratory (>5 yr) arid the other was collected annually from the field. From 1986 to 1988, marked adults were released in two release sets per year, with three to five releases per release set, coinciding with the Spring and summer flights of European corn borer in central Iowa. Traps for recapture contained lures baited with 40 Ag of synthetic 97:3 Z:E-11-tetradecenyl acetate. Traplines extended front 200 in to 48 km. Each trap was assigned a compass direction. Males from the laboratory-reared population dispersed similarly to males just 1 generation front the wild. European corn borer males arid females dispersed 23-49 kin and some were recovered 14 km from the release site within 100 min after release. Sampling of aggregation sites demonstrated that oil the nights of release, many adults aggregated it) adjacent dense vegetation and did not disperse until the following night. Upon dispersal, these adults seemingly moved many meters or kilometers before settling again. Recapture of marked adults at 200 in might have been influenced by open landscapes (short, vegetative-growth corn). Recapture at 800 m or beyond, however, was unaffected by open landscapes, arid in 1988 a greater proportion of marked males was recaptured while the landscape was closed. (tall, mature-growth corn), In 1987, during the first flight of European corn borer, displacement to 800 in was southeasterly, south, or west,but during first flights in 1986 and 1988, displacement to 800 in was predominately northeasterly. During the second flight in midsummer, displacement to 800 in for all 3 yr of the study also was northeasterly. Recapture results front 1986 suggest that male movement > 800 m is common, During the first release set (early summer), 37% of the males recaptured flew 800 in or more arid 8% flew 3.2 km or more. During the second release set (late summer), 51% of the mules recaptured flew 800 m or more and 11% flew 3.2 km or more. The recommendation for placement of nontransgenic corn (Zea mays L.) as refuge in the Corti Belt is a half mile or closer to Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt)-corn if the refuge corn is not sprayed and a quarter mile or closer when the refuge corn is sprayed. Based on the dispersal results from this study, at least in Iowa, a half-mile proximity recommendation should be robust. Studies still should be conducted in other regions, especially where corn is commonly irrigated, to determine whether European corn borer adult movement patterns are similar. C1 Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, Corn Insects & Crop Genet Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Entomol, Iowa Agr & Home Econ Expt Stn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Showers, WB (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, Corn Insects & Crop Genet Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 28 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 11 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 30 IS 4 BP 700 EP 710 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 465QU UT WOS:000170602100011 ER PT J AU Furniss, MM Holsten, EH Foote, MJ Bertram, M AF Furniss, MM Holsten, EH Foote, MJ Bertram, M TI Biology of a willow leafblotch miner, Micrurapteryx salicifoliella, (Lepidoptera : Gracillariidae) in Alaska SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Micrurapteryx salicifoliella; Gracillariidae; Salix; susceptibility AB During 1991-1993 and 1998-1999, a leafblotch miner, Micrurapteryx salicifoliella (Chambers), infested willows (Salix spp.) throughout a vast area in drainages of the Yukon and Kuskokwim Rivers, AK. The insect's biology had not been studied and it was unknown from Alaska. Eggs were laid singly, cemented to the epidermis of undersides of leaves. Hatched larvae mined directly into leaves beneath the chorion. Five instars occurred. Mining by the first three instars created little external evidence of their presence. Fourth and fifth instars, however, created conspicuous necrotic, reddish, blotches that often covered the upper leaf surface of susceptible host willows. Mature larvae exited through slits made on the undersides of leaves and spin cocoons on either leaf surface before pupating from mid-july into August, Adults emerged in late July and August and overwintered in that stage. Ten species of willows were infested, severity of which differed somewhat between localities and species. Feltleaf willow, S. alaxensis (Andersson) Coville, was not infested, apparently due to its under leaf surface being covered by a protective felt-like trial of hairs that prevented attachment of eggs to the epidermis, a condition deemed to be critical to Survival of larvae upon hatching. C1 Univ Idaho, Div Entomol, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Inst No Forestry, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. USDI, Fish & Wildlife Serv, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. RP Furniss, MM (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Div Entomol, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. NR 9 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 30 IS 4 BP 736 EP 741 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 465QU UT WOS:000170602100015 ER PT J AU Coyle, DR McMillin, JD Hall, RB Hart, ER AF Coyle, DR McMillin, JD Hall, RB Hart, ER TI Cottonwood leaf beetle (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) larval performance on eight Populus clones SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Chrysomela scripta; Populus; larval performance; short-rotation forestry ID ENRICHED ATMOSPHERIC CO2; PLANT HYBRID ZONES; PHRATORA-VITELLINAE; SCRIPTA COLEOPTERA; MOLECULAR-GENETICS; INSECT PERFORMANCE; FOLIAR CHEMISTRY; POPLAR CLONES; GROWTH; DEFOLIATION AB The cottonwood leaf beetle, Chrysomela scripta F., is the most serious defoliator of young plantation-grown Populus in the eastern United States, et there is a paucity of data on larval feeding performance across Populus clones used in tree breeding. Field experiments were conducted in 1998 and 1999 to determine the overall feeding performance of larval G scripta on 8 Populus selections from a pedigree family. Using a randomized complete block design, entire trees were enclosed in mesh cages, and female C. scripta were allowed to ovipositin sleeve cages on each tree. Larval cohorts were culled to 10 upon hatch and allowed to develop to pupation within each sleeve cage. Larval survival, pupal weight, adult emergence, and total mortality were recorded as performance parameters. Significant but inconsistent performance differences were found among clones', suggesting that some clones were less suitable for C. scripta larval development in some insect generations. Larval performance was generally poorer on clones with higher P. trichocarpa parentage. C. scripta performance was significantly poorer in 1999 and showed a decline throughout the 1999 growing season, but it is not clear whether this was caused by conditions of the host plants, weather patterns, or changes made in the source of insects, for infestation. Clones with foliar characteristics detrimental to larval C, scripta performance could be used for plantings or in developing C. scripta-resistant hybrid Populus selections for short-rotation woody crop systems. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Entomol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Forestry, Ames, IA USA. RP Coyle, DR (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Savannah River Inst, POB 700, New Ellenton, SC 29809 USA. NR 59 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 30 IS 4 BP 748 EP 756 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 465QU UT WOS:000170602100017 ER PT J AU Bloem, S Bloem, KA Carpenter, JE Calkins, CO AF Bloem, S Bloem, KA Carpenter, JE Calkins, CO TI Season-long releases of partially sterile males for control of codling moth (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae) in Washington apples SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Cydia pomonella; inherited sterility; fruit damage; apple ID INHERITED STERILITY; SUPPRESSION; COMPETITIVENESS; RADIATION AB Season-long field studies were conducted in Washington apple orchards that compared the following: (1) twice per week releases of partially sterile codling moths, Cydia pomonella (L.), treated with either 100 or 250 Gy, and (2) combinations of mating disruption plus the release of partially sterile (100 Gy) codling moths, to control wild codling moth populations. No significant differences in the level of fruit damage at either midseason or han,est were found between any of the treatments, or between the treatments and the inside controls. Damage in all plots was <0.1%. In both studies, trap data suggest that the movement of the 100 Gy-treated moths into the other treatments and the inside controls may have masked treatment effects. However, fruit damage was significantly lower in all treatment plots when compared with control plots located outside of the treatment areas. Results indicated that the release of partially sterile male (and fully sterile female) codling moths does not result in increased fruit injury and that the lower dose of radiation used to partially sterilize males results in insects that are more active, disperse greater distances and are generally more competitive. C1 USDA ARS, YARL, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. RP Bloem, S (reprint author), Univ Florida, USda APHIS NBCI, NFREC, Monticello, FL 32344 USA. EM ksbloem@nettally.com NR 19 TC 34 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 9 PU ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 10001 DEREKWOOD LANE, STE 100, LANHAM, MD 20706-4876 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 30 IS 4 BP 763 EP 769 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 465QU UT WOS:000170602100019 ER PT J AU Moir, WH Block, WM AF Moir, WH Block, WM TI Adaptive management on public lands in the United States: Commitment or rhetoric? SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE monitoring; feedback; controversy; uncertainty, costs; politics; agency credibility; participatory management ID ECOSYSTEMS; CLIMATE AB Adaptive management (AM) is the process of implementing land management activities in incremental steps and evaluating whether desired outcomes are being achieved at each step. If conditions deviate substantially from predictions, management activities are adjusted to achieve the desired outcomes. Thus, AM is a kind of monitoring, an activity that land management agencies have done poorly for the most part, at least with respect to ground-based monitoring. Will they do better in the future? We doubt it unless costs, personnel, acid future commitment are seriously addressed. Because ecosystem responses to management impacts can ripple into the distant future, monitoring programs that address only the near future (e.g., -10-20 years), are probably unreliable for making statements about resource conditions in the distant future. We give examples of this. Feedback loops between ecosystem response and adjustment of management actions are often broken, and therefore AM again fails. Successful ground-based monitoring must address these and other points that agencies commonly ignore. As part of the solution, publics distrustful of agency activities should be included in any monitoring program. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 2500 Pine Knoll Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. EM whmoir@infomagic.com NR 43 TC 49 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 15 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0364-152X EI 1432-1009 J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 28 IS 2 BP 141 EP 148 DI 10.1007/s002670010213 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 442UR UT WOS:000169303800001 PM 11443379 ER PT J AU Champ, PA Bishop, RC AF Champ, PA Bishop, RC TI Donation payment mechanisms and contingent valuation: An empirical study of hypothetical bias SO ENVIRONMENTAL & RESOURCE ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE actual donations; calibration; contingent donations; contingent valuation; hypothetical bias; uncertainty ID PUBLIC-GOODS AB Donation payment mechanisms are well suited for some contingent valuation studies. In an effort to better understand the discrepancy that has been consistently found between actual and hypothetical donations, we investigate an approach to estimating actual willingness to donate using contingent donations with a follow-up question in which respondents rate the level of certainty about their response to the contingent donation question. The approach allows us to estimate the magnitude of the hypothetical bias and identify the respondents responsible for the bias. Identification of the respondents responsible for the hypothetical bias is the first step toward developing an understanding of the causes and possible remedies. In this study we find that most of the respondents (80%) to the contingent donation question provide a response consistent with how we predict they would respond in an actual donation situation. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Agr & Appl Econ, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Champ, PA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 2150 Ctr Ave,Suite 350, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 25 TC 138 Z9 141 U1 5 U2 14 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0924-6460 J9 ENVIRON RESOUR ECON JI Environ. Resour. Econ. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 19 IS 4 BP 383 EP 402 DI 10.1023/A:1011604818385 PG 20 WC Economics; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 467WB UT WOS:000170725800005 ER PT J AU Williams, MS AF Williams, MS TI Performance of two fixed-area (quadrat) sampling estimators in ecological surveys SO ENVIRONMETRICS LA English DT Article DE ecological surveys; edge-effect; mean-of-ratios; ratio-of means ID FOREST; EDGE AB Many ecological surveys are conducted to collect information about organisms and environmental conditions dispersed across a continuous surface. In most situations, there is no natural division of the population into a finite collection of sampling units. Therefore, the sample is determined by randomly locating a series of m plots within the boundaries of the population and collecting information about one or more attributes that fall within the plots. These plots are usually referred to as fixed-area plots in the forestry and sample survey literature and quadrats in the ecological literature. One method for determining the total number of organisms is to view the population as the realization of a point process and estimate the intensity, lambda, which is the number of points per unit area. Then the estimator of the total number of organisms is given by lambda \A\, where \A\ is the area over which the organisms are dispersed. For the m plots there are two distinctly different estimators for <()over cap>, which are the ratio-of-means and mean-of-ratios estimators. This article compares these estimators and gives the most basic conditions under which the estimator is expected to be model-unbiased. It also shows that both estimators can exhibit very large biases when the population is subject to an edge-effect, which is when conditions along the boundary of the population differ from those found in the interior. The ratio-of-means estimator also suffers from a poorly performing variance estimator, which required sample sizes of nearly 100 plots before the estimator was nearly unbiased regardless of the plot size. Results for these estimators are derived and the effects of plot size and the spatial arrangement of the population are discussed. Copyright (C) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Williams, MS (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 2150 A Ctr Dr, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 19 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 4 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1180-4009 J9 ENVIRONMETRICS JI Environmetrics PD AUG PY 2001 VL 12 IS 5 BP 421 EP 436 DI 10.1002/env.469 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Statistics & Probability SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics GA 456XB UT WOS:000170107100002 ER PT J AU Hoar, BR Atwill, ER Elmi, C Farver, TB AF Hoar, BR Atwill, ER Elmi, C Farver, TB TI An examination of risk factors associated with beef cattle shedding pathogens of potential zoonotic concern SO EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION LA English DT Article ID CRYPTOSPORIDIUM-PARVUM OOCYSTS; SURFACE-WATER SUPPLIES; CAMPYLOBACTER-JEJUNI; DRINKING-WATER; UNITED-STATES; DAIRY-CATTLE; FARM-ANIMALS; RIVER WATER; GIARDIA; INFECTION AB The prevalence of three waterborne zoonotic pathogens (Campylobacter sp., Giardia sp. and Cryptosporidium parvum) in rectal faecal samples from a random sample of adult beef cattle was determined. Management factors that may be associated with shedding of these organisms were examined. For Campylobacter sp. prevalence was 5.0 %, and the number of females on the farm was positively associated with the proportion that tested positive. For Giardia sp. prevalence was 6.5 %, and none of the management factors examined was significantly associated with the proportion in a herd testing positive. C. parvum was identified in 1.1 % of samples. The length of calving season and whether any procedures were performed on the calves in the first 2 days of life were positively associated with the proportion that tested positive. We conclude that this sample of adult beef cattle represent a relatively limited threat to water supplies and subsequent disease transmission to humans from these pathogens. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Dept Populat Hlth & Reprod, Livermore, CA 95616 USA. USDA, Fresno, CA 93725 USA. RP Hoar, BR (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Dept Populat Hlth & Reprod, Livermore, CA 95616 USA. NR 41 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 5 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI PORT CHESTER PA 110 MIDLAND AVE, PORT CHESTER, NY 10573-9863 USA SN 0950-2688 J9 EPIDEMIOL INFECT JI Epidemiol. Infect. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 127 IS 1 BP 147 EP 155 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 482MM UT WOS:000171580000018 PM 11561967 ER PT J AU Shang, F Nowell, TR Taylor, A AF Shang, F Nowell, TR Taylor, A TI Removal of oxidatively damaged proteins from lens cells by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway SO EXPERIMENTAL EYE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE proteolysis; aging; cataract; stress ID EPITHELIAL-CELLS; OXIDIZED PROTEINS; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; RADIOISOTOPIC DETERMINATION; DEGENERATIVE DISEASES; CONJUGATING ENZYMES; INDUCED CATARACT; AQUEOUS-HUMOR; STRESS; DEGRADATION AB Understanding how oxidized proteins are removed is important since accumulation of such damaged proteins is causally related to cellular and organismic dysfunction, disease and aging. Previous work showed that activity of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP) in lens cells increased during recovery from oxidative stress (Shang et al., 1997b: J. Biol. Chem. 272, 23086-93). In this study we sought to determine if the up-regulation of the UPP during recovery from oxidative stress has a role in selective removal of oxidized proteins from the cells. In cells which were not exposed to peroxide, inhibition of the proteasome with MG132 or clasto-lactacystin beta -lactone had little effect on protein carbonyl levels. However, inhibition of the proteasome in the 20 muM peroxide-treated cells caused an approximate 60 % increase in levels of protein carbonyl and an approximate 100% increase in levels of ubiquitin conjugates. The carbonyl-containing proteins that accumulated in the presence of the proteasome inhibitor co-localized with high molecular mass ubiquitin-protein conjugates. Furthermore, isolated carbonyl-containing proteins from H2O2-treated cells were ubiquitinated, and ubiquitin-conjugates were enriched with carbonyl-containing proteins. The diminished effect of proteasome inhibitors on protein carbonyl levels, together with the robust increase in ubiquitin-protein conjugates and accompanied increases in oxidized proteins, upon exposure to 60 muM H2O2 indicate that the proteasomal step of the UPP is more susceptible to oxidative inactivation than the ubiquitination step. In fact, oxidative stress is associated with a hyperactivation of the ubiquitin-activating enzyme. These data indicate that the UPP plays a role in removal of oxidatively damaged proteins from cells and that attenuation of the WP activity may result in cytotoxic accumulation of damaged proteins, possibly including the ubiquitinated forms. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 Tufts Univ, Lab Nutr & Vis Res, Jean Meyer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Taylor, A (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Lab Nutr & Vis Res, Jean Meyer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NEI NIH HHS [EY11717, R01EY1350-1] NR 58 TC 86 Z9 87 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0014-4835 J9 EXP EYE RES JI Exp. Eye Res. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 73 IS 2 BP 229 EP 238 DI 10.1006/exer.2001.1029 PG 10 WC Ophthalmology SC Ophthalmology GA 454VH UT WOS:000169992100009 PM 11446773 ER PT J AU Sommers, CH Bhaduri, S AF Sommers, CH Bhaduri, S TI Loss of crystal violet binding activity in stationary phase Yersinia enterocolitica following gamma irradiation SO FOOD MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI; VIRULENCE PLASMID; LACI GENE; PORK; RADIATION; FOODS; IDENTIFICATION; MICROBIOLOGY; MUTAGENESIS; PATHOGENS AB Ionizing radiation can eliminate virulent Yersinia enterocolitica from meat. It is possible, however unlikely, that a small number of Y. enterocolitica could survive the pasteurization process. The virulence of Y. enterocolitica is dependent upon the presence of a 70 kb plasmid. The effect of low-dose ionizing radiation on the plasmid-associated virulence trait of crystal violet binding was investigated. Y. enterocolitica strains which carried the virulence plasmid were suspended in Butterfield's Phosphate Buffer or raw ground pork and irradiated to a dose of 1.0 or 1.25 kGy, respectively. Loss of crystal violet binding increased 10-fold following exposure to ionizing radiation, regardless of the suspending medium. Polymerase chain reaction analysis of Y. enterocolitica isolates that did not bind crystal violet following irradiation indicated that loss of the virulence plasmid as opposed to mutation of a single plasmid-encoded gene, was the major mechanism for elimination of the crystal violet binding trait. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 ARS, Food Safety Res Unit, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Serv, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. ARS, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Serv, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Sommers, CH (reprint author), ARS, Food Safety Res Unit, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Serv, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 44 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0740-0020 J9 FOOD MICROBIOL JI Food Microbiol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 18 IS 4 BP 367 EP 374 DI 10.1006/fmic.2001.0409 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology; Microbiology GA 474TH UT WOS:000171122600002 ER PT J AU Canagarajah, S Newman, C Bhattamishra, R AF Canagarajah, S Newman, C Bhattamishra, R TI Non-farm income, gender, and inequality: evidence from rural Ghana and Uganda SO FOOD POLICY LA English DT Article DE non-farm employment; inequality; gender; Ghana; Uganda ID DECOMPOSITION; POVERTY AB This paper examines how the distribution of earnings in rural Ghana and Uganda differs by income type and by gender. We find that non-farm earnings contribute to rising inequality, but that lower income groups also benefit due to strong overall growth in non-farm earnings. The inequality-inducing effect is driven by self-employment income; wage income, on the other hand, reduces inequality. The tendency of non-farm income to contribute to inequality is greater among female-headed households for whom self-employment is important and nonfarm opportunities more constrained. Determinants of non-farm income are estimated and appear to be strongly related to location, education, age, and distance to market. Estimates of the linkages to agriculture in Ghana are weaker than expected, showing the non-farm sector to be functioning more as an alternative activity to agriculture than as a complement. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 World Bank, Washington, DC 20433 USA. USDA, Food & Rural Econ Div, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Canagarajah, S (reprint author), World Bank, 1818 H St NW,J10-138, Washington, DC 20433 USA. NR 16 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 2 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0306-9192 J9 FOOD POLICY JI Food Policy PD AUG PY 2001 VL 26 IS 4 BP 405 EP 420 DI 10.1016/S0306-9192(01)00011-2 PG 16 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics; Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics; Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 477FA UT WOS:000171271400006 ER PT J AU Berger, TW Eagar, C Likens, GE Stingeder, G AF Berger, TW Eagar, C Likens, GE Stingeder, G TI Effects of calcium and aluminum chloride additions on foliar and throughfall chemistry in sugar maples SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE throughfall chemistry; calcium; chloride; Acer saccharum ID NORTHERN HARDWOOD FOREST; MEMBRANE-ASSOCIATED CALCIUM; RED SPRUCE; ACID-RAIN; DRY DEPOSITION; HUBBARD BROOK; SOIL; TRIFLUOROACETATE; BIOGEOCHEMISTRY; NUTRIENTS AB Calcium availability for sugar maple stands at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (New Hampshire, USA) was tested by experimental addition of CaCl2 and AlCl3. Additions of 10 g Ca m(-2) represented the estimated loss from the soil exchange complex during the last 30 years due to acidic deposition. Four years of data from 12 throughfall collection sites were used to evaluate the influence of foliar nutrient content, precipitation amount, dry deposition, precipitation acidity and precipitation solute concentrations on throughfall chemistry. Calcium additions increased Ca foliar contents significantly. Foliar contents indicated plant uptake of Cl. Leaching of Cl from the canopy increased with elevated Cl content of the green foliage. Leaching rates for Ca, Mg, and K were not significantly different between the treatments (surprisingly Ca leaching tended to decrease with increasing foliar Ca content). We suggest that Ca supply to Ca deficient sugar maple trees protected the foliage from increased leaching of Ca (and other elements) due to improved integrity of cell membrane and cell wall formation from Ca. Degradation of the structural material of the foliage (autumnal leaf senescence, damages by ice and hail storms) caused Ca throughfall fluxes in accordance to measured foliar Ca contents. Increasing acidity of precipitation caused increased leaching of Ca, Mg and K. About half of the cation leaching from these sugar maple canopies is attributable to a cation-exchange reaction driven almost entirely-by H+ in precipitation. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Agr Univ Vienna, Inst Forest Ecol, A-1190 Vienna, Austria. US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Forest Expt Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. Agr Univ Vienna, Inst Chem, A-1190 Vienna, Austria. RP Berger, TW (reprint author), Agr Univ Vienna, Inst Forest Ecol, Peter Jordan Str 82, A-1190 Vienna, Austria. RI Berger, Torsten/B-7456-2017 OI Berger, Torsten/0000-0002-5614-5888 NR 40 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD AUG 1 PY 2001 VL 149 IS 1-3 BP 75 EP 90 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00546-6 PG 16 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 448VK UT WOS:000169650500006 ER PT J AU Idol, TW Figler, RA Pope, PE Ponder, F AF Idol, TW Figler, RA Pope, PE Ponder, F TI Characterization of coarse woody debris across a 100 year chronosequence of upland oak-hickory forests SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE coarse woody debris; 100 year chronosequence; oak-hickory forests; C : N ratio ID ORGANIC-MATTER; SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS; PHOSPHORUS DYNAMICS; LEAF LITTER; MASS-LOSS; NITROGEN; DECOMPOSITION; ECOSYSTEMS AB In most forest ecosystems, the total amount of coarse woody debris and its distribution into decay classes change over time from harvest to old growth stages. The relationship of decomposition classes to substrate quality is important to determine the contribution of woody debris to ecosystem nutrient cycling and forest development. The two objectives of this study were: (1) to determine if down dead wood (DDW) nutrient content varied with decomposition class or forest stand age; (2) to determine if DDW decomposition classes were related to indicators of substrate quality. Volume, mass, and indicators of substrate quality, such as N content and lignin:N ratio, were determined for woody debris from several decomposition classes in upland hardwood forest stands of different ages in southern Indiana, USA. Results showed a large decrease in volume and mass of DDW from recently harvested to mature stands. The dominant decomposition class shifted from Class II to Classes m and IV with increasing stand age. No Class I woody debris was found within any of the study plots. Nutrient concentration (N, S, and P) and carbohydrate fractions (soluble, hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin) all varied significantly among certain decomposition classes, but N and P concentration and the C:N ratio were the best indicators of decomposition class. Patterns of P retention in decomposition classes suggested a strong potential for immobilization of this nutrient in woody debris. Based on substrate quality groupings, there were three distinguishable decomposition classes: Classes II and m, Class IV, and Class V. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Purdue Univ, Dept Forest & Nat Resources, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Lincoln Univ, US Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, Jefferson City, MO 65102 USA. RP Idol, TW (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Land Air & Water Resources, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM twidol@ucdavis.edu NR 28 TC 39 Z9 46 U1 3 U2 24 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD AUG 1 PY 2001 VL 149 IS 1-3 BP 153 EP 161 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00536-3 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 448VK UT WOS:000169650500012 ER PT J AU Brooks, RT AF Brooks, RT TI Effects of the removal of overstory hemlock from hemlock-dominated forests on eastern redback salamanders SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE eastern hemlock; Tsuga canadensis; eastern redback salamander; Plethodon cinereus; redback salamander; hemlock woolly adelgid; Adelges tsugae ID SOUTHERN NEW-ENGLAND; TERRESTRIAL SALAMANDERS; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; RELATIVE ABUNDANCE; USA AB Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) is a common conifer throughout northeastern North America. The species is threatened by the exotic hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA), Adelges tsugae; infestation by this forest pest can result in high levels of mortality of overstory trees with a resultant change in understory vegetation composition and structure. Pre-salvage harvesting of overstory hemlock results in a residual stand compositionally and structurally similar to that resulting from mortality due to adelgid infestation, except for the occurrence of standing or fallen dead trees in adelgid infested stands. The vertebrate fauna of hemlock-dominated forests is poorly studied and the effects of the mortality or removal of overstory hemlock on forest fauna in these stands is unknown. This study reports the findings of a 3-year study of the effects of pre- or green-tree salvage of overstory hemlock from hemlock-hardwood stands on terrestrial salamanders. The residual hemlock stocking was reduced an average of 60% following harvesting and the understory vegetation responded vigorously. The relative abundance of eastern redback salamanders was reduced in harvested stands but the effect was ephemeral and salamander numbers appear to be increasing within a few years of the logging. It appears that hemlock defoliation and mortality due to HWA infestation or pre-salvage harvesting of live hemlock will result in only a brief reduction in the principal terrestrial salamander of hemlock-dominated forests. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Massachusetts, US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Brooks, RT (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, 201 Holdsworth Nat Resources Ctr, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RI Brooks, Robert/E-9955-2011 NR 28 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 3 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD AUG 1 PY 2001 VL 149 IS 1-3 BP 197 EP 204 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00553-3 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 448VK UT WOS:000169650500015 ER PT J AU Silbernagel, J Moeur, M AF Silbernagel, J Moeur, M TI Modeling canopy openness and understory gap patterns based on image analysis and mapped tree data SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE canopy openness; gap distribution; light environment; spatial pattern; 3D model; hemispherical photography ID LEAF-AREA INDEX; WESTERN HEMLOCK FOREST; HEMISPHERICAL PHOTOGRAPHY; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; RAIN-FOREST; LIGHT INTERCEPTION; PINE STANDS; FIR FOREST; GROWTH; HETEROGENEITY AB Ecological relationships beneath a forest canopy are related spatially to the pattern of canopy gaps and sunlight penetration. Methods to characterize and predict canopy light patterns from easily gathered site inventory data are not readily available. We developed a model to estimate the proportion and distribution of canopy openings visible from the under-story, in lieu of hemispherical photography or field instrumentation. An automated procedure for constructing vertical wide-angle views of forest canopies using standard computer-aided design (CAD) software was applied to canopy structure data collected on individual mapped trees in old-growth plots. Vertical hemispherical photos of actual canopies were paired with constructed CAD views of the same point to evaluate the correspondence between the two. Using image analysis software, we assessed total canopy openness (CO) and largest gap size (GAP) on 324 image pairs from seven different plots. With the exception of one plot, a single quadratic model form fit the remaining observations, resulting in r(2) values over 50% between CAD and photo images. We could not adequately model a plot with heavy non-tree understory vegetation. We also compared contour maps of CO gradients from the CAD images and estimates from the regression model to the photographic images to evaluate whether spatial distributions of canopy openings were correctly captured by the constructed model approach. Visual observations of the gradient map show peaks and valleys in canopy openness that visually match openness on photos at corresponding locations in the plot. Lastly, we found a relatively stable correspondence in the distribution of gap sizes between photographic and CAD images. The models presented here may be applied to known or simulated patterns of tree data to derive a spatially-explicit estimation of gap patterns without the need for corresponding photography or instrumentation. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Landscape Architecture, Madison, WI 53706 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. RP Silbernagel, J (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Landscape Architecture, Room 11 Agr Hall,1450 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 69 TC 17 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD AUG 1 PY 2001 VL 149 IS 1-3 BP 217 EP 233 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00556-9 PG 17 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 448VK UT WOS:000169650500017 ER PT J AU Owubah, CE Le Master, DC Bowker, JM Lee, JG AF Owubah, CE Le Master, DC Bowker, JM Lee, JG TI Forest tenure systems and sustainable forest management: the case of Ghana SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE forest tenure; sustainable; conservation ID SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA; PRODUCTIVITY; INVESTMENT; REFORESTATION; SECURITY; POLICY; TREES AB Adoption and implementation of sustainable forestry practices are essential for sustaining forest resources, yet development of effective policies and strategies to achieve them are problematic. Part of the difficulty stems from a limited understanding of the interaction between obtrusive; forest policies and indigenous tenure systems and how this affects sustainable forest management. This study uses a market framework to analyze the relationships between individual components of forest tenure and sustainable forestry practices. Data from 21 rural communities in the forest belt of Ghana are used to evaluate theoretical propositions. Logistic regression models are used to predict willingness to engage in the preservation of indigenous, economically valuable trees, conservation of natural forests, and establishment of forest plantations. The number of farmers engaged in sustainable forestry practices is small. While most tenure variables behaved as expected, security of tenure and exclusiveness are less important to the practice of sustainable forestry. Farmers, in their role as potential producers, perceive preservation of indigenous, economically valuable trees and conservation of forests as having a net cost to them, especially if compensation is not paid for damage to crops resulting from logging operations of concessionaires. Current statutes in Ghana provide few incentives for farmers to engage in sustainable practices. The study also provides recommendations for forest tenure systems to function effectively. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Purdue Univ, Dept Agr Econ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Agr Econ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Lee, JG (reprint author), Purdue Univ, Dept Agr Econ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 37 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD AUG 1 PY 2001 VL 149 IS 1-3 BP 253 EP 264 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00557-0 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 448VK UT WOS:000169650500020 ER PT J AU Gardiner, ES Schweitzer, CJ Stanturf, JA AF Gardiner, ES Schweitzer, CJ Stanturf, JA TI Photosynthesis of Nuttall oak (Quercus nuttallii Palm.) seedlings interplanted beneath an eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.) nurse crop SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE afforestation; rehabilitation; restoration; plantations; nitrogen; Lower Mississippi River Alluvial Valley; intercropping; irradiance ID SHADE-TOLERANCE; LIGHT-INTENSITY; CARIBBEAN PINE; LEAF NITROGEN; ACCLIMATION; REFORESTATION; FOREST; RESPONSES; CANOPY; LEAVES AB An afforestation system which utilizes the pioneer species eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.) as a nurse for slower growing, disturbance-dependent species is under evaluation as a forest rehabilitation tool on former agricultural land in the Lower Mississippi River Alluvial Valley, USA. The primary objectives of this study were to quantify understory light availability in the eastern cottonwood plantation, and describe the photosynthetic light response of interplanted Nuttall oak (Quercus nuttallii Palm.) seedlings. Photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) measured in the understory of a 3-year-old, cottonwood plantation was 43% of full sunlight, and was sufficient to meet leaf saturation requirements over 29% of the diurnal cycle. Oak seedlings established in the cottonwood understory showed no change in blade area, and minimal shifts (< 19%) in dry mass per unit area relative to open grown seedlings. A 19% decrease in dark respiration rate (Rd) was measured on a leaf area basis, but gross photosynthesis (P(g-sat)), net photosynthesis (P(n-sat)), quantum yield (Q), light compensation point (LCP) and the saturation constant (K) of Nuttall oak leaves were not influenced by the presence of the cottonwood canopy, regardless of leaf area, mass or N content. P(n-sat) was strongly determined by foliar N concentration of seedlings in understory and open environments, increasing 1.2 mu mol m(-2) s(-1) for each 0.1% increase in N concentration. Our data indicate that Nuttall oak seedlings established beneath an eastern cottonwood canopy developed leaves with a capacity for carbon assimilation similar to open-grown plants. However, carbon assimilation by Nuttall oak may be sub-optimal on degraded sites where intensive row cropping has depleted soil N. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Ctr Bottomland Hardwoods Res, So Res Stn, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Asheville, NC 28802 USA. RP Gardiner, ES (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Ctr Bottomland Hardwoods Res, So Res Stn, POB 227, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RI Stanturf, John/B-2889-2010 OI Stanturf, John/0000-0002-6828-9459 NR 52 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD AUG 1 PY 2001 VL 149 IS 1-3 BP 283 EP 294 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00562-4 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 448VK UT WOS:000169650500023 ER PT J AU Manter, DK Kelsey, RG Stone, JK AF Manter, DK Kelsey, RG Stone, JK TI Quantification of Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii colonization in Douglas-fir needles by ergosterol analysis SO FOREST PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FUNGAL BIOMASS; GROWTH; EXTRACTION; ENDOPHYTES; MYCELIA AB Current assessments of infection levels of Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii, the incitant pathogen of Swiss needle cast disease on Pseudotsuga menziesii, typically rely on surveys of abundance of fruit bodies on diseased needles, The relationship between this measure and internal fungal colonization is unknown. In this article, a series of experiments to determine whether ergosterol can be used to quantify P. gaeumannii internal colonization within Douglas-fir needles is reported. It was found that ergosterol content in seven commonly occurring Douglas-fir foliar fungi is proportionally related to biomass, and in P. gaeumannii this relationship is not affected by age of the culture. Furthermore, at four sites tested, P. gaeumannii was the most common fungus species isolated from Douglas-fir needles, accounting for approximately 50% of the isolations. Ergosterol content in these needles was best related to P. gaeumannii despite the presence of other fungi. The strong relationship between ergosterol and P. gaeumannii is attributed to its greater contribution to total fungal biomass compared with all other fungi present within Douglas-fir needles. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Stone, JK (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Peavy Hall 154, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 26 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 9 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1437-4781 J9 FOREST PATHOL JI Forest Pathol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 31 IS 4 BP 229 EP 240 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 459FN UT WOS:000170240500004 ER PT J AU Lessard, VC McRoberts, RE Holdaway, MR AF Lessard, VC McRoberts, RE Holdaway, MR TI Diameter growth models using minnesota forest inventory and analysis data SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE average diameter growth model; gamma probability distribution function; individual-tree; distance-independent AB The Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program of the USDA Forest Service North Central Research Station (NCRS) has begun replacing the 12-to 13-yr periodic inventory cycles for the states in the North Central region with annual inventories featuring measurement of approximately 20% of all plots in each of the 11 states each year. State reports on summaries of the forest resources will be produced every 5 yr. As a method of updating information on plots not visited in the current year, NCRS is developing nonlinear, individual-tree, distance-independent annual diameter growth models for species groups. The models, formulated as the product of an average diameter growth component and a modifier component, were calibrated on Minnesota FIA data from stands that were generally undisturbed, of mixed ages and of mixed species. The dependent variable is annual diameter growth. The independent variables include crown ratio, crown class, stand basal area, stand basal area larger than the subject tree, physiographic class, and latitude and longitude of plot locations. The model predictions at both the individual-tree level and plot level have negligible bias, and the models may be easily recalibrated to include new data sets obtained from the annual inventories. C1 USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Nat Resources Inventory & Anal Inst, N Cent Res Stn, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Res Stn, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Lessard, VC (reprint author), USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Nat Resources Inventory & Anal Inst, N Cent Res Stn, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 34 TC 30 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 47 IS 3 BP 301 EP 310 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 460VH UT WOS:000170328900003 ER PT J AU McRoberts, RE AF McRoberts, RE TI Imputation and model-based updating techniques for annual forest inventories SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE growth models; remote sensing; simulation ID MULTIPLE IMPUTATION; SYSTEM AB The USDA Forest Service is developing an annual inventory system to establish the capability of producing annual estimates of timber volume and related variables. The inventory system features measurement of an annual sample of field plots with options for updating data for plots measured in previous years. One imputation and two model-based updating techniques are described and evaluated with respect to the bias and precision of their annual estimates of basal area per unit area. The evaluations indicate that simple plot-level imputation and model-based updating techniques produce adequately unbiased and precise estimates of annual mean basal area per unit area for large areas. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Res Stn, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP McRoberts, RE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Res Stn, 1992 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 20 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 47 IS 3 BP 322 EP 330 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 460VH UT WOS:000170328900005 ER PT J AU Winter, GJ Fried, JS AF Winter, GJ Fried, JS TI Estimating contingent values for protection from wildland fire using a two-stage decision framework SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE risk reduction; wildfire; willingness to pay ID LIMITED DEPENDENT VARIABLES; STATISTICAL-MODELS; URBAN INTERFACE; RISK AB The ongoing expansion of human populations into wildland areas dominated by flammable vegetation, and the concomitant increased frequency of uncontrolled wildfires that result in losses of property and human lives, has raised new questions about the optimal level of fire protection. The morphing of the problem conception from minimizing costs plus losses of natural resources to responding to the concerns of people whose homes are at risk has stimulated fire protection planners to account for potential changes in people's well-being beyond what is reflected by insured value. Knowing the perceived value of an increase in collective (agency-provided) fire protection that achieves a risk reduction target can contribute much to policy debates on the restructuring and funding of fire protection infrastructure and fuel management. To evaluate the utility of contingent valuation for assessing such risk reduction value, the value of collective fire protection at the wildland-urban interface was assessed for residents of a Michigan jack pine forest. Seventy-five percent of the 265 residents interviewed chose to participate in a hypothetical market for a 50% reduction in risk and, on average, were willing to pay over $57 a year for such risk reduction. Results were consistent with a two-stage decision model: (1) participation in the hypothetical market for risk reduction, and (2) how much the risk reduction is worth. Homeowner risk perception and objectively assessed risk both influenced the probability of market participation. For market participants, willingness to pay was related to property value and household income, suggesting that value at risk and ability to pay weigh heavily in this decision. C1 Paul Schissler Assoc, Bellingham, WA 98225 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forest Inventory & Anal Program, Portland, OR 97208 USA. RP Winter, GJ (reprint author), Paul Schissler Assoc, 1101 Harris Ave, Bellingham, WA 98225 USA. NR 36 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 4 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 47 IS 3 BP 349 EP 360 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 460VH UT WOS:000170328900008 ER PT J AU Bolstad, PV Vose, JM McNulty, SG AF Bolstad, PV Vose, JM McNulty, SG TI Forest productivity, leaf area, and terrain in southern Appalachian deciduous forests SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE ANPP; LAI; precipitation; temperature; elevation ID NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; OAK FOREST; BIOMASS; NITROGEN; INDEX; SOIL; WISCONSIN; CARBON; ECOSYSTEMS; ALLOCATION AB Leaf area index (LAI) is an important structural characteristic of forest ecosystems which has been shown to be strongly related to forest mass and energy cycles and forest productivity. LAI is more easily measured than forest productivity, and so a strong relationship between LAI and productivity would be a valuable tool in forest management. While a linear relationship has been observed between LAI and forest productivity, most of these data have been collected in needle-leaved evergreen stands. The generality and consistency of the relationship between LAI and productivity has not been as well established for deciduous forests. Leaf area index (LAI) and aboveground net primary production (ANPP) were measured on 16 forest stands in the southern Appalachian Mountains. These stands span a range of elevation, slope position, temperature, and moisture regimes. LAI averaged 5.8 m(2) m(-2) and ranged from 2.7 to 8.2. ANPP averaged 9.2 Mg ha(-1) yr(-1) and ranged from 5.2 to 11.8 Mg ha(-1) yr(-1). LAI and ANPP decreased significantly from cove to ridge sites, and ANPP decreases significantly from low to high elevation (P < 0.05, linear regression slope). Elevation-related differences in ANPP do not appear to be due to changes in precipitation, leaf nitrogen content, or site N mineralization rates. Linear ANPP-LAI equations fit to the data measured in this study were significant (P < 0.05). These relationships were not significantly different (P > 0.1) from linear relationships based on data reported in most other studies of ANPP and LAI in eastern deciduous forests of North America. However, the slope of a linear regression model based on North American eastern deciduous forests was significantly different (P < 0.05) from one based on data collected in temperate deciduous forests for the rest of the globe. The differences were slight over the range of observed data, however, and the difference may be due to a narrower range of data for North American deciduous forests. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Coweeta Hydrol Lab, Otto, NC 28763 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Forest Expt Stn, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. RP Bolstad, PV (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, 1530 Cleveland Ave N, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 66 TC 48 Z9 50 U1 2 U2 13 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 47 IS 3 BP 419 EP 427 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 460VH UT WOS:000170328900014 ER PT J AU Shi, ZX Chen, XM Line, RF Leung, H Wellings, CR AF Shi, ZX Chen, XM Line, RF Leung, H Wellings, CR TI Development of resistance gene analog polymorphism markers for the Yr9 gene resistance to wheat stripe rust SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE molecular markers; Puccinia striiformis f. sp tritici; resistance gene analog polymorphism; Triticum aestivum ID BULKED SEGREGANT ANALYSIS; BARLEY HORDEUM-VULGARE; RFLP MARKERS; PUCCINIA-STRIIFORMIS; LOCUS; IDENTIFICATION AB The Yr9 gene, which confers resistance to stripe rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici (P. s. tritici) and originated from rye, is present in many wheat cultivars. To develop molecular markers for Yr9, a Yr9 near-isogenic line, near-isogenic lines with nine other Yr genes, and the recurrent wheat parent 'Avocet Susceptible' were evaluated for resistance in the seedling stage to North American P. s. tritici races under controlled temperature in the greenhouse. The resistance gene analog polymorphism (RGAP) technique was used to identify molecular markers for Yr9. The BC7:F-2 and BC7:F-3 progeny, which were developed by backcrossing the Yr9 donor wheat cultivar Clement with 'Avocet Susceptible', were evaluated for resistance to stripe rust races. Genomic DNA was extracted from 203 BC7:F-2 plants and used for cosegregation analysis. Of 16 RGAP markers confirmed by cosegregation analysis, 4 were coincident with Yr9 and 12 were closely linked to Yr9 with a genetic distance ranging from 1 to 18 cM. Analyses of nulli-tetrasomic 'Chinese Spring' lines with the codominant RGAP marker Xwgp13 confirmed that the markers and Yr9 were located on chromosome 1B. Six wheat cultivars reported to have 1B/1R wheat-rye translocations and, presumably, Yr9, and two rye cultivars were inoculated with four races of P. s. tritici and tested with 9 of the 16 RGAP markers. Results of these tests indicate that 'Clement', 'Aurora', 'Lovrin 10', 'Lovrin 13', and 'Riebesel 47/51' have Yr9 and that 'Weique' does not have Yr9. The genetic information and molecular markers obtained from this study should be useful in cloning Yr9, in identifying germplasm that may have Yr9, and in using marker-assisted selection for combining Yr9 with other stripe rust resistance genes. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Int Rice Res Inst, Div Entomol & Plant Pathol, Manila 1099, Philippines. Univ Sydney, Plant Breeding Inst Cobbitty, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia. RP Chen, XM (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 39 TC 69 Z9 94 U1 1 U2 6 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD AUG PY 2001 VL 44 IS 4 BP 509 EP 516 DI 10.1139/gen-44-4-509 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 458DK UT WOS:000170177800002 PM 11550883 ER PT J AU Marek, LF Mudge, J Darnielle, L Grant, D Hanson, N Paz, M Yan, HH Denny, R Larson, K Foster-Hartnett, D Cooper, A Danesh, D Larsen, D Schmidt, T Staggs, R Crow, JA Retzel, E Young, ND Shoemaker, RC AF Marek, LF Mudge, J Darnielle, L Grant, D Hanson, N Paz, M Yan, HH Denny, R Larson, K Foster-Hartnett, D Cooper, A Danesh, D Larsen, D Schmidt, T Staggs, R Crow, JA Retzel, E Young, ND Shoemaker, RC TI Soybean genomic survey: BAC-end sequences near RFLP and SSR markers SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE Glycine max; sequencing; physical map; contig ID PLANT ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; ARTIFICIAL CHROMOSOME LIBRARY; FINGERPRINT ANALYSIS; MEDICAGO-TRUNCATULA; GENE; ORGANIZATION; DUPLICATION; CLONES; IDENTIFICATION; ASSOCIATION AB We are building a framework physical infrastructure across the soybean genome by using SSR (simple sequence repeat) and RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) markers to identify BACs (bacterial artificial chromosomes) from two soybean BAC libraries. The libraries were prepared from two genotypes, each digested with a different restriction enzyme. The BACs identified by each marker were grouped into contigs. We have obtained BAC-end sequence from BACs within each contig. The sequences were analyzed by the University of Minnesota Center for Computational Genomics and Bioinformatics using BLAST algorithms to search nucleotide and protein databases. The SSR-identified BACs had a higher percentage of significant BLAST hits than did the RFLP-identified BACs. This difference was due to a higher percentage of hits to repetitive-type sequences for the SSR-identified BACs that was offset in part, however, by a somewhat larger proportion of RFLP-identified significant hits with similarity to experimentally defined genes and soybean ESTs (expressed sequence tags). These genes represented a wide range of metabolic functions. In these analyses, only repetitive sequences from SSR-identified contigs appeared to be clustered. The BAC-end sequences also allowed us to identify microsynteny between soybean and the model plants Arabidopsis thaliana and Medicago truncatula. This map-based approach to genome sampling provides a means of assaying soybean genome structure and organization. C1 Iowa State Univ, USDA, Corn Insect & Crop Genet Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Pathol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Acad Hlth Ctr, Ctr Computat Genom & Bioinformat, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. RP Iowa State Univ, USDA, Corn Insect & Crop Genet Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM rcsshoe@iastate.edu NR 37 TC 46 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 4 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 65 AURIGA DR, SUITE 203, OTTAWA, ON K2E 7W6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 EI 1480-3321 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD AUG PY 2001 VL 44 IS 4 BP 572 EP 581 DI 10.1139/gen-44-4-572 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 458DK UT WOS:000170177800009 PM 11550890 ER PT J AU McMullen, MD Snook, M Lee, EA Byrne, PF Kross, H Musket, TA Houchins, K Coe, EH AF McMullen, MD Snook, M Lee, EA Byrne, PF Kross, H Musket, TA Houchins, K Coe, EH TI The biological basis of epistasis between quantitative trait loci for flavone and 3-deoxyanthocyanin synthesis in maize (Zea mays L.) SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE maysin; epistasis; QTL; insect resistance ID SOYBEAN AGRONOMIC TRAITS; CORN-EARWORM ANTIBIOSIS; TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; GENETIC MECHANISMS; METABOLIC PATHWAYS; SILKS; INFORMATION; EXPRESSION; EVOLUTION; DOMINANCE AB A major weakness in our understanding of the genetic basis of complex traits has been that of defining the extent and biological basis of epistasis. Our research group has been studying the genetic control of the accumulation of maysin, a C-glycosyl flavone, in maize, Zea mays (L.), silks. Previously, we demonstrated the importance of the p1 locus as a QTL for maysin synthesis. The p1 locus often exhibits significant epistatic interactions with other loci. We developed a mapping population, (W23a1 x GT119)F-2, specifically designed to test whether genes in an intersecting pathway might be detected as QTLs for maysin synthesis and result in epistatic interaction effects. The a1 gene is not required for the synthesis of flavones but is required for the synthesis of 3-deoxyanthocyanins, an intersecting pathway, in maize silks. The p1 locus (P < 0.0001) was a QTL for both flavones and 3-deoxyanthocyanins. The a1 locus was also highly significant (P < 0.0001) for both traits, as was the p1 x a1 epistatic interaction (P < 0.0001). Our results demonstrate that altering the flux of biochemical intermediates between pathways may be the biological basis of major QTL effects and epistatic interactions. C1 ARS, Plant Genet Res Unit, USDA, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Plant Sci Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Georgia, Richard B Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30613 USA. Univ Guelph, Dept Crop Sci, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Colorado State Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP McMullen, MD (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Plant Sci Unit, 302 Curtis, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 50 TC 30 Z9 34 U1 3 U2 6 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD AUG PY 2001 VL 44 IS 4 BP 667 EP 676 DI 10.1139/gen-44-4-667 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 458DK UT WOS:000170177800022 PM 11550903 ER PT J AU Dong, FG McGrath, JM Helgeson, JP Jiang, JM AF Dong, FG McGrath, JM Helgeson, JP Jiang, JM TI The genetic identity of alien chromosomes in potato breeding lines revealed by sequential GISH and FISH analyses using chromosome-specific cytogenetic DNA markers SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE FISH; GISH; chromosome indentification; molecular cytogenetics; potato ID IN-SITU HYBRIDIZATION; SOMATIC HYBRIDS; RFLP ANALYSIS; SOLANUM-BREVIDENS; WHEAT; TUBEROSUM; TRANSLOCATIONS; PROGENY; IDENTIFICATION; RECOMBINATION AB Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) is one of the most popular and effective techniques for detecting alien chromatin introgressed into breeding lines; however, GISH analysis alone does not reveal the genetic identity of the alien chromosomes. We previously isolated a set of bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) specific to each of the 12 potato chromosomes. These BAC clones can be used as chromosome-specific cytogenetic DNA markers (CSCDMs) for potato chromosome identification. Here we demonstrate that GISH and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), using CSCDMs, can be performed sequentially on the same chromosome preparations. Somatic metaphase chromosomes prepared using an enzymatic digestion and "flame-drying" procedure allows repeated probing up to five times without significant damage to chromosome morphology. The sequential GISH and FISH analyses reveal the genomic origin and genetic identity of the alien chromosomes in a single experiment and also determine whether an alien chromosome has been added to the genetic background of potato or is substituting for a homoeologous potato chromosome. The sequential GISH and FISH procedures should be widely applicable for germplasm characterization, especially in plant species with small-sized chromosomes. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Pathol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, ARS, USDA, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Jiang, JM (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Jiang, Jiming/A-9614-2009 NR 34 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD AUG PY 2001 VL 44 IS 4 BP 729 EP 734 DI 10.1139/gen-44-4-729 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 458DK UT WOS:000170177800029 PM 11550910 ER PT J AU Temnykh, S DeClerck, G Lukashova, A Lipovich, L Cartinhour, S McCouch, S AF Temnykh, S DeClerck, G Lukashova, A Lipovich, L Cartinhour, S McCouch, S TI Computational and experimental analysis of microsatellites in rice (Oryza sativa L.): Frequency, length variation, transposon associations, and genetic marker potential SO GENOME RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID INVERTED-REPEAT ELEMENTS; REPETITIVE DNA-SEQUENCES; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; GENOME; POLYMORPHISM; RETROTRANSPOSONS; IDENTIFICATION; ORGANIZATION; PLANTS; MAP AB A total of 57.8 Mb of publicly available rice (Oryza sativa L.) DNA sequence was searched to determine the frequency and distribution of different simple sequence repeats (SSRs) in the genome. SSR loci were categorized into two groups based oil the length of the repeat motif. Class 1, or hypervariable markers, consisted of SSRs greater than or equal to 20 bp, and Class II, or potentially variable markers, consisted of SSRs greater than or equal to 12 bp < 20 bp. The Occurrence of Class I SSRs in end-sequences of EcoRI- and HindIII-digested BAC clones was one SSR per 40 Kb, whereas in continuous genomic Sequence (represented by 27 fully Sequenced BAC and PAC clones), the frequency was one SSR every 16 kb. Class II SSRs were estimated to occur every 3.7 kb in BAC ends and every 1.9 kb in fully Sequenced BAC and PAC clones. GC-rich trinucleotide repeats (TNRs) were most abundant in protein-coding portions of ESTs and in fully sequenced BACs and PACs, whereas AT-rich TNRs showed no Such preference, and di- and tetranucleotide repeats were most frequently found in noncoding, intergenic re.-ions of the rice genome. Microsatellites with poly(AT)n repeats represented the most abundant and polymorphic class of SSRs but were frequently associated with the Micropon family of miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (MITEs) and were difficult to amplify. A set of 200 Class I SSR markers was developed and integrated into the existing microsatellite map of rice, providing immediate links between the genetic, physical, and sequence-based maps. This contribution brings the number of microsatellite markers that have been rigorously evaluated for amplification, map position, and allelic diversity in Oryza spp. to a total of 500. C1 Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, Ctr Agr Bioinformat, Dept Plant Breeding, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Mol Biotechnol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Temnykh, S (reprint author), Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, Ctr Agr Bioinformat, Dept Plant Breeding, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 48 TC 851 Z9 1062 U1 12 U2 59 PU COLD SPRING HARBOR LAB PRESS PI PLAINVIEW PA 1 BUNGTOWN RD, PLAINVIEW, NY 11724 USA SN 1088-9051 J9 GENOME RES JI Genome Res. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 11 IS 8 BP 1441 EP 1452 DI 10.1101/gr.184001 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 459RC UT WOS:000170263900017 PM 11483586 ER PT J AU Demas, GP Rabenhorst, MC AF Demas, GP Rabenhorst, MC TI Factors of subaqueous soil formation: a system of quantitative pedology for submersed environments SO GEODERMA LA English DT Article DE pedogenesis; sediment; estuarine; state factors ID PEDOGENESIS AB The development and use of estuarine sediment maps for estuarine restoration efforts have been hindered by the lack of a formal classification system or comprehensive model that explains the distribution of sediments. To enhance the evaluation, understanding, and management of sediments in shallow water habitats, a new approach must be developed in order to provide a more holistic assessment and cartographic representation of the sediment column. Having demonstrated that shallow water sediments undergo pedogenic processes and are systematically distributed across the subaqueous landscape, we applied this new technique to the development of subaqueous soil resource inventories of Sinepuxent Bay, MD and Indian River Bay, DE. These efforts indicate that the present concept of sediment as unconsolidated geologic materials must give way to a new concept-the concept of subaqueous soils. In addition, our studies indicate the need to alter present methodologies for the acquisition and cartographic representation of sediment data through the utilization of the soil-landscape paradigm and a classification scheme (such as Soil Taxonomy) for the development of subaqueous soil resource inventories. Here we present the supporting rationale for the development of subaqueous soil resource inventories; and through a synthesis of geologic and pedologic principles and concepts, propose a new state factor equation to explain subaqueous soil genesis and distribution. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Nat Resource Sci & LA, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Snow Hill, MD 21863 USA. RP Rabenhorst, MC (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Nat Resource Sci & LA, Room 1112,HJ Patterson Hall, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 51 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 3 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0016-7061 J9 GEODERMA JI Geoderma PD AUG PY 2001 VL 102 IS 3-4 BP 189 EP 204 DI 10.1016/S0016-7061(00)00111-7 PG 16 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 453KL UT WOS:000169915000001 ER PT J AU Anderson, LJ Maherali, H Johnson, HB Polley, HW Jackson, RB AF Anderson, LJ Maherali, H Johnson, HB Polley, HW Jackson, RB TI Gas exchange and photosynthetic acclimation over subambient to elevated CO2 in a C-3-C-4 grassland SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE subambient CO2; elevated CO2; photosynthetic acclimation; up-regulation; photosynthesis; stomatal conductance; resource-use efficiency; grassland ID CARBON-DIOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS; LOW ATMOSPHERIC CO2; STOMATAL RESPONSES; PHASEOLUS-VULGARIS; WATER FLUXES; C-4 ANNUALS; GROWTH; PLANT; ENRICHMENT; NITROGEN AB Atmospheric CO2 (C-a) has risen dramatically since preglacial times and is projected to double in the next century. As part of a 4-year study, we examined leaf gas exchange and photosynthetic acclimation in C-3 and C-4 plants using unique chambers that maintained a continuous C-a gradient from 200 to 550 mu mol mol(-1) in a natural grassland. Our goals were to characterize linear, nonlinear and threshold responses to increasing C-a from past to future C-a levels. Photosynthesis (A), stomatal conductance (g(s)), leaf water-use efficiency (A/g(s)) and leaf N content were measured in three common species: Bothriochloa ischaemum, a C-4 perennial grass, Bromus japonicus, a C-3 annual grass, and Solanum dimidiatum, a C-3 perennial forb. Assimilation responses to internal CO2 concentrations (A/C-i curves) and photosynthetically active radiation (A/PAR curves) were also assessed, and acclimation parameters estimated from these data. Photosynthesis increased linearly with C-a in all species (P < 0.05). S. dimidiatum and B. ischaemum had greater carboxylation rates for Rubisco and PEP carboxylase, respectively, at subambient than superambient C-a (P < 0.05). To our knowledge, this is the first published evidence of A up-regulation at subambient Ca in the field. No species showed downregulation at superambient C-a. Stomatal conductance generally showed curvilinear decreases with C-a in the perennial species (P < 0.05), with steeper declines over subambient Ca than superambient, suggesting that plant water relations have already changed significantly with past Ca increases. Resource-use efficiency (A/g(s) and A/leaf N) in all species increased linearly with C-a. As both C-3 and C-4 plants had significant responses in A, g(s), A/g(s) and A/leaf N to C-a enrichment, future Ca increases in this grassland may not favour C3 species as much as originally thought. Non-linear responses and acclimation to low Ca should be incorporated into mechanistic models to better predict the effects of past and present rising Ca on grassland ecosystems. C1 Univ Texas, Dept Bot, Austin, TX 78713 USA. Duke Univ, Dept Biol, Durham, NC 27708 USA. USDA ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, Temple, TX 76502 USA. RP Anderson, LJ (reprint author), Ohio Wesleyan Univ, Dept Bot Microbiol, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. NR 66 TC 83 Z9 86 U1 2 U2 28 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 7 IS 6 BP 693 EP 707 DI 10.1046/j.1354-1013.2001.00438.x PG 15 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 486AJ UT WOS:000171795500007 ER PT J AU Finn, CE AF Finn, CE TI Molecular genetics: Applications in small and tree fruits: Where is it working? - Introduction to the workshop SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USDA ARS, NW Ctr Small Fruit Res, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RP Finn, CE (reprint author), USDA ARS, NW Ctr Small Fruit Res, 3420 NW Orchard Ave, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD AUG PY 2001 VL 36 IS 5 BP 854 EP 854 PG 1 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 471MY UT WOS:000170934200004 ER PT J AU Scorza, R AF Scorza, R TI Progress in tree fruit improvement through molecular genetics SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Molecular Genetics held at the 96th ASHS Annual Conference CY JUL 30, 1999 CL MINNEAPOLIS, MN SP Amer Soc Hort Sci ID AGROBACTERIUM-MEDIATED TRANSFORMATION; SHOOTY MUTANT STRAIN; LINKAGE MAP; TRANSGENIC PLANTS; PRUNUS-DOMESTICA; ROOTSTOCK M26; GENE-TRANSFER; RAPD MARKERS; FIRE BLIGHT; SOUR CHERRY C1 USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25443 USA. RP Scorza, R (reprint author), USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, 45 Wiltshire Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25443 USA. EM rscorza@asrr.arsusda.gov NR 60 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD AUG PY 2001 VL 36 IS 5 BP 855 EP 858 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 471MY UT WOS:000170934200005 ER PT J AU Hokanson, SC AF Hokanson, SC TI SNiPs, chips, BACs, and YACs: Are small fruits part of the party mix? SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Molecular Genetics held at the 96th ASHS Annual Conference CY JUL 30, 1999 CL MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA SP Amer Soc Hort Sci ID AGROBACTERIUM-MEDIATED TRANSFORMATION; POLYMORPHIC DNA RAPD; RASPBERRY RUBUS-IDAEUS; GENETIC-LINKAGE MAP; ADVENTITIOUS SHOOT REGENERATION; RIPENING STRAWBERRY FRUIT; FRAGARIAE RESISTANCE GENE; VACCINIUM-ASHEI READE; RED RASPBERRY; BLUEBERRY VACCINIUM C1 USDA ARS, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Hokanson, SC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Fruit Lab, Bldg 010A,Room 210,BARC-W,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 151 TC 14 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD AUG PY 2001 VL 36 IS 5 BP 859 EP 871 PG 13 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 471MY UT WOS:000170934200006 ER PT J AU Harrison, HF Peterson, JK Clark, CA Snook, ME AF Harrison, HF Peterson, JK Clark, CA Snook, ME TI Sweetpotato periderm components inhibit in vitro growth of root rotting fungi SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Fusarium oxysporum; Fusarium solani; Lasiodiplodia theobromae; Rhizopus stolonifer; Ipomoea batatas; disease resistance; fungicidal activity; postharvest ID SWEET-POTATO; IPOMOEA-BATATAS AB Sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] periderm components were tested for their effect on four fungi that infect sweetpotato roots: Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. f. sp. batatas (Wollenw.) Snyd. & Hans. and F. solani (Sacc.) Mart., both of which cause stem and root disease; and Lasiodiplodea theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl. and Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehr. ex Fr.) Lind., both of which cause storage root disease. Sequential extracts of 'Regal' sweetpotato periderm with hexane, methanol, and 50% methanol were inhibitory to the four fungi when incorporated into potato dextrose agar medium in petri dish bioassays. The methanol and 50% methanol extracts were much more active than the hexane extract and were combined for further study. Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography of the combined extracts, followed by bioassay with F. oxysporum indicated that the most inhibitory fraction contained the least polar components of the extract. Resin glycosides isolated from 'Regal' periderm inhibited F. oxysporum, but the glycosides exhibited little concentration effect and were not as active on a tissue weight basis as other components. Periderm extracts from 10 sweetpotato clones exhibited large differences in inhibitory activity in bioassays with the four fungi. The sensitivity of the fungi to inhibition by the periderm extracts suggests that periderm components may provide protection against soil pathogens, but a relationship between such components and disease resistance was not established. C1 USDA ARS, US Vegetable Lab, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol & Crop Physiol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Univ Georgia, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Harrison, HF (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Vegetable Lab, 2875 Savannah Highway, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. NR 29 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 3 U2 4 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD AUG PY 2001 VL 36 IS 5 BP 927 EP 930 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 471MY UT WOS:000170934200021 ER PT J AU Walker, TL Morris, JR Threlfall, RT Main, GL Lamikanra, O Leong, S AF Walker, TL Morris, JR Threlfall, RT Main, GL Lamikanra, O Leong, S TI Density separation, storage, shelf life, and sensory evaluation of 'Fry' muscadine grapes SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE vitis rotundifolia; maturity; packaging AB Muscadine grapes (Vitis rotundifolia Michx.), native to the southeastern United States, have a distinct flavor, and grocers are interested in marketing them as table grapes. Two studies using 'Fry' muscadines were conducted to assist the muscadine industry in providing quality table grapes. Study 1 (1998 and 1999) evaluated density sorting and relationships between maturity, color, soluble solids, firmness, shelf life, and sensory evaluation of grapes. Study 2 (1998) determined the effect of storage on quality attributes of different maturities of grapes and evaluated use of polyethylene bags to extend their storage. Density separation successfully sorted grapes by maturity. Muscadine berry color may allow for visual or electronic sorting to eliminate immature fruit. Sensory panelists could distinguish differences in maturities for all sensory attributes. In 1999 maturities 3 and 4 (approximate to 24-33 soluble solids : acid ratio) were preferred overall by panelists. As maturity increased, soluble solids and pH increased, and acidity decreased. Firmness decreased as maturity and storage at 2 degreesC increased. Percent decay increased with maturity and storage time. Grapes stored in polyethylene bags had reduced decay. A chart developed from the 1999 data related berry color to soluble solids: acid ratio, soluble solids, tartaric acid, and pH. Data from these studies can be used by industry to establish harvest parameters and enhance marketability of 'Fry' muscadine grapes. C1 Univ Arkansas, Inst Food Sci & Engn, Fayetteville, AR 72704 USA. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Lab, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. Florida A&M Univ, Ctr Viticulture Sci & Small Farm Dev, Tallahassee, FL 32307 USA. RP Morris, JR (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, Inst Food Sci & Engn, 2650 N Young Ave, Fayetteville, AR 72704 USA. NR 15 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD AUG PY 2001 VL 36 IS 5 BP 941 EP 945 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 471MY UT WOS:000170934200025 ER PT J AU Ehlenfeldt, MK Stretch, AW AF Ehlenfeldt, MK Stretch, AW TI Resistance to blighting by Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi in diploid and polyploid Vaccinium species SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE vaccinium sp.; mummy berry; blueberry; fungal disease; genetics ID HIGHBUSH BLUEBERRY CULTIVARS; MUMMY BERRY BLIGHT AB Resistance to blighting by Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi (Reade) Honey was evaluated under greenhouse conditions in multiple populations of the diploid species Vaccinium boreale Hall & Aalders, V. corymbosum L., V. darrowi Camp, V. elliottii Chapm., L : myrtilloides Michx., V. myrtillus L., V. pallidum Ait., and V. tenellum Ait., as well as in accessions of the polyploid species 4x V. hirsutum Buckley and 6x V. corymbosum f. amoenum Aiton. Significant species differences were found in mean blighting levels averaged over 2 years, with values ranging from 3.5% for V. boreale to 49.2% for 2x V. corymbosum, compared with 27.5% for the resistant 4x V. corymbosum check, 'Bluejay', and 64.3% for the susceptible 4x V. corymbosum check, 'Blueray'. Wild Vaccinium species may serve as new sources of resistance to blighting, if resistance can be transferred easily and horticultural type recovered. C1 ARS, USDA, Philip E Marucci Ctr Blueberry & Cranberry Res &, Chatsworth, NJ 08019 USA. RP Ehlenfeldt, MK (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Philip E Marucci Ctr Blueberry & Cranberry Res &, 125A Lake Oswego Rd, Chatsworth, NJ 08019 USA. NR 16 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD AUG PY 2001 VL 36 IS 5 BP 955 EP 957 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 471MY UT WOS:000170934200029 ER PT J AU Benson, LL Lamboy, WF Zimmerman, RH AF Benson, LL Lamboy, WF Zimmerman, RH TI Molecular identification of Malus hupehensis (Tea crabapple) accessions using simple sequence repeats SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE DNA fingerprinting; apomixis; germplasm conservation; SSRs; microsatellites ID APPLE; MICROSATELLITES; COLLECTION; ABUNDANCE AB The U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) currently holds 36 separate accessions of the 'Yichang' clone of Malus hupehensis (Damp.) Rehd. The 'Yichang' clone originally entered the United States in 1908 as seed collected for the Arnold Arboretum by E.H. Wilson near Yichang, Hubei Province, China. The original description of M. hupehensis omits fruit characters, and botanists frequently augment these omissions with descriptions of the 'Yichang' clone. Apomixis occurs in Malus, including M. hupehensis, and is strongly associated with elevated ploidy levels. Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were used to characterize 65 accessions of M. hupehensis. To check for polyploidy, a set of M. hupehensis accessions was evaluated with flow cytometry. The simple sequence repeat phenotypes and ploidy information revealed the 'Yichang' clone under various accession names in arboreta. It was neither known nor suspected that the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System held many duplicate accessions of the 'Yichang' clone prior to their molecular characterization. Germplasm conservation decisions for Malus species can benefit from an increased knowledge of the genetic variation or lack thereof in naturalized populations and ex situ collections. C1 Cornell Univ, USDA, ARS, Plant Genet Resources Unit,New York Agr Expt Stn, Geneva, NY 14456 USA. ARS, USDA, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Benson, LL (reprint author), Cornell Univ, USDA, ARS, Plant Genet Resources Unit,New York Agr Expt Stn, Geneva, NY 14456 USA. NR 34 TC 8 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD AUG PY 2001 VL 36 IS 5 BP 961 EP 966 PG 6 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 471MY UT WOS:000170934200031 ER PT J AU Lillehoj, HS AF Lillehoj, HS TI 2-1 (chicken hybridoma) SO HYBRIDOMA LA English DT Article C1 USDA, ANRI, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Lillehoj, HS (reprint author), USDA, ANRI, Barc East,Bld 1040,PBESL, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 0272-457X J9 HYBRIDOMA JI Hybridoma PD AUG PY 2001 VL 20 IS 4 BP 284 EP 284 PG 1 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology GA 483HR UT WOS:000171628100012 ER PT J AU Lillehoj, H AF Lillehoj, H TI 5D11 (chicken-chicken hybridoma) SO HYBRIDOMA LA English DT Article C1 USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Lillehoj, H (reprint author), USDA, BARC E,Bld 1040,PBESL,ANRI, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 0272-457X J9 HYBRIDOMA JI Hybridoma PD AUG PY 2001 VL 20 IS 4 BP 285 EP 285 PG 1 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology GA 483HR UT WOS:000171628100013 ER PT J AU Nelson, SO Trabelsi, S Kraszewski, AW AF Nelson, Stuart O. Trabelsi, Samir Kraszewski, Andrzej W. TI RF Sensing of Grain and Seed Moisture Content SO IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Cereal grain; dielectric constant; loss factor; microwaves; moisture content; permittivity; radio-frequencies AB A brief review is presented on the electrical properties of cereal grains and their use in sensing moisture content of grain and seed. The basic principles are described for using radio-frequency (RF) (including high frequencies and microwaves) dielectric properties, or permittivity, of grain for sensing moisture through their correlation with moisture content. The development of density-independent functions of the permittivity is explained. The findings of recent research are summarized, which indicate that reliable density-independent moisture content determinations can be realized by on-line RF measurements. Development of these techniques will provide useful instruments for on-line monitoring of moisture content in flowing grain and other particulate materials to manage moisture content, prevent spoilage in storage and transport, improve processing, and provide information important for yield determinations in precision agriculture applications. C1 [Nelson, Stuart O.; Trabelsi, Samir; Kraszewski, Andrzej W.] USDA, Agr Res Serv, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Nelson, SO (reprint author), USDA, Agr Res Serv, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. EM sonelson@qaru.ars.usda.gov; strabelsi@qaru.ars.usda.gov; akrasz@qaru.ars.usda.gov NR 50 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 12 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1530-437X J9 IEEE SENS J JI IEEE Sens. J. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 1 IS 2 BP 119 EP 126 DI 10.1109/JSEN.2001.936929 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA V23EH UT WOS:000208325600003 ER PT J AU Jackson, TJ Hsu, AY AF Jackson, TJ Hsu, AY TI Soil moisture and TRMM microwave imager relationships in the Southern Great Plains 1999 (SGP99) Experiment SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE passive microwave; soil moisture; Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) ID SATELLITE DATA; GRASSLAND; MODEL AB Satellite data collected by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) microwave imager (TNM and the special sensor microwave/imager (SSM/I) were compared to soil moisture observations as part of the Southern Great Plains (SGP) 1999 Experiment. SGP99 was conducted to address significant gaps in the knowledge base on the microwave remote sensing of soil moisture. Satellite, aircraft and ground based data collection were conducted between July 8, 1999 and July 20, 1999, during which an excellent sequence of meteorological conditions occurred. Cross calibration of the SSM/I data to the same TMI channels showed nearly identical brightness temperatures. 19 GHz SSM/I data and soil moisture relationships were similar to those observed in previous experiments in this region. Comparison studies of the SSM/I and TMI channels revealed that only sampling areas with adequate spatial domains should be used for soil moisture validation. Analyses of the TMI 10 GHz data provide new information on potential improvements that this channel can provide for soil moisture estimation. Soil moisture maps of the region were derived for dates of coverage. C1 USDA ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Jackson, TJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 23 TC 55 Z9 57 U1 1 U2 10 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD AUG PY 2001 VL 39 IS 8 BP 1632 EP 1642 DI 10.1109/36.942541 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 467CG UT WOS:000170682500003 ER PT J AU Le Vine, DM Jackson, TJ Swift, CT Haken, M Bidwell, SW AF Le Vine, DM Jackson, TJ Swift, CT Haken, M Bidwell, SW TI ESTAR measurements during the Southern Great Plains experiment (SGP99) SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE microwave radiometry; moisture; remote sensing; soil; synthetic aperture radar ID APERTURE MICROWAVE RADIOMETER; SOIL-MOISTURE AB During the Southern Great Plains experiment (SGP99), the electronically scanned thinned array radiometer (ESTAR) mapped L-band brightness temperature over a swath about 50-km wide and 300 km long, extending west from Oklahoma City, OK, to El Reno, OK, and north from the Little Washita River watershed to the Kansas border. ESTAR flew on the NASA P-3B Orion aircraft at an altitude of 7.6 km, and maps were made on seven days between July 8-20, 1999. The brightness temperature maps reflect the patterns of soil moisture expected from rainfall and are consistent with values of soil moisture observed at the research sites within the SGP99 study area and with previous measurements in this area. The data add to the resources for hydrologic modeling in this area and are further validation of the technology represented by ESTAR as a potential path to a future mission to map soil moisture globally from space. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Microwave Sensors Branch, Lab Hydrospher Proc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. USDA ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Elect Engn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Le Vine, DM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Microwave Sensors Branch, Lab Hydrospher Proc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 19 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 4 U2 5 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD AUG PY 2001 VL 39 IS 8 BP 1680 EP 1685 DI 10.1109/36.942546 PG 6 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 467CG UT WOS:000170682500008 ER PT J AU Bindlish, R Kustas, WP French, AN Diak, GR Mecikalski, JR AF Bindlish, R Kustas, WP French, AN Diak, GR Mecikalski, JR TI Influence of near-surface soil moisture on regional scale heat fluxes: Model results using microwave remote sensing data from SGP97 SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE remote sensing; soil moisture; surface heat flux; vegetation ID SEQUENTIAL ASSIMILATION; HYDROLOGY EXPERIMENT; VEGETATION INDEXES; ENERGY FLUXES; WATER CONTENT; SENSED DATA; TEMPERATURE; EVAPORATION; COVER; PERSPECTIVE AB During the 1997 Southern Great Plains Hydrology Experiment (SGP97), passive microwave observations using the L-band electronically scanned thinned array radiometer (ESTAR) were used to extend surface soil moisture retrieval algorithms to coarser resolutions and larger regions with more diverse conditions. This near-surface soil moisture product (W) at 800 m pixel resolution together with land use and fractional vegetation cover (f(c)) estimated from normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was used for computing spatially distributed sensible (H) and latent (LE) heat fluxes over the SGP97 domain (an area similar to 40 x 260 km) using a remote sensing model (called the two-source energy Balance-soil moisture, TSEBSM, model). With regional maps of W and the heat fluxes, spatial correlations were computed to evaluate the influence of W on H and LE. For the whole SGP97 domain and full range in f(c), correlations (R) between W and LE varied from 0.4 to 0.6 (R similar to 0.5 on average), while correlations between W and H varied from -0.3 to -0.7 (R similar to -0.6 on average). The W-LE and W-H correlations were dramatically higher when variability due to f(c) was considered by using NDVI as a surrogate for f, and computing R between heat fluxes and corresponding W values under similar fractional vegetation cover conditions. The results showed a steady decline in correlation with increasing NDVI or f(c). Typically, /R/ greater than or similar to 0.9 for data sorted by NDVI having values less than or similar to 0.5 or f(c) less than or similar to 0.5, while /R/ less than or similar to 0.5 for the data sorted under high canopy cover where NDVI greater than or similar to 0.6 or f(c) less than or similar to 0.7. The correlations also varied with environmental/moisture conditions, but even more significantly depending on the area selected within the SGP97 domain. Output of the spatially distributed heat fluxes over the SGP97 domain for one day were compared to the atmosphere-land exchange inversion (ALEXI) model, which uses the 5-km resolution geostationary operational environmental satellite (GOES) surface temperature data (T-surf) and 10-km scale atmospheric forcing. The spatial variability in heat fluxes predicted by TSEBSM was significantly greater than ALEXI, but the domain average H and LE differed by less than 5% and 15%, respectively. High resolution (similar to 10 m pixel) remotely sensed T-surf from an airborne sensor collected over one of the main study sites were aggregated to 800-m resolution and compared to the TSEBSM simulated values as a function of remotely sensed f(c). There was good agreement between the model-derived and remotely sensed T-surf with both indicating a linear relationship with f(c). The ability of the TSEBSM model to simulate T-surf values in reasonable agreement with remotely sensed observations suggests the model is capable of properly partitioning the convective-energy and radiative balance of the surface between soil and vegetation components. The spatial correlation results have implications regarding the influence of near-surface soil moisture on atmospheric dynamics and the scale at which these relationships are considered. C1 USDA ARS, SSAI, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Space Sci & Engn, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Bindlish, R (reprint author), USDA ARS, SSAI, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 36 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 7 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0196-2892 EI 1558-0644 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD AUG PY 2001 VL 39 IS 8 BP 1719 EP 1728 DI 10.1109/36.942550 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 467CG UT WOS:000170682500012 ER PT J AU Trabelsi, S Kraszewski, AW Nelson, SO AF Trabelsi, S Kraszewski, AW Nelson, SO TI New calibration technique for microwave moisture sensors SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (IMTC 2000) CY MAY 01-04, 2000 CL BALTIMORE, MARYLAND DE corn (maize); density independence; dielectric properties; granular materials; material independence; microwave moisture sensor; universal calibration; wheat ID PERMITTIVITY MEASUREMENTS; PARTICULATE MATERIALS; DENSITY AB A new calibration technique was developed for implementation with microwave moisture sensors. The calibration permittivity function used for this purpose allows computation of moisture content in granular materials with significant differences in shape, dimensions, and composition, independent of bulk density and with temperature compensation. A three dimensional (3-D) representation is used to plot the calibration permittivity function as it depends on temperature and moisture content in wheat and corn. For each material, data points form a plane surface. These planes have nearly the same coefficients, which can be utilized for the development of a "universal" calibration method for moisture sensing in natural and manufactured granular materials. Foundations of the method are discussed based on results obtained for wheat and corn over a wide temperature range and at moisture contents of practical interest. C1 USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Trabelsi, S (reprint author), USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 14 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0018-9456 J9 IEEE T INSTRUM MEAS JI IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 50 IS 4 BP 877 EP 881 DI 10.1109/19.948292 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 470RQ UT WOS:000170885300006 ER PT J AU Eggleston, G Legendre, B Richard, C AF Eggleston, G Legendre, B Richard, C TI Effect of harvest method and storage time on sugarcane deterioration I: Cane quality changes SO INTERNATIONAL SUGAR JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB The recent increase of billeted cane being combine harvested in Louisiana has often meant an increase in deteriorated cane being processed. Some of this deterioration in cane quality, i.e., the increase in associated trash is not necessarily a function of the newer harvest method, per se, but rather a function of mechanical harvesting in general. Further, there is the occurrence of sugar destruction in the cut cane between harvesting and crushing, regardless of the harvest system. There is a real need to establish new criteria to measure deterioration in Louisiana harvested cane, in order to better predict: 1) the quality of the cane to be processed, and 2) the effect of harvest methods and storage conditions. In this study, there were eight cane supply treatments, with samples taken on each day for four consecutive days (0, 24, 48 and 72h) before laboratory milling and analyses. Treatments included three that were handcut whole-stalk cane that was either hand stripped of leaves (control), was left unstripped (green), or was burnt. Five other treatments included three that were cut with a soldier harvester and two with a combine harvester. The soldier harvested cane was either burnt or green, or burnt and stored to simulate cane from a heap or transloader stack each day. Burnt and green billeted cane from the combine harvester were also taken, to simulate cane from a billet wagon each day. Initial color for all cane treatments was associated with leaves and tops; color formed dramatically in the burnt billeted cane on storage time. Glucose and fructose were consistently greater in billeted than whole stalk cane. Dextran formation (measured by both Haze and ASI-II dextran methods) was also greater and developed more rapidly in billeted cane than whole stalk cane, and concomitant with a decrease in pH and an increase in titratable acidity. Cane deterioration occurred much earlier in billeted than whole stalk cane, with burnt billeted cane deterioration more rapid and extensive than in green billeted cane. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, Sugarcane Res Unit, Houma, LA 70361 USA. Amer Sugar Cane League, Thibodaux, LA 70301 USA. RP Eggleston, G (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RI Richard, Charley/C-4078-2014 NR 14 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 5 PU INT SUGAR JOURNAL LTD PI KENT PA 80 CALVERLEY, TUNBRIDGE WELLS, KENT TN1 2UN, WALES SN 0020-8841 J9 INT SUGAR J JI Int. Sugar J. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 103 IS 1232 BP 331 EP + PG 7 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 463DZ UT WOS:000170462700024 ER PT J AU Primus, TM Kohler, DJ Goodall, MA Yoder, C Griffin, D Miller, L Johnston, JJ AF Primus, TM Kohler, DJ Goodall, MA Yoder, C Griffin, D Miller, L Johnston, JJ TI Determination of 4,4 '-dinitrocarbanilide (DNC), the active component of the antifertility agent nicarbazin, in chicken, duck, and goose plasma SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE 4,4 '-dinitrocarbanilide; nicarbazin; high-performance liquid chromatography; plasma; chicken; duck; goose ID LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; TISSUES; EGGS; CONFIRMATION; CLEANUP AB 4,4 ' -Dinitrocarbanilide (DNC) was extracted from chicken, duck, and goose plasma and isolated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. DNC was detected by ultraviolet absorbance at 347 nm and quantified by comparison to a calibration standard. Recovery data were determined by analyzing DNC-fortified control plasma. The mean recovery of DNC in fortified chicken plasma samples was 99.7 +/- 1.9% for 0.18 and 9.1 ppm DNC, and in fortified duck and goose plasma samples was 99.5 +/- 4.9% and 101.4 +/- 4.5%, respectively, for 0.18, 9.1, and 18 ppm DNC. C1 USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Analyt Chem Project, Denver, CO 80521 USA. USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Infertil Project, Denver, CO 80521 USA. RP Primus, TM (reprint author), USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Analyt Chem Project, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Denver, CO 80521 USA. NR 12 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 49 IS 8 BP 3589 EP 3593 DI 10.1021/jf0102463 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 465PF UT WOS:000170598600014 PM 11513633 ER PT J AU Takeoka, GR Dao, L Flessa, S Gillespie, DM Jewell, WT Huebner, B Bertow, D Ebeler, SE AF Takeoka, GR Dao, L Flessa, S Gillespie, DM Jewell, WT Huebner, B Bertow, D Ebeler, SE TI Processing effects on lycopene content and antioxidant activity of tomatoes SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE carotenoids; phytofluene; phytoene; zeta-carotene; tomato paste ID CAROTENOID CONTENT; PROSTATE-CANCER; HUMAN HEALTH; PRODUCTS; BIOAVAILABILITY; OXIDATION; STABILITY; FRUITS AB Consumption of tomato products has been associated with decreased risk of some cancer types, and the tomato antioxidant, lycopene, is thought to play an important role in the observed health effects. In this study, four carotenoids, trans-lycopene, phytofluene, phytoene, and xi -carotene, were quantified in tomato products. Samples of raw tomatoes, tomato juice after hot break scalder, and final paste were obtained from two different processing plants over two years. Comparison of carotenoid levels throughout processing indicated that lycopene losses during processing of tomatoes into final paste (25-30 degrees Brix) ranged from 9 to 28%. The initial Brix level of the raw tomatoes appeared to influence the amount of lycopene loss that occurred, possibly due to the differences in processing time required to achieve the final desired Brix level of the paste. In general, no consistent changes in the other carotenoids were observed as a function of processing. The antioxidant activity of fresh tomatoes, tomato paste, and three fractions obtained from these products (i.e., aqueous, methanol, and hexane fractions) was also determined. In both a free radical quenching assay and a singlet oxygen quenching assay, significant antioxidant activity was found in both the hexane fraction (containing lycopene) and the methanol fraction, which contained the phenolic antioxidants caffeic and chlorogenic acid. The results suggest that in addition to lycopene, polyphenols in tomatoes may also be important in conferring protective antioxidative effects. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Viticulture & Enol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Tech Univ Carolo Wilhelmina Braunschweig, Inst Lebensmittelchem, D-3300 Braunschweig, Germany. Tech Univ Munich, Lehrstuhl Allgemeine Lebensmitteltechnol, D-8050 Freising Weihenstephan, Germany. USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Ebeler, SE (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Viticulture & Enol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. OI Ebeler, Susan/0000-0002-8394-6736 NR 25 TC 134 Z9 140 U1 1 U2 17 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 49 IS 8 BP 3713 EP 3717 DI 10.1021/jf0102721 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 465PF UT WOS:000170598600034 PM 11513653 ER PT J AU Sobolev, VS AF Sobolev, VS TI Vanillin content in boiled peanuts SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ROASTED PEANUTS AB A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for determination of vanillin in boiled peanuts has been developed. Vanillin was extracted with acetonitrile by blending at high speed followed by purification of an aliquot of the extract on a minicolumn packed with Al2O3, Vanillin was quantitated by HPLC on silica gel with n-hexane/2-propanol/water/acetic acid (2100/540/37/2, v/v) as a mobile phase. The recovery of vanillin added to fresh peanut hulls at 0.50 and 2.50 mug/g was 78.7 +/- 2.7 and 79.9 +/- 3.1%, respectively. The detection limit of vanillin in boiled peanuts was estimated at 0.05 mug/g. UV-detector response to vanillin was linear to at least 2.5 mug/injection. Free vanillin has been found in two commercial brands of boiled peanuts at low ppm levels. Both the kernels and the hulls contained vanillin, which was formed during hydrolysis of lignin, one of the major constituents of the peanut hulls. Since vanillin has a low flavor threshold, it could be considered as one of the major ingredients that determines the flavor of boiled peanuts. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Peanut Res Lab, Dawson, GA 31742 USA. RP Sobolev, VS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Peanut Res Lab, 1011 Forrester Dr, Dawson, GA 31742 USA. NR 15 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 49 IS 8 BP 3725 EP 3727 DI 10.1021/jf010118e PG 3 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 465PF UT WOS:000170598600036 PM 11513655 ER PT J AU Johnston, JJ Furcolow, CA Griffin, DG Stahl, RS Eisemann, JD AF Johnston, JJ Furcolow, CA Griffin, DG Stahl, RS Eisemann, JD TI Analysis of pesticide gas cartridges SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE gas cartridge; rodenticide; predacide; nitrate; charcoal; carbon; sampling AB Charcoal and sodium nitrate, the active ingredients in pesticide gas cartridges, are quantified via carbon analysis and ion chromatography, respectively. Linearity was excellent (R-2 > 0.995) over a range consisting of 50-150% of the target concentration for both ingredients. The coefficient of variation for the replicate analyses of gas cartridges over multiple days was <4% for both analytes. Using the results from the analysis of two batches of gas cartridges, theoretical populations were modeled and used to determine practical sampling strategies to support a quality control program for a gas cartridge manufacturing operation. This modeling indicates that the analysis of three cartridges from each of five different lots would produce mean values for both active ingredients that are within 5% of the true mean > 99% of the time. C1 USDA, APHIS, WS, Natl Wildlife Hlth Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Johnston, JJ (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, WS, Natl Wildlife Hlth Res Ctr, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 49 IS 8 BP 3753 EP 3756 DI 10.1021/jf010413z PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 465PF UT WOS:000170598600041 PM 11513660 ER PT J AU Parris, N Dickey, LC AF Parris, N Dickey, LC TI Extraction and solubility characteristics of zein proteins from dry-milled corn SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE proteins; zeins; polymers; aggregates; disulfide linkages; dry-milled corn; corn gluten meal; pretreatment ID WATER-VAPOR PERMEABILITY; FRACTIONS; GLUTEN; GRAINS; MAIZE; FILMS AB Zein isolation by aqueous ethanol extraction from dry-milled corn produces a mixture of zeins, covalently linked polymers (dimers, tetramers, etc.) and higher-molecular-weight aggregates, some of which were not soluble in aqueous alcohol. The insoluble particles were identified as protein aggregates which form when the extraction solution is heated, particularly under alkaline conditions. The insoluble protein aggregates were not present in zein isolated by the same method from corn gluten meal. Zeins extracted from corn gluten meal and dry-milled corn were fractionated (by differential solubility) to identify differences in their polypeptide compositions. Using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, beta- and gamma -zeins were detected in dry-milled corn, but only trace amounts of beta -zein were found in corn gluten meal. Treatment of dry-milled corn with 0.55% lactic acid and 0.2% sulfur dioxide at 50 degreesC for 6 h before ethanol extraction resulted in a 50% increase in zein isolate yield with high solubility (98%). This pre-extraction treatment cleaved disulfide linkages of the beta- and gamma -zeins and significantly reduced insoluble aggregates in zein isolates. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Parris, N (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 18 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 5 U2 29 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 49 IS 8 BP 3757 EP 3760 DI 10.1021/jf0011790 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 465PF UT WOS:000170598600042 PM 11513661 ER PT J AU Kobaisy, M Tellez, MR Webber, CL Dayan, FE Schrader, KK Wedge, DE AF Kobaisy, M Tellez, MR Webber, CL Dayan, FE Schrader, KK Wedge, DE TI Phytotoxic and fungitoxic activities of the essential oil of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) leaves and its composition SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE kenaf; Hibiscus cannabinus; essential oil composition; fungi; algae; phytotoxicity; allelopathy ID BIOAUTOGRAPHY; GERMINATION; ANTHRACNOSE AB The chemical composition of the essential oil of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) was examined by GCMS. Fifty-eight components were characterized from H. cannabinus with (E)-phytol (28.16%), (Z)phytol (8.02%), n-nonanal (5.70%), benzene acetaldehyde (4.39%), (E)-2-hexenal (3.10%), and 5-methylfurfural (3.00%) as the major constituents. The oil was phytotoxic to lettuce and bentgrass and had antifungal activity against Colletotrichum fragariae, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and Colletotrichum accutatum but exhibited little or no algicidal activity. C1 USDA ARS, Nat Prod Utilizat Res Unit, Oxford, MS 38677 USA. USDA ARS, S Cent Agr Res Lab, Lane, OK 74555 USA. RP Kobaisy, M (reprint author), USDA ARS, Nat Prod Utilizat Res Unit, Box 8048, Oxford, MS 38677 USA. RI Dayan, Franck/A-7592-2009 OI Dayan, Franck/0000-0001-6964-2499 NR 26 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 2 U2 17 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 49 IS 8 BP 3768 EP 3771 DI 10.1021/jf0101455 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 465PF UT WOS:000170598600044 PM 11513663 ER PT J AU Whitaker, BD Schmidt, WF Kirk, MC Barnes, S AF Whitaker, BD Schmidt, WF Kirk, MC Barnes, S TI Novel fatty acid esters of p-coumaryl alcohol in epicuticular wax of apple fruit SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE p-coumaryl alcohol; fatty acid esters; monolignol; epicuticular wax; apple fruit; Malus domestica ID DERIVATIVES; RESISTANCE; CONIFERYL; SINAPYL; OIL AB Hexane extracts of epicuticular wax from ev. Gala apples were noted to have an unusual, broad absorbance maximum at similar to 258 nm, which led us to isolate and identify the primary UV-absorbing compounds. Column and thin-layer chromatography yielded a fraction that gave a series of paired, 260-nm-absorbing peaks on C(18) HPLC. These were shown to be a family of phenolic fatty acid esters, for which retention times increased with increasing fatty acid chain length, and paired peaks were esters of two related phenolics with the same fatty acid moiety. Alkaline hydrolysis of the esters released two water-soluble phenolics separable by C(18) HPLC. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry gave a molecular mass of 150 for both, and (1)H NMR plus U-V absorbance spectra identified them as E and Z isomers of p-coumaryl alcohol. Alkaline cleavage of the fatty acid esters in the presence of methanol or ethanol resulted in partial derivatization of E-p-coumaryl alcohol to the corresponding gamma -O-methyl or O-ethyl ether. Gradient HMQC NMR of the HPLC-purified stearate ester of E-p-coumaryl alcohol indicated that fatty acid esterification occurs at the gamma -OH rather than at the 4-OH on the phenyl ring. This is the first report of fatty acid esters of monolignols as a natural plant product. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Produce Qual & Safety Lab, Inst Plant Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Environm Qual Lab, Anim & Nat Sci Inst, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. Univ Alabama, Ctr Comprehens Canc, Mass Spectrometry Shared Facil, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. RP Whitaker, BD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Produce Qual & Safety Lab, Inst Plant Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM WhitakeB@ba.ars.usda.gov FU NCI NIH HHS [P30 CA13148]; NCRR NIH HHS [S10RR06487] NR 15 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 49 IS 8 BP 3787 EP 3792 DI 10.1021/jf010409n PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 465PF UT WOS:000170598600048 PM 11513667 ER PT J AU Moreau, RA Singh, V Hicks, KB AF Moreau, RA Singh, V Hicks, KB TI Comparison of oil and phytosterol levels in germplasm accessions of corn, teosinte, and Job's tears SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE phytosterols; lipids; tocopherols; sterols ID ESTERS; FIBER; STANOL AB Seeds of 49 accessions of corn (Zea mays ssp. mays), 9 accessions of teosinte (Zea species that are thought to be ancestors and probable progenitors to corn), and 3 accessions of Job's tears (Coix lacryma), obtained from a germplasm repository, were ground and extracted with hexane. Whole kernel oil yields and levels of four phytonutrients (free phytosterols, fatty acyl phytosterol esters, ferulate phytosterol. esters, and gamma -tocopherol) in the oils were measured. Among the seeds tested, oil yields ranged from 2.19 to 4.83 wt %, the levels of ferulate phytosterol esters in the oil ranged from 0.047 to 0.839 wt %, the levels of free phytosterols in the oil ranged from 0.54 to 1.28 wt %, the levels of phytosterol fatty acyl esters in the oil ranged from 0.76 to 3.09 wt %, the levels of total phytosterols in the oil ranged from 1.40 to 4.38 wt %, and the levels of gamma -tocopherol in the oil ranged from 0.023 to 0.127 wt %. In general, higher levels of all three phytosterol classes were observed in seed oils from accessions of Zea mays ssp. mays than in seed oils from accessions of the other taxonomic groups. The highest levels of gamma -tocopherol were observed in teosinte accessions. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Agr Engn, Champaign, IL 61801 USA. RP Moreau, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. OI Moreau, Robert/0000-0002-8166-8322 NR 12 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 49 IS 8 BP 3793 EP 3795 DI 10.1021/jf010280h PG 3 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 465PF UT WOS:000170598600049 PM 11513668 ER PT J AU Pierpoint, AC Hapeman, CJ Torrents, A AF Pierpoint, AC Hapeman, CJ Torrents, A TI Linear free energy study of ring-substituted aniline ozonation for developing treatment of aniline-based pesticide wastes SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Hammett's equation; Hammett's constant; amine; agrochemicals; nitroaniline; halo-aniline; alkylaniline; pesticide waste ID OZONOLYSIS REACTION; OZONE ATTACK; WATER; PHENYLETHYLENES; CONSTANTS AB The relative rate constants for the reaction of ozone were determined for several substituted anilines in aqueous solutions at pH 6.5 and 1.5. At pH 6.5, with the exception of m- and p-nitroaniline, the rate constants obey Hammett's equation: log(k(X)/k(H)) = rho psi. The departure of m- and p-nitroaniline may be explained by direct conjugation of the reaction center. The commonly used sigma (-)(p) value of 1.27, which extends the range of applicability of the Hammett equation, was insufficient to account for the conjugation effects on ozonation of p-nitroaniline; rho = -1.48 (R = 0.973). Use of amine group atomic charge determinations significantly improved correlations: (k(X)/k(H)) = 48.7 delta - 18.2 (R = 0.996). A linear plot of Hammett constants versus relative rate data at pH 1.5 showed poor correlation: rho = 0.72 (R = 0.572). Poor correlation was similarly observed for amine group atomic charge determinations, suggesting varied reaction mechanisms. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Environm Engn Program, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. USDA ARS, Environm Qual Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Torrents, A (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Environm Engn Program, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 21 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 49 IS 8 BP 3827 EP 3832 DI 10.1021/jf010123i PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 465PF UT WOS:000170598600055 PM 11513674 ER PT J AU Wu, YV Hareland, GA Warner, K AF Wu, YV Hareland, GA Warner, K TI Protein-enriched spaghetti fortified with corn gluten meal SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE spaghetti; corn gluten meal; protein; sensory evaluation ID EDIBLE LEGUMES; FORTIFICATION; QUALITY; FLAVOR AB Spaghetti was prepared by replacing either 5 or 10% semolina or farina with corn gluten meal, a high-protein fraction from the wet milling of corn, to increase the protein content of pasta. Spaghetti fortified with corn gluten meal had a similar cooked weight and cooking loss but was less firm compared with the control. The overall flavor quality score of the spaghetti decreased with the increasing additions of either water-washed, water/ethanol-washed or regular corn gluten meal because of the higher intensity of the fermented flavor. Spaghetti with acceptable quality can be prepared with 5% water/ethanol-washed corn gluten meal, thereby improving its nutritional value while providing an additional market for corn gluten meal. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Fermentat Biotechnol Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Food & Ind Oil Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. N Dakota State Univ, USDA ARS, Wheat Qual Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Wu, YV (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Fermentat Biotechnol Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 22 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 49 IS 8 BP 3906 EP 3910 DI 10.1021/jf010426c PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 465PF UT WOS:000170598600068 PM 11513687 ER PT J AU Chung, SY Champagne, ET AF Chung, SY Champagne, ET TI Association of end-product adducts with increased IgE binding of roasted peanuts SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.); allergenicity; IgE; ELISA; polyclonal antibodies; Maillard reaction adducts; lipid oxidation adducts; AGE; CML; MDA; HNE ID LOW-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; N-EPSILON-CARBOXYMETHYLLYSINE; MAILLARD REACTION; MILK-PRODUCTS; PROTEINS; GLYCATION; AGE; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; MALONDIALDEHYDE; DEGRADATION AB Recently, we have shown that roasted peanuts have a higher level of IgE binding (i.e., potentially more allergenic) than raw peanuts. We hypothesized that this increase in IgE binding of roasted peanuts is due to an increased levels of protein-bound end products or adducts such as advanced glycation end products (AGE), N-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML), malondialdehyde (MDA), and 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE). To support our hypothesis, we produced polyclonal antibodies (IgG) to each of these adducts, determined their levels in raw and roasted peanuts, and examined their ability to bind to IgE from a pooled serum of patients with clinically important peanut allergy. Results showed that AGE, CML, MDA, and HNE adducts were all present in raw and roasted peanuts. Roasted peanuts exhibited a higher level of AGE and MDA adducts than raw peanuts. IgE was partially inhibited in a competitive ELISA by antibodies to AGE but not by antibodies to CML, MDA, or HNE. This indicates that IgE has an affinity for peanut AGE adducts. Roasted peanuts exhibited a higher level of IgE binding, which was correlated with a higher level of AGE adducts. We concluded that there is an association between AGE adducts and increased IgE binding (i.e., allergenicity) of roasted peanuts. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Chung, SY (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 39 TC 67 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 49 IS 8 BP 3911 EP 3916 DI 10.1021/jf001186o PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 465PF UT WOS:000170598600069 PM 11513688 ER PT J AU Lee, ST Schoch, TK Stegelmeier, BL Gardner, DR Than, KA Molyneux, RJ AF Lee, ST Schoch, TK Stegelmeier, BL Gardner, DR Than, KA Molyneux, RJ TI Development of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the hepatotoxic alkaloids riddelliine and riddelliine N-oxide SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE enzyme-linked immunoassay; pyrrolizidine alkaloids; riddelliine; riddelline N-oxide; plant toxicity; Senecio ID GROUNDSEL SENECIO-RIDDELLII; PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOIDS; TOXICITY; CATTLE; PLANTS AB Pyrrolizidine alkaloid-containing plants are widely distributed throughout the world and are particularly common in the genus Senecio. The structural types and concentrations of the alkaloids vary among plant species. In addition, within a species of plant, concentrations vary with environment and location. Many pyrrolizidine alkaloids are toxic and cause poisoning in livestock and in humans. Rapid, sensitive, and specific diagnostic techniques are needed to identify poisoned animals and to determine the particular plants and conditions under which livestock are likely to be poisoned. In this study, two competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for riddelliine, riddelliine N-oxide, and other closely related pyrrolizidine alkaloids were developed using polyclonal antibodies. One assay is class specific toward the free base forms of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids; the other assay showed cross-reactivity to both the free base and N-oxide forms of the alkaloids. The assay with the lowest limit of detection had an I-50 of 803.9 pg with a limit of detection of 47.5 pg for riddelliine. Spike and recovery studies for riddelliine in bovine blood ranged from 45 to 74%. The assay that showed cross-reactivity between the N-oxide and free base forms of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids allowed estimation of the total pyrrolizidine alkaloid content in Senecio riddellii in admixture with alfalfa. These findings suggest that these techniques will be excellent tools to diagnose poisoned animals and identify highly toxic plants. C1 USDA, Agr Res Serv, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, Logan, UT 84341 USA. USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. CSIRO, Livestock Ind, Australian Anim Hlth Lab, Geelong, Vic 3220, Australia. RP Lee, ST (reprint author), USDA, Agr Res Serv, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, 1150 E 1400 N, Logan, UT 84341 USA. NR 19 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 49 IS 8 BP 4144 EP 4151 DI 10.1021/jf010042m PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 465PF UT WOS:000170598600104 PM 11513723 ER PT J AU Duenas, MI Paape, MJ Wettemann, RP Douglass, LW AF Duenas, MI Paape, MJ Wettemann, RP Douglass, LW TI Incidence of mastitis in beef cows after intramuscular administration of oxytetracycline SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE antibiotics; beef cows; mastitis; milk; somatic cell count; weaning weight ID SOMATIC-CELL COUNT; SUBCLINICAL MASTITIS; MILK-PRODUCTION; DAIRY HEIFERS; DRY PERIOD; SHORT-TERM; THERAPY; SUSCEPTIBILITY; INTRAMAMMARY; PREVALENCE AB There is limited information on the value of antibiotic therapy for mastitis in beef cows. Effects of antibiotic treatment at weaning and the subsequent calving on calf weaning weight, milk somatic cell counts, milk components, and intramammary infection were studied in beef cows. Additionally, effects of number of infected mammary quarters, number of dry mammary quarters, type of intramammary pathogen, and parity on response variables were determined. Cows (n = 192) were randomly assigned to treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement; factors were time of treatment (weaning and after calving) and treatment (vehicle and vehicle plus antibiotic). Oxytetracycline (LA-200) or vehicle was administered intramuscularly following collection of quarter milk samples at weaning and calving. Percentage of infected cows and quarters averaged 43.4 and 16.4%, respectively, at calving and increased (P < 0.05) to 53.7 and 29.7% at weaning. Calves from cows with one or two dry quarters weighed 12.7 kg less (P < 0.05) at 90 d after calving and 18.7% less (P < 0.05) at 212 d after calving than calves from cows with no dry quarters. Calves from cows with three or four infected quarters weighed 17.5 kg less (P < 0.05) at 90 d and 25.5 kg less (P < 0.05) at weaning than calves from cows with two or fewer infected quarters. Infections by Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci were the most common and accounted for 67 and 78% of the infections. Percentages of infected cows and quarters, infections caused by S. aureus, and dry quarters increased (P < 0.05) with parity. No differences were found among antibiotic treatments for any of the response variables studied. Intramuscular oxytetracycline was not effective in the control of mastitis in beef cows under the conditions of the study. C1 USDA ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Anim & Avian Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Oklahoma Agr Exptl Stn, Dept Anim Sci, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Paape, MJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 35 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 79 IS 8 BP 1996 EP 2005 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 463BG UT WOS:000170456500004 PM 11518208 ER PT J AU Chase, CC Chenoweth, PJ Larsen, RE Hammond, AC Olson, TA West, RL Johnson, DD AF Chase, CC Chenoweth, PJ Larsen, RE Hammond, AC Olson, TA West, RL Johnson, DD TI Growth, puberty, and carcass characteristics of Brahman-, Senepol-, and Tuli-sired F-1 Angus bulls SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE bulls; carcass quality; cattle breeds; growth; puberty; tropics ID BEEF BULLS; PREWEANING GROWTH; REPRODUCTIVE-PERFORMANCE; BOS-INDICUS; CALVES; FLORIDA; TAURUS; BREEDS; TRAITS; CATTLE AB Postweaning growth, sexual development, libido, and carcass data were collected from two consecutive calf crops using 31 Brahman x Angus (B x A), 41 Senepol x Angus (S x A), and 38 Tuli x Angus (T x A) F-1 bulls. Following weaning (by mid-September) and preconditioning, at the start of the study (late September) bulls were fed concentrate (three times each week at a rate equivalent to 4.5 kg/d) on bahiagrass pasture for approximately 250 d. At the start of the study and at 28-d intervals, BW, hip height, and scrotal circumference (SC) were measured. Concurrently at 28-d intervals, when the SC of a bull was greater than or equal to 23 cm, semen collection was attempted using electroejaculation. Ejaculates were evaluated for presence of first spermatozoa (FS), 50 x 10(6) sperm with at least 10% motility (PU), and 500 x 10(6) sperm with at least 50% motility (PP). After all bulls reached PP they were subjected to two libido tests. Carcass data were collected on all bulls (n = 110) and Warner-Bratzler shear (WBS) force values were assessed on a subset (n = 80). For both years, B x A bulls were heavier (P < 0.05) and taller (P < 0.05) than S x A and T x A bulls at the start and end of the study. However, breed type did not influence (P > 0.10) gain in BW or hip height during the study. Scrotal circumference of T x A bulls was larger (P < 0.05) than that of B x A or S x A bulls at the start of the study, but there was no effect (P > 0.10) of breed type by the end of the study. At PU and PP, B x A bulls were older (P < 0.05), heavier (P < 0.05), and taller (P < 0.05) and had larger (P < 0.05) SC than S x A and T x A bulls. Tuli x Angus bulls were younger (P < 0.05) than S x A bulls at PU and PP but had similar SC. Libido scores tended (P < 0.10) to be lower for B x A than for S x A and T x A bulls. Breed type affected (P < 0.05) carcass traits; B x A bulls had the heaviest (P < 0.05) hot carcass weight, greatest (P < 0.05) dressing percentage, larger (P < 0.05) longissimus muscle area than S x A bulls, and higher (P < 0.05) USDA yield grade than T x A bulls but greatest (P < 0.05) WBS force values. Breed type did not affect (P > 0.10) USDA quality grade. In conclusion, tropically adapted F-1 bulls produced from Senepol (Bos taurus) and Tuli (Sanga) sires bred to Angus cows in Florida had lighter BW, shorter hip heights, and smaller carcasses than those from Brahman sires but reached puberty earlier and had higher libido scores and lower WBS force values. C1 USDA ARS, Brooksville, FL 34601 USA. Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Chase, CC (reprint author), USDA ARS, 22271 Chinsegut Hill Rd, Brooksville, FL 34601 USA. NR 22 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 79 IS 8 BP 2006 EP 2015 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 463BG UT WOS:000170456500005 PM 11518209 ER PT J AU Keele, JW Fahrenkrug, SC AF Keele, JW Fahrenkrug, SC TI Optimum mating systems for the myostatin locus in cattle SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE double muscling; genetic markers; leanness; mating systems ID BEEF-CATTLE; BIOLOGICAL TYPES; CARCASS TRAITS; BELGIAN-BLUE; CYCLE-IV; PIEDMONTESE; MUTATIONS; GROWTH; BIRTH AB Inactive myostatin (one or two copies) results in increased muscularity, increased yield of closely trimmed retail product, reduced fat content, increased lean growth efficiency, reduced quality grade, increased birth weight, and increased dystocia. Even though one or two copies of inactive myostatin reduces quality grade or marbling compared to zero copies, there is no decrease in meat tenderness. It may be possible to use mating systems to make the most of the advantages of inactive myostatin while minimizing the disadvantages. The objective of this study was to develop a method to compare mating systems among genotypes at the myostatin locus. Economic variables that influence the profitability of alternative mating systems are prices per unit of retail product for USDA quality grades Standard, Select, and Choice; cost of an assisted calving; and cost of genotyping. Because of variation in both economic variables and biological parameters, a single mating system is not expected to universally maximize profit. We identified seven mating systems that each yield maximum profit for different combinations of values for biological parameters and economic variables. Use of inactive myostatin was profitable as long as the price for Select was at least 80% of the Choice price and the price for Standard at least 60%. As the price for Select and Standard increase up to the Choice price, mating systems that produce a higher proportion of inactive myostatin alleles become more profitable. Profitable use of inactive myostatin depends either on retaining ownership of beef until it is fabricated into retail product or the development of specialty markets that place greater value on lean yield and less on marbling, unlike conventional U.S. markets. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Keele, JW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 15 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 79 IS 8 BP 2016 EP 2022 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 463BG UT WOS:000170456500006 PM 11518210 ER PT J AU Delgado, EF Geesink, GH Marchello, JA Goll, DE Koohmaraie, M AF Delgado, EF Geesink, GH Marchello, JA Goll, DE Koohmaraie, M TI Properties of myofibril-bound calpain activity in longissimus muscle of callipyge and normal sheep SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE calpains; myofibrils; sheep breeds ID POSTMORTEM STORAGE; SKELETAL-MUSCLE; MU-CALPAIN; ELECTRICAL-STIMULATION; BOVINE MUSCLE; TROPONIN-T; Z-DISK; DEGRADATION; PROTEINS; CALPASTATIN AB Properties of the calpain bound to myofibrils in longissimus muscle from callipyge or noncallipyge sheep were examined after 0, 1, 3, and 10 d of postmortem storage at 4 degreesC. Western analysis has shown that most of this calpain is L-calpain, although the sensitivity of the antibodies used in the earlier studies could not eliminate the possibility that up to 10% of the calpain was m-calpain. The calpain is bound tightly, and very little is removed by washing with the detergent Triton X-100; hence, it is not bound to phospholipids in the myofibril. Over 25% of total V-calpain was bound to myofibrils from at-death muscle, and this increased to similar to 40% after 1 d postmortem. The amount of myofibril-bound V-calpain increased only slightly between 1 and 10 d of postmortem storage. The percentage of autolyzed mu -calpain increases with time postmortem until after 10 d postmortem, when all myofibril-bound L-calpain is autolyzed. The specific activity of the myofibril-bound calpain is very low and is only 6 to 13% as high as the specific activity of extractable L-calpain from the same muscle. It is unclear whether this low specific activity is the result of unavailability of the active site of the myofibril-bound calpain to exogenous substrate. The myofibril-bound calpain degrades desmin, nebulin, titin, and troponin T in the myofibrils, and also releases undegraded alpha -actinin and undergoes additional autolysis when incubated with Ca2+; all these activities occurred slowly considering the amount of myofibril-bound calpain. Activity of the myofibril-bound calpain was partly (58 to 67%) inhibited by the calpain inhibitors, E-64 and iodoacetate; was more effectively inhibited by a broader-based protease inhibitor, leupeptin (84 to 89%); and was poorly inhibited (43 to 45%) by calpastatin. Release of undegraded a-actinin and autolysis are properties specific to the calpains, and it is unclear whether some of the myofibril-bound proteolytic activity originates from proteases other than the calpains or whether the active site of myofibril-bound calpain is shielded from the inhibitors. Activities and properties of the myofibril-bound calpain were identical in longissimus muscle from callipyge and normal sheep, although previous studies had indicated that the "normal" longissimus was much more tender than the callipyge longissimus. Hence, it seems unlikely that the myofibril-bound calpain has a significant role in postmortem tenderization of ovine longissimus. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Anim Sci, Muscle Biol Grp, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. USDA ARS, Roman L Hrsuka US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Anim Sci, Muscle Biol Grp, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Univ Arizona, Dept Anim Sci, Muscle Biol Grp, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. EM darrel.goll@arizona.edu RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013; Delgado, Eduardo /C-3096-2013 NR 33 TC 36 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI CHAMPAIGN PA PO BOX 7410, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61826-7410 USA SN 0021-8812 EI 1525-3163 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 79 IS 8 BP 2097 EP 2107 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 463BG UT WOS:000170456500014 PM 11518218 ER PT J AU Ramsay, TG Evock-Clover, CM Steele, NC Azain, MJ AF Ramsay, TG Evock-Clover, CM Steele, NC Azain, MJ TI Dietary conjugated linoleic acid alters fatty acid composition of pig skeletal muscle and fat SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE carcass composition; fatty acids; linoleic acid ID PORCINE GROWTH-HORMONE; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; BODY-COMPOSITION; GROWING-PIGS; ENERGY-INTAKE; GENE-EXPRESSION; FACTOR-I; SOMATOTROPIN; PERFORMANCE; METABOLISM AB The dietary dose responsiveness of conjugated linoleic acid (CIA) addition relative to the fatty acid profile of edible lean tissue was examined in grower pigs treated with or without porcine somatotropin (pST). Gilts and barrows were fed CLA at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0% of diet by weight from 20 to 55 kg BW. Additional pigs were administered (pST) at 0 or 100 mug.kg BW.d(-1) and fed either 0.5 or 2.0% CLA. Animals were fed diets containing 18% CP, 1.2% lysine, and 3.5 Mcal of DE/kg at 110% of ad libitum intake. The fatty acid profile in latissimus dorsi and dorsal s.c. adipose tissue samples was determined by gas chromatography. Dietary CIA replacement of corn oil increased the percentage of total fatty acids as stearic acid, whereas the percentages as oleic and linolenic acids were reduced in lattisimus muscle. Treatment with CLA + pST increased the percentages of linoleic and arachidonic acids while reducing the percentages of palmitic and oleic acids in lattisimus muscle. Dietary CIA increased the percentages of palmitic and stearic acids in s.c. adipose tissue while reducing the percentages of oleic, linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic acids. The percentage of palmitic acid was reduced in s.c. adipose tissue, whereas linoleic acid was increased with CIA + pST. No synergistic effect was detected between CLA and pST for reducing carcass lipid content in grower pigs. However, pST increased the percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids in lattisimus muscle and s.c. adipose tissue while reducing the percentages of saturated fatty acids in swine fed CLA. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Ramsay, TG (reprint author), BARC E, Growth Biol Lab, Bldg 200,Rm 201, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 44 TC 74 Z9 78 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 79 IS 8 BP 2152 EP 2161 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 463BG UT WOS:000170456500020 PM 11518224 ER PT J AU Mulbry, WW Wilkie, AC AF Mulbry, WW Wilkie, AC TI Growth of benthic freshwater algae on dairy manures SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYCOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Asia-Pacific Conference on Algal Biotechnology CY JUL 03-06, 2000 CL HONG KONG, PEOPLES R CHINA DE algal turf scrubber; benthic algae; dairy manure; nitrogen; phosphorus ID WASTE-WATER; NUTRIENT REMOVAL; NITRIFICATION AB A potential alternative to land application of livestock manures for crop production is the production of algae to recover the nitrogen and phosphorus present in the manure. Compared to terrestrial plants, filamentous algae have exceedingly high growth and nutrient uptake rates. Moreover, they are capable of year-round growth in temperate climates, can be harvested on adapted farm-scale equipment, and yield a biomass that should be valuable as an animal feed supplement. The objective of this research was to evaluate algal turf scrubber (ATS) technology to remove nitrogen, phosphorus and chemical oxygen demand from raw and anaerobically digested dairy manure. Laboratory-scale ATS units were operated by continuously recycling wastewater and adding manure effluents daily. ATS units were seeded with algal consortia from a nearby stream and grown using dairy manures from two different dairy farms. Algal biomass was harvested weekly and dried prior to analysis for total Kjeldahl nitrogen, total phosphorus, and inorganic constituents. Wastewater samples were analyzed for total Kjeldahl nitrogen, ammonium, nitrate, orthophosphate, conductivity and chemical oxygen demand. Using a typical manure input containing 0.6-0.96 a total nitrogen day(-1), the dried algal yield was approximately 5 g m(-2) day(-1). The dried algae contained approximately 1.5-2% phosphorus and 5-7% nitrogen. Algal nitrogen and phosphorus accounted for 42-100% of input ammonium-nitrogen (33-42% of total nitrogen) and 58-100% of input total phosphorus, respectively. C1 ARS, USDA, Soil Microbial Syst Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Soil & Water Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Mulbry, WW (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Soil Microbial Syst Lab, Bldg 001 Room 140 Beltsville Agr Res Ctr W,10300, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 22 TC 63 Z9 64 U1 12 U2 38 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-8971 J9 J APPL PHYCOL JI J. Appl. Phycol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 13 IS 4 BP 301 EP 306 DI 10.1023/A:1017545116317 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 477YJ UT WOS:000171313900003 ER PT J AU Lubinski, PM O'Brien, CJ AF Lubinski, PM O'Brien, CJ TI Observations on seasonality and mortality from a recent catastrophic death assemblage SO JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE seasonality; mortality; tooth eruption; cementum increment analysis; taphonomy ID CEMENTUM INCREMENTS; TEETH; WEAR; AGE AB On 3 November 1991, a group of 150 pronghorn went over a cliff near Green River, Wyoming. This mortality site provides a unique opportunity to examine a number of characteristics of catastrophic death assemblages that may aid in the interpretation of archaeological bonebed sites. In 1993, the mandibles were collected for a study of seasonality and age estimation. Examination of seasonality revealed some variation in estimates by eruption/wear and cementum increments. Six percent of 86 fawn specimens exhibit eruption and wear more advances than expected for a November third event, and 21% of 27 cementum increment estimates by eruption and wear reveal a distribution of pronghorn ages with many more juvenile animals than expected for a known 'catastrophic' event. This may be explained by the patter of seasonal hunting in a modern managed herd, which is likely to be very different than aboriginal hunting patterns. Age estimates by eruption/wear and cementum increment techniques failed to agree within six months in 58% of 29 test cases, with a tendency for cementum ages to be younger in 71% of specimens in which estimates of age differed. In general, the mandible assemblage exhibited more variability than one might expect for a single catastrophic kill event. C1 Cent Washington Univ, Dept Anthropol, Ellensburg, WA 98926 USA. USDA Forest Service, Mountain Heritage Ass, Susanville, CA 96130 USA. RP Lubinski, PM (reprint author), Cent Washington Univ, Dept Anthropol, Ellensburg, WA 98926 USA. NR 36 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0305-4403 J9 J ARCHAEOL SCI JI J. Archaeol. Sci. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 28 IS 8 BP 833 EP 842 DI 10.1006/jasc.2000.0603 PG 10 WC Anthropology; Archaeology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Anthropology; Archaeology; Geology GA 459NG UT WOS:000170256300005 ER PT J AU Drewa, PB Havstad, KM AF Drewa, PB Havstad, KM TI Effects of fire, grazing, and the presence of shrubs on Chihuahuan desert grasslands SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article DE Bouteloua eriopoda; diversity; drought; herbaceous species; livestock; prescribed fires; Prosopis glandulosa ID SOUTHERN NEW-MEXICO; HONEY MESQUITE; VEGETATION RESPONSE; SEMIARID GRASSLAND; TALLGRASS PRAIRIE; SONORAN DESERT; ANNUAL PLANTS; WATER-USE; DIVERSITY; SUCCESSION AB Responses of herbaceous and suffrutescent species to fire, grazing, and presence of Prosopis glandulosa were examined in a Chihuahuan desert grassland in south-central New Mexico. Treatments were assigned randomly to eight 12 x 8 m plots within each of two blocks. Following fires in June 1995, unfenced plots were exposed to livestock grazing over 4 years. Plots were established that either included or excluded P. glandulosa. Perennial grass cover, primarily Bouteloua eriopoda, decreased by 13% in burned plots but increased 5% in unburned areas. Conversely, perennial forb cover was 4% greater after fire. Perennial grass frequency decreased 30% more and perennial forb frequency increased 10% more following burning. Further, increases in evenness after fire resulted in a 225% increase in species diversity. Grazing also resulted in a decrease in perennial grass cover while frequency decreased 22% more in grazed than ungrazed plots. Only frequency and not cover of perennial forbs and annual grasses increased more following grazing. Presence of P. glandulosa had no differential effect on responses of non-shrub species. Fires were conducted during near drought conditions while grazing occurred during years of precipitation equivalent to the long-term average. Precipitation immediately following fire may be critical for recovery of B. eriopoda-dominated desert grasslands; relationships between fire and postfire precipitation patterns require future investigation. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Drewa, PB (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, Box 30003,MSC 3JER, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NR 67 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 13 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 48 IS 4 BP 429 EP 443 DI 10.1006/jare.2000.0769 PG 15 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 457KE UT WOS:000170135400001 ER PT J AU Schneider, MJ AF Schneider, MJ TI Multiresidue analysis of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in chicken tissue using automated microdialysis-liquid chromatography SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHIC SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID FLUORESCENCE DETECTION; SAMPLE PREPARATION; RESIDUES; ONLINE; ENROFLOXACIN; DANOFLOXACIN; LIVER; CIPROFLOXACIN; QUINOLONES; DIALYSIS C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Schneider, MJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 17 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU PRESTON PUBLICATIONS INC PI NILES PA 7800 MERRIMAC AVE PO BOX 48312, NILES, IL 60648 USA SN 0021-9665 J9 J CHROMATOGR SCI JI J. Chromatogr. Sci. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 39 IS 8 BP 351 EP 356 PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 461AW UT WOS:000170343600007 PM 11513278 ER PT J AU Harris, SS Soteriades, E Dawson-Hughes, B AF Harris, SS Soteriades, E Dawson-Hughes, B TI Secondary hyperparathyroidism and bone turnover in elderly blacks and whites SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM LA English DT Article ID VITAMIN-D DEFICIENCY; BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS; MINERAL DENSITY; WOMEN; POPULATION; 25-HYDROXYVITAMIN-D; DETERMINANTS; METABOLISM; HOME AB This study was undertaken to describe the prevalence of secondary hyperparathyroidism in African-American and Caucasian participants in the Boston Low-Income Elderly Osteoporosis Study and to examine and compare associations of hyperparathyroidism with biochemical markers of bone turnover and bone density in the two racial groups. Serum osteocalcin and serum cross-linked N-telopeptides of type I collagen, and calcaneal bone mineral density were measured in February or March in 255 men and women, 64 yr of age and older. Subjects were categorized as normal or as having hyperparathyroidism, based on a serum PTH concentration below or above the top of the normal range (6.9 pmol/liter), respectively. The prevalence of hyperparathyroidism was 38% in the 144 black subjects and 20% in the Ill white subjects. Serum osteocalcin and cross-linked N-telopeptides of type I collagen were significantly higher in both black and white hyperparathyroid subjects (P < 0.05), and the hyperparathyroid-related difference in osteocalcin was greater among black than white subjects. Hyperparathyroidism was significantly associated with reduced heel bone mineral density in blacks (P = 0.008) but not in whites. This study provides evidence that secondary hyperparathyroidism is prevalent in elderly adults, both black and white, and that it should not be viewed as a benign condition in either group. Recent public health efforts to promote higher calcium and vitamin D intakes, targeted predominantly to older Caucasians, should also be directed to older African-Americans. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Med, Framingham Heart Study, Boston, MA 02118 USA. RP Harris, SS (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 22 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 1 PU ENDOCRINE SOC PI CHEVY CHASE PA 8401 CONNECTICUT AVE, SUITE 900, CHEVY CHASE, MD 20815-5817 USA SN 0021-972X J9 J CLIN ENDOCR METAB JI J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 86 IS 8 BP 3801 EP 3804 DI 10.1210/jc.86.8.3801 PG 4 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 462QA UT WOS:000170430200050 PM 11502814 ER PT J AU Palmer, MV Waters, WR Whipple, DL AF Palmer, MV Waters, WR Whipple, DL TI Abomasal ulcers in captive white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) SO JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PERFRINGENS TYPE-A; HELICOBACTER-PYLORI; DISEASE; CATTLE; CAMPYLOBACTER; CALVES AB Abomasal ulceration was noted in 32 of 200 white-tailed deer. Ulceration was most common in the abomasal pylorus and at the abomasal-duodenal junction. Abomasal ulceration was characterized by focal to multifocal, sharply demarcated areas of coagulation necrosis and haemorrhage extending through the mucosa, with fibrin thrombi in mucosal blood vessels of small diameter. Ulcerated areas were often covered by a mixture of mucus, debris and neutrophils. Visible bacteria were not associated with ulcerative lesions, A l deer with abomasal ulceration had intercurrent disease, including bacterial pneumonia, enterocolitis, intussusception, chronic diarrhoea, capture myopathy, or experimentally induced tuberculosis. The anatomical distribution of abomasal ulcers in this population of captive white-tailed deer resembled that seen in veal calves. (C) 2001 Harcourt Publishers Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Bacterial Dis Livestock Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Palmer, MV (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Bacterial Dis Livestock Res Unit, 2300 Dayton Rd, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 19 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0021-9975 J9 J COMP PATHOL JI J. Comp. Pathol. PD AUG-OCT PY 2001 VL 125 IS 2-3 BP 224 EP 227 DI 10.1053/jcpa.2001.0496 PG 4 WC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences SC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences GA 485JR UT WOS:000171751700020 PM 11578141 ER PT J AU Cramer, CJ Kelterer, AM French, AD AF Cramer, CJ Kelterer, AM French, AD TI When anomeric effects collide SO JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE anomeric effects; rotational coordinates; hyperconjugation; polyethers ID ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE CALCULATIONS; DENSITY-FUNCTIONAL THEORY; AB-INITIO; CONFORMATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; BOND LENGTHS; GAS-PHASE; DIMETHOXYMETHANE; MOLECULES; ENERGIES AB Rotational coordinates about the C(3)-O(4) bonds of 2,4-dioxaheptane (DOH) and 2,4,6-trioxaheptane (TOH) are compared at correlated levels of electronic structure theory for gauche and trans orientations of the O(2)-C(3) bonds. TOH has overlapping anomeric effects, while DOH does not. The overlapping stereoelectronic effect shows its largest impact on the length of the O(2)-C(3) bond, which is typically 0.02 Angstrom longer in DOH than in TOH. However, the energetic consequences of the overlapping anomeric effect in TOH are very small, as judged by total conformational energies and analysis of delocalization energies within a natural bond orbital framework. (C) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Chem, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Univ Minnesota, Inst Supercomp, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Graz Univ Technol, Inst Phys & Theoret Chem, A-8010 Graz, Austria. USDA ARS, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Cramer, CJ (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Chem, 207 Pleasant St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. EM cramer@chem.umn.edu RI Cramer, Christopher/B-6179-2011 OI Cramer, Christopher/0000-0001-5048-1859 NR 42 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0192-8651 EI 1096-987X J9 J COMPUT CHEM JI J. Comput. Chem. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 22 IS 11 BP 1194 EP 1204 DI 10.1002/jcc.1077.abs PG 11 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 448XB UT WOS:000169654300006 ER PT J AU O'Brien, CN Guidry, AJ Douglass, LW Westhoff, DC AF O'Brien, CN Guidry, AJ Douglass, LW Westhoff, DC TI Immunization with Staphylococcus aureus lysate incorporated into microspheres SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE microsphere; Staphylococcus aureus; lysate; phagocytosis ID HUMAN POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES; POLY(DL-LACTIDE-CO-GLYCOLIDE) MICROSPHERES; NEUTROPHIL PHAGOCYTOSIS; BOVINE MASTITIS; ANTIBODIES; VIRULENCE; ENCAPSULATION; OPSONIZATION; STRAINS; MILK AB Antibiotics are of limited value against Staphylococcus aureus due to development of resistant strains, scar tissue formation, and blockage of ducts due to inflammation. Though macrophages are the predominant cell type in the mammary gland, they are primarily scavenger cells and are not effective against bacteria entering the gland. Neutrophil phagocytosis is the bovine's primary defense against S. aureus mastitis. Attempts to develop vaccines that enhance neutrophil phagocytosis by stimulating production of opsonizing antibodies to S. aureus have met with limited success because of the low immunogenicity of the exopolysaccharide capsule surrounding S. aureus. Staphylococcus aureus can also adhere to and penetrate epithelial tissue. This study was conducted to determine whether lysates of S. aureus encapsulated in biodegradable microspheres would increase the production of opsonizing antibodies to capsule and block adherence. Four groups of four cows each were injected with 1 ml of the respective treatment in the area of the supramammary lymph node and 1 ml in the hip muscle. The treatments Were: lysate in NaCl, lysate in Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FICA), lysate in microspheres in NaCl, and lysate in microspheres in FICA. Antigen in microspheres produced a similar antibody response to antigen emulsified in FICA, but to a lesser magnitude. Antigen in microspheres produced antibodies that were more opsonic for neutrophils at 20 and 52 wk postimmunization and inhibited S. aureus adherence to mammary epithelium. Ability to control antigen release and presentation, and the benefit of a single injection for long-term immunity using microspheres warrants additional studies. C1 USDA, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Anim & Avian Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP O'Brien, CN (reprint author), USDA, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 27 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 84 IS 8 BP 1791 EP 1799 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 463HH UT WOS:000170470700004 PM 11518302 ER PT J AU Lefcourt, AM Meisinger, JJ AF Lefcourt, AM Meisinger, JJ TI Effect of adding alum or zeolite to dairy slurry on ammonia volatilization and chemical composition SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE amendments; ammonia volatilization; dairy manure; phosphorus ID NATURAL ZEOLITE; CATTLE MANURE; PHOSPHORUS; NITROGEN; ACIDIFICATION; DEPOSITION; AMENDMENTS; EMISSIONS; LOSSES; LITTER AB Development of cost-effective amendments for treating dairy slurry has become a critical problem as the number of cows on farms continues to grow and the acreage available for manure spreading continues to shrink. To determine effectiveness and optimal rates of addition of either alum or zeolite to dairy slurry, we measured ammonia emissions and resulting chemical changes in the slurry in response to the addition of amendments at 0.4, 1.0, 2.5, and 6.25% by weight. Ammonia volatilization over 96 h was measured with six small wind tunnels with gas scrubbing bottles at the inlets and outlets. Manure samples from the start and end of trials were analyzed for total nitrogen and phosphorus, and were extracted with 0.01 M CaCl2, 1.0 M KCI, and water with the extracts analyzed for ammonium nitrogen, phosphorous, aluminum, and pH. The addition of 6.25% zeolite or 2.5% alum to dairy slurry reduced ammonia emissions by nearly 50 and 60%, respectively. Alum treatment retained ammonia by reducing the slurry pH to 5 or less. In contrast, zeolite, being a cation exchange medium, adsorbed ammonium and reduced dissolved ammonia gas. In addition, alum essentially eliminated soluble phosphorous. Zeolite also reduced soluble phosphorous by over half, but the mechanism for this reduction is unclear. Alum must be carefully added to slurry to avoid effervescence and excess additions, which can increase soluble aluminum in the slurry. The use of alum or zeolites as on-farm amendment to dairy slurry offers the potential for reducing ammonia emissions and soluble phosphorus in dairy slurry. C1 ARS, USDA, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Lefcourt, AM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 34 TC 48 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 84 IS 8 BP 1814 EP 1821 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 463HH UT WOS:000170470700007 PM 11518305 ER PT J AU Eicher, SD Morrow-Tesch, JL Albright, JL Williams, RE AF Eicher, SD Morrow-Tesch, JL Albright, JL Williams, RE TI Tail-docking alters fly numbers, fly-avoidance behaviors, and cleanliness, but not physiological measures SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE tail-docking; cattle; fly avoidance; behavior ID STOMOXYS-CALCITRANS L; NEWCASTLE-DISEASE VIRUS; GRAZING BEEF-CATTLE; DAIRY-CATTLE; INTERLEUKIN-2; RESPONSES; MUSCIDAE; DIPTERA; STEERS; ALPHA AB Tail docking is an animal well-being issue not only regarding the docking procedures but also because of concerns during fly season. To address the latter question, we selected eight cows that had been tail-docked in a previous experiment and eight nondocked cows matched by stage of lactation. Physiological, immunological, and behavioral measures were used to evaluate the well being of those cows housed in a tie-stall barn during fly season for 5 consecutive days. Behavior was observed for 5-min interval instantaneous scan samples for 1 h each at 0800, 1200, and 1600 h. Flies were counted before behavior observations. Blood samples were taken daily for plasma and leukocyte separation. Cows were scored on d 5 for cleanliness on a five-point scale. Docked cows were cleaner, but fly counts of docked cows were greater for total fly counts and rear leg counts. However, counts were not different on front legs. Time of day was significant, so each time of day was analyzed separately. Docked cows were observed to exhibit fewer tail swings at 0800 h, but docked cows tended to ruminate more at that time. Docked cows tended to stand less at the 1200 h observation. Total fly-avoidance behaviors were greater for all cows at the 1600-h observation. Only tail swings tended to be more frequent with docked cows, but foot stomps occurred only in the docked cows. Lymphocyte phenotypes, acute-phase proteins, and immunoglobulin concentrations did not differ. In conclusion, although docked cows were cleaner, as the fly numbers increase throughout the day, fly-avoidance behaviors also increased and foot stomping appeared as an alternative method for fly avoidance by docked cows. C1 ARS, USDA, Livestock Behav Res Unit, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Anim Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Entomol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Eicher, SD (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Livestock Behav Res Unit, 216 Poultry Bldg, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 33 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 6 U2 29 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 84 IS 8 BP 1822 EP 1828 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 463HH UT WOS:000170470700008 PM 11518306 ER PT J AU Norman, HD Powell, RL Wright, JR Sattler, CG AF Norman, HD Powell, RL Wright, JR Sattler, CG TI Overview of progeny-test programs of artificial-insemination organizations in the United States SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE artificial insemination; generation interval; progeny testing; sire sampling ID GENETIC EVALUATIONS; DAIRY-CATTLE; RECORDS; HERDS; SIZE; COWS AB Characteristics of progeny-test (PT) programs of artificial insemination (Al) organizations in the United States were examined for changes since 1960. Mean number of bulls that were progeny tested annually by major Al organizations during the mid 1990s was 11 for Ayrshires, 24 for Brown Swiss, 21 for Guernseys, 1261 for Holsteins, 112 for Jerseys, and 3 for Milking Shorthorns. Mean parent age at progeny-test (PT) bull birth decreased except for Milking Shorthorns; mean age of maternal grandsire at bull birth decreased for Holsteins and Jerseys but increased for other breeds. For Holsteins, mean ancestor ages at PT bull birth were 85 mo for sires, 47 mo for dams, and 136 mo for maternal grandsires during the mid 1990s. Percentage of PT bulls that resulted from embryo transfer increased to 78% for Brown Swiss and 80% for Holsteins by 1999, Inbreeding in PT bulls increased over time and ranged from 3.8% for Brown Swiss to 6.4% for Jerseys (5.6% for Holsteins) during the mid 1990s. Mean numbers of daughters and herds per PT bull generally declined except for Holsteins, which increased during the early 1990s to 61 daughters and 44 herds. Mean number of states in which PT daughters are located increased; for Holstein PT bulls during 1994, 22% of daughters were in California, 13% in Wisconsin, 12% in New York, and 10% in Pennsylvania and Minnesota. Percentage of first-lactation cows that were PT daughters increased and ranged from 6% for Milking Shorthorns to 22% for Ayrshires (14% for Holsteins) during 1998. Percentage of PT daughters that were registered declined and was 19% for Holsteins and around 80% for other breeds. C1 ARS, Anim Improvement Programs Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Natl Assoc Anim Breeders, Columbia, MO USA. RP Norman, HD (reprint author), ARS, Anim Improvement Programs Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 24 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 84 IS 8 BP 1899 EP 1912 PG 14 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 463HH UT WOS:000170470700018 PM 11518316 ER PT J AU Vargas, RI Peck, SL McQuate, GT Jackson, CG Stark, JD Armstrong, JW AF Vargas, RI Peck, SL McQuate, GT Jackson, CG Stark, JD Armstrong, JW TI Potential for areawide integrated management of Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera : Tephritidae) with a braconid parasitoid and a novel bait spray SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ceratitis capitata; Fopius arisanus; biological control; bait sprays; areawide control ID CERATITIS-CAPITATA; COFFEE FIELDS; HYMENOPTERA; POPULATIONS; MALATHION; FLIES AB The braconid wasp, Fopius arisanus (Sonan), a biological control agent for Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), was studied in coffee, Coffea arabica L. Fopius arisanus, comprised 79.3% of the total parasitoids (7,014) recovered from fruits collected at three small coffee farms. Data from seasonal host/parasitoid studies at a large coffee plantation also suggested that the most effective natural enemy of C. capitata in coffee may now reside in Hawaii. The original parasitoids introduced into Hawaii for C. capitata control (Diachasmimorpha tryoni (Cameron), Tetrastichus giffardianus Silvestri, and Dirhinus giffardii Silvestri) are now rare. Abundance of F. arisanus with respect to other parasitoids collected was influenced by elevation (274, 457, 610 m). Fopius arisanus was the dominant parasitoid at all three elevations, Diachasmimorpha longicaudata Ashmead) occurred consistently, and T. giffardianus was abundant only at low elevation. The impacts on C. capitata and F. arisanus populations of bait sprays containing malathion, spinosad, or phloxine B applied to coffee were also evaluated. All three bait sprays suppressed C. capitata populations. Spinosad and phloxine B bait sprays appeared less harmful to the wasp than malathion. Fopius arisanus offers the potential for areawide management of C. capitata that includes biological control and integration with more environmentally safe chemical controls such as spinosad and phloxine B bait sprays. C1 USDA ARS, US Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. RP Vargas, RI (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, POB 4459, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. NR 42 TC 101 Z9 125 U1 2 U2 18 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 94 IS 4 BP 817 EP 825 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 471GM UT WOS:000170920500005 PM 11561838 ER PT J AU Mankin, RW Lapointe, SL Franqui, RA AF Mankin, RW Lapointe, SL Franqui, RA TI Acoustic surveying of subterranean insect populations in citrus groves SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Phyllophaga; Diaprepes; detection; grubs ID DIAPREPES-ABBREVIATUS COLEOPTERA; CURCULIONIDAE; GRAIN; SOIL; INFESTATION; SYSTEMS; KERNELS; LARVAE AB Subterranean insect pests cause considerable economic damage but their concealment makes detection difficult, A portable acoustic system was developed and tested for it's potential to rate the likelihood that trees in citrus groves were infested with Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.) larvae. The likelihood was rated independently by a computer program and an experienced listener that distinguished insect sounds from background noises. Diaprepes abbreviatus, Phyllophaga spp., or other pest insects were excavated from all 11 sites rated at high likelihood of infestation but were absent from 20 of 25 low-rated sites. There was a significant regression between the activity rate and the number of pest organisms present at recording sites although the correlation was weaker,than between activity rate and likelihood of infestation. Although the system is at an early stage of development, the success of these field tests suggests that it has considerable potential as a tool to detect and monitor hidden infestations of insects in soil. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. USDA ARS, US Hort Res Lab, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. Univ Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Agr Res Stn, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. RP Mankin, RW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. NR 23 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 94 IS 4 BP 853 EP 859 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 471GM UT WOS:000170920500010 PM 11561843 ER PT J AU Schroder, RFW Martin, PAW Athanas, MM AF Schroder, RFW Martin, PAW Athanas, MM TI Effect of a phloxine B-cucurbitacin bait on diabroticite beetles (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Hawkesbury watermelon; Citrullus lanatus; Diabrotica undecimpunctata; Acalymma vittatum; xanthene dye; southern corn rootworm ID CORN-ROOTWORM COLEOPTERA; HAWKESBURY WATERMELON; BITTER MUTANT; MANAGEMENT AB Cucurbitacin E glycoside, extracted from a bitter mutant of Hawkesbury watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai (Syn. Citrullus vulgaris Schrad)] is the active ingredient of a feeding stimulant for the corn rootworm complex, It is the primary component of a water-soluble bait that can be combined with toxins for adult diabroticite control, Studies were conducted using phloxine B (D&C Red 28), a xanthene dye, as the toxin. This dye was efficacious against Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber, spotted cucumber beetle, and Acalymma vittatum (F.), striped cucumber beetle, in cucumber plots and could be recovered from cucumber leaves for 8 d after treatment. The average amount of dye recovered per dead spotted cucumber beetle at 8 d after treatment was 0.173 mug. Concentrated and sugar-free fermented forms of the watermelon extract were developed and compared with the fresh juice in field applications on cucumber plants. There was no significant difference in mortality of beetles from phloxine B-bait prepared with fresh, fermented, or concentrated extract, although in laboratory studies, fermented juice had higher feeding stimulant activity. C1 USDA ARS, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Schroder, RFW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 27 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 8 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 94 IS 4 BP 892 EP 897 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 471GM UT WOS:000170920500015 PM 11561848 ER PT J AU Stout, MJ Rice, WC Linscombe, SD Bollich, PK AF Stout, MJ Rice, WC Linscombe, SD Bollich, PK TI Identification of rice cultivars resistant to Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus (Coleoptera : Curculionidae), and their use in an integrated management program SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus; Oryza sativa; host plant resistance; tolerance; resistance to infestation; cultural practices ID WATER WEEVIL COLEOPTERA; PLANT TOLERANCE; REGISTRATION; LOUISIANA; HERBIVORY; LINES AB The lice water weevil, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel, is the most destructive insect pest of rice in the United States and is a particularly severe pest in Louisiana. The current management program for this insect in Louisiana relies heavily on insecticides, most notably the seed treatment fipronil (Icon). Diversification of the management program by incorporation of alternative strategies is needed to improve the effectiveness and long-term stability of the program. In the three experiments reported here, three components of a diversified management program for the rice water weevil in Louisiana-host plant resistance, treatment of seeds with Icon, and the cultural practice of delayed flooding-were investigated. Comparison of the densities of weevil larvae on the roots of several commercial cultivars indicated that the long-grain cultivar 'Jefferson' was more resistant to infestation by the rice water weevil than the other cultivars. The medium-grain cultivars 'Bengal', 'Earl' and 'Mars' and the long-grain variety 'Cocodrie' were the most susceptible to infestation. Comparison of yield data from untreated plots and plots treated with Icon indicated that the long-grain cultivars Cocodrie, Lemont, and Jefferson were more tolerant of weevil injury than the other cultivars. A 2-wk delay in flooding was associated with yield benefits in plots not treated with Icon. Treatment of seeds with Icon controlled weevils in all three screening experiments. The implications of these results for the development of an integrated management program for the rice water weevil are discussed. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Louisiana Agr Expt Stn, Dept Entomol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Louisiana Agr Expt Stn, Rice Res Stn, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. ARS, USDA, Rice Res Unit, Crowley, LA 70527 USA. RP Stout, MJ (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Louisiana Agr Expt Stn, Dept Entomol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 26 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 8 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 94 IS 4 BP 963 EP 970 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 471GM UT WOS:000170920500026 PM 11561859 ER PT J AU Yokoyama, VY Miller, GT Crisosto, CH AF Yokoyama, VY Miller, GT Crisosto, CH TI Pest response in packed table grapes to low temperature storage combined with slow-release sulfur dioxide pads in basic and large-scale tests SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Platynota stultana; Pseudococcus maritimus; Tetranychus urticae; Tetranychus pacificus; Frankliniella occidentalis; Vitis vinifera; quarantine ID LEPIDOPTERA; TORTRICIDAE; THYSANOPTERA; THRIPIDAE AB The effect of low temperature storage combined with slow release sulfur dioxide pads was determined in basic laboratory and large-scale commercial tests on western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande; grape mealybug, Pseudococcus maritimus (Ehrhorn); Pacific spider mite, Tetranychus pacificus McGregor; twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch; and omnivorous leafroller, Platynota stultana Walshingham, Temperatures within the foam containers among the packed clusters decreased from ambient to 2 degreesC within approximately 1 d and ranged from 0.4 to 1.7 degreesC in all tests. Sulfur dioxide concentrations in the foam containers ranged between 0.2 and 1.6 ppm during the 1- to 6-wk storage period in basic tests and 0.5-1.1 ppm during the 1- to 8-wk storage period in the large-scale test. Western flower thrips was completely controlled by a :l-wk exposure. Grape mealybug mortality was greater than or equal to 93% after 2-5 wk exposures and 100% after a 6-wk exposure in basic tests, Pacific spider mite and twospotted spider mite mortality was 98.0 and 99.6%, respectively, after a 6-wk exposure. Mortality of grape mealybug and twospotted spider mite increased significantly at greater than or equal to3-wk exposures and Pacific spider mite mortality increased significantly at greater than or equal to4-wk exposures. Mortality of the spider mites in general was directly related to the duration of exposure. An 8-wk: exposure to low temperature storage combined with slow release sulfur dioxide pads in the large-scale test resulted in 100% mortality of western flower thrips, twospotted spider mite, and omnivorous leafroller. The treatment resulted in <8% survival of grape mealybug and <1% survival of Pacific spider mite in the large-scale test. The combination treatment offers an economical method to attain quarantine control of certain insects and mites. C1 USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. RP Yokoyama, VY (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, 2021 S Peach Ave, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. NR 11 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 7 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 94 IS 4 BP 984 EP 988 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 471GM UT WOS:000170920500029 PM 11561862 ER PT J AU Broz, AK Thelen, JJ Muszynski, MG Miernyk, JA Randall, DD AF Broz, AK Thelen, JJ Muszynski, MG Miernyk, JA Randall, DD TI ZMPP2, a novel type-2C protein phosphatase from maize SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE Zea mays; PP2C; phosphatase ID PYRUVATE-DEHYDROGENASE-PHOSPHATASE; SUBCELLULAR-LOCALIZATION; MOLECULAR-CLONING; PURIFICATION; EXPRESSION; SEQUENCE; 2C AB A cDNA clone was selected as a candidate for the catalytic subunit of phospho-pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase (PDP) by screening a Zea mays expressed sequence tag database with the bovine PDP deduced amino acid sequence. Both strands of the cDNA were completely sequenced. The maize clone contains an open reading frame of 1098 base pairs that encodes a polypeptide of 40127 Da, ZMPP2. The deduced amino acid sequence of ZMPP2 contains the five PP2C signature domains, as does PDP. However, the expression pattern of ZMPP2, determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, was different from those of the maize pyruvate dehydrogenase Ela subunit and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase. Additionally, the predicted subcellular location of ZMPP2 is cytoplasmic, while the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, regulated by reversible phosphorylation, is mitochondrial. Thus, ZMPP2 is a PP2C-type protein phosphatase related to but distinct from PDP. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Biochem, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Pioneer Hi Bred Int Inc, Dept Biotechnol Res, Johnston, IA 50131 USA. Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Plant Genet Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Randall, DD (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Biochem, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RI Muszyndski, Michael/L-2843-2016 OI Muszyndski, Michael/0000-0002-0817-7594 NR 13 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0022-0957 J9 J EXP BOT JI J. Exp. Bot. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 52 IS 361 BP 1739 EP 1740 DI 10.1093/jexbot/52.361.1739 PG 2 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 461TM UT WOS:000170379600017 PM 11479340 ER PT J AU Liao, CS Fett, WF AF Liao, CS Fett, WF TI Analysis of native microflora and selection of strains antagonistic to human pathogens on fresh produce SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; PROCESSED LETTUCE; VEGETABLES; BACTERIA; GROWTH; MICROBIOLOGY; BIOCONTROL; QUALITY; FRUITS; FLORA AB The native microflora of three types of produce (green bell peppers, Romaine lettuce, and prepeeled baby carrots) and two types of sprouting seeds (alfalfa and clover) were investigated. Aerobic plate count (APC) for each produce or seed type as determined on Pseudomonas agar F (PAF) with incubation at 28 degreesC was in the range of 4 to 7 log CFU per g of tissue or seed, There was no significant difference (P greater than or equal to 0.05) in APC when the determinations were made with three agar media including PAF, brain heart infusion agar, and plate count agar. However, the APC as determined from plates that were incubated at 28 degreesC was significantly (P : 0.05) higher than with incubation at 37 degreesC. Fluorescent pseudomonads accounted for 23 to 73% of APC and 6 to 18% of A-PC recovered from carrots, pepper, and lettuce were pectolytic. Forty-eight strains of pectolytic bacteria were randomly isolated and identified, respectively, as members of the genera of Pseudomonas, Erwinia, Bacillus, Xanthomonas, or Flavobacterium. Lactic acid bacteria and/or yeast were consistently isolated from baby carrots, lettuce, and sprouting seeds (alfalfa or clover) but not from green bell peppers. Approximately 120 strains of indigenous microflora were tested for their ability to inhibit the growth of Salmonella Chester, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, or Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora on PAF Six isolates capable of inhibiting the growth of at least one pathogen were isolated and identified, respectively, as Bacillus spp. (three strains), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (one strain), Pseudomonasfluorescens (strain A3), and yeast (strain DI). When green pepper disks were inoculated with strains A3 and DI, the growth of Salmonella Chester and L. monocytogenes on the disks was reduced by 1 and 2 logs, respectively, over a period of 3 days. Application of strains A3 and Dl as potential biopreservatives for enhancing the quality and safety of fresh produce is discussed. C1 ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. EM cliao@arserrc.gov NR 28 TC 72 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 19 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X EI 1944-9097 J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 64 IS 8 BP 1110 EP 1115 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 460UH UT WOS:000170326600002 PM 11510644 ER PT J AU Leverentz, B Conway, WS Alavidze, Z Janisiewicz, WJ Fuchs, Y Camp, MJ Chighladze, E Sulakvelidze, A AF Leverentz, B Conway, WS Alavidze, Z Janisiewicz, WJ Fuchs, Y Camp, MJ Chighladze, E Sulakvelidze, A TI Examination of bacteriophage as a biocontrol method for Salmonella on fresh-cut fruit: A model study SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID GROWTH; VEGETABLES; TOMATOES; EFFICACY; CHLORINE; FATE AB The preparation and distribution of fresh-cut produce is a rapidly developing industry that provides the consumer with convenient and nutritious food. However, fresh-cut fruits and vegetables may represent an increased food safety concern because of the absence or damage of peel and rind, which normally help reduce colonization of uncut produce with pathogenic bacteria. In this study, we found that Salmonella Enteritidis populations can (i) survive on fresh-cut melons and apples stored at 5 degreesC, (ii) increase up to 2 log units on fresh-cut fruits stored at 10 degreesC, and (iii) increase up to 5 log units at 20 degreesC during a storage period of 168 h. In addition, we examined the effect of lytic, Salmonella-specific phages on reducing Salmonella numbers in experimentally contaminated fresh-cut melons and apples stored at various temperatures. We found that the phage mixture reduced Salmonella populations by approximately 3.5 logs on honeydew melon slices stored at 5 and 10 degreesC and by approximately 2.5 logs on slices stored at 20 degreesC, which is greater than the maximal amount achieved using chemical sanitizers. However, the phages did not significantly reduce Salmonella populations on the apple slices at any of the three temperatures. The titer of the phage preparation remained relatively stable on melon slices, whereas on apple slices the titer decreased to nondetectable levels in 48 h at all temperatures tested. Inactivation of phages, possibly by the acidic pH of apple slices (pH 4.2 versus pH 5.8 for melon slices), may have contributed to their inability to reduce Salmonella contamination in the apple slices. Higher phage concentrations and/or the use of low-pH-tolerant phage mutants may be required to increase the efficacy of the phage treatment in reducing Salmonella contamination of fresh-cut produce with a low pH. C1 USDA ARS, Henry A Wallace Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Prod Qual & Safety Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Georgian Acad Sci, Eliava Inst Bacteriophage Microbiol & Virol, Tblisi, Rep of Georgia. USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, Dept Postharvest Sci Fresh Prod, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. USDA ARS, Henry A Wallace Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Biometr Consulting Serv, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Epidemiol & Prevent Med, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. RP Leverentz, B (reprint author), USDA ARS, Henry A Wallace Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Prod Qual & Safety Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 23 TC 169 Z9 181 U1 0 U2 35 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 64 IS 8 BP 1116 EP 1121 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 460UH UT WOS:000170326600003 PM 11510645 ER PT J AU Berry, ED Koohmaraie, M AF Berry, ED Koohmaraie, M TI Effect of different levels of beef bacterial microflora on the growth and survival of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 on beef carcass tissue SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID CLOSTRIDIUM-SPOROGENES; REFRIGERATED FOODS; LISTERIA-INNOCUA; LACTIC-ACID; GROUND-BEEF; PATHOGENS; MILK; EMERGENCE; LOCATIONS AB The influence of various levels of endogenous beef bacterial microflora on the growth and survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on bovine carcass surface tissue was investigated. Bacterial beef microflora inoculum was prepared by enriching and harvesting bacteria from prerigor lean bovine carcass tissue (BCT) and was inoculated onto UV-irradiated prerigor BCT at initial levels of 10(5), 10(4), 10(3), and < 10(3) CFU/cm(2). Additional control BCT was inoculated with sterile H2O. E. coli O157:H7 was inoculated onto all tissues at an initial level of 10(2) CFU/cm(2). Following a 48-h incubation at 4 degreesC, BCT was incubated up to 14 days at 4 or 12 degreesC, either aerobically or vacuum packaged. Regardless of the microflora level, there was no substantial growth of E. coli O157:H7 on BCT during storage at 4 degreesC under either aerobic or vacuum-packaged conditions. Instead, viable cell numbers at 4 degreesC remained constant, with no reduction in numbers associated with the different beef microflora levels. E. coli O157:H7 grew on all BCT stored at 12 degreesC, regardless of microflora inoculation treatment, reaching higher populations on aerobic samples than on vacuum-packaged samples in 10 days. However, the presence of the beef microflora did appear to delay the onset of growth or slow the growth of the pathogen, and E. coli O157:H7 counts on BCT without added microflora were generally higher following 7 to 10 days of 12 degreesC storage than those counts on BCT inoculated with beef microflora. These data demonstrate the importance of temperature control during meat handling and storage to prevent the outgrowth of this pathogen and indicate that proper sanitation and processing practices that prevent and reduce contamination of carcasses with E. coli O157:H7 are essential, regardless of background microflora levels. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Berry, ED (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166,Spur 18D, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 NR 28 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 64 IS 8 BP 1138 EP 1144 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 460UH UT WOS:000170326600007 PM 11510649 ER PT J AU Calicioglu, M Faith, NG Buege, DR Luchansky, JB AF Calicioglu, M Faith, NG Buege, DR Luchansky, JB TI Validation of a manufacturing process for fermented, semidry Turkish soudjouk to control Escherichia coli O157 : H7 SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 100th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Microbiology CY MAY 21-25, 2000 CL LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA SP Amer Soc Microbiol ID SAUSAGE; STORAGE; VIABILITY; PEPPERONI AB Two soudjouk batters were prepared from ground beef (20% fat) and nonmeat ingredients and inoculated with a five-strain mixture of Escherichia coli O157:H7 to yield an initial inoculum. of 7.65 log(10) CFU/g. One batter contained a commercial-starter culture mixture (similar to8.0 log(10) CFU/g) and dextrose (1.5%), while the other batter relied upon a natural fermentation with no added carbohydrate. Following mixing, sausage batters were held at 4 degreesC for 24 h prior to stuffing into natural beef round casings. Stuffed soudjouk sticks were fermented and dried at 24 degreesC with 90 to 95% relative humidity (RH) for 3 days and then at 22 degreesC with 80 to 85% RH until achieving a product moisture level of approximately 40%. After fermentation and drying with an airflow of 1 to 1.5 m/s, the sticks were either not cooked or cooked to an instantaneous internal temperature of 54.4 degreesC (130 degreesF) and held for 0, 30, or 60 min. The sticks were then vacuum packaged and stored at either 4 or 21 degreesC. For each of three trials, three sticks for each treatment/batter were analyzed for numbers of E. coli O157:H7 after inoculation, after fermentation, after cooking, and after storage for 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. Reductions in numbers of E. coli O157:H7 after fermentation and drying for sticks fermented by the starter culture (pH 4.6) and for sticks naturally fermented (pH 5.5) were 1.96 and 0.28 log(10) CFU/g, respectively. However, cooking soudjouk sticks produced with a starter culture and holding at 54.4 degreesC for 0, 30, or 60 min reduced pathogen numbers from an initial level after fermentation and drying of 5.69 log(10) CFU/ g to below a detectable level by either direct plating (<1.0 log(10) CFU/g) or by enrichment. In contrast, cooking soudjouk sticks produced without an added starter culture decreased pathogen numbers from an initial level after fermentation and drying of 7.37 to 5.65 log(10) CFU/g (54.4'C, no hold), 5.04 log(10) CFU/g (54.4'C, 30 min hold), and 4.67 log(10) CFU/g (54.4'C, 60 min hold). In general, numbers of E. coli O157:H7 within both groups of soudjouk sticks decreased faster during storage at 21 degreesC compared to 4 degreesC. After 28 days of storage, total reductions in pathogen numbers in soudjouk sticks produced using a star-ter culture but that were not subsequently cooked were 7.65 and 3.93 log(10) CFU/g at 21 and 4 degreesC, respectively. For naturally fermented soudjouk, total reductions varied from 4.47 to 0.45 log(10) CFU/g, depending on the cooking time and storage temperature. These data provide guidelines for manufacturers of dry sausage of ethnic origin, including soudjouk, to assess the safety of their processes for control of E. coli O157:H7. C1 ARS, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Food Res Inst, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Meat Sci & Muscle Biol Lab, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Luchansky, JB (reprint author), ARS, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 20 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 9 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 64 IS 8 BP 1156 EP 1161 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 460UH UT WOS:000170326600010 PM 11510652 ER PT J AU Zaika, LL AF Zaika, LL TI The effect of temperature and low pH on survival of Shigella flexneri in broth SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 86th IAMFES Annual Meeting CY AUG 01-04, 1999 CL DEARBORN, MICHIGAN SP IAMFES ID GROWTH; MODEL AB The survival characteristics of Shigella flexneri strain 5348 were determined in brain heart infusion broth as a function of low pH (2 to 5) and temperature (4 to 37 degreesC). Stationary-phase cells were inoculated into sterile media to give initial populations of 6 to 7 log(10) CFU/ml. Bacterial populations were determined periodically by aerobic plate counts. Survivor curves were fitted from plate count data using a two-phase linear model to derive lag times and slopes of the curves, from which D-values and times to a 4-D (99.99%) inactivation (T-4D) were calculated. In general, survival increased as temperature decreased and as pH increased. Bacterial populations reached undetectable levels (<1.3 log(10) CFU/ml) at 37, 28, 19, 12, and 4 degreesC in media adjusted to pH 4 after 5, 15, 23, 85, and 85 days, respectively, and in media adjusted to pH 3 after 1. 7, 9, 16, and 29 days, respectively. In media adjusted to pH 2, bacterial populations were stable for 2 to 12 h at temperatures of 19 degreesC or lower and reached undetectable levels after I to 3 days, while at 28 and 37 degreesC, the bacteria were undetectable after 8 and 2 h, respectively. In media adjusted to pH 5, bacterial levels decreased only 0.5 to 1.5 log(10) CFU/ml after 75 days at 4 degreesC and decreased to undetectable levels after 135 days at 12 degreesC, while growth occurred at higher temperatures. These results indicate that S. flexneri is acid resistant and that acidic foods may serve as vehicles for infection. C1 ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Zaika, LL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 18 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 64 IS 8 BP 1162 EP 1165 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 460UH UT WOS:000170326600011 PM 11510653 ER PT J AU Levine, P Rose, B Green, S Ransom, G Hill, W AF Levine, P Rose, B Green, S Ransom, G Hill, W TI Pathogen testing of ready-to-eat meat and poultry products collected at federally inspected establishments in the United States, 1990 to 1999 SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article AB The Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) conducted microbiological testing programs for ready-to-eat (RTE) meat and poultry products produced at approximately 1,800 federally inspected establishments. All samples were collected at production facilities and not at retail. We report results here for the years 1990 through 1999. Prevalence data for Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7, or staphylococcal enterotoxins in nine different categories of RTE meat and poultry products are presented and discussed. The prevalence data have certain limitations that restrict statistical inferences, because these RTE product-testing programs are strictly regulatory in nature and not statistically designed. The cumulative 10-year Salmonella prevalences were as follows: jerky, 0.31%; cooked, uncured poultry products, 0.10%; large-diameter cooked sausages, 0.07%; small-diameter cooked sausages, 0.20%; cooked beef, roast beef, and cooked corned beef, 0.22%; salads, spreads, and pates, 0.05%; and sliced ham and luncheon meat, 0.22%. The cumulative 3-year Salmonella prevalence for dry and semidry fermented sausages was 1.43%. The cumulative 10-year L. monocytogenes prevalences were as follows: jerky, 0.52%; cooked, uncured poultry products, 2.12%; large-diameter cooked sausages, 1.31%; small-diameter cooked sausages, 3.56%; cooked beef, roast beef, and cooked corned beef, 3.09%; salads, spreads, and pates, 3.03%; and sliced ham and luncheon meat, 5.16%. The cumulative 3-year L. monocytogenes prevalence for dry and semidry fermented sausages was 3.25%. None of the RTE products tested for E. coli O157:H7 or staphylococcal enterotoxins was positive. Although FSIS and the industry have made progress in reducing pathogens in these products, additional efforts are ongoing to continually improve the safety of all RTE meat and poultry products manufactured in federally inspected establishments in the United States. C1 Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Biosci Div, Off Publ Hlth & Sci, USDA,Aerosp Ctr, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Levine, P (reprint author), Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Biosci Div, Off Publ Hlth & Sci, USDA,Aerosp Ctr, 1400 Independence Ave SW,Room 344, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 15 TC 99 Z9 101 U1 0 U2 9 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 64 IS 8 BP 1188 EP 1193 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 460UH UT WOS:000170326600016 PM 11510658 ER PT J AU Lyon, BG Davis, CE Windham, WR Lyon, CE AF Lyon, BG Davis, CE Windham, WR Lyon, CE TI Acid phosphatase activity and color changes in consumer-style griddle-cooked ground beef patties SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID MAXIMUM COOKING TEMPERATURES; END-POINT TEMPERATURES; HEAT-TREATED BEEF; MEAT; SPECTROSCOPY; INDICATOR; POULTRY; MUSCLE AB The U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Food and Drug Administration have issued temperature requirements to help consumers cook beef patty products that are free of pathogens. Verification of end-point temperature (EPT) is needed in cooked meat products due to concerns over outbreaks of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Acid phosphatase (ACP) activity was studied as a potential method for determination of EPT in ground beef patties cooked nonfrozen, patties frozen 7 days and thawed at room temperature 4 h in a refrigerator or by microwave, and patties made from ground beef frozen in store packages, then thawed in a refrigerator overnight. Pressed-out meat juices were analyzed from patties (n = 314) cooked to 57.2 degreesC (135 degreesF), 65.6 degreesC (150 degreesF), 71.1 degreesC (160 degreesF), and 79.4 degreesC (175 degreesF) target EPTs. Expressed meat juice and internal meat patty color decreased in redness as EPT increased. Freezing whole packs with slow refrigerator or room temperature thawing caused significantly greater loss of redness in expressed cooked meat juice than did other handling methods. Log(10) ACP had a significant linear (R-2 = 0.99) response to EPT. Results show that the 3- to 5-min ACP test could be used to verify EPT in griddle-cooked hamburger patties. C1 USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30613 USA. RP Lyon, BG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30613 USA. EM bglyon@saa.ars.usda.gov NR 29 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 64 IS 8 BP 1199 EP 1205 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 460UH UT WOS:000170326600018 PM 11510660 ER PT J AU Richards, GP AF Richards, GP TI Enteric virus contamination of foods through industrial practices: a primer on intervention strategies SO JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Review DE Norwalk virus; hepatitis A virus; rotavirus; foodborne illness ID HEPATITIS-A VIRUS; NORWALK VIRUS; UNITED-STATES; VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS; CHEMICAL DISINFECTION; SIMIAN ROTAVIRUSES; WASTE-WATER; CRUISE SHIP; ENVIRONMENTAL SURFACES; FOODBORNE OUTBREAK AB Hepatitis A and E viruses, rotaviruses, Norwalk-like caliciviruses, and astroviruses are among the enteric viruses known to cause food- and waterborne illness. These viruses are spread by the fecal-oral route and area major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Foods may be contaminated at any time pre- or post-harvest; however, many outbreaks are associated with foods handled by infected restaurant workers. Produce may be contaminated by improper irrigation or fertilization practices, by the hands of infected pickers or processors, or as the result of adulteration during any stage of handling. Outbreaks have been commonly associated with foods which are served raw or only lightly cooked, such as molluscan shellfish, fruits and vegetables, and salads or products contaminated after cooking like frosted bakery products. The farming, shellfish, processing, transportation, and restaurant industries must maintain vigilance to reduce outbreaks of enteric virus illness. Intervention strategies to enhance product safety include increased industry and consumer education; changes in industrial practices, product management, and processing technologies; worker immunizations; and the development of improved monitoring tools for the detection of enteric viruses in foods. C1 Delaware State Univ, USDA ARS, WW Baker Ctr, Dover, DE 19901 USA. RP Richards, GP (reprint author), Delaware State Univ, USDA ARS, WW Baker Ctr, Dover, DE 19901 USA. NR 108 TC 51 Z9 53 U1 2 U2 17 PU NATURE AMERICA INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 1367-5435 J9 J IND MICROBIOL BIOT JI J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 27 IS 2 BP 117 EP 125 DI 10.1038/sj.jim.7000095 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 481GD UT WOS:000171510800008 PM 11641770 ER PT J AU Fratamico, PM Bagi, LK AF Fratamico, PM Bagi, LK TI Comparison of an immunochromatographic method and the TaqMan (R) E-coli O157 : H7 assay for detection of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 in alfalfa sprout spent irrigation water and in sprouts after blanching SO JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE TaqMan (R); PCR; immunoassay; E. coli O157 : H7; Rainbow (R) Agar; alfalfa sprouts ID SEEDS; SALMONELLA; FOODS; EHEC AB An immunochromatographic-based assay (Quix (TM) E. coli O157 Sprout Assay) and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay (TaqMan (R) E. coli O157:H7 Kit) were used to detect Escherichia coli O157:H7 strain 380-94 in spent irrigation water from alfalfa sprouts grown from artificially contaminated seeds. Ten, 25, 60, or 100 seeds contaminated by immersion for 15 min in a suspension of E. coli O157:H7 at concentrations of 10(6) or 10(8) cfu/ml were mixed with 20 g of non-inoculated seeds in plastic trays for sprouting. The seeds were sprayed with tap water for 15 s every hour and spent irrigation water was collected at intervals and tested. E. coli O157:H7 was detected in non-enriched water by both the TaqMan (R) PCR (30 of 30 samples) and the immunoassay (9 of 24 samples) in water collected 30 h from the start of the sprouting process. However, enrichment of the spent irrigation water in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth at 37 degreesC for 20 h permitted detection of E. coli O157:H7 in water collected 8 h from the start of sprouting using both methods, even in trays containing as few as 10 inoculated seeds. The TaqMan (R) PCR assay was more sensitive (more positive samples were observed earlier in the sprouting process) than the immunoassay; however, the immunoassay was easier to perform and was more rapid. At 72 h after the start of the sprouting process, the sprouts were heated at 100 degreesC for 30 s to determine the effectiveness of blanching for inactivation of E. coli O157:H7. All of the 32 samples tested with the TaqMan (R) assay and 16 of 32 samples tested with the Quix (R) assay gave positive results for E. coli O157:H7 after enrichment of the blanched sprouts at 37 degreesC for 24 h. In addition, the organism was detected on Rainbow (R) Agar O157 in 9 of 32 samples after 24 h of enrichment of the blanched sprouts. In conclusion, E. coli O157:H7 was detected in spent irrigation water collected from sprouts grown from artificially contaminated seeds by both the TaqMan (R) and Quix (R) assays. The data also revealed that blanching may not be effective to completely inactivate all the E. coli O157:H7 that may be present in sprouts. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Fratamico, PM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 17 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 8 PU NATURE AMERICA INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 1367-5435 J9 J IND MICROBIOL BIOT JI J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 27 IS 2 BP 129 EP 134 DI 10.1038/sj.jim.7000134 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 481GD UT WOS:000171510800010 PM 11641772 ER PT J AU Altre, JA Vandenberg, JD AF Altre, JA Vandenberg, JD TI Penetration of cuticle and proliferation in hemolymph by Paecilomyces fumosoroseus isolates that differ in virulence against lepidopteran larvae SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Paecilomyces fumosoroseus; Plutella xylostella; diamondback moth; Spodoptera frugiperda; fall armyworm; hemolymph; pathogenesis; virulence ID SPODOPTERA-EXIGUA; ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; DIAMONDBACK MOTH; BEET ARMYWORM; ANISOPLIAE AB Frequencies of cuticular penetration and speed of proliferation in hemolymph were demonstrated for two isolates of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus that differ in virulence against diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. Penetrant hyphae of virulent isolate 4461 were visible in larval cuticle cross-sections of diamondback moth and fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, within 22 h after inoculation. Virtually no penetration was observed for isolate 1576 for up to 52 h after inoculation. Isolate 4461 also proliferated more quickly than isolate 1576 in the hemolymph of fall armyworm when the isolates were injected as blastospores. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Entomol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Vandenberg, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 17 TC 16 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 78 IS 2 BP 81 EP 86 DI 10.1006/jipa.2001.5046 PG 6 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 493KC UT WOS:000172220900004 PM 11812110 ER PT J AU Pawlosky, RJ Hibbeln, JR Novotny, JA Salem, N AF Pawlosky, RJ Hibbeln, JR Novotny, JA Salem, N TI Physiological compartmental analysis of alpha-linolenic acid metabolism in adult humans SO JOURNAL OF LIPID RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE fatty acid metabolism; omega-3 fatty acids; compartmental model; kinetics; docosahexaenoic acid; isotope tracer ID POLYUNSATURATED FATTY-ACIDS; DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID; TERM INFANTS; ARACHIDONIC-ACID; VISUAL-ACUITY; GUINEA-PIG; IN-VIVO; DIETARY; PLASMA; BRAIN AB A physiological compartmental model of a-linolenic acid metabolism was derived from the plasma concentration-time curves for d5-18:3n-3, d5-20:5n-3, d5-22:5n-3, and d5-22:6n-3 in eight healthy subjects. Subjects received a I-g oral dose of an isotope tracer of a-linolenate (d5-18:3n-3 ethyl ester) while subsisting on a rigorously controlled beef-based diet. By utilizing the Windows Simulation and Analysis Modeling program, kinetic parameters were determined for each subject. Half-lives and mean transit times of the n-3 fatty acids in the plasma were also determined. The model predicted plasma values for the n-3 fatty acids in good accordance with the measured steady state concentrations and also predicted dietary linolenic acid intake for each subject in accordance with values determined by lipid analysis of the diet. Only about 0.2% of the plasma 18:3n-3 was destined for synthesis of 20:5n-3, approximately 63% of the plasma 20:5n-3 was accessible for production of 22:5n-3, and 37% of 22:5n-3 was available for synthesis of 22:6n-3.ie The inefficiency of the conversion of 18:3n-3 to 20:5n-3 indicates that the biosynthesis of long-chain n-3 PUFA from a-linolenic acidis limited in healthy individuals. In contrast, the much greater rate of transfer of mass from the plasma 20:5n-3 compartment to 22:5n-3 suggests that dietary eicosapentaenoic acid may be well utilized in the biosynthesis of 22:6n-3 in humans. C1 Food Composit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD USA. NIAAA, Lab Membrane Biochem & Biophys, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Pawlosky, RJ (reprint author), Food Composit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 39 TC 334 Z9 351 U1 0 U2 29 PU LIPID RESEARCH INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0022-2275 J9 J LIPID RES JI J. Lipid Res. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 42 IS 8 BP 1257 EP 1265 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 459VV UT WOS:000170272900011 PM 11483627 ER PT J AU Pyare, S Longland, WS AF Pyare, S Longland, WS TI Patterns of ectomycorrhizal-fungi consumption by small mammals in remnant old-growth forests of the Sierra Nevada SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE ectomycorrhizae; flying squirrels; mycophagy; old growth; small mammals; truffles ID NORTHERN FLYING SQUIRREL; NORTHEASTERN CALIFORNIA; SPOROCARP PRODUCTION; CONIFEROUS FORESTS; FOOD-HABITS; OREGON; RODENTS; MYCOPHAGY; DIET AB We investigated fungal consumption and resulting patterns of potential spore dispersal by 6 small mammals in old-growth habitat in the Sierra Nevada of the United States, a region in which this ecological interrelationship is poorly understood. Small mammals consumed a wide array of food items, although only feces of northern flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus), golden-mantled ground squirrels (Spermophilus lateralis), and Douglas squirrels (Tamiasciurus douglassi) frequently contained spores of hypogeous fungi, whereas those of lodgepole chipmunks (Tamias speciosus), long-eared chipmunks (T. quadrimaculatus), and deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) did so rarely. Feces from the 3 squirrel species also contained a greater number of hypogeous fungal genera per sample than did samples from the latter 3 species. Flying squirrels potentially dispersed the greatest variety of ectomycorrhizal fungi (16 genera): 8 in spring and 15 in autumn. Frequency of occurrence of 9 genera in the feces of flying squirrels differed between spring and autumn. Interspecific differences in patterns of fungal consumption, coupled with differences among these small mammals in habitat use, mobility, and digestive physiology, suggest that these small mammals may disperse fungi in ecologically nonredundant ways and that the integrity of entire small-mammal communities may be important to the maintenance of ectomycorrhizal diversity in coniferous forests. C1 Univ Nevada, Ecol Evolut & Conservat Biol Program, Reno, NV 89557 USA. ARS, USDA, Reno, NV 89512 USA. RP Pyare, S (reprint author), Wildlife Conservat Soc, Gen Delivery, Kelly, WY 83011 USA. NR 35 TC 46 Z9 50 U1 3 U2 16 PU AMER SOC MAMMALOGISTS PI PROVO PA BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV, DEPT OF ZOOLOGY, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 82 IS 3 BP 681 EP 689 DI 10.1644/1545-1542(2001)082<0681:POEFCB>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 465NV UT WOS:000170597600005 ER PT J AU Seidman, VM Zabel, CJ AF Seidman, VM Zabel, CJ TI Bat activity along intermittent streams in Northwestern California SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE bat activity; bat detectors; California; Douglas fir; intermittent streams; mistnetting ID INSECTIVOROUS BATS; HABITAT USE; ATMOSPHERIC ATTENUATION; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; ROOST-SITE; ECHOLOCATION; MYOTIS; ECOLOGY; FOREST; PREY AB Bats are known to use areas above perennial streams and rivers for foraging and traveling; however, little is known about bat use of smaller streams that flow intermittently. We compared bat activity among 3 size classes of streams and upland sites in a northwestern California watershed during summers 1996 and 1997. Stream size was classified based on channel width. Ultrasonic Anabat II(R) bat detectors were placed in stream channels and at upland sites, and bat activity was recorded remotely at night. Analysis of bat detector data revealed a significant difference in activity among the 4 habitat types in both years. In 1996, bat activity was greatest along medium and large intermittent streams, was intermediate at small intermittent streams. and was least at upland sites. In 1997, a similar pattern was found, but no significant difference was found in bat activity between small stream and upland sites. To determine species presence, bats were captured in mist nets at stream sites with the highest bat activity. Results are presented indicating differences in number of captures by species between medium and large streams. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Redwood Sci Lab, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. Humboldt State Univ, Dept Wildlife, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. RP Seidman, VM (reprint author), Calif State Parks, 250 Execut Pk Blvd,Suite 4900, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. NR 60 TC 39 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 17 PU AMER SOC MAMMALOGISTS PI PROVO PA BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV, DEPT OF ZOOLOGY, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 82 IS 3 BP 738 EP 747 DI 10.1644/1545-1542(2001)082<0738:BAAISI>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 465NV UT WOS:000170597600011 ER PT J AU Bowyer, RT Stewart, KM Kie, JG Gasaway, WC AF Bowyer, RT Stewart, KM Kie, JG Gasaway, WC TI Fluctuating asymmetry in antlers of Alaskan moose: Size matters SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE Alaskan moose; Alces alces gigas; antisymmetry; antler size. directional asymmetry; fluctuating asymmetry; honest advertisement; individual quality; mate selection; secondary sexual characteristics ID DEVELOPMENTAL STABILITY; SEXUAL SELECTION; INDIVIDUAL-DIFFERENCES; DIRECTIONAL ASYMMETRY; FALLOW DEER; DAMA-DAMA; FITNESS; POPULATIONS; INDICATORS; SENESCENCE AB We studied characteristics of paired antlers, including types of asymmetry, from 1,501 Alaskan moose (Alces alces gigas). We observed no evidence of antisymmetry in moose antlers, but number of tines was greater on left than right antlers, indicating directional asymmetry. Absolute and relative fluctuating asymmetry (FA) occurred for palm characteristics but not for beam circumference. Relative FA varied inversely with the overall size of antlers for attributes of the palm, which was expected for a secondary sexual characteristic. Smaller-antlered males exhibited greater FA than did larger-antlered moose in palm characteristics. Because large-antlered males, which mate most often among moose and other polygynous cervids, expressed the least relative FA, we hypothesize that this metric indicates quality of individual moose. Whether symmetry of antlers is related to antler breakage or honest advertisement or whether females select mates based on FA is unknown and deserves additional study. C1 Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Alaska, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. RP Bowyer, RT (reprint author), Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RI Stewart, Kelley/F-5897-2012 NR 76 TC 18 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 17 PU AMER SOC MAMMALOGISTS PI PROVO PA BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV, DEPT OF ZOOLOGY, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 82 IS 3 BP 814 EP 824 DI 10.1644/1545-1542(2001)082<0814:FAIAOA>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 465NV UT WOS:000170597600017 ER PT J AU Forys, EA Quistorff, A Allen, CR Wojcik, DP AF Forys, EA Quistorff, A Allen, CR Wojcik, DP TI The likely cause of extinction of the tree snail Orthalicus reses reses (Say) SO JOURNAL OF MOLLUSCAN STUDIES LA English DT Article ID FIRE ANTS HYMENOPTERA; FORMICIDAE; INVASION; FLORIDA AB The Stock Island tree snail, Orthalicus reses reses, went extinct in its native range in the Florida Keys in 1992. Fortunately, O. r. reses has been introduced elsewhere and further reintroductions are currently planned. Before these reintroductions are implemented, it is important to try and determine which factors were most likely to have caused the decline and extinction. While habitat destruction was probably the ultimate reason why there were so few tree snails, it is likely that an interaction of habitat fragmentation and the invasion of an exotic predator caused the final decline that lead to the extinction in 1992. We examined the last 93 O. r. reses shells to infer cause of death. In addition, using surrogate Florida tree snails, Liguus fasciatus, we conducted experiments on two previously unstudied causes of mortality: predation by red imported fire ants, Solenopsis invicta, and mortality from falls caused by wind. We found that the majority of the last O. r. reses shells were intact, indicating that mammalian and bird predation were not the greatest causes of mortality. Mortality caused by wind knocking tree snails onto the rocky hammock substrate appeared to be a potential source of mortality, but few of the tree snails exhibited signs of breakage. Mortality from fire ants appears to be one of the most likely causes of the recent decline and extinction of O. r. reses. Experiments indicated that in a semi-natural enclosure, fire ants were capable of killing all ages of L. fasciatus, even during aestivation. Fire ants are currently found throughout the last known habitat of O. r. reses and were first discovered in this area at the time of the decline. C1 Eckerd Coll, Nat Sci Collegium, St Petersburg, FL 33711 USA. Clemson Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. USDA ARS, CMAVE, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Forys, EA (reprint author), Eckerd Coll, Nat Sci Collegium, 4200 54th Ave S, St Petersburg, FL 33711 USA. EM forysea@eckerd.edu NR 15 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 9 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0260-1230 J9 J MOLLUS STUD JI J. Molluscan Stud. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 67 BP 369 EP 376 DI 10.1093/mollus/67.3.369 PN 3 PG 8 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 473QW UT WOS:000171060200009 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Garner, MM Stetter, MD Marsh, AE Barr, BC AF Dubey, JP Garner, MM Stetter, MD Marsh, AE Barr, BC TI Acute Sarcocystis falcatula-like infection in a carmine bee-eater (Merops nubicus) and immunohistochemical cross reactivity between Sarcocystis falcatula and Sarcocystis neurona SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EQUINE PROTOZOAL MYELOENCEPHALITIS; OPOSSUM DIDELPHIS-VIRGINIANA; BUDGERIGARS MELOPSITTACUS-UNDULATUS; SOUTH-AMERICAN OPOSSUM; IMMUNODEFICIENT MICE; PSITTACINE BIRDS; PATHOGENESIS; ALBIVENTRIS; SPOROCYSTS; PARASITE AB An unidentified Sarcocystis falcatula-like infection was diagnosed in a captive bee-cater (Merops nubicus) in a zoo in Florida. The bird died Suddenly, probably due to protozoa-associated pneumonia. Protozoal schizonts were found in lungs and heart, and immature sarcocysts were seen in skeletal muscles. Ultrastructurally, schizonts were located in capillary endothelium and merozoites lacked rhoptries, consistent with the structure of Sarcocystis species. Sarcocysts were immature, microscopic, and contained only metrocytes. The sarcocyst wall had finger-like villar protrusions that were up to 0.7 mum long and up to 0.2 mum wide. The villar protrusions lacked microtubules, characteristically seen in sarcocysts of S. falcatula. Antigenically, parasites in lungs and muscles of the bee-eater reacted with a varying intensity with polyclonal rabbit antisera to S. falcatula and Sarcocystis neurona. Results indicated that sarcocysts in the bee-eater were morphologically different from the reported structure for sarcocysts of other S. falcatula infections. C1 ARS, USDA, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Bldg 1001,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 38 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 87 IS 4 BP 824 EP 832 DI 10.1645/0022-3395(2001)087[0824:ASFLII]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 465JL UT WOS:000170585800020 PM 11534648 ER PT J AU Basso, W Venturini, L Venturini, MC Moore, P Rambeau, M Unzaga, JM Campero, C Bacigalupe, D Dubey, JP AF Basso, W Venturini, L Venturini, MC Moore, P Rambeau, M Unzaga, JM Campero, C Bacigalupe, D Dubey, JP TI Prevalence of Neospora caninum infection in dogs from beef-cattle farms, dairy farms, and from urban areas of Argentina SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ANTIBODIES; SEROPREVALENCE AB Prevalence of anti-Neospora caninum antibodies was determined in sera of 320 dogs from Argentina using the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). Antibodies to N. caninum were found in 121 of 320 (37.8%) sera with titers of 1:50 (21 dogs), 1:100 (23 dogs), 1:200 (23 dogs), 1:400 (17 dogs), 1:800 (23 dogs), and greater than or equal to1:1,600 (14 dogs). The seropositivity (IFAT 1:50) was higher in dogs from dairy (48% of 125) and beef (54.2% of 35) farms than in dogs from urban areas (26.2% of 160). Prevalence of anti-N. caninum antibodies was higher in dogs more than 12 mo of age (47.7%, 105 of 222) versus in 12-mo-old or younger dogs (12.7% of 86), suggesting postnatal exposure of N. caninum infection in dogs. C1 ARS, USDA, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Natl Univ La Plata, Fac Ciencias Vet, Catedra Parasitol, RA-1900 La Plata, Argentina. Inst Nacl Tecnol Agropecuaria, Balcarce, Argentina. RP Basso, W (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Bldg 1001,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 23 TC 32 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 87 IS 4 BP 906 EP 907 PG 2 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 465JL UT WOS:000170585800028 PM 11534656 ER PT J AU Voigt, RG Llorente, AM Jensen, CL Fraley, JK Berretta, MC Heird, WC AF Voigt, RG Llorente, AM Jensen, CL Fraley, JK Berretta, MC Heird, WC TI A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder SO JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article ID ESSENTIAL FATTY-ACIDS; DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER; CEREBROSPINAL-FLUID; NORMATIVE DATA; YOUNG-ADULTS; BOYS; METHYLPHENIDATE; METABOLISM; BRAIN; DEPRESSION AB Objective: To determine whether docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation for 4 months decreases the symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Study design: Sixty-three 6- to- 12-year-old children with ADHD, all receiving effective maintenance therapy with stimulant medication, were assigned randomly, in a double-blind fashion, to receive DHA supplementation (345 mg/d) or placebo for 4 months. Outcome variables included plasma phospholipid fatty acid patterns, scores on laboratory measures of inattention and impulsivity (Test of Variables of Attention, Children's Color Trails test) while not taking stimulant medication, and scores on parental behavioral rating scales (Child Behavior Checklist, Conners' Rating Scale). Differences between groups after 4 months of DHA supplementation or placebo administration were determined by analysis of variance, controlling for age, baseline value of each outcome variable, ethnicity, and ADHD subtype. Results: Plasma phospholipid DHA content of the DHA-supplemented group was 2.6-fold higher at the end of the study than that of the placebo group (4.85 +/- 1.35 vs 1.86 +/- 0.87 mol % of total fatty acids; P <.001). Despite this, there was no statistically significant improvement in any objective or subjective measure of ADHD symptoms. Conclusion: A 4-month period of DHA supplementation (345 mg/d) does not decrease symptoms of ADHD. C1 Mayo Clin & Mayo Fdn, Dept Pediat & Adolescent Med, Div Dev & Behav Pediat, Rochester, MN 55905 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Psychiat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Voigt, RG (reprint author), Mayo Clin & Mayo Fdn, Dept Pediat & Adolescent Med, Div Dev & Behav Pediat, 200 1st St SW,Baldwin 3A, Rochester, MN 55905 USA. NR 50 TC 168 Z9 175 U1 2 U2 22 PU MOSBY-ELSEVIER PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVENUE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0022-3476 EI 1097-6833 J9 J PEDIATR-US JI J. Pediatr. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 139 IS 2 BP 189 EP 196 DI 10.1067/mpd.2001.116050 PG 8 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 461JA UT WOS:000170360100006 PM 11487742 ER PT J AU Friedman, M AF Friedman, M TI Application of the S-pyridylethylation reaction to the elucidation of the structures and functions of proteins SO JOURNAL OF PROTEIN CHEMISTRY LA English DT Review DE cysteine; cystine; disulfide bonds; sulfhydryl groups; pyridylethylation; vinyl pyridine ID AMINO-ACID-SEQUENCE; PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; GROWTH-FACTOR-I; MOLECULAR-WEIGHT SUBUNITS; POLYACRYLAMIDE-GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; CYTOSOLIC ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE; INTERMOLECULAR DISULFIDE BRIDGE; CYSTEINYL SULFHYDRYL RESIDUES; WHEAT STORAGE PROTEINS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI AB Cysteine (Cys) and cystine residues in proteins are unstable under conditions used for acid hydrolysis of peptide bonds. To overcome this problem, we proposed the use of the S-pyridylethylation reaction to stabilize Cys residues as pyridylethyl-cysteine (PEC) protein derivatives. This suggestion was based on our observation that two synthetic derivatives formed by pyridylethylation of the SH group of Cys with either 2-vinylpyridine (2-VP) or 4-vinylpyridine (4-VP), designated as S-beta-(2-pyridylethyl)-L-cysteine (2-PEC) and S-beta-(4-pyridylethyl)-L-cysteine (4-PEC), were stable under acid conditions used to hydrolyze proteins. This was also the case for protein-bound PEC groups. Since their discovery over 30 years ago, pyridylethylation reactions have been widely modified and automated for the analysis of many structurally different proteins at levels as low as 20 picomoles, to determine the primary structures of proteins and to define the influence of SH groups and disulfide bonds on the structures and functional, enzymatic, medical, nutritional, pharmacological, and toxic properties of proteins isolated from plant, microbial, marine, animal, and human sources. Pyridylethylation has been accepted as the best method for the modification of Cys residues in proteins for subsequent analysis and sequence determination. The reaction has also been proposed to measure D-Cys, homocysteine, glutathione, tryptophan, dehydroalanine, and furanthiol food flavors. This integrated overview of the diverse literature on these reactions emphasizes general concepts. It is intended to serve as a resource and guide for further progress based on the reported application of pyridylethylation reactions to more than 150 proteins. C1 USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Friedman, M (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. OI Friedman, Mendel/0000-0003-2582-7517 NR 293 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 7 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0277-8033 J9 J PROTEIN CHEM JI J. Protein Chem. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 20 IS 6 BP 431 EP 453 DI 10.1023/A:1012558530359 PG 23 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 494EY UT WOS:000172269800001 PM 11760118 ER PT J AU Shypailo, RJ Ellis, KJ AF Shypailo, RJ Ellis, KJ TI Educational Web site: Radioisotopic methods of determining body composition SO JOURNAL OF RADIOANALYTICAL AND NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Methods and Applications of Radioanalytical Chemistry (MARC-V) CY APR 09-14, 2000 CL KAILUA-KONA, HAWAII SP Amer Nucl Soc Top AB We have designed a Web site intended to inform the general public about existing nuclear technologies based on the measurement of radioisotopes in the human body. The presentation is focused on the concept of radioisotope measurements for determination of body composition (bone, muscle, water, fat), and the risks, benefits, and clinical applications of these techniques. Procedures covered are K-40 whole body counting, delayed-gamma neutron activation, prompt-gamma neutron activation, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The information presented is tailored for the nonscientific public, in order to promote familiarity with and understanding of the basic concepts of radioisotope measurements in the human body. Further development of the site will include greater scientific detail, suitable for student instruction or for continuing education requirements of various certification programs. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Shypailo, RJ (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0236-5731 J9 J RADIOANAL NUCL CH JI J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 249 IS 2 BP 403 EP 406 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology GA 465YA UT WOS:000170616500022 ER PT J AU Shypailo, RJ Ellis, KJ AF Shypailo, RJ Ellis, KJ TI Estimation of background interference in prompt-gamma neutron activation using MCNP SO JOURNAL OF RADIOANALYTICAL AND NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Methods and Applications of Radioanalytical Chemistry (MARC-V) CY APR 09-14, 2000 CL KAILUA-KONA, HAWAII SP Amer Nucl Soc Top ID TOTAL-BODY NITROGEN; ANALYSIS FACILITY; INVIVO; HYDROGEN; CARBON AB Prompt-gamma neutron activation (PGNA) is used to measure total-body nitrogen and hydrogen in humans. Background interference in the gamma spectra arises from both subject and shielding. A Monte Carlo simulation program (MCNP4B2) was used to examine the neutron and gamma signals in the PGNA system ((AmBe)-Am-241 source). N and H peak regions were assessed in the presence and absence of calibration phantoms. The simulations suggested extracorporeal H peak contributions of up to 30%, depending on subject body habitus. Most N background could be attributed to detector pileup events. The MCNP results allowed us to improve shielding design and develop background correction algorithms to improve measurement precision. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Shypailo, RJ (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 10 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0236-5731 J9 J RADIOANAL NUCL CH JI J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 249 IS 2 BP 407 EP 412 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology GA 465YA UT WOS:000170616500023 ER PT J AU Ellis, KJ Shypailo, RJ Hergenroeder, AC Perez, MD Abrams, SA AF Ellis, KJ Shypailo, RJ Hergenroeder, AC Perez, MD Abrams, SA TI Total body calcium by neutron activation analysis: Reference data for children SO JOURNAL OF RADIOANALYTICAL AND NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Methods and Applications of Radioanalytical Chemistry (MARC-V) CY APR 09-14, 2000 CL KAILUA-KONA, HAWAII SP Amer Nucl Soc Top AB There is a paucity of data on the chemical composition of the human body during growth. Total body calcium (TBCa) has been reported for only one male child, aged 41/2 yr. We have obtained TBCa values for 25 children and 27 young women using in vivo neutron activation analysis. Our TBCa results were lower than those reported for the one male cadaver, as well as the estimates derived for the "Reference Man" model. We conclude that the reference values for TBCa may need to be adjusted to appropriately describe skeletal mineralization of contemporary children. C1 USDA ARS, Body Composit Lab, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Texas Childrens Hosp, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Ellis, KJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Body Composit Lab, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20250 USA. OI Abrams, Steven/0000-0003-4972-9233 NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0236-5731 J9 J RADIOANAL NUCL CH JI J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 249 IS 2 BP 461 EP 464 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology GA 465YA UT WOS:000170616500032 ER PT J AU Tu, SI Golden, M Andreotti, P Yu, LSL Irwin, P AF Tu, SI Golden, M Andreotti, P Yu, LSL Irwin, P TI Applications of time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay to detect magnetic bead captured Escherichia coli O157 : H7 SO JOURNAL OF RAPID METHODS AND AUTOMATION IN MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; BACTERIA; ASSAY; FOODS AB A time-resolved fluorescence technique was developed to detect Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ground beef burger. After a 4.5 h enrichment period, streptavidin coated magnetic beads conjugated with biotin-labeled anti E. coli O157:H7 were used to capture the bacteria. ne bacteria were, at the same time, also labeled by a nonfluorescent, europium (Eu)-tagged anti-E. coli O157:H7 antibody. The sandwiched bacterial complexes were then concentrated using a magnetic particle concentrator and washed to remove other solution components. Upon addition of an enhancement buffer, the Eu-labels were then released from the antibodies and chelated to nitrilo-triacetic acid (ATA) and trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) to form highly fluorescent Eu-(2-ATA)(3)(TOPO)(2-3) micellar complexes. Delayed fluorescence associated with these complexes was measured and its intensity was used to estimate the original bacterial concentration spiked in hamburger. This approach was applied to detect E. coli O157:H7 spiked in hamburgers. The results indicated this method is able to detect similar to1 CFU/g of the bacteria after a brief enrichment for four and half hours at 37C. Specificity studies indicated that the approach exhibited no or limited cross reactivity to Salmonella typhimurium, E. coli K-12 or Shigella dysenteriae spiked in hamburgers. Thus, the developed approach may be used as a rapid screening procedure for E. coli O157 bacteria in foods. C1 USDA ARS, NAA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. PerkinElmer Life Sci, Plantation, FL 33313 USA. RP USDA ARS, NAA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. EM stu@arserrc.gov NR 22 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 5 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1060-3999 EI 1745-4581 J9 J RAPID METH AUT MIC JI J Rapid Methods Autom. Microbiol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 9 IS 2 BP 71 EP 84 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4581.2001.tb00231.x PG 14 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 461GZ UT WOS:000170357700002 ER PT J AU Rao, DS Balkundi, D Uskokovic, MR Tserng, KY Clark, JW Horst, RL Reddy, GS AF Rao, DS Balkundi, D Uskokovic, MR Tserng, KY Clark, JW Horst, RL Reddy, GS TI Double bond in the side chain of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-22-ene-vitamin D-3 is reduced during its metabolism: studies in chronic myeloid leukemia (RWLeu-4) cells and rat kidney SO JOURNAL OF STEROID BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE double bond reductions; kidney; metabolism; 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)D-3; 1 alpha 25(OH)(2)-22-ene-D-3; RWLeu-4 cells ID VITAMIN-D ANALOG; 1-ALPHA,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D-3; CALCITROIC ACID; 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN-D3; 25-HYDROXYVITAMIN-D3; 24-HYDROXYLASE; IDENTIFICATION; CALCIPOTRIOL; OXIDATION; PATHWAY AB 1 alpha ,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D-3 [1 alpha ,25(OH)(2)D-3] is mainly metabolized via the C-24 oxidation pathway and undergoes several side chain modifications which include C-24 hydroxylation, C-24 ketonization, C-23 hydroxylation and side chain cleavage between C-23 and C-24 to form the final product, calcitroic acid. In a recent study we reported that 1 alpha ,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-2 [1 alpha ,25(OH)(2)D-2] like 1 alpha ,25(OH)(2)D-3, is also converted into the same final product, calcitroic acid. This finding indicated that 1 alpha ,25(OH)(2)D-2 also undergoes side chain cleavage between C-23 and C-24. As the side chain of 1 alpha ,25(OH)(2)D-2, when compared to the side chain of 1 alpha ,25(OH)(2)D-3, has a double bond between C-22 and C-23 and an extra methyl group at C-24 position, it opens the possibility for both (a) double bond reduction and (b) demethylation to occur during the metabolism of 1 alpha ,25(OH)(2)D-2. We undertook the present study to establish firmly the possibility of double bond reduction in the metabolism of vitamin D-2 related compounds. We compared the metabolism of 1 alpha ,25-dihydroxy-22-ene-vitamin D-3 [1 alpha ,25(OH)(2)-22-ene-D-3], a synthetic vitamin D analog whose side chain differs from that of lot,25(OH)2D3 only through a sing-le modification namely the presence of a double bond between C-22 and C-23. Metabolism studies were performed in the chronic myeloid leukemic cell line (RWLeu-4) and in the isolated perfused rat kidney. Our results indicate that both 1 alpha ,25(OH)(2)-22-ene-D-3 and 1 alpha ,25(OH)(2)D-3 are converted into common metabolites namely, 1 alpha ,24(R),25-trihydroxyvitamin D-3 [1 alpha ,24(R),25(OH)(3)D-3], 1 alpha ,25-dihydroxy-24-oxovitamin D-3 [1 alpha ,25(OH)(2)-24-oxo-D-3], 1 alpha ,23(S),25-trihydroxy-24-oxovitamin D-3 and 1 alpha ,23-dihydroxy-24,25,26,27-tetranorvitamin D-3. This finding indicates that the double bond in the side chain of 1 alpha ,25(OH)(2)-22-ene-D-3 is reduced during its metabolism. Along with the aforementioned metabolites, 1 alpha ,25(OH)(2)-22-ene-D-3 is also converted into two additional metabolites namely, 1 alpha ,24,25(OH)(3)-22-ene-D-3 and 1 alpha ,25(OH)(2)-24-oxo-22-ene-D-3. Furthermore, we did not observe direct conversion of 1 alpha ,25(OH)(2)-22-ene-D-3 into 1 alpha ,25(OH)(2)D-3. These findings indicate that 1 alpha ,25(OH)(2)-22-ene-D-3 is first converted into 1 alpha ,24,25(OH)(3)-22-ene-D-3 and 1 alpha ,25(OH)(2)-24-oxo-22-ene-D-3. Then the double bonds in the side chains of 1 alpha ,24,25(OH)(3)-22-ene-D-3 and 1 alpha ,25(OH)(2)-24-oxo-22-ene-D-3 undergo reduction to form 1 alpha ,24(R),25(OH)(3)D-3 and 1 alpha ,25(OH)(2)-24-oxo-D-3, respectively. Thus, our study indicates that the double bond in 1 alpha ,25(OH)(2)-22-ene-D-3 is reduced during its metabolism. Furthermore, it appears that the double bond reduction occurs only during the second or the third step of 1 alpha, 25(OH)(2)-22-ene-D-3 metabolism indicating that prior C-24 hydroxylation of 1 alpha ,25(OH)(2)- 22-ene-D-3 is required for the double bond reduction to occur. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Brown Univ, Women & Infants Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Providence, RI 02905 USA. Hoffmann La Roche Inc, Nutley, NJ 07110 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Pharmacol, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Vet Adm Med Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA. ARS, USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Metab Dis & Immunol Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Reddy, GS (reprint author), Brown Univ, Women & Infants Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, 101 Dudley St, Providence, RI 02905 USA. EM sreddy@wihri.org NR 21 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0960-0760 J9 J STEROID BIOCHEM JI J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 78 IS 2 BP 167 EP 176 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 480JN UT WOS:000171458400008 ER PT J AU Jatoi, A Daly, EDT Kramer, G Mason, JB AF Jatoi, A Daly, EDT Kramer, G Mason, JB TI Folate status among patients with non-small cell lung cancer: A case-control study SO JOURNAL OF SURGICAL ONCOLOGY LA English DT Article DE non-small cell lung cancer; folate; homocysteine; diet, risk factors ID BRONCHIAL SQUAMOUS METAPLASIA; DIETARY HABITS; SMOKERS; VITAMIN-B-12; RISK AB Objective and Background: This case control study explored the purported inverse relationship between folate status and lung cancer development. Methods: Folate status of 46 postoperative non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients was compared to that of 44 non-cancer patients. Cancer patients had completed treatment > 3 months prior and had no evidence of cancer. Ineligibility criteria for all patients included (1) > 2 alcoholic drinks/day (2) ongoing tobacco use, or (3) folate supplementation > 400 mug/day. Results: No differences were found between groups in serum and RBC folate after adjustment for age and use of folate-interfering medications: geometric means (GM) x/geometric standard error (GSE): 7.9 ng/ml x/1.1 vs. 7.8 ng/ml x/1.1, respectively (P = 0.91) for serum folate; 264 ng/ml x/1.1 vs. 263 ng/ml x/1.1, respectively (P = 0.97) for RBC folate. Age- and creatinine-adjusted homocysteine was no different between groups: GM x/GSE: 9.4 mu mol/L x/1.0 vs. 8.6 mu mol/L x/1.0, respectively (P=0.17). No difference were seen in folate intake. Frequencies of the homozygous genotype for the MTHFR polymorphism, an enzyme important in folate metabolism and associated with a reduced risk of other cancers, were no different. Conclusions: This case control study does not support the hypothesis that low folate is an independent risk factor for NSCLC. J. Surg. Oncol. 2001;77:247-252. (C) 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Tufts Univ, New England Med Ctr, Dept Med, Div Hematol Oncol, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, New England Med Ctr, Dept Med, Div Clin Nutr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Vitamin Bioavailabil Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, New England Med Ctr, Dept Surg, Div Cardiothorac Surg, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, New England Med Ctr, Dept Med, Div Gen Internal Med, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Jatoi, A (reprint author), Mayo Clin, Div Med Oncol, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA. NR 23 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0022-4790 J9 J SURG ONCOL JI J. Surg. Oncol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 77 IS 4 BP 247 EP 252 DI 10.1002/jso.1104 PG 6 WC Oncology; Surgery SC Oncology; Surgery GA 460JA UT WOS:000170303400006 PM 11473373 ER PT J AU Jarvill-Taylor, KJ Anderson, RA Graves, DJ AF Jarvill-Taylor, KJ Anderson, RA Graves, DJ TI A hydroxychalcone derived from cinnamon functions as a mimetic for insulin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE diabetes mellitus; insulin; methylhydroxychalcone; cinnamon; phosphorylation; glycogen ID GLYCOGEN-SYNTHASE KINASE-3; SIGNALING PATHWAYS; RECEPTOR KINASE; PHOSPHORYLATION; ACTIVATION; INHIBITION; RESISTANCE; TRANSPORT; MECHANISM; MUSCLE AB Objectives: These studies investigated the ability of a hydroxychalcone from cinnamon to function as an insulin mimetic in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Methods: Comparative experiments were performed with the cinnamon methylhydroxychalcone polymer and insulin with regard to glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase dependency, glycogen synthase activation and glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta activity. The phosphorylation state of the insulin receptor was also investigated. Results: MHCP treatment stimulated glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis to a similar level as insulin. Glycogen synthesis was inhibited by both wortmannin and LY294002, inhibitors directed against the PI-3-kinase. In addition, MHCP treatment activated glycogen synthase and inhibited glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta activities, known effects of insulin treatment. Analysis of the insulin receptor demonstrated that the receptor was phosphorylated upon exposure to the MHCP. This supports that the insulin cascade was triggered by MHCP. Along with comparing MHCP to insulin, experiments were done with MHCP and insulin combined. The responses observed using the dual treatment were greater than additive, indicating synergism between the two compounds. Conclusion: Together, these results demonstrate that the MHCP is an effective mimetic of insulin. MHCP may be useful in the treatment of insulin resistance and in the study of the pathways leading to glucose utilization in cells. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Biochem Biophys & Mol Biol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Graves, DJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. NR 28 TC 112 Z9 117 U1 2 U2 14 PU AMER COLL NUTRITION PI NEW YORK PA C/O HOSP. JOINT DIS. 301 E. 17TH ST., NEW YORK, NY 10003 USA SN 0731-5724 J9 J AM COLL NUTR JI J. Am. Coll. Nutr. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 20 IS 4 BP 327 EP 336 PG 10 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 459YY UT WOS:000170280100008 PM 11506060 ER PT J AU Davis, CA Britten, P Myers, EF AF Davis, CA Britten, P Myers, EF TI Past, present, and future of the Food Guide Pyramid SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material ID US DIETARY GUIDELINES; NUTRITION; PATTERNS; RECOMMENDATIONS; HEALTH; RISK; WOMEN; MEN C1 USDA, Ctr Nutr Policy & Promot, Alexandria, VA 22302 USA. ADA, Chicago, IL USA. RP Davis, CA (reprint author), USDA, Ctr Nutr Policy & Promot, 3101 Pk Ctr Dr,10th Floor, Alexandria, VA 22302 USA. NR 57 TC 23 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER DIETETIC ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 216 W JACKSON BLVD #800, CHICAGO, IL 60606-6995 USA SN 0002-8223 J9 J AM DIET ASSOC JI J. Am. Diet. Assoc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 101 IS 8 BP 881 EP 885 DI 10.1016/S0002-8223(01)00217-6 PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 460MZ UT WOS:000170312500011 PM 11501861 ER PT J AU Reid, LM AF Reid, LM TI The epidemiology of monitoring SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE monitoring; sedimentation; instrumentation; watershed management; water quality AB An informal sample of 30 flawed monitoring projects was examined to identify the most common problems and to determine how they could have been prevented. Problems fall into two, general categories: 70 percent of the sampled projects had design problems, and 50 percent of the sampled projects had procedural problems. Monitoring projects implemented by land-management agencies tended to have a higher proportion of procedural problems than did university-based programs (generally graduate student research), while the frequency of design problems was similar between agencies and universities. The most common problems were poorly trained or unmotivated field crews (37 percent of projects, a procedural problem), a sampling plan that was not capable of measuring what was needed to meet project objectives (30 percent, design), delays in analyzing data (27 percent, procedure), inadequate monitoring durations (27 percent, design), and absence of the collateral information needed to interpret results (20 percent, procedure). Most of the problems could have been avoided by submission of the study design to thorough technical and statistical review, active participation of the principal investigators in field data collection, and analysis of at least some of the data as soon as information was collected so that problems could be recognized early enough to be corrected. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Redwood Sci Lab, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. RP Reid, LM (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Redwood Sci Lab, 1700 Bayview Dr, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. NR 5 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 37 IS 4 BP 815 EP 820 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb05514.x PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 478AX UT WOS:000171321700005 ER PT J AU Perkins-Veazie, P Collins, JK Pair, SD Roberts, W AF Perkins-Veazie, P Collins, JK Pair, SD Roberts, W TI Lycopene content differs among red-fleshed watermelon cultivars SO JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE carotenoids; functional foods; colour ID CAROTENOID CONTENT; TOMATO; VEGETABLES; PRODUCTS; CANCER; FRUITS; COLOR; PREVENTION; HEALTH; FOODS AB Lycopene, a carotenoid, has antioxidant properties that may reduce the incidence of certain cancers. Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb) Matsum & Nakai) is a natural source of lycopene, with a reported average content of 48.7 mug g(-1) fresh weight based on samples taken from retail produce. This study demonstrated the variability of lycopene content in 11 red-fleshed watermelon cultivars grown at one location, representing seedless, open-pollinated and hybrid types, and in commercially shipped hybrid and seedless melons, representing seasonal production periods. Tristimulus colorimeter a* and chroma values were positively correlated with lycopene values, but Linear or quadratic regressions of colorimeter data against lycopene values were not significant. Tristimulus colorimeter readings from cut melons were compared to amounts of lycopene extracted from the same melons. Lycopene content varied widely among cultivars, with four cultivars having mean values greater than 65.0 mug g(-1) fresh weight. Seedless types sampled tended to have higher amounts of lycopene (> 50.0 mug g(-1) fresh weight) than seeded types. Watermelon lycopene content changed for some cultivars with production season. Published in 2001 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, S Cent Agr Res Lab, Lane, OK 74555 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Wes Watkins Agr Res & Extens Ctr, Lane, OK 74555 USA. RP Perkins-Veazie, P (reprint author), USDA ARS, S Cent Agr Res Lab, POB 159, Lane, OK 74555 USA. NR 24 TC 95 Z9 111 U1 1 U2 21 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0022-5142 J9 J SCI FOOD AGR JI J. Sci. Food Agric. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 81 IS 10 BP 983 EP 987 DI 10.1002/jsfa.880 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 455YH UT WOS:000170055000002 ER PT J AU South, PK Morris, VC Levander, OA Smith, AD AF South, PK Morris, VC Levander, OA Smith, AD TI Mortality in mice infected with an amyocarditic coxsackievirus and given a subacute dose of mercuric chloride SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A LA English DT Article ID SIMPLEX VIRUS TYPE-2; THIOREDOXIN REDUCTASE; VITAMIN-E; GLUTATHIONE-PEROXIDASE; SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE; INDUCED MYOCARDITIS; METHYL MERCURY; B3 MYOCARDITIS; HEAVY-METALS; METHYLMERCURY AB An amyocarditic strain of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3/0) induces heart damage when inoculated into selenium (Se)-deficient mice. Mercury (Hg), an Se antagonist, is known to aggravate viral infections. The experiments reported here assessed the effect of prior Hg treatment in mice subsequently inoculated with an amyocarditic strain of coxsackievirus. A pilot study showed that under our conditions the maximum tolerated dose of HgCl2 in uninfected mice was 6 mg HgCl2/kg body weight. In the main study, doses of 0, 3 or 6 mg HgCl2/kg body weight were administered intraperitoneally (ip) to 7-wk-old male mice fed a standard chow diet. Two hours later, half the mice were inoculated ip with CVB3/0. Ten days postinoculation, no mortality was observed in mice given only virus. In mice not given virus, 10% injected with 6 mg HgCl2/kg body weight died. On the other hand, 64% of the mice given both virus and 6 mg HgCl2/kg body weight died. Fifteen percent of the hearts from virus-infected mice given 3 mg HgCl2/kg body weight and 33% of the hearts from virus-infected mice given 6 mg HgCl2/kg body weight exhibited a higher incidence of lesions than hearts from mice-given virus alone. Moreover, viral heart titers were elevated in infected mice injected with 6 mg HgCl2/kg body weight compared to infected mice receiving no Hg. Thus, an amyocarditic coxsackievirus given to mice after a nonlethal subacute dose of Hg results in mortality, increased incidence of heart lesions, and elevated viral heart titers. These results demonstrate the important role of toxic elements in determining the severity of viral infections. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Nutr Requirements & Funct Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Smith, AD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Nutr Requirements & Funct Lab, Bldg 307,Rm 216,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 43 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND SN 1528-7394 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL A JI J. TOXICOL. ENV. HEALTH PT A PD AUG PY 2001 VL 63 IS 7 BP 511 EP 523 DI 10.1080/15287390152410147 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 460FF UT WOS:000170297000003 PM 11497332 ER PT J AU Fehmi, JS Bartolome, JW AF Fehmi, JS Bartolome, JW TI A grid-based method for sampling and analysing spatially ambiguous plants SO JOURNAL OF VEGETATION SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE grassland; Nassella pulchra; pattern analysis; Ripley's K-function; sampling scale ID PATTERN-ANALYSIS; K-FUNCTION; COMPETITION; ECOLOGY; GOPHERS AB Spatial data can provide much information about the interrelations of plants and the relationship between individuals and the environment. Spatially ambiguous plants. i.e. plants without readily identifiable loci. and plants that are profusely abundant. present non-trivial impediments to the collection and analysis of vegetation data derived from standard spatial sampling techniques, Sampling with grids of presence/absence quadrats can ameliorate much of this difficulty. Our analysis of 10 fully-mapped grassland plots demonstrates the applicability of the grid-based approach which revealed spatial dependence at a much lower sampling effort than mapping each plant. Ripley's K-function, a test commonly used for point patterns. was effective for pattern analysis on the grids and the gridded quadrat technique was an effective tool for quantifying spatial patterns. The addition of spatial pattern measures should allow for better comparisons of vegetation structure between sites, instead of sole reliance on species composition data. C1 USDA ARS, No Great Plains Res Lab, Mandan, ND 58554 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 95723 USA. RP Fehmi, JS (reprint author), CERL, 2902 Newmark Dr, Champaign, IL 61826 USA. OI Fehmi, Jeffrey/0000-0003-0618-9740 NR 27 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 7 PU OPULUS PRESS UPPSALA AB PI LANNA PA MALMEN, S-740 11 LANNA, SWEDEN SN 1100-9233 J9 J VEG SCI JI J. Veg. Sci. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 12 IS 4 BP 467 EP 472 DI 10.2307/3236998 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology; Forestry SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 489GT UT WOS:000171984200003 ER PT J AU Tulman, ER Afonso, CL Lu, Z Zsak, L Kutish, GF Rock, DL AF Tulman, ER Afonso, CL Lu, Z Zsak, L Kutish, GF Rock, DL TI Genome of lumpy skin disease virus SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID COMPLETE DNA-SEQUENCE; VACCINIA VIRUS; MYXOMA VIRUS; CAPRIPOXVIRUS; PROTEIN; CATTLE; STRAIN; CELLS; ORTHOPOXVIRUSES; IDENTIFICATION AB Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), a member of the capripoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae, is the etiologic agent of an important disease of cattle in Africa. Here we report the genomic sequence of LSDV, The 151-kbp LSDV genome consists of a central coding region bounded by identical 2.4 kbp-inverted terminal repeats and contains 156 putative genes. Comparison of LSDV with chordopoxviruses of other genera reveals 146 conserved genes which encode proteins involved in transcription and mRNA biogenesis, nucleotide metabolism, DNA replication, protein processing, virion structure and assembly, and viral virulence and host range. In the central genomic region, LSDV genes share a high degree of colinearity and amino acid identity (average of 65%) with genes of other known mammalian poxviruses, particularly suipoxvirus, yatapoxvirus, and leporipoxviruses, In the terminal regions, colinearity is disrupted and poxvirus homologues are either absent or share a lower percentage of amino acid identity (average of 43%), Most of these differences involve genes and gene families with likely functions involving viral virulence and host range. Although LSDV resembles leporipoxviruses in gene content and organization, it also contains homologues of interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-1 binding proteins, G protein-coupled CC chemokine receptor, and epidermal growth factor-like protein which are found in other poxvirus genera, These data show that although LSDV is closely related to other members of the Chordopoxvirinae, it contains a unique complement of genes responsible for viral host range and virulence. C1 USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. RP Rock, DL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, POB 848, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. NR 54 TC 91 Z9 105 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 75 IS 15 BP 7122 EP 7130 DI 10.1128/JVI.75.15.7122-7130.2001 PG 9 WC Virology SC Virology GA 452QR UT WOS:000169870700042 PM 11435593 ER PT J AU Zambell, KL Horn, WF Keim, NL AF Zambell, KL Horn, WF Keim, NL TI Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation in humans: Effects on fatty acid and glycerol kinetics SO LIPIDS LA English DT Article ID MAMMARY-CANCER PREVENTION; BODY-COMPOSITION; 3T3-L1 PREADIPOCYTES; MICE; PROLIFERATION; INVIVO; MASS AB Recent studies with mouse adipocytes have shown that dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) may reduce body fat by increasing lipolysis. The present study examined the effect of CLA supplementation on fatty acid and glycerol kinetics in six healthy, adult women who were participating in a controlled metabolic ward study. These women were fed six CLA capsules per day (3.9 g/d) for 64 d following a baseline period of 30 d. The subjects were confined to a metabolic suite for the entire 94-d study, where diet and activity were controlled and held constant. The rate of appearance (Ra) of glycerol, which indicates lipolytic rates, was similar at baseline and after 4 wk of CLA supplementation at rest (1.87 +/- 0.21 and 2.00 +/- 0.39 mu mol/kg/min, respectively) and during exercise (7.12 +/- 0.74 and 6.40 +/- 0.99 mu mol/kg/min, respectively). Likewise, the Ra of free fatty acids (FFA) was not significantly different after 4 wk of dietary CLA at rest (2.72 +/- 0.06 and 2.74 +/- 0.12 mu mol/kg/min, respectively) or during exercise (6.99 +/- 0.40 and 5.88 +/- 0.29 mu mol/kg/min, respectively). CLA supplementation also had no effect on the percentage of FFA released from lipolysis that were re-esterified. The apparent rate of FFA re-esterification was 65.2 +/- 4.2% at rest and 32.1 +/- 3.44% during exercise. Four weeks of CLA supplementation had no significant effect on fatty acid or glycerol metabolism in healthy, weight-stable, adult women. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Exercise Sci, USDA, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Keim, NL (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Exercise Sci, USDA, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. OI Horn, William/0000-0002-2681-4163 NR 23 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0024-4201 J9 LIPIDS JI Lipids PD AUG PY 2001 VL 36 IS 8 BP 767 EP 772 DI 10.1007/s11745-001-0783-8 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 477VM UT WOS:000171305000002 PM 11592726 ER PT J AU Moreau, RA Nunez, A Singh, V AF Moreau, RA Nunez, A Singh, V TI Diferuloylputrescine and p-coumaroyl-feruloylputrescine, abundant polyamine conjugates in lipid extracts of maize kernels SO LIPIDS LA English DT Article ID HYDROXYCINNAMIC ACID-AMIDES; CORN FIBER; ACCUMULATION; OIL AB Extraction of corn bran or corn fiber with polar solvents such as methylene chloride, ethanol or chloroform/ methanol yielded common lipids and two unknown highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) peaks, each with an ultraviolet absorbance maximum at 320 nm. HPLC-mass spectrometry revealed that the unknowns were diferuloylputrescine (DFP) and p-coumaroyl-feruloylputrescine (CFP). When compared to extracts of corn fiber (a pericarp-enriched fraction from the wet milling of corn), comparable extracts of corn bran (a pericarp- enriched fraction from the dry milling of corn) yielded three- to eightfold higher levels of DFP and CFP. Extraction of corn bran or fiber with an accelerated solvent extractor revealed that elevated temperatures greatly enhanced the extraction of DFP and CFP by methylene chloride and ethanol. "Corn bran oil," prepared by extraction of corn bran with hot methylene chloride, contained 14 wt% DFP and 3 wt% CFP. However, when hexane was used as a solvent, accelerated solvent extraction of the corn bran or fiber did not extract any DFP or CFP. Extraction of wheat bran or psyllium hulls with hot methylene chloride did not yield any detectable DFP or CFP. Because it has been suggested that polyamine conjugates such as DFP and CFP may function as natural pesticides, a rapid method was developed to purify them so that their biological activity could be evaluated. C1 USDA ARS, ERRC, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Agr Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Moreau, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS, ERRC, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. OI Moreau, Robert/0000-0002-8166-8322 NR 17 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0024-4201 J9 LIPIDS JI Lipids PD AUG PY 2001 VL 36 IS 8 BP 839 EP 844 DI 10.1007/s11745-001-0793-6 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 477VM UT WOS:000171305000012 PM 11592736 ER PT J AU Nunez, A Foglia, TA Piazza, GJ AF Nunez, A Foglia, TA Piazza, GJ TI Characterization of lipoxygenase oxidation products by high-performance liquid chromatography with electron impact-mass spectrometric detection SO LIPIDS LA English DT Article ID FATTY-ACID HYDROPEROXIDES; CHLORELLA-PYRENOIDOSA; LINOLEIC-ACID; LYASE; EXTRACTS; SEED AB Lipoxygenase (LOX) is an enzyme that oxygenates polyunsaturated fatty acids to their corresponding hydroperoxy derivatives. For example, LOX found in plants produce the corresponding 13- and 9-hydroperoxide derivatives of linoleic acid (13-HPOD and 9-HPOD). Identification of the HPOD products is usually accomplished by using gas chromatography with mass spectrometric (MS) detection, which requires extensive derivatization of the thermally unstable hydroperoxy group. Here we report a high-performance liquid chromatographic method in combination with electron impact (EI)-MS detection that separates and characterizes the HPOD isomers generated by soybean LOX type I oxygenation of linoleic (LA) and linolenic acids as well as HPOD products produced by photosensitized oxidation of LA. The method does not required derivatization of the hydroxyperoxide group, and location of its position can be determined by the EI-MS fragmentation pattern. The method has been used for the analysis of HPOD produced by action of partially purified LOX from the micro-alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa on LA. The study suggests the presence of two LOX isozymes in the micro-alga that oxygenate LA to its 13-HPOD and 9-HPOD derivatives. Moreover, the 9-LOX isozyme under anaerobic conditions cleaves 13-HPOD to 13-oxo-tridecadienoic acid and pentane but does not cleave 9-HPOD. C1 USDA ARS, ERRC, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Nunez, A (reprint author), USDA ARS, ERRC, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. OI Piazza, George/0000-0003-4896-4928 NR 20 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0024-4201 J9 LIPIDS JI Lipids PD AUG PY 2001 VL 36 IS 8 BP 851 EP 856 DI 10.1007/s11745-001-0795-4 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 477VM UT WOS:000171305000014 PM 11592738 ER PT J AU Liu, YL Chen, YR AF Liu, YL Chen, YR TI Analysis of visible reflectance spectra of stored, cooked and diseased chicken meats SO MEAT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE visible spectroscopy; chicken meat; meat color; myoglobin; chemometrics ID 2-DIMENSIONAL CORRELATION SPECTROSCOPY; INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY; POULTRY CARCASSES; THERMAL-TREATMENT; PORK; SPECTROPHOTOMETRY; CLASSIFICATION; PATTIES; TURKEY AB Visible spectra of cold stored, cooked, and diseased chicken meats were collected. Changes in ratios of R-1 = A(485 nm)/A(560 nm) and R-2 = A(635 nm)/A(560 nm), which are related to absorbances of the bands at 485 (metmyoglobin), 560 (oxymyoglobin), and 635 nm (sulfmyoglobin), were observed to be useful for studying the Variation of meat color under the conditions of cold storage and cooking process. Such a strategy was also applied to classify fresh-raw wholesome and unwholesome meats into respective classes, and the result was compared with that produced from a chemometric model. The strategy might be used as a simple methodology for monitoring the color Variation of meats where the development of the chemometric model is either impractical or not desirable. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Instrumentat & Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Chen, YR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Instrumentat & Sensing Lab, 10300 Baltimore Ave,Bldg 303,BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 23 TC 41 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0309-1740 J9 MEAT SCI JI Meat Sci. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 58 IS 4 BP 395 EP 401 DI 10.1016/S0309-1740(01)00041-9 PG 7 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 443VZ UT WOS:000169364000009 PM 22062430 ER PT J AU Corella, D Guillen, M Saiz, C Portoles, O Sabater, A Cortina, S Folch, J Gonzalez, JI Ordovas, JM AF Corella, D Guillen, M Saiz, C Portoles, O Sabater, A Cortina, S Folch, J Gonzalez, JI Ordovas, JM TI Environmental factors modulate the effect of the APOE genetic polymorphism on plasma lipid concentrations: Ecogenetic studies in a mediterranean Spanish population SO METABOLISM-CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL LA English DT Article ID APOLIPOPROTEIN-E POLYMORPHISM; CORONARY-HEART-DISEASE; DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; ALLELE FREQUENCIES; E PHENOTYPE; EUROPEAN POPULATIONS; ALCOHOL-CONSUMPTION; SERUM-LIPIDS; YOUNG-ADULTS; LIFE-STYLE AB To investigate APOE gene-environment interaction effects on plasma lipid concentrations, we conducted a cross-sectional study in a Mediterranean. Spanish population consisting of 396 men and 513 women aged 18 to 66 years. The frequency of the epsilon4 variant was 0.071 (95% confidence interval 0.059, 0.082), confirming the lower frequency of this allele in Southern Europe. In general, the carriers of the epsilon2 variant had lower concentrations (P <.05) of total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), carriers of the 3 variant had intermediate concentrations, and carriers of the epsilon4 variant had higher concentrations (P <.05) in both sexes, even after multivariate adjustment for age, body mass index, alcohol consumption, tobacco smoking, physical activity, marital status, and education. However, when the homogeneity of allelic effects according to environmental factors was tested, significant interaction terms were found. In women, an important interaction between alcohol consumption and the APOE polymorphism in determining LDL-C concentrations was found (P <.003). LDL-G concentrations in female drinkers with the epsilon2 variant were significantly lower (P <.014) than in nondrinkers with the 2 variant. Likewise, in female drinkers with the epsilon4 variant, LDL-C concentrations were also significantly (P <.010) lower than in nondrinkers with the 4 variant. Moreover, in female drinkers, LDL-G concentrations did not differ between carriers of the epsilon4 and the epsilon3 variants, and in nondrinkers, LDL-C concentrations did not differ between carriers of the epsilon2 and the e3 variants. We also found a statistically significant interaction effect (P <.001) between the APOE polymorphism and physical activity in determining high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in men. Our results indicate that environmental factors are important modulators of the effect of the APOE polymorphism on plasma lipid concentrations. Copyright (C) 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company. C1 Tufts Univ, JM USDA HNRCA, Nutr & Genom Unit, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ Valencia, Dept Prevent Med & Publ Hlth, Genet & Mol Epidemiol Unit, Valencia, Spain. RP Ordovas, JM (reprint author), Tufts Univ, JM USDA HNRCA, Nutr & Genom Unit, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL54776] NR 51 TC 55 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0026-0495 J9 METABOLISM JI Metab.-Clin. Exp. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 50 IS 8 BP 936 EP 944 DI 10.1053/meta.2001.24867 PG 9 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 459FG UT WOS:000170239900012 PM 11474482 ER PT J AU Tasma, IM Lorenzen, LL Green, DE Shoemaker, RC AF Tasma, IM Lorenzen, LL Green, DE Shoemaker, RC TI Mapping genetic loci for flowering time, maturity, and photoperiod insensitivity in soybean SO MOLECULAR BREEDING LA English DT Article DE flowering time; mapping; maturity; QTL; soybean ID QUANTITATIVE-TRAIT LOCI; LINKAGE MAP; AGRONOMIC TRAITS; SEED PROTEIN; HEADING DATE; INBRED LINES; MAJOR GENES; OIL CONTENT; RESISTANCE; RICE AB Time of flowering and maturity in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr) are important reproductive characters of agronomic interest. These traits are useful for developing soybean cultivars with a wider geographical adaptation. The objective of this research was to use molecular markers to identify chromosomal regions that control traits for flowering time, maturity and photoperiod insensitivity in soybean. Two single-cross populations, IX132 (PI 317.336 x `Corsoy') consisting of 101 progeny, and IX136 (PI 317.334B x `Corsoy') consisting of 100 progeny, were used. Days to R1 (the day when 50% of the plants in a plot have an open flower at one of the top nodes with a fully expanded leaf) was observed among F-6:7 RI lines in the field during 1991 and 1992 and in the growth chamber at 12 h and 20 h photoperiods using fluorescent and incandescent lamps. Days to R3 (the number of days after emergence when 50% of the plants in a plot had presented the first 5 mm pod at one of the top four nodes with a fully expanded leaf was observed in the field during 1991 and in the growth chamber with 12 h photoperiod. Days to R7 (the number of days after emergence when 50% of pods in a plot had mature pod color) was observed in the field in 1991. A total of 139 markers (88 RFLPs and 51 SSRs) in the IX132 population and 125 markers (73 RFLPs and 52 SSRs) in the IX136 population were used to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting these traits. Results show that a large-effect QTL for days to R1, R3, and R7, and photoperiod insensitivity was found at the same location on linkage group (LG) C2 in both populations. This result suggests that photoperiod insensitivity, flowering time, and maturity may be controlled by the same gene(s) or by tightly clustered genes in the same chromosomal region. In addition to the large effect QTL, minor QTL were also detected controlling the four traits in both populations. Minor QTL account for as much as 17.8% and 12.1% of phenotypic variance in populations IX132 and IX136, respectively. Thus, time of flowering, maturity, and photoperiod insensitivity in these soybean populations are proposed to be controlled by a major QTL with a large effect and modified by several minor QTL. C1 Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Off Biotechnol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, USDA ARS, Corn Insects & Crop Genet Res Grp, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Shoemaker, RC (reprint author), Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Off Biotechnol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 50 TC 45 Z9 65 U1 3 U2 10 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1380-3743 J9 MOL BREEDING JI Mol. Breed. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 8 IS 1 BP 25 EP 35 DI 10.1023/A:1011998116037 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 477QZ UT WOS:000171296900003 ER PT J AU Kuhl, JC Hanneman, RE Havey, MJ AF Kuhl, JC Hanneman, RE Havey, MJ TI Characterization and mapping of Rpi1, a late-blight resistance locus from diploid (1EBN) Mexican Solanum pinnatisectum SO MOLECULAR GENETICS AND GENOMICS LA English DT Article DE late blight; Solanum; resistance; 1EBN genetic mapping ID RACE-SPECIFIC RESISTANCE; F SP LYCOPERSICI; PHYTOPHTHORA-INFESTANS; CONFERRING RESISTANCE; UNILATERAL INCOMPATIBILITY; DISEASE RESISTANCE; RFLP MAPS; POTATO; TOMATO; GENES AB Solanum is a diverse genus with over 200 species occupying a range of habitats from the Southwestern United States to Central Chile. Germplasm evaluations have focused on species that can be crossed with S. tuberosum, while Mexican diploid (2n = 2x = 24) Solanum species with an Endosperm Balance Number (EBN) of 1 have received less attention because of poor crossability due to their ploidy and EBN. Recent changes in Phytophthora infestans populations have increased the need for new sources of genetic resistance to this fungus. We have characterized resistance to P. infestans in the Mexican 2x (1EBN) species S. pinnatisectum. An interspecific hybrid between resistant S. pinnatisectum and susceptible S. cardiophyllum plants was backcrossed to S. cardiophyllum to generate a family segregating for late-blight resistance. The diploid (1EBN) genetic map generated with 99 RFLP markers revealed extensive synteny with previously published potato maps. A single dominant late-blight resistance locus (Rpi1) from S. pinnatisectum was mapped to chromosome 7, a region previously not associated with late-blight resistance. Characterization of the P. infestans isolate used for disease evaluations revealed that it possessed the avirulence gene corresponding to the R9 resistance locus, indicating that Rpi1 could possibly correspond to R9. C1 Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, Dept Hort, Vegetable Crops Res Unit, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Havey, MJ (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, Dept Hort, Vegetable Crops Res Unit, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 60 TC 75 Z9 83 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1617-4615 J9 MOL GENET GENOMICS JI Mol. Genet. Genomics PD AUG PY 2001 VL 265 IS 6 BP 977 EP 985 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 463RQ UT WOS:000170491400004 PM 11523789 ER PT J AU Thomason, LC Calendar, R Ow, DW AF Thomason, LC Calendar, R Ow, DW TI Gene insertion and replacement in Schizosaccharomyces pombe mediated by the Streptomyces bacteriophage phi C31 site-specific recombination system SO MOLECULAR GENETICS AND GENOMICS LA English DT Article DE site-specific integration; gene targeting; transgene; transformation; phage phiC31 ID INTEGRASE FAMILY; PROTEIN; VECTORS; CELLS; MODEL AB The site-specific recombination system used by the Streptomyces bacteriophage phi C31 was tested in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. A target strain with the phage attachment site attP inserted at the leu1 locus was co-transformed with one plasmid containing the bacterial attachment site attB linked to a ura4(+) marker, and a second plasmid expressing the phi C31 integrase gene. High-efficiency transformation to the Ura(+) phenotype occurred when the integrase gene was expressed. Southern analysis revealed that the attB-ura4(+) plasmid integrated into the chromosomal attP site. Sequence analysis showed that the attBxattP recombination was precise. In another approach, DNA with a ura4(+) marker flanked by two attB sites in direct orientation was used to transform S. pombe cells bearing an attP duplication. The phi C31 integrase catalyzed two reciprocal cross-overs, resulting in a precise gene replacement. The site-specific insertions are stable, as no excision (the reverse reaction) was observed on maintenance of the integrase gene in the integrant lines. The irreversibility of the phi C31 site-specific recombination system sets it apart from other systems currently used in eukaryotic cells, which reverse readily. Deployment of the phi C31 recombination provides new opportunities for directing transgene and chromosome rearrangements in eukaryotic systems. C1 USDA, Ctr Plant Gene Express, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Univ Calif, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Ow, DW (reprint author), USDA, Ctr Plant Gene Express, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 26 TC 63 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1617-4615 J9 MOL GENET GENOMICS JI Mol. Genet. Genomics PD AUG PY 2001 VL 265 IS 6 BP 1031 EP 1038 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 463RQ UT WOS:000170491400010 PM 11523775 ER PT J AU Simmons, CR Grant, S Altier, DJ Dowd, PF Crasta, O Folkerts, O Yalpani, N AF Simmons, CR Grant, S Altier, DJ Dowd, PF Crasta, O Folkerts, O Yalpani, N TI Maize rhm1 resistance to Bipolaris maydis is associated with few differences in pathogenesis-related proteins and global mRNA profiles SO MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article DE Cochliobolus heterostrophus; Helminthosporium maydis ID CORN LEAF-BLIGHT; BETA-GLUCOSIDASES; SUBSTRATE-SPECIFICITY; PLANT DEFENSE; GENE; EXPRESSION; RICE; XANTHOMONAS; CHITINASE; PISI AB The maize rhm1 mutant resists Bipolaris maydis, the causal agent of Southern corn leaf blight, by producing small necrotic lesions surrounded by chlorotic haloes, The rhm1 and wild-type lesions contain viable fungus in equal frequency, but fungal sporulation was markedly inhibited on rhm1. The levels of the pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins chitinase, PR1, and peroxidase differ little between rhm1 and wild type, with or without B, maydis inoculation. The global mRNA profiles surveyed revealed hundreds of cDNA fragments that were twofold or more induced or suppressed in rhm1 and wild-type plants following B. maydis inoculation. Nonetheless, between rhm1 and wild type, only 0.4 to 0.7% of the cDNA fragments were expressed differentially by twofold or more. Among the upregulated genes in rhm1 was beta-glucosidase glu1, which prompted a test of whether rhm1 resistance depends upon the antimicrobial compound 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one or other hydroxamic acids whose glucosyl conjugates are preferred substrates for the Glu1 enzyme. Double mutants of rhm1 and bx1, a hydroxamic acid-deficient mutant, indicate that rhm1 resistance is hydroxamic acid independent, The rhm1 resistance presently appears to operate via a mechanism unlike those of previously described resistance genes. C1 Pioneer Hi Bred Int Inc, Johnston, IA 50131 USA. USDA ARS, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. CuraGen, New Haven, CT 06511 USA. RP Simmons, CR (reprint author), Pioneer Hi Bred Int Inc, 7300 NW 62nd Ave, Johnston, IA 50131 USA. NR 37 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0894-0282 J9 MOL PLANT MICROBE IN JI Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 14 IS 8 BP 947 EP 954 DI 10.1094/MPMI.2001.14.8.947 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA 453ZA UT WOS:000169947000003 PM 11497466 ER PT J AU Wilson, RA Gardner, HW Keller, NP AF Wilson, RA Gardner, HW Keller, NP TI Cultivar-dependent expression of a maize lipoxygenase responsive to seed infesting fungi SO MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article DE Aspergillus flavus; Fusarium verticillioides; plant defense gene; Zea mays ID SOYBEAN POD WALLS; AFLATOXIN PRODUCTION; ASPERGILLUS-FLAVUS; MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; LINOLEIC-ACID; CELL LAYER; RESISTANCE; PATHWAY; ARABIDOPSIS; GENOTYPES AB Maize kernels are highly susceptible to Aspergillus spp. infection and aflatoxin (AF) contamination. Fatty acid signaling molecules appear to mediate the plant-fungal interaction by affecting the growth, development, and AF production of the fungus. In particular, fatty acid derivatives of the plant lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway are implicated in the Aspergillus spp.-seed interaction. The 9(S)-hydroperoxide derivative of linoleic acid promotes transcription of AF genes, whereas the 13(S)-hydroperoxide derivative decreases AF gene expression and production; both are sporulation factors. Our goal was to identify LOX genes responsive to Aspergillus spp. colonization and determine their specificities, 9(S)- or 13(S)-, Screening maize LOX expressed sequence tags (ESTs) identified one clone, cssap 92, which is highly expressed in Aspergillus spp.-infected seed susceptible to AF contamination and repressed in lines with resistance to AF contamination, The accumulation of cssap 92 transcript was similar during Fusarium spp, infection. The cDNA clone has 94% identity to the previously described L2 LOX gene from maize. Product-specificity analysis of the CSSAP 92 protein shows that it preferentially adds oxygen to carbon 9 of linoleic acid. Because 9(S)-hydroperoxy linoleic acid has been implicated as an anatoxin-signaling molecule, it is possible that cssap 92 could be used as a biomarker that is indicative of AF resistance in maize lines. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Plant Pathol & Microbiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Keller, NP (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Plant Pathol, Russell Labs 882, 1630 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 37 TC 50 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0894-0282 J9 MOL PLANT MICROBE IN JI Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 14 IS 8 BP 980 EP 987 DI 10.1094/MPMI.2001.14.8.980 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA 453ZA UT WOS:000169947000007 PM 11497470 ER PT J AU Lodge, DJ AF Lodge, DJ TI Implications for nitrogen additions from air pollutants on litter decay fungi and ecosystem processes SO MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT News Item ID DECOMPOSITION; LIGNIN; FOREST C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Ctr Forest Res, Luquillo, PR 00773 USA. RP Lodge, DJ (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Ctr Forest Res, POB 1377, Luquillo, PR 00773 USA. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI PORT CHESTER PA 110 MIDLAND AVE, PORT CHESTER, NY 10573-9863 USA SN 0953-7562 J9 MYCOL RES JI Mycol. Res. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 105 BP 898 EP 899 DI 10.1016/S0953-7562(08)61941-3 PN 8 PG 2 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 473FC UT WOS:000171028900002 ER PT J AU Light, DM Knight, AL Henrick, CA Rajapaska, D Lingren, B Dickens, JC Reynolds, KM Buttery, RG Merrill, G Roitman, J Campbell, BC AF Light, DM Knight, AL Henrick, CA Rajapaska, D Lingren, B Dickens, JC Reynolds, KM Buttery, RG Merrill, G Roitman, J Campbell, BC TI A pear-derived kairomone with pheromonal potency that attracts male and female codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) SO NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN LA English DT Article ID RHAGOLETIS-POMONELLA; APPLE VOLATILES; IDENTIFICATION; MAGGOT; FRUIT; COMPONENTS; MATURATION; LARVAE; WALNUT AB Ethyl (2E, 4Z)-2,4-decadienoate, a pear-derived volatile, is a species-specific, durable, and highly potent attractant to the codling moth (CM), Cydia pomonella (L.), a serious pest of walnuts, apples, and pears worldwide. This kairomone attracts both CM males and virgin and mated females. It is highly attractive to CM in both walnut and apple orchard contexts, but has shown limited effectiveness in a pear orchard context. Rubber septa lures loaded with ethyl (2E, 4Z)-2,4-decadienoate remained attractive for several months under field conditions. At the same low microgram load rates on septa, the combined gender capture of CM in kairomone-baited traps was similar to the capture rate of males in traps baited with codlemone, the major sex pheromone component. The particular attribute of attracting CM females renders this kairomone a novel tool for monitoring population flight and mating-ovipositional status, and potentially a major new weapon for directly controlling CM populations. C1 ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Albany, CA 94710 USA. ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, USDA, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. Trece Inc, Salinas, CA 93901 USA. ARS, Vegetable Lab, Inst Plant Sci, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr,USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Light, DM (reprint author), ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 31 TC 141 Z9 156 U1 2 U2 37 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0028-1042 J9 NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN JI Naturwissenschaften PD AUG PY 2001 VL 88 IS 8 BP 333 EP 338 DI 10.1007/s001140100243 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 468LL UT WOS:000170759100004 PM 11572014 ER PT J AU Knight, AL Light, DM AF Knight, AL Light, DM TI Attractants from Bartlett pear for codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), larvae SO NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN LA English DT Article ID APPLE FRUIT; ALPHA-FARNESENE; VOLATILES AB The alkyl ethyl and methyl esters of (2E,4Z)-2,4-decadienoic acid found in head-space samples of ripe Bartlett pear (Pyrus communis L.) stimulated a response from neonate larvae of the codling moth (CM), Cydia pomonella (L.), in both static-air Petri-plate and in upwind Y-tube and straight-tube olfactometer bioassays. In comparison with the known CM neonate attractant, (E,E)-alpha -famesene, ethyl (2E,4Z)-2,4-decadienoate was attractive at 10-fold and 1,000-fold lower threshold dosages in the Petri-plate and in the Y-tube bioassays, respectively. Methyl (2E,4Z)-2,4-decadienoate was attractive to CM neonates in these bioassays at much higher doses than ethyl (2E,4Z)-2,4-decadienoate. Other principal head-space volatiles from ripe pear fruit and pear leaves, including butyl acetate, hexyl acetate, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, and (E)-beta -ocimene, were not attractive to CM neonates. The potential uses of these pear kairomones for monitoring and control of CM in walnuts and apple are discussed. C1 ARS, USDA, Yakima Agr Res Lab, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. ARS, USDA, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Knight, AL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Yakima Agr Res Lab, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. NR 23 TC 49 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 11 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0028-1042 J9 NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN JI Naturwissenschaften PD AUG PY 2001 VL 88 IS 8 BP 339 EP 342 DI 10.1007/s001140100244 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 468LL UT WOS:000170759100005 PM 11572015 ER PT J AU Taylor, JE Whitelaw, CA AF Taylor, JE Whitelaw, CA TI Signals in abscission SO NEW PHYTOLOGIST LA English DT Review DE abscission; ethylene; auxin; signalling; cell separation; polygalacturonase; dehiscence; gene expression ID DEATH HORMONE HYPOTHESIS; TOMATO FLOWER ABSCISSION; PHASEOLUS-VULGARIS L; SAMBUCUS-NIGRA L; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; LEAF ABSCISSION; MESSENGER-RNA; GENE-EXPRESSION; AUX/IAA PROTEINS; RESPONSE PATHWAY AB Abscission is the term used to describe the process of natural separation of organs from the parent plant. This may be part of the highly programmed development of a plant, or in response to environmental stress. It enables temperate plants to overwinter and hence survive, but in agricultural or horticultural environments premature abscission can lead to significant crop losses. Abscission is the culmination of changes in gene expression, which result in the loosening of adjacent cell walls within the zone and subsequent cell separation. For many years it has been recognized that the balance between the plant hormones ethylene and auxin determine where, and when, separation takes place. As we begin to understand the mechanisms by which plant growth regulator signals are perceived and transduced, we can begin to understand how the process of abscission itself may be induced and regulated. This review details what we know of the signals that lead to the differentiation of zone cells; the environmental signals that promote cell separation, and the possible intracellular signalling events that culminate in organ shedding. (C) New Phytologist. C1 Univ Lancaster, Inst Environm & Nat Sci, Dept Biol Sci, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, England. USDA, ARS, SGIL, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Taylor, JE (reprint author), Univ Lancaster, Inst Environm & Nat Sci, Dept Biol Sci, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, England. EM J.E.Taylor@lancaster.ac.uk RI Jones, Cathy/A-7135-2011; Taylor, Jane/F-2329-2014; OI Jones, Cathy/0000-0003-2844-2161; Taylor, Jane Elizabeth/0000-0002-1467-7149 NR 158 TC 161 Z9 180 U1 2 U2 36 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0028-646X J9 NEW PHYTOL JI New Phytol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 151 IS 2 BP 323 EP 339 DI 10.1046/j.0028-646x.2001.00194.x PG 17 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 460RL UT WOS:000170322300004 ER PT J AU Conley, MM Kimball, BA Brooks, TJ Pinter, PJ Hunsaker, DJ Wall, GW Adam, NR LaMorte, RL Matthias, AD Thompson, TL Leavitt, SW Ottman, MJ Cousins, AB Triggs, JM AF Conley, MM Kimball, BA Brooks, TJ Pinter, PJ Hunsaker, DJ Wall, GW Adam, NR LaMorte, RL Matthias, AD Thompson, TL Leavitt, SW Ottman, MJ Cousins, AB Triggs, JM TI CO2 enrichment increases water-use efficiency in sorghum SO NEW PHYTOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE CO2; carbon dioxide enrichment; free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE); Sorghum bicolor; evapotranspiration; water-use effeciency; global change ID CARBON-DIOXIDE; ENERGY-BALANCE; ROOT-GROWTH; WHEAT; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; YIELD; FACE AB Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) was grown for two consecutive seasons at Maricopa, AZ, USA, using the free-air CO, enrichment (FACE) approach to investigate evapotranspiration of this C4 plant at ample and limited water supplies. Crop evapotranspiration (ET) was measured using two CO2 concentrations (control, c. 370 mu mol mol(-1); FACE, ambient +200 mu mol mol(-1)) and two irrigation treatments (well watered and water-limited). Volumetric soil water content was measured before and after each irrigation using neutron scattering techniques. Averaged over both years, elevated CO2 reduced cumulative ET by 10% when plants were given ample water and by 4% under severe drought stress. Water-use efficiency based on grain yield (WUE-G) increased, due to CO2 enrichment, by 9% and 19% in wet and dry plots, respectively; based on total biomass, water-use efficiency (WUE-B) increased by 16% and 17% in wet and dry plots, respectively. These data suggest that in the future high-CO2 environment, water requirements for irrigated sorghum will be lower than at present, while dry-land productivity will increase, provided global warming is minimal. C1 USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Plant Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Soil Water & Environm Sci, Tucson, AZ USA. Univ Arizona, Tree Ring Res Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Arizona, Maricopa Agr Ctr, Maricopa, AZ USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Plant Biol, Tempe, AZ USA. RP Conley, MM (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 28 TC 75 Z9 85 U1 2 U2 34 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI PORT CHESTER PA 110 MIDLAND AVE, PORT CHESTER, NY 10573-9863 USA SN 0028-646X J9 NEW PHYTOL JI New Phytol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 151 IS 2 BP 407 EP 412 DI 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00184.x PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 460RL UT WOS:000170322300010 ER PT J AU Williams, DG Gempko, V Fravolini, A Leavitt, SW Wall, GW Kimball, PA Pinter, PJ LaMorte, R AF Williams, DG Gempko, V Fravolini, A Leavitt, SW Wall, GW Kimball, PA Pinter, PJ LaMorte, R TI Carbon isotope discrimination by Sorghum bicolor under CO2 enrichment and drought (vol 150, pg 285, 2001) SO NEW PHYTOLOGIST LA English DT Correction ID ELEVATED CO2; QUANTUM YIELDS; GAS-EXCHANGE; C-4 GRASSES; GROWTH; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; PLANTS; RESPONSES; SUGARCANE; DIOXIDE AB Sorghum bicolor was exposed to free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) and drought at the Maricopa Agricultural Center, AZ, USA, in summer 1998. We predicted that bundle sheath leakiness (Phi) would be insensitive to FACE under well-irrigated (wet) conditions, but would be lower in FACE compared with control-CO2 treatments when irrigation was withheld (dry). Leaf and air delta C-13 values and leaf p(i)/p(a) from gas exchange were measured to estimate carbon isotope discrimination (Delta) and Phi. Midday leaf water potential (Psi) and photosynthetic rate were simultaneously measured to evaluate the influence of plant water status on (D and the association between Phi and carbon gain. Irrigation treatments affected Psi, p(i)/p(a), Delta and Phi in control CO2 and FACE rings. Differences in leaf A between wet- and dry-treatment plots resulted from changes in Phi and to stomatal influences on p(i)/p(a). FACE had very little effect on Psi, Delta and Phi in wet-treatment plots. However, Phi and Delta in dry plots were higher in control than in FACE rings. FACE ameliorated the effects of drought on bundle sheath leakiness and A by reducing transpiration, prolonging soil water availability and enhancing plant water status. Direct effects of CO2 enrichment on C-4 photosynthetic metabolism in Sorghum apparently are minimal and indirect effects depend on soil water supply. C1 Univ Arizona, Sch Renewable Nat Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Arizona, Tree Ring Res Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Plant Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Williams, DG (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Sch Renewable Nat Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RI Williams, David/A-6407-2014 OI Williams, David/0000-0003-3627-5260 NR 37 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI PORT CHESTER PA 110 MIDLAND AVE, PORT CHESTER, NY 10573-9863 USA SN 0028-646X J9 NEW PHYTOL JI New Phytol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 151 IS 2 BP 551 EP + PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 460RL UT WOS:000170322300028 ER PT J AU Welsh, HH Hodgson, GR Harvey, BC Roche, MF AF Welsh, HH Hodgson, GR Harvey, BC Roche, MF TI Distribution of juvenile Coho salmon in relation to water temperatures in tributaries of the Mattole River, California SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID GROWTH; STREAM; WASHINGTON; STRATEGIES; ECOLOGY; REGIMES; HABITAT; FIELD AB In an attempt to define the upper thermal tolerance of coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch, we examined the relationship between the presence of this species and the summer temperature regime in 21 tributaries of the Mattole River or northwestern California. We characterized the temperature regime of cacti tributary by determining the highest average of maximum daily temperatures over any 7-d period (maximum weekly maximum temperature, MWMT) and the highest average of mean daily temperatures over any 7-d period (maximum weekly average temperature MWAT), by the use of hourly measurements throughout the summer. Coho salmon presence was determined by divers in late summer. Both variables that were used to describe the temperature regime provided good-fitting models of the presence or absence of coho salmon in separate logistic regressions, and both correctly determined the presence or absence in 18 of 21 streams. given the precious probability of a 50% likelihood of coho salmon presence. Temperature regimes in the warmest tributaries containing juvenile coho salmon had MWMT of 18.0degreesC or less or MWAT of 16.7degreesC or less: conversely, all of the streams where MWMT was less than 16.3degreesC or MWAT was less than 14.5degreesC contained juvenile coho salmon. These results, combined with historical and current watershed conditions that affect stream temperatures, suggest that management strategies to restore and conserve coho salmon in the Mattole River drainage should focus on the water temperature regime. Such a focus is also likely to benefit other declining species requiring cold water, including the tailed frog Ascaphus truei and southern torrent salamander Rhyacotriton variegatus. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Redwood Sci Lab, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. Mattole Salmon Grp, Petrolia, CA 95558 USA. RP Welsh, HH (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Redwood Sci Lab, 1700 Bayview Dr, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. NR 37 TC 41 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 21 IS 3 BP 464 EP 470 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2001)021<0464:DOJCSI>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 529FK UT WOS:000174289200005 ER PT J AU Perez-Martinez, P Gomez, P Paz, E Marin, C Moral, EG Lopez-Miranda, J Ordovas, JM de la Puebla, RAF Perez-Jimenez, F AF Perez-Martinez, P Gomez, P Paz, E Marin, C Moral, EG Lopez-Miranda, J Ordovas, JM de la Puebla, RAF Perez-Jimenez, F TI Interaction between smoking and the Sstl polymorphism of the apo C-III gene determines plasma lipid response to diet SO NUTRITION METABOLISM AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES LA English DT Article DE smoking; apolipoprotein C-III; diet; genetic polymorphism; Sstl ID DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN-CHOLESTEROL; APOLIPOPROTEIN-A-I; CIGARETTE-SMOKING; PROMOTER REGION; SERUM; LOCUS AB Background: It has recently been demonstrated that the lipid profile of smokers improves if they follow a Mediterranean diet. Aim: To establish whether the Sstl polymorphism of the apo C-III gene interacts with smoking and determines the lipid response to diet in healthy subjects. Methods and Results: Fifty-nine volunteers (18 smokers: 8 with the S1S1 genotype, and 10 with the S2 allele; 41 nonsmokers: 29 with the S1S1 genotype and 12 with the S1S2 genotype) consecutively followed three different diets: a diet enriched in saturated fatty, acids (SFA) (38% fat, 20% SFA) followed by a randomised, cross-over period during which they ate a diet enriched in carbohydrates (NCEP-1) (30% fat, 10% SFA, 55% carbohydrates) anti a diet enriched in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (8% fat, 22% MUFA). Cholesterol, triacylglycerol, LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) and HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were measured at the end of each dietary period. The smokers carrying the S1S1 genotype were not influenced by, any, of the diets, but the atherogenic ratio decreased in the carriers of the S2 allele when they changed from the diet rich in STA to a diet rich in olive oil or carbohydrates (p <0.039). No significant difference was observed when the non-smoking carriers of the S2 allele changed from one diet to another, but there was a decrease in the LDL-C/HDL-C ratio when the subjects with the S1S1 genotype changed from the saturated diet to either of the other diets (p <0.001). Conclusions: Smoking interacts with the apo CM polymorphism and determines the level of lipid response to dietary changes. ((C))2001, Medikal Press. C1 Hosp Univ Reina Sofia, Unidad Lipidos & Arteriosclerosis, Cordoba 14004, Spain. Tufts Univ, Lipid Metab Lab, JM, USDA,Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Perez-Jimenez, F (reprint author), Hosp Univ Reina Sofia, Unidad Lipidos & Arteriosclerosis, Avda Menendez Pidal S-N, Cordoba 14004, Spain. OI Perez Martinez, Pablo/0000-0001-7716-8117; Perez-Jimenez, Francisco/0000-0001-7499-7681; Perez Jimenez, Francisco/0000-0001-9808-1280; Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL 54776] NR 28 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU MEDIKAL PRESS S R L PI MILAN PA VIA LUIGI ZOJA, 30, 20153 MILAN, ITALY SN 0939-4753 J9 NUTR METAB CARDIOVAS JI Nutr. Metab. Carbiovasc. Dis. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 11 IS 4 BP 237 EP 243 PG 7 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 503TZ UT WOS:000172818200005 PM 11837227 ER PT J AU Yao, MJ Roberts, SB AF Yao, MJ Roberts, SB TI Dietary energy density and weight regulation SO NUTRITION REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID LOW-FAT DIETS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; HIGH-CARBOHYDRATE DIETS; FREE-LIVING HUMANS; FOOD-INTAKE; AD-LIBITUM; CALORIC DENSITY; BODY-WEIGHT; COVERT MANIPULATION; TASTE PREFERENCES AB Dietary energy density (ED) has been suggested as an important determinant of energy intake and, therefore, energy regulation. This review summarizes published studies on the effects of dietary ED on hunger, satiety, energy intake, and body weight in healthy individuals, and compares the relative effects of ED manipulated by dietary fat only, fat and fiber, water, and type of sweetener In short-term studies, consumption of low-ED foods promotes satiety, reduces hunger, and decreases energy intake with no marked differences between different dietary manipulations used to change ED. In addition, low-ED diets promote moderate weight loss in long-term studies. In studies lasting longer than 6 months, weight loss was more than three times as great in individuals consuming diets both low in fat and high in fiber compared with diets only low in fat (-3.4 kg versus -1.0 kg). Combined, these studies suggest that diets low in fat and high in fiber may be the most effective low-ED diets for promoting weight loss. Further research is needed on the effects of dietary ED by changing water or sweetener content. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Yao, MJ (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NIDDK NIH HHS [DK46124] NR 170 TC 139 Z9 143 U1 3 U2 13 PU INT LIFE SCIENCES INST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST SUBSCRIPTION OFFICE, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0029-6643 J9 NUTR REV JI Nutr. Rev. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 59 IS 8 BP 247 EP 258 PN 1 PG 12 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 465LN UT WOS:000170590600001 PM 11518179 ER PT J AU Meydani, M AF Meydani, M TI Antioxidants and cognitive function SO NUTRITION REVIEWS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Nestle Nutrition Conference CY MAR 30-31, 2000 CL MEXICO CITY, MEXICO SP Mexican Fdn Hlth, Natl Inst Med Sci & Nutrit ID NEURONAL SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE; VASCULAR DEMENTIA; OXIDATIVE STRESS; DIETARY ANTIOXIDANTS; BEHAVIORAL DEFICITS; RISK-FACTORS; VITAMIN-E; ASSOCIATION; SUPPLEMENTATION C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Vasc Biol Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Meydani, M (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Vasc Biol Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 37 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 3 PU INT LIFE SCIENCES INST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST SUBSCRIPTION OFFICE, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0029-6643 J9 NUTR REV JI Nutr. Rev. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 59 IS 8 SU S BP S75 EP S80 PN 2 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 466VE UT WOS:000170666200022 PM 11519672 ER PT J AU Rosenberg, IH AF Rosenberg, IH TI B vitamins, homocysteine, and neurocognitive function SO NUTRITION REVIEWS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Nestle Nutrition Conference CY MAR 30-31, 2000 CL MEXICO CITY, MEXICO SP Mexican Fdn Hlth, Natl Inst Med Sci & Nutrit ID HEALTHY ELDERLY POPULATION; S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE; NUTRITIONAL-STATUS; NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS; COBALAMIN DEFICIENCY; ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE; ATROPHIC GASTRITIS; FOLATE-DEFICIENCY; SERUM COBALAMIN; DEMENTIA C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Rosenberg, IH (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 49 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU INT LIFE SCIENCES INST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST SUBSCRIPTION OFFICE, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0029-6643 J9 NUTR REV JI Nutr. Rev. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 59 IS 8 SU S BP S69 EP S73 PN 2 PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 466VE UT WOS:000170666200020 PM 11519670 ER PT J AU Bermudez, OI Tucker, KL AF Bermudez, OI Tucker, KL TI Total and central obesity among elderly Hispanics and the association with type 2 diabetes SO OBESITY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE body mass index; waist circumference; type 2 diabetes; elderly; Hispanic; Puerto Ricans; Dominicans ID BODY-MASS INDEX; MEXICAN-AMERICANS; RISK-FACTORS; SOCIOECONOMIC DIFFERENCES; FUNCTIONAL LIMITATION; WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE; ESTIMATING STATURE; PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; FAT DISTRIBUTION; NATIONAL-HEALTH AB Objective: To report the prevalence of total and central obesity in a representative sample of Puerto Rican and Dominican elders in Massachusetts, to compare them with a neighborhood-based group of non-Hispanic white elders, and to examine associations of obesity indices with the presence of type 2 diabetes. Research Methods and Procedures: We examined the prevalence of overweight, obesity, and central obesity in 596 Hispanics of Caribbean origin, ages 60 to 92 years, and 239 non-Hispanic whites, and tested linear and logistic regression models to determine associations among body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and diabetes. Results: Obesity (BMI greater than or equal to 30 kg/m(2)) was prevalent among all ethnic groups, ranging from 17% to 29% for Dominican and Puerto Rican men, respectively, and from 29% to 40% for non-Hispanic white and Dominican women, respectively. These differences were not statistically significant. Among Hispanic men and women, diabetes was prevalent across all BMI and WC categories but tended to be greatest among those with BMI of 25 to 29 kg/m(2) (41% to 43%). In contrast, diabetes was most prevalent in the obese group (36% to 45%) of non-Hispanic whites. Both BMI and WC were associated with the presence of diabetes, but the coefficients were greater for non-Hispanic whites than for Hispanics. Discussion: Caribbean Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites living in the same Massachusetts localities had high prevalences of overweight and obesity. Total and central obesity exerted a differential effect on the presence of diabetes among ethnic groups; for Hispanics, diabetes was prevalent even among non-obese individuals, whereas for non-Hispanic white women, the prevalence of diabetes was strongly associated with total and central obesity. Additional research is needed to investigate the factors associated with the differential effect of obesity on the prevalence of type 2 diabetes among Hispanic and non-Hispanic white elders. C1 Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA, Dietary Assessment Res Program, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Bermudez, OI (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA, Dietary Assessment Res Program, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RI Tucker, Katherine/A-4545-2010; OI Tucker, Katherine/0000-0001-7640-662X FU NIA NIH HHS [AG-10425-05] NR 34 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 2 PU NORTH AMER ASSOC STUDY OBESITY PI ROCHESTER PA C/O DR MICHAEL JENSEN, MAYO MEDICAL CENTER, MAYO CLIN 200 FIRST ST, SW, ROCHESTER, MN 55905 USA SN 1071-7323 J9 OBES RES JI Obes. Res. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 9 IS 8 BP 443 EP 451 DI 10.1038/oby.2001.58 PG 9 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 465QN UT WOS:000170601600003 PM 11500524 ER PT J AU Killingbeck, KT Whitford, WG AF Killingbeck, KT Whitford, WG TI Nutrient resorption in shrubs growing by design, and by default in Chihuahuan Desert arroyos SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE arroyo; desert shrubs; nutrients; resorption; riparian communities ID INEFFICIENT NITROGEN RESORPTION; USE EFFICIENCY; LEAVES; EVERGREEN; PLANTS; BIRCH; ALDER; RATES AB In the northern stretches of the Chihuahuan Desert, the margins of ephemeral stream channels called arroyos support a unique vegetation dominated by a guild of winter-deciduous shrubs. To explore the dynamics of nutrient conservation in this assemblage of arroyo shrubs, we measured nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) resorption efficiency and proficiency in six species of shrubs growing in arroyos in southern New Mexico, USA. Collectively, these six species were no more efficient or proficient at resorbing N and P from senescing leaves than shrubs growing in other environments. Resorption efficiency averaged 53% and 50% for N and P, respectively, and resorption proficiency averaged 0.80% and 0.06% for N and P, respectively. However, resorption varied significantly between species specifically restricted in their distribution to riparian habitats (obligate riparian species), and those that were not. The two obligate riparian species combined (Brickellia laciniata, Chilopsis linearis) were significantly more efficient and proficient at resorbing N than the non-obligate riparian species combined (Fallugia paradoxa, Flourensia cernua, Prosopis glandulosa, Rhus microphylla). Additionally, both Brickellia and Chilopsis were individually significantly more proficient at resorbing N than any of the other four species. The dichotomy in resorption between obligate riparian species and those that were not may have been the result of the interplay between hydrology, geomorphology, and biology. Because arroyos move in space as the movement of water erodes banks and changes channel location, some plants are found along arroyos only because the arroyos have moved to them. These plants (plants growing by default) may be less well adapted to arroyo margins than obligate riparian species (plants growing by design). Significant differences in resorption between obligate and non-obligate riparian species suggested that evolutionary history and habitat specificity may be added to the list of factors known to influence resorption. Selected life history traits of the six species did not appear to be related to any measure of resorption, but leaf surface area, specific leaf mass, and nutrient concentrations in green leaves were all correlated with resorption efficiency or proficiency in one or more species. The only species capable of symbiotic N fixation, Prosopis glandulosa, retained at least 2.3 times more N in its senesced leaves than any other species. Patterns of resorption in arroyo shrubs strongly indicated that efficiency and proficiency are fundamentally different, complementary measures of resorption. C1 Univ Rhode Isl, Dept Biol Sci, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. New Mexico State Univ, USDA, ARS Jornada Expt Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Killingbeck, KT (reprint author), Univ Rhode Isl, Dept Biol Sci, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. OI Killingbeck, Keith/0000-0002-4971-3592 NR 33 TC 30 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 14 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD AUG PY 2001 VL 128 IS 3 BP 351 EP 359 PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 463WC UT WOS:000170499400006 PM 24549904 ER PT J AU Sword, GA AF Sword, GA TI Tasty on the outside, but toxic in the middle: grasshopper regurgitation and host plant-mediated toxicity to a vertebrate predator SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Schistacerca emarginata (=lineata); Anolis carolinensis; grasshopper; predator; host plant ID POLYPHAGOUS GRASSHOPPER; SCHISTOCERCA-AMERICANA; ORTHOPTERA; ACRIDIDAE; INSECT AB Regurgitation by arthropods is often considered to be a rudimentary form of defense against predators. In phytophagous insects, regurgitate composition will vary with diet, and plant secondary compounds from host plants can contribute to the effectiveness of regurgitate deterrence. Regurgitation in response to predator attack is particularly common in grasshoppers. However, there is little empirical evidence in favor of grasshopper regurgitation as an effective antipredator mechanism in natural predator-prey systems. In particular, studies of the effect of grasshopper diet on regurgitate deterrence to vertebrate predators are lacking. This study investigated the relationship between diet and predator defense in the grasshopper, Schistocerca emarginata (=lineata) (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Using the insectivorous lizard, Anolis carolinensis (Iguanidae), as a predator, I demonstrate that consumption of Ptelea trifoliata (Rutaceae) by S. emarginata can confer distastefulness as well as toxicity. Regurgitate deterrence is mediated strictly by host plant material in the gut and does not require an enteric contribution from the grasshopper. Regurgitation by Ptelea-fed S. emarginata can result in rejection prior to ingestion by A. carolinensis and can enable grasshoppers to survive predator attacks. C1 Univ Texas, Dept Zool, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Univ Texas, Brackenridge Field Lab, Austin, TX 78712 USA. RP Sword, GA (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Plains Agr Res Lab, 1500 N Cent Ave, Sidney, MT 59270 USA. OI Sword, Gregory/0000-0003-2094-2436 NR 39 TC 35 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 13 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD AUG PY 2001 VL 128 IS 3 BP 416 EP 421 DI 10.1007/s004420100666 PG 6 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 463WC UT WOS:000170499400013 PM 24549911 ER PT J AU Epstein, HE Burke, IC Mosier, AR AF Epstein, HE Burke, IC Mosier, AR TI Plant effects on nitrogen retention in shortgrass steppe 2 years after N-15 addition SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE N-15 labeling; C-3 vs. C-4 photosynthetic pathway; grazing; nitrogen retention; shortgrass steppe ID NORTHERN HARDWOOD FOREST; SOIL ORGANIC-MATTER; SEMIARID GRASSLAND; NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY; TEMPORAL PATTERNS; SPATIAL PATTERNS; DISTURBANCE SIZE; TAIGA ECOSYSTEMS; OXIDE FLUXES; DYNAMICS AB Ecosystems where plant-available nitrogen (N) is limited by constraints on decomposition may be quite capable of retaining additional N. However, there are many factors that will control the quantity of N retained, with potential implications for system carbon and nitrogen storage. We examined the retention and allocation of N-15 2 Years after labeling a semiarid, shortgrass steppe ecosystem in northeastern Colorado. The plant community of the study area is a patchy mixture of C-3 (cool-season) and C-4, (warm-season) graminoids; we hypothesized that differences in allocation patterns between the two plant types would lead to differing rates of N retention in this grazed system. We found that after three growing seasons (just over 2 years), an average of 28.3% of the original N-15 was retained in our plots, with nearly all of this N in soils (24.9%) rather than plants. Plots dominated by C-3 plants had significantly less N-15 retained after 2 years than mixed C-3-C-4 plots. A high initial rate of retention by C-3 plants, combined with a propensity for allocation to shoots rather than roots, likely led to this result in a system that typically has much of its above-ground tissue removed by grazers. In comparing our retention patterns to those of other studies in the shortgrass steppe, we found that the distribution of added N-15 to various ecosystem compartments (plants, mineral soil, soil organic matter) was similar across studies regardless of the experimental conditions, duration of study, and amount of (15)Nretained. We additionally observed the beginning of the formation of "resource islands." with N-15 being physically and biologically redistributed under plants from between plants. C1 Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USDA ARS, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Epstein, HE (reprint author), Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. NR 75 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 17 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD AUG PY 2001 VL 128 IS 3 BP 422 EP 430 DI 10.1007/s004420100670 PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 463WC UT WOS:000170499400014 PM 24549912 ER PT J AU Gonzalez, G Ley, RE Schmidt, SK Zou, XM Seastedt, TR AF Gonzalez, G Ley, RE Schmidt, SK Zou, XM Seastedt, TR TI Soil ecological interactions: comparisons between tropical and subalpine forests SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE soil fauna; tropics; subalpine; naphthalene; substrate induced growth response ID MICROBIAL FUNCTIONAL-GROUPS; LEAF LITTER; BIOMASS; DECOMPOSITION; DYNAMICS; FIELD; MICROORGANISMS; NAPHTHALENE; COLLEMBOLAN; SUBSTRATE AB Soil fauna can influence soil processes through interactions with the microbial community. Due to the complexity of the functional roles of fauna and their effects on microbes, little consensus has been reached on the extent to which soil fauna can regulate microbial activities. We quantified soil microbial biomass and maximum growth rates in control and fauna-excluded treatments in dry and wet tropical forests and north- and south-facing subalpine forests to test whether soil fauna effects on microbes are different in tropical and subalpine forests. Exclusion of fauna was established by physically removing the soil macrofauna and applying naphthalene. The effect of naphthalene application on the biomass of microbes that mineralize salicylate was quantified using the substrate induced growth response method. We found that: (1) the exclusion of soil fauna resulted in a higher total microbial biomass and lower maximum growth rate in the subalpine forests, (2) soil fauna exclusion did not affect the microbial biomass and growth rate in the tropical forests, and (3) the microbial biomass of salicylate mineralizers was significantly enhanced in the fauna-exclusion treatment in the tropical wet and the south-facing subalpine forests. We conclude that non-target effects of naphthalene on the microbial community alone cannot explain the large differences in total microbial biomass found between control and fauna-excluded treatments in the subalpine forests. Soil fauna have relatively larger effects on the microbial activities in the subalpine forests than in tropical dry and wet forests. C1 Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Epo Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Puerto Rico, Inst Trop Ecosyst Studies, San Juan, PR 00936 USA. RP Gonzalez, G (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, POB 25000, San Juan, PR 00928 USA. RI Schmidt, Steven/G-2771-2010; Ley, Ruth/M-8542-2014; OI Schmidt, Steven/0000-0002-9175-2085; Ley, Ruth/0000-0002-9087-1672; Gonzalez, Grizelle /0000-0003-3007-5540 NR 46 TC 13 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 11 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD AUG PY 2001 VL 128 IS 4 BP 549 EP 556 DI 10.1007/s004420100685 PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 468LJ UT WOS:000170758900010 ER PT J AU Inbar, M Doostdar, H Mayer, RT AF Inbar, M Doostdar, H Mayer, RT TI Suitability of stressed and vigorous plants to various insect herbivores SO OIKOS LA English DT Article ID PROTEINASE-INHIBITORS; TOMATO PLANTS; PERFORMANCE; RESPONSES; NITROGEN; DEFENSE; FERTILIZATION; AVAILABILITY; ALEYRODIDAE; OVIPOSITION AB We conducted a controlled experiment to test the plant vigor and the plant stress hypotheses. The two hypotheses associate plant physiological conditions to insect feeding mode and performance. We exposed tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum, to different types of growing conditions: optimal (vigorous plants), resource based stress (water and/or nutrient deficit), and physical stress (punched hole in terminal leaflets). Plant performance, foliar nutritional value for insects and chemical defenses were analyzed after 14 d. These plants were offered to insects belonging to distinct feeding guilds: the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii, a phloem feeder; the leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii; and the corn earworm, Heliothis zea, a leaf chewing caterpillar. The experimental conditions generated a gradient of plant growth in the following order: optimal (vigorous) > control = hole punched > no fertilizer > no water > no water and no fertilizer, The last two treatments resulted in plants with poor nutritional value (based on %water, C/N, %N) and higher levels of defensive compounds (i.e., peroxidase and total phenolics) compared with control and the vigorous plants. Hole-punching neither affected plant growth nor any of the phytochemicals measured. In a choice experiment adult whitefly ovipositioning was not affected by either vigor or punching but was reduced on the other plants (P<0.01). Leafminer feeding and oviposition and corn earworm larval growth rates were higher on the vigorous plants and lower on the punched, no fertilizer, no water, and no water and no fertilizer host plants (P<0.01). Regardless of insect species or bioassay method, the results in the tomato system support the plant vigor hypothesis that predicts positive association between insect performance and plant growth. The results contradict the plant stress hypothesis that rank stressed plants as better hosts for insects. The mechanisms involved are a combination of poor nutritional value and chemical defenses. We demonstrate a negative association between plant growth and chemical defense. However, induced response triggered by hole-punching was not cost effective to the plants. C1 USDA ARS, US Hort Res Lab, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. RP Mayer, RT (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Hort Res Lab, 2001 S Rock Rd, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. NR 40 TC 89 Z9 92 U1 8 U2 59 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0030-1299 J9 OIKOS JI Oikos PD AUG PY 2001 VL 94 IS 2 BP 228 EP 235 DI 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2001.940203.x PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 475PM UT WOS:000171173200003 ER PT J AU Elliott, ML Des Jardin, EA Batson, WE Caceres, J Brannen, PM Howell, CR Benson, DM Conway, KE Rothrock, CS Schneider, RW Ownley, BH Canaday, CH Keinath, AP Huber, DM Sumner, DR Motsenbocker, CE Thaxton, PM Cubeta, MA Adams, PD Backman, PA Fajardo, J Newman, MA Pereira, RM AF Elliott, ML Des Jardin, EA Batson, WE Caceres, J Brannen, PM Howell, CR Benson, DM Conway, KE Rothrock, CS Schneider, RW Ownley, BH Canaday, CH Keinath, AP Huber, DM Sumner, DR Motsenbocker, CE Thaxton, PM Cubeta, MA Adams, PD Backman, PA Fajardo, J Newman, MA Pereira, RM TI Viability and stability of biological control agents on cotton and snap bean seeds SO PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Arthrobacter; Bacillus; Beauveria bassiana; Burkholderia; Gossypium hirsutum; Paenibacillus; Phaseolus vulgaris; Pseudomonas; seed treatments; Trichoderma ID BACILLUS-CEREUS UW85; PSEUDOMONAS-CEPACIA; PLANT-DISEASE; RHIZOCTONIA-SOLANI; BIOCONTROL AGENTS; DAMPING-OFF; PATHOGENS; FIELD; COLONIZATION; SUPPRESSION AB Cotton and snap bean were selected for a multi-year, multi-state regional (south-eastern USA) research project to evaluate the efficacy of both commercial and experimental bacterial and fungal biological control agents for the management of damping-off diseases. The goal for this portion of the project was to determine the viability and stability of biological agents after application to seed. The biological seed treatments used included: (1) Bacillaceae bacteria, (2) non-Bacillaceae bacteria, (3) the fungus Trichoderma and (4) the fungus Beauveria bassiana. Seed assays were conducted to evaluate the following application factors: short-term (less than or equal to3 months) stability after seed treatment; quality (ie isolate purity); compatibility with chemical pesticides and other biocontrol agents; application uniformity between years and plant species. For the bacterial treatments, the Bacillaceae genera (Bacillus and Paenibacillus) maintained the greatest population of bacteria per seed, the best viability over time and the best application uniformity across years and seed type. The non-Bacillaceae genera Burkholderia and Pseudomonas had the least viability and uniformity. Although Beauveria bassiana was only evaluated one year, the seed fungal populations were high and uniform. The seed fungal populations and uniformity for the Trichoderma isolates were more variable, except for the commercial product T-22. However, this product was contaminated with a Streptomyces isolate in both the years that it was evaluated. The study demonstrated that Bacillaceae can be mixed with Trichoderma isolates or with numerous pesticides to provide an integrated pest control/growth enhancement package. (C) 2001 Society of Chemical Industry. C1 Univ Florida, Ft Lauderdale Res & Educ Ctr, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Gustafson Inc, Mckinney, TX 77070 USA. ARS, USDA, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Univ Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Univ Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Univ Tennessee, Jackson, TN 38301 USA. Clemson Univ, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. Purdue Univ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Univ Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Texas A&M Univ, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Plymouth, NC 27962 USA. Auburn Univ, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. RP Elliott, ML (reprint author), Univ Florida, Ft Lauderdale Res & Educ Ctr, 3205 Coll Ave, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. EM melliott@ufl.edu RI Pereira, Roberto/B-5008-2010 OI Pereira, Roberto/0000-0002-5618-7690 NR 28 TC 7 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 9 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1526-498X J9 PEST MANAG SCI JI Pest Manag. Sci. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 57 IS 8 BP 695 EP 706 DI 10.1002/ps.342 PG 12 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 461XZ UT WOS:000170390300005 PM 11517723 ER PT J AU Hall, D Palm, EC Murphy, TP Tozer, SW Petrovic, C Miller-Ricci, E Peabody, L Li, CQH Alver, U Goodrich, RG Sarrao, JL Pagliuso, PG Wills, JM Fisk, Z AF Hall, D Palm, EC Murphy, TP Tozer, SW Petrovic, C Miller-Ricci, E Peabody, L Li, CQH Alver, U Goodrich, RG Sarrao, JL Pagliuso, PG Wills, JM Fisk, Z TI Electronic structure of CeRhIn5: de Haas-van Alphen and energy band calculations SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AB The de Haas-van Alphen effect and energy-band calculations are used to study angular-dependent extremal areas and effective masses of the Fermi surface of the highly correlated antiferromagnetic material CeRhIn5. The agreement between experiment and theory is reasonable for the areas measured with the field applied along the (100) axis of the tetragonal structure, but there is disagreement in size for the areas observed with the field applied along the (001) axis where the antiferromagnetic spin alignment is occurring. Detailed comparisons between experiment and theory are given. C1 Florida State Univ, Natl High Magnet Field Lab, Tallahassee, FL 32310 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Iowa State Univ, Ames Lab, USDA, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RI Petrovic, Cedomir/A-8789-2009; Pagliuso, Pascoal/C-9169-2012; OI Petrovic, Cedomir/0000-0001-6063-1881; Hall, Donavan/0000-0001-5036-5188 NR 16 TC 80 Z9 80 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9950 EI 2469-9969 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD AUG 1 PY 2001 VL 64 IS 6 AR 064506 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.64.064506 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 462HE UT WOS:000170414000066 ER PT J AU Luethy, MH Gemel, J Johnston, ML Mooney, BP Miernyk, JA Randall, DD AF Luethy, MH Gemel, J Johnston, ML Mooney, BP Miernyk, JA Randall, DD TI Developmental expression of the mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in pea (Pisum sativum) seedlings SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article ID S-ACETYLTRANSFERASE SUBUNIT; AMINO-ACID-SEQUENCES; GLYCINE DECARBOXYLASE; LEAF DEVELOPMENT; MULTIENZYME COMPLEXES; ARABIDOPSIS; PROTEIN; NUCLEOTIDE; CLONING; PLANTS AB In order to better understand control of the mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC), total catalytic activity, was determined during development of the primary leaves of pea (Pisum sativum L.) seedlings, as well as in each leaf pair of 21-day-old plants. Activity of the PDC in clarified homogenates was highest in the youngest organs and then dropped dramatically as the leaves matured and became photosynthetically competent. As leaves began to senesce, total PDC activity dropped to zero. Steady-state mRNA levels were determined using El and E3 cDNA probes. The overall pattern of transcript abundance matched the pattern observed for total PDC activity; transcript levels for E1 alpha and E1 beta approached zero during senescence. Levels of the E1 alpha, E1 beta, E2 and E3 subunits of the PDC were analyzed in the same samples, using specific antibodies. Quantitation of the immunoblotting results throughout this developmental series showed a pattern in parallel with that of catalytic activity and mRNA levels, although the relative changes in subunit protein levels were not as extreme as the changes in activity. The exception to the global pattern was that of the E3 subunit: lipoamide dehydrogenase. Expression of this enzyme was highest in mature, fully expanded leaves, which were active in photosynthesis and photorespiration, reflecting the additional role of E3 as a component of glycine decarboxylase. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Chem, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Interdisciplinary Plant Grp, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. USDA ARS, Plant Genet Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Randall, DD (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Chem, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 35 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 4 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 112 IS 4 BP 559 EP 566 DI 10.1034/j.1399-3054.2001.1120414.x PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 457CT UT WOS:000170120100014 ER PT J AU Rohrer, GA Wise, TH Lunstra, DD Ford, JJ AF Rohrer, GA Wise, TH Lunstra, DD Ford, JJ TI Identification of genomic regions controlling plasma FSH concentrations in Meishan-White Composite boars SO PHYSIOLOGICAL GENOMICS LA English DT Article DE pigs; puberty; quantitative trait loci; genetics; testes size ID QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI; FOLLICLE-STIMULATING-HORMONE; ANDROGEN-RECEPTOR GENE; OVINE CALLIPYGE LOCUS; EMBRYONAL SURVIVAL; MALE-INFERTILITY; SPERM PRODUCTION; TESTICULAR SIZE; CHINESE MEISHAN; PORCINE GENOME AB The Chinese Meishan (ME) breed of pig is unique for many reproductive traits. Compared with Western breeds of swine, ME females reach puberty earlier, ovulate more ova per estrus, and have greater uterine capacity, while intact males (boars) have smaller testes and extremely elevated plasma levels of pituitary-derived glycoprotein hormones. In an effort to identify the genetic mechanisms controlling the elevated plasma levels of pituitary-derived glycoprotein hormones [in particular, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)] and to determine whether some of these genetic factors are also responsible for differences in other phenotypes, we scanned the entire genome for regions that affected plasma FSH in boars from a Meishan-White Composite (equal contributions of Chester White, Landrace, Large White, and Yorkshire) resource population. Initially, the entire genome of 121 boars was scanned for regions that potentially influenced plasma FSH. The most significant genomic regions were further studied in a total of 436 boars. Three genomic regions located on chromosomes 3, 10, and X apparently possess genes that significantly affect FSH level, and one region provided suggestive evidence for the presence of FSH-controlling genes located on chromosome 8. The region on the X chromosome also affected testes size. Similar genomic regions to those identified on chromosomes 3, 8, and 10 in this study have been identified to affect ovulation rate in female litter mates, supporting the hypothesis that plasma FSH in pubertal boars and ovulation rate in females is controlled by a similar set of genes. C1 USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Rohrer, GA (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Spur 18D,POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 39 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 1094-8341 J9 PHYSIOL GENOMICS JI Physiol. Genomics PD AUG PY 2001 VL 6 IS 3 BP 145 EP 151 PG 7 WC Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity; Physiology SC Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity; Physiology GA 468RQ UT WOS:000170772300003 PM 11526198 ER PT J AU Cornish, K AF Cornish, K TI Similarities and differences in rubber biochemistry among plant species SO PHYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-29, 2000 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA SP Amer Chem Soc DE Ficus elastica; Moraceae; Hevea brasiliensis; Euphorbiaceae; Parthenium argentatum; compositae; natural rubber; rubber transferase; electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy ID PARTHENIUM-ARGENTATUM GRAY; HEVEA-BRASILIENSIS LATEX; TRANSFERASE-ACTIVITY; CIS-1,4-POLYISOPRENE BIOSYNTHESIS; DIPHOSPHATE SYNTHASES; PRENYL TRANSFERASES; CROSS-REACTIVITY; FICUS-ELASTICA; NATURAL-RUBBER; IGE ANTIBODIES AB This report reviews aspects of the biochemical regulation of rubber yield and rubber quality in three contrasting rubber-producing species, Hevea brasiliensis, Parthenium argentatum and Ficus elastica. Although many similarities are revealed, considerable differences also exist in enzymatic mechanisms regulating biosynthetic rate and the molecular weight of the rubber biopolymers produced. In all three species. rubber molecule initiation, biosynthetic rate and molecular weight, in vitro; are dependent upon substrate concentration and the ratio of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP, the elongation substrate. or monomer) and farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP, an initiator), but these parameters are affected by intrinsic properties of the rubber transferases as well. All three rubber transferases are capable of producing a wide range of rubber molecular weight, depending upon substrate concentration, clearly demonstrating that the transferases are not the prime determinants of product size in vivo. However. despite these commonalities, considerable differences exist between the species with respect to cosubstrate effects, binding constants, effective concentration ranges, and the role of negative cooperativity in vitro. The P. argentatum rubber transferase appears to exert more control over the molecular weight it produces than the other two species and may, therefore, provide the best prospect for the source of genes for transformation of annual crop species. The kinetic data, from the three contrasting rubber-producing species, also were used to develop a model of the rubber transferase active site in which, in addition to separate IPP and allylic-PP binding sites, there exists a hydrophobic region that interacts with the linear portion of allylic-PP initiator proximal to the pyrophosphate. Substrate affinity increases until the active site is traversed and the rubber interior of the rubber particle is reached. The kinetic data suggest that the hydrophobic region in H. brasiliensis and F. elastica is about 1.8 nm long but only 1.3 nm in P. argentatum. The estimates are supported by measurements of the rubber particle monolayer membrane using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Cornish, K (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RI Cornish, Katrina/A-9773-2013 NR 58 TC 95 Z9 108 U1 1 U2 26 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0031-9422 J9 PHYTOCHEMISTRY JI Phytochemistry PD AUG PY 2001 VL 57 IS 7 BP 1123 EP 1134 DI 10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00097-8 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 451RJ UT WOS:000169814800010 PM 11430985 ER PT J AU Ye, ZH Zhong, RQ Morrison, WH Himmelsbach, DS AF Ye, ZH Zhong, RQ Morrison, WH Himmelsbach, DS TI Caffeoyl coenzyme A O-methyltransferase and lignin biosynthesis SO PHYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-29, 2000 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA SP Amer Chem Soc DE caffeoyl CoA O-methyltransferase; caffeic acid O-methyltransferase; guaiacyl lignin units; syringyl lignin units; lignin biosynthesis ID CELL-SUSPENSION CULTURES; ADENOSYL-L-METHIONINE; A 3-O-METHYLTRANSFERASE; COA 3-O-METHYLTRANSFERASE; SUBSTRATE SPECIFICITIES; METHYLATION PATHWAY; SECONDARY XYLEM; EXPRESSION; LIGNIFICATION; CLONING AB Lignin, a complex phenylpropanoid compound, is polymerized from the monolignols p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferyl alcohol and sinapyl alcohol. These three monolignols differ only by the 3- and 5-methoxyl groups. Therefore, enzymatic reactions controlling the methylations of the 3- and 5-hydroxyls of monolignol precursors are critical to determine the lignin composition. Recent biochemical and transgenic studies have indicated that the methylation pathways in monolignol biosynthesis are much more complicated than we have previously envisioned. It has been demonstrated that caffeoyl CoA O-methyltransferase plays an essential role in the synthesis of guaiacyl lignin units as well as in the supply of substrates for the synthesis of syringyl lignin units. Caffeic acid O-methyltransferase has been found to essentially control the biosynthesis of syringyl lignin units. These new findings have greatly enriched our knowledge on the methylation pathways in monolignol biosynthesis. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Bot, Athens, GA 30602 USA. ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Ye, ZH (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Bot, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 47 TC 37 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 13 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0031-9422 J9 PHYTOCHEMISTRY JI Phytochemistry PD AUG PY 2001 VL 57 IS 7 BP 1177 EP 1185 DI 10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00051-6 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 451RJ UT WOS:000169814800015 PM 11430990 ER PT J AU Adkins, S Lewandowski, DJ AF Adkins, S Lewandowski, DJ TI Small-scale isolation of viral RNA-Dependent RNA polymerase from protoplasts inoculated with in vitro transcripts SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BROME MOSAIC-VIRUS; PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS; BROMOVIRAL RNA; DEFECTIVE RNAS; IN-VITRO; REPLICATION; INITIATION; SEQUENCES; AMPLIFICATION; PURIFICATION AB Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) replicated in tobacco suspension cell protoplasts inoculated with in vitro transcripts of CCMV RNA1, 2, and 3. CCMV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) isolated from these protoplasts specifically recognized CCMV and Brome mosaic virus (BMV) subgenomic RNA promoters and directed in vitro RNA synthesis in a manner indistinguishable from CCMV RdRp more laboriously isolated from systemically infected cowpea leaves. Omission of CCMV RNA3 from the protoplast inoculum or replacement with in vitro transcripts of BMV RNA3 reduced CCMV (+)-strand RNA1 and 2 accumulation to =1/40 and =1/10, respectively, of the level attained when CCMV RNA3 was present. The absence of CCMV RNA3 did not prevent assembly and isolation of highly active, template-dependent and template-specific CCMV RdRp, which directed synthesis of products identical in size to those of RdRp isolated from protoplasts inoculated with all three CCMV genomic RNAs. These results demonstrate that CCMV RNA1 and 2 are sufficient for CCMV replication and RdRp assembly in tobacco protoplasts. This approach for isolation of functional viral RdRp will be especially useful for viruses for which large quantities of infected tissue are unavailable, such as those with specific tissue tropisms or mutants incapable of systemic movement. C1 ARS, USDA, US Hort Res Lab, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. Univ Florida, Ctr Agr Res & Educ, Dept Plant Pathol, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 USA. RP Adkins, S (reprint author), ARS, USDA, US Hort Res Lab, 2001 S Rock Rd, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. NR 35 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD AUG PY 2001 VL 91 IS 8 BP 747 EP 752 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2001.91.8.747 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 455LE UT WOS:000170027700004 PM 18944031 ER PT J AU Lucio-Zavaleta, E Smith, DM Gray, SM AF Lucio-Zavaleta, E Smith, DM Gray, SM TI Variation in transmission efficiency among Barley yellow dwarf virus-RMV isolates and clones of the normally inefficient aphid vector, Rhopalosiphum padi SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COAT PROTEIN GENE; MOLECULAR MARKERS; CEREAL APHIDS; LUTEOVIRUSES; HOMOPTERA; PLANT; IDENTIFICATION; PURIFICATION; SPECIFICITY; RESISTANCE AB The RMV strain of Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV-RMV) is an unassigned member of the Luteoviridae that causes barley yellow dwarf in various cereal crops. The virus is most efficiently vectored by the aphid Rhopalosiphum maidis, but can also be vectored with varying efficiency by R. padi and Schizaphis graminum. Field collections of alate aphids migrating into the emerging winter wheat crop in the fall of 1994 in central New York identified a high proportion of R. padi transmitting BYDV-RMV. This prompted a comparison of the BYDV-RMV isolates and the R. padi populations found in the field with type virus and aphid species maintained in the laboratory. A majority of the field isolates of BYDV-RMV were similar to each other and to the type BYDV-RMV isolate in disease severity on oar and in transmission by the laboratory-maintained population of R. maidis and a field-collected population of R. maidis. However, several field populations of R. padi differed in their ability to transmit the various BYDV-RMV isolates. The transmission efficiency of the R. padi clones was increased if acquisition and inoculation feeding periods were allowed at higher temperatures. In addition, the transmission efficiency of BYDV-RMV was significantly influenced by the aphid that inoculated the virus source tissue. In general, BYDV-RMV transmission by R. padi was higher when R. padi was the aphid that inoculated the source tissue than when R. maidis was the inoculating aphid. The magnitude of the change varied among virus isolates and R. padi clones. These results indicate that, under certain environmental conditions, R. padi can play a significant role in the epidemiology of BYDV-RMV. This may be especially significant in regions where corn is a major source of virus and of aphids that can carry virus into a fall-planted wheat crop. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. USDA ARS, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Gray, SM (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 48 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD AUG PY 2001 VL 91 IS 8 BP 792 EP 796 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2001.91.8.792 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 455LE UT WOS:000170027700010 PM 18944037 ER PT J AU Obermeier, C Sears, JL Liu, HY Schlueter, KO Ryder, EJ Duffus, JE Koike, ST Wisler, GC AF Obermeier, C Sears, JL Liu, HY Schlueter, KO Ryder, EJ Duffus, JE Koike, ST Wisler, GC TI Characterization of distinct tombusviruses that cause diseases of lettuce and tomato in the western United States SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE brown blight; Cymbidium ringspot virus; eggplant; Olpidium bornovanus; soilborne viruses; sugar beet; virus resistance; waterborne viruses ID BUSHY STUNT VIRUS; RNA; IDENTIFICATION; PROTEINS; SEQUENCE; STRAINS; PEPPER; GENOME AB A soilborne disease of lettuce, associated with necrosis and dieback, has been found with increasing frequency in California and Arizona over the last 10 years. An isometric virus, serologically related to Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV), was consistently isolated from lettuce plants with these disease symptoms. Back-inoculation to healthy lettuce plants and subsequent reisolation of the virus from symptomatic lettuce leaves suggested that this virus was the causal agent of this disease. A tombusvirus was also associated with a necrosis disease of greenhouse-grown tomatoes in Colorado and New Mexico. Complementary DNA representing the 3 ' end of viral genomic RNAs recovered from diseased lettuce and tomato plants had identical nucleotide sequences. However, these sequences were divergent (12.2 to 17.1%) from sequences of the previously described strains of TBSV, Petunia asteroid mosaic virus (PAMV), Artichoke mottled crinkle virus, and Carnation Italian ringspot virus. Additional tombusvirus isolates were recovered from diseased lettuce and tomato plants and these were most closely related to the TBSV-cherry strain (synonymous with PAMV) and to Cucumber necrosis virus based on comparison of 3 ' -end sequences (0.1 to 0.6% and 4.8 to 5.1% divergence, respectively). Western blot analysis revealed that the new tombusvirus isolated from diseased lettuce and tomato plants in the western United States is serologically distinct from previously described tombusvirus species and strains. Based on genomic and serological properties, we propose to classify this virus as a new tombusvirus species and name it Lettuce necrotic stunt virus. C1 USDA ARS, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. Univ Calif, Cooperat Extens, Salinas, CA 93901 USA. Humboldt Univ, Inst Gartenbauwissensch, Fachgebiet Phytomed, D-14195 Berlin, Germany. RP Obermeier, C (reprint author), USDA ARS, 1636 E Alisal St, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. NR 50 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD AUG PY 2001 VL 91 IS 8 BP 797 EP 806 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2001.91.8.797 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 455LE UT WOS:000170027700011 PM 18944038 ER PT J AU Widstrom, NW Snook, ME AF Widstrom, NW Snook, ME TI Recurrent selection for maysin, a compound in maize silks, antibiotic to earworm SO PLANT BREEDING LA English DT Article DE Zea mays; Helicoverpa zea; plant resistance to insects; flavonoids; silk maysin ID QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI; CORN-EARWORM; GENETIC MECHANISMS; METABOLIC PATHWAYS; LEPIDOPTERA; NOCTUIDAE; ANALOGS; LARVAE AB A thorough knowledge of the inheritance of maysin, a flavone glycoside with antibiosis to corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea Boddie, in the silks of maize will assist breeders in choosing the most efficient method of incorporating this trait into elite inbreds. Two breeding populations, one having exotic origin (EPM), the other from southern inbred lines (SIM) were subjected to six cycles of recurrent selection for increased silk maysin. Ten per cent of the individuals evaluated in populations were selected for recombination as S-1 progenies in each cycle, Progress was evaluated as C0 to C6 population cycles in a randomized complete-block experiment with five replications in 1997 and 1998. Maysin fresh weights in silks of the C0 populations were 0.54% for EPM and 0.36% for SIM. Responses of 0.19% per cycle in EPM and 0.22% per cycle in SIM resulted in an EPM (C6) population with 1.76% maysin and an SIM (C6) population with 1.69% maysin. Silk maysin concentrations above 0.2% begin to substantially reduce larval growth and prevent completion of the life cycle when husk coverage is sufficient to force the insect to feed on silks while entering the ear. Chlorogenic acid and two analogues of maysin, apimaysin and 3'-methioxymaysin, were found in such minor quantities in silks that they could not be credited with any impact on antibiotic activity against the insect. Selection has effectively increased silk maysin concentration in both EPM and SIM. Trait responses for maysin are highly heritable and will allow the plant breeder to introgress resistance to the corn earworm into elite material easily. C1 USDA ARS, Georgia Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Crop Genet & Breeding Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. USDA ARS, Richard Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Widstrom, NW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Georgia Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Crop Genet & Breeding Res Unit, POB 748, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 17 TC 15 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 5 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0179-9541 J9 PLANT BREEDING JI Plant Breed. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 120 IS 4 BP 357 EP 359 DI 10.1046/j.1439-0523.2001.00610.x PG 3 WC Agronomy; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA 478QJ UT WOS:000171356600016 ER PT J AU Bryla, DR Bouma, TJ Hartmond, U Eissenstat, DM AF Bryla, DR Bouma, TJ Hartmond, U Eissenstat, DM TI Influence of temperature and soil drying on respiration of individual roots in citrus: integrating greenhouse observations into a predictive model for the field SO PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE root distribution; simulation; soil water content; temperature ID PINE PLANTATIONS; DAILY PATTERNS; CO2 EVOLUTION; WATER STATUS; GROWTH-RATE; CARBON; SEEDLINGS; DROUGHT; CHAMBER; EFFLUX AB In citrus, the majority of fine roots are distributed near the soil surface - a region where conditions are frequently dry and temperatures fluctuate considerably. To develop a better understanding of the relationship between changes in soil conditions and a plant's below-ground respiratory costs, the effects of temperature and soil drying on citrus root respiration were quantified in controlled greenhouse experiments. Chambers designed for measuring the respiration of individual roots were used. Under moist soil conditions, root respiration in citrus increased exponentially with changes in soil temperature (Q(10) = 1.8-2.0), provided that the changes in temperature were short-term. However, when temperatures were held constant, root respiration did not increase exponentially with increasing temperatures. Instead, the roots acclimated to controlled temperatures above 23 degreesC, thereby reducing their metabolism in warmer soils. Under drying soil conditions, root respiration decreased gradually beginning at 6% soil water content and reached a minimum at <2% soil water content in sandy soil. A model was constructed from greenhouse data to predict diurnal patterns of fine root respiration based on temperature and soil water content. The model was then validated in the field using data obtained by CO2 trapping on root systems of mature citrus trees. The trees were grown at a site where the soil temperature and water content were manipulated. Respiration predicted by the model was in general agreement with observed rates, which indicates the model may be used to estimate entire root system respiration for citrus. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Hort, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Florida, IFAS, Ctr Citrus Res & Educ, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 USA. RP Bryla, DR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, PWA, 2021 S Peach Ave, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. RI Bouma, Tjeerd/A-9841-2011 NR 55 TC 55 Z9 63 U1 1 U2 17 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0140-7791 J9 PLANT CELL ENVIRON JI Plant Cell Environ. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 24 IS 8 BP 781 EP 790 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3040.2001.00723.x PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 462CB UT WOS:000170401600003 ER PT J AU Sether, DM Karasev, AV Okumura, C Arakawa, C Zee, F Kislan, MM Busto, JL Hu, JS AF Sether, DM Karasev, AV Okumura, C Arakawa, C Zee, F Kislan, MM Busto, JL Hu, JS TI Differentiation, distribution, and elimination of two different pineapple mealybug wilt-associated viruses found in pineapple SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE closterovirus; Dysmicoccus spp.; mealybug wilt of pineapple; MWP; PCV ID CLOSTEROVIRUS; PLANTS AB Surveys for Pineapple mealybug wilt-associated virus-1 (PMWaV-1) and PMWaV-2 were conducted on pineapple samples from Hawaii and around the world. Tissue blot immunoassays (TBIAs) with two different monoclonal antibodies (MAb) specific to either PMWaV-1 or PMWaV-2 indicated that both closteroviruses are widely distributed throughout the pineapple-growing areas of the world. In the worldwide survey, PMWaV-1 was found in 801 of the mealybug wilt of pineapple (MWP)-symptomatic and 78% of the asymptomatic pineapple plants tested. A subset of plants was tested for PMWaV-2; 100% of the symptomatic plants and 1246 of the asymptomatic plants were positive for this virus. A reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay was developed to differentiate between PMWaV-1 and PMWaV-2. Oligonucleotide primers were designed using distinct regions of the HSP 70 homolog genes of the two viruses. PMWaV-specific RT-PCR assays and TBIAs were used to screen the pineapple accessions maintained at the United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service National Clonal Germplasm Repository for PMWaV infection; 73% of the accessions were found infected with at least one PMWaV. Pineapple accessions found PMWaV-free were challenged with viruliferous mealybugs to test for immunity to PMWaV-1. No immune germ plasm was identified. Potential alternative virus hosts were screened for infection with virus-specific RT-PCR assays and TBIAs and were also challenged with viruliferous mealybugs. No alternate hosts of PMWaV-1 or PMWaV-2 were identified. PMWaV-1 infection was eliminated through axillary and apical bud propagation from infected crowns. Strategies to manage MWP are discussed. C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Plant & Environm Protect Sci, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Thomas Jefferson Univ, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Doylestown, PA 18901 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Clonal Germplasm Repository, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. RP Hu, JS (reprint author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Plant & Environm Protect Sci, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 26 TC 22 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 85 IS 8 BP 856 EP 864 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2001.85.8.856 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 454RL UT WOS:000169985500008 ER PT J AU Bextine, B Wayadande, A Bruton, BD Pair, SD Mitchell, F Fletcher, J AF Bextine, B Wayadande, A Bruton, BD Pair, SD Mitchell, F Fletcher, J TI Effect of insect exclusion on the incidence of yellow vine disease and of the associated bacterium in squash SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID VIRUS VECTORS; ROW COVERS; CUCURBITS AB Yellow vine (YV) of cucurbits, associated with a phloem-limited bacterium, causes rapid wilting and death in affected plants. In a previous study experimental insecticide-treated plots had a lower incidence of YV than untreated plots, suggesting that insects were involved in the transmission of the bacterium. In the study reported here, we compared the incidence of YV and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of the YV bacterium in noncovered squash plants (Cucurbita pepo var. melopepo) with plants covered with fine-mesh fabric secured in such a way that insects were excluded. Rows of squash were covered with row mesh cover that was stretched over hoops and anchored in the soil. The row cover was removed after 40 or 50 days, at which time all plants were sampled destructively by harvesting the crown and root. In the first experiment, 3% of the noncovered plants had foliar symptoms, 7% were positive with the use of Dienes' stain, and 25% were positive when analyzed by PCR with specific primers. No covered plants were positive by any detection method, and no plants in the second experiment had foliar symptoms or tested positive with Dienes' stain. However, 20% of noncovered and 0% of covered plants were PCR positive. These data support the hypothesis that insects were involved in the transmission of the bacterium. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Entomol & Plant Pathol, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. USDA ARS, Lane, OK 74555 USA. Texas Agr Expt Stn, Stephenville, TX 76401 USA. RP Fletcher, J (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Entomol & Plant Pathol, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. NR 13 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 85 IS 8 BP 875 EP 878 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2001.85.8.875 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 454RL UT WOS:000169985500010 ER PT J AU Zhang, S Reddy, MS Kokalis-Burelle, N Wells, LW Nightengale, SP Kloepper, JW AF Zhang, S Reddy, MS Kokalis-Burelle, N Wells, LW Nightengale, SP Kloepper, JW TI Lack of induced systemic resistance in peanut to late leaf spot disease by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and chemical elicitors SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE biological control ID BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; CUCUMBER DISEASES; FUSARIUM-WILT; INDUCTION; TOMATO; VIRUS; FIELD AB A disease assay was optimized for late leaf spot disease of peanut using Cercosporidium personarum in the greenhouse, and this assay was used in attempts to elicit induced systemic resistance using strains of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and chemical elicitors. Nineteen strains of spore-forming bacilli PGPR, including strains of Paenibacillus macerans, Brevibacillus brevis, Bacillus laterosporus, B. subtilis, B. pumilus, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. sphaericus, B. cereus, and B. pasteurii, which previously elicited systemic disease control activity on other crops, were evaluated in greenhouse assays. Seven PGPR strains elicited significant disease reduction in a single experiment; however, none repeated significant protection achieved in the greenhouse assay, while significant protection consistently occurred with the fungicide chlorothalonil (Bravo). In other greenhouse trials, neither stem injections of C. personatum nor foliar sprays of chemicals. including salicylic acid, sodium salicylate, isonicotinic acid, or benzo[1,2,3]thiadiazole-7-carbothioc acid S-methyl ester (Actigard), which elicit systemic acquired resistance on other crops, elicited significant disease protection. In contrast, foliar sprays with DL-beta -amino-n-butyric acid (BABA), which is an elicitor of localized acquired resistance, resulted in significantly less late leaf spot disease in one of two tests. Combination treatments of four PGPR strains with BABA in the greenhouse did not significantly protect peanut from late leaf spot. Field trials conducted over two growing seasons indicated that none of the 19 PGPR strains, applied as seed treatments at two concentrations, significantly reduced late leaf spot disease. The same chemical elicitors tested in the greenhouse, including BABA, did not elicit significant disease protection. Some combinations of four PGPR and BABA significantly reduced the disease at one but not at two sample times. Collectively, these results suggest that late leaf spot resistance in peanut is not systemically inducible in the same manner as is resistance to diseases in other crops by PGPR and chemical inducers. C1 Auburn Univ, Alabama Agr Expt Stn, Dept Entomol & Plant Pathol, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. USDA ARS, US Hort Res Lab, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. RP Kloepper, JW (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Alabama Agr Expt Stn, Dept Entomol & Plant Pathol, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. NR 33 TC 37 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 85 IS 8 BP 879 EP 884 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2001.85.8.879 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 454RL UT WOS:000169985500011 ER PT J AU Bartz, JA Eayre, CG Mahovic, MJ Concelmo, DE Brecht, JK Sargent, SA AF Bartz, JA Eayre, CG Mahovic, MJ Concelmo, DE Brecht, JK Sargent, SA TI Chlorine concentration and the inoculation of tomato fruit in packinghouse dump tanks SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE packinghouse sanitation; postharvest decay; water chlorination ID DECAY AB Chlorine concentrations (pH 6 to 7 and 22 to 27 degreesC) that killed arthrospores (spores) of Geotrichum candidum or sporangioles (spores) of Rhizopus stolonifer, causal agents of sour rot and Rhizopus rot, respectively, in moving water within 30 to 45 s did not prevent these pathogens from inoculating wounded tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum) in a water flume containing chlorine and spores. Free chlorine concentrations of 20 or 25 mg/liter were lethal to spores of G. candidum within 30 s in most in vitro tests, whereas spores of R. stolonifer were slightly less sensitive. Wounded tomatoes placed in a flume with free chlorine at 30 mg/liter and then exposed to spores for 1 min developed about 50% less decay incidence during storage at 24 degreesC for 6 days than did fruit exposed to spores and water alone. In the absence of chlorine, incidence averaged 57% (range, 15 to 95%) for R. stolonifer and 38% (range, 17 to 58%) for G. candidum. Sporadic sour rot lesions were observed among fruit that had been treated with free chlorine at 75 mg/liter, whereas chlorine at up to 180 mg/liter failed to completely protect fruit from Rhizopus rot. A water-soluble dye rapidly penetrated wounds on tomato fruit. The dye framed the outlines of cells at the wound surface and appeared to penetrate into a few intercellular spaces, Application of 1% sodium hypochlorite decolorized the dye on the wound surface, whereas deposits located below the wound surface remained blue. Thus, spores suspended in moving water can escape the action of chlorine if carried into intercellular spaces by diffusion or by capillary movement of cell sap and water. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Plant Pathol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. USDA ARS, Water Management Res Lab, Parlier, CA USA. Univ Florida, Dept Hort Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Bartz, JA (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Plant Pathol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. EM jabar@gnv.ifas.ufl.edu RI Brecht, Jeffrey/B-2375-2013 NR 19 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 EI 1943-7692 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 85 IS 8 BP 885 EP 889 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2001.85.8.885 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 454RL UT WOS:000169985500012 ER PT J AU Farnham, MW Keinath, AP Smith, JP AF Farnham, MW Keinath, AP Smith, JP TI Characterization of Fusarium yellows resistance in collard SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article AB The yellows disease of cole crops, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans, can be very damaging to collard. Growers in the southeastern United States frequently produce collard in hot, summer months when conditions for yellows development are favorable, and thus, incidence of this disease is increasing. A collection of essentially all U.S. commercial cultivars of collard, various landraces of collard, and other representative cole crops was evaluated for response to artificial inoculation with F: oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans under controlled-temperature conditions. In addition, the same collection was evaluated following transplanting for response to naturally infested soil in the field during summer 1997 and 1998. In all trials, genotype had the most significant effect on percentage of diseased plants, and genotype responses ranged from resistant (0 to 20% diseased) to susceptible (61 to 100% diseased). There was a significant temperature effect on percentage of diseased plants in one growth chamber experiment with five genotypes that resulted primarily from an increase in disease incidence for the cultivar Blue Max at 30 degreesC compared with 25 degreesC. Temperature was not significant in a second experiment with 20 genotypes. In the field, although significant differences were observed among genotypes and between years, a significant genotype x year interaction was not detected for percentage of diseased plants, indicating a similar ranking of genotypes for resistance between years. There was a significant correlation between results from controlled-environment studies and the field. A resistant response to F: oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans was expressed in certain cultivars of collard, including Flash, Heavicrop, and Morris Heading, and also in specific landraces. This resistance was stable in relatively high temperature environments used in evaluations. Results of this research indicate that choice of cultivar is a critical factor in producing collard where conditions favor infection by F: oxysporum f, sp. conglutinans. This information will aid in development of new yellows-resistant cultivars. C1 Clemson Univ, Dept Plant Pathol & Physiol, Coastal Res & Educ Ctr, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. USDA ARS, Vegetable Lab, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. Cooperat Extens Serv, Lexington, SC 29072 USA. RP Keinath, AP (reprint author), Clemson Univ, Dept Plant Pathol & Physiol, Coastal Res & Educ Ctr, 2865 Savannah Hwy, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. NR 17 TC 12 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 85 IS 8 BP 890 EP 894 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2001.85.8.890 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 454RL UT WOS:000169985500013 ER PT J AU Wu, BM Subbarao, KV van Bruggen, AHC Koike, ST AF Wu, BM Subbarao, KV van Bruggen, AHC Koike, ST TI Comparison of three fungicide spray advisories for lettuce downy mildew SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE Bremia lactucae; weather ID BREMIA-LACTUCAE; SPORE RELEASE; DEW DURATION; LEAF WETNESS; CALIFORNIA; INFECTION AB Lettuce growers in coastal California have relied mainly on protective fungicide sprays to control downy mildew. Thus, timing of sprays before infection is critical for optimal results. A leaf-wetness-driven, infection-based advisory system, previously developed, did not always perform satisfactorily. In this study, the advisory system was modified by incorporating a pathogen survival component (system 1) or both survival and sporulation components (system 2). These systems were then evaluated in commercial lettuce fields in coastal California during 1996-1998. Three or four treatments were carried out in each field: (i) no spray; (ii) sprays as scheduled by the growers; (iii) sprays following modified system 1; and (iv) sprays following the original advisory system (1996) or modified system 2 (1998). Downy mildew incidence was evaluated every 2 to 9 days. In fields with drip irrigation, the number of fungicide applications was reduced by one or two regardless of the advisory system used compared to the grower's calendar-based schedule, although one unnecessary spray was recommended in 1996 at Soledad and 1997 at Salinas. Under all three systems, disease levels were low (incidence < 25% and about 1 lesion per plant) for fields with drip irrigation, but not for fields with sprinklers (incidence up to 100% and 5 to 10 lesions per plant). For the first time, we established that survival and sporulation components are not needed for a lettuce downy mildew forecasting system. Instead, a threshold with a shorter period of morning leaf wetness and high temperatures were found to have potential for improving forecasting efficiency. C1 Univ Calif Davis, USDA ARS, Dept Plant Pathol, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, NL-6709 PG Wageningen, Netherlands. Univ Calif Cooperat Extens, Salinas, CA 93901 USA. RP Wu, BM (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, USDA ARS, Dept Plant Pathol, 1636 E Alisal St, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. OI Subbarao, Krishna/0000-0002-2075-1835 NR 21 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 85 IS 8 BP 895 EP 900 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2001.85.8.895 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 454RL UT WOS:000169985500014 ER PT J AU Hughes, G Gottwald, TR AF Hughes, G Gottwald, TR TI Survey methods for assessment of Citrus tristeza virus incidence in citrus nurseries SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE budwood; indoor container system; precision ID FLORIDA AB Monitoring of plant health takes place in citrus nurseries to prevent the distribution of infected plants to commercial groves. In this article, both analytical and simulation methods are used to characterize schemes by which such monitoring may be carried out, in the particular context of Citrus tristeza virus infection. Two aspects of such schemes are discussed in detail. The inclusiveness of a sample is an assessment of the degree of redundancy that occurs because, in some samples, the progeny of identically infected propagation material may appear more than once. The operating characteristic function shows the probability of reaching a decision, based on sampling, that a population of daughter plants has an incidence of infection less than or equal to some adopted threshold level for any actual level of incidence in the population. If the same proportion of the population is assessed at different population sizes, both the inclusiveness and the operating characteristic function vary with population size. However, sample sizes may be calculated so that a specified operating characteristic function is maintained as population size varies. The sample sizes required to meet the conditions specified on the operating characteristics do not increase proportionally with population size. Under such a scheme, fewer samples might need to be taken from large populations of daughter plants than would be the case if a constant percentage sampling scheme were adopted. C1 Univ Edinburgh, Inst Ecol & Resource Management, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, Midlothian, Scotland. USDA ARS, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. RP Hughes, G (reprint author), Univ Edinburgh, Inst Ecol & Resource Management, W Mains Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, Midlothian, Scotland. NR 10 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 85 IS 8 BP 910 EP 918 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2001.85.8.910 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 454RL UT WOS:000169985500016 ER PT J AU Childs, KL Klein, RR Klein, PE Morishige, DT Mullet, JE AF Childs, KL Klein, RR Klein, PE Morishige, DT Mullet, JE TI Mapping genes on an integrated sorghum genetic and physical map using cDNA selection technology SO PLANT JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE sorghum; EST; cDNA selection; mapping ID RFLP LINKAGE MAP; MAIZE DNA PROBES; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; COMPLEMENTARY-DNA; TRANSCRIPT MAP; CONSTRUCTION; GENOME; BICOLOR; RICE; CHROMOSOME AB Sorghum is an important target of plant genomics. This cereal has unusual tolerance to adverse environments, a small genome (750 Mbp) relative to most other grasses, a diverse germplasm, and utility for comparative genomics with rice, maize and other grasses. In this study, a modified cDNA selection protocol was developed to aid the discovery and mapping of genes across an integrated genetic and physical map of the sorghum genome. BAC DNA from the sorghum genome map was isolated and covalently bound in arrayed tubes for efficient liquid handling. Amplifiable cDNA sequence tags were isolated by hybridization to individual sorghum BACs, cloned and sequenced. Analysis of a fully sequenced sorghum BAC indicated that about 80% of known or predicted genes were detected in the sequence tags, including multiple tags from different regions of individual genes. Data from cDNA selection using the fully sequenced BAC indicate that the occurrence of mislocated cDNA tags is very low. Analysis of 35 BACs (5.25 Mb) from sorghum linkage group B revealed (and therefore mapped) two sorghum genes and 58 sorghum ESTs. Additionally, 31 cDNA tags that had significant homologies to genes from other species were also isolated. The modified cDNA selection procedure described here will be useful for genome-wide gene discovery and EST mapping in sorghum, and for comparative genomics of sorghum, rice, maize and other grasses. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Inst Plant Genom & Biotechnol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Biochem & Biophys, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. USDA ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Mullet, JE (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Inst Plant Genom & Biotechnol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM jmullet@tamu.edu RI Childs, Kevin/C-9513-2014 OI Childs, Kevin/0000-0002-3680-062X NR 51 TC 15 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0960-7412 J9 PLANT J JI Plant J. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 27 IS 3 BP 243 EP 255 DI 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2001.01085.x PG 13 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 463FQ UT WOS:000170466800007 PM 11532170 ER PT J AU Betz, C McCollum, TG Mayer, RT AF Betz, C McCollum, TG Mayer, RT TI Differential expression of two cinnamate 4-hydroxylase genes in 'Valencia' orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) SO PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cinnamate 4-hydroxylase; Citrus; CYP73; differential expression; P450; phenylpropanoid pathway ID PHENYLPROPANOID PATHWAY; ACID 4-HYDROXYLASE; FUNCTIONAL EXPRESSION; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; ENTRY POINT; CYTOCHROME-P450; MONOOXYGENASES; RESPONSES; CLONING; PARSLEY AB Two different full-length cDNAs for cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H1 and C4H2) were isolated from Citrus sinensis Osbeck cv. Valencia libraries. C4H1 (1708 bp) and C4H2 (1871 bp) share only 65% identity on nucleotide and 66% identity on the amino acid level, respectively. C4H1 is most homologous to a cinnamate 4-hydroxylase sequence from French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), but codes for a unique N-terminus. C4H2 shows highest similarity to a poplar (Populus kitakamiensis) sequence, but also shows a unique N-terminus. The two genes are expressed differentially in orange flavedo, C4H2 is constitutive, C4H1 is wound-induced. In competitive RT-PCR, the mRNA for both genes in wounded and untreated tissue was quantified. C4H1 is strongly wound-inducible from `not detectable' to about 35 fg mRNA per 50 ng total RNA 8 h after wounding. The first detectable C4H1 mRNA was found 4 h after wounding. After reaching peak levels 4 h later the levels slightly declined, but stayed elevated until the end of the experiment (48 h). C4H2 is expressed 3-10 times higher than wound-induced C4H1 even in the control sample; wounding transiently increases the level of expression another 2-3 times. The existence of different N-termini and their effects on the possible role of both genes in phenylpropanoid pathways is discussed. C1 ARS, USDA, US Hort Res Lab, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. RP Mayer, RT (reprint author), ARS, USDA, US Hort Res Lab, 2001 S Rock Rd, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. NR 26 TC 27 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4412 J9 PLANT MOL BIOL JI Plant Mol.Biol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 46 IS 6 BP 741 EP 748 DI 10.1023/A:1011625619713 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 468ZA UT WOS:000170787000010 PM 11575728 ER PT J AU Hatfield, R Vermerris, W AF Hatfield, R Vermerris, W TI Lignin formation in plants. The dilemma of linkage specificity SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CELL-WALL LIGNIFICATION; STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION; POLYMER MODELS; C-13 NMR; BIOSYNTHESIS; MUTANT C1 USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Purdue Univ, Bot & Plant Pathol Dept, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Hatfield, R (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, 1925 Linden Dr W, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 30 TC 113 Z9 126 U1 3 U2 25 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 126 IS 4 BP 1351 EP 1357 DI 10.1104/pp.126.4.1351 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 462HC UT WOS:000170413800004 PM 11500535 ER PT J AU Feng, D Caulfield, DF Sanadi, AR AF Feng, D Caulfield, DF Sanadi, AR TI Effect of compatibilizer on the structure-property relationships of Kenaf-fiber/polypropylene composites SO POLYMER COMPOSITES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Wood and Natural Fibre Composites Symposium CY JUN 28-29, 1999 CL KASSEL, GERMANY ID MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; REINFORCING FILLERS; POLYPROPYLENE; FIBERS AB Although lignocellulosic, fiber-thermoplastics composites have been used for sever-al decades, recent economic and environmental advantages have resulted in significant commercial interest in the use of these fibers for sever-al applications. Kenaf is a fast growing annual growth plant that is harvested for its bast fibers. These fibers have excellent specific properties and have potential to be outstanding reinforcing fillers in plastics. This paper reports the structure-property relationships of kenaf fiber reinforced polypropylene (PP) and its impact copolymers. The use of maleated polypropylenes (MAPP) is important to improve the compatibility between the fiber and matrix. A significant improvement in impact strengths was observed when the MAPP was used in the composites. Results also indicate that the impact copolymer blends with coupling agent have better high temperature moduli and lower creep compliance than the uncoupled systems. The coupling agent also changes the crystallization and melting behavior of these blends. Because of the better adhesion between the polymer molecules and kenaf fibers, the coupled samples have more restricted molecules than the uncoupled blends. As a result, the crystallization of the coupled high molecular weight blends is slower than the uncoupled blends, resulting in a lower crystallization temperature (TC) and reduced crystallinity. For the lower molecular weight blends, the coupling agent enhances the crystallization of polymer matrix and results in a higher crystallization temperature and increased crystallinity of the coupled blend. The coupled blends also have more defects in the polymer crystals, and the crystallinity of coupled blends is also lower than the uncoupled blends. This could explain the lower melting temperatures of the coupled samples as compared to uncoupled samples. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705 USA. US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Amoco Polymers Inc, Alpharetta, GA USA. RP Sanadi, AR (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RI Sanadi, Anand/C-4420-2015 OI Sanadi, Anand/0000-0002-6382-9225 NR 16 TC 98 Z9 105 U1 0 U2 7 PU SOC PLASTICS ENG INC PI BROOKFIELD PA 14 FAIRFIELD DR, BROOKFIELD, CT 06804-0403 USA SN 0272-8397 J9 POLYM COMPOSITE JI Polym. Compos. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 22 IS 4 BP 506 EP 517 DI 10.1002/pc.10555 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Composites; Polymer Science SC Materials Science; Polymer Science GA 470AL UT WOS:000170848200005 ER PT J AU Zhou, GW Willett, JL Carriere, CJ AF Zhou, GW Willett, JL Carriere, CJ TI Effect of starch content on viscosity of starch-filled poly(hydroxy ester ether) composites SO POLYMER ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; POLYMER MELTS; RHEOLOGY; BLENDS AB The effect of starch volume fraction on starch-filled poly(hydroxy ester ether) (PHEE) biodegradable composites was analyzed using Mooney, Thomas, Maron & Pierce, and Frankel & Acrivos equations. Corn starch/PHEE materials were extruded using a twin-screw extruder with starch volume fractions from 0.27 to 0.66. The starch was dried to a moisture content of 0.7% to minimize moisture effect on composite rheology. Dynamic frequency sweep measurements were carried out at 120 degreesC and 1% strain. The equations of Maron & Pierce, Thomas, and Frankel & Acrivos can be used to describe the experimental data. It is found that the relative viscosity at the same shear stress increases with increasing shear stress. The possible existence of yield stress at high starch concentrations was examined using a Casson plot. C1 ARS, Plant Polymer Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. ARS, Cereal Prod & Food Sci Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Willett, JL (reprint author), ARS, Plant Polymer Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 15 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 3 U2 4 PU SOC PLASTICS ENG INC PI BROOKFIELD PA 14 FAIRFIELD DR, BROOKFIELD, CT 06804-0403 USA SN 0032-3888 J9 POLYM ENG SCI JI Polym. Eng. Sci. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 41 IS 8 BP 1365 EP 1372 DI 10.1002/pen.10836 PG 8 WC Engineering, Chemical; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Polymer Science GA 468BG UT WOS:000170737800007 ER PT J AU Cheng, HW Eicher, SD Chen, Y Singleton, P Muir, WM AF Cheng, HW Eicher, SD Chen, Y Singleton, P Muir, WM TI Effect of genetic selection for group productivity and longevity on immunological and hematological parameters of chickens SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE group selection; well-being; immunology; hematology; chicken ID MULTIPLE-HEN CAGES; RED-BLOOD-CELLS; HUMORAL IMMUNE-RESPONSE; INCREASED BODY-WEIGHT; ANTIBODY-RESPONSE; SHEEP ERYTHROCYTES; INFECTIOUS-DISEASES; DELAYED AMELANOSIS; ADRENAL-FUNCTION; EGG-PRODUCTION AB A line of White Leghorn chickens was selected for high group productivity and longevity resulting in improved survival and feather score as well as reduced cannibalism and flightiness. Improvements in survival might have also been due to improved immunity. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that selection for high (HGPS) and low (LGPS) group productivity and survivability also altered immune and hematological parameters. The LGPS line was an intense reverse selected line of the HGPS line at the eighth generation of development. Hens were randomly assigned to individual cages at 17 wk of age. Blood samples were collected from the hens at 21 wk of age. Subsets of T lymphocytes (CD4(+), CD8(+), and gamma delta cells) were measured using flow cytometry. Concentrations of plasma IgG were quantified with western blot analysis and immunoprecipitation assay. Hematological parameters were collected from blood smears. The HGPS hens had significantly higher percentages of blood lymphocytes and CD4(+):CD8(+) ratios of circulating T cells (P < 0.01) and tended to have more, but not significantly, gamma delta T cells (P = 0.07) than the LGPS hens. In contrast, the LGPS hens exhibited eosinophilia and heterophilia and greater heterophil:lymphocyte ratios (P < 0.01). The concentrations of plasma IgG were also significantly higher in the LGPS hens (P < 0.01). These results suggest that genetic selection for group productivity and longevity also alters the immunological and hematological systems of hens. The line difference in regulation of T cells, leukocytes, and production of IgG may suggest that different genes or modes of gene action are involved. C1 USDA ARS, Livestock Behav Res Unit, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Anim Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Cheng, HW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Livestock Behav Res Unit, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 79 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 5 U2 9 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 80 IS 8 BP 1079 EP 1086 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 457EM UT WOS:000170124200004 PM 11495458 ER PT J AU Sacco, RE Rimler, RB Ye, X Nestor, KE AF Sacco, RE Rimler, RB Ye, X Nestor, KE TI Identification of new major histocompatibility complex class II restriction fragment length polymorphisms in a closed experimental line of Beltsville small white turkeys SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE turkey; major histocompatability complex; haplotype; genetic diversity; restriction fragment length polymorphism ID CHICKEN; HAPLOTYPES; ANTIGENS; CORYZA AB Beltsville Small White (BSW) turkeys have been utilized as an experimental model in the study of bacterial, parasitic, and fungal diseases. Given the critical role of MHC antigens in the initial steps of the immune response to specific pathogens, the MHC Class II of BSW turkeys was characterized. Southern blot analysis of PvuII-digested turkey DNA that was hybridized with a chicken Class II beta gene genomic clone revealed two restriction fragment length polymorphism profiles not previously identified in experimental or commercial breeder lines of turkeys. These fingerprint profiles differed in a single 6.0-kb band that was present in approximately 38% of the birds examined. The DNA fragments of 5.0, 4.1, 3.3, and 3.1 were present in both profiles. Furthermore, no mixed lymphocyte reaction was observed between individuals within the BSW turkey line. The present results indicate that BSW turkeys represent a unique source of genetic diversity for MHC Class II haplotypes. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Resp Dis Livestock Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Dept Anim Sci, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. RP Sacco, RE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Resp Dis Livestock Res Unit, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 18 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 80 IS 8 BP 1109 EP 1111 PG 3 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 457EM UT WOS:000170124200008 PM 11495462 ER PT J AU Disney, WT Green, JW Forsythe, KW Wiemers, JF Weber, S AF Disney, WT Green, JW Forsythe, KW Wiemers, JF Weber, S TI Benefit-cost analysis of animal identification for disease prevention and control SO REVUE SCIENTIFIQUE ET TECHNIQUE DE L OFFICE INTERNATIONAL DES EPIZOOTIES LA English DT Article DE animal identification; benefit-cost; disease control; economics; traceability; traceback; trade ID SWINE FEVER EPIDEMIC; CONTROL STRATEGIES; MOUTH-DISEASE; NATIONAL IDENTIFICATION; STOCHASTIC SIMULATION; RECORDING-SYSTEMS; NETHERLANDS; EVALUATE; IMPACT; MODEL AB Individual animal identification is; an important consideration for many countries to improve animal traceback systems. The analysis presented by the authors provides a conceptual benefit-cost framework for evaluating the economic usefulness of improved animal identification systems designed to reduce the consequences of foreign animal diseases (FAD). For cattle in situations similar to those found in the United States of America, results show that improved levels of animal identification may provide sufficient economic benefits, in terms of the reduced consequences of FAD, to justify the improvements. In contrast, the results of similar studies in swine show that the economic benefits of the reduced FAD consequences are not sufficient to justify improvements in animal identification systems. Vertically integrated industries, in which animals have only one owner in a closed system from birth to slaughter, may not require individual animal identification for traceback purposes. However, additional benefits, not quantified in this analysis, could contribute to favourable benefit-cost ratios for improved identification in certain sectors of the swine industry. C1 APHIS, Ctr Anim Dis Informat & Anal, Ctr Epidemiol, Vet Serv,USDA, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. APHIS, Ctr Anim Dis Informat & Anal, Ctr Anim Hlth, Vet Serv,USDA, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. APHIS, Anim Hlth Programs, Vet Serv, USDA, Galesburg, IL 61401 USA. RP Disney, WT (reprint author), APHIS, Ctr Anim Dis Informat & Anal, Ctr Epidemiol, Vet Serv,USDA, 555 S Howes,Suite 300, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 30 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 5 PU OFFICE INT EPIZOOTIES PI PARIS PA 12 RUE DE PRONY, 75017 PARIS, FRANCE SN 0253-1933 J9 REV SCI TECH OIE JI Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epizoot. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 20 IS 2 BP 385 EP 405 PG 21 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 467EQ UT WOS:000170689800005 PM 11552703 ER PT J AU Vitiello, DJ Thaler, AM AF Vitiello, DJ Thaler, AM TI Animal identification: links to food safety SO REVUE SCIENTIFIQUE ET TECHNIQUE DE L OFFICE INTERNATIONAL DES EPIZOOTIES LA English DT Article DE animal identification; food safety; hazard analysis and critical control point pathogens; residues; traceability; traceback ID CYSTICERCOSIS; CATTLE AB Improvements in food safety in the United States of America are currently limited by the lack of an open, reliable and uniform animal identification system. Public health would benefit from the development of such a system because this would permit accountability for and prevention of food safety hazards, including residues and harmful pathogens. In addition, the public would benefit because data collection and long-term research studies are currently hampered by the lack of animal identification. Understanding of the ecology of food-borne pathogens in the production and handling period before slaughter needs to be improved. Animal identification will permit packers and consumers to reward producers for using food safety-related production practices. Food animal producers do not regularly receive an economic advantage for voluntarily undertaking food safety-related production practices. As a result, the original source of many food animals that enter official establishments is unknown. However, the hazard analysis and critical control point system allows some producers to offer identified animals under verified production control programmes or to enter into agreements with packers with regard to the food safety status of animals. C1 US Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Anim & Egg Prod Food Safety Staff, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Vitiello, DJ (reprint author), US Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Anim & Egg Prod Food Safety Staff, USDA, Room 002,South Bldg, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 12 TC 5 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU OFFICE INT EPIZOOTIES PI PARIS PA 12 RUE DE PRONY, 75017 PARIS, FRANCE SN 0253-1933 J9 REV SCI TECH OIE JI Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epizoot. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 20 IS 2 BP 598 EP 604 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 467EQ UT WOS:000170689800020 PM 11548529 ER PT J AU Bakhsh, A Kanwar, RS Karlen, DL Cambardella, CA Bailey, TB Moorman, TB Colvin, TS AF Bakhsh, A Kanwar, RS Karlen, DL Cambardella, CA Bailey, TB Moorman, TB Colvin, TS TI N-management and crop rotation effects on yield and residual soil nitrate levels SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE swine manure; UAN; continuous corn; corn after soybean; soil nitrate ID SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE WATER; CORN PRODUCTION; TILLAGE SYSTEM; NITROGEN; GROUNDWATER; MOVEMENT; QUALITY; PROFILE; LOSSES; MANURE AB Swine production facilities are becoming more concentrated in Iowa, and public is concerned about the impact of using swine manure for crop production on soil and water quality. This field study was conducted from 1996 to 1998 to compare the effects of liquid swine manure and urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) application on crop yield and residual soil nitrate for continuous corn (Zea mays L.) and com-soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) rotation systems. Six N management treatments were replicated three times in a randomized complete block design at Iowa State University's northeastern research center in Nashua, Iowa. Injected UAN provided 135 kg N ha(-1) to continuous corn and 110 kg N ha(-1) to corn grown in rotation with soybean. The 3-year average amount of N from swine manure was 123 kg ha(-1) for continuous corn and 97 kg ha(-1) for rotated corn. The average grain yield for continuous corn for UAN and manure treatments (7.8 vs. 7.5 Mg ha(-1), respectively) was not significantly (P = 0.05) different. Corn yields from plots rotated with soybean were significantly different, averaging 9.4 and 8.9 Mg ha(-1) for UAN and manure plots, respectively. Similarly, rotation effects reduced the residual soil nitrate by 25% (18 vs. 24 kg-N ha(-1)) and 33% (20 vs. 30 kg-N ha(-1)) under UAN and manure N-management systems, respectively, compared with continuous corn plots. The plots fertilized with swine manure also showed greater average levels of residual soil nitrate over winter months (12 vs. 5 kg-N ha(-1)) compared with UAN-fertilized plots. The results of this study suggest that using swine manure as a nitrogen supplement results in greater residual soil nitrate without increasing corn grain yield, compared with UAN-application, and can, therefore, build up excessive nitrate amounts in the root zone causing increased potential for NO3-N leaching to groundwater. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Stat, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Bakhsh, A (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 28 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 13 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 166 IS 8 BP 530 EP 538 DI 10.1097/00010694-200108000-00004 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 465GA UT WOS:000170580200004 ER PT J AU Voorhees, WB AF Voorhees, WB TI The 15th Conference of the International Soil Tillage Research Organization - Foreword SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USDA ARS, N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, Morris, MN 56267 USA. RP Voorhees, WB (reprint author), USDA ARS, N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, 803 Iowa Ave, Morris, MN 56267 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 61 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 2 DI 10.1016/S0167-1987(01)00183-0 PG 2 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 449BD UT WOS:000169663700001 ER PT J AU Follett, RF AF Follett, RF TI Soil management concepts and carbon sequestration zin cropland soils SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th Conference of the International-Soil-Tillage-Research-Organization CY JUL 02-07, 2000 CL FT WORTH, TEXAS SP Int Soil Tillage Res Org DE conservation tillage; residue management; carbon; soil organic carbon; C-sequestration; soil fertility; irrigation; energy use; C-emissions from agriculture ID ORGANIC-MATTER; GREAT-PLAINS; C STORAGE; NITROGEN; SYSTEMS; TILLAGE; CORN; PRODUCTIVITY; INCREASES; BIOMASS AB One of the most important terrestrial pools for carbon (C) storage and exchange with atmospheric CO2 is soil organic carbon (SOC). Following the advent of large-scale cultivation, this long-term balance was disrupted and increased amounts of SOC were exposed to oxidation and loss as atmospheric CO2. The result was a dramatic decrease in SOC. If amounts of C entering the soil exceed that lost to the atmosphere by oxidation, SOC increases. Such an increase can result from practices that include improved: (1) tillage management and cropping systems, (2) management to increase amount of land cover, and (3) efficient use of production inputs, e.g. nutrients and water. Among the most important contributors is conservation tillage (i.e., no-till, ridge-till, and mulch-tillage) whereby higher levels of residue cover are maintained than for conventional-tillage. Gains in amount of land area under conservation tillage between 1989 and 1998 are encouraging because of their contributions to soil and water conservation and for their potential to sequester SOC. Other important contributors are crop residue and biomass management and fallow reduction. Collectively, tillage management and cropping systems in the US are estimated to have the potential to sequester 30-105 million metric tons of carbon (MMTC) yr(-1). Two important examples of management strategies whereby land cover is increased include crop rotations with winter cover crops and the conservation reserve program (CRP). Such practices enhance SOC sequestration by increasing the amount and time during which the land is covered by growing plants. Crop rotations, winter cover crops, and the CRP combined have the potential to sequester 14-29 MMTC yr(-1) Biomass production is increased by efficient use of production inputs. Optimum fertility levels and water availability in soils can directly affect quantity of crop residues produced for return to the soil and for:SOC sequestration. Nutrient inputs and supplemental irrigation are estimated to have the potential to sequester 11-30 MMTC yr(-1). in the future, it is important to acquire an improved understanding of SOC sequestration processes, the ability to make quantitative estimates of rates of SOC sequestration, and technology to enhance these rates in an energy- and input-efficient manner. Adoption of improved tillage practices and cropping systems, increased land cover, and efficient use of nutrient and water inputs are examples where such information is necessary. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, NPA, Soil Plant Nutrient Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Follett, RF (reprint author), USDA ARS, NPA, Soil Plant Nutrient Res Unit, POB E, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 57 TC 307 Z9 345 U1 15 U2 84 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 61 IS 1-2 BP 77 EP 92 DI 10.1016/S0167-1987(01)00180-5 PG 16 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 449BD UT WOS:000169663700008 ER PT J AU Purdy, CW Straus, DC Harp, JA Mock, R AF Purdy, CW Straus, DC Harp, JA Mock, R TI Microbial pathogen survival study in a high plains feedyard playa SO TEXAS JOURNAL OF SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY; PASTURE RUNOFF; WATER-QUALITY; SALMONELLA; GROUNDWATER AB -Sixteen microbes and one enteric protozoal parasite were secured in screw-cap vials (CV) and dialysis tubes (DT) and placed in a feedyard shallow lake (playa) in the West Texas High Plains, USA. They were removed weekly or monthly depending on their susceptibility to the water environment. There were two overlapping studies; one started in September 1996 and was terminated 390 days later. The second study started in May 1997 and was terminated 188 days later. These controlled studies were used to determine the decrease in titers of 10 bacteria (Pasteurella haemolytica A1, Pasteurella multocida A:3, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Actinomyces pyogenes, Salmonella enterica serovar dublin, Bacillus thuringiensis, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa); two fungi (Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus niger); four viruses (Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheaitis (IBR), Bovine Virus:Diarrhea Virus (BVD), Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV), Bovine Parvovirus (BPV) and one protozoal parasite (Cryptosporidium parvum), over time. The Pasteurella isolates died in both studies within seven to 35 days. Actinomyces pyogenes died within 84 days in the 1996 study and survived for 188 days in the 1997 study. The remaining bacterial isolates in 1996 survived for 390 days with low titers, except for P. aeruginosa. Both fungal isolates died by 390 days in the 1996 study. All bacteria and fungi survived the 188 day study in 1997, except for the Pasteurella isolates. The titers of the viruses decreased rapidly over 42 days, except for BPV in the 1996 study, and all viruses were inactivated by day 42 in the 1997 study. Cryptosporidium parvum survived the 1996 winter but lost it's ability to infect infant mice during the month of May, 1997. Microbial survival decreased more rapidly in DT samples compared to CV samples. C1 USDA ARS, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. RP Purdy, CW (reprint author), USDA ARS, PO Drawer 10, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. NR 42 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU TEXAS ACAD SCI PI LUBBOCK PA BOX 43151, LUBBOCK, TX 79409-3151 USA SN 0040-4403 J9 TEX J SCI JI Tex. J. Sci. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 53 IS 3 BP 247 EP 266 PG 20 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 475PZ UT WOS:000171174400005 ER PT J AU Anderson, OD Hsia, CC Adalsteins, AE Lew, EJL Kasarda, DD AF Anderson, OD Hsia, CC Adalsteins, AE Lew, EJL Kasarda, DD TI Identification of several new classes of low-molecular-weight wheat gliadin-related proteins and genes SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE wheat; barley; rye; gliadin; globulin ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; GROUP-1 CHROMOSOMES; GLUTENIN SUBUNITS; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; STORAGE PROTEINS; SDS-PAGE; ENDOSPERM; TRITICUM; FAMILY; CDNA AB During the initial phases of a wheat endosperm Expressed-Sequence-Tag (EST) project, several clones were determined to be related to wheat gliadin sequences, but not similar enough to be classified into any of the traditional gliadin families [alpha-, gamma-, and omega -gliadins, low-molecular-weight (LMW) glutenins]. Complete sequences of these cDNA clones revealed four new classes of gliadin-related endosperm proteins, but lacking a prominent repeat domain which until now has been characteristic of the gliadins. Two of these classes are related to different minimally described groups of Triticeae endosperm proteins. One class of proteins, which has N-terminal amino-acid sequences matching members of a reported 25-kDa globulin family from wheat, is shown by amino-acid sequencing to match to a family of 25-kDa endosperm proteins, is encoded by a multigene family, and is most similar to the LMW-glutenins. A second new class shows N-terminal homologies to LMW secalins from rye, and has an amino-acid composition similar to wheat and barley LMW proteins with extraction properties similar to prolamins. The third class is most similar to a-gliadins, and the fourth class has no close association to previously described wheat endosperm proteins. C1 USDA, ARS, Crop Improvement & Utilizat Res Unit, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Anderson, OD (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Crop Improvement & Utilizat Res Unit, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 29 TC 37 Z9 42 U1 3 U2 8 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 103 IS 2-3 BP 307 EP 315 DI 10.1007/s001220100576 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 464LT UT WOS:000170534600017 ER PT J AU Anderson, OD Hsia, CC Torres, V AF Anderson, OD Hsia, CC Torres, V TI The wheat gamma-gliadin genes: characterization of ten new sequences and further understanding of gamma-gliadin gene family structure SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE gamma-gliadin; gluten; wheat; quality; evolution ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; WEIGHT GLUTENIN SUBUNITS; REPEATED DNA-SEQUENCES; STORAGE PROTEINS; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; DURUM-WHEAT; MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; DISULFIDE BONDS; ZEIN GENES; CLONES AB Ten new wheat gamma -gliadin gene sequences are reported and an analysis of gamma -gliadin gene family structure is carried out using all known gamma -gliadin sequences. The new sequences comprise four genomic clones with significantly more flanking DNA than previously reported, and six cDNA clones from a wheat endosperm EST project. Analysis of extended flanking DNA from the genomic clones indicates the limits of conservation of gamma -gliadin DNA sequence that are similar to those previously found with other gliadin and glutenin genes and that are theorized to define the DNA sequence necessary for gene control. Most of the flanking DNA is not homologous to any reported DNA sequence, and one flanking region contains the first MITE-like (miniature inverted transposable element) DNA sequence associated with gliadin genes. About a quarter of the encoded polypeptides would contain a free cysteine residue - an observation that may relate to reports that at least some gliadins can participate in wheat endosperm glutenin polymer formation. The new sequences represent both genes closely related to those previously reported and a new sub-class of gamma -gliadins. C1 USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Inst Nacl Invest Agr, Madrid, Spain. RP Anderson, OD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 37 TC 56 Z9 63 U1 1 U2 8 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 103 IS 2-3 BP 323 EP 330 DI 10.1007/s00122-001-0551-3 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 464LT UT WOS:000170534600019 ER PT J AU Bradshaw, GA Bekoff, M AF Bradshaw, GA Bekoff, M TI Ecology and social responsibility: the re-embodiment of science SO TRENDS IN ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION LA English DT Article ID REDUCTIONISM; KNOWLEDGE AB As global environmental problems intensify, ecology is increasingly drawn into the social arena, and many ecologists feel caught between two competing models of science: a science apart from society and a science directly engaged with society. Interdisciplinary research and integrative theories are helping resolve this conflict by providing a common framework for both biophysical and social sciences. The incorporation of the human dimension into ecology is reversing a century-old trend of separation and reintegrating science into the human experience. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Environm Populat & Organism Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Bradshaw, GA (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM Gay.Bradshaw@orst.edu NR 61 TC 42 Z9 44 U1 3 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LONDON PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0169-5347 J9 TRENDS ECOL EVOL JI Trends Ecol. Evol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 16 IS 8 BP 460 EP 465 DI 10.1016/S0169-5347(01)02204-2 PG 6 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 455MU UT WOS:000170031300013 ER PT J AU King, DT Werner, SJ AF King, DT Werner, SJ TI Daily activity budgets and population size of American White Pelicans wintering in south Louisiana and the delta region of Mississippi SO WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE activity budgets; American White Pelican; aquaculture; census; foraging; Louisiana; Mississippi; telemetry AB Twenty-one American White Pelicans (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) were captured and fitted with radiotransmitters in south Louisiana and the delta region of Mississippi during the winter and early spring of 1994-1997. The pelicans were monitored to determine their daily activity budgets while using different habitats such as catfish ponds, crawfish ponds, rivers. lakes, and bayous. Pelicans foraging at catfish ponds spent about 4% of their day foraging and 96% loafing, while pelicans foraging in other habitats spent about 28% of their day foraging and 72% loafing. Fur all individual bird, the mean number of foraging sessions per day was 2.5 (+/-0.53 SE) and the mean length of each foraging session was 66.7 min. (+/-8.08 SE). Aerial censuses were also conducted to determine the numbers of pelicans in the delta region of Mississippi. Each rear the numbers of pelicans wintering in the delta region of Mississippi peaked in February and March, corresponding with spring migration. Pelican numbers reached approximately 4,600 during February and March 1996. Pelicans were observed foraging in larger flocks for shorter periods of time on catfish ponds than in other habitats. C1 Mississippi State Univ, USDA, APHIS, WS,Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP King, DT (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, USDA, APHIS, WS,Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, PO Drawer 6099, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 11 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 1524-4695 J9 WATERBIRDS JI Waterbirds PD AUG PY 2001 VL 24 IS 2 BP 250 EP 254 DI 10.2307/1522038 PG 5 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 459BF UT WOS:000170229400015 ER PT J AU Do, HJ Kim, JH Abeydeera, LR Han, YM Matteri, RL Green, JA Roberts, RM Day, BN Prather, RS AF Do, HJ Kim, JH Abeydeera, LR Han, YM Matteri, RL Green, JA Roberts, RM Day, BN Prather, RS TI Expression of pregnancy-associated glycoprotein 1 and 2 genes in in vivo, in vitro and parthenogenetically derived preimplantation pig embryos SO ZYGOTE LA English DT Article DE embryo; pig; porcine pregnancy-associated glycoprotein; RT-PCR ID ASPARTIC PROTEINASE FAMILY; IN-VITRO; BLASTOCYST FORMATION; PORCINE EMBRYOS; BOVINE EMBRYOS; INVITRO; RNA; TROPHECTODERM; CONCEPTUSES; INTERFERON AB The objective of this study was to determine whether porcine PAG (poPAG) genes are expressed in embryos as they develop from the 1-cell stage to expanded blastocysts, and whether expression differed according to how embryos had been derived. Embryos at various preimplantation stages were assayed after in vivo fertilisation, after in vitro fertilisation of in vitro-matured oocytes, or following parthenogenetic activation of in vitro-matured oocytes. The presence of FAG transcripts was determined at the 1-, 2-, and 4-cell, compact morula and blastocyst stages by reverse transcription-PCR procedures with FAG 1- and FAG 2-specific primers, followed by Southern blotting. The mRNAs for poPAG1 and 2 were detected in in vitro-derived, in vivo-derived and parthenogenetically derived blastocyst stage embryos. In some replications poPAG 1 could be detected as early as the compact morula stage and poPAG 2 could be detected as early as the 4-cell stage. Our study revealed that poPAG 1 and 2 genes are expressed as early as the compact morula stage and 4-cell stage, respectively, in normal embryos and in parthenogenetically derived blastocysts. Thus it appears that the poPAGs are not maternally imprinted and they may be useful as potential candidates for markers of developmental competence. C1 Univ Missouri, Anim Sci Res Ctr 162, Dept Anim Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. USDA ARS, Anim Physiol Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Biochem, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Prather, RS (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Anim Sci Res Ctr 162, Dept Anim Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RI Han, Yong-Mahn/C-1652-2011; OI Prather, Randall/0000-0002-6012-4035 FU NICHD NIH HHS [HD 34588] NR 25 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI PORT CHESTER PA 110 MIDLAND AVE, PORT CHESTER, NY 10573-9863 USA SN 0967-1994 J9 ZYGOTE JI Zygote PD AUG PY 2001 VL 9 IS 3 BP 245 EP 250 PG 6 WC Cell Biology; Developmental Biology; Reproductive Biology SC Cell Biology; Developmental Biology; Reproductive Biology GA 456AM UT WOS:000170060000008 PM 11508744 ER PT J AU Liu, HC Kung, HJ Fulton, JE Morgan, RW Cheng, HH AF Liu, HC Kung, HJ Fulton, JE Morgan, RW Cheng, HH TI Growth hormone interacts with the Marek's disease virus SORF2 protein and is associated with disease resistance in chicken SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID B-HAPLOTYPE INFLUENCE; UNIQUE SHORT REGION; FACTOR-I; AFFECTING SUSCEPTIBILITY; RELATIVE EFFICACY; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; IMMUNE-SYSTEM; FOWLPOX VIRUS; HERPESVIRUS; GENE AB Marek's disease (MD) is a lymphoproliferative disease of chickens induced by a herpesvirus, the MD virus (MDV). Because MD is a significant economic problem to the poultry industry, there is great interest in enhancing genetic resistance, which is controlled by multiple genes. The influence of the MHC has been clearly demonstrated, and several relevant quantitative trait loci have been mapped; however, no single gene influencing MD resistance has been identified. Transcription of SORF2 is perturbed in the MDV recombinant clone RM1 due to a solo insertion of the reticuloendotheliosis virus long terminal repeat, which may explain the loss of oncogenicity for this strain. Hypothesizing that SORF2-interacting host proteins are involved in MD resistance, we screened a chicken splenic cDNA library by the yeast two-hybrid assay using SORF2 as bait. The chicken growth hormone (GH) structural peptide was identified, and the specific interaction was verified by coimmunoprecipitation. Immunohistochemical staining and indirect immunofluorescence assay indicated that GH and SORF2 can be coexpressed in MDV-infected cells both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, polymorphism in the GH gene (GH1) is associated with the number of tissues with tumors in commercial White Leghorn chickens with the MHC B*2/B*15 genotype. We conclude that GH1 may well be a MD resistance gene. C1 USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. Hy Line Int, Dallas Ctr, IA 50063 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Ctr Canc, Sacramento, CA 95810 USA. Univ Delaware, Dept Anim & Food Sci, Newark, DE 19717 USA. RP Cheng, HH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, 3606 E Mt Hope Rd, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. RI Smith, Liz/C-5867-2011; Kung, Hsing-Jien/C-7651-2013 NR 71 TC 59 Z9 75 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD JUL 31 PY 2001 VL 98 IS 16 BP 9203 EP 9208 DI 10.1073/pnas.161466898 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 458VV UT WOS:000170216900053 PM 11470922 ER PT J AU Tepperman, JM Zhu, T Chang, HS Wang, X Quail, PH AF Tepperman, JM Zhu, T Chang, HS Wang, X Quail, PH TI Multiple transcription-factor genes are early targets of phytochrome A signaling SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID DISRUPTS CIRCADIAN-RHYTHMS; OLIGONUCLEOTIDE ARRAYS; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; REGULATED GENE; LIGHT CONTROL; EXPRESSION; CLOCK; PROTEIN; NUCLEAR; PATTERNS AB The phytochrome family of sensory photoreceptors directs adaptational changes in gene expression in response to environmental light signals. Using oligonucleotide microarrays to measure expression profiles in wild-type and phytochrome A (phyA) null-mutant Arabidopsis seedlings, we have shown that 10% of the genes represented on the array are regulated by phyA in response to a continuous far-red light signal. Strikingly, 44% of the genes responding to the signal within 1 h are predicted to encode multiple classes of transcriptional regulators. Together with previous data, this observation suggests that phyA may regulate seedling photomorphogenesis by direct targeting of light signals to the promoters of genes encoding a master set of diverse transcriptional regulators, responsible in turn for orchestrating the expression of multiple downstream target genes in various branches of a phyA-regulated transcriptional network. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. USDA ARS, Ctr Plant Gene Express, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Torrey Mesa Res Inst, San Diego, CA 92121 USA. RP Quail, PH (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Zhu, Tong/G-5202-2011 OI Zhu, Tong/0000-0002-8732-3499 FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM47475, R01 GM047475] NR 38 TC 329 Z9 355 U1 0 U2 17 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD JUL 31 PY 2001 VL 98 IS 16 BP 9437 EP 9442 DI 10.1073/pnas.161300998 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 458VV UT WOS:000170216900094 PM 11481498 ER PT J AU Davey, RB George, JE Snyder, DE AF Davey, RB George, JE Snyder, DE TI Efficacy of a single whole-body spray treatment of spinosad, against Boophilus microplus (Acari : Ixodidae) on cattle SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Boophilus microplus; spinosad; efficacy; acarina; control cattle ID INSECT CONTROL AGENT; PYRETHROIDS; LEPIDOPTERA; PERMETHRIN; NOCTUIDAE; HEIFERS; STRAIN; SOIL AB The efficacy of a single whole-body spray of spinosad, a naturally derived control agent, applied at three concentrations was evaluated against cattle infested three separate times prior to treatment and at four weekly intervals following treatment with Boophilus microplus (Canestrini). At 0.0167% active ingredient (AI) both tick numbers (1894 ticks per calf) and index of fecundity (IF) of females (258.3) were no different than that of the control group. However, spinosad treatment at both 0.05 and 0.15% Al resulted in fewer ticks per calf (600 and 935, respectively) with lower IF values for females (43.4 and 38.4, respectively). The percent control of ticks on the animals at the time of treatment (acute efficacy) was dramatically lower at 0.0167% Al (21.4%) than at 0.05 (86.3%) and 0.15% Al (87.9%). Spinosad treatments appeared to be more effective against immature stages (nymphs and larvae) than against adult ticks that were on the animals at the time of treatment. The mean weight of females that survived to repletion was similar (322-348 mg) in all groups. By contrast, the mean weight of egg masses produced by females was highest in the control group (155 mg), whereas each increase in spinosad concentration resulted in a substantial decrease in egg mass weight, with the 0.15% AI group averaging only 73 mg. The hatch rate of eggs derived from females ranged from 93.4% in control females down to 53.9% hatch for females treated at 0.15% AI spinosad. The residual efficacy of spinosad at 0.0167% AI was poor even at I week following treatment, resulting in 101 ticks per calf and a level of control of only 66.4%. At 0.05% AI, protection against successful reinfestation was high at 1-week post-treatment where only five ticks per calf reached repletion, and control of the IF of these females was 99.3%. The 0.15% Al treatment provided almost complete protection against reinfestation for 2 weeks following treatment (less than or equal to5 ticks per calf), and control of the IF of these ticks was > 99.9%. Thus, the use of spinosad at US ports-of-entry would be unacceptable because of the critical necessity of achieving 100% control with a single treatment to prevent the reintroduction of ticks. However, it is likely ticks could be eradicated using spinosad in tick infested areas of the US if repeated (systematic) treatments were applied to cattle maintained on the premises. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Cattle Fever Tick Res Lab, Edinburg, TX 78539 USA. USDA ARS, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res Lab, Kerrville, TX 78029 USA. Elanco Anim Hlth, Greenfield, IN 46140 USA. RP Davey, RB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Cattle Fever Tick Res Lab, Rt 3,Box 1010, Edinburg, TX 78539 USA. NR 20 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD JUL 31 PY 2001 VL 99 IS 1 BP 41 EP 52 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(01)00456-3 PG 12 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 456NJ UT WOS:000170088700004 PM 11445154 ER PT J AU Clark, JS Carpenter, SR Barber, M Collins, S Dobson, A Foley, JA Lodge, DM Pascual, M Pielke, R Pizer, W Pringle, C Reid, WV Rose, KA Sala, O Schlesinger, WH Wall, DH Wear, D AF Clark, JS Carpenter, SR Barber, M Collins, S Dobson, A Foley, JA Lodge, DM Pascual, M Pielke, R Pizer, W Pringle, C Reid, WV Rose, KA Sala, O Schlesinger, WH Wall, DH Wear, D TI Ecological forecasts: An emerging imperative SO SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material ID AGRICULTURE; ECOSYSTEM; DYNAMICS; MALARIA; MODELS; CARBON AB Planning and decision-making can be improved by access to reliable forecasts of ecosystem state, ecosystem services, and natural capital. Availability of new data sets, together with progress in computation and statistics, will increase our ability to forecast ecosystem change. An agenda that would lead toward a capacity to produce, evaluate, and communicate forecasts of critical ecosystem services requires a process that engages scientists and decision-makers. interdisciplinary linkages are necessary because of the climate and societal controls on ecosystems, the feedbacks involving social change, and the decision-making relevance of forecasts. C1 Duke Univ, Dept Biol, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Ecol Soc Amer, Washington, DC 20006 USA. Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolut Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Sustainabil & Global Environm, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Notre Dame, Dept Biol Sci, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Environm & Societal Impacts Grp, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. Resources Future Inc, Washington, DC 20036 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Millennium Ecosyst Assessment, Seattle, WA 98103 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Dept Oceanog & Coastal Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Univ Buenos Aires, CONICET, Fac Agron, IFEVA,Dept Ecol, RA-1417 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Clark, JS (reprint author), Duke Univ, Dept Biol, Durham, NC 27708 USA. EM jimclark@duke.edu RI Wall, Diana/F-5491-2011; Clark, James/G-6331-2011; Pringle, Catherine/I-1841-2012; Collins, Scott/P-7742-2014 OI Collins, Scott/0000-0002-0193-2892 NR 45 TC 415 Z9 441 U1 15 U2 140 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JUL 27 PY 2001 VL 293 IS 5530 BP 657 EP 660 DI 10.1126/science.293.5530.657 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 458PW UT WOS:000170204600045 PM 11474103 ER PT J AU Halaweish, FT Rice, JA Kronberg, S AF Halaweish, FT Rice, JA Kronberg, S TI Aversive diterpenes of Euphorbia esula. SO BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 S Dakota State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. USDA ARS, Mandan, ND 58554 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0006-2960 J9 BIOCHEMISTRY-US JI Biochemistry PD JUL 24 PY 2001 VL 40 IS 29 MA 20 BP 8611 EP 8611 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 455ZG UT WOS:000170057200043 ER PT J AU Lecoeur, J Sinclair, TR AF Lecoeur, J Sinclair, TR TI Analysis of nitrogen partitioning in field pea resulting in linear increase in nitrogen harvest index SO FIELD CROPS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE pea; Pisum sativum L.; nitrogen; nitrogen partitioning; nitrogen harvest index ID SEED; ACCUMULATION AB A linear increase in nitrogen harvest index (NHI), especially when expressed on the basis of cumulative thermal units, has been observed to be a common feature during seed growth in field pea (Pisum sativum L.). The linear increase in NHI was observed even though the individual variables defining plant N uptake and partitioning within the plant changed during seed-fill and were highly variable across a range of growing conditions. A simulation analysis was undertaken in an effort to reconcile the observed linearity in NHI increase when there is variability in the input variables. A wide range of conditions was used including low plant density, water deficit, high-temperature stress and N soil deficiency that resulted in final amounts of accumulated nitrogen ranging from 2.2 to 26.5 g m(-2). The simulations confirmed the linearity in NHI increase, although the values of the NHI increase varied considerably among tests as observed in the experimental results. The explanation for the observed linearity of NHI increase resides in the dominance of plant N uptake over seed N accumulation combined with N transfer from the vegetative tissue to the seed during the early stages of seed growth. Simulations revealed that a reduction in rates of increase of NHI between early and late stages of seed growth had little impact on the overall linear behaviour of NHI increase for the entire period of seed-fill. The analysis also highlighted the importance of total plant N accumulation in influencing grain yield in field pea, especially with regard to the stability of final NHI with an average value of 0.79 +/- 0.02 (p < 0.05), (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 INRA, Agro Montpellier, LEPSE, Unite Format & Rech Agron & Bioclimatol, F-34060 Montpellier 2, France. Univ Florida, USDA ARS, Agron Physiol & Genet Lab, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Lecoeur, J (reprint author), INRA, Agro Montpellier, LEPSE, Unite Format & Rech Agron & Bioclimatol, F-34060 Montpellier 2, France. EM lecoeur@ensam.inra.fr NR 6 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4290 J9 FIELD CROP RES JI Field Crop. Res. PD JUL 20 PY 2001 VL 71 IS 3 BP 151 EP 158 DI 10.1016/S0378-4290(01)00151-4 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 455GR UT WOS:000170019600001 ER PT J AU Davis, WC Haverson, K Saalmuller, A Yang, H Lunney, JK Hamilton, MJ Pescovitz, MD AF Davis, WC Haverson, K Saalmuller, A Yang, H Lunney, JK Hamilton, MJ Pescovitz, MD TI Analysis of monoclonal antibodies reacting with molecules expressed on gamma delta T-cells SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE pig; cluster of differentiation (CD) antigens; monoclonal antibodies (mAb); gamma delta T-cells ID IMMUNE-SYSTEM; CD WORKSHOP; LYMPHOCYTES; ANTIGENS; CLUSTER; BLOOD; WC1 AB Twenty-six monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) selected after the first round of analysis in the Third International Swine Workshop were grouped with additional mAbs from the first and second workshops and mAbs under study for further evaluation. Preparations of peripheral blood leukocytes were used in single and multicolor flow cytometric (FC) analyses. Six mAbs did not react with gamma delta T-cells. Two were negative for all tested specificities. Seven mAbs recognized molecules expressed on gamma delta T-cells that were not lineage restricted. One of these from the first workshop (2B11) yielded a pattern of labeling identical to a mAb under study (PGB73A). Ten mAbs were characterized in previous workshops and known to react with the gamma delta TCR or molecules expressed on subsets of gamma delta T-cells. One belonged to SWC4, two to SWC5, and one to SWC6. Two mAbs from the second workshop recognized a molecule or molecules expressed on subsets of gamma delta T-cells. A new mAb (PPT16) added late to the workshop following a request by the workshop chairs appeared to recognize a determinant expressed on the gamma delta TCR/CD3 molecular complex. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Washington State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Univ Bristol, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Bristol, Avon, England. Fed Res Ctr Virus Dis Anim, D-7400 Tubingen, Germany. IAH Pirbright Lab, Woking, Surrey, England. USDA ARS, LPSI, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Indiana Univ, Dept Surg & Microbiol & Immunol, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA. RP Davis, WC (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, POB 647040, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 17 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD JUL 20 PY 2001 VL 80 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 53 EP 62 DI 10.1016/S0165-2427(01)00282-3 PG 10 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA 456NQ UT WOS:000170089300005 PM 11445218 ER PT J AU Thacker, E Summerfield, A McCullough, K Ezquerra, A Dominguez, J Alonso, F Lunney, J Sinkora, J Haverson, K AF Thacker, E Summerfield, A McCullough, K Ezquerra, A Dominguez, J Alonso, F Lunney, J Sinkora, J Haverson, K TI Summary of workshop findings for porcine myelomonocytic markers SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE pig; cluster of differentiation (CD) antigens; monoclonal antibodies (mAb); myeloid cells; CD11; CD14; CD92; CD93; CD163; SWC3; SWC8 ID MYELOID CELLS; DIFFERENTIATION; MACROPHAGES; ANTIGEN AB About 65 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) including 17 internal controls were analyzed for their ability to recognize and bind to various cells of the myelomonocytic lineage. Flow cytometry (FCM) utilizing both single and double staining, and immunoprecipitation (IP) assays were used in the analysis. About 38 of the mAb were reactive with myelomonocytic cells, resulting in nine clusters of interest. Although the exact identity of many of the molecules on the cells bound by the m-Ab remains undetermined, information obtained about the mAb analyzed in tn this workshop should be helpful in further identifying various populations of myelomonocytic cells and their stages of differentiation. Out of 12 mAbs with potential CD11 specificity, seven were assigned to three different swine specific alpha chains of the CD11/CD18 integrin heterodimer, the assignment of the remaining four was tentative. One antibody had a binding specificity consistent with SWC3 and one with SWC8. CD14 expression on pig cells was characterized with a panel of CD14-positive antibodies, two of these antibodies were assigned to swine CD14. Two antibodies were assigned to CD163. Further work is required to determine the antigens recognized by many of the other mAb. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Iowa State Univ, Vet Med Res Inst, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Inst Virol & Immunoprophylaxis, CH-3147 Mittelhausern, Switzerland. INIA, SGIT, Dept Sanidad Anim, Madrid 28130, Spain. USDA ARS, LPSI, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD USA. Inst Gnotobiol, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic. Div Mol & Cellular Biol, Bristol, Avon, England. RP Thacker, E (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Vet Med Res Inst, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RI Ezquerra, Angel/I-3440-2012; Dominguez, Javier/I-1210-2015; OI Ezquerra, Angel/0000-0002-1824-5087; Summerfield, Artur/0000-0001-8292-4634 NR 12 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD JUL 20 PY 2001 VL 80 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 93 EP 109 DI 10.1016/S0165-2427(01)00278-1 PG 17 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA 456NQ UT WOS:000170089300008 PM 11445221 ER PT J AU Li, CY Cox-Foster, D Gray, SM Gildow, F AF Li, CY Cox-Foster, D Gray, SM Gildow, F TI Vector specificity of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) transmission: Identification of potential cellular receptors binding BYDV-MAV in the aphid, Sitobion avenae SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE Sitobion avenae; Rhopalosiphum maidis; Luteoviridae; anti-idiotypic antibody; anti-idiotypes; virus receptor; virus overlay assays ID POTATO LEAFROLL VIRUS; PROTEIN READTHROUGH DOMAIN; MYZUS-PERSICAE; SALIVARY-GLAND; ANTIBODIES; LUTEOVIRUSES; ACQUISITION; TRANSPORT AB Two proteins (SaM35 and SaM50) isolated from head tissues of the aphid vector, Sitobion avenae, were identified as potential receptors for barley yellow dwarf virus MAV isolate (Luteoviridae) based on MAV virus overlay assays and immunoblots of urea SDS 2-D gels. An anti-idiotypic antibody (MAV4 anti-ID) that mimics an epitope on MAV virions and competes with MAV in antibody binding assays also bound to SaM50 and SaM35 and to six additional proteins including a GroEL homolog. No MAV-binding proteins were detected from the nonvector aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis, although MAV4 anti-ID did react with four proteins from R. maidis. It is hypothesized that SaM35 and SaM50 may be MAV receptors involved in MAV transmission based on their high affinity for MAV and their unique association with the vector, S. avenae. The additional aphid proteins binding the MAV4 anti-ID may represent less specific virus-binding proteins facilitating transmission through different aphid tissues. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Entomol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Gildow, F (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 30 TC 46 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 13 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD JUL 20 PY 2001 VL 286 IS 1 BP 125 EP 133 DI 10.1006/viro.2001.0929 PG 9 WC Virology SC Virology GA 456BE UT WOS:000170061600014 PM 11448166 ER PT J AU Gomez, JA Nearing, MA Giraldez, JV Alberts, EE AF Gomez, JA Nearing, MA Giraldez, JV Alberts, EE TI Analysis of sources of variability of runoff volume in a 40 plot experiment using a numerical model SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE runoff; infiltration; variability; numerical models; hydraulic conductivity ID SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; SOIL-WATER PROPERTIES; SPATIAL VARIABILITY; INFILTRATION; FIELD; SURFACE; RAINFALL; EROSION; TILLAGE; SCALE AB Runoff volumes from held plots can be quite variable. but the reasons for this variability are not completely understood. Such variations can be important for understanding the hydrologic system, and for evaluating the effectiveness of infiltration, runoff and sediment models. In this study, we investigated the sources of variability among 40 replications in a previously reported experiment on fallow plots located on a claypan soil in Missouri, USA. A numerical model was calibrated using data from the experiment and from other published data on the variability of soil properties. The results describe qualitatively the trend in the observed relationship between the coefficient of variation (CV) and mean runoff volume per event, as well as the lack of stability in time of the relative differences in runoff volume among plots. Quantitatively, approximately 50% of the observed coefficients of variation among the replicated plots were explained by the spatial variability of K,, surface storage, and the depth to claypan. The remaining 50% may be due to the variability in rainfall among plots, measurement error in runoff, the fact that some published rather than site specific information was used in the analyses, and simplifications introduced in the modeling process. Our results suggested that changes in the relative differences in runoff volumes between plots during the season might be explained by the modification of the spatial distribution of K, and surface storage which occurs during tillage. The introduction of these sources of variability in the model formulation produced a realistic description of the variance of the observed values of runoff volume, as well as a relatively clear delineation between the explained and unexplained variability. The results may also serve as an index of model performance in predicting observed data. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Univ Cordoba, Dept Agron, Cordoba, Spain. USDA ARS, Columbia, MO USA. RP Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, 1196 Soil Bldg, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. EM mnearing@purdue.edu RI Verbist, Koen/B-3029-2009; Gomez, Jose/F-5418-2011 OI Gomez, Jose/0000-0002-3457-8420 NR 56 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 EI 1879-2707 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD JUL 15 PY 2001 VL 248 IS 1-4 BP 183 EP 197 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(01)00402-4 PG 15 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 449WY UT WOS:000169711200012 ER PT J AU Nachamkin, I Engberg, J Gutacker, M Meinersman, RJ Li, CY Arzate, P Teeple, E Fussin, V Ho, TW Asbury, AK Griffin, JW McKhann, GM Piffaretti, JC AF Nachamkin, I Engberg, J Gutacker, M Meinersman, RJ Li, CY Arzate, P Teeple, E Fussin, V Ho, TW Asbury, AK Griffin, JW McKhann, GM Piffaretti, JC TI Molecular population genetic analysis of Campylobacter jejuni HS : 19 associated with Guillain-Barre syndrome and gastroenteritis SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID STRAINS; SEROTYPE AB Infection with Campylobacter jejuni serotype HS:19 is associated with the development of Guillain-Barre' syndrome (GBS). To determine whether a particular HS: 19 clone is associated with GBS, multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE) was used to analyze a worldwide collection of isolates. There were 34 electropherotypes (ETs) in 3 phylogenetic clusters among 83 C. jejuni isolates. Cluster I contained all HS: 19 strains, and a single ET (ET4) accounted for most HS: 19 strains. HS: 19 strains did not occur in any of the other clusters. ET4 contained isolates from different geographic locations, indicating global spread of this clone. Furthermore, ET4 contained isolates from patients with uncomplicated enteritis and GBS, as well as isolates from animal sources. The results of this study show that HS: 19 strains comprise a clonal, although not monomorphic, population, which is distinct from non-HS: 19 strains within C. jejuni. A unique clone associated with GBS was not identified by use of MLEE. C1 Univ Penn, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Sch Med, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Univ Penn, Dept Neurol, Sch Med, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. ARS, USDA, Athens, GA USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. State Serum Inst, Dept Gastrointestinal Infect, Div Diagnost, Copenhagen, Denmark. Ist Cantonale Batteriol, Lugano, Switzerland. Hebei Med Sch, Affiliated Teaching Hosp 2, Shijiazhuang, Peoples R China. Inst Nacl Pediat, Lab Bacteriol Div Saditra, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. RP Nachamkin, I (reprint author), Univ Penn, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Sch Med, 4th Fl,Gates Bldg,3400 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RI Ho, Tony/F-1019-2011 FU NINDS NIH HHS [NS-31528] NR 18 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD JUL 15 PY 2001 VL 184 IS 2 BP 221 EP 226 DI 10.1086/322008 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 447DM UT WOS:000169554500017 PM 11400077 ER PT J AU Wang, S Foote, WC Sutton, DL Maciulis, A Miller, JM Evans, RC Holyoak, GR Call, JW Bunch, TD Taylor, WD Marshall, MR AF Wang, S Foote, WC Sutton, DL Maciulis, A Miller, JM Evans, RC Holyoak, GR Call, JW Bunch, TD Taylor, WD Marshall, MR TI Preventing experimental vertical transmission of scrapie by embryo transfer SO THERIOGENOLOGY LA English DT Article DE embryo transfer; scrapie; sheep; vertical transmission ID PREIMPLANTATION EMBRYOS; MATERNAL TRANSMISSION; NATURAL SCRAPIE; PRION DISEASES; BOVINE EMBRYOS; SHEEP; INVITRO; QUALITY; VIRUS AB This study investigated whether the transmission of naturally occurring scrapie in sheep can be prevented using embryo transfer. Embryos were collected from 38 donor ewes in a Suffolk sheep flock with a high incidence of naturally occurring scrapie, treated with a sanitary procedure (embryo washing) recommended by the International Embryo Transfer Society and then transferred to 58 scrapie-free recipient awes. Ninety-four offspring were produced. None of the offspring or the recipient ewes developed scrapie. Furthermore, offspring derived from embryos collected from donor ewes bred to the immunohistochemically positive ram did not develop scrapie. We conclude that scrapie was not transmitted to offspring via the embryo nor was the infective agent transmitted to recipient ewes during embryo transfer procedures. (C) 2001 by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Utah State Univ, ADVS Dept, Logan, UT 84322 USA. USDA, VS, APHIS, APHIS,Anim Hlth Program, Riverdale, MD 20737 USA. Utah State Univ, Ctr Persons Disabilities, Logan, UT 84322 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. USDA, APHIS, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Utah Dept Agr, Salt Lake City, UT USA. RP Bunch, TD (reprint author), Utah State Univ, ADVS Dept, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 38 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0093-691X J9 THERIOGENOLOGY JI Theriogenology PD JUL 15 PY 2001 VL 56 IS 2 BP 315 EP 327 DI 10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00566-0 PG 13 WC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA 455MR UT WOS:000170031100011 PM 11480623 ER PT J AU Burke, JM Rorie, RW Piper, EL Jackson, WG AF Burke, JM Rorie, RW Piper, EL Jackson, WG TI Reproductive responses to grazing endophyte-infected tall fescue by postpartum beef cows SO THERIOGENOLOGY LA English DT Article DE beef; fescue toxicosis; reproduction ID X ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS; RECIPROCAL-CROSS COWS; PROGESTERONE PRODUCTION; COMMON BERMUDAGRASS; PASTURES; PROSTAGLANDIN-F2-ALPHA; LIPOPROTEINS; TEMPERATURES; CHOLESTEROL; TOXICOSIS AB The objective was to determine pregnancy rate and stage of embryonic loss in response to grazing endophyte-free (E-; n = 20) or infected (E+; n = 30) tall fescue in postpartum beef cows with calves. Three weeks before estrus synchronization, cow-calfpairs were introduced to pastures (April 1999). Cows were synchronized and bred by Al after detected estrus for a period of 6 d and then by natural service for 62 d. Bulls were rotated weekly to minimize effects of fescue toxicosis on male fertility. Fetal development was monitored weekly between 30 and 60 d of pregnancy and at weaning using transrectal ultrasound. Respiration rate (52.0 +/- 1.4 vs 46.6 breaths/min; P < 0.02) and rectal temperature (39.6 +/- .09 vs 38.8 +/- .12 degreesC; P < 0.001) increased in E+ cows and serum concentrations of prolactin (7.2 vs 57.4 +/- 4.4 ng/mL; P < 0.001), total cholesterol (123.2 vs 149.6 +/- 3.6 mg/dL; P < 0.001), body condition (3.8 vs 5.2 +/- 0.15; P < 0.001; 1 = thin, 9 = fat) and adjusted weaning weight of calves (195.8 vs 210.8 +/- 4.5 kg; P < 0.02) were reduced compared to that of E-cows. Differences were not detected (E- vs E+) for estrus detection rate (84.9 +/- 10.6% vs 80.2 +/- 8.4%), pregnancy rate to synchronized estrus (41.7 +/- 11.8% vs 46.8 +/- 9.5%), overall pregnancy rate 30 d postbreeding (93.8 +/- 6.2% vs 93.5 +/- 5.1%), overall pregnancy rate at 60 d postbreeding (86.7 +/- 10.1% vs 81.2 +/- 8.3%), or serum concentrations of progesterone on day of PGF(2 alpha) treatment (4.5 +/- 0.7 vs 4.5 +/- 0.8 ng/mL). Pregnancy losses that occurred between 30 and 60 d gestation were 6.0 (E-) vs 15.0 (E+) +/- 8.0% (P > 0.10) and occurred after environmental temperatures rose above 37.8 degreesC for three weeks. Total pregnancy losses that occurred by weaning (between 70 and 126 d of gestation) were 5.5 (E-) vs 17.6 (E+) +/- 8.0% (P > 0.10). Pregnancy rate and embryonic losses were not different between cows grazing E- and E+ tall fescue under these management conditions. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 USDA ARS, Dale Bumpers Small Farms Res Ctr, Booneville, AR USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Anim Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Burke, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Dale Bumpers Small Farms Res Ctr, Booneville, AR USA. NR 40 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0093-691X J9 THERIOGENOLOGY JI Theriogenology PD JUL 15 PY 2001 VL 56 IS 2 BP 357 EP 369 DI 10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00569-6 PG 13 WC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA 455MR UT WOS:000170031100014 PM 11480626 ER PT J AU Calvo, AM Gardner, HW Keller, NP AF Calvo, AM Gardner, HW Keller, NP TI Genetic connection between fatty acid metabolism and sporulation in Aspergillus nidulans SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID FUNGUS GAEUMANNOMYCES-GRAMINIS; ACYL-LIPID DESATURASES; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT; INDUCED EXPRESSION; NEUROSPORA-CRASSA; IDENTIFICATION; CYANOBACTERIUM; SYNECHOCYSTIS; BIOSYNTHESIS AB In the Ascomycete fungus Aspergillus nidulans, the ratio of conidia (asexual spores) to ascospores (sexual spores) is affected by linoleic acid moieties including endogenous sporogenic factors called psi factors. Deletion of odeA (Delta odeA), encoding a Delta -12 desaturase that converts oleic acid to linoleic acid, resulted in a strain depleted of polyunsaturated fatty acids (18:2 and 18:3) but increased in oleic acid (18:1) and total percent fatty acid content. Linoleic acid-derived psi factors were absent in this strain but oleic acid-derived psi factors were increased relative to wild type. The Delta odeA strain was reduced in conidial production and mycelial growth; these effects were most noticeable when cultures were grown at 26 degreesC in the dark. Under these environmental conditions, the Delta odeA strain was delayed in ascospore production but produced more ascospores than wild type over time. This suggests a role for oleic acid-derived psi factors in affecting the asexual to sexual spore ratio in A. nidulans, Fatty acid composition and spore development were also affected by veA, a gene previously shown to control light driven conidial and ascospore development. Taken together our results indicate an interaction between veA and odeA alleles for fatty acid metabolism and spore development in A. nidulans. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Plant Pathol & Microbiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Keller, NP (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Plant Pathol, 882 Russell Labs,1630 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 46 TC 104 Z9 110 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0021-9258 J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD JUL 13 PY 2001 VL 276 IS 28 BP 25766 EP 25774 DI 10.1074/jbc.M100732200 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 451VP UT WOS:000169823300019 PM 11352908 ER PT J AU Gasbarre, LC Leighton, EA Sonstegard, T AF Gasbarre, LC Leighton, EA Sonstegard, T TI Role of the bovine immune system and genome in resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 18th International Conference of the World-Association-for-the-Advancement-Veterinary-Parasitology CY AUG 26-30, 2001 CL STRESA, ITALY SP World Assoc Adv Vet Parasitol DE cattle; bovine; immunity; interleukin; resistance; genomics; genetics; economic trait locus; ETL; gene mapping; functional genomics; nematodes; helminths ID LOCAL LYMPHOID-TISSUES; OSTERTAGIA-OSTERTAGI; ANTHELMINTIC TREATMENT; PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; PARASITE CONTROL; GENETIC-CONTROL; MILK-PRODUCTION; DAIRY-COWS; CATTLE AB Gastrointestinal nematode infections of cattle remain a constraint on the efficient raising of cattle on pasture throughout the world. Most of the common genera of parasites found in cattle stimulate an effective level of protective immunity in most animals within the herd after the animals have been on pasture for several months. In contrast, cattle remain susceptible to infection by Ostertagia for many months, and immunity that actually reduces the development of newly acquired larvae is usually not evident until the animals are more than 2 years old. This prolonged susceptibility to reinfection is a major reason that this parasite remains the most economically important GI nematode in temperate regions of the world. Although, animals remain susceptible to reinfection for a prolonged period of time, there are a number of manifestations of the immune response that result in an enhanced level of herd immunity. These include a delay in the development time of the parasites, an increase in the number of larvae that undergo an inhibition in development, morphological changes in the worms, stunting of newly acquired worms, and most importantly a reduction in the number of eggs produced by the female worms. The overall result of these manifestations of immunity is a reduction in parasite transmission within the cattle herd. The immune mechanisms responsible for these different types of functional immunity remain to be defined. In general, CI nematode infections in mammals elicit very strong Th2-like responses characterized by high levels of Interleukin 4 (IL4), high levels of IgG1 and IgE antibodies, and large numbers of mast cells. In cattle, the most extensively studied GI nematode, in regards to host immune responses, is Ostertagia ostertagi. In Ostertagia infections, antigens are presented to the host in the draining lymph nodes very soon after infection, and within the first 3-4 days of infection these cells have left the nodes, entered the peripheral circulation, and have homed to tissues immediately surrounding the parasite where they become established. The immune response seen in the abomasum is in many ways are similar to that seen other mammalian hosts, with high levels of expression of IL4 in the draining lymph nodes and in lymphocytes isolated from the mucosa. But unlike a number of other systems, lymphocyte populations taken from Ostertagia infected cattle seem to be up-regulated for a number of other cytokines, most notably Interferon-(IFN-(), implying that in Ostertagia infections, the immune response elicit is not simply a stereotypic Th2 response. In addition, effector cell populations in the tissues surrounding the parasites, are not typical, inferring the Ostertagia has evolved means to suppress or evade protective immune mechanisms. Studies have also demonstrated that the number of nematode eggs/gram (EPG) in feces of pastured cattle is strongly influenced by host genetics and that the heritability of this trait is approxiamately 0.30. In addition, EPG values are not < < normally > > distributed and a small percentage of a herd is responsible for the majority of parasite transmission. This suggests that genetic management of a small percentage of the herd can considerably reduce overall parasite transmission. A selective breeding program has been initiated to identify the host genes controlling resistance/susceptibility to the parasites. The best indicator of the number of Cooperia infecting a host is the EPG value, while Ostertagia is best measured by serum pepsinogen levels, weight gain, and measures of anemia. Other phenotypic measures are either not significantly associated with parasite numbers or are very weakly correlated. In addition, calves can be separated into three types: (1) Type I which never demonstrates high EPG values. (2) Type II which shows rises in EPC values through the first 2 months on pasture which then fall and remain at levels associated with Type I calves, and (3) Type III calves which maintain high EPG levels. The approximate percentage of these calves is 25:50:25 respectively. Because these cattle are segregating for traits involved in resistance and susceptibility to GI nematodes, this resource population is being used to effectively detect the genomic locations of these Economic Trait Loci (ETL). For relational analysis between phenotype and genome location, over 80,000 genotypes have been generated by PCR amplification, and marker genotypes have been scored to produce inheritance data. The marker allele inheritance data is currently being statistically analyzed to detect patterns of co-segregation between allele haplotype and EPG phenotypes. Statistical power of this genome-wide scan has been strengthened by including genotypic data from the historic pedigree. In our herd, paternal half-sib families range from 5-13 progeny/sire, and extensive marker genotypes are available from ancestors of the population most of which are paternally descended from a single founding sire. Once ETL have been identified the next will be to refine ETL map resolution in attempt to discover the genes underlying disease phenotypes. Accurate identification of genes controlling resistance will offer the producer several alternatives for disease control. For a non-organic producer, the small percentage of susceptible animals can be targeted for drug administration. This approach would reduce both the cost of anthelmintics used and the odds for selection of drug resistant mutants, because the selective agent (drug) would not be applied over the entire parasite population. A second treatment option would be based on correcting a heritable immunologic condition. In this case, susceptible animals could be the targets for immunotherapy involving vaccines of immunomodulation. A final option would be genetic selection to remove susceptible animals from the herd. Producers with a high degree of risk for parasite-induced production losses, such as organic producers of producers in geographic areas with environmental conditions favorable to high rates of transmission would benefit the most from this strategy. In contrast, producers at low risk could take a more conservative approach and select against susceptibility when other factors were equal. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. C Bar Grp, Great Falls, VA USA. USDA ARS, Gene Evaluat & Mapping Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Gasbarre, LC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 58 TC 65 Z9 71 U1 2 U2 22 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD JUL 12 PY 2001 VL 98 IS 1-3 SI SI BP 51 EP 64 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(01)00423-X PG 14 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 450EU UT WOS:000169729200005 PM 11516579 ER PT J AU Field, AE Coakley, EH Spadano, JL Laird, N Dietz, WH Rimm, E Colditz, GA AF Field, AE Coakley, EH Spadano, JL Laird, N Dietz, WH Rimm, E Colditz, GA TI Impact of overweight on the risk of developing common chronic diseases during a 10-year period SO ARCHIVES OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID BODY-MASS INDEX; CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; FAT DISTRIBUTION; SYMPTOMATIC GALLSTONES; WEIGHT-GAIN; OLDER WOMEN; US MEN; OBESITY; MORTALITY; OSTEOARTHRITIS AB Background: Overweight adults are at an increased risk of developing numerous chronic diseases. Methods: Ten-year follow-up (1986-1996) of middle-aged women in the Nurses' Health Study and men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study to assess the health risks associated with overweight. Results: The risk of developing diabetes, gallstones, hypertension, heart disease, and stroke increased with severity of overweight among both women and men. Compared with their same-sex peers with a body mass index (BMI) (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters) between 18.5 and 24.9, those with BMI of 35.0 or more were approximately 20 times more likely to develop diabetes (relative risk [RR], 17.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 14.2-20.5 for women; RR, 23.4; 95% CI, 19.4-33.2 for men). Women who were overweight but not obese (ie, BMI between 25.0 and 29.9) were also significantly more likely than their leaner peers to develop gallstones (RR, 1.9), hypertension (RR, 1.7), high cholesterol level (RR, 1.1), and heart disease (RR, 1.4). The results were similar in men. Conclusions: During 10 years of follow-up, the incidence of diabetes, gallstones, hypertension, heart disease, colon cancer, and stroke (men only) increased with degree of overweight in both men and women. Adults who were overweight but not obese (ie, 25.0 less than or equal to BMI less than or equal to 29.9) were at significantly increased risk of developing numerous health conditions. Moreover, the dose-response relationship between BMI and the risk of developing chronic diseases was evident even among adults in the upper half of the healthy weight range (ie, BMI of 22.0-24.9), suggesting that adults should try to maintain a BMI between 18.5 and 21.9 to minimize their risk of disease. C1 Brigham & Womens Hosp, Channing Lab, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA USA. JSI Res & Training, Boston, MA USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Family Med & Community Hlth, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Nutr, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Field, AE (reprint author), Brigham & Womens Hosp, Channing Lab, Dept Med, 181 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA. RI Colditz, Graham/A-3963-2009 OI Colditz, Graham/0000-0002-7307-0291 FU NCI NIH HHS [CA55075, CA40356]; NHLBI NIH HHS [HL35464]; NIDDK NIH HHS [DK 46200] NR 38 TC 749 Z9 771 U1 4 U2 39 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0003-9926 J9 ARCH INTERN MED JI Arch. Intern. Med. PD JUL 9 PY 2001 VL 161 IS 13 BP 1581 EP 1586 DI 10.1001/archinte.161.13.1581 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 447QX UT WOS:000169584900001 PM 11434789 ER PT J AU Atshaves, BP Storey, SM McIntosh, AL Petrescu, AD Lyuksyutova, OI Greenberg, AS Schroeder, F AF Atshaves, BP Storey, SM McIntosh, AL Petrescu, AD Lyuksyutova, OI Greenberg, AS Schroeder, F TI Sterol carrier protein-2 expression modulates protein and lipid composition of lipid droplets SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID L-CELL FIBROBLASTS; DIFFERENTIATION-RELATED PROTEIN; ACID-BINDING-PROTEIN; DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; FATTY ACYL-COENZYME; MEMBRANE INTERACTION; 3T3-L1 ADIPOCYTES; STORAGE DISEASE; LEYDIG-CELLS; IN-VIVO AB Despite the critical role lipid droplets play in maintaining energy reserves and lipid stores for the cell, little is known about the regulation of the lipid or protein components within the lipid droplet. Although immunofluorescence of intact cells as well as Western analysis of isolated lipid droplets revealed that sterol carrier protein-2 (SCP-S) was not associated with lipid droplets, SCP-S expression significantly altered the structure of the lipid droplet. First, the targeting of fatty acid and cholesterol to the lipid droplets was significantly decreased. Second, the content of several proteins important for lipid droplet function was differentially increased (perilipin A), reduced severalfold (adipose differentiation-related protein (ADRP), vimentin), or almost completely eliminated (hormone-sensitive lipase and proteins > 93 kDa) in the isolated lipid droplet. Third, the distribution of lipids within the lipid droplets was significantly altered. Double labeling of cells with 12-(N-methyl)-N-[(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino]-octadecanoic acid (NBD-stearic acid) and antisera to ADRP showed that 70, 24, and 13% of lipid droplets contained ADRP, NBD-stearic acid, or both, respectively. SCP-2 expression decreased the level of ADRP in the lipid droplet but increased the proportion wherein ADRP and NBD-stearic acid colocalized by 3-fold. SCP-S expression also decreased the lipid droplet fatty acid and cholesterol mass (nmol/mg protein) by 5.2-and 6.6-fold, respectively. Finally, SCP-2 expression selectively altered the pattern of esterified fatty acids in favor of polyunsaturated fatty acids within the lipid droplet. Displacement studies showed differential binding affinity of ADRP for cholesterol and fatty acids. These data suggested that SCP-2 and ADRP play a significant role in regulating fatty acid and cholesterol targeting to lipid droplets as well as in determining their lipid and protein components. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Physiol & Pharmacol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Tufts Univ, Program Obes Metab, JM USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Schroeder, F (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Physiol & Pharmacol, TVMC, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM Fschroeder@cvm.tamu.edu FU NIDDK NIH HHS [DK41406]; NIGMS NIH HHS [GM31651] NR 82 TC 57 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3996 USA SN 0021-9258 J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD JUL 6 PY 2001 VL 276 IS 27 BP 25324 EP 25335 DI 10.1074/jbc.M100560200 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 451KF UT WOS:000169800700119 PM 11333258 ER PT J AU Casana-Giner, V Oliver, JE Thibout, E Auger, J AF Casana-Giner, V Oliver, JE Thibout, E Auger, J TI On the pheromone of the Asparagus fly, Platyparea poeciloptera SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Letter DE pheromones; Asparagus fly; Platyparea poeciloptera; 1-(hydroxyethyl) cyclopropyl ketone C1 USDA ARS, Chem Affecting Insect Behav Lab, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Tours, IRBI UPRESA 6035 CNRS, F-37200 Tours, France. RP Oliver, JE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Chem Affecting Insect Behav Lab, BARC W, B-007,R-301, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. OI Casana-Giner, Victor/0000-0002-8252-2608 NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD JUL 6 PY 2001 VL 921 IS 2 BP 341 EP 342 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(01)00870-6 PG 2 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 448VT UT WOS:000169651200025 PM 11471819 ER PT J AU Savary, BJ Hicks, KB O'Connor, JV AF Savary, BJ Hicks, KB O'Connor, JV TI Hexose oxidase from Chondrus crispus: improved purification using perfusion chromatography SO ENZYME AND MICROBIAL TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE hexose oxidase; lactose; lactobionic acid; protein purification; perfusion chromatography; Chondrus crispus ID LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; PROTEINS AB An improved method for purifying hexose oxidase (D-hexose: O-2 1-oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.3.5) from the marine red alga Chondrus crispus is described for obtaining enzyme suitable for structural characterization and use in bioconversion of lactose to lactobionic acid. This involved extracting enzyme from finely ground lyophilized tissue in sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7) containing 20% ammonium sulfate, eliminating the previously used solvent extraction and protease treatments, and by applying Poros perfusion chromatography media to achieve rapid separations of high resolution. Primary separation of contaminating phycobiliproteins and carrageenans was achieved using Poros DEAE-50. Sequential HPLC purification steps using Poros HP2 and Poros HQ were followed by Sephacryl S200 h chromatography. Enzyme activity was determined with a peroxidase-coupled assay using 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6 sulfonic acid) substrate. A final specific activity of 69 U/mg was obtained, representing a 100-fold purification with an activity recovery of about 10%. A native size of approximately 117,000 Da was determined by size exclusion chromatography, and SDS-PAGE: revealed the presence of 38,000 and 29,000 Da polypeptides that appear to be derived from a 65,000 Da subunit. Further properties of the enzyme are described. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Savary, BJ (reprint author), ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 19 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0141-0229 J9 ENZYME MICROB TECH JI Enzyme Microb. Technol. PD JUL 5 PY 2001 VL 29 IS 1 BP 42 EP 51 DI 10.1016/S0141-0229(01)00351-9 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 448GP UT WOS:000169619400006 ER PT J AU Szabo, LJ Bushnell, WR AF Szabo, LJ Bushnell, WR TI Hidden robbers: The role of fungal haustoria in parasitism of plants SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Editorial Material ID POWDERY-MILDEW; RUST; TRANSPORT C1 Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Cereal Dis Lab, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Pathol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Szabo, LJ (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Cereal Dis Lab, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 15 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 3 U2 10 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD JUL 3 PY 2001 VL 98 IS 14 BP 7654 EP 7655 DI 10.1073/pnas.151262398 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 450LK UT WOS:000169744200003 PM 11438718 ER PT J AU Florin-Christensen, J Suarez, CE Florin-Christensen, M Wainszelbaum, M Brown, WC McElwain, TF Palmer, GH AF Florin-Christensen, J Suarez, CE Florin-Christensen, M Wainszelbaum, M Brown, WC McElwain, TF Palmer, GH TI A unique phospholipid organization in bovine erythrocyte membranes SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID RED-BLOOD-CELLS; TRANSBILAYER MOVEMENT; LIPID ASYMMETRY; PHOSPHATIDYLSERINE; PLATELETS; TRANSPORT; VESICLES; SURFACE AB Ruminant erythrocytes are remarkable for their choline-phospholipid anomalies; namely, low or absent phosphatidylcholine (PC) along with high sphingomyelin levels. Here, we report another anomaly in bovine erythrocytes that affects aminophospholipids: phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) shows an extreme asymmetry, with only 2% of the total present in the outer leaflet. Furthermore, we found that phospholipase A(2), an enzyme located on the external surf ace of the erythrocytes, shows higher activity against PC than against PE. In addition, we observed that acylation of PE is by far the most important biosynthetic event in this system. We propose that deacylation of PE and PC by phospholipase A2 to generate lysocompounds, followed by selective reacylation of lyso-PE in the inner leaflet, can account for the compositional and architectural peculiarities of bovine erythrocyte membranes. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Anim Dis Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Univ Buenos Aires, Sch Med, RA-2111 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. RP Suarez, CE (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Anim Dis Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RI Suarez, Carlos/A-3121-2008 NR 39 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 4 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD JUL 3 PY 2001 VL 98 IS 14 BP 7736 EP 7741 DI 10.1073/pnas.131580998 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 450LK UT WOS:000169744200019 PM 11427712 ER PT J AU Gilsdorf, MJ Thoen, CO Temple, RMS Gidlewski, T Ewalt, D Martin, B Henneger, SB AF Gilsdorf, MJ Thoen, CO Temple, RMS Gidlewski, T Ewalt, D Martin, B Henneger, SB TI Experimental exposure of llamas (Lama glama) to Brucella abortus: humoral antibody response SO VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE llama; Brucella abortus; serologic tests ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; MEMBRANE AB Positive antibody reactions to brucella were observed in the sera of four llamas receiving Bruccella abortus Strain 19 subcutaneously at 2-3 weeks post-exposure (PE) using five of eight conventional brucella serologic tests and an ISU-ELISA. Positive brucella antibody reactions were detected in sera of four llamas exposed by intraocular instillation (IOI) of 1.02 x 10(8) (high dose) B. abortus Strain 2308 at 16-35 days PE using seven of eight serologic tests or an ISU-ELISA. Brucella antibody was also detected in sera of four llamas exposed by IOI of 9 x 10(5) (low dose) B. abortus using each of four agglutination tests, Complement Fixation test, PCFIA, the rivanol test and the ISU-ELISA at 16-35 days PE. Positive reactions were observed using the Card test, PAPA, SPT, STT, the rivanol test, the PCFIA, and the ISU-ELISA on sera collected on days 42-70 PE, except on one llama, given the low dose; that llama was negative on the PCFIA on day 42. Positive or suspicious reactions were not detected in sera of controls, receiving saline subcutaneously, using the routine tests, with the exception of the CFT. The B. abortus Strain 2308 was isolated from tissues of seven of eight llamas exposed to virulent B. abortus Strain 2308. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Microbiol & Prevent Med, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA, Vet Serv, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Riverdale, MD 20737 USA. Pukkerbush Vet Clin, Bristolville, OH 44402 USA. Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Vet Serv, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Thoen, CO (reprint author), Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Microbiol & Prevent Med, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 16 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1135 J9 VET MICROBIOL JI Vet. Microbiol. PD JUL 3 PY 2001 VL 81 IS 1 BP 85 EP 91 DI 10.1016/S0378-1135(01)00346-7 PG 7 WC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences SC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences GA 435MA UT WOS:000168884200010 PM 11356322 ER PT J AU Baker, JM Noman, JM Kano, A AF Baker, JM Noman, JM Kano, A TI A new approach to infrared thermometry SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE infrared thermometry; surface temperature; blackbody cavity AB Surface temperature is a crucial variable linking surface-atmospheric energy exchange, but it is difficult to measure accurately. Remote measurement by infrared (IR) thermometry is often the only viable choice, but is plagued by problems that limit its absolute accuracy. Primary among these are calibration shifts and an inability to eliminate or properly account for the influence of detector temperature on the measurement. We have developed a new approach that avoids these and other difficulties by making the measurement differentially, essentially providing continuous calibration. The system uses a conventional infrared thermometer (IRT) coupled to a rotary actuator so that its field of view can be periodically switched from the target of interest to a blackbody cavity, whose temperature is controlled with a Peltier block/controller board assembly and measured with carefully calibrated thermocouples. The blackbody temperature is controlled so that the detector output is the same when viewing the blackbody as it is when viewing the target surface. When this condition is satisfied the blackbody temperature and the brightness temperature of the target surface are equal, i.e. the thermal radiation emanating from each is the same. A prototype instrument, using a conventional IRT as the detector, was built and tested in the laboratory by using it to measure the surface temperature of a mineral oil reservoir that was cycled over a range of temperatures and independently monitored with calibrated thermocouples. Over a 24 degreesC temperature range, the mean absolute error of the instrument was 0.04 degreesC, and a regression against thermocouple-measured oil temperature yielded a slope of 1.002, intercept of -0.015 degreesC, and r(2) of 0.99998, substantially better than the performance of a conventional IRT subjected to the same tests. A field instrument was also built, based on these principles but with smaller components for lower power consumption and lower cost. In an important departure, it uses two IR detectors and a modified switching/control algorithm that provides improved dynamic response while maintaining the accuracy of the prototype. We conclude that continuously-calibrated IR thermometry (CC-IRT) is a viable means for improving the accuracy of radiometric temperature measurement. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Soil Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Shizuoka Univ, Fac Agr, Shizuoka, Japan. RP Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Dept Soil Water & Climate, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM jbaker@soils.umn.edu NR 11 TC 8 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 EI 1873-2240 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD JUL 2 PY 2001 VL 108 IS 4 BP 281 EP 292 DI 10.1016/S0168-1923(01)00248-9 PG 12 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 444TY UT WOS:000169417200003 ER PT J AU Frank, AB Dugas, WA AF Frank, AB Dugas, WA TI Carbon dioxide fluxes over a northern, semiarid, mixed-grass prairie SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE carbon dioxide uptake; global carbon cycle; carbon budget; Bowen ratio; natural ecosystems ID TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS; CO2 FLUX; SOIL; BUDGET; SEQUESTRATION; STORAGE; CYCLE; SINK AB Temperate grassland ecosystems are an important component of the global carbon (C) cycle. The Bowen ratio/energy balance (BREB) technique was used to measure CO2 fluxes over a mixed-grass prairie at Mandan, ND from 24 April to 26 October in 1996-1999. Above-ground biomass and leaf area index (LAT) were measured about every 21 days throughout the season. Root biomass and soil organic C and nitrogen (N) contents to 1.1 m depth were measured in mid-July each year. Peak above-ground biomass typically occurred between mid-July to early-August and ranged from 782 kg ha(-1) in 1998 to 1692 kg ha(-1) in 1996. Maximum LAI ranged from 0.3 in 1998 to 0.5 in 1999. Root biomass ranged from 12.7 mg ha(-1) in 1996 to 16.2 mg ha(-1) in 1997. Maximum daily CO2 fluxes generally coincided with periods of maximum above-ground biomass. Total CO2 flux for the 24 April to 26 October period ranged from 181 g CO2 m(-2) in 1998 to 474 g CO2 m(-2) in 1999 (positive flux is CO2 movement from atmosphere to plants or soil). The 4-year average flux for this period was 345 g CO2 m(-2). Fluxes during the 1999-2000 dormant season were estimated from BREB (-349 g CO2 m(-2)) and soil flux (-265 g CO2 m(-2)) measurements and when combined with the growing season fluxes, resulted in estimated annual fluxes in 1999 of 125 and 209 g CO2 m(-2) for BREB and soil flux dormant season measurements, respectively. These results suggest that the C budget of Northern Great Plains mixed-grass prairie grasslands may be near equilibrium. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Mandan, ND 58554 USA. Texas Agr Expt Stn, Temple, TX 76502 USA. RP Frank, AB (reprint author), USDA ARS, POB 459,Hwy 6 S, Mandan, ND 58554 USA. NR 30 TC 112 Z9 137 U1 2 U2 25 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD JUL 2 PY 2001 VL 108 IS 4 BP 317 EP 326 DI 10.1016/S0168-1923(01)00238-6 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 444TY UT WOS:000169417200005 ER PT J AU Ralston, NVC Hunt, CD AF Ralston, NVC Hunt, CD TI Diadenosine phosphates and S-adenosylmethionine: novel boron binding biomolecules detected by capillary electrophoresis SO BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENERAL SUBJECTS LA English DT Article DE boron; nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; diadenosine polyphosphate; S-adenosylmethionine; capillary electrophoresis ID DIETARY BORON; POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; BORIC-ACID; BORATE; CHROMATOGRAPHY; ANTIBIOTICS; METABOLISM; ENZYMES; PLANTS; ASSAY AB There is evidence that boron has a physiological role in animals and humans, but the search for boron binding biomolecules has been difficult because useful radioactive boron isotopes do not exist. To overcome this limitation wt: used capillary electrophoresis to identify and quantify boron binding to biomolecules by detecting the negative charge boron imparts to ligands. The effect of molecular structure and proximal electronic charges of adenosine and molecules with adenosine moieties including S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and diadenosine polyphosphates (Ap(n)A) were compared. The boron affinity of the test species varied with the rank order SAM- congruent to Ap(6)A congruent to Ap(5)A > Ap(4)A > Ap(3)A congruent to NAD(+) > Ap(2)A > NADH congruent to 5 ' ATP > 5 ' ADP > 5 ' AMP > adenosine > 3 ' AMP congruent to 2 ' AMP congruent to cAMP congruent to adenine. Test species with vicinal cis-diols bound boron: species without those moieties did not. Boron binding affinity increased when proximal cationic moieties were present. Anionic moieties remote from the cis-hydroxyl binding site also positively influenced boron binding affinity. In the Ap,,A species. cooperative complexing of boron between the terminal ribose moieties apparently occurred. In these species boron affinity rester than expected for two monocomplexes was observed and binding affinities increased as more phosphate groups (beyond three) were present separating the terminal moieties. Our results indicate that Ap(6)A. Ap(5)A, Ap(4)A, Ap(3)A, and SAM have higher affinities for boron than any other currently recognized boron ligand present in animal tissues including NAD(+). (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Hunt, CD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, 2420 2nd Ave N,POB 9034, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. OI Ralston, Nicholas/0000-0001-7686-2932 NR 42 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4165 J9 BBA-GEN SUBJECTS JI Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Gen. Subj. PD JUL 2 PY 2001 VL 1527 IS 1-2 BP 20 EP 30 DI 10.1016/S0304-4165(01)00130-1 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 447TX UT WOS:000169589500004 PM 11420139 ER PT J AU Deschamps, JR George, C Flippen-Anderson, JL Spencer, G AF Deschamps, JR George, C Flippen-Anderson, JL Spencer, G TI A new Cryptocarya lactone SO ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION E-STRUCTURE REPORTS ONLINE LA English DT Article AB The title compound 6-({4-oxo-6-[(1E)-2-phenylvinyl]-2H-3,5,6-trihydropyran-2-yl}methyl)-5H-6-hydropyran-2-one, C19H24O4, is a germination inhibitor isolated from the seeds of Cryptocarya wightiana. C1 USN, Res Lab, Struct Matter Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Deschamps, JR (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, Struct Matter Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 1600-5368 J9 ACTA CRYSTALLOGR E JI Acta Crystallogr. Sect. E.-Struct Rep. Online PD JUL PY 2001 VL 57 BP o648 EP o649 DI 10.1107/S1600536801010273 PN 7 PG 2 WC Crystallography SC Crystallography GA 478VZ UT WOS:000171367200064 ER PT J AU Halvorson, AD Wienhold, BJ Black, AL AF Halvorson, AD Wienhold, BJ Black, AL TI Tillage and nitrogen fertilization influence grain and soil nitrogen in an annual cropping system SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN GREAT-PLAINS; SPRING WHEAT; WINTER-WHEAT; NO-TILL; FALLOW; PRECIPITATION; ECONOMICS; RESPONSES; SUNFLOWER; SEQUENCE AB Increasing the frequency of cropping in dryland systems in the northern Great Plains requires the application of N fertilizer to maintain optimum crop yields. A 12-yr annual cropping rotation [spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-winter wheat-sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)] under dryland conditions was monitored to determine the influence of tillage system [conventional till (CT), minimum till (MT), and no till (NT)I and N Fertilizer rate (34, 67, and 101 kg N ha(-1)) on N removed in grain and annual changes in postharvest soil NO3-N. Nitrogen removal in the grain increased with increasing N rate in most years. Total grain N removal was lowest with NT at the lowest N rate and highest with NT st the highest N rate compared with CT, Total grain N removal after 12 cropping seasons was 144, 84, and 61% of the total N applied for the 34, 67, and 101 kg N ha(-1) fertilizer rates, respectively. Residual soil NO3-N levels were not affected by N rate or tillage system in the first 3 yr, but they increased significantly following consecutive drought years, Residual NO3-N in the 150-cm soil profile tended to be higher with CT and MT than with NT, Soil NO3-N movement below the crop root zone may have occurred in 1 or 2 yr when precipitation was above average, Results indicate that NT, with annual cropping, may reduce the quantity of residual soil NO3-N available for leaching compared with MT and CT systems. C1 USDA ARS, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. USDA ARS, Canon City, CO 81212 USA. RP Halvorson, AD (reprint author), USDA ARS, POB E, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 28 TC 50 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 93 IS 4 BP 836 EP 841 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 455VB UT WOS:000170047500012 ER PT J AU Brink, GE Pederson, GA Sistani, KR Fairbrother, TE AF Brink, GE Pederson, GA Sistani, KR Fairbrother, TE TI Uptake of selected nutrients by temperate grasses and legumes SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID AGRICULTURAL PHOSPHORUS; CLOVER; SOIL AB Temperate forages are used throughout the southeastern USA to provide feed for livestock when tropical and subtropical grasses are dormant and as a hay source. Long-term utilization or broiler litter as a fertilizer in some areas of the region has elevated soil levels of P and micronutrients. Our objective was to compare P, Cu, and Zn uptake among temperate forage species from a Savannah fine sandy loam soil (fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Fragiudult) amended with litter under a single-harvest system. Dry weight of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam,) herbage was greater than all other species except ball clover (Trifolium nigrescens Viv,) in 1997 and oat (A venn sativa L,) in 1998, Clovers were susceptible to Sclerotinia crown and stem rot (Sclerotinia trifoliorum Erikss,) that reduced plant density, vigor, and dry herbage weight. Although forage P concentration of all species was similar to or greater than ryegrass, only crimson clover (T. incarnatum L,) had P uptake equal to ryegrass during both years (mean of 23.4 kg ha(-1)). This was attributed to the high correlation between dry herbage weight and P uptake (r = 0.95 and 0.89 in 1997 and 1998, respectively), Legumes typically had greater Cu and Zn concentrations than ryegrass, but only crimson clover and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) had comparatively greater Cu and Zn uptake during both years. The combination of desirable agronomic traits acid nutrient uptake capacity make annual ryegrass a superior temperate forage species for use in southeastern pastures fertilized with broiler litter. C1 USDA ARS, Waste Manage & Forage Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Brink, GE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Waste Manage & Forage Res Unit, POB 5367, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 17 TC 50 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 18 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 93 IS 4 BP 887 EP 890 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 455VB UT WOS:000170047500018 ER PT J AU Muir, JP Sanderson, MA Ocumpaugh, WR Jones, RM Reed, RL AF Muir, JP Sanderson, MA Ocumpaugh, WR Jones, RM Reed, RL TI Biomass production of 'Alamo' switchgrass in response to nitrogen, phosphorus, and row spacing SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID MANAGEMENT; CULTIVARS; FEEDSTOCK; GRASSES; WATER AB Management practices for biomass production of bioenergy grasses may differ from management for forage. Our objective was to determine the yield and stand responses of 'Alamo' switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L,) to N and P fertilization as affected by row spacing. A combination of five rates each of N and P were applied to plots during 1992 to 1998 at Stephenville. TX and 1993 to 1995 at Beeville, TX. Three row-spacing treatments were applied as subplots. Biomass production was determined each year with a single harvest in late summer, Tiller density and tiller mass were measured during 1993 to 1996 at Stephenville, Biomass production was not influenced by the addition of P, Biomass production response to N at Beeville was greater in narrow rows than wide rows during the establishment year only. Biomass production responses to N were quadratic in 5 of 7 yr at Stephenville and linear at Beeville, A maximum yield of 22.5 Mg ha(-1) occurred during 1995 at Stephenville at 168 kg N ha(-1), Lodging occurred at both locations but only at the 224 kg N ha(-1) rate. Tiller density and mass increased as row width increased, Tiller mass also increased with increasing N fertility at Stephenville. This response was more important in determining biomass production than was tiller density, Average biomass production at 168 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) was 14.5 and 10.7 Mg ha(-1) yr(-1) at Stephenville and Beeville, respectively, Biomass production without applied N tended to decline over the years. Our data indicated that switchgrass biomass production is sustainable at Stephenville only with the application of at least 168 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) but P application and row spacing are not crucial. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Agr Res & Ext Ctr, Stephenville, TX 76401 USA. USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Manage Res Unit, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. San Angelo State Univ, San Angelo, TX USA. Texas A&M Univ, Agr Res Stn, Beeville, TX USA. RP Muir, JP (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Agr Res & Ext Ctr, Route 2,Box 00, Stephenville, TX 76401 USA. OI Muir, James/0000-0003-1775-8072 NR 24 TC 131 Z9 137 U1 1 U2 29 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 93 IS 4 BP 896 EP 901 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 455VB UT WOS:000170047500020 ER PT J AU Stafne, ET Brown, JS Shine, JM AF Stafne, ET Brown, JS Shine, JM TI A relational database for agronomic and genealogical sugarcane data: An adaptable prototype SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB A comprehensive relational database has been created at the USDA-ARS Canal Point Sugarcane Field Station to facilitate the entry and retrieval of data for the breeding program using Microsoft Access 2000, This software is readily available and easily adaptable to a wide variety of breeding programs. A relational database provides an efficient and powerful way to store, retrieve, manipulate, query, and report data in a multiuser environment. Data entry is performed through a series of self-explanatory forms. Once entered, data ran be accessed and queried through a local area network (LAN), Data from the seedling stage (true seed planting), Stage I and Stage II (the first two clonally propagated selection stages at Canal Point), and Stage IV (the final selection stage before cultivar release) of the breeding program have currently been included in the database. The database also includes the Canal Point clonal collection inventory, crossing information, seed (fuzz) inventory, and pedigree tracking. Future plans include incorporation of data from Stage III (the next to last clonally propagated selection stage), pathology data, and access through the Canal Point Internet web site (www.canalpoint.sugarcane.usda.gov). C1 Sugarcane Growers Coop Florida, Belle Glade, FL 33430 USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Hort, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. USDA ARS, Subtrop Hort Res Stn, Miami, FL 33158 USA. RP Shine, JM (reprint author), Sugarcane Growers Coop Florida, POB 666, Belle Glade, FL 33430 USA. NR 6 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 93 IS 4 BP 923 EP 928 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 455VB UT WOS:000170047500024 ER PT J AU Zhang, LX Wang, RF Hesketh, JD AF Zhang, LX Wang, RF Hesketh, JD TI Effects of photoperiod on growth and development of soybean floral bud in different maturity SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID TEMPERATURE; PHENOLOGY; ISOLINES AB Growth and development of most soybean [Glycine mar (L,) Merr,] plants is sensitive to photoperiod effects, Therefore, it is important to understand and quantify the processes involved. Studies were conducted to determine growing degree days required for growth of the floral bud from initiation to open newer of different maturity groups (MGs) in both field and controlled environments. Eighteen soybean strains, including 'Clark' back-cross near-isolines differing in maturity, were sown in the field at five different dates in 1992 and 1993, In growth chamber studies. plants of two strains differing in maturity were used and moved to 12-, 14-, and 16-h daylengths after floral buds were initiated in 12 h, Results from both field and growth chamber studies indicated that planting dates had a significant effect on the thermal requirement for bud growth in the late-maturing strains used. Shorter photoperiods during the bud growth period accelerated growth rates to open flower, Furthermore, in the growth chamber study, flowering was inhibited under 16-6 daylength in a late-maturity (MG V) strain when plants were transferred immediately after floral bud initiation (FBI) under 12 h, Plants remaining 8 d after FBI before they were transferred to 16 h were not significantly delayed in flowering, This study indicated that photoperiod length and treatment duration affects soybean FBI and floral bud development in a quantitative way, which resulted in a profound photoperiod response in late maturity-group soybean under field conditions. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Delta Res & Ext Ctr, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. Beijing Agr Univ, Dept Agron, Beijing, Peoples R China. Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. USDA ARS, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Zhang, LX (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, Delta Res & Ext Ctr, POB 197, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 15 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 93 IS 4 BP 944 EP 948 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 455VB UT WOS:000170047500027 ER PT J AU Lyu, LC Yeh, CY Lichtenstein, AH Li, ZL Ordovas, JM Schaefer, EJ AF Lyu, LC Yeh, CY Lichtenstein, AH Li, ZL Ordovas, JM Schaefer, EJ TI Association of sex, adiposity, and diet with HDL subclasses in middle-aged Chinese SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE cardiovascular disease; HDL cholesterol; high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL subclasses; body mass index; BMI; waist-to-hip ratio; adiposity; body fat; diet; dietary fat; sex; menopausal status; Chinese population; Taiwan ID HIGH-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; APOLIPOPROTEIN-A-I; CORONARY-ARTERY DISEASE; LPA-I; IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; PLASMA-LIPOPROTEIN; APOA-I; PARTICLES; CHOLESTEROL; FRAMINGHAM AB Background: There is limited information regarding the associations of lifestyle factors and Sex with HDL subclasses containing apolipoprotein (apo) A-I (Lp A-I) and both apo A-I and apo A-II (Lp A-I:A-II). Objective: We sought to examine the relations between 2 major HDL subclasses and sex, menopausal status, nutrient intakes, and adiposity. Design: We conducted interviews and measured blood variables in 409 government employees aged 40-59 y in Taiwan. Results: Women (n = 203) had significantly higher concentrations of HDL cholesterol, Lp A-I, and Lp A-I:A-II than did men (n = 206). Postmenopausal women (n = 72) had higher concentrations of HDL cholesterol, Lp A-I, and Lp A-I:PL-II than did premenopausal women (n = 131) Body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio were strong predictors of and exerted an independent additive effect on Lp A-I concentrations in both men End women. However, body adiposity was associated with Lp A-I:A-II concentrations only in men. Waist-to-hip ratio was an independent determinant of Lp A-I but not of Lp A-I:A-EI in men and postmenopausal women after adjustment for age, body mass index, smoking, and diet. Although there were relatively weak associations between dietary factors and both HDL subclasses (r = 0.01-0.26) in men and women according to bivariate analyses, multiple regression models showed that total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol intakes were significantly correlated with HDL cholesterol and both Lp A-I and Lp A-I:A-U: in men, but not in women. Conclusion: Our data suggest that body adiposity and dietary Eat consumption affect 2 major HDL subclasses differently depending on subject sex and menopausal status. C1 Natl Taiwan Normal Univ, Grad Program Nutr, Taipei 10610, Taiwan. Taipei Med Coll, Dept Publ Hlth, Taipei, Taiwan. Tufts Univ, Lipid Res Lab, Jean Mayer US Dept Agr, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Lyu, LC (reprint author), Natl Taiwan Normal Univ, Grad Program Nutr, No 162 Sect 1,Hoping E Rd, Taipei 10610, Taiwan. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 NR 39 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 74 IS 1 BP 64 EP 71 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 445BF UT WOS:000169437700010 PM 11451719 ER PT J AU King, JC Shames, DM Lowe, NM Woodhouse, LR Sutherland, B Abrams, SA Turnlund, JR Jackson, MJ AF King, JC Shames, DM Lowe, NM Woodhouse, LR Sutherland, B Abrams, SA Turnlund, JR Jackson, MJ TI Effect of acute zinc depletion on zinc homeostasis and plasma zinc kinetics in men SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE zinc depletion; compartmental model; kinetic analysis; rate constants; plasma zinc; zinc homeostasis; men ID DIETARY ZINC; METABOLISM; HUMANS; EXCRETION; GROWTH; DEFICIENCY; BALANCE; INSULIN; MUSCLE; MODEL AB Background: Zinc homeostasis and normal plasma zinc concentrations are maintained over a wide range of intakes. Objective: The objective was to identify the homeostatic response to severe zinc depletion by using compartmental analysis. Design: Stable zinc isotope tracers were administered intravenously to 5 men at baseline (12.2 mg dietary Zn/d) and after 5 wk of acute zinc depletion (0.23 mg/d). Compartmental modeling of zinc metabolism was performed by using tracer and mass data in plasma, urine, and feces collected over 6-14 d. Results: The plasma zinc concentration fell 65% on average after 5 wk of zinc depletion. The model predicted that fractional zinc absorption increased from 26% to essentially 100%. The rate constants for zinc excretion in the urine and gastrointestinal tract decreased 96% and 74%, respectively. The rate constants describing the distribution kinetics of plasma zinc did not change significantly. When zinc depletion was simulated by using an average mass model of zinc metabolism at baseline, the only change that accounted for the observed fall in plasma zinc concentration was a 60% reduction in the rate constant for zinc release from the most slowly turning over zinc pool. The large changes in zinc intake, excretion, and absorption-even when considered together-only explained modest reductions in plasma zinc mass. Conclusion: The kinetic analysis with a compartmental model suggests that the profound decrease in plasma zinc concentrations after 5 wk of severe zinc depletion was mainly due to a decrease in the rate of zinc release from the most slowly turning over body zinc pool. C1 Univ Calif Davis, USDA ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Univ Liverpool, Dept Med, Liverpool L69 3BX, Merseyside, England. RP King, JC (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, USDA ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RI Lowe, Nicola/B-5472-2013; OI Lowe, Nicola/0000-0002-6934-2768; Jackson, Malcolm/0000-0003-3683-8297; Abrams, Steven/0000-0003-4972-9233 NR 22 TC 51 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 74 IS 1 BP 116 EP 124 PG 9 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 445BF UT WOS:000169437700017 PM 11451726 ER PT J AU Halevy, O Krispin, A Leshem, Y McMurtry, JP Yahav, S AF Halevy, O Krispin, A Leshem, Y McMurtry, JP Yahav, S TI Early-age heat exposure affects skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation and differentiation in chicks SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-REGULATORY INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE thermal conditioning; muscle differentiation; growth factors; myoblasts; stress ID GROWTH-FACTOR-I; MESSENGER-RIBONUCLEIC-ACID; MALE BROILER-CHICKENS; IGF-I; GENE-EXPRESSION; MYOD FAMILY; INSULIN; MYOGENESIS; HORMONE; HYPERTROPHY AB Exposure of young chicks to thermal conditioning (TC; i.e., 37 degreesC for 24 h) resulted in significantly improved body and muscle growth at a later age. We hypothesized that TC causes an increase in satellite cell proliferation, necessary for further muscle hypertrophy. An immediate increase was observed in satellite cell DNA synthesis in culture and in vivo in response to TC of 3-day-old chicks to levels that were significantly higher than those of control chicks. This was accompanied by a marked induction of insulin-like growth factor-I (IFG-I), but not hepatocyte growth factor in the breast muscle. No significant difference between treatments in plasma IGF-I levels was observed. A marked elevation in muscle regulatory factors on day 5, followed by a decline in cell proliferation on day 6 together with continuous high levels of IGF-I in the TC chick muscle may indicate accelerated cell differentiation. These data suggest a central role for IGF-I in the immediate stimulation of satellite cell myogenic processes in response to heat exposure. C1 Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Dept Anim Sci, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, Inst Anim Sci, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. ARS, USDA, Growth Biol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Halevy, O (reprint author), Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Dept Anim Sci, POB 12, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. EM halevyo@agri.huji.ac.il RI Wilkinson, Stuart/C-2802-2013 NR 58 TC 59 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0363-6119 EI 1522-1490 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-REG I JI Am. J. Physiol.-Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 281 IS 1 BP R302 EP R309 PG 8 WC Physiology SC Physiology GA 444DP UT WOS:000169384000035 PM 11404306 ER PT J AU Spooner, DM Hijmans, RJ AF Spooner, DM Hijmans, RJ TI Potato systematics and germplasm collecting, 1989-2000 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF POTATO RESEARCH LA English DT Review DE diversity; Endosperm Blance Number (EBN); genetic resources; molecular markers; phylogeny; Solanum sect. Petota ID SOLANUM SECT PETOTA; ENDOSPERM BALANCE NUMBER; RESTRICTION-ENDONUCLEASE ANALYSIS; TUBER-BEARING SOLANUMS; RIBOSOMAL-RNA GENES; BREVICAULE COMPLEX SOLANACEAE; CHLOROPLAST DNA EVIDENCE; WILD POTATO; CULTIVATED POTATO; SPECIES BOUNDARIES AB This paper reviews the systematics of wild potatoes over the past 11 years, in reference to the latest comprehensive taxonomic treatment by Hawkes (1990. The potato: evolution, biodiversity and genetic resources. Belhaven Press, Washington, D.C.). Included here is information on monographs and floras, new germplasm collections made since 1988 compared to total potato distributional data, new taxonomic changes (including synonymy and new species descriptions), ingroup and outgroup relationships, intraspecific studies, diversity studies, and fingerprinting. In addition, data supporting taxonomic changes and phylogeny from ploidy levels, Endosperm Balance Numbers, and morphological studies of taxonomically important characters are reviewed. A revised list of 206 species is presented (from 232 in Hawkes) that incorporates recent synonymy of names, recognition of new names, and new species descriptions. New germplasm collections of 58 potato taxa were collected that did not occur in genebanks before 1988. C1 Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, Dept Hort, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Int Potato Ctr, CIP, Lima 12, Peru. RP Spooner, DM (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, Dept Hort, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Hijmans, Robert/N-3299-2016; OI Hijmans, Robert/0000-0001-5872-2872 NR 241 TC 70 Z9 76 U1 3 U2 13 PU POTATO ASSOC AMER PI ORONO PA UNIV MAINE, 5715 COBURN HALL, RM 6, ORONO, ME 04469-5715 USA SN 0003-0589 J9 AM J POTATO RES JI Am. J. Potato Res. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 78 IS 4 BP 237 EP 268 PG 32 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 463WJ UT WOS:000170500000001 ER PT J AU Bolin, CA Alt, DP AF Bolin, CA Alt, DP TI Use of a monovalent leptospiral vaccine to prevent venal colonization and urinary shedding in cattle exposed to Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar hardjo SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the International-Leptospirosis-Society CY 1999 CL MARYSVILLE, AUSTRALIA SP Int Leptospirosis Soc ID RESTRICTION-ENDONUCLEASE ANALYSIS; FRAGMENT-LENGTH-POLYMORPHISMS; BOVINE LEPTOSPIROSIS; NATURAL CHALLENGE; POMONA VACCINE; PREGNANT CATTLE; INFECTION; PROBE AB Objective-To determine whether a monovalent Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar hardjo (type hardjobovis) vaccine commercially available in Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, and the United Kingdom would protect cattle from renal colonization and urinary shedding when exposed to a US strain of Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar hardjo. Animals-24 Hereford heifers that lacked detectable antibodies against serovar hardjo. Procedure-Heifers received 2 doses, 4 weeks apart, of the commercial hardjo vaccine (n = 8) or a monovalent US reference hardjo vaccine (8) or were not vaccinated (controls; 8). Heifers were challenged 16 weeks later by intraperitoneal inoculation or conjunctival instillation. Serum antibody titers were measured weekly, and urine samples were examined for leptospires, Heifers were euthanatized 11 to 14 weeks after challenge, and kidney tissue was examined for evidence of colonization. Results-All 8 heifers vaccinated with the reference vaccine were found to be shedding leptospires in their urine and had evidence of renal colonization. All 4 control heifers challenged by conjunctival instillation and 2 of 4 control heifers challenged by intraperitoneal inoculation shed leptospires in their urine, and all 8 had evidence of renal colonization. In contrast, leptospires were not detected in the urine or tissues of any of the 8 heifers that received the commercial hardjo vaccine. Heifers that received the commercial hardjo vaccine had significantly higher antibody titers than did heifers that received the reference vaccine. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Results suggest that cattle that received 2 doses of the commercial hardjo vaccine were protected against renal colonization and urinary shedding when challenged with L borgpetersenii serovar hardjo strain 203 four months after vaccination. C1 ARS, Bacterial Dis Livestock Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Bolin, CA (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Anim Hlth Diagnost Lab, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NR 35 TC 49 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 62 IS 7 BP 995 EP 1000 DI 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.995 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 447RB UT WOS:000169585300003 PM 11453500 ER PT J AU Pitt, WC AF Pitt, WC TI Density of prairie skinks (Eumeces septentrionalis) in old-field habitats SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID AVIAN PREDATION; ANOLIS LIZARDS; 5-LINED SKINK; ABUNDANCE; POPULATIONS; GRASSHOPPERS; COMMUNITIES; SUCCESSION; FASCIATUS; MINNESOTA AB From 1996-1998 I estimated the density of prairie skinks (Eumeces sepetentrionalis) in old fields and evaluated the influence of habitat characteristics on density. I estimated prairie skink density from a trapping grid using a mark-recapture method in seven old fields. For each field I estimated arthropod density percent plant cover and recorded field age and ii the field had been burned in the last 5 y. Arthropod density was highly! variable among years and fields. Percent plant cover did not explain this variation, as it varied little among fields and years. Prairie skink density ranged fi om 58-206 adults per ha among fields and was significantly correlated with field age, arthropod abundance and burn treatment. Because of the small number of replicated sampling units, however, I was unable to determine the independent effects of each factor. Prairie skink density increased with successional age but the mechanisms responsible for this pattern remain unclear. C1 Utah State Univ, Ctr Ecol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Pitt, WC (reprint author), Utah State Univ, USDA, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, UMC 5295, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 35 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 146 IS 1 BP 86 EP 93 DI 10.1674/0003-0031(2001)146[0086:DOPSES]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 442YV UT WOS:000169313300009 ER PT J AU Shelly, TE AF Shelly, TE TI Lek size and female visitation in two species of tephritid fruit flies SO ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR LA English DT Article ID MALE REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; MALE MATING SUCCESS; FLY DIPTERA; PHILOMACHUS-PUGNAX; WASPS HYMENOPTERA; SEXUAL SELECTION; GALLINAGO-MEDIA; DACUS-DORSALIS; SAGE GROUSE; LARGER LEKS AB The notion that females prefer to visit and mate with grouped over solitary males is an oft-advanced hypothesis for the evolution of lek behaviour. A corollary of this hypothesis is that per capita mating success of males increases with increasing lek size. Few field studies have tested this prediction via experimental manipulation of lek size. Here, I describe field studies that monitored female visits to artificially created leks of varying size in two species of tephritid fruit flies, the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, and the Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis. No support for the female preference hypothesis was detected for B. dorsalis. However, in C. capitata, mean ratios of female sightings:signalling males were significantly greater for leks containing 18 or 36 males than leks that contained only six males. The observation that C. capitata males in natural populations typically form small leks suggests that a female-male conflict exists regarding optimal lek size. C1 USDA, APHIS, Waimanalo, HI 96795 USA. Univ Hawaii, Hawaiian Evolutionary Biol Program, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Shelly, TE (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, POB 1040, Waimanalo, HI 96795 USA. NR 61 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 18 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0003-3472 J9 ANIM BEHAV JI Anim. Behav. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 62 BP 33 EP 40 DI 10.1006/anbe.2000.1723 PN 1 PG 8 WC Behavioral Sciences; Zoology SC Behavioral Sciences; Zoology GA 462AG UT WOS:000170395600004 ER PT J AU Nagel, L Brewster, R Riedell, WE Reese, RN AF Nagel, L Brewster, R Riedell, WE Reese, RN TI Cytokinin regulation of flower and pod set in soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) SO ANNALS OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE Glycine max; soybean; flower abortion; cytokinin; 6-benzylaminopurine; hydroponic; seed yield; wicking ID REPRODUCTIVE ABORTION; SEED YIELD; GROWTH; ABSCISSION; 6-BENZYLAMINOPURINE; SENESCENCE; STORAGE; CARBON; WATER AB Exogenous application of cytokinin to raceme tissues of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) has been shown to stimulate cower production and to prevent flower abortion. The effects of these hormone applications have been ascertained for treated tissues, but the effects of cytokinins on total seed yields in treated plants have not been evaluated. Our objectives were to examine the effects of systemic cytokinin applications on soybean yields using an experimental line of soybeans, SD-87001, that has been shown to be highly sensitive to exogenous cytokinin application. Soybeans were grown hydroponically or in pots in the greenhouse. and 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) a as introduced into the xy]em stream through a cotton wick for 2 weeks during anthesis. After the plants had matured, the number of pods, seeds per pod. and the total seed weight per plant were measured. In the greenhouse. application of 3.4 x 10(-7) moles of BA resulted in a 79% increase in seed yield compared with controls. Results of field trials showed much greater variability within treatments, with consistent, but non-significant increases in seed number and total yields of about 3%. Data suggest that cytokinin levels play a significant role in determining total yield in soybeans, and that increasing cytokinin concentrations in certain environments may result in increased total seed production. (C) 2001 Annals of Botany Company. C1 S Dakota State Univ, Dept Biol Microbiol, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. ARS, USDA, No Grain Insect Res Lab, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. RP Reese, RN (reprint author), S Dakota State Univ, Dept Biol Microbiol, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. NR 28 TC 29 Z9 41 U1 2 U2 11 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0305-7364 J9 ANN BOT-LONDON JI Ann. Bot. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 88 IS 1 BP 27 EP 31 DI 10.1006/anbo.2001.1423 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 447QH UT WOS:000169583600004 ER PT J AU Greenberg, SM Sappington, TW Legaspi, BC Liu, TX Setamou, M AF Greenberg, SM Sappington, TW Legaspi, BC Liu, TX Setamou, M TI Feeding and life history of Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) on different host plants SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Spodoptera exigua; host plants; consumption rates; feeding and growth indices ID BEET ARMYWORM LEPIDOPTERA; DIAMONDBACK MOTH LEPIDOPTERA; CABBAGE-LOOPER LEPIDOPTERA; APIUM-GRAVEOLENS; LARVAE; COTTON; CONSUMPTION; CULTIVARS; PYRALIDAE; DIET AB Consumption rates, development times, and life table parameters of the beet army-worm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner). were determined on five host plants: cabbage Brassica oleracea capitata L; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L.: bell pepper. Capsicum annuum L.: pigweed. Amaranthus retroflexus L.; and sunflower, Helianthus annuus L. Mean total leaf weight consumed by larvae was highest in cabbage (2.7 g) and lowest in pigweed (1.6 g). The feeding index (pupal weight divided by total weight of leaf tissue consumed) was highest oil pigweed, followed by cotton, pepper sunflower, and cabbage. On all host plants, significant relationships were found between amount of leaf tissue consumed and resulting pupal weight. Likewise, significant relationships were found between pupal weight and subsequent adult fecundity on all host plants. The highest percentage of female progeny was recorded in S. exigua reared on pigweed (62.2%) and the lowest for larvae reared on cabbage (43.6%). Duration of the lan al stage was shortest on pigweed (12.4 d) and longest on pepper (18.0 d). Larval survival was highest on pigweed (94.4%) and lowest on cabbage (67.1%). Three key statistics were used to assess performance of S, exigua on the different host plants: 1) feeding index, 2) intrinsic rate of increase, r: and 3) growth index (percentage immature survival divided by immature development time). Using these measures, S, exigua performance was best on pigweed, worst on cabbage. and intermediate oil cotton, pepper. and sunflower., We discuss the implications of these findings for control of S. exigua. C1 USDA ARS, Kika Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Integrated Farming & Nat Resources Res Unit, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Greenberg, SM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Kika Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Integrated Farming & Nat Resources Res Unit, 2413 E Highway 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 50 TC 64 Z9 80 U1 3 U2 28 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 94 IS 4 BP 566 EP 575 DI 10.1603/0013-8746(2001)094[0566:FALHOS]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 455XJ UT WOS:000170052800010 ER PT J AU Bosch, J Maeta, Y Rust, R AF Bosch, J Maeta, Y Rust, R TI A phylogenetic analysis of nesting behavior in the genus Osmia (Hymenoptera : Megachilidae) SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE bees; Osmia; nesting phylogeny; molecular characters; behavioral characters ID BEES HYMENOPTERA; COCKERELL HYMENOPTERA; CORUMBAE HYMENOPTERA; SPECIES HYMENOPTERA; TRAP NESTS; BIOLOGY; EVOLUTION; CLASSIFICATION; VESPIDAE; APOIDEA AB Cladistic analysis is used to study the evolution of 29 biological characters related to nesting behavior, nest provisioning, oviposition, cocoon spinning, defecation, and life cycle (nest characters) in 11 species of Osmia bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) and two outgroup genera. A molecular phylogeny based on 38 allozyme loci-as-characters and a combined character phylogeny are produced to compare with the nest character phylogeny. All phylogenetic trees support the monophyly of the genus Osmia and the subgenus Osmia (Osmia) with Osmia ribifloris Cockerell basal to the other species in this subgenus. The subgenus Helicosmia (=Chalcosmia) is resolved as a sister clade to O. (Osmia) in the molecular tree and as sister to the subgenus Cephalosmia in the nest character and combined trees. Incomplete biological information from additional species of all three subgenera is provided to support the consistency of nest characters at the subgeneric level and their use in the establishment of subgeneric phylogenies in the family Megachilidae. C1 Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Bee Biol & Systemat Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Shimane Univ, Lab Insect Management, Shimane, Japan. Univ Nevada, Dept Biol, Reno, NV 89557 USA. RP Bosch, J (reprint author), Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Bee Biol & Systemat Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. OI Bosch , Jordi/0000-0002-8088-9457 NR 95 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 13 PU ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 10001 DEREKWOOD LANE, STE 100, LANHAM, MD 20706-4876 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 94 IS 4 BP 617 EP 627 DI 10.1603/0013-8746(2001)094[0617:APAONB]2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 455XJ UT WOS:000170052800017 ER PT J AU Rinderer, TE de Guzman, LI Delatte, GT Stelzer, JA Lancaster, VA Kuznetsov, V Beaman, L AF Rinderer, TE de Guzman, LI Delatte, GT Stelzer, JA Lancaster, VA Kuznetsov, V Beaman, L TI Resistance to the parasitic mite Varroa destructor in honey bees from far-eastern Russia SO APIDOLOGIE LA English DT Article DE Apis mellifera; mite resistance; Varrao destructor; Russia; disease resistance; natural selection ID APIS-MELLIFERA L; JACOBSONI OUD; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; BROOD CELLS; GROOMING BEHAVIOR; REPRODUCTION; HYMENOPTERA; COLONIES; CERANA; APIDAE AB Varroa destructor is a parasitic mite of the Asian honey bee, Apis cerana. Owing to host range expansion, it now plagues Apis mellifera, the world's principal crop pollinator and honey producer. Evidence from A. mellifera in far-eastern Russia, Primorsky (P) originating from honey bees imported in the mid 1800's, suggested that many colonies were resistant to V. destructor. A controlled field study of the development of populations of V. destructor shows that P colonies have a strong, genetically based resistance to the parasite. As control colonies (D) were dying with infestations of ca. 10 000 mites, P colonies were surviving with infestations of ca. 4000 mites. Several characteristics of the P bees contributed to suppressing the number of mites parasitizing their colonies. C1 USDA ARS, Honey Bee Breeding Genet & Physiol Res Lab, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 USA. Neptune & Co Inc, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Far E Branch, Inst Biol & Pedol, Vladivostok 690022, Russia. RP Rinderer, TE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Honey Bee Breeding Genet & Physiol Res Lab, 1157 Ben Hur Rd, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 USA. NR 59 TC 73 Z9 76 U1 5 U2 24 PU E D P SCIENCES PI LES ULIS CEDEXA PA 7, AVE DU HOGGAR, PARC D ACTIVITES COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEXA, FRANCE SN 0044-8435 J9 APIDOLOGIE JI Apidologie PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 32 IS 4 BP 381 EP 394 PG 14 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 461ZX UT WOS:000170394700009 ER PT J AU Shelton, DR Karns, JS AF Shelton, DR Karns, JS TI Quantitative detection of Escherichia coli O157 in surface waters by using immunomagnetic electrochemiluminescence SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DAIRY FARMS; CATTLE; SEPARATION; PREVALENCE; CYTOMETRY; SAMPLES; DEER; USA AB A protocol for the quantitative detection of Escherichia coli O157 in raw and concentrated surface waters using immunomagnetic electrochemiluminescence (IM-ECL) was developed and optimized. Three antibody sandwich formats were tested: commercial anti-O157:H7 IR I beads, IR I beads made in-house with a polyclonal anti-O157:H7 immunoglobulin G (IgG), or IM beads made in-house with a monoclonal anti-O157:H7 IgG coupled with a polyclonal anti-O157:H7 Ige to which an electrochemiluminescent label (TAG) was attached. The monoclonal IM bead-polyclonal TAG format was chosen for optimization because it gave Io,ver background levels and linear regression slopes of ca, 1.0, indicative of a constant ECL signal per cell, The dynamic range was ca, 10(1) to 10(5) cells ml(-1) in phosphate-buffered saline and in raw water samples. The monoclonal IM beads selectively captured E, coli O157 cells in the presence of ca, 10(8) cells of a non-O157 strain of E. coli ml(-1). Background ECL signals from concentrated (100-fold) water samples were substantially higher and more variable than ra,v water samples, The background signal was partially eliminated by the addition of polyvinylpolypyrrolidone. Successive cell capture incubations, termed sequential bead capture (SBC), were optimized for establishing baseline ECL values for individual water samples, The linear dynamic range with SEC was ca, 10(2) to 10(5) E. coli O157 cells ml of concentrated water(-1). To validate the protocol, 10-liter surface mater samples were spiked with ca, 5,000 E. coli O157 (Odwalla) cells and concentrated by vortex filtration, and 1- or 3-ml aliquots were analyzed by IM-ECL. Differential ECL signals (SBC) from 1- and 3-ml samples were statistically significant and were generally consistent with standard curves for these cell concentrations. Enrichments were conducted with aliquots of spiked raw water and concentrated water using EC broth and minimal lactose broth (MLB). All tubes with concentrated water became turbid and gave a positive ECL response for E, coli O157 (> 10,000 ECL units); MLB gave a somewhat higher detection rate with spiked ram water. The potential sensitivity of the IM-ECL assay is ca, 25 E. coli O157 cells mi of raw water(-1), 25 cells 100 mi of 100-fold concentrated water(-1), or 1 to 2 viable cells liter(-1) with concentration and enrichment, The IM-ECL assay appears suitable for routine analysis and screening of water samples. C1 USDA ARS, ANRI, AWPL, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Shelton, DR (reprint author), USDA ARS, ANRI, AWPL, BARC W, Bldg 001,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 24 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 67 IS 7 BP 2908 EP 2915 DI 10.1128/AEM.67.7.2908-2915.2001 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 448AV UT WOS:000169605400005 PM 11425701 ER PT J AU Glenn, AE Hinton, DM Yates, IE Bacon, CW AF Glenn, AE Hinton, DM Yates, IE Bacon, CW TI Detoxification of corn antimicrobial compounds as the basis for isolating Fusarium verticillioides and some other Fusarium species from corn SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MATING POPULATION-A; GIBBERELLA-FUJIKUROI; NECTRIA-HAEMATOCOCCA; HYDROXAMIC ACIDS; SECTION LISEOLA; ZEA-MAYS; BENZOXAZOLINONE ALLELOCHEMICALS; PLANT DEFENSE; MAIZE SEEDS; MONILIFORME AB The preformed antimicrobial compounds produced by maize, 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2 H-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one and its desmethoxy derivative 2,4-dihydroxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one, are highly reactive benzoxazinoids that quickly degrade to the antimicrobials 6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone (MBOA) and 2-benzoxazolinone (BOA), respectively. Fusarium verticillioides (= F, moniliforme) is highly tolerant to MBOA and BOA and can actively transform these compounds to nontoxic metabolites. Eleven of 29 Fusarium species had some level of tolerance to MBOA and BOA; the most tolerant, in decreasing order, were F. verticillioides, F, subglutinans, F. cerealis (= F, crookwellense), and F. graminearum. The difference in tolerance among species was due to their ability to detoxify the antimicrobials, The limited number of species having tolerance suggested the potential utility of these compounds as biologically active agents for inclusion within a semiselective isolation medium. By replacing the pentachloronitrobenzene in Nash-Snyder medium with 1.0 mg of BOA per mi, we developed a medium that resulted in superior frequencies of isolation of F. verticillioides from corn while effectively suppressing competing fungi. Since the BOA medium provided consistent, quantitative results with reduced in vitro and taxonomic efforts, it should prove useful for surveys of F. verticillioides infection in field samples. C1 ARS, USDA, Russell Res Ctr, Toxicol & Mycotoxin Res Unit, Athens, GA 30604 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Plant Pathol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Bacon, CW (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Russell Res Ctr, Toxicol & Mycotoxin Res Unit, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [T32 AI007373, T32-AI-07373] NR 59 TC 47 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 67 IS 7 BP 2973 EP 2981 DI 10.1128/AEM.67.7.2973-2981.2001 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 448AV UT WOS:000169605400014 PM 11425710 ER PT J AU Liu, YB Tabashnik, BE Meyer, SK Crickmore, N AF Liu, YB Tabashnik, BE Meyer, SK Crickmore, N TI Cross-resistance and stability of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Cry1C in diamondback moth SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PLUTELLA-XYLOSTELLA; INSECT RESISTANCE; CRYSTAL PROTEIN; SUBSP KURSTAKI; LEPIDOPTERA; RECEPTOR; TOXICITY; AIZAWAI; STRAIN AB We tested toxins of Bacillus thuringiensis against larvae from susceptible, Cry1C-resistant, and Cry1A-resistant strains of diamondback math (Plutella xylostella). The Cry1C-resistant strain, which was derived from a field population that had evolved resistance to B. thuringiensis subsp, kurstaki and B, thuringiensis subsp. aizawai, was selected repeatedly with Cry1C in the laboratory. The Cry1C-resistant strain had strong cross-resistance to Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, and Cry1F, low to moderate cross-resistance to Cry1Aa and Cry9Ca, and no cross-resistance to Cry1Bb, Cry1Ja, and Crg2A. Resistance to Cry1C declined when selection was relaxed. Together with previously reported data, the new data on the cross-resistance of a Cry1C-resistant strain reported here suggest that resistance to Cry1A and Cry1C toxins confers little or no cross-resistance to Cry1Bb, Cry2Aa, or Cry9Ca, Therefore, these toxins might be useful in rotations or combinations with Cry1A and Cry1C toxins. Cry9Ca was much more potent than Cry1Bb or Cry2Ba and thus might be especially useful against diamondback moth. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Entomol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Sussex, Sch Biol Sci, Brighton, E Sussex, England. RP Liu, YB (reprint author), USDA ARS, 1636 E Alisal St, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. RI Crickmore, Neil/H-7259-2012 NR 25 TC 13 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 16 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 67 IS 7 BP 3216 EP 3219 DI 10.1128/AEM.67.7.3216-3219.2001 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 448AV UT WOS:000169605400048 PM 11425744 ER PT J AU Ibekwe, AM Papiernik, SK Gan, J Yates, SR Yang, CH Crowley, DE AF Ibekwe, AM Papiernik, SK Gan, J Yates, SR Yang, CH Crowley, DE TI Impact of fumigants on soil microbial communities SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GRADIENT GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; 16S RIBOSOMAL-RNA; FATTY-ACID PROFILES; SUBSTRATE UTILIZATION PATTERNS; SEQUENCE HETEROGENEITIES; POPULATION-CHANGES; NUTRITIONAL-STATUS; BIOMASS; SEDIMENTS; DIVERSITY AB Agricultural soils are typically fumigated to provide effective control of nematodes, soilborne pathogens, and weeds in preparation for planting of high-value cash crops. The ability of soil microbial communities to recover after treatment with fumigants was examined using culture-dependent (Biolog) and culture-independent (phospholipid fatty acid [PLFA] analysis and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis [DGGE] of 16S ribosomal DNA [rDNA] fragments amplified directly from soil DNA) approaches. Changes in soil microbial community structure were examined in a microcosm experiment following the application of methyl bromide (MeBr), methyl isothiocyanate, 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D), and chloropicrin, Variations among Biolog fingerprints showed that the effect of MeBr on heterotrophic microbial activities was most severe in the first week and that thereafter the effects of MeBr and the other fumigants were expressed at much lower levels. The results of PLFA analysis demonstrated a community shift in all treatments to a community dominated by gram-positive bacterial biomass, Different 16S rDNA profiles from fumigated soils were quantified by analyzing the DGGE band patterns. The Shannon-Weaver index of diversity, H, was calculated for each fumigated soil sample. High diversity indices were maintained between the control soil and the fumigant-treated soils, except for MeBr (H decreased from 1.14 to 0.13), After 12 weeks of incubation, H increased to 0.73 in the MeBr-treated samples. Sequence analysis of clones generated from unique bands showed the presence of taxonomically unique clones that had emerged from the MeBr-treated samples and were dominated by clones closely related to Bacillus spp, and Heliothrix oregonensis, Variations in the data were much higher in the Biolog assay than in the PLFA and DGGE assays, suggesting a high sensitivity of PLFA analysis and DGGE in monitoring the effects of fumigants on soil community composition and structure. Our results indicate that MeBr has the greatest impact on soil microbial communities and that 1,3-D has the least impact. C1 USDA ARS, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Environm Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. RP Ibekwe, AM (reprint author), USDA ARS, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RI Ducey, Thomas/A-6493-2011; Crowley, David/C-1216-2014 OI Crowley, David/0000-0002-1805-8599 NR 47 TC 138 Z9 153 U1 6 U2 41 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 67 IS 7 BP 3245 EP 3257 DI 10.1128/AEM.67.7.3245-3257.2001 PG 13 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 448AV UT WOS:000169605400052 PM 11425748 ER PT J AU Anthony, WS AF Anthony, WS TI Concept to reduce cotton bale packaging forces SO APPLIED ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE energy; fiber; force; packaging AB Devices to reduce force requirements by, focusing compression at the eight locations [0.10 m(2) (160 in.(2))] where bale ties are applied were developed for cotton bale presses. Results of eight studies are reported. The devices reduced compression forces for a gin universal density, cotton bale by 20 to 35% depending on whether one or both of the platens were modified to use the devices. Additional studies determined the relationship between the force required to compress cotton with one standard flat platen compared to platens that had either six or eight compressive inserts to apply, focused compression. The inserts were either 2.54, 3.81, or 5.08 cm (1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 in.) wide across the width of the platen. The experimental platen inserts were installed on top of the standard bottom platen. Bales weighing about 226.80 kg (500 lb) each were ginned and compressed to about 640.72 kg/m(3) (40 lb/ft(3)) density,. Least square means for compressive forces (adjusted for bale weight and lint moisture) ranged from 3800 kN (854,021 lb) for the standard platen to 3049 kN (685,197 lb)for the 6-tie pattern with 3.81-cm (1.5-in.) compressive inserts. The 6-tie, 3.8-cm (1.5-in.) wide inserts installed on one of the two opposing platens required about 21% less force to achieve the same compression density, as the standard platen. The 3.8- cm (1.5-in.) wide inserts are suitable for use with the 1.90-cm (0.75-in.) wide traditional strapping that is used in the industry today,, and the 2.54-cm (1-in.) wide inserts are suitable for use with wire ties, which are also in use today. A special unitized platen consisting of eight focused compressive areas was constructed and tested. Compressive forces were reduced 18% when one unitized platen was used. Bales are about 1.12 cm (0.44 in.) larger at the hump when initially, released from the press but this difference disappears after a few days. A different version (of the unitized platen that bolted directly, to the existing platen was constructed and performed well infield tests at a commercial gin for the complete ginning season. C1 USDA ARS, Cotton Ginning Res Lab, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Anthony, WS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Cotton Ginning Res Lab, POB 256, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0883-8542 J9 APPL ENG AGRIC JI Appl. Eng. Agric. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 17 IS 4 BP 433 EP 440 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 507VX UT WOS:000173052900002 ER PT J AU Funk, PA Hughs, SE Holt, GA AF Funk, PA Hughs, SE Holt, GA TI Dust cyclone design SO APPLIED ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE dust cyclones; modeling; cotton ginning AB Dust cyclones are a cost effective means of treating process air released by cotton gins. Modifications to the currently recommended cyclone design were tested to improve collection efficiency. Factors normally considered uncontrolled (dust loading and relative humidity) were included in a mixed-level fractional factorial experimental design. Pre-weighed gin trash was metered into inlet air Exhaust air was passed through a filter that was weighed to determine dust loading and collection efficiency. Square and angled inlet modifications lowered cyclone performance. Neutral air tube and expansion chamber modifications were insignificant. Pressure drop increased linearly with increasing air entrance velocity while collection efficiency decreased slightly. Reducing entrance velocity may save energy without adversely affecting performance. C1 USDA ARS, SW Cotton Ginning Res Lab, Mesilla Pk, NM 88047 USA. USDA ARS, Cotton Prod & Proc Res Unit, Lubbock, TX USA. RP Funk, PA (reprint author), USDA ARS, SW Cotton Ginning Res Lab, Box 578, Mesilla Pk, NM 88047 USA. NR 8 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0883-8542 J9 APPL ENG AGRIC JI Appl. Eng. Agric. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 17 IS 4 BP 441 EP 444 PG 4 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 507VX UT WOS:000173052900003 ER PT J AU Smith, LA AF Smith, LA TI Automatic flow control for aerial applications SO APPLIED ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE aerial application; automatic control; ground speed; Global Positioning System AB Two versions of the automatic flow, control system for aerial application, marketed by Auto Control, Inc. of Houma, Louisiana, were evaluated by using test protocols that included area applications with a range of application rates. Both units were effective in maintaining accurate control of flowrate while making aerial applications. The primary difference between the two controllers was that the AutoCal I controlled flow directly by adjusting the boom valve and the AutoCal H controlled the flowrate indirectly by adjusting a bypass valve located between the pump outlet and inlet. The AutoCal I had a maximum error of 1.55% while applying 37.4 L/ha (4 gal/acre) under controlled conditions. Experimental error was not significantly affected by, application rate in either system. Theoretical error expressed as the area between the required flowrate and actual flowrate curves, tended to increase with the number of spray runs used to spray afield. Theoretical error was 0.79% for five spray passes and increased to 3.2% for 20 spray passes. Experimental errors for the AutoCal II flow controller varied from 0.64 to 1.60% while making applications using rates, that rangedfrom 9.4 to 88.9 L/ha (I to 9.5 gal/acre). Controller response was evaluated by using the decay of cumulative remaining error for each spray run. The resulting time constants indicated that the controllers reduced remaining error to less than 37% of its initial value in less than 0.5 s. C1 USDA ARS, Applicat & Prod Technol Res Unit, Jamie Whitten Delta States Res Ctr, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Smith, LA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Applicat & Prod Technol Res Unit, Jamie Whitten Delta States Res Ctr, POB 36, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 4 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0883-8542 J9 APPL ENG AGRIC JI Appl. Eng. Agric. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 17 IS 4 BP 449 EP 455 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 507VX UT WOS:000173052900005 ER PT J AU Holt, GA Laird, JW Baker, RV Funk, PA AF Holt, GA Laird, JW Baker, RV Funk, PA TI Calculated versus measured pressure losses for two seed cotton unloading systems SO APPLIED ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE pneumatic conveying; cotton; friction loss; cotton ginning AB Pneumatic conveying systems are commonly used in the cotton ginning industry. Inefficiencies in those systems can reduce productivity, create choke ups, and result in high operating costs. The fact that inefficient pneumatic conveying systems are costly is nothing new to the ginning industry,. But how can system losses be determined and how accurate are the equations recommended for calculating those losses? The purpose of this article is three-fold: 1) document modifications that were made to the seed cotton unloading system at the USDA-ARS Lubbock, Texas ginning laboratory, 2) compare those changes to values that were obtained from using standard friction loss calculations, and 3) report the effect that modifications had on power consumption. The results showed that the equations ranged from 0.28 to 22.9% of the actual measured system losses depending upon the calculation method used. Modifications resulted in a 19% velocity increase in the unloading system suction telescope using 37% less power C1 USDA ARS, Cotton Harvesting & Ginning Res Lab, Lubbock, TX 79403 USA. USDA ARS, SW Cotton Ginning Res Lab, Mesilla Pk, NM USA. RP Holt, GA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Cotton Harvesting & Ginning Res Lab, Rt 3,Box 215, Lubbock, TX 79403 USA. NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0883-8542 J9 APPL ENG AGRIC JI Appl. Eng. Agric. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 17 IS 4 BP 465 EP 473 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 507VX UT WOS:000173052900009 ER PT J AU Fraisse, CW Sudduth, KA Kitchen, NR AF Fraisse, CW Sudduth, KA Kitchen, NR TI Calibration of the CERES-Maize model for simulating site-specific crop development and yield on claypan soils SO APPLIED ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE crop models; site-specific; yields; maize AB Crop simulation models have historically been used to predict field average crop development and yield under alternative management and weather scenarios. The objective of this research was to calibrate and test a new version of the CERES-Maize model, modified to improve the simulation of site-specific crop development and yield. Seven sites within a field located in central Missouri were selected based on landscape position, elevation, depth to a claypan soil horizon, and past yield history. Detailed monitoring of crop development and soil moisture during the 1997 season provided data for calibration and evaluation of model performance at each site. Mid-season water stress caused a large variation in measured yield with values ranging from 2.6 Mg ha(-1) in the eroded side-slope areas to 10.1 Mg ha(-1) in the deeper soils located in the low areas of the field. The model was calibrated against measured data for root zone soil moisture content, leaf area index, and grain yield. The results demonstrated that modifications included in the model to simulate root growth and development are important in soils with a high-clay restrictive layer such as the claypan soils. Although the model performed well in simulating yield variability, simulated leaf area indices were below measured values at five out of seven monitoring sites, suggesting a need for model improvements. Results showed that accurate simulation of crop growth and development for areas of the study field that receive run-on or subsurface flow contributions from upland areas will require enhancement of the model to account for the effects of these processes. C1 Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Cropping Syst & Water Qual Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Sudduth, KA (reprint author), Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Cropping Syst & Water Qual Res Unit, 269 Agr Engr Bldg, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 22 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0883-8542 J9 APPL ENG AGRIC JI Appl. Eng. Agric. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 17 IS 4 BP 547 EP 556 PG 10 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 507VX UT WOS:000173052900020 ER PT J AU Nichols, NN Dien, BS Bothast, RJ AF Nichols, NN Dien, BS Bothast, RJ TI Use of catabolite repression mutants for fermentation of sugar mixtures to ethanol SO APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RECOMBINANT ESCHERICHIA-COLI; LACTATE-DEHYDROGENASE; STRAINS; GLUCOSE; LACTOSE; XYLOSE; GENE AB Use of agricultural biomass, other than cornstarch, to produce fuel ethanol requires a microorganism that can ferment the mixture of sugars derived from hemicellulose. Escherichia coli metabolizes a wide range of substrates and has been engineered to produce ethanol in high yield from sugar mixtures. E. coli metabolizes glucose in preference to other sugars and, as a result, utilization of the pentoses in hemicellulose-derived sugar mixtures is delayed and may be incomplete. Residual sugar lowers the ethanol yield and is problematic for downstream processing of fermentation products. Therefore, a catabolite repression mutant that simultaneously utilizes glucose and pentoses would be useful for fermentation of complex substrate mixtures. We constructed ethanologenic E. coli strains with a glucose phosphotransferase (ptsG) mutation and used the mutants to ferment glucose, arabinose, and xylose, singly and in mixtures, to ethanol. Yields were 87-94% of theoretical for both the wild type and mutants, but the mutants had an altered pattern of mixed sugar utilization. Phosphotransferase mutants metabolized the pentoses simultaneously with glucose, rather than sequentially. Based upon fermentations of sugar mixtures, a catabolite-repression mutant of ethanologenic E. coli is expected to provide more efficient fermentation of hemicellulose hydrolysates by allowing direct utilization of pentoses. C1 ARS, Fermentat Biochem Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Nichols, NN (reprint author), ARS, Fermentat Biochem Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. OI Dien, Bruce/0000-0003-3863-6664 NR 24 TC 90 Z9 98 U1 1 U2 21 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0175-7598 J9 APPL MICROBIOL BIOT JI Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 56 IS 1-2 BP 120 EP 125 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 457DN UT WOS:000170122000014 PM 11499918 ER PT J AU Lee, T Yun, SH Hodge, KT Humber, RA Krasnoff, SB Turgeon, GB Yoder, OC Gibson, DM AF Lee, T Yun, SH Hodge, KT Humber, RA Krasnoff, SB Turgeon, GB Yoder, OC Gibson, DM TI Polyketide synthase genes in insect- and nematode-associated fungi SO APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ASPERGILLUS-NIDULANS WA; ENZYMATIC DOMAINS; BIOSYNTHESIS; ORGANIZATION; STREPTOMYCES; ALIGNMENT; CLUSTER; ACID AB Production of polyketides is accomplished through complex enzymes known as polyketide synthases (PKS); these enzymes have highly conserved domains that might be useful in screens for PKSs in diverse groups of organisms. A degenerate PCR-based approach was used to amplify PKS fragments of the ketosynthase domain from genomic DNA of a group of insect- and nematode-associated fungi. Of 157 isolates (representing 73 genera and 144 species) screened, 92 isolates generated PCR products of predicted size (similar to 300 bp). The ability to detect PKS domains was a function of the number of different primer pairs employed in the screen. Cloning and sequencing revealed that 66 isolates had at least one unique PKS sequence; ten members of this set contained multiple PKS fragments, for a total of 76 unique PKS fragments. Since PKS genes appear to be widespread among fungi, a PCR-based screening system appears to be an efficient, directed means to identify organisms having the potential to produce polyketides. C1 ARS, USDA, NAA, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Gibson, DM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, NAA, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RI Yoder, Olen/D-1168-2009 OI Yoder, Olen/0000-0003-1177-9876 NR 22 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0175-7598 J9 APPL MICROBIOL BIOT JI Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 56 IS 1-2 BP 181 EP 187 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 457DN UT WOS:000170122000023 PM 11499928 ER PT J AU Gao, W Slusser, J Gibson, J Scott, G Bigelow, D Kerr, J McArthur, B AF Gao, W Slusser, J Gibson, J Scott, G Bigelow, D Kerr, J McArthur, B TI Direct-Sun column ozone retrieval by the ultraviolet multifilter rotating shadow-band radiometer and comparison with those from Brewer and Dobson spectrophotometers SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID MIDDLE LATITUDES; B RADIATION; UV-B AB A methodology for direct-Sun ozone retrieval using the ultraviolet multifilter rotating shadow-band radiometer (UV-MFRSR) is presented. Total vertical column ozone was retrieved in three stations: Mauna Loa, Hawaii, in the U.S., and Regina, Saskatchewan, and Toronto, Ontario, in Canada, from direct solar irradiances of the UV-MFRSR at 325-, 305-, 332-, and 311-nm channels (2-nm FWHM). The total uncertainty of ozone retrievals in this study is +/-2.0%. For Mauna Loa the mean ratios of the UV-MFRSR column ozone retrievals to the collocated Dobson and Brewer were 0.998 and 0.986 between May and September of 1999. The mean ratio of UV-MFRSR retrievals to the collocated Brewer retrievals was 1.012 in Toronto between April and August of 1999, and the mean ratio of retrievals of the UV-MFRSR to the collocated Brewer was 0.988 in Regina between June and September of 1999. Total vertical column ozone values for solar zenith angles of > 70 degrees were not considered, because of the signal-to-noise ratio and the angular response of the instruments, and were not used in the evaluation. The advantages of total vertical column ozone retrieval using UV-MFRSR include relatively low cost, computer-controlled operation, automated calibration stability checks, and minimal maintenance. It allows for the real-time measurement of total vertical column ozone. The UV-MFRSR is being used at 28 sites across the United States and 2 sites in Canada that form the U.S. Department of Agriculture W-B Radiation Monitoring and Research Program. This constitutes a unique network of total Vertical column ozone measurement. C1 Colorado State Univ, USDA, UV B Monitoring & Res Program, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Meterol Serv Canada, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. RP Colorado State Univ, USDA, UV B Monitoring & Res Program, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM wgao@uvb.nrel.colostate.edu RI Gao, Wei/C-1430-2016 NR 19 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 3 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD JUL 1 PY 2001 VL 40 IS 19 BP 3149 EP 3155 DI 10.1364/AO.40.003149 PG 7 WC Optics SC Optics GA 446KE UT WOS:000169511800001 PM 11958252 ER PT J AU Jacques, PF Chylack, LT Hankinson, SE Khu, PM Rogers, G Friend, J Tung, W Wolfe, JK Padhye, N Willett, WC Taylor, A AF Jacques, PF Chylack, LT Hankinson, SE Khu, PM Rogers, G Friend, J Tung, W Wolfe, JK Padhye, N Willett, WC Taylor, A TI Long-term nutrient intake and early age-related nuclear lens opacities SO ARCHIVES OF OPHTHALMOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FOOD FREQUENCY QUESTIONNAIRE; CATARACT-EXTRACTION; DIETARY QUESTIONNAIRE; PLASMA-CONCENTRATIONS; ANTIOXIDANT VITAMINS; CAROTENOID INTAKE; ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; SUPPLEMENT USE; UNITED-STATES; RISK AB Objective: To assess the relation between usual nutrient intake and subsequently diagnosed age-related nuclear lens opacities. Subjects: Four hundred seventy-eight nondiabetic women aged 53 to 73 years from the Boston, Mass, area without previously diagnosed cataracts sampled from the Nurses ' Health Study cohort. Methods: Usual nutrient intake was calculated as the average intake from 5 food frequency questionnaires that were collected during a 13- to 15-year period before the evaluation of lens opacities. The duration of vitamin supplement use was determined from 7 questionnaires collected during this same period. We defined nuclear opacities as a nuclear opalescence grade of 2.5 or higher using the Lens Opacification Classification System III. Results: The prevalence of nuclear opacification was significantly lower in the highest nutrient intake quintile category relative to the lowest quintile category for vitamin C (P < .001), vitamin E (P = .02), riboflavin (P = .005), folate (P < .009), beta -carotene (P = .04), and lutein/ zeaxanthin (P = .03). After adjustment for other nutrients, only vitamin C intake remained significantly associated (P = .003 for trend) with the prevalence of nuclear opacities. The prevalence of nuclear opacities was significantly lower (P < .001) in the highest vitamin C intake quintile category relative to the lowest quintile category (odds ratio, 0.31; 95% confidence interval, 0.16-0.58). There were also statistically significant trends of decreasing prevalence of nuclear opacities with increasing duration of use of vitamin C (P = .004 for trend), vitamin E (P = .03 for trend), and multivitamin (P = .04 for trend) supplements, but only duration of vitamin C supplement use remained significantly associated with nuclear opacities after mutual adjustment for use of vitamin E (P = .05 for trend) or multivitamin (P = .02 for trend) supplements. The prevalence of nuclear opacities was significantly lower (P = .004) for women who used a vitamin C supplement for 10 or more pears relative to women who never used vitamin C supplements (odds ratio, 0.36; 95% confidence interval, 0.18-0.72). Plasma measures of vitamins C and E taken at the eye examination were also inversely associated with the prevalence of nuclear opacities. Conclusion: These results provide additional evidence that antioxidant nutrients play a role in the prevention of age-related nuclear lens opacities. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Lab Nutr & Vis, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Nutr Sci & Policy, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Harvard Univ, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Ophthalmol, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Channing Lab, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Ctr Ophthalm Res, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Nutr, Boston, MA 02115 USA. RP Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Lab Nutr & Vis, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [CA40356]; NEI NIH HHS [EY-09611] NR 44 TC 117 Z9 125 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 330 N WABASH AVE, STE 39300, CHICAGO, IL 60611-5885 USA SN 0003-9950 EI 1538-3601 J9 ARCH OPHTHALMOL-CHIC JI Arch. Ophthalmol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 119 IS 7 BP 1009 EP 1019 PG 11 WC Ophthalmology SC Ophthalmology GA 451BA UT WOS:000169780200006 PM 11448323 ER PT J AU Walton, M Herrick, JE Gibbens, RP Remmenga, MD AF Walton, M Herrick, JE Gibbens, RP Remmenga, MD TI Persistence of municipal biosolids in a Chihuahuan Desert rangeland 18 years after application SO ARID LAND RESEARCH AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE arid soil; decomposition; organic matter; reclamation; remediation; restoration; sewage sludge ID SEWAGE-SLUDGE; NITROGEN MINERALIZATION; CARBON; SOIL; DECOMPOSITION; BIOMASS; RESPONSES AB The experimental application of municipal biosolids to degraded arid and semiarid rangelands has been practiced for many years and is becoming more common in the western United States. Previous studies have examined the effects of applying biosolids to land areas that have been degraded by one or more different factors including overgrazing, fire suppression, and increased drought frequency, duration, or intensity. However,few of these studies have measured the persistence of biosolids in the soil. This study is an attempt to recover information from an abandoned reclamation effort in which municipal biosolids were spread on a degraded rangeland on the Jornada Experimental Range in southern New Mexico. The biosolids were applied in 1979 and were still present in substantial amounts when soil samples were taken in 1997. An estimated 32% of the applied biosolids persisted as fragments greater than 2 mm in diameter for almost 20 years. There were no apparent benefits of biosolid application at this site in terms of vegetation establishment within the first four years, and there was no correlation between vegetation patterns and the concentration of biosolids remaining in the soil in 1997. It is hypothesized that much of the applied sludge remains in the soil because of the recalcitrant nature of digested biosolids combined with the environmental conditions of soil in and systems. Long-term? results from biosolid addition experiments in and and semiarid rangelands should be considered before the practice is widely, used for reclamation of degraded rangeland sites. C1 New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Univ Stat Ctr, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Herrick, JE (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, MSC 3JER,Box 30003, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NR 28 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 7 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND SN 1532-4982 J9 ARID LAND RES MANAG JI Arid Land Res. Manag. PD JUL-SEP PY 2001 VL 15 IS 3 BP 223 EP 232 DI 10.1080/15324980152119784 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Soil Science SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture GA 473XV UT WOS:000171075200003 ER PT J AU Strausberger, BM Burhans, DE AF Strausberger, BM Burhans, DE TI Nest desertion by Field Sparrows and its possible influence on the evolution of Cowbird behavior SO AUK LA English DT Article ID BROWN-HEADED COWBIRD; REED WARBLERS; BROOD PARASITISM; CUCULUS-CANORUS; CUCKOO; HOSTS; EGGS; DEFENSE; RECOGNITION; PREDATION AB In this study, Field Sparrows (Spizella pusilla) deserted 46%. of nests, parasitized by Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) and only Po of unparasitized nests suggesting that desertion functions primarily as an antiparasite defense. Sparrows did not desert nests following various clutch manipulations that are often associated with parasitism, indicating that desertion was not in response to the presence of cowbird eggs. Sparrows often deserted nests following encounters vith real or mounted cowbirds, suggesting that nest desertion is a response to adult cowbirds. Sparrows deserted nests only in stages most vulnerable to the effects of parasitism. That finding is consistent with the possibility that desertion is a parasite-specific response. Sparrows arrived at nests earlier in the da, at our Illinois site, where parasitism was greater, than in Missouri. Our findings confirm that host vigilance can prevent successful parasitism, and we provide the first direct evidence that encounters with cowbirds may cause hosts to desert nests. Our findings may help explain why cowbirds parasitize nests extremely early in the morning and lay rapidly,. We suggest that consideration be given to host response following interactions with adult brood parasites because those interactions may have implications for both the ecology and evolution of both the parasite and host. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Biol Sci MC 066, Chicago, IL 60607 USA. Univ Missouri, N Cent Res Stn, USDA, Forest Serv, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Strausberger, BM (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Biol Sci MC 066, 845 W Taylor St, Chicago, IL 60607 USA. NR 35 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD JUL PY 2001 VL 118 IS 3 BP 770 EP 776 DI 10.1642/0004-8038(2001)118[0770:NDBFSA]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 474KE UT WOS:000171105000023 ER PT J AU Burhans, DE Strausberger, BM Carey, MD AF Burhans, DE Strausberger, BM Carey, MD TI Regional variation in response of Field Sparrows to the threat of Brown-headed Cowbird parasitism SO AUK LA English DT Article ID AVIAN BROOD PARASITISM; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; NEST DESERTION; PREDATION; DEFENSES; WARBLERS; IMPACT; HOSTS AB We conducted aggression experiments using model cowbirds on nesting Field Sparrows (Spizclla pusilla) in heavily, moderately, and rarely parasitized populations. We also documented Field Sparrow morning nest arrival times during the laying period, because Field Sparrows appear to desert nests in response to encounters with laying female cowbirds. Field Sparrows responded most aggressively to cowbird models and arrived the earliest in Illinois, where they were most heavily parasitized. Field Sparrows responded the least to models in Pennsylvania, where they are almost never parasitized. Our results suggest that those host behaviors result from some aspect of host-cowbird interactions, but the extent to which such behaviors are genetic or learned needs further study. C1 Univ Missouri, N Cent Res Stn, USDA, Forest Serv, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Biol Sci MC 066, Chicago, IL 60607 USA. Univ Scranton, Dept Biol, Scranton, PA 18510 USA. RP Burhans, DE (reprint author), Univ Missouri, N Cent Res Stn, USDA, Forest Serv, 202 ABNR, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 27 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD JUL PY 2001 VL 118 IS 3 BP 776 EP 780 DI 10.1642/0004-8038(2001)118[0776:RVIROF]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 474KE UT WOS:000171105000024 ER PT J AU Ziprin, RL Young, CR Byrd, JA Stanker, LH Hume, ME Gray, SA Kim, BJ Konkel, ME AF Ziprin, RL Young, CR Byrd, JA Stanker, LH Hume, ME Gray, SA Kim, BJ Konkel, ME TI Role of Campylobacter jejuni potential virulence genes in cecal colonization SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Campylobacter jejuni; colonization; chickens; mutations; ciaB; pldA ID FIBRONECTIN-BINDING PROTEIN; INTESTINAL COLONIZATION; EXPERIMENTAL-INFECTION; ORAL VACCINATION; IMMUNE-RESPONSE; INFANT MICE; CHICKENS; PROTECTION; ANTIBODIES; ANTIGENS AB Campylobacter jejuni, a common commensal in chickens, is one of the leading causes of bacterial gastroenteritis in humans worldwide. The aims of this investigation were twofold. First, we sought to determine whether mutations in the C. jejuni ciaB and pldA virulence-associated genes impaired the organism's ability to colonize chickens. Second, we sought to determine if inoculation of chicks with C jejuni mutants could confer protection from subsequent challenge with the C jejuni wild-type strain. The C. jejuni ciaB gene encodes a secreted protein necessary for the maximal invasion of C jejuni into cultured epithelial cells, and the pldA gene encodes a protein with phospholipase activity. Also included in this study were two additional C. jejuni mutants, one harboring a mutation in cadF and the other in dnaJ, with which we have previously performed colonization studies. In contrast to results with the parental C jejuni strain, viable organisms were not recovered from any of the chicks inoculated with the C jejuni mutants. To determine if chicks inoculated with the C jejuni mutants become resistant to colonization by the C jejuni parental strain upon subsequent challenge, chicks were inoculated either intraperitoneally (i.p.) or both orally and i.p. with the C jejuni mutants. Inoculated birds were then orally challenged with the parental strain. Inoculation with the C jejuni mutants did not provide protection from subsequent challenge with the wild-type strain. In addition, neither the C jejuni parental nor the mutant strains caused any apparent morbidity or mortality of the chicks. We conclude that mutations in genes cadF dnaJ, pldA, and ciaB impair the ability of C jejuni to colonize the cecum, that chicks tolerate massive inoculation with these mutant strains, and that such inoculations do not provide biologically significant protection against colonization by the parental strain. C1 USDA, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, Food & Feed Safety Res Unit, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Washington State Univ, Sch Mol Biosci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Ziprin, RL (reprint author), USDA, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, Food & Feed Safety Res Unit, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 38 TC 70 Z9 73 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD JUL-SEP PY 2001 VL 45 IS 3 BP 549 EP 557 DI 10.2307/1592894 PG 9 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 475DJ UT WOS:000171146300001 PM 11569726 ER PT J AU Rimler, RB AF Rimler, RB TI Purification of a cross-protective antigen from Pasteurella multocida grown in vitro and in vivo SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Pasteurella multocida; fowl cholera; cross protection; immunity ID FOWL CHOLERA; FACTOR(S); SOLUBILIZATION; PROTEINS AB A peptone-based medium was formulated to grow Pasteurella multocida in vitro, which expressed an antigen that induces cross protection in turkeys against different serotypes. Vaccines of various chromatographic fractions obtained from I? multocida grown in the medium induced active immune cross protection in turkeys, and sera from these turkeys passively cross protected naive poults. An antigen of approximately 39 kD molecular size was purified by preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and electroelution from hydroxyapatite chromatographic fractions of both in vivo- and in vitro-grown P. multocida. The purified antigen from either source induced active immune cross protection but no passive protection in one of two experiments. Increasing the dose of vaccine resulted in both active and passive immune cross protection in the second experiment. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Resp Dis Livestock Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Rimler, RB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Resp Dis Livestock Res Unit, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 17 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD JUL-SEP PY 2001 VL 45 IS 3 BP 572 EP 580 DI 10.2307/1592897 PG 9 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 475DJ UT WOS:000171146300004 PM 11569729 ER PT J AU Pedersen, JC Senne, DA Panigrahy, B Reynolds, DL AF Pedersen, JC Senne, DA Panigrahy, B Reynolds, DL TI Detection of avian pneumovirus in tissues and swab specimens from infected turkeys SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE avian pneumovirus; reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction; turkey rhinotracheitis; swollen head syndrome; fluorgenic probe; TaqMan (R) ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; SWOLLEN-HEAD SYNDROME; RHINOTRACHEITIS VIRUS; ANTIGENIC DIFFERENTIATION; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; MINNESOTA TURKEYS; CHICKENS; STRAINS; COLORADO; DISTINCT AB Conventional nested and TaqMan((R)) reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays for the detection of avian pneumovirus (APV) were evaluated and compared with virus isolation (VI) for sensitivity and specificity Respiratory tissues and tracheal swabs were collected from experimentally inoculated turkeys between 1 and 21 days postinoculation (DPI) and tested by all detection methods. APV was detected by both RT-PCR procedures as early as 1 DPI and as late as 17 DPI, whereas virus was isolated only between 3 and 7 DPI. Pooled tracheal swab supernatant and dry swabs were excellent Specimens for the detection of APV between 3 and 8 DPI. Turbinate and sinus specimens were the most productive samples over the entire collection period. Both RT-PCR assays were rapid and more sensitive than VI for the detection of APV in tissue and swab specimens from infected turkeys. RT-PCR allows for the rapid detection of APV from a variety of respiratory tissues as well as from dry swabs and tracheal swab supernatants. Antibody to APV was detected in 50% of the sampled APV-inoculated birds at 8 and 9 DPI by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Early seroconversion (8-10 DPI) allows antibody detection to be used as a screening tool for APV. Rapid and sensitive detection methods are needed for APV, a highly contagious disease affecting U.S. poultry. C1 USDA, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Vet Serv, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Iowa State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Vet Med Res Inst, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Pedersen, JC (reprint author), USDA, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Vet Serv, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 37 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD JUL-SEP PY 2001 VL 45 IS 3 BP 581 EP 592 DI 10.2307/1592898 PG 12 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 475DJ UT WOS:000171146300005 PM 11569730 ER PT J AU Lacey, LA Frutos, R Kaya, HK Vail, P AF Lacey, LA Frutos, R Kaya, HK Vail, P TI Insect pathogens as biological control agents: Do they have a future? SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Review DE entomopathogens; microbial control; baculoviruses; entomopathogenic fungi; Bacillus thuringiensis; entomopathogenic nematodes ID GYPSY-MOTH LEPIDOPTERA; NUCLEAR-POLYHEDROSIS-VIRUS; NEMATODE PHASMARHABDITIS-HERMAPHRODITA; ORYCTES-RHINOCEROS COLEOPTERA; BRUSH-BORDER MEMBRANE; DELTA-ENDOTOXIN GENE; MAIMAIGA ZYGOMYCETES ENTOMOPHTHORALES; NEOZYGITES-FRESENII ENTOMOPHTHORALES; BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS ENDOTOXINS; FUNGUS ENTOMOPHAGA-MAIMAIGA AB Naturally occurring entomopathogens are important regulatory factors in insect populations. Many species are employed as biological control agents of insect pests in row and glasshouse crops, orchards, ornamentals, range, turf and lawn, stored products, and forestry and for abatement of pest and vector insects of veterinary and medical importance. The comparison of entomopathogens with conventional chemical pesticides is usually solely from the perspective of their efficacy and cost. In addition to efficacy, the advantages of use of microbial control agents are numerous, These include safety for humans and other nontarget organisms, reduction of pesticide residues in food, preservation of other natural enemies, and increased biodiversity in managed ecosystems. As with predators and parasitoids, there are three basic approaches for use of entomopathogens as microbial control agents: classical biological control, augmentation, and conservation. The use of a virus (Oryctes nonoccluded virus), a fungus (Entomophaga maimaiga), and a nematode (Deladenus siricidicola) as innoculatively applied biological control agents for the long-term suppression of palm rhinoceros beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros), gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar), and woodwasp (Sirex noctilio), respectively, has been successful, Most examples of microbial control involve inundative application of entomopathogens, The most widely used microbial control agent is the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis. The discovery of new varieties with activity against Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Diptera and their genetic improvement has enhanced the utility of this species. Recent developments in its molecular biology, mode of action, and resistance management are reviewed, Examples of the use, benefits, and limitations of entomopathogenic viruses, bacteria, fungi, nematodes, and protozoa as inundatively applied microbial control agents are presented. Microbial control agents can be effective and serve as alternatives to broad-spectrum chemical insecticides. However, their increased utilization will require (1) increased pathogen virulence and speed of kill; (2) improved pathogen performance under challenging environmental conditions (cool weather, dry conditions, etc.); (3) greater efficiency in their production; (4) improvements in formulation that enable ease of application, increased environmental persistence, and longer shelf life; (5) better understanding of how they will fit into integrated systems and their interaction with the environment and other integrated pest management (IPM) components; (6) greater appreciation of their environmental advantages; and (7) acceptance by growers and the general public. We envision a broader appreciation for the attributes of entomopathogens in the near to distant future and expect to see synergistic combinations of microbial control agents with other technologies. However, if future development is only market driven, there will be considerable delays in the implementation of several microbial control agents that have excellent potential for use in IPM programs. C1 USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. CERAT, CIRAD, F-34032 Montpellier 1, France. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Nematol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. RP Lacey, LA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. NR 262 TC 275 Z9 325 U1 25 U2 223 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD JUL PY 2001 VL 21 IS 3 BP 230 EP 248 DI 10.1006/bcon.2001.0938 PG 19 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 451KR UT WOS:000169801700005 ER PT J AU Lord, JC AF Lord, JC TI Response of the wasp Cephalonomia tarsalis (Hymenoptera : Bethylidae) to Beauveria bassiana (Hyphomycetes : Moniliales) as free conidia or infection in its host, the sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Coleoptera : Silvanidae) SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE Cephalonomia tarsalis; Oryzaephilus surinamensis; Beauveria bassiana; grain beetle; biological control; behavior; beneficial insects ID BEHAVIOR; FUNGI; HYM AB Cephalonomia tarsalis, an ectoparasitoid, and Beauveria bassiana, an entomopathogenic fungus, are potential biological control agents for the saw-toothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Several experiments were conducted to determine whether the two beneficial organisms are compatible. Wasps exhibited little avoidance behavior toward the fungus, Adult wasps oviposited on B. bassiana-infected larvae up to within 1 day of the host's death and the appearance of red fungal pigment. Wasp larvae are susceptible to the fungus and die within 1 day of oviposition on host larvae with mycosis, A 3-h exposure of adult wasps to 100 mg of B. bassiana/kg of wheat resulted in 52.7% mortality. Nevertheless, the wasps entered into grain containing B. bassiana conidia as freely as they entered into conidia-free grain. The mean prevalence of B. bassiana in 46 samples of pooled wheat representing 276 locations was 7.5 colony-forming units/g of wheat. Natural C. tarsalis exposure to B. bassiana in untreated stored wheat is likely to be below lethal quantities, and the introduction of the fungus in insecticidal quantities would have a negative impact on C, tarsalis populations. C1 USDA ARS, Gain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Lord, JC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Gain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. NR 22 TC 29 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 11 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD JUL PY 2001 VL 21 IS 3 BP 300 EP 304 DI 10.1006/bcon.2001.0942 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 451KR UT WOS:000169801700012 ER PT J AU Burke, JM Spiers, DE Kojima, FN Perry, GA Salfen, BE Wood, SL Patterson, DJ Smith, MF Lucy, MC Jackson, WG Piper, EL AF Burke, JM Spiers, DE Kojima, FN Perry, GA Salfen, BE Wood, SL Patterson, DJ Smith, MF Lucy, MC Jackson, WG Piper, EL TI Interaction of endophyte-infected fescue and heat stress on ovarian function in the beef heifer SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article DE corpus luteum function; environment; follicle; ovary; stress ID TALL FESCUE; DAIRY-CATTLE; PROGESTERONE PRODUCTION; CONCEPTION RATE; ESTROUS-CYCLE; CORPUS-LUTEUM; COWS; CHOLESTEROL; TOXICOSIS; LIPOPROTEINS AB The objective of the experiment was to examine the interaction of endophyte-infected tall fescue and environmental temperature on follicular and luteal development and function in beef heifers. Heifers were fed endophyte-free or endophyte-infecfed tall fescue seed at thermoneutral or beat stress temperatures (n = 6/treatment) 4 wk before and 3 wk after synchronized ovulation. All heifers were subjected to thermoneutral conditions (19 degreesC, 50% relative humidity) from Days -7 to -2; temperature increased incrementally from Days -7 to 0 and cycled between 25 degreesC and 31 degreesC between Days 1 and 20 for heat-stressed heifers, Serum was collected and ovaries monitored every other day after induced luteolysis between Days 1 and 23 or until ovulation. Size and location of follicles >4 mm and corpora lutea were recorded. Serum concentrations of prolactin were reduced in heat-stressed heifers fed infected seed and both heat stress and infected seed decreased total cholesterol. Rectal temperature and respiration rate were greatest in heifers fed the infected seed when exposed to maximal temperatures, Heat stress led to reduced diameter of the corpus luteum and serum progesterone compared with thermoneutral conditions. Progesterone was reduced more so in heifers fed infected seed. The combination of infected seed and heat stress was associated with reduced diameter of the preovulatory dominant follicle, and consumption of infected seed led to fewer large follicles during the estrous cycle. Both stressors led to reduced serum estradiol. Impaired follicle function may explain reduced pregnancy rates commonly observed in heifers grazing infected tall fescue pasture. C1 USDA ARS, Booneville, AR 72927 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Anim Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Anim Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Burke, JM (reprint author), 6883 S State Highway 23, Booneville, AR 72927 USA. NR 43 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 65 IS 1 BP 260 EP 268 DI 10.1095/biolreprod65.1.260 PG 9 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 446LY UT WOS:000169515800033 PM 11420248 ER PT J AU Williams, GL Gazal, OS Leshin, LS Stanko, RL Anderson, LL AF Williams, GL Gazal, OS Leshin, LS Stanko, RL Anderson, LL TI Physiological regulation of maternal behavior in heifers: Roles of genital stimulation, intracerebral oxytocin release, and ovarian steroids SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article DE central nervous system; oxytocin; posterior pituitary; reproductive behavior ID VAGINOCERVICAL STIMULATION; PERIDURAL ANESTHESIA; LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; CEREBROSPINAL-FLUID; BEEF-COWS; SHEEP; PARTURIENT; SECRETION; PROLACTIN; CATTLE AB We tested the hypotheses that 1) epidural anesthesia at parturition would block both peripheral and central release of oxytocin and eliminate the development of maternal behavior in primiparous heifers and 2) estradiol priming, genital stimulation, and appropriate neonatal stimuli would induce maternal behavior in nulliparous heifers. In experiment 1, primiparous crossbred heifers (n = 13) with cannulas in the third cerebroventricle (IIIV) were assigned randomly to receive epidural treatments of saline (SAL; n = 6) or lidocaine HCl (EPI; n = 7) at the onset of labor induced between Days 270 and 280 of gestation. Epidural anesthesia blocked (P < 0.001) both central and peripheral release of oxytocin and markedly reduced (P < 0.05) or eliminated licking behaviors during a 3-h period following parturition as compared with SAL. Following approximately 1 wk of controlled daily suckling, during which calves were permitted access only to the inguinal region of their dams (three times daily for 10 min each time), a second maternal behavior test was performed. Although licking behavior remained markedly reduced (P < 0.001) in the EPI compared with the SAL groups, all heifers accepted their calf at the udder. In experiments 2-4, neither estradiol priming in ovariectomized heifers nor estradiol plus progesterone in intact heifers resulted in an induction of maternal behaviors following genital stimulation and presentation of a neonate wetted with amniotic fluid. Pelvic sensory deficits apparently block oxytocin release and disturb both short-latency and long-term maternal behaviors but do not result ultimately in rejection of the calf. Combinations of hormonal, sensory, olfactory, and visual cues observed previously to induce maternal behavior in nulliparous ewes do not appear adequate for induction of maternal behavior in nulliparous heifers. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Agr Res Stn, Anim Reprod Lab, Beeville, TX 78102 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Ctr Anim Biotechnol & Genom, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30613 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Williams, GL (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Agr Res Stn, Anim Reprod Lab, 3507 Hwy 59E, Beeville, TX 78102 USA. NR 31 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 65 IS 1 BP 295 EP 300 DI 10.1095/biolreprod65.1.295 PG 6 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 446LY UT WOS:000169515800037 PM 11420252 ER PT J AU Smith, S Johnson, RM Pepperman, AB AF Smith, S Johnson, RM Pepperman, AB TI Formulation and tillage effects on atrazine and alachlor in shallow ground water in upland corn production SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RELEASE FORMULATIONS; SIMAZINE; SYSTEMS; RUNOFF C1 USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Water Qual & Ecol Proc Res Unit, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, Commod Utilizat Res Unit, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Smith, S (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Water Qual & Ecol Proc Res Unit, 598 McElroy Dr,POB 1157, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. NR 28 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 67 IS 1 BP 113 EP 121 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 440EG UT WOS:000169162500017 PM 11381320 ER PT J AU Lastra, CCL Hajek, AE Humber, RA AF Lastra, CCL Hajek, AE Humber, RA TI Effects of two cryopreservation techniques on viability and pathogenicity of entomophthoralean fungi SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE LA English DT Article DE Entomophaga aulicae; Entomophaga maimaiga; Zoophthora radicans; storage; in vitro culture; entomopathogenic fungi ID ENTOMOPHAGA-MAIMAIGA; LIQUID-NITROGEN AB The difficulties in long-term storage of cultures of Entomophthorales create a barrier to working with these entomopathogenic fungi. Relatively few laboratories have access to controlled cooling apparatus and storage in liquid nitrogen, but a simpler, more affordable technique to store cultures at -80 degreesC is available. We compared viability among three entomophthoraleans and pathogenicity for one species for both storage techniques over 10 months. Fluorescent staining for viability demonstrated that there was no statistically significant difference by storage treatment for all three fungi. Although cells of Entomophaga aulicae (Reichardt in Bail) Humber decreased in viability after 8 and 10 months of storage, similar declines were not seen with Entomophaga maimaiga Humber, Shimazu & Soper or Zoophthora radicans (Brefeld) Batko. Bioassays of E. maimaiga against gypsy moth larvae, Lymantria dispar (L.), demonstrated no differences in time to death or percent mortality after 10 months of storage by either method. However, after 10 months, fewer cadavers of larvae injected with cultures stored at -80 degreesC abundantly produced conidia. Our findings suggest that for these isolates from three species of Entomophthorales, storage at -80 degreesC after a simple freezing protocol had a minor effect compared with storage at -196 degreesC, but some cultures were more sensitive to prolonged freezing than others. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Entomol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Plant Protect Res Unit, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Hajek, AE (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Entomol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 13 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4026 J9 CAN J BOT JI Can. J. Bot.-Rev. Can. Bot. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 79 IS 7 BP 861 EP 864 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 452QB UT WOS:000169869300013 ER PT J AU Sorensen, FC Mandel, NL Aagaard, JE AF Sorensen, FC Mandel, NL Aagaard, JE TI Role of selection versus historical isolation in racial differentiation of ponderosa pine in southern Oregon: an investigation of alternative hypotheses SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Review ID RAPID POPULATION DIFFERENTIATION; DOUGLAS-FIR; GENETIC-VARIATION; SUBDIVIDED POPULATIONS; ANTHOXANTHUM-ODORATUM; MOSAIC ENVIRONMENT; SEED TRANSFER; DIVERSITY; MARKERS; SEEDLINGS AB Continuous populations identified as Pacific and North Plateau races of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa P. Laws. ex C. Laws.) are parapatric along the crest of the Cascade Range in southern Oregon. A 3-year common-garden study of bud phenology and seedling vigor was performed to estimate the nature and magnitude of differentiation between races, to characterize the transition zone between them, and to relate responses between and within races to topography and climate. Principal component (PC) analyses identified two significant character complexes, PC-1 (phenological traits) and PC-2 (size traits), that explained 73% of the geographic race-related variation. The races were differentiated in two regards. First, PC-1 scores, which were highly correlated with frost-free season and summer-winter temperature differential, displayed a sharp discontinuity in the transition zone. Second, PC-2 scores were significantly correlated with physiographic and climatic variables in the North Plateau but not in the Pacific race, even though these variables had greater ranges in the latter. The data supported a narrow, adaptive transition between races for a complex of traits probably related to cold hardiness, and provided evidence that plant vigor traits were more closely adapted to environments in the North Plateau than in the Pacific region, possibly as a consequence of past climatic-stress selection in the former and competitive-stress selection in the latter. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Oregon, Dept Biol, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. RP Sorensen, FC (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, USDA, 3200 Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 115 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 3 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 31 IS 7 BP 1127 EP 1139 DI 10.1139/cjfr-31-7-1127 PG 13 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 452QD UT WOS:000169869500003 ER PT J AU Piatek, KB Allen, HL AF Piatek, KB Allen, HL TI Are forest floors in mid-rotation stands of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) a sink for nitrogen and phosphorus? SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID SITE PREPARATION; NUTRIENT RELEASE; ORGANIC-MATTER; LEAF-LITTER; N-MINERALIZATION; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; DECOMPOSING LEAF; DYNAMICS; ECOSYSTEMS; PLANTATION AB We examined decomposition and nutrient dynamics in fresh litter and net N mineralization in old litter to determine (i) if forest floor is a source of available nutrients in mid-rotation loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stands and (ii) the effect of site preparation and vegetation control on forest floor nutrient dynamics. Four types of fresh litter were decomposed in situ in mesh bags: two containing only pine (differing by history of stand management) and two pine-hardwood mixes (ratios 1:5 and 5:1). Litter bags were recovered every May and October for 26 months. Litter type, in particular the presence and amount of leaves, affected decomposition and nutrient dynamics in fresh litter. After 26 months, all fresh litters lost 55% of mass; decay rate constants were 0.43 (needles) to 0.60 year(1) (leaves). Pine (1) and pine (2) and needles in mix 1:5 immobilized N. Almost all fresh litters also immobilized P. After 26 months of decay, N and P pools suggested an accumulation in the needles of 0.7-2.7 kg N.ha(1) and 0.2-0.5 kg P.ha(1) and mineralization of 1.1-3.7 kg N.ha(1) in mix 5:1 needles and mix 1:5 leaves. All fresh litters mineralized K, Ca, and Mg. Old litter was incubated in situ in capped polyvinyl chloride containers from May to November. Monthly rates of net N mineralization in old litter were determined in KCl extracts of NH4+ and NO3. Net N mineralization in old litter was 0.75-1.5 kg N.ha(1) per 6 months and was attributed to mineralization in mineral soil. We conclude that forest floors in these stands are not a source of available N or P. Instead, forest floors appear to be sinks for N and probably P. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Forestry, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Piatek, KB (reprint author), SUNY, Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, 1 Forestry Dr, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. NR 65 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 2 U2 5 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 31 IS 7 BP 1164 EP 1174 DI 10.1139/cjfr-31-7-1164 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 452QD UT WOS:000169869500007 ER PT J AU Nover, L Miernyk, JA AF Nover, L Miernyk, JA TI A genomics approach to the chaperone network of Arabidopsis thaliana SO CELL STRESS & CHAPERONES LA English DT Article ID HEAT-SHOCK PROTEINS; MOLECULAR CHAPERONES; DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; STRESS-RESPONSE; CELL-DEATH; IN-VIVO; HSP90; REGULATORS; ROLES C1 Goethe Univ Frankfurt, Bioctr, D-60439 Frankfurt, Germany. Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Plant Genet Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Goethe Univ Frankfurt, Bioctr, Marie Curie Str 9, D-60439 Frankfurt, Germany. EM nover@cellbiology.uni-frankfurt.de NR 33 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1355-8145 EI 1466-1268 J9 CELL STRESS CHAPERON JI Cell Stress Chaperones PD JUL PY 2001 VL 6 IS 3 BP 175 EP 176 DI 10.1379/1466-1268(2001)006<0175:AGATTC>2.0.CO;2 PG 2 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 477AX UT WOS:000171261900002 PM 11599558 ER PT J AU Miernyk, JA AF Miernyk, JA TI The J-domain proteins of Arabidopsis thaliana: an unexpectedly large and diverse family of chaperones SO CELL STRESS & CHAPERONES LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI DNAJ; MOLECULAR CHAPERONE; SUBCELLULAR-LOCALIZATION; EUKARYOTIC HOMOLOGS; HSP70; CLONING; BINDING; GENOME; REGION; GENE AB A total of 89 J-domain proteins were identified in the genome of the model flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana. The deduced amino acid sequences of the J-domain proteins were analyzed for an assortment of structural features and motifs. Based on the results of sequence comparisons and structure and function predictions, 51 distinct families were identified. The families ranged in size from 1 to 6 members. Subcellular localizations of the A thaliana J-domain proteins were predicted; species were found in both the soluble and membrane compartments of all cellular organelles. Based on digital Northern analysis, the J-domain proteins could be separated into groups of low, medium, and moderate expression levels. This genomics-based analysis of the A thaliana J-domain proteins establishes a framework for detailed studies of biological function and specificity. It additionally provides a comprehensive basis for evolutionary comparisons. C1 Univ Missouri, Plant Genet Res Unit, USDA, ARS, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Miernyk, JA (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Plant Genet Res Unit, USDA, ARS, Curtis Hall, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 53 TC 77 Z9 109 U1 6 U2 14 PU CELL STRESS SOC INTERNATIONAL PI STORRS PA UNIV CONNECTICUT, DEPT M C B, 75 NORTH EAGLEVILLE RD, U-44, STORRS, CT 06269-3044 USA SN 1355-8145 J9 CELL STRESS CHAPERON JI Cell Stress Chaperones PD JUL PY 2001 VL 6 IS 3 BP 209 EP 218 DI 10.1379/1466-1268(2001)006<0209:TJDPOA>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 477AX UT WOS:000171261900006 PM 11599562 ER PT J AU Li, BW Blackwell, EL Behall, KM Elmstahl, HGML AF Li, BW Blackwell, EL Behall, KM Elmstahl, HGML TI Resistant starch and total dietary fiber content of oatrim muffins with different levels of amylose, amylopectin, and beta-glucan SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID METABOLIC VARIABLES; INSULIN RESPONSES; FOODS; POLYSACCHARIDES; CONSUMPTION; DIGESTION; GLUCOSE; INVITRO; SUGARS AB Nine types of muffins made with three levels of P-glucan and three amylose-amylopectin ratios were prepared at the Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture. They were fed to human subjects to study effects of starch composition and dietary fiber content on the carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in normal and overweight women. The main objective of this study was to determine resistant starch (RS) and total dietary fiber (TDF) content of the muffins 1) using AACC Approved Method 32-07 and AOAC method 991.43, incorporating a pretreatment step with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) before enzyme incubation, 2) with pretreatment at 100 and 121 degreesC before incubation with amyloglucosidase, and 3) using samples chewed by human subjects before incubation with pancreatin and amyloglucosidase. For method 1, on an as-eaten basis, TDF content was 2.81 to 9.64 g/100 g for samples without DMSO pretreatment and 1.66 to 4.06 g/100 g with DMSO pretreatment. RS content was 0.30 to 11.18 g/100 g for methods 1 and 2, respectively. Methods 2 and 3 had the best correlation for all muffins tested (r(2) = 0.97). C1 USDA ARS, BHNRC, Food Composit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Diet & Human Performance Lab, BHNRC, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Univ Lund, Dept Appl Nutr & Food Chem, Ctr Chem & Chem Engn, S-22100 Lund, Sweden. RP Li, BW (reprint author), USDA ARS, BHNRC, Food Composit Lab, Bldg 161, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 20 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 78 IS 4 BP 387 EP 390 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.2001.78.4.387 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 452QK UT WOS:000169870100003 ER PT J AU Johnston, DB Singh, V AF Johnston, DB Singh, V TI Use of proteases to reduce steep time and SO2 requirements in a corn wet-milling process SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASES; MULTIPLE ENZYMES; STARCH GRANULES; INHIBITOR; MAIZE; PURIFICATION; ENDOSPERM; BINDING; TRYPSIN AB To eliminate the diffusion barriers associated with enzyme addition during conventional steeping, we have developed a two-stage milling procedure to evaluate the effects of enzyme addition on corn wet milling. The current study compares the effects of the addition of commercially available enzyme preparations during conventional steeping to their comparable addition in the two-stage procedure. Results are presented in terms of yields of fiber, starch, germ, and gluten. The results demonstrate that the application of enzymes to the normal steeping step of wet milling is not an effective means of decreasing the steeping time or sulfur dioxide usage. Only when specific enzymes are added to the hydrated ground corn, using the modified two-stage procedure, are enzymes effective in decreasing the steeping time and sulfur dioxide requirements. The overall steeping time with the two-stage modified procedure ranges from 6 to 8 hr, representing a 67-83% reduction over the conventional process. The modified process greatly decreases, and possibly eliminates, the need for sulfur dioxide addition, while producing starch yields and quality equivalent to that from the conventional process. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Agr Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Johnston, DB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 32 TC 34 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 78 IS 4 BP 405 EP 411 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.2001.78.4.405 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 452QK UT WOS:000169870100007 ER PT J AU Hicks, C Bean, SR Lookhart, GL Pedersen, JF Kofoid, KD Tuinstra, MR AF Hicks, C Bean, SR Lookhart, GL Pedersen, JF Kofoid, KD Tuinstra, MR TI Genetic analysis of kafirins and their phenotypic correlations with feed quality traits, in vitro digestibility, and seed weight in grain sorghum SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID PROTEIN DIGESTIBILITY; PROPOSED NOMENCLATURE; STORAGE PROTEINS; GAMMA-KAFIRINS; BICOLOR; MAIZE; ENDOSPERM; SELECTION; COOKING; CEREALS AB Twenty-three entries of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench), including eight inbred lines (five males and three females) and 15 hybrids, were evaluated to determine the proportion of gamma, alpha II, and beta-alphaI-kafirins and their association with contents of crude protein, fat, and starch; protein digestibility; in vitro dry matter disappearance; and seed weight. The male lines included three normal-seeded lines (TX2737, TX435, and P954063) and two large-seeded lines (Eastin1 and PL-1). Female lines consisted of three common U.S. seed parent lines (Wheatland, Redlan, and SA3042). The lines and their hybrids were grown under dryland conditions at two locations in Kansas using a randomized complete block design. The effects of genotype, location, and males were significant for all kafirins. Wide variations in composition and general combining ability (GCA) for kafirin content were noted among parent lines and hybrids, with TX2737, Eastin1, and PL1 having the largest GCA values for gamma (1.37), alpha II (1.99), and beta-alphaI (2.57), respectively. Correlations among kafirins ranged from -0.89 to 0, whereas those of kafirins with feed quality traits, digestibility, and seed weight ranged from -0.45 to 0.48. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Agron, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Grain Sci, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. USDA ARS, Grain Mkt Prod & Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Wheat Sorghum & Forage Res, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Kansas State Univ, Res & Extens Ctr Hays, Hays, KS 67601 USA. RP Tuinstra, MR (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Dept Agron, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. OI Bean, Scott/0000-0001-8678-8094 NR 27 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 78 IS 4 BP 412 EP 416 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.2001.78.4.412 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 452QK UT WOS:000169870100008 ER PT J AU Singh, V Moreau, RA Cooke, PH AF Singh, V Moreau, RA Cooke, PH TI Effect of corn milling practices on aleurone layer cells and their unique phytosterols SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID FIBER; ACIDS; OIL AB Coarse and fine fiber fractions obtained from the corn wet-milling processes, with and without steeping chemicals (SO2 and lactic acid), were evaluated microscopically for structure and analytically for recovery of phytosterol compounds from the fiber oil. Microscopic results showed that wet milling, with and without chemicals during steeping, changed the line of fracture between pericarp and endosperm and therefore affected the recovery of the aleurone layer in coarse (pericarp) and fine (endosperm cellular structure) fiber. Analytical results showed that most of the phytosterols and mainly phytostanols in corn fiber are contributed by the aleurone layer. Hand-dissection studies were performed to separate the two layers that comprise the wet-milled coarse fiber, the aleurone, and peri carp layer. Analyses revealed that the aleurone contained 8x more phytosterols than the pericarp. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Agr Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA USA. RP Singh, V (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Agr Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. OI Moreau, Robert/0000-0002-8166-8322 NR 9 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 78 IS 4 BP 436 EP 441 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.2001.78.4.436 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 452QK UT WOS:000169870100012 ER PT J AU Inglett, GE Carriere, CJ AF Inglett, GE Carriere, CJ TI Cellulosic fiber gels prepared from cell walls of maize hulls SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID BETA-GLUCAN; DIETARY FIBER; CORN; EXTRACTS; DISEASE; LIPIDS; WOMEN; WHEAT; MEN AB Cellulosic fiber gel substances were prepared from maize hulls by chemically and physically treating the pericarp cell-wall substrate in a multistage process to disintegrate morphological cellular structure. Thermal alkaline degradation was used with impact shear in the first stage, followed by alkaline peroxidation and shear in the second stage. The degradation products were removed in the liquid supernatants at each stage. The maize fiber gels are characterized by high viscosities and hydration capacities. After drying, they can be reconstituted to the original gel form by using shear forces. The fiber gels were also dried together with hydrophilic materials to more easily reconstitute the gel form. The alkaline-extracted hemicellulose effluents from the fiber gel preparation, including the second stage peroxidized extract, were purified and used as hydrophilic material. Oat flour hydrolyzate, an amylodextrin, also was used as a hydrophilic material. The physical properties of the gels were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and rheological evaluations. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Biomat Proc Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Inglett, GE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Biomat Proc Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 20 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 78 IS 4 BP 471 EP 475 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.2001.78.4.471 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 452QK UT WOS:000169870100018 ER PT J AU Kahlon, TS Chow, FI Hoefer, JL Betschart, AA AF Kahlon, TS Chow, FI Hoefer, JL Betschart, AA TI Effect of wheat bran fiber and bran particle size on fat and fiber digestibility and gastrointestinal tract measurements in the rat SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID DIETARY FIBER; COLONIC FUNCTION; CANCER; TRANSIT; GROWTH; PIGS AB The effect of wheat bran (AACC hard red) and bran particle size on fat and fiber digestibility and gastrointestinal tract measurements were investigated with diets containing 5.7-10.7% dietary fiber. Fifty-six male weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to four diets containing 5% cellulose (C5); 10.5% cellulose (C10); 21.5% coarse (2 mm) wheat bran (CB); or 22.2% fine (0.5 mm) wheat bran (FB) in a six-week study. Dietary fiber digestibilities were significantly different (P < 0.05) among treatment diets (CB > FB > C5 > C10) but there was no effect in fat digestibility among treatments. High-fiber diets fed to rats resulted in significantly greater wet and dry fecal weights than low-fiber diets. Bran diets resulted in significantly higher fecal moisture than cellulose diets. Cecum lengths increased significantly with bran diets compared with cellulose diets. The CB diet resulted in significantly higher stomach weights than with cellulose diets. Stomachs were heavier and cecal lengths were greater with bran diets than with cellulose diets; however, a high-cellulose diet resulted in increased colon weight. Except for higher fiber digestibility of coarse bran, bran particle size had no significant effects. Healthful effects of wheat bran may be associated with gastrointestinal morphology and function. Fecal bulking and decreased intestinal transit time can prevent constipation and may dilute or reduce absorption of toxic or carcinogenic metabolites, thus improving gastrointestinal health and lowering the risk of tumor development and cancer. C1 USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Kahlon, TS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 31 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 3 U2 5 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 78 IS 4 BP 481 EP 484 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.2001.78.4.481 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 452QK UT WOS:000169870100020 ER PT J AU Finney, PL AF Finney, PL TI Effects of falling number sample weight on prediction of alpha-amylase activity SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article AB Reports vary on the effects of falling number (FN) sample weight on test precision, reproducibility, and predictability of alpha -amylase activity. Straight grade flours of 200 samples (25 cultivars x 2 locations x 2 N, levels x 2 repetitions) were assayed for alpha -amylase activity and FN. Location significantly affected alpha -amylase activity and FN values. The coefficients of variation (CV) for the FN tests were 5.75, 2.12, 1.93, 1.72, 4.27, and 14.47%, when assayed with sample weights of 7, 6, 5.5, 5, 4.5, and 4 g, respectively. The FN test with the greatest reproducibility between sample replicates (lowest LSD and highest ratio of range/LSD) was also produced using the 5-g sample weight. By reducing FN sample weight from 7 to 5 g, FN values that averaged 350 sec, considered essentially sound, averaged 215 sec, thus shortening the FN test time by an average of 2 min and 15 sec when assaying sound wheat flour. The results suggest a review of the 7-g stipulation of AACC Approved Method 56-81B for FN in favor of reduced sample weight. C1 Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, USDA ARS, Soft Wheat Qual Lab, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. RP Finney, PL (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, USDA ARS, Soft Wheat Qual Lab, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. NR 13 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 78 IS 4 BP 485 EP 487 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.2001.78.4.485 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 452QK UT WOS:000169870100021 ER PT J AU Himmelsbach, DS Barton, FE McClung, AM Champagne, ET AF Himmelsbach, DS Barton, FE McClung, AM Champagne, ET TI Protein and apparent amylose contents of milled rice by NIR-FT/Raman spectroscopy SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID RAMAN-SPECTROSCOPY; DIFFERENTIATION AB The chemometric calibration of near-infrared Fourier-transform Raman (NIR-FT/Raman) spectroscopy was investigated for the purpose of providing a rigorous spectroscopic technique to analyze rice flour for protein and apparent amylose content. Ninety rice samples from a 1996 collection of short, medium, and long grain rice grown in four states of the United States, as well as Taiwan, Korea, and Australia were investigated. Milled rice flour samples were scanned in rotating cups with a 1,064 nm (NIR) excitation laser using 500 mW of power. Raman scatter was collected using a liquid N-2 cooled Ge detector over the Raman shift range of 175-3,600 cm(-1). The spectral data was preprocessed using baseline correction with and without derivatives or with derivatives alone and normalization. Nearly equivalent results were obtained using all of the preprocessing methods with partial least squares (PLS) models. However, models using baseline correction and normalization of the entire spectrum, without derivatives, showed slightly better performance based on the criteria of highest r(2) and the lowest SEP with low bias. Calibration samples (n = 57) and validation samples (n = 33) were chosen to have similar respective distributions for protein and apparent amylose. The best model for protein was obtained using six factors giving r(2) = 0.992, SEP = 0.138%, and bias = -0.009%. The best model for apparent amylose was obtained using eight factors giving r(2) = 0.985, SEP = 1.05%, and bias = -0.006%. C1 USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. USDA ARS, Rice Res Lab, Beaumont, TX 77713 USA. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Himmelsbach, DS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 18 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 3 U2 13 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 78 IS 4 BP 488 EP 492 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.2001.78.4.488 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 452QK UT WOS:000169870100022 ER PT J AU Chung, OK Ohm, JB Caley, MS Seabourn, BW AF Chung, OK Ohm, JB Caley, MS Seabourn, BW TI Prediction of baking characteristics of hard winter wheat flours using computer-analyzed mixograph parameters SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID DOUGH PROPERTIES; QUALITY; GLUTEN; BREADMAKING; SYSTEM AB The objective of this research was to determine whether computer-analyzed (objective) mixograph parameters could replace conventional mixograph parameters in the evaluation of flour quality. The 642 hard winter wheat flours, collected from federal regional performance nurseries in 1995 and 1996, were analyzed by a conventional and computerized mixograph. Mixograph bandwidths at 6 min (BW6) showed the most significant linear correlation with subjective mixing tolerance scores (r = 0.81, P < 0.1%, n = 642). prediction models of conventional and experimental baking parameters were developed by continuum regression using computer-analyzed mixograph parameters of a calibration set (n = 282). The developed models could estimate conventional mixograph mixing time and tolerance scores, baking water absorption and mixing time, and bread loaf volume, showing R-2 values of 0.86, 0.74, 0.68, 0.80, and 0.51, respectively, for a validation set (n = 380). These results indicated that computer-analyzed mixograph parameters could be applied to develop prediction models to be used for flour quality evaluation in wheat breeding programs. C1 USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Grain Sci & Ind, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Ohm, JB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. NR 31 TC 23 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 78 IS 4 BP 493 EP 497 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.2001.78.4.493 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 452QK UT WOS:000169870100023 ER PT J AU Hays, SM AF Hays, SM TI Surviving your 15 minutes of fame: Basic guidelines for working with the media SO CEREAL FOODS WORLD LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Hays, SM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0146-6283 J9 CEREAL FOOD WORLD JI Cereal Foods World PD JUL PY 2001 VL 46 IS 7 BP 332 EP 334 PG 3 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 458KX UT WOS:000170194500003 ER PT J AU Sadeghi, AM Isensee, AR AF Sadeghi, AM Isensee, AR TI Impact of hairy vetch cover crop on herbicide transport under field and laboratory conditions SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE soil chamber; runoff simulation; herbicide leaching; rainfall simulation ID SURFACE-APPLIED PESTICIDES; RUNOFF LOSSES; SOIL; TILLAGE; RAINFALL; ATRAZINE; ALACHLOR AB This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of hairy vetch cover crop residue on runoff losses of atrazine and metolachlor under both no-till corn field plots and from a laboratory runoff system. A 2-year field study was conducted in which losses of atrazine and metolachlor from vetch and non-vetch field plots were determined from the first runoff event after application (5 and 25 days after application in 1997 and 1998, respectively). A laboratory study was conducted using soil chambers, designed to simulate field soil, water, vegetation, and herbicide treatment conditions, subjected to simulated rain events of 5, 6, 20 and 21 days after application, similar to the rainfall pattern observed in the field study. Atrazine losses ranged from 1.2 to 7.2% and 0.01 to 0.08% and metolachlor losses ranged from 0.7 to 3.1% and 0.01 to 0.1% of the amount applied for the 1997 and 1998 runoff events, respectively. In the laboratory study, atrazine runoff losses ranged from 6.7 to 22.7% and 4.2 to 8.5% and metolachlor losses ranged from 3.6 to 9.8% and 1.1 to 4.7% of the amount applied for the 5-6 and 20-21 day events, respectively. The lower losses from the field study were due to smaller rainfall amounts and a series of small rains prior to the runoff event that likely washed herbicides off crop residue and into soil where adsorption could occur. Runoff losses of both herbicides were slightly higher from non-vetch than vetch field plots. Losses from the laboratory study were related to runoff volume rather than vegetation type. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, BARC W, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Sadeghi, AM (reprint author), USDA ARS, BARC W, Environm Chem Lab, B-001,R-220,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 20 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD JUL PY 2001 VL 44 IS 2 BP 109 EP 118 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00207-1 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 446WU UT WOS:000169537800003 PM 11444292 ER PT J AU Huggett, DB Schlenk, D Griffin, BR AF Huggett, DB Schlenk, D Griffin, BR TI Toxicity of copper in an oxic stream sediment receiving aquaculture effluent SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE copper sulfate; aquaculture; sediment; Typha latifolia; Hyalella azteca ID CHANNEL CATFISH; METALS; BIOAVAILABILITY; BINDING; SULFATE; PONDS AB Sediments were collected from a stream (upstream, outfall and downstream) receiving copper laden catfish pond effluent to assess toxicity to non-target biota. No significant reduction in Hyalella azteca survival or growth (10 d), or Typha latifolia germination and root and shoot growth (7 d) were observed after exposure to upstream and outfall sediments. A significant reduction in H. azteca survival was observed after exposure to the downstream sediment sample; however, no reduction in T. latifolia germination or seedling growth was detected. Bulk sediment copper concentrations in the upstream, outfall and downstream samples were 29, 31, and 25 mg Cu/kg dry weight, respectively. Interstitial water (IW) concentrations ranged from 0.053 to 0.14 mg Cu/l with 10 d IW toxicity units greater than or equal to 0.7. Outfall samples were amended with additional concentrations of copper sulfate so that bulk sediment measured concentrations in the amended samples were 172, 663, 1245, and 1515 mg Cu/kg dry weight. Survival was the most sensitive endpoint examined with respect to H. azteca with a no observed effects concentration (NOEC) and lowest observed effects concentration (LOEC) of 1245 and 1515 mg Cu/kg, respectively. NOEC and LOEC for T. latifolia root growth were 663 and 1245 mg Cu/kg, respectively. IW copper concentrations were greater than or equal to 0.86 mg Cull with H. azteca intersitial water toxicity unit (IWTU) concentrations greater than or equal to 1.2, Sequential extraction qualitatively revealed the carbonate and iron oxide fractions which accounted for a majority of the copper binding. In this instance, the copper which was applied to catfish ponds does not appear to be adversely impacting the receiving stream system. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Mississippi, Dept Pharmacol Environm & Community Hlth Res, University, MS 38677 USA. USDA, Stuttgart Natl Aquaculture Res Ctr, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. RP Huggett, DB (reprint author), Univ Mississippi, Dept Pharmacol Environm & Community Hlth Res, University, MS 38677 USA. NR 23 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD JUL PY 2001 VL 44 IS 3 BP 361 EP 367 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00354-4 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 448WC UT WOS:000169652100007 PM 11459140 ER PT J AU Carreno, RA Durden, LA Brooks, DR Abrams, A Hoberg, EP AF Carreno, RA Durden, LA Brooks, DR Abrams, A Hoberg, EP TI Parelaphostrongylus tenuis (Nematoda : protostrongylidae) and other parasites of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Costa Rica SO COMPARATIVE PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ashworthius sp.; biodiversity; ticks; Boophilus microplus; Gongylonema pulchrum; Haemaphysalis juxtakochi; Ixodes affinis; Odocoileus virginianus; white-tailed deer; helminth parasites; Parelaphostrongylus tenuis; cysticercus; Costa Rica ID MENINGEAL WORM; INFECTION; TRICHOSTRONGYLIDAE; TRANSLOCATION; HOST AB Parasites were collected from 2 female white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus) in the Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Costa Rica, in early June 1999. Both deer were parasitized by the ticks Amblyomma parvum and Haemaphysalis juxtakochi as well as the hippoboscid fly, Lipoptena mazamae, One deer also hosted the ticks Boophilus microplus, Ixodes affinis, and Anocentor nitens. Both deer were infected by larvae of the nasopharyngeal botfly Cephenemyia jellisoni, and the helminths Eucyathostomum webbi, Gongylonema pulchrum, Parelaphostrongylus tenuis, and Paramphistomum liorchis, whereas Setaria yehi, an undescribed species of Ashworthius, and Onchocerca cervipedis occur-red in single hosts. A cysticercus of Taenia omissa was found encapsulated in the lung parenchyma of I host. This is the first report of these endoparasites from Central America. C1 Univ Guelph, Dept Environm Biol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Georgia So Univ, Inst Arthropodol & Parasitol, Statesboro, GA 30460 USA. Univ Toronto, Dept Zool, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada. USDA ARS, Biosystemat & Natl Parasite Collect Unit, BARC E 1180, Beltsville, MD 20715 USA. RP Carreno, RA (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Nematol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 46 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 6 PU HELMINTHOLOGICAL SOC WASHINGTON PI LAWRENCE PA C/O ALLEN PRESS INC, 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 1525-2647 J9 COMP PARASITOL JI Comp. Parasitol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 68 IS 2 BP 177 EP 184 PG 8 WC Parasitology; Zoology SC Parasitology; Zoology GA 460TY UT WOS:000170325700005 ER PT J AU Giblin-Davis, RM Davies, KA Williams, DS Center, TD AF Giblin-Davis, RM Davies, KA Williams, DS Center, TD TI Cuticular changes in fergusobiid nematodes associated with parasitism of fergusoninid flies SO COMPARATIVE PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Fergusobia; parasitism; Fergusonina; cuticle; epidermis; TEM; molting; nematode; fly; Myrtaceae; Australia AB In the stylet-bearing nematode Fergusobia sp. (Tylenchida: Neotylenchidae), we hypothesize an additional separation (apolysis) and loss (ecdysis) of the adult cuticle, without the formation of a new cuticle, during the transition from the preparasitic to parasitic female. This pattern is in direct contrast to the characteristic 4-molt pattern accepted for most nematodes. Transmission electron microscope comparisons of the cuticle of an adult parthenogenetic female, male, and preparasitic female from the plant-parasitic phase of the fergusobiid life cycle revealed a relatively simple cuticle with an epicuticle, amorphous cortical/median zone, and a striated basal zone that is underlain by a relatively thin epidermis and striated somatic muscles. In contrast, the parasitic female from the adult fly was without its stylet and cuticle, the epidermis was enlarged, the outer edges of the epidermis were modified into microvilli, and the somatic muscles and esophagus were degenerate. The apparent hypertrophy and development of epidermal microvilli greatly expand the surface area of the parasitic female and presumably increase the nematode's ability to absorb nutrients directly through the epidermis from the host's hemolymph without cuticular interference. C1 Univ Florida, Ft Lauderdale Res & Educ Ctr, Davie, FL 33314 USA. Univ Adelaide, Dept Appl & Mol Ecol, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia. Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. USDA ARS, Invas Plant Res Lab, Davie, FL 33314 USA. RP Giblin-Davis, RM (reprint author), Univ Florida, Ft Lauderdale Res & Educ Ctr, 3205 Coll Ave, Davie, FL 33314 USA. NR 12 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU HELMINTHOLOGICAL SOC WASHINGTON PI LAWRENCE PA C/O ALLEN PRESS INC, 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 1525-2647 J9 COMP PARASITOL JI Comp. Parasitol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 68 IS 2 BP 242 EP 248 PG 7 WC Parasitology; Zoology SC Parasitology; Zoology GA 460TY UT WOS:000170325700013 ER PT J AU Lichtenfels, JR McDonnell, A Love, S Matthews, JB AF Lichtenfels, JR McDonnell, A Love, S Matthews, JB TI Nematodes of the tribe cyathostominea (Strongylidae) collected from horses in Scotland SO COMPARATIVE PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Nematoda; Cyathostominea; species survey; prevalence; intensity; horses; morphological identification; Scotland ID CYLICOCYCLUS-ASHWORTHI NEMATODA; LARVAL CYATHOSTOMIASIS; INTERNAL PARASITES; PREVALENCE; STRONGYLOIDEA; NASSATUS AB Nematodes of the tribe Cyathostominea are important parasites of horses. They live in large numbers in the large intestine and include over 50 species worldwide. This report describes an enumeration study of species found in a small population of horses in western Scotland. As found previously in a wide range of geographic regions, the 7 most abundant species of Cyathostominea, of the 18 recorded in this study, accounted for over 94% of the total population. One major exception to the results of previous studies was the presence of the most common species in this population, Cylicocyclus ashworthi. This species has not been recorded in the U.K. since its original description in 1924 and is morphologically very similar to another member of the same genus, Cylicocyclus nassatus, from which it has not been distinguished in previous studies in this geographical region. A rare species, Tridentoinfundibulum gobi, was found in low numbers in 3 of 4 horses. C1 USDA ARS, Henry A Wallace Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Biosystemat Unit, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Glasgow, Sch Vet, Dept Vet Parasitol, Glasgow G61 1QH, Lanark, Scotland. Univ Glasgow, Sch Vet, Weipers Ctr Equine Welf, Glasgow G61 1QH, Lanark, Scotland. Univ Liverpool, Fac Vet Sci, Dept Vet Clin Sci & Anim Husb, Div Equine Studies, Leahurst CH64 7TE, England. RP Lichtenfels, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Henry A Wallace Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Biosystemat Unit, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 24 TC 17 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU HELMINTHOLOGICAL SOC WASHINGTON PI LAWRENCE PA C/O ALLEN PRESS INC, 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 1525-2647 J9 COMP PARASITOL JI Comp. Parasitol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 68 IS 2 BP 265 EP 269 PG 5 WC Parasitology; Zoology SC Parasitology; Zoology GA 460TY UT WOS:000170325700018 ER PT J AU Birrell, SJ Hummel, JW AF Birrell, SJ Hummel, JW TI Real-time multi ISFET/FIA soil analysis system with automatic sample extraction SO COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE soil sensor; nitrates; ISFET's; flow injection analysis ID FLOW-INJECTION ANALYSIS; FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS; ION-SELECTIVE ELECTRODES; SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION; POLYMERIC MEMBRANES; RAPID-DETERMINATION; PLANT MATERIAL; AMMONIUM-IONS; MERGING ZONES; POTASSIUM AB Successful implementation of site-specific crop management relies on accurate quantification of spatial variation of important factors. Therefore, there is a tremendous need for the development of sensing technologies that will allow automated collection of soil, crop and pest data, to more accurately characterize within-field variability. The objective of this work was to develop an integrated multi-sensor soil analysis system. Ion-selective field effect transistor (ISFET) technology was coupled with Bow injection analysis (FIA) to produce a real-time soil analysis system. Testing of the ISFET/FIA system for soil analysis was carried out in two stages: (1) using manually extracted samples, and (2) the soil to be analysed was placed in the automated soil extraction system, and the extracted solution fed directly into the FIA system. The sensor was successful in measuring soil nitrates in manually extracted soil solutions (r(2) > 0.9). The rapid response of the system allowed a sample to be analysed in 1.25 s, which is satisfactory for real-time soil sensing. Precision and accuracy of the system were highly dependent on maintaining precise, repetitive injection times and maintaining constant flow parameters during the calibration and testing cycle. The progress toward an automated soil extraction system was notable, but considerable effort will be necessary before commercialization can be realized. However, the concept of using ISFETs for the real-time analysis of soil nitrates is sound. The rapid response and low sample volumes required by the multi-sensor ISFET/FIA system make it a viable candidate for use in real-time soil nutrient sensing. (C) Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Cropping Syst & Water Qual Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Iowa State Univ, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Cropping Syst & Water Qual Res Unit, 269 Ag Engr Bldg, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. EM hummelj@missouri.edu NR 48 TC 33 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0168-1699 EI 1872-7107 J9 COMPUT ELECTRON AGR JI Comput. Electron. Agric. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 32 IS 1 BP 45 EP 67 DI 10.1016/S0168-1699(01)00159-4 PG 23 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Agriculture; Computer Science GA 435XU UT WOS:000168908100004 ER PT J AU Wearing, CH Hansen, JD Whyte, C Miller, CE Brown, J AF Wearing, CH Hansen, JD Whyte, C Miller, CE Brown, J TI The potential for spread of codling moth (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae) via commercial sweet cherry fruit: a critical review and risk assessment SO CROP PROTECTION LA English DT Review DE codling moth; cherry; risk analysis; quarantine ID CYDIA-POMONELLA LEPIDOPTERA; METHYL-BROMIDE; LASPEYRESIA-POMONELLA; QUARANTINE TREATMENTS; FLY DIPTERA; OLETHREUTIDAE; TEPHRITIDAE; PHENOLOGY; APPLE; TEMPERATURES AB The identity, geographical distribution, and host range of codling moth is reviewed, and the evidence for sweet cherry being a host is critically analysed. A model is described which assesses the risk of codling moth being spread through international trade in sweet cherries, as exemplified by exports from, respectively, New Zealand and USA to Japan in winter and summer. The model is based on the recorded incidence of codling moth in cherries and its estimated probability of survival during storage, transport to, and arrival in Japan, using data from specific studies and from wider knowledge of the phenology, life history, and biology of the species. There is unambiguous experimental evidence, supported by field observations, that sweet cherry is not a host of codling moth. It is concluded that the risk of codling moth establishing in an overseas country such as Japan through the cherry trade is extremely low and that specific quarantine measures to prevent the introduction of this insect by this route are not technically justified. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All tights reserved. C1 HortRes, Clyde Res Ctr, Cent Otago, New Zealand. USDA, Yakima Agr Res Lab, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. USDA, APHIS, PPQ, Riverdale, MD 20737 USA. USDA, Natl Museum Nat Hist, Systemat Entomol Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Wearing, CH (reprint author), HortRes, Clyde Res Ctr, RD1,Alexandra, Cent Otago, New Zealand. NR 137 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0261-2194 J9 CROP PROT JI Crop Prot. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 20 IS 6 BP 465 EP 488 DI 10.1016/S0261-2194(01)00023-0 PG 24 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 452HC UT WOS:000169851300001 ER PT J AU Hardie, DC Clement, SL AF Hardie, DC Clement, SL TI Development of bioassays to evaluate wild pea germplasm for resistance to pea weevil (Coleoptera : Bruchidae) SO CROP PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE wild peas; Pisum fulvum; pea weevil; Bruchus pisorum; host-plant resistance screening; antixenosis; antibiosis ID BRUCHUS-PISORUM L; PISUM-SATIVUM; L COLEOPTERA; INFESTATION; MATURATION; BEETLE AB Laboratory and glasshouse bioassays were developed in Australia and the US for evaluating wild pea (Pisum fulvum Sibth. & Sm.) accessions for resistance to pea weevil (Bruchus pisorum) (L.). one of the most important pests of cultivated pea (Pisum sativum L.) in Europe, India, North and South America and Australia. A field experiment and laboratory tests showed that flat and swollen P. sativum pods and pods longer than 10-20 mm in length provide optimal or near optimal oviposition substrates. Dual-choice and no-choice laboratory bioassays were then developed using excised flat and swollen pods 30-40mm in length to screen P, fulvum accessions for pea weevil resistance. A glasshouse experiment to measure antibiosis resistance in seed demonstrated the effectiveness of manually transferring weevil eggs to intact pods of different maturity stages on potted P, fulvum plants. The laboratory dual-choice and no-choice tests and the glasshouse bioassays are complementary and fulfill the requirement for a reliable screening method to identify the resistance status of P. fulvum germplasm to B. pisorum. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Western Australia Dept Agr, Entomol Branch, S Perth, WA 6151, Australia. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Western Reg Plant Introduct Stn, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Hardie, DC (reprint author), Western Australia Dept Agr, Entomol Branch, 3 Baron Hay Court, S Perth, WA 6151, Australia. EM dhardie@agric.wa.gov.au; slclement@wsu.edu NR 28 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0261-2194 J9 CROP PROT JI Crop Prot. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 20 IS 6 BP 517 EP 522 DI 10.1016/S0261-2194(01)00018-7 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 452HC UT WOS:000169851300005 ER PT J AU Wiersma, JJ Busch, RH Fulcher, GG Hareland, GA AF Wiersma, JJ Busch, RH Fulcher, GG Hareland, GA TI Recurrent selection for kernel weight in spring wheat SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID GRAIN-YIELD; PROTEIN; CYCLES AB Increasing kernel weight has been proposed as a method to increase flour extraction in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Recurrent selection was initiated to increase kernel weight while maintaining genetic variation for the unselected traits. Our objectives were to determine (i) genetic gain for kernel weight after eight cycles of selection, (ii) the indirect effects of the selection for kernel weight on other agronomic traits, kernel morphology, milling fractions, and grain protein concentration, and (iii) the level of genetic variability among lines within selection cycles for kernel weight and unselected traits. Ten lines, selected for high kernel weight, were originally intermated to form the base population. About 20 F-2 plants with the highest kernel weight were selected (similar to2% of the population), and about three of their F-3 progeny were intermated to form the next cycle. This procedure was repeated for eight cycles, with an average of 60 crosses per cycle. Forty random lines from each cycle were used to evaluate agronomic traits in three environments. Kernel weight increased linearly at about 4.5% cycle(-1). Cycle means did not differ for plant height and grain yield, but tillers per square meter and kernels per spike decreased 2.4 and 1.6% per cycle, respectively. Spikelets per spike, kernels per spikelet, test weight, and days to heading decreased, whereas spike length increased in response to selection for kernel weight. The proportion of bran and shorts decreased, and flour extraction and grain protein concentration increased 0.58 and 0.16% cycle(-1), respectively. No clear trend towards decreased genetic variance for kernel weight was observed since gain was linear over eight cycles. The observed gain from selection and heritability estimates point to kernel weight being controlled by several genes with small effects. Selection for increased kernel size in this population resulted in increased flour yield. C1 Univ Minnesota, NW Res & Outreach Ctr, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, Crookston, MN 56716 USA. Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Plant Sci Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Dept Food Sci & Nutr, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. USDA ARS, Spring Wheat Qual Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Wiersma, JJ (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, NW Res & Outreach Ctr, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, 2900 Univ Ave, Crookston, MN 56716 USA. NR 29 TC 33 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 9 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 41 IS 4 BP 999 EP 1005 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 470PW UT WOS:000170881200002 ER PT J AU Bouton, JH Gates, RN Hoveland, CS AF Bouton, JH Gates, RN Hoveland, CS TI Selection for persistence in endophyte-free Kentucky 31 tall fescue SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID REGISTRATION AB 'Kentucky 31', released in 1943, remains the most widely used tall fescue cultivar (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). The fungal endophyte, Neotyphodium coenophialum (Morgan-Jones & Gams.) Glenn, Bacon & Hanlin comb. nov., which naturally infects Kentucky 31, enhances survival and competitiveness of the grass. However, cattle grazing forage from endophyte-infected (E+) Kentucky 31 suffer from fescue toxicity because of alkaloids in the forage. A possible strategy to reduce fescue toxicity is cultivar improvement to develop more persistent endophyte-free (E-) cultivars. The objective of our research was to assess the results of selection with different levels of stress (grazing and competition with bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon L.) to increase persistence and competitiveness within E- Kentucky 31. Populations were selected in the following environments: (i) seeded into bermudagrass and grazed with continuously stocked beef cattle, (ii) seeded into bermudagrass and clipped intermittently with a mower, (iii) seeded into tilled soil and grazed with continuously stocked beef cattle, and (iv) seeded into tilled soil and clipped intermittently with a mower. Populations were developed from the best surviving plants in each selection condition and tested for grazing persistence and competitiveness with bermudagrass. Grazing, especially when combined with bermudagrass competition, created the greatest reduction of persistence. No selected population was found to survive better than E- Kentucky 31 even when tested in the same conditions used during its selection. The E+ checks were the most persistent entries in all testing conditions. These experiments indicate that selection within E- Kentucky 31 for improved persistence will be difficult and may need to be explored on other E- tall fescue germplasm sources, but another strategy may be reinfection with non-toxic endophyte strains. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Coastal Plain Expt Stn, USDA ARS, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Bouton, JH (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 10 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 4 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 41 IS 4 BP 1026 EP 1028 PG 3 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 470PW UT WOS:000170881200006 ER PT J AU Holland, JB Munkvold, GP AF Holland, JB Munkvold, GP TI Genetic relationships of crown rust resistance, grain yield, test weight, and seed weight in oat SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID F-SP AVENAE; SELECTION; STRESS; WHEAT AB Integrating selection for agronomic performance and quantitative resistance to crown rust, caused by Puccinia coronata Corda var. avenae W.P. Fraser & Ledingham, in oat (Avena sativa L.) requires an understanding of their genetic relationships. This study was conducted to investigate the genetic relationships of crown rust resistance, grain yield, test weight, and seed weight under both inoculated and fungicide-treated conditions. A Design If mating was performed between 10 oat lines with putative partial resistance to crown rust and nine lines with superior grain yield and grain quality potential. Progenies from this mating were evaluated in both crown rust-inoculated and fungicide-treated plots in four Iowa environments to estimate genetic effects and phenotypic correlations between crown rust resistance and grain yield, seed weight, and test weight under either infection or fungicide-treated conditions. Lines from a random-mated population derived from the same parents were evaluated in three Iowa environments to estimate heritabilities of, and genetic correlations between, these traits. Resistance to crown rust, as measured by area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), was highly heritable (H = 0.89 on an entry-mean basis), and was favorably correlated with grain yield, seed weight, and test weight measured in crown rustin-oculated plots. AUDPC was unfavorably correlated or uncorrelated with grain yield, test weight, and seed weight measured in fungicide-treated plots. To improve simultaneously crown rust resistance, grain yield, and seed weight under both lower and higher levels of crown rust infection, an optimum selection index can be developed with the genetic parameters estimated in this study. C1 N Carolina State Univ, USDA, ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit,Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Plant Pathol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Holland, JB (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, USDA, ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit,Dept Crop Sci, Box 7620, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. OI Holland, James/0000-0002-4341-9675 NR 40 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 41 IS 4 BP 1041 EP 1050 PG 10 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 470PW UT WOS:000170881200009 ER PT J AU Yu, MH Pakish, LM Zhou, H AF Yu, MH Pakish, LM Zhou, H TI An isozyme marker for resistance to root-knot nematode in sugarbeet SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID BETA-VULGARIS L; BEET; INHERITANCE; GENES AB Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) is a destructive pest of sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) that reduces production in infested areas and is difficult to manage. Identification of nematode-resistant plants is a time-consuming process that is subject to genotype-environment interaction. Development of resistant cultivars/hybrids is the most effective control. This study was conducted to establish a rapid and effective screening technique to detect a large number of sugarbeet genotypes with resistance to Meloidogyne spp. A nematode-resistant sugarbeet germplasm line, Mi-1 Beta, was previously developed using J2 inoculation and screening procedures. Leaf and cotyledon extractions were used in diagnosis. Phosphoglucomutase (PGM) was found to be a potentially useful isozyme marker of resistance in Mi-1 Beta and derived lines in starch gel electrophoresis. Seven banding patterns (four resistant and three susceptible) were produced. All susceptible plants shared the banding pattern of the resistant strains, except for a single PGM band. If demonstrated to be tightly linked to nematode resistance, this novel PGM isozyme marker will accelerate breeding sugarbeet with resistance to root-knot nematode. C1 ARS, USDA, PWA, US Agr Res Stn, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. Harris Moran Seed Co, San Juan Bautista, CA 95045 USA. RP Yu, MH (reprint author), ARS, USDA, PWA, US Agr Res Stn, 1636 E Alisal St, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. NR 12 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 41 IS 4 BP 1051 EP 1053 PG 3 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 470PW UT WOS:000170881200010 ER PT J AU Doehlert, DC McMullen, MS Hammond, JJ AF Doehlert, DC McMullen, MS Hammond, JJ TI Genotypic and environmental effects on grain yield and quality of oat grown in North Dakota SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID BETA-GLUCAN CONTENT; FATTY-ACID COMPOSITION; 1->3 (1->4)-BETA-D-GLUCAN; AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS; NITROGEN-FERTILIZER; BARLEY; CULTIVARS; PROTEIN; OIL; PRODUCTIVITY AB The grain yield and quality determine much of the value of an oat (A vena sativa L.) crop to the producer. This study investigated effects of genotype and environment on grain yield and quality. Twelve oat genotypes were grown during 3 yr at four locations in North Dakota where detailed environmental data were being collected. Grain yield, test weight, groat percentage, groat weight, and groat composition (protein, oil, beta -glucan, and starch concentrations) were evaluated. Results were subjected to analysis of variance and influences of environmental factors were evaluated by correlation analysis. Analysis of variance suggested that grain yield, groat starch, and ash concentrations were more strongly affected by environment than by genotype. Test weight, groat percentage, groat weight, protein, and P-glucan were about equally influenced by environment and by genotype, whereas groat lipid was more strongly influenced by genotype. Significant environment X genotype interactions for all characteristics were attributed to differential resistance of genotypes to crown rust (caused by Puccinia coronata Corda var. aveneae W.P. Fraser & Ledingham) infection. Environments severely affected by crown rust produced grain with lower test weight, groat weight, and groat percentage in susceptible genotypes. Correlation analyses suggested that warm, bright (high solar radiation) spring weather, and cooler summer weather without excessive rains during grain filling generated the best oat yields with high quality grain. C1 N Dakota State Univ, USDA, ARS, Hard Rd Spring & Durum Wheat Qual Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Doehlert, DC (reprint author), N Dakota State Univ, USDA, ARS, Hard Rd Spring & Durum Wheat Qual Lab, Harris Hall, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 42 TC 49 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 4 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 41 IS 4 BP 1066 EP 1072 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 470PW UT WOS:000170881200013 ER PT J AU Cervantes-Martinez, CT Frey, KJ White, PJ Wesenberg, DM Holland, JB AF Cervantes-Martinez, CT Frey, KJ White, PJ Wesenberg, DM Holland, JB TI Selection for greater beta-glucan content in oat grain SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; SERUM-CHOLESTEROL; CEREAL-GRAINS; FIBER; BRAN; HERITABILITY; INHERITANCE; CALCOFLUOR; CULTIVARS; OATMEAL AB Oat (Avena sativa L.) beta -glucan lowers serum cholesterol in humans. Development of oat cultivars with greater groat (caryopsis) beta -glucan content would increase the nutritional and economic value of the crop. The objectives of this experiment were to evaluate the response to phenotypic selection among individual So plants for greater groat beta -glucan content in two genetically broad-based populations; to compare selected experimental lines to standard check cultivars; and to estimate genetic variances and heritabilities and to test for nonadditive genetic variance for beta -glucan content. We measured groat beta -glucan contents of check cultivars and parental lines and random S-0:1 lines from initial and selected generations of each population grown in field experiments in 1996 and 1997 at two Iowa locations. Mean beta -glucan content increased from 53.9 to 59.9 g kg(-1) in one population, and from 63.5 to 66.0 g kg(-1) in the other, following selection. Genetic variance of beta -glucan content decreased by 9 to 22% following selection, but heritability for beta -glucan content did not change significantly. Heritability estimates ranged from 0.80 to 0.85 on a line mean basis. Additive variance was the only substantial component of genetic variance. Some experimental lines had significantly greater beta -glucan content than the best check cultivars and lines. Phenotypic selection for greater groat beta -glucan content will be effective for developing cultivars with elevated beta -glucan contents. C1 N Carolina State Univ, USDA, ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit,Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Univ Autonoma Chapingo, Texcoco 56230, Edo Mexico, Mexico. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Food Sci & Human Nutr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. ARS, USDA, Natl Small Grains Germplasm Res Facil, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. RP Holland, JB (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, USDA, ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit,Dept Crop Sci, Box 7620, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 45 TC 32 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 3 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 41 IS 4 BP 1085 EP 1091 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 470PW UT WOS:000170881200016 ER PT J AU Pettigrew, WT AF Pettigrew, WT TI Environmental effects on cotton fiber carbohydrate concentration and quality SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CELL-WALL; GOSSYPIUM; PLANTS AB Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) grown in reduced light environments produces inferior fiber compared with that produced in abundant sunlight environments. This response to low light suggests that insufficient photosynthetic assimilates are the cause of the fiber quality reductions. The primary objective of this research was to determine how fiber carbohydrates respond to varying levels of sunlight during development. A field study was conducted from 1995 to 1997 in which cotton was exposed to two light regimes during reproductive growth: (i) incident sunlight and (ii) 70% of incident sunlight achieved with shade cloth. Samples of fiber, ovules, and leaves subtending the boll were collected at 0, 14, 21, and 35 d post anthesis (DPA) and analyzed for starch, glucose, fructose, and sucrose. Fiber quality was determined at the end of the season. With some exceptions, the shade treatment reduced carbohydrates levels in the leaf and ovule tissue. At 14 DPA, starch was reduced 29% in fiber grown under shade. Sucrose levels in shade fiber was reduced 31% at 21 DPA. The carbohydrate reductions at 14 and 21 DPA occurred during a period of fiber development when strength is determined. These carbohydrate reductions parallel the 3% fiber strength reductions seen with low light. The reduced sucrose levels at 21 DPA induced by the shade also occur during fiber secondary cell wall deposition and match the lower fiber micronaire produced under shade. These data present compelling evidence that adequate carbon assimilates are required to produce fiber quality approaching genetic maximums. C1 USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Prod Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Pettigrew, WT (reprint author), USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Prod Res Unit, POB 345, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 28 TC 45 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 4 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 41 IS 4 BP 1108 EP 1113 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 470PW UT WOS:000170881200019 ER PT J AU Gustine, DL Sanderson, MA AF Gustine, DL Sanderson, MA TI Molecular analysis of white clover population structure in grazed swards during two growing seasons SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID TRIFOLIUM-REPENS; SEEDLING RECRUITMENT; GENOTYPIC DIVERSITY; HILL PASTURES; DEMOGRAPHY; CULTIVARS; DYNAMICS; MARKERS; GROWTH; USA AB White clover (Trifolium repens L.) populations persist for years in grazing lands primarily through clonal growth, yet retain high genetic variability. This study was conducted to determine how clone structure dynamics affected intraspecific genetic variation of white clover at three pasture sites. Up to 37 trifoliate leaf samples were taken monthly by resampling specific points in four 1.2 x 1.2 m area quadrats from April to September for 2 yr; random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) profiles of 1160 and 973 samples, in 1997 and 1998, respectively, were analyzed. Significantly more clones were sampled in 1997 (162) than in 1998 (58) (P < 0.0001). The majority of clones were not detected more than once during each year. The soil water content was significantly lower in 1998 than in 1997 (P < 0.0001). The number of sampled clonal members in quadrats ranged from 0.5 to 12.8 across both years on the three pastures. Within-population analysis of molecular variances (AMOVA) by date for the three pastures ranged from 15 to 74% and 46 to 80% in 1997 and 1998, respectively, indicating low to medium genetic diversity in the populations. The fraction of clonal samples relative to the total number of samples ranged from 0.03 to 0.78 in 1997 and 0.04 to 0.33 in 1998. Higher numbers of clonal members appeared to reduce genetic diversity; however, this was offset by rapid turnover of clones. We conclude that genetic variability of white clover is dynamic at the local scale, which contributes to its long-term persistence in grazing lands. C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Gustine, DL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, Curtin Rd,Bldg 3702, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 29 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 41 IS 4 BP 1143 EP 1149 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 470PW UT WOS:000170881200024 ER PT J AU Demirbas, A Rector, BG Lohnes, DG Fioritto, RJ Graef, GL Cregan, PB Shoemaker, RC Specht, JE AF Demirbas, A Rector, BG Lohnes, DG Fioritto, RJ Graef, GL Cregan, PB Shoemaker, RC Specht, JE TI Simple sequence repeat markers linked to the soybean Rps genes for Phytophthora resistance SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR MAP; LINKAGE MAP; IDENTIFICATION; POLYMORPHISMS; INHERITANCE; INTEGRATION; GENOTYPES; INTERVAL; REGIONS; CLUSTER AB Simple sequence repent (SSR) markers with linkages to the Rps1, Rps2, Rps3, Rps4, Rps5, and Rps6 loci that govern soybean [Glycine mar (L.) Merr.] resistance to Phytophthora root rot (caused by Phytophthora megasperma Drechs. f. sp. glycinea Kuan and Ervin) are desired. Near-isogenic lines (NILs) of Clark or Williams, homozygous resistant (RpsRps) at just one of those Rps loci, were mated to a NIL of Harosoy homozygous susceptible (rpsrps) at all six loci. From the 100 to 120 F-2:3 progenies per mating, 20 F-3 seedlings were evaluated for resistance (R) or susceptibility (S) following inoculation with the race of P. megasperma affected by the segregating Rps allele. About 15 RpsRps and 15 rpsrps F-2 individuals were used to construct contrasting DNA bulks. Presumptive linkage (i.e., SSR marker polymorphism between two bulks) was confirmed or refuted by SSR assay of 15 to 40 F-2 individuals within each homozygous class. Recombination values were maximum likelihood estimates from the SSR allelic segregation data of both classes, although the rpsrps class was less prone to phenotypic classification error. SSRs on linkage groups (LGs) N, J, F, and G were identified with linkages to Rps1, Rps2, Rps3, and Rps4, respectively. A skewed R:S segregation in the Rps5 population precluded detection of linked SSRs. The Rps6 locus, whose map position was heretofore unknown, was linked with three SSRs in a region of LG-G that contains Rps4 and Rps5. SSR-Rps linkages of P < 0.05 could only be identified for the Rps1 alleles because of a paucity of SSR markers and/or parental monomorphism in the genomic regions surrounding other Rps loci. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Iowa State Univ, USDA, ARS, Corn Insect & Crop Genet Res Unit,Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA, ARS, BARC W, Beltsville, MD USA. Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Dept Hort & Crop Sci, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. CGBRU, SAA, USDA, ARS, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Black Sea Agr Res Inst, Samsun, Turkey. RP Specht, JE (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 32 TC 53 Z9 67 U1 2 U2 9 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 41 IS 4 BP 1220 EP 1227 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 470PW UT WOS:000170881200036 ER PT J AU Sakhanokho, HF Zipf, A Raiasekaran, K Saha, S Sharma, GC AF Sakhanokho, HF Zipf, A Raiasekaran, K Saha, S Sharma, GC TI Induction of highly embryogenic calli and plant regeneration in upland (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and pima (Gossypium barbadense L.) cottons SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS; SUSPENSION-CULTURES; TRANSFORMATION AB To accomplish our objective of broadening the number of regenerable cotton lines, we developed a protocol capable of producing plants through somatic embryogenesis of diverse cotton species. Callus was initiated from hypocotyl and cotyledon explants on a callus initiation medium [CIM; modified MS with I mg L-1 kinetin and 2 mg L-1 naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA)]. Friable embryogenic callus was periodically selected and transferred onto callus selection/maintenance medium (CS/MM) [modified MS with 0.1 mg L (1) kinetin and 0.5 mg L-1 NAA]. The selected callus was then transferred into a liquid embryo initiation medium (EIM) (modified MS medium in which NH4NO3 was removed and KNO3 amount doubled) followed by transfer to solid embryo maturation media EMMS2 (0.5 mg L-1 NAA + 0.05 mg L-1 kinetin). The liquid step not only decreased the culturing time but also increased the number of embryos per gram of cultured tissue. Germinating somatic embryos were placed on MS medium with no hormones and plantlets were acclimatized before transfer to the greenhouse. Significant numbers of somatic embryos and their derived plantlets were obtained from a commercial cultivar of G. hirsutum, Deltapine 90 and G. barbadense accession GB-35B126 (PI-528306). The mean embryos per gram for Deltapine 90 on EMMS2 were higher than those previously reported for Coker 312. Highly significant differences were found between the two genotypes for both embryo and plant production. To our knowledge, this is the first report of regeneration of G. barbadense through somatic embryogenesis. C1 Alabama A&M Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Normal, AL 35762 USA. SRRC, ARS, USDA, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. CSRL, ARS, USDA, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Zipf, A (reprint author), Alabama A&M Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, 4900 Meridian St,POB 1208, Normal, AL 35762 USA. NR 21 TC 26 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 6 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 41 IS 4 BP 1235 EP 1240 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 470PW UT WOS:000170881200038 ER PT J AU VanToai, TT St Martin, SK Chase, K Boru, G Schnipke, V Schmitthenner, AF Lark, KG AF VanToai, TT St Martin, SK Chase, K Boru, G Schnipke, V Schmitthenner, AF Lark, KG TI Identification of a QTL associated with tolerance of soybean to soil waterlogging SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SUBMERGENCE TOLERANCE; GROWTH; METABOLISM; RESPONSES; CULTIVARS; STRESS; POPULATIONS; HYPOXIA; PLANTS; WHEAT AB Soil waterlogging is a major environmental stress that suppresses soybean [Glycine mar (L.) Merr.] growth and yield. Our objective was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with the tolerance of soybean to soil waterlogging. We subjected 208 lines of two recombinant inbred (RI) populations, 'Archer' X 'Minsoy' and 'Archer' X 'Noir I', to 2 wk of waterlogging when the plants were at the early flowering stage. The control plants were not flooded. The experiment was conducted in three environments: Columbus, OH, in 1997 and 1998 and Wooster, OH, in 1998. We identified a single QTL, linked to marker Sat_064, from the Archer parent which was associated with improved plant growth (from 11-18%) and grain yields (from 47-180%) in waterlogged environments. This highly significant QTL (P = 0.02-0.000001) was identified in both RI populations and at both Columbus 1997 and 1998 environments, but not at the Wooster 1998 environment. The differences in soil type and flooding treatment (stagnant versus moving water) could have contributed to the lack of QTL identification at the Wooster 1998 environment. The Sat_064 QTL was uniquely associated with waterlogging tolerance and was not associated with maturity, normal plant height or grain yields. The Sat_064 marker maps close to the Rps4 gene for Phytophthora (Phytophthora sojae M.J. Kaufmann & J.W. Gerdemann) resistance; however, since Archer does not contain the Rps4 resistance allele, it is probably not a disease tolerance QTL. Near isogenic lines with and without the Sat_064 marker have been developed and are being field tested under waterlogging conditions to confirm the association of the QTL with the tolerance of soybean to waterlogging stress. C1 USDA ARS, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Hort & Crop Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Dept Plant Pathol, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. Univ Utah, Dept Biol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. RP VanToai, TT (reprint author), USDA ARS, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. NR 39 TC 42 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 10 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 41 IS 4 BP 1247 EP 1252 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 470PW UT WOS:000170881200040 ER PT J AU Cregan, PB Kollipara, KP Xu, SJ Singh, RJ Fogarty, SE Hymowitz, T AF Cregan, PB Kollipara, KP Xu, SJ Singh, RJ Fogarty, SE Hymowitz, T TI Primary trisomics and SSR markers as tools to associate chromosomes with linkage groups in soybean SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MAX L MERR; GLYCINE-MAX; MORPHOLOGICAL DISCRIMINATION; LENGTH POLYMORPHISMS; IDENTIFICATION; MICROSATELLITE; ANEUPLOIDS; TRAITS; LINES; RFLP AB Primary trisomics provide an excellent cytogenetic tool to associate genes and linkage groups with their respective chromosomes. A complete set of 20 primary trisomics (2x + 1 = 41) has been established in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. A linkage map of soybean with 20 consensus linkage groups has recently been defined. Because simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers map to defined single positions in the soybean genome, the association of a SSR locus with a chromosome will provide an unambiguous association of a linkage group to a specific chromosome. The objective of this work was to demonstrate the use of SSR markers to associate linkage groups with chromosomes by means of primary trisomics. One population of F-2 plants was developed from an F-1 hybrid trisomic for chromosome 13 (Triplo 13) and a second F-2 population was obtained from a F-1 hybrid trisomic for chromosome 5 (Triplo 5). Polymorphic SSR markers from different consensus linkage groups were tested on a subset of 20 plants from each population to identify markers that appeared to show segregation that deviated from normal (1:2:1) disomic inheritance. Markers not associated with the specific chromosome segregated in a disomic (1:2:1) fashion. Markers identified in this manner were further examined in the complete population of F-2 plants to identify those that demonstrated trisomic segregation (6:11:1). By this approach, Triplo 13 was associated with linkage group F and Triplo 5 with linkage group A1. This result was verified by the examination of seven SSR loci on linkage group F and eight loci from linkage group A1 with each showing trisomic segregation with the Triplo 13- and Triplo 5-derived F-2 populations, respectively. These results demonstrate the first association of molecular linkage groups with chromosomes in soybean and indicate that SSR markers provide a tool to associate the remaining 18 trisomics with their respective linkage groups. C1 USDA ARS, Soybean Genom & Improvement Lab, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Cregan, PB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Soybean Genom & Improvement Lab, BARC W, Bldg 006,Room 100, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 37 TC 13 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 41 IS 4 BP 1262 EP 1267 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 470PW UT WOS:000170881200042 ER PT J AU Campbell, KG Finney, PL Bergman, CJ Gualberto, DG Anderson, JA Giroux, MJ Siritunga, D Zhu, JQ Gendre, F Roue, C Verel, A Sorrells, ME AF Campbell, KG Finney, PL Bergman, CJ Gualberto, DG Anderson, JA Giroux, MJ Siritunga, D Zhu, JQ Gendre, F Roue, C Verel, A Sorrells, ME TI Quantitative trait loci associated with milling and baking quality in a soft x hard wheat cross SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID GRAIN PROTEIN-CONTENT; RECOMBINANT INBRED LINES; WINTER-WHEAT; BREAD WHEAT; STORAGE PROTEINS; GLUTENIN; POPULATION; GENE; PROGENY; BARLEY AB Interclass hybridization between soft and hard wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) results in new genetic combinations of potential value. We investigated whether interclass hybridization could improve end use quality of both classes. Our objectives were to analyze quality traits in a population of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between the good quality soft white wheat NY6432-18 (NY18), and good quality hard white wheat Clark's Cream (CC), identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for those traits, and use linkage analysis to determine which parent was contributing favorable alleles at specific QTLs for a given trait. The population was assessed for milling, protein and dough mixing, hydration, cookie and loaf traits. Traits were measured in two to six environments grown over three seasons in Ithaca, NY. The molecular map for the population contains 370 molecular markers including restiction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), microsatellites, and markers derived from known function genes in wheat. Linkage groups have been located to all the wheat chromosomes except for 7D. Pinb derived from the puroindoline b gene on chromosome 5DS was the major QTL for milling, hydration, and cookie baking traits. The major QTL for mixograph peak time was at the Glu-Dyl marker, derived from Glu-D1-2 gene on chromosome 1DL. The Glu-Ax1 and Glu-By1 markers were QTLs for mixograph peak height and tolerance, respectively. QTLs for flour protein quantity were detected on chromosome 2B. With the exception of the hydration traits, multiple regression models included alleles from both parents. Interclass hybridization may be an underexploited wheat breeding strategy for improvement of agronomic and quality traits in wheat. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Wheat Genet Qual Physiol & Dis Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. USDA ARS, Rice Res Unit, Beaumont, TX 77713 USA. USDA ARS, Soft Wheat Qual Lab, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55116 USA. Montana State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Plant Biol, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Breeding & Biometry, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Campbell, KG (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Wheat Genet Qual Physiol & Dis Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RI Giroux, Michael/F-4413-2010 NR 38 TC 63 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 7 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 41 IS 4 BP 1275 EP 1285 PG 11 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 470PW UT WOS:000170881200044 ER PT J AU Larson, SR Waldron, BL Monsen, SB St John, L Palazzo, AJ McCracken, CL Harrison, RD AF Larson, SR Waldron, BL Monsen, SB St John, L Palazzo, AJ McCracken, CL Harrison, RD TI AFLP variation in agamospermous and dioecious bluegrasses of western North America SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID POA-SECUNDA COMPLEX; POPULATIONS; POACEAE; DIVERSITY; MARKERS AB Native perennial bluegrasses are common and persistent in the understory steppe vegetation of western North America. The agamospermous Poa secunda Presl. complex circumscribes a number of commonly recognized forms including big bluegrass (P. ampla Merr.), canby bluegrass (P. canbyi Scribn.), and sandberg bluegrass (P. sandbergii Vasey). Poa fendleriana (Steudel) Vasey is a dioecious, morphologically distinct bluegrass species that is also native to western North America. The amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) method was used to analyze genetic variation within and among cv. Canbar canby bluegrass, cv. Sherman big bluegrass, two allopatric natural populations of sandberg bluegrass, and one natural germplasm source of P. fendleriana. Results indicate that Sherman and Canbar are comprised of one or several fixed genotypes, respectively, that are related to sandberg bluegrass. Although several fixed genotypes were also detected within the two natural sandberg bluegrass populations, high levels of genetic diversity were present in the agamospermous sandberg populations and dioecious P. fendleriana population. Patterns of AFLP variation in P. secunda are consistent with facultative apomixis and outcrossing mode of reproduction. Moreover, population differentiation between the two highly diverse natural sandberg bluegrass populations, collected from sites nearly 600 km apart, is very low (G(s) = 0.14) and reflect a high degree of gene flow. However, the AFLP profiles of Canbar canby bluegrass and Sherman big bluegrass were distinct from sandberg bluegrass. The P. secunda complex, as a group, was clearly distinguishable from P. fendleriana. Thus, DNA fingerprinting was used to characterize naturally diverse bluegrass germplasm sources that may be used for large-scale revegetation efforts across the western USA. C1 Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. USDA FS, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Provo, UT 84606 USA. USDA, NRCS, Aberdeen Plant Mat Ctr, Aberdeen, ID USA. USDOD ACE, Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. RP Larson, SR (reprint author), Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. EM stlarson@cc.usu.edu OI McCracken, Carrie/0000-0002-8038-9727 NR 33 TC 27 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 41 IS 4 BP 1300 EP 1305 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 470PW UT WOS:000170881200046 ER PT J AU Li, ZL Qiu, LJ Thompson, JA Welsh, MM Nelson, RL AF Li, ZL Qiu, LJ Thompson, JA Welsh, MM Nelson, RL TI Molecular genetic analysis of US and Chinese soybean ancestral lines SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID BASE AB Most of the U.S. soybean [Glycine mar (L.) Merr.] ancestral lines were introduced from China, but nothing is known of the genetic relationships among the ancestors of modern U.S. and Chinese cultivars. The objectives of this research were to measure the variation among the major ancestors of U.S. and Chinese cultivars, to establish the genetic relationships among these U.S. and Chinese soybean ancestral lines, and to determine the relationship between geographical origin and genetic diversity. Genomic DNA from these lines was characterized by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) with 35 selected decamer primers. On the basis of the presence or absence of amplified DNA fragments, simple matching coefficients were used to calculate genetic similarities between pairs of lines. Cluster analyses generally separated the ancestral gene pools of the USA and China. Clusters reflected the geographical origin of the lines. Large differences exist between northern U.S. and Chinese ancestral lines and central and southern Chinese ancestral lines. ne pattern of diversity found within the U.S. and Chinese ancestors can aid breeders in selecting parental lines to more efficiently exploit the diversity found in these two major gene pools. C1 Univ Illinois, USDA ARS, Soybean Maize Germplasm Pathol & Genet Res Unit, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Chinese Acad Agr Sci, Inst Crop Germplasm Resources, Beijing, Peoples R China. Pioneer Hi Bred Int Inc, Hamel, IL 62046 USA. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Nelson, RL (reprint author), Univ Illinois, USDA ARS, Soybean Maize Germplasm Pathol & Genet Res Unit, Dept Crop Sci, 1101 W Peabody Dr, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 19 TC 23 Z9 31 U1 4 U2 6 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 41 IS 4 BP 1330 EP 1336 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 470PW UT WOS:000170881200050 ER PT J AU Li, ZL Nelson, RL AF Li, ZL Nelson, RL TI Genetic diversity among soybean accessions from three countries measured by RAPDs SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR MARKERS; PEDIGREE ANALYSIS; CULTIVARS; GERMPLASM; POLYMORPHISMS; VARIABILITY; PATTERNS; PRIMERS; LINES AB Soybean [Glycine mar (L.) Merr.] was domesticated in China but has a long history of cultivation on the Korean peninsula and in Japan. All three areas are considered important sources of soybean germplasm. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the genetic variation in soybean within and among China, S. Korea, and Japan by means of 120 accessions from eight Chinese and three S. Korean provinces, and three Japanese districts; and to relate genetic diversity patterns to geographical regions. Genetic relationships were estimated by 115 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers with simple matching coefficients expressed as Euclidean distances. Hierarchical and nonhierarchical cluster analyses as well as principal component analysis were used to define relationships among the genotypes. The results indicate that the mean genetic distance within China is much larger than that within Japan or S. Korea, but smaller than that between China and Japan or S. Korea. Cluster and principal component analyses almost completely separated the accessions from China from those of Japan and S. Korea, but could not distinguish between the accessions from Japan and S. Korea. These results are consistent with previous research using enzymes and morphological data to classify soybean germplasm from Asia. The groups formed by cluster analysis were mainly based on the frequencies of RAPD fragments among accessions and generally reflected the geographical regions of origin. No clear relationship was found between latitude and genetic diversity among accessions from these countries. Although the soybean accessions from Japan and S. Korea originally came from China, these data indicate that current accessions from Japan and S. Korea are genetically very distinct from those from China and more similar to each other. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, USDA ARS, Soybean Maize Germplasm Pathol & Genet Res Unit, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Nelson, RL (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, USDA ARS, Soybean Maize Germplasm Pathol & Genet Res Unit, 1101 W Peabody Dr, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 38 TC 67 Z9 84 U1 0 U2 8 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 41 IS 4 BP 1337 EP 1347 PG 11 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 470PW UT WOS:000170881200051 ER PT J AU Baenziger, PS Moreno-Sevilla, B Peterson, CJ Shelton, DR Elmore, RW Nordquist, PT Klein, RN Baltensperger, DD Nelson, LA McVey, DV Watkins, JE Hatchett, JH Graybosch, RA AF Baenziger, PS Moreno-Sevilla, B Peterson, CJ Shelton, DR Elmore, RW Nordquist, PT Klein, RN Baltensperger, DD Nelson, LA McVey, DV Watkins, JE Hatchett, JH Graybosch, RA TI Registration of 'Cougar' wheat SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Univ Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Western Plant Breeders, Lafayette, ID USA. Wheat Mkt Ctr, Portland, OR 97209 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Agron, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Crop & Soil Sci Dep, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Plant Pathol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Pathol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Kansas State Univ, USDA ARS, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Entomol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Baenziger, PS (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, 330 Keim Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RI Baenziger, Peter/C-6490-2014 OI Baenziger, Peter/0000-0002-9109-6954 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 41 IS 4 BP 1360 EP 1361 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 470PW UT WOS:000170881200055 ER PT J AU Sears, RG Martin, TJ McCluskey, PJ Paulsen, GM Heer, WF Long, JH Witt, MD Brown-Guedira, G AF Sears, RG Martin, TJ McCluskey, PJ Paulsen, GM Heer, WF Long, JH Witt, MD Brown-Guedira, G TI Registration of 'Betty' wheat SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Kansas State Univ, USDA ARS, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Agron, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Grain Sci & Ind, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, Agr Res Ctr Hays, Hays, KS 67601 USA. Kansas State Univ, SW Agr Res Ctr, Parsons, KS 67357 USA. Kansas State Univ, SW Res Ext Ctr, Garden City, KS 67846 USA. RP Martin, TJ (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, USDA ARS, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 41 IS 4 BP 1366 EP 1367 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 470PW UT WOS:000170881200063 ER PT J AU Baenziger, PS Moreno-Sevilla, B Peterson, CJ Shelton, DR Elmore, RW Nordquist, PT Klein, RN Baltensperger, DD Nelson, LA McVey, DV Watkins, JE Hein, G Hatchett, JH AF Baenziger, PS Moreno-Sevilla, B Peterson, CJ Shelton, DR Elmore, RW Nordquist, PT Klein, RN Baltensperger, DD Nelson, LA McVey, DV Watkins, JE Hein, G Hatchett, JH TI Registration of 'Millennium' wheat SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Plant Pathol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Entomol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Western Plant Breeders, Lafayette, ID USA. Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Pathol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Kansas State Univ, USDA ARS, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Entomol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Baenziger, PS (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RI Baenziger, Peter/C-6490-2014 OI Baenziger, Peter/0000-0002-9109-6954 NR 0 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 41 IS 4 BP 1367 EP 1369 PG 3 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 470PW UT WOS:000170881200065 ER PT J AU Sears, RG Martin, TJ McCluskey, PJ Paulsen, GM Heer, WF Long, JH Witt, MD Brown-Guedira, G AF Sears, RG Martin, TJ McCluskey, PJ Paulsen, GM Heer, WF Long, JH Witt, MD Brown-Guedira, G TI Registration of 'Heyne' wheat SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Kansas State Univ, Agr Res Ctr Hays, Hays, KS 67601 USA. Kansas State Univ, USDA ARS, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Agron, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Grain Sci & Ind, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, SW Agr Res Ctr, Parsons, KS 67357 USA. Kansas State Univ, SW Res Ext Ctr, Garden City, KS 67846 USA. RP Martin, TJ (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Agr Res Ctr Hays, Hays, KS 67601 USA. NR 1 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 41 IS 4 BP 1367 EP 1367 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 470PW UT WOS:000170881200064 ER PT J AU Panella, L AF Panella, L TI Registration of FC712 (4X) tetraploid, multigerm sugarbeet germplasm SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS, Crops Res Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Panella, L (reprint author), USDA ARS, Crops Res Lab, 1701 Ctr Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 41 IS 4 BP 1374 EP 1374 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 470PW UT WOS:000170881200073 ER PT J AU Williams, WP Windham, GL AF Williams, WP Windham, GL TI Registration of maize germplasm line Mp715 SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS, Corn Host Plant Resistance Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Williams, WP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Corn Host Plant Resistance Res Unit, Box 9555, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 1 TC 51 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 41 IS 4 BP 1374 EP 1375 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 470PW UT WOS:000170881200074 ER PT J AU Pring, DR Van Tang, H AF Pring, DR Van Tang, H TI Mitochondrial atp6 transcript editing during microgametogenesis in male-sterile sorghum SO CURRENT GENETICS LA English DT Article DE mitochondrion; RNA editing; cytoplasmic male sterility; sorghum ID CYTOPLASMIC MALE-STERILITY; OPEN READING FRAME; FERTILITY RESTORATION; GENE RF3; MAIZE; EXPRESSION; BRASSICA; GENOME; ORF107; LINES AB A marked reduction of mitochondrial atp6 transcript-editing capability in sorghum anthers and pollen has been invoked as a factor in the loss of viability of male gametophytes in lines carrying the IS1112C male-sterile cytoplasm. We initiated a systematic examination of transcript editing of sorghum atp6 during microgametogenesis, from microspores through pollen, in two sets of male-fertile and near-isogenic, male-sterile lines. Transcript editing in cDNA populations from fertile lines indicated an average of about 90% editing among 15 sites examined. Parallel samples from sterile lines demonstrated a detectable reduction in editing efficiency, most evident in late pollen samples. However, editing efficiency in these cells averaged 80%, substantially higher than the 20% previously observed. Thus male-sterile lines retain substantial atp6-editing efficiency in an environment where the sterility and fertility restoration traits are stably expressed. Drastically reduced editing of atp6 transcripts in anthers and pollen of male-sterile sorghum is not demonstrable in a field environment; and thus it is not a factor in the loss of microgametophyte viability in this system. C1 Univ Florida, USDA ARS, Dept Plant Pathol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Pring, DR (reprint author), Univ Florida, USDA ARS, Dept Plant Pathol, 1453 Fifield Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 23 TC 10 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0172-8083 J9 CURR GENET JI Curr. Genet. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 39 IS 5-6 BP 371 EP 376 DI 10.1007/s002940100211 PG 6 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 464EY UT WOS:000170521300014 PM 11525412 ER PT J AU Whitehead, TR Cotta, MA AF Whitehead, TR Cotta, MA TI Sequence analyses of a broad host-range plasmid containing ermT from a tylosin-resistant Lactobacillus sp isolated from swine feces SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE; STREPTOCOCCUS-BOVIS; ANTIBIOTIC USAGE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; ANIMALS; GENE; HUMANS AB Anaerobic bacteria resistant to the macrolide antibiotics tylosin and erythromycin were isolated from the feces of swine. One of the strains, 121B, was initially identified by 16S rDNA sequence analysis as an unknown Lactobacillus sp. The strain was found to contain at least two plasmids, one of which was capable of replicating and providing erythromycin and tylosin resistance to Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus gordonii, and Escherichia coli, DNA sequence analyses of the 4,232-bp plasmid, p121BS, identified one open reading frame encoding a methylase gene highly similar (>98% amino acid identity, >99% DNA sequence identity) to the ermT gene from the Lactobacillus reuteri plasmid pGT633. This is only the second ermT gene to be reported. p121BS also contains two additional open reading frames with significant amino acid similarities to replication proteins from Lactobacillus and other Gram-positive bacteria. C1 ARS, Fermentat Biochem Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Whitehead, TR (reprint author), ARS, Fermentat Biochem Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RI Whitehead, Terence/B-5235-2009; OI Cotta, Michael/0000-0003-4565-7754 NR 19 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0343-8651 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 43 IS 1 BP 17 EP 20 DI 10.1007/s002840010253 PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 440LB UT WOS:000169175800004 PM 11375658 ER PT J AU Tekki-Kessaris, N Woodruff, R Hall, AC Gaffield, W Kimura, S Stiles, CD Rowitch, DH Richardson, WD AF Tekki-Kessaris, N Woodruff, R Hall, AC Gaffield, W Kimura, S Stiles, CD Rowitch, DH Richardson, WD TI Hedgehog-dependent oligodendrocyte lineage specification in the telencephalon SO DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE telencephalon; hedgehog signalling; oligodendrocyte; rat; mouse ID SPINAL-CORD OLIGODENDROCYTES; CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM; PDGF ALPHA-RECEPTOR; SONIC HEDGEHOG; GROWTH-FACTOR; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; PROGENITOR CELLS; NEURAL-TUBE; OPTIC-NERVE; SUBVENTRICULAR ZONE AB In the caudal neural tube, oligodendrocyte progenitors (OLPs) originate in the ventral neuroepithelium under the influence of Sonic hedgehog (SHH), then migrate throughout the spinal cord and brainstem before differentiating into myelin-forming cells, We present evidence that oligodendrogenesis in the anterior neural tube follows a similar pattern, We show that OLPs in the embryonic mouse forebrain express platelet-derived growth factor alpha-receptors (PDGFRA), as they do in more caudal regions, They first appear within a region of anterior hypothalamic neuroepithelunm that co-expresses mRNA encoding SHH, its receptor PTC1 (PTCH) and the transcription factors OLIG1, OLIG2 and SOX10. Pdgfra-positive progenitors later spread through the forebrain into areas where Shh is not expressed, including the cerebral cortex, Cyclopamine inhibited OLP development in cultures of mouse basal forebrain, suggesting that hedgehog (HPI) signalling is obligatory for oligodendrogenesis in the ventral telencephalon, Moreover, Pdgfra-positive progenitors did not appear on schedule in the ventral forebrains of Nkx2.1 null mice, which lack the telencephalic domain of Shh expression. However, OLPs did develop in cultures of Nkx2.1(-/-) basal forebrain and this was blocked by cyclopamine. OLPs also developed in neocortical cultures, even though Shh transcripts could not be detected in the embryonic cortex, Here, too, the appearance of OLPs was suppressed by cyclopamine. In keeping with these findings, we detected mRNA encoding SHH and Indian hedgehog (IHH) in both Nkx2.1(-/-) basal forebrain cultures and neocortical cultures, Overall, the data are consistent with the idea that OLPs in the telencephalon, possibly even some of those in the cortex, develop under the influence of SHH in the ventral forebrain. C1 UCL, Wolfson Inst Biomed Res, London WC1E 6AE, England. Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Pediat Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Canc Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA. NCI, Lab Metab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Richardson, WD (reprint author), UCL, Wolfson Inst Biomed Res, Cruciform Bldg,Gower St, London WC1E 6AE, England. EM w.richardson@ucl.ac.uk RI Richardson, William/C-1762-2008 OI Richardson, William/0000-0001-7261-2485 NR 65 TC 209 Z9 214 U1 0 U2 5 PU COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD PI CAMBRIDGE PA BIDDER BUILDING CAMBRIDGE COMMERCIAL PARK COWLEY RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4DL, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0950-1991 J9 DEVELOPMENT JI Development PD JUL PY 2001 VL 128 IS 13 BP 2545 EP 2554 PG 10 WC Developmental Biology SC Developmental Biology GA 454JE UT WOS:000169968800012 PM 11493571 ER PT J AU Kang, D Huang, FZ Li, D Shankand, M Gaffield, W Weisblat, DA AF Kang, D Huang, FZ Li, D Shankand, M Gaffield, W Weisblat, DA TI A hedgehog homolog regulates gut formation in leech (Helobdella). SO DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Univ Texas, Dept Zool, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Univ Texas, Inst Cellular & Mol Biol, Austin, TX 78712 USA. USDA, Western Reg Res Ctr, ARS, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0012-1606 J9 DEV BIOL JI Dev. Biol. PD JUL 1 PY 2001 VL 235 IS 1 MA 304 BP 236 EP 236 PG 1 WC Developmental Biology SC Developmental Biology GA 449RN UT WOS:000169701100276 ER PT J AU Wenzel, M Schneider, S Gaffield, W Vortkamp, A AF Wenzel, M Schneider, S Gaffield, W Vortkamp, A TI A screen to identify Indian hedgehog target genes involved in bone formation. SO DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Max Planck Inst Mol Genet, D-14195 Berlin, Germany. USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0012-1606 J9 DEV BIOL JI Dev. Biol. PD JUL 1 PY 2001 VL 235 IS 1 MA 386 BP 255 EP 255 PG 1 WC Developmental Biology SC Developmental Biology GA 449RN UT WOS:000169701100351 ER PT J AU Galluzzi, JR Cupples, LA Meigs, JB Wilson, PWF Schaefer, EJ Ordovas, JM AF Galluzzi, JR Cupples, LA Meigs, JB Wilson, PWF Schaefer, EJ Ordovas, JM TI Association of the ala54-thr polymorphism in the intestinal fatty acid-binding protein with 2-h postchallenge insulin levels in the Framingham Offspring Study SO DIABETES CARE LA English DT Article ID CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; CANDIDATE GENES; GLUCOSE-TOLERANCE; CODON-54 POLYMORPHISM; DIABETES-MELLITUS; MEXICAN-AMERICANS; JAPANESE SUBJECTS; OBESE SUBJECTS; PIMA-INDIANS; RAT-LIVER AB OBJECTIVE - To investigate the association of variants of the intestinal fatty acid-binding protein gene (FABP2) with Easting and postchallenge glucose and insulin levers, HbA(1c), and prevalence of type 2 diabetes in a separate sample of men and women. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS - Subjects were participants in the Framingham Offspring Study, a long-term community-based prospective observational study of risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The study sample consisted of 762 men and 922 women. RESULTS - In women, carriers of the thr54 allele had significantly higher 2-h postchallenge insulin levels than noncarriers (104.4 +/- 73.0 vs. 93.4 +/- 61.5 muU/ml; P = 0.0139). This relationship remained significant after adjustment for familial relationship, age, BMI, triglycerides, APOE genotype, smoking, alcohol intake, the use of P-blockers, menopausal status, and estrogen therapy. No such significant association was observed in men. In both men and women, there were no statistical associations between the FABP2 polymorphism and BMI, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, 2-h postchallenge glucose levels, HbA(1c), and prevalence of type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS - These results suggest that the FABP2 thr54 allele may have a minor contribution to the insulin resistance syndrome in a white general population. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Lipid Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Gen Internal Med, Boston, MA 02114 USA. NHLBI, Framington Heart Study, Framingham, MA USA. RP Galluzzi, JR (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Lipid Metab Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL54776]; NIA NIH HHS [AG00209-09] NR 47 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER DIABETES ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1660 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0149-5992 J9 DIABETES CARE JI Diabetes Care PD JUL PY 2001 VL 24 IS 7 BP 1161 EP 1166 DI 10.2337/diacare.24.7.1161 PG 6 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 446NU UT WOS:000169520000007 PM 11423496 ER PT J AU Vallet, JL Smith, TPL Sonstegard, TS Heaton, M Fahrenkrug, SC AF Vallet, JL Smith, TPL Sonstegard, TS Heaton, M Fahrenkrug, SC TI Structure of the genes for porcine endometrial secreted and membrane folate binding proteins SO DOMESTIC ANIMAL ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GENOMIC ORGANIZATION; RECEPTOR; PROMOTER; SWINE; TRANSCRIPTION; EXPRESSION; ELEMENT; SP1 AB The endometrium of the pig produces two types of folate binding proteins (FBP) which, based on their sequences, are likely to be membrane (m) and secreted (s) forms. A clone containing both a gene coding for the sFBP cDNA and a gene coding for the mFBP was isolated from a yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) library. Each gene was subcloned and sequenced. The gene for sFBP spanned 4.4 kbp and included 5 exons. The mFBP gene spanned 7.0 kbp and also contained 5 exons. Structures of the genes were very similar for the last three exons, and this similarity was shared with other known FBP/folate receptor (FR) gene sequences. Unexpectedly, portions of introns 3 and 4 of both genes were highly homologous, suggesting the: possibility that sequences within these introns served some as yet unknown function. In contrast, the structures of the 5' exons differed between the two genes and other known FBP/FR genes. Comparison of putative promoter regions for the two genes with promoter regions for human FBP/FR genes revealed significant sequence homology between sFBP and human gamma FBP and between mFBP and human alpha FR. These regions of homology may play a role in control of transcription of each gene. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Vallet, JL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 22 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0739-7240 J9 DOMEST ANIM ENDOCRIN JI Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 21 IS 1 BP 55 EP 72 DI 10.1016/S0739-7240(01)00100-X PG 18 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Agriculture; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 471NH UT WOS:000170935100005 PM 11524174 ER PT J AU Parrotta, JA Knowles, OH AF Parrotta, JA Knowles, OH TI Restoring tropical forests on lands mined for bauxite: Examples from the Brazilian Amazon SO ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE bauxite mine rehabilitation; Brazil; natural regeneration; plantations; restoration; soil seed bank; succession; tree life spans; tropical forests ID ANT RECOLONIZATION; WESTERN-AUSTRALIA; RESTORATION; SUCCESSION; RECOVERY; PASTURES; SITE AB Restoring self-sustaining tropical forest ecosystems on surface mined sites is a formidable challenge that requires the integration of proven reclamation techniques and reforestation strategies appropriate to specific site conditions, including landscape biodiversity patterns. Restorationists working in most tropical settings are usually hampered by lack of basic information on the wide variety of native tree species that characterize the pre-disturbance forests, as well as insufficient understanding of the ecology of disturbance and natural recovery to design effective restoration programs. A notable exception to this is the forest restoration program developed since the early 1980s by a Brazilian bauxite mining company operating at Trombetas in Para State in central Amazonia. A systematic nursery and field research strategy was used to develop a reforestation program based on mixed plantings of mon than 70 native old-growth forest tree species. This technique has been used to replant about 100 ha of deforested minelands each year over the past 15 years. Research in recent years has evaluated this approach and other, generally simpler, reforestation methods used at a smaller scale at this site. Post-plantation biodiversity development and other indicators of restoration success or sustainability were recorded. The results of these studies have shown the overwhelming importance of careful site preparation and topsoil handling/replacement practices in determining both future productivity and biodiversity of the redeveloping forests, irrespective of the complexity of the planting design used. The inclusion of a wide variety of forest species, particularly later successional species, was very important for long-range restoration owing to limitations on natural recovery processes that inhibit seed dispersal and subsequent colonization of many old-growth forest species. Many of the: lessons learned at this site an applicable to improve the design of mineland rehabilitation and forest restoration programs worldwide. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, USDA, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. RP Parrotta, JA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, USDA, POB 25000, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. EM jparrotta@fs.fed.us NR 22 TC 63 Z9 66 U1 12 U2 50 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-8574 J9 ECOL ENG JI Ecol. Eng. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 17 IS 2-3 BP 219 EP 239 DI 10.1016/S0925-8574(00)00141-5 PG 21 WC Ecology; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Engineering GA 444MG UT WOS:000169402800013 ER PT J AU Pierson, FB Carlson, DH Spaeth, KE AF Pierson, FB Carlson, DH Spaeth, KE TI A process-based hydrology submodel dynamically linked to the plant component of the simulation of production and utilization on rangelands SPUR model SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE rangeland; hydrology; model evaluation; simulation of production and utilization of rangelands; water erosion prediction project ID SEDIMENT PRODUCTION; EDWARDS-PLATEAU; GRAZING SYSTEMS; SEMIARID RANGELANDS; INFILTRATION RATES; ROLLING PLAINS; WATER YIELD; TEXAS; VEGETATION; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AB Due to the great diversity and complex interactions of vegetation, soils, and climate on rangelands, process-based models designed to evaluate rangeland hydrology must include sophisticated plant and animal components that simulate changes in vegetation over space and through time. An infiltration-based submodel similar to that used in WEPP (Stone et al. (1995) USDA-Agri. Res. Service, NSERL Report No. 10, Chap. 4) was dynamically linked to the SPUR2.4 rangeland ecosystem model (Foy et al., Ecol. Model. 118 (1999) 149) to provide the framework for future model enhancement and investigation of the impacts of management on the rangeland ecosystem. Model description and documentation of model modifications are presented for SPUR 2000. A sensitivity analysis and initial test of SPUR 2000 were performed using rainfall simulation plot and micro-watershed data from Idaho sagebrush rangeland. The sensitivity analysis showed improved sensitivity of runoff and erosion to various vegetation parameters. The long-term simulations demonstrated good representation of soil water content, peak standing crop, and evapotranspiration. SPUR 2000 did a better job of predicting individual thunderstorm runoff events, and estimated 15-year runoff within 12%,, compared to SPUR2.4, which grossly overestimated runoff. Neither model accurately predicted sediment loss, but predicted values did demonstrate the relatively small amount of erosion that occurs from these rangelands. Neither model could reasonably estimate the snow-driven runoff that dominates these types of western rangelands. Additional research needs to explore the degree of influence that vegetation has on infiltration and runoff and how it varies for different plant communities. Development of specific K-e estimation equations based on this information will strengthen the vegetation-hydrology linkage within the model. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, Boise, ID 83712 USA. Univ Idaho, NW Watershed Res Ctr, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Boise, ID 83712 USA. USDA, Natl Resources Conservat Serv, Boise, ID 83712 USA. RP Pierson, FB (reprint author), USDA ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, 800 Pk Blvd,Plaza 5,Suite 105, Boise, ID 83712 USA. NR 64 TC 9 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD JUL 1 PY 2001 VL 141 IS 1-3 BP 241 EP 260 DI 10.1016/S0304-3800(01)00277-0 PG 20 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 466HA UT WOS:000170638600015 ER PT J AU Ostlund, EN Crom, RL Pedersen, DD Johnson, DJ Williams, WO Schmitt, BJ AF Ostlund, EN Crom, RL Pedersen, DD Johnson, DJ Williams, WO Schmitt, BJ TI Equine West Nile encephalitis, United States SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID VIRUS; ENCEPHALOMYELITIS AB After the 1999 outbreak of West Nile (WN) encephalitis in New York horses, a case definition was developed that specified the clinical signs, coupled with laboratory test results, required to classify cases of WN encephalitis in equines as either probable or confirmed. In 2000, 60 horses from seven states met the criteria for a confirmed case. The cumulative experience from clinical observations and diagnostic testing during the 1999 and 2000 outbreaks of WN encephalitis in horses will contribute to further refinement of diagnostic criteria. C1 USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Ames, IA USA. USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Riverdale, MD USA. RP Ostlund, EN (reprint author), Natl Vet Serv Labs, POB 844,1800 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 19 TC 111 Z9 116 U1 1 U2 8 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 7 IS 4 BP 665 EP 669 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 468NG UT WOS:000170763300012 PM 11589171 ER PT J AU Johnson, DJ Ostlund, EN Pedersen, DD Schmitt, BJ AF Johnson, DJ Ostlund, EN Pedersen, DD Schmitt, BJ TI Detection of North American West Nile virus in animal tissue by a reverse transcription-nested polymerase chain reaction assay SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article AB A traditional single-stage reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) procedure is effective in determining West Nile (WN) virus in avian tissue and infected cell cultures. However, the procedure lacks the sensitivity to detect WN virus in equine tissue. We describe an RT-nested PCR (RT-nPCR) procedure that identifies the North American strain of WN virus directly in equine and avian tissues. C1 USDA, US Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Ames, IA USA. RP Johnson, DJ (reprint author), Natl Vet Serv Labs, Diagnost Virol Lab, POB 844, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 6 TC 54 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 0 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 7 IS 4 BP 739 EP 741 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 468NG UT WOS:000170763300025 PM 11585541 ER PT J AU Trock, SC Meade, BJ Glaser, AL Ostlund, EN Lanciotti, RS Cropp, BC Kulasekera, V Kramer, LD Komar, N AF Trock, SC Meade, BJ Glaser, AL Ostlund, EN Lanciotti, RS Cropp, BC Kulasekera, V Kramer, LD Komar, N TI West Nile virus outbreak among horses in New York state, 1999 and 2000 SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article AB West Nile (WN) virus was identified in the Western Hemisphere in 1999. Along with human encephalitis cases, 20 equine cases of WN virus were detected in 1999 and 23 equine cases in 2000 in New York. During both years, the equine cases occurred after human cases in New York had been identified. C1 Cornell Univ, Vet Diagnost Lab, Ithaca, NY USA. USDA, Vet Serv, Frankfort, KY USA. USDA, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Ft Collins, CO USA. New York City Dept Hlth, New York, NY 10013 USA. Wadsworth Ctr, Arbovirus Res Lab, Albany, NY USA. RP Trock, SC (reprint author), New York State Dept Agr & Market, 1 Winners Circle, Albany, NY 12235 USA. NR 12 TC 77 Z9 81 U1 1 U2 3 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 7 IS 4 BP 745 EP 747 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 468NG UT WOS:000170763300027 PM 11585543 ER PT J AU Swayne, DE Beck, JR Smith, CS Shieh, WJ Zaki, SR AF Swayne, DE Beck, JR Smith, CS Shieh, WJ Zaki, SR TI Fatal encephalitis and myocarditis in young domestic geese (Anser anser domesticus) caused by West Nile virus SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID NEW-YORK; OUTBREAK; PATHOLOGY; BIRDS AB During 1999 and 2000, a disease outbreak of West Nile (WN) virus occurred in humans, horses, and wild and zoological birds in the northeastern USA. In our experiments, WN virus infection of young domestic geese (Anser anser domesticus) caused depression, weight loss, torticollis, opisthotonus, and death with accompanying encephalitis and myocarditis. Based on this experimental study and a field outbreak in Israel, WN virus is a disease threat to young goslings and viremia levels are potentially sufficient to infect mosquitoes and transmit WN virus to other animal species. C1 USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Swayne, DE (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, 934 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 14 TC 65 Z9 73 U1 0 U2 2 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 7 IS 4 BP 751 EP 753 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 468NG UT WOS:000170763300029 PM 11585545 ER PT J AU Rose, RI AF Rose, RI TI Integrated mosquito management - Reply to Dr. Rupp SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Letter C1 USDA, Riverdale, MD USA. RP Rose, RI (reprint author), USDA, Riverdale, MD USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 7 IS 4 BP 761 EP 762 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 468NG UT WOS:000170763300035 ER PT J AU Strom, BL Goyer, RA Shea, PJ AF Strom, BL Goyer, RA Shea, PJ TI Visual and olfactory disruption of orientation by the western pine beetle to attractant-baited traps SO ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA LA English DT Article DE bark beetles; pheromones; insect vision; host finding; Dendroctonus brevicomis ID DENDROCTONUS-BREVICOMIS COLEOPTERA; INHIBITORS VERBENONE; SCOLYTIDAE; AGGREGATION; IPSDIENOL; SEMIOCHEMICALS; PHEROMONE; ATTACK AB Olfactory deterrents have been proposed as tree protectants against attack by bark beetles, but their development has been hindered by a lack of knowledge of host selection behavior. Among the primary tree-killing (aggressive) Dendroctonus, vision appears to be an integral part of the host selection process. We evaluated the importance of vision in host finding by D. brevicomis LeConte, and our ability to affect it by modifying the visual stimulus provided by attractant-baited multiple-funnel traps. White-painted traps caught similar to 42% fewer D. brevicomis than black traps in California, USA (P < 0.05). Visual treatments were less effective (P < 0.0001) than olfactory disruptants (verbenone with ipsdienol), which reduced catch by about 78%. When combined, olfactory and visual disruptants resulted in similar to 89% fewer D. brevicomis being caught, but this combination was not more effective than olfactory disruptants alone (P > 0.05). Our results demonstrate that the visual component of D. brevicomis host finding behavior can be manipulated, but that D. brevicomis may be more affected by olfactory than visual disruptants. In contrast, visual disruption is more pronounced in the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, suggesting that non-insecticidal tree protection strategies for these related species should differ. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Entomol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Strom, BL (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, 2500 Shreveport Highway, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. NR 27 TC 26 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-8703 J9 ENTOMOL EXP APPL JI Entomol. Exp. Appl. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 100 IS 1 BP 63 EP 67 DI 10.1046/j.1570-7458.2001.00848.x PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 450JP UT WOS:000169739200007 ER PT J AU Guard-Petter, J AF Guard-Petter, J TI The chicken, the egg and Salmonella enteritidis SO ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Review ID ENTERICA SEROVAR ENTERITIDIS; SYSTEMIC LUPUS-ERYTHEMATOSUS; VIRULENCE FACTOR EXPRESSION; EIMERIA-TENELLA INFECTION; CONTAMINATED HENS EGGS; PHAGE TYPE-4 INFECTION; SICKLE-CELL DISEASE; O-ANTIGEN VARIATION; LAYING HENS; COMPETITIVE-EXCLUSION AB Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is the cause of the food-borne salmonellosis pandemic in humans, in part because it has the unique ability to contaminate eggs without causing discernible illness in the birds infected. The infection route to humans involves colonization, survival and multiplication of the pathogen in the hen house environment, the bird and, finally, the egg. This review highlights the stages of transmission and discusses evidence that altered bacterial growth patterns and specific cell surface characteristics contribute to the adaptation of S. enteritidis to these diverse environments. C1 ARS, USDA, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Guard-Petter, J (reprint author), ARS, USDA, 934 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 132 TC 190 Z9 194 U1 4 U2 28 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1462-2912 J9 ENVIRON MICROBIOL JI Environ. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 3 IS 7 BP 421 EP 430 DI 10.1046/j.1462-2920.2001.00213.x PG 10 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 473CV UT WOS:000171022900001 PM 11553232 ER PT J AU Potter, TL Wauchope, RD Culbreath, AK AF Potter, TL Wauchope, RD Culbreath, AK TI Accumulation and decay of chlorothalonil and selected metabolites in surface soil following foliar application to peanuts SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PESTICIDE DEGRADATION PRODUCTS; QUARTZ SAND SOIL AB One of the principal uses of the fungicide, chlorothalonil, is control of foliar peanut diseases. Recent assessments indicate its runoff from treated fields in southeastern states presents risks to aquatic life. Two factors that control its runoff are how much reaches soil surfaces and degradation rates. To address these questions and to evaluate accumulation and decay of key metabolites, soil samples (0-2 cm)were collected after seven chlorothalonil applications on experimental peanut plots in south central Georgia during the 1999 growing season. At the start of and during laboratory incubations, samples were analyzed for the parent and degradates by HPLC-PDA-APCI-MS. The maximum observed residue levels were after the second application, after which canopy closure reduced soil deposition from later applications to 5-10% of applied amounts. After the last spray, <5% of the cumulative chlorothalonil applied was detected in the soil. Foliar interception and dissipation and rapid soil degradation contributed to low residue levels. Soil half-lives were <1-3.5 days for chlorothalonil and 10-22 days for its principal degradate, 4-hydroxychlorothalonil. Other daughter and granddaughter products were detected, some of which accumulated during the growing season. Results emphasize the plant canopy role in controlling the amount of fungicide sprays that reach soil surfaces and suggest concentration-dependent chlorothalonil degradation with degradation rates increasing as soil loading decreases. The study indicates that the 30-day field half-life often used for risk assessments of this pesticide is too long for one of its most important agronomic uses, i.e., in southeastern peanut production. It also indicates that the principal metabolites are more persistent than the parent, and more study is needed to identify and quantify their fate pathways. C1 USDA ARS, SE Watershed Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Univ Georgia, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Dept Plant Pathol, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Potter, TL (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Watershed Res Lab, POB 946, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 26 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 18 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUL 1 PY 2001 VL 35 IS 13 BP 2634 EP 2639 DI 10.1021/es002054e PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 447YM UT WOS:000169600100019 PM 11452585 ER PT J AU Sparling, DW Fellers, GM McConnell, LL AF Sparling, DW Fellers, GM McConnell, LL TI Pesticides and amphibian population declines in California, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE chlorpyrifos; diazinon; endosulfan; declining amphibians; Hyla regilla ID SIERRA-NEVADA MOUNTAINS; CENTRAL VALLEY; FROG; RANGE; ECOTOXICOLOGY; TRANSPORT; EXPOSURE AB Several species of anuran amphibians have undergone drastic population declines in the western United States over the last 10 to 15 years. In California, the most severe declines are in the Sierra Mountains east of the: Central Valley and downwind of the intensely agricultural San Joaquin Valley. In contrast, coastal and more northern populations across from the less agrarian Sacramento Valley are stable or declining Less precipitously. In this article, we provide evidence that pesticides are instrumental in declines of these species. Using Hyla regilla as a sentinel species, we found that cholinesterase (ChE) activity in tadpoles was depressed in mountainous areas east of the Central Valley compared with sites along the coast or north of the Valley. Cholinesterase was also lower in areas where ranid population status was poor or moderate compared with areas with good ranid status. Up to 50% of the sampled population in areas with reduced ChE had detectable organophosphorus residues, with concentrations as high as 190 ppb wet weight. In addition, up to 86% of some populations had measurable endosulfan concentrations and 40% had detectable 4,4 ' -dichlorodiphrnyldichloroethylenr, 4,4 ' -DDT, and 2,4 ' -DDT residues. C1 US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Point Reyes, CA USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Sparling, DW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 11510 Amer Holly Dr Laurel, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RI McConnell, Laura/H-1519-2011 NR 37 TC 212 Z9 234 U1 8 U2 57 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 20 IS 7 BP 1591 EP 1595 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2001)020<1591:PAAPDI>2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 446TC UT WOS:000169527700025 PM 11434303 ER PT J AU Piazza, GJ Foglia, TA AF Piazza, GJ Foglia, TA TI Rapeseed oil for oleochemical usage SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF LIPID SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE behenic acid; biodiesel; erucic acid; oleochemicals; rapeseed C1 USDA ARS, ERRC, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Piazza, GJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, ERRC, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. OI Piazza, George/0000-0003-4896-4928 NR 22 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1438-7697 J9 EUR J LIPID SCI TECH JI Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 103 IS 7 BP 450 EP 454 PG 5 WC Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 457FX UT WOS:000170127400004 ER PT J AU Tennant, P Fermin, G Fitch, MM Manshardt, RM Slightom, JL Gonsalves, D AF Tennant, P Fermin, G Fitch, MM Manshardt, RM Slightom, JL Gonsalves, D TI Papaya ringspot virus resistance of transgenic rainbow and SunUp is affected by gene dosage, plant development, and coat protein homology SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE papaya ringspot virus; PRSV; homology-dependent resistance; PTGS; virus resistance; transgenic papaya ID PATHOGEN-DERIVED RESISTANCE; TOSPOVIRUS RESISTANCE; MOSAIC-VIRUS; PROTECTION; STRAINS; RNA; TRANSFORMATION; BOMBARDMENT; SUPPRESSION; MECHANISMS AB R1 plants of the transgenic papaya line 55-1, which expresses a single coat protein (CP) gene of the mild strain of the papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) HA from Hawaii, were previously shown to be resistant only to PRSV isolates from Hawaii. Two transgenic papaya cultivars were subsequently derived from line 55-1. UH SunUp (SunUp) is homozygous for the CP gene insertion and UH Rainbow (Rainbow) is hemizygous for the CP gene because it is a F1 hybrid of a cross between SunUp and the nontransgenic papaya cultivar Kapoho. To determine the various parameters that affect the resistance of SunUp and Rainbow, plants at different developmental stages (younger and older) were inoculated with PRSV isolates from Hawaii, Brazil, Jamaica, and Thailand. Hawaiian isolates shared nucleotide sequence identities of 96.7-99.8% to the CP transgene, and the other isolates shared sequence identities of 89.5-92.5%. Resistance was affected by CP gene dosage, plant developmental stage, and CP sequence identity of the challenge isolate. Young and older hemizygous Rainbow plants were resistant to the homologous PRSV HA (99.8% homology to CP transgene), while only older Rainbow plants were resistant to the other Hawaiian isolates (96.7% homology). However, all inoculated Rainbow plants were susceptible to PRSV isolates collected from Jamaica, Brazil, and Thailand. In contrast, SunUp was resistant to all PRSV isolates, except the one from Thailand, regardless of the plant developmental stage. Resistance to the Thailand isolate, which shares 89.5% homology to the transgene, was observed only with SunUp plants inoculated at an older stage. Steady state RNA analysis and nuclear run-on experiments suggested that resistance of the transgenic papaya is RNA-mediated via post-transcriptional gene silencing. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Geneva, NY 14456 USA. ARS, USDA, HARC, Aiea, HI 96701 USA. Univ Hawaii, Dept Hort, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Pharmacia & Upjohn Co, Mol Biol Res Unit 7242, Kalamazoo, MI 49007 USA. RP Gonsalves, D (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Geneva, NY 14456 USA. NR 33 TC 50 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 17 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0929-1873 J9 EUR J PLANT PATHOL JI Eur. J. Plant Pathol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 107 IS 6 BP 645 EP 653 DI 10.1023/A:1017936226557 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 471XW UT WOS:000170954800010 ER PT J AU Downie, DA Fisher, JR Granett, J AF Downie, DA Fisher, JR Granett, J TI Grapes, galls, and geography: The distribution of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA variation across host-plant species and regions in a specialist herbivore SO EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE biotypes; cytochrome oxidase I; geographic distribution; grape phylloxera; herbivorous insects; hostplant variation; sympatric divergence; Vitis ID DAKTULOSPHAIRA-VITIFOLIAE FITCH; SYMPATRIC SPECIATION; PHYLLOXERA HOMOPTERA; INFERRING PHYLOGENIES; GENETIC-DIVERGENCE; GREENBUG HOMOPTERA; APHIDIDAE BIOTYPES; ARBITRARY PRIMERS; MTDNA VARIATION; ICE AGES AB Studies of patterns of molecular variation in natural populations can provide important insights into a number of evolutionary problems. Among these, the question of whether geographic factors are more important than ecological factors in promoting population differentiation and ultimately speciation has been an important and contentious area in evolutionary biology. Systems involving herbivorous insects have played a leading role in this discussion. This study examined the distribution of molecular variation in a highly specialized gall-forming insect, grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch), that is found on both sympatric and allopatric host-plant species of the genus Vitis. In addition, the relationship of insects in the introduced range in the United States to ancestral populations in the native range was examined. Evidence for differentiation along host-plant lines from both nuclear (RAPD) and mitochondrial (COI) DNA was confounded with the effect of geography. Differentiation was found where hosts were allopatric or parapatric, but no evidence was found for such differentiation on two hosts, V. vulpina and V. aestivalis, that are broadly sympatric. The question of population differentiation onto these sympatric hosts can be considered to be resolved-it has not occurred in spite of a long history of association. Evidence was equivocal, but suggestive of a period of divergence in allopatry prior to reestablishment of contact, for insects associated with another host plant species, V. cinerea, found in both sympatric and parapatric populations. A low level of diversity and placement of samples collected from the grape species V. riparia at the tip of a phylogenetic tree supports the hypothesis that this host has been recently colonized from populations from the Mississippi Valley. A polyphyletic origin for biotype B grape phylloxera was supported: Although most samples collected from vineyards in the introduced range in California had similar haplotypes, they were closely related to natives on V. vulpina from the Atlantic Coast-Piedmont region. All samples collected from vineyards in Oregon and Washington were closely related to natives on V. riparia in the northern United States. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Entomol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. ARS, Pacific W Area, Hort Crops Res Lab, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RP Downie, DA (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Entomol, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 99 TC 29 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 10 PU SOC STUDY EVOLUTION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0014-3820 J9 EVOLUTION JI Evolution PD JUL PY 2001 VL 55 IS 7 BP 1345 EP 1362 PG 18 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 467JU UT WOS:000170699300008 PM 11525459 ER PT J AU Kurtzman, CP Robnett, CJ Basehoar-Powers, E AF Kurtzman, Cletus P. Robnett, Christie J. Basehoar-Powers, Eleanor TI Zygosaccharomyces kombuchaensis, a new ascosporogenous yeast from 'Kombucha tea' SO FEMS YEAST RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE new yeast; molecular systematics; ribosomal DNA; Kombucha tea; food microbiology; Zygosaccharomyces kombuchaensis AB A new ascosporogenous yeast, Zygosaccharomyces kombuchaensis sp. n. (type strain NRRL YB-4811, CBS 8849), is described; it was isolated from Kombucha tea, a popular fermented tea-based beverage. The four known strains of the new species have identical nucleotide sequences in domain D1/D2 of 26S rDNA. Phylogenetic analysis of D1/D2 and 18S rDNA sequences places Z. kombuchaensis near Zygosaccharomyces lentus. The two species are indistinguishable on standard physiological tests used for yeast identification, but can be recognized from differences in restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns obtained by digestion of 18S-ITS1 amplicons with the restriction enzymes DdeI and MboI. (C) 2001 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Microbial Properties Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Kurtzman, CP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Microbial Properties Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. EM kurtzman@mail.ncaur.usda.gov NR 14 TC 25 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 18 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1567-1356 J9 FEMS YEAST RES JI FEMS Yeast Res. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 1 IS 2 BP 133 EP 138 AR PII S1567-1356(01)00021-6 DI 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2001.tb00024.x PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology; Mycology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology; Mycology GA V44HU UT WOS:000202994600007 PM 12702358 ER PT J AU Farrell, HM Wickham, ED Unruh, JJ Qi, PX Hoagland, PD AF Farrell, HM Wickham, ED Unruh, JJ Qi, PX Hoagland, PD TI Secondary structural studies of bovine caseins: temperature dependence of beta-casein structure as analyzed by circular dichroism and FTIR spectroscopy and correlation with micellization SO FOOD HYDROCOLLOIDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Hydrocolloids Conference CY SEP 10-15, 2000 CL RALEIGH, NC DE casein structure; protein functionality; milk proteins ID GLOBULAR-PROTEINS; ISOCITRATE DEHYDROGENASE; INFRARED-SPECTROSCOPY; LIGHT-SCATTERING; SELF-ASSOCIATION; KAPPA-CASEIN; CONFORMATION; PROLINE; ALPHA(S1)-CASEIN(136-196); POLYPEPTIDES AB To obtain a molecular basis for the similarities and dissimilarities in the functional, chemical, and biochemical properties between beta -casein and the other caseins, three-dimensional models have been presented. Secondary structural prediction algorithms and molecular modeling techniques were used to predict beta -casein structure. The secondary structure of bovine P-casein was re-examined using Fourier transform infrared and circular dichroism spectroscopies to test these predictions. Both methods predict a range of secondary structures for beta -casein (28-32% turns, 32-34% extended) at 25 degreesC. These elements were highly stable from 5 to 70 degreesC as viewed by circular dichroism. More flexible conformational elements, tentatively identified as loops, helix and short segments of polyproline II, were influenced by temperature, increasing with elevated temperatures. Another view is that as temperature decreases, these elements are lost (cold denaturation). Several distinct transitions were observed by circular dichroism at 10, 33 and 41 degreesC, and another transition, extrapolated to occur at 78 degreesC. Calculations from analytical ultracentrifugation indicate that the 10, 33 and 41 degreesC transitions occur primarily in the monomeric form of the protein. As beta -casein polymers are formed, and increase in size, the transitions at higher temperature may reflect changes in the more flexible conformational elements as they adjust to changes in surface charge during polymer formation. The transition at 10 degreesC may represent an actual general conformational change or cold denaturation. Over the range of temperatures studied, the sheet and turn areas remain relatively constant, perhaps forming a supporting hydrophobic core for the monomers within the micelle-like polymer. This interpretation is in accord with the known properties of beta -casein, and those predicted from molecular modeling. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Farrell, HM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. EM hfarrell@arserrc.gov NR 62 TC 96 Z9 99 U1 4 U2 29 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0268-005X EI 1873-7137 J9 FOOD HYDROCOLLOID JI Food Hydrocolloids PD JUL-NOV PY 2001 VL 15 IS 4-6 BP 341 EP 354 DI 10.1016/S0268-005X(01)00080-7 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 498KY UT WOS:000172510000003 ER PT J AU Greenberg, CH AF Greenberg, CH TI Response of reptile and amphibian communities to canopy gaps created by wind disturbance in the southern Appalachians SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE gaps; southern Appalachian herpetofauna; coarse woody debris; natural disturbance and herpetofauna; southern Appalachian reptiles; salamanders ID NORTHERN REDBACK SALAMANDERS; SILVICULTURAL TREATMENTS; FOREST; MOUNTAINS; POPULATIONS; ABUNDANCE; DENSITY; BIRDS AB Reptile and amphibian communities were sampled in intact gaps created by wind disturbance, salvage-logged gaps, and closed canopy mature forest (controls). Sampling was conducted during June-October in 1997 and 1998 using drift fences with pitfall and funnel traps. Basal area of live trees, shade, leaf litter coverage, and litter depth was highest in controls and lowest in salvaged gaps. Percent cover, length, and diameter of coarse woody debris (CWD) were significantly greater in intact gaps than in salvaged gaps or controls. Coarse woody debris was more decayed and had less bark in controls than gaps. The relative abundance of salamanders and American toads, and species richness and diversity of amphibians did not differ among treatments. In contrast, relative abundance of two lizard species and (marginally) snakes, and species richness and diversity of reptiles was higher in both gap treatments than in controls. Results suggest that higher light in gaps positively influenced reptile abundance, but CWD at the tested levels was not an important determinant of habitat quality. The presence of a partial canopy and other forest features in both gap treatments may have adequately retained the microclimatic conditions required by moisture-sensitive amphibians. Xeric study sites and an associated assemblage of species that are pre-adapted to relatively warm, dry conditions also might partially explain the absence of any significant response by amphibians. In the closed canopy forests of the southern Appalachians, I suggest that salamanders were historically dominant, whereas many reptile species occurred at low densities and depended upon infrequent natural disturbance to create ephemeral patches of suitable habitat. Further study is required to determine what parameters of disturbance influence reptile and amphibian communities, and how these effects might differ along a moisture gradient and among species. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Bent Creek Expt Forest, Asheville, NC 28806 USA. RP Greenberg, CH (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Bent Creek Expt Forest, 1577 Brevard Rd, Asheville, NC 28806 USA. EM kgreenberg@fs.fed.us NR 39 TC 52 Z9 57 U1 5 U2 33 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 EI 1872-7042 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD JUL 1 PY 2001 VL 148 IS 1-3 BP 135 EP 144 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00486-2 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 443ET UT WOS:000169328200012 ER PT J AU Guariguata, MR Ostertag, R AF Guariguata, MR Ostertag, R TI Neotropical secondary forest succession: changes in structural and functional characteristics SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Review DE biomass; forest productivity; forest regeneration; forest succession; land use history; land use intensity; neotropics; pasture conversion; tropical soils; tropical rainforest ID TROPICAL RAIN-FOREST; BARRO-COLORADO ISLAND; SOIL SEED BANK; LUQUILLO-EXPERIMENTAL-FOREST; NORTHEASTERN COSTA-RICA; OLD-FIELD SUCCESSION; FINE-ROOT DYNAMICS; UPPER RIO NEGRO; PUERTO-RICO; WET FOREST AB In this review we highlight the main biotic and abiotic factors that influence the patterns of Neotropical secondary forest successions, referred as the woody vegetation that regrows after complete forest clearance due to human activities. We focus on both patterns of specie replacement and various processes that occur during succession, and suggest that the sequence of processes may be predictable even if species composition is not. We describe forest recovery with respect to old-growth conditions, which we define as the structure, function, and composition of the original forest before conversion, and we examine this recovery process within the context of type and intensity of past land use. The various phases of the recovery process are described in derail: from factors affecting early colonization, changes in light and soil properties, soil-vegetation feedbacks at initial and later successional stages, biomass accumulation, forest productivity, rates of species accumulation, and species composition. The consensus of these analyses is that the regenerative power of Neotropical forest vegetation is high, if propagule sources are close by and land use intensity before abandonment has not been severe. Nevertheless, the recovery of biophysical properties and vegetation is heavily dependent on the interactions between site-specific factors and land use, which makes it extremely difficult to predict successional trajectories in anthropogenic settings. We attempt, throughout this review, to integrate the structural and functional characteristics of secondary succession as a way to enhance our ability both to predict and manage successional forest ecosystems due to their increasing importance as timber sources, providers of environmental services, and templates for restoration purposes. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Ctr Agron Trop Invest & Enzenanza, Unidad Manejo Bosques Nat, Turrialba 7170, Costa Rica. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, USDA, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. RP Guariguata, MR (reprint author), Ctr Agron Trop Invest & Enzenanza, Unidad Manejo Bosques Nat, Turrialba 7170, Costa Rica. EM mguarigu@catie.ac.cr RI Ostertag, Rebecca/B-1756-2013 NR 185 TC 450 Z9 519 U1 51 U2 242 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD JUL 1 PY 2001 VL 148 IS 1-3 BP 185 EP 206 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00535-1 PG 22 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 443ET UT WOS:000169328200017 ER PT J AU Moffat, SO Cubbage, FW Holmes, TP O'Sullivan, E AF Moffat, SO Cubbage, FW Holmes, TP O'Sullivan, E TI Characterizing the sustainable forestry issue network in the United States SO FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE sustainable forestry; issue networks; Delphi; US forest policy ID ENVIRONMENTAL-POLICY INTEGRATION; PERSPECTIVE; DELPHI; SECTOR AB Issue network analysis techniques were applied to the issue of sustainable forestry in the United States to identify potential public and private outcomes for the issue. A quantitative approach based on work by Laumann and Knoke [The Organizational State (1987)] was utilized in conjunction with the Delphi method. Results suggest that the parity in the distribution of influence among network sectors means that moving the issue of sustainable forestry onto the formal policy agenda will require more consensus on problems and solutions than exists at the present time. Accordingly, broad policy actions resulting from the expansion of the issue of sustainable forestry are unlikely in the short-term. However, experts on the Delphi panel anticipate that changes will occur in response to sustainability issues. At the federal and state level, this is likely to result in changes to public forest management and to the objectives assigned to the USDA Forest Service and to the state forestry agencies. States are projected to draft new and to change old private forest practices regulations as a result of sustainable forestry concerns. In the private sector, the trend of applying criteria and indicator-based sustainable forestry management standards and certification programs will continue. Non-industrial private forest owners are projected to make the fewest direct accommodations. Finally, where directly comparable, the Delphi study's results were not significantly different from the quantitative approach, suggesting that Delphi has promise for network research applications. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, Forest Serv So Res Stn, New Orleans, LA 70113 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Forestry, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. USDA, Forest Serv So Res Stn, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Polit Sci & Publ Adm, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Moffat, SO (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv So Res Stn, Room T-10034,701 Loyola Ave, New Orleans, LA 70113 USA. NR 38 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1389-9341 J9 FOREST POLICY ECON JI Forest Policy Econ. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 2 IS 3-4 BP 307 EP 318 DI 10.1016/S1389-9341(01)00033-8 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 486JH UT WOS:000171814300009 ER PT J AU Schuler, A Taylor, R Araman, P AF Schuler, A Taylor, R Araman, P TI Competitiveness of US wood furniture manufacturers - Lessons learned from the softwood moulding industry SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Princeton, WV 24740 USA. Russ Taylor & Associates, Vancouver, BC V6C 1X8, Canada. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn,Brooks Forest Prod Ctr, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Schuler, A (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, 241 Mercer Springs Rd, Princeton, WV 24740 USA. NR 9 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 51 IS 7-8 BP 14 EP 20 PG 7 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 462VQ UT WOS:000170440800004 ER PT J AU Jackson, G Howard, J Hammett, AL AF Jackson, G Howard, J Hammett, AL TI Use and production of solid sawn timbers in the United States SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Although timber production has grown steadily over the last decade, information about the use of timbers and the corresponding resource remains in short supply. This study adds to the available literature on solid sawn timbers by compiling data on timber production and uses. The major categories of solid sawn timbers researched were railroad ties, timber bridges, and other transportation structures. The outlook seems relatively bright for railroad ties. The demand for wood railroad ties has grown with the railroad industry, and there is no reason to think that this demand will not continue to grow for many decades to come. Of all uses of solid sawn timbers, timber bridges have the least promising outlook. Steel and concrete are the major materials used by the bridge industry. Other markets for solid sawn timbers are smaller than that for railroad ties, and timbers in these markets will also face competition from other materials. The research reported here helps quantify an important segment of the wood products industry in the U.S. economy. C1 US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA USA. RP Jackson, G (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 30 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 51 IS 7-8 BP 23 EP 28 PG 6 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 462VQ UT WOS:000170440800005 ER PT J AU Spelter, H AF Spelter, H TI Efficacy of curtailment announcements as a predictor of lumber supply SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB A practical method for tracking the effect of curtailment announcements on lumber supply is described and tested. Combining announcements of closures and curtailments with mill capacities enables the creation of accurate forward-looking assessments of lumber supply 1 to 2 months into the future. For three American and Canadian lumber-producing regions, the method produced projections of supply that were within 0.5 percent accuracy for a 7-month period encompassing June to December 2000. Announcements of production intentions are an important piece of market intelligence that can help guide assessments of demand-supply in a volatile market environment. C1 US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Spelter, H (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 51 IS 7-8 BP 44 EP 46 PG 3 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 462VQ UT WOS:000170440800008 ER PT J AU Clausen, CA Kartal, SN Muehl, J AF Clausen, CA Kartal, SN Muehl, J TI Particleboard made from remediated CCA-treated wood: Evaluation of panel properties SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID REMOVAL AB CCA-treated southern yellow pine (SYP) chips were remediated utilizing acid extraction alone, and using acid extraction followed by bioleaching with the metal-tolerant bacterium Bacillus licheniformis CC01. "Cleaned" chips were used to make particleboard (PB) with 10 percent urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin, and the PB samples were evaluated for internal bond (IB), modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rapture (MOR), thickness swell (TS), water absorption, and decay resistance. PB panels prepared from just acid-extracted chips and two-step remediated chips showed an average 22 and 28 percent reduction, respectively, in IB and 41 and 13 percent reduction, respectively, in MOR compared to values for PB prepared with untreated SYP chips. An 8 to 10 percent increase in MOE in the acid-extracted-chip PB and remediated-chip PB compared to the untreated-chip PB suggested densification of the fiber surface had occurred. Water absorption and TS after 24-hour submersion increased in PB prepared from acid-extracted and remediated chips (14% to 15%). Water absorption and TS were less (28% and 39%, respectively) for the acid-extracted-chip PB compared to the untreated-chip PB. Decay resistance was variable, with low weight losses (less than or equal to 5%) for all PB samples exposed to Postia placenta and weight losses ranging from 11 to 25 percent for untreated and remediated PB exposed to Gloeophyllum trabeum. We conclude that reduced MOR and IB seen in remediated PB are the result of residual oxalic acid either embrittling the fiber or interfering with UF resin adhesion. Results of this study indicate that properties of remediated PB are diminished when CCA-treated chips are exposed to oxalic acid even at low acid concentrations for limited amounts of time. C1 US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Clausen, CA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RI Kartal, Nami/E-6516-2013 NR 18 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 51 IS 7-8 BP 61 EP 64 PG 4 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 462VQ UT WOS:000170440800012 ER PT J AU Green, DW Falk, RH Lantz, SF AF Green, DW Falk, RH Lantz, SF TI Effect of heart checks on flexural properties of reclaimed 6 by 8 Douglas-fir timbers SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID INDUSTRIAL AB A sampling of nominal 6- by 8-inch (standard 140- by 184-mm) Douglas-fir timbers was obtained from an industrial military building in Minnesota. Thirty selected timbers had heart checks (boxed heart splits), which are characteristic of most old timbers installed in dry locations. Sixty selected timbers did not have heart checks. Most of the beams would grade as Select Structural Beams and Stringers by current grading rules. The modulus of elasticity (MOE) of the unchecked beams was greater than the allowable values given in the National Design Specification, but the modulus of rupture (MOR) was low. Analyses of the results suggested that heart checks decrease the mean MOR about 15 percent but have no direct effect on MOE. A good correlation was found between MOE determined by longitudinal stress wave techniques and that determined in static edgewise bending. Results suggest that the feasibility of developing mechanical grading systems for reclaimed timbers might be useful for on-site grading. Additional data are needed on wider beams with heart checks than those used in this study to confirm this hypothesis. C1 US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Twin Cities Army Ammunit Plant, Arden Hills, MN USA. RP Green, DW (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 21 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 51 IS 7-8 BP 82 EP 88 PG 7 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 462VQ UT WOS:000170440800015 ER PT J AU White, JL Harvey, BC AF White, JL Harvey, BC TI Effects of an introduced piscivorous fish on native benthic fishes in a coastal river SO FRESHWATER BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cottidae; field experiment; introduced species; predation; Ptychocheilus grandis ID SQUAWFISH PTYCHOCHEILUS-GRANDIS; NORTHWESTERN CALIFORNIA; EEL-RIVER; COASTRANGE SCULPIN; PRICKLY SCULPIN; STREAM FISHES; COTTUS-ASPER; PREDATION; HABITAT; ASSEMBLAGE AB 1. We used field surveys to compare the density and mesohabitat-scale distribution of the native coastrange sculpin (Cottus aleuticus) and the prickly sculpin (C. asper) in coastal rivers in north-western California, U.S.A., with and without an introduced piscivorous fish, the Sacramento pikeminnow, Ptychocheilus grandis. We also measured mortality of tethered prickly sculpin in a field experiment including river, habitat type (pools versus riffles) and cover as factors. 2. Average sculpin density (C. aleuticus and C. asper combined) in two rivers without pikeminnow was 21 times higher than the average density in two rivers in a drainage with introduced pikeminnow. In riffles, differences in the density of sculpins among rivers could be linked to differences in cover. However, riffles in rivers without pikeminnow had an average sculpin density 77 times higher than rivers with pikeminnow, yet only nine times more cover. In pools, cover availability did not differ among rivers, but the density of sculpins in rivers without pikeminnow was 11 times higher than rivers with pikeminnow. 3. In the field experiment, mortality of tethered sculpin varied substantially among treatments and ANOVA indicated a significant River x Habitat x Cover interaction (P < 0.001). Overall, tethered prickly sculpin suffered 40% mortality over 24 h in rivers with pikeminnow and 2% mortality in rivers without pikeminnow, suggesting that predation is the mechanism by which the pikeminnow affects sculpins. 4. The apparent reduction in sculpin abundance by introduced pikeminnow has probably significantly altered food webs and nutrient transport processes, and increased the probability of extinction of coastrange and prickly sculpins in the Eel River drainage. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Redwood Sci Lab, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. RP White, JL (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Redwood Sci Lab, 1700 Bayview Dr, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. NR 21 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 17 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0046-5070 J9 FRESHWATER BIOL JI Freshw. Biol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 46 IS 7 BP 987 EP 995 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2427.2001.00724.x PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 460DX UT WOS:000170293900011 ER PT J AU Kelicen, P Paulson, KE AF Kelicen, P. Paulson, K. Eric TI Calcium-dependent effect of nitrone spin-trapping agent PBN on Src and Erk pathway in human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y SO FUNDAMENTAL & CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Kelicen, P.] Hacettepe Univ, Fac Pharm, Dept Pharmacol, TR-06100 Ankara, Turkey. [Paulson, K. Eric] Tufts Univ, USDA HNRC, Genet Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0767-3981 J9 FUND CLIN PHARMACOL JI Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 15 SU 1 BP 47 EP 47 PG 1 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA V23AR UT WOS:000208316200272 ER PT J AU Maddox, JF Davies, KP Crawford, AM Hulme, DJ Vaiman, D Cribiu, EP Freking, BA Beh, KJ Cockett, NE Kang, N Riffkin, CD Drinkwater, R Moore, SS Dodds, KG Lumsden, JM van Stijn, TC Phua, SH Adelson, DL Burkin, HR Broom, JE Buitkamp, J Cambridge, L Cushwa, WT Gerard, E Galloway, SM Harrison, B Hawken, RJ Hiendleder, S Henry, HM Medrano, JF Paterson, KA Schibler, L Stone, RT van Hest, B AF Maddox, JF Davies, KP Crawford, AM Hulme, DJ Vaiman, D Cribiu, EP Freking, BA Beh, KJ Cockett, NE Kang, N Riffkin, CD Drinkwater, R Moore, SS Dodds, KG Lumsden, JM van Stijn, TC Phua, SH Adelson, DL Burkin, HR Broom, JE Buitkamp, J Cambridge, L Cushwa, WT Gerard, E Galloway, SM Harrison, B Hawken, RJ Hiendleder, S Henry, HM Medrano, JF Paterson, KA Schibler, L Stone, RT van Hest, B TI An enhanced linkage map of the sheep genome comprising more than 1000 loci SO GENOME RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID BOVINE X-CHROMOSOME; GENETIC-MARKERS; PHYSICAL MAP; CATTLE; REGIONS; RECOMBINATION; GOAT; REARRANGEMENTS; LOCALIZATION; CONSTRUCTION AB A medium-density linkage map of the ovine genome has been developed. Marker data for 550 new loci were generated and merged with the previous sheep linkage map. The new map comprises 1093 markers representing 1062 unique loci (941 anonymous loci, 121 genes) and spans 3500 cM (sex-averaged) For the autosomes and 132 cM (female) on the X chromosome. There is an average spacing of 3.4 cM between autosomal loci and 8.3 cM between highly polymorphic [polymorphic information content (PIC) greater than or equal to 0.7] autosomal loci. The largest gap between markers is 32.5 cM, and the number of gaps of >20 cM between loci, or regions where loci are missing From chromosome ends, has been reduced from 40 in the previous map to 6. Five hundred and seventy-three of the loci can be ordered on a framework map with odds of >1000:1. The sheep linkage map contains strong links to both the cattle and goat maps. Five hundred and seventy-two of the loci positioned on the sheep linkage map have also been mapped by linkage analysis in cattle, and 209 of the loci mapped on the sheep linkage map have also been placed on the goat linkage map. Inspection of ruminant linkage maps indicates that the genomic coverage by the current sheep linkage map is comparable to that of the available cattle maps. The sheep map provides a valuable resource to the international sheep, cattle, and goat gene mapping community. C1 Univ Melbourne, Ctr Anim Biotechnol, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia. Univ Otago, Dept Biochem, AgRes Mol Biol Unit, Dunedin, New Zealand. Univ Otago, Ctr Gene Res, Dunedin, New Zealand. CSIRO Anim Prod, Blacktown, NSW 2148, Australia. INRA, Dept Genet Anim, F-78350 Jouy En Josas, France. ARS, USDA, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. Utah State Univ, Logan, UT 84322 USA. CSIRO Trop Agr, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia. Tech Univ Munich, Lehrstuhl Tierzucht, D-8050 Freising, Germany. Univ Giessen, Dept Anim Breeding & Genet, D-35390 Giessen, Germany. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Anim Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Maddox, JF (reprint author), Univ Melbourne, Ctr Anim Biotechnol, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia. RI Sutherland, Judith/C-3147-2008; Freking, Brad/C-6494-2008; Moore, Stephen/F-5285-2013; Adelson, David/E-5506-2011; OI Adelson, David/0000-0003-2404-5636; Dodds, Ken/0000-0002-9347-6379 NR 53 TC 180 Z9 189 U1 2 U2 17 PU COLD SPRING HARBOR LAB PRESS PI PLAINVIEW PA 1 BUNGTOWN RD, PLAINVIEW, NY 11724 USA SN 1088-9051 J9 GENOME RES JI Genome Res. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 11 IS 7 BP 1275 EP 1289 DI 10.1101/gr.GR-1350R PG 15 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 448VF UT WOS:000169650100018 PM 11435411 ER PT J AU Sayre, NF AF Sayre, NF TI Speaking through the aspens: Basque tree carvings in California and Nevada. SO GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW LA English DT Book Review C1 USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Sayre, NF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOGRAPHICAL SOC PI NEW YORK PA 120 WALL ST, STE 100, NEW YORK, NY 10005 USA SN 0016-7428 J9 GEOGR REV JI Geogr. Rev. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 91 IS 3 BP 604 EP 606 DI 10.2307/3594745 PG 3 WC Geography SC Geography GA 550JN UT WOS:000175500000008 ER PT J AU Kirchner, JW Finkel, RC Riebe, CS Granger, DE Clayton, JL King, JG Megahan, WF AF Kirchner, JW Finkel, RC Riebe, CS Granger, DE Clayton, JL King, JG Megahan, WF TI Mountain erosion over 10 yr, 10 k.y., and 10 m.y. time scales SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE erosion rates; sediment yield; Idaho batholith; variability; time scales ID SITU-PRODUCED BE-10; POSTGLACIAL VEGETATION; DENUDATION RATES; SIERRA-NEVADA; ALLUVIAL SEDIMENT; CLIMATIC CONTROL; IDAHO BATHOLITH; PUERTO-RICO; HISTORY; EQUILIBRIUM AB We used cosmogenic (10)Be to measure erosion rates over 10 k.y. time scales at 32 Idaho mountain catchments, ranging from small experimental watersheds (0.2 km(2)) to large river basins (35 000 km(2)), These long-term sediment yields are, on average, 17 times higher than stream sediment fluxes measured over 10-84 yr, but are consistent with 10 m.y. erosion rates measured by apatite fission tracks. Our results imply that conventional sediment-yield measurements - even those made over decades - can greatly underestimate long-term average rates of sediment delivery and thus overestimate the life spans of engineered reservoirs. Our observations also suggest that sediment delivery from mountainous terrain is extremely episodic, sporadically subjecting mountain stream ecosystems to extensive disturbance. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Ctr Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. USDA ARS, Rocky Mt Expt Stn, Boise, ID USA. Natl Council Air & Stream Improvement, Sequim, WA 98382 USA. RP Kirchner, JW (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM kirchner@seismo.berkeley.edu RI Kirchner, James/B-6126-2009; Riebe, Clifford/B-7670-2012 OI Kirchner, James/0000-0001-6577-3619; NR 36 TC 266 Z9 271 U1 9 U2 64 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0016-8505 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD JUL PY 2001 VL 29 IS 7 BP 591 EP 594 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0591:MEOYKY>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 449EL UT WOS:000169671300006 ER PT J AU Golubev, VS Lawrimore, JH Groisman, PY Speranskaya, NA Zhuravin, SA Menne, MJ Peterson, TC Malone, RW AF Golubev, VS Lawrimore, JH Groisman, PY Speranskaya, NA Zhuravin, SA Menne, MJ Peterson, TC Malone, RW TI Evaporation changes over the contiguous United States and the former USSR: A reassessment SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID TRENDS AB Observed decreases in pan evaporation over most of the United Stares and the former USSR during the post-WWII period, if interpreted as a decrease in actual evaporation, are at odds with increases in temperature and precipitation over many regions of these two countries. Using parallel observations of actual and Dan evaporation at six Russian, one Latvian, and one U.S, experimental sites, we recalibrate trends in pan evaporation to make them more representative of actual evaporation changes. After applying this transformation, pan evaporation time series over southern Russia and most of the United States reveal an increasing trend in actual evaporation during the past forty years. C1 State Hydrol Inst, St Petersburg 199053, Russia. NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. Univ Corp Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO USA. USDA ARS, Coshocton, OH 43812 USA. NR 17 TC 123 Z9 151 U1 3 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUL 1 PY 2001 VL 28 IS 13 BP 2665 EP 2668 DI 10.1029/2000GL012851 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 446BU UT WOS:000169493700046 ER PT J AU Haar, MJ Fennimore, SA Lambert, CL AF Haar, MJ Fennimore, SA Lambert, CL TI Economics of pronamide and pendimethalin use in weed management during artichoke stand establishment SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Cynara scolymus; hand-weeding; herbicide value AB Field studies were conducted to determine the potential economic impact of the loss of pronamide herbicide to artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) growers, and to evaluate pendimethalin as an alternative herbicide during establishment of artichoke. Two rates of pronamide and one rate of pendimethalin were applied to perennial and annual artichokes. With the exception of wild oat (Avena fatua L.), pendimethalin controlled weeds as well as or better than pronamide. Financial analysis of treatment effects was based on weed management expenses and value of yield. The financial effect of using pronamide in perennial artichoke ranged from a loss of $247 to a gain of $326 per ha, whereas its use in annual artichoke increased revenue $542 to $5499 per ha. The effects on revenue of using pendimethalin varied with weed species composition and density. For three sites, revenue increased from $267 to $5056 per ha, while a loss of $1034 per ha occurred at a site with a heavy infestation of wild oat. We conclude that pendimethalin has potential as a pronamide replacement, or as a complement to pronamide. Chemical names used: 3,5-dichloro (N-1,1-dimethyl-2-propynyl)benzamide (pronamide);N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine (pendimethalin). C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Vegetable Crops, USDA ARS, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. RP Haar, MJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Vegetable Crops, USDA ARS, 1636 E Alisal St, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. NR 9 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD JUL PY 2001 VL 36 IS 4 BP 650 EP 653 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 463NN UT WOS:000170482400004 ER PT J AU Welsh, MM Grafton, KF AF Welsh, MM Grafton, KF TI Resistance to common bacterial blight of bean introgressed from Phaseolus coccineus SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Phaseolus vulgaris; disease; genetics ID REGISTRATION; GERMPLASM AB Common bacterial blight, incited by Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli (Smith) Dye, is a major bacterial disease of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgalis L.). Resistance to common bacterial blight has been identified in other Phaseolus species and resistance genes have been introgressed into P. vulgaris. The objective of this study was to characterize in dry bean the inheritance pattern of common bacterial blight-resistance genes derived from P. coccineus. Two common, bacterial blight-susceptible, dry bean cultivars were crossed with different common, bacterial blight-resistant dry bean lines with resistance derived from P. coccineus. F-2 progeny were inoculated with Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli strain F19-W and were scored for disease reaction. The ratio of resistant to susceptible plants for F-2 populations did not differ significantly from a 1 resistant : 3 susceptible ratio. The F-3 segregation was obtained for only one cross and did not differ significantly from a 1 resistant : 2 heterozygous : 1 susceptible ratio, suggesting that the resistance introgressed from A coccineus into dry bean was controlled by one recessive gene. Additionally, the range of symptom expression within the susceptible class provided evidence of other genes modifying the expression of resistance. C1 ARS, USDA, Western Reg Plant Introduct Stn, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Welsh, MM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Western Reg Plant Introduct Stn, POB 46402, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 18 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD JUL PY 2001 VL 36 IS 4 BP 750 EP 751 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 463NN UT WOS:000170482400029 ER PT J AU Grauke, LJ Price, HJ Johnston, JS AF Grauke, LJ Price, HJ Johnston, JS TI Genome size of pecan as determined by flow cytometry SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Carya illinoinensis ID NUCLEAR-DNA AMOUNTS; ANGIOSPERMS C1 ARS, USDA, Somerville, TX 77879 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Entomol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Grauke, LJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Rt 2,Box 133, Somerville, TX 77879 USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD JUL PY 2001 VL 36 IS 4 BP 814 EP 814 PG 1 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 463NN UT WOS:000170482400049 ER PT J AU Pooler, MR AF Pooler, MR TI Plant breeding at the US National Arboretum: Selection, evaluation, and release of new cultivars SO HORTTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE materials transfer agreement; stock increase; woody ornamental plants; nursery and landscape industry AB The U.S. National Arboretum has released over 650 new plant cultivars since it was established in 1927. A key to the success of the plant breeding program has been the voluntary participation of universities and private nurseries in evaluating and propagating new plant material. The cooperative evaluation and stock increase programs play a critical role in the successful testing, introduction, and distribution of new cultivars of landscape trees and shrubs. These integrated cooperative programs depend on the involvement of nurserymen, researchers, botanic gardens, or individuals to evaluate potential new cultivars under diverse climatic conditions and hardiness zones, and wholesale propagation nurseries to increase stock of those cultivars destined for release. C1 US Natl Arboretum, USDA ARS, Floral & Nursery Plants Res Unit, Washington, DC 20002 USA. RP Pooler, MR (reprint author), US Natl Arboretum, USDA ARS, Floral & Nursery Plants Res Unit, 3501 New York Ave NE, Washington, DC 20002 USA. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 1063-0198 J9 HORTTECHNOLOGY JI HortTechnology PD JUL-SEP PY 2001 VL 11 IS 3 BP 365 EP 367 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 519BZ UT WOS:000173706200004 ER PT J AU Dunwell, WC Fare, D Arnold, MA Tilt, K Knox, G Witte, W Knight, P Pooler, M Klingeman, W Niemiera, A Ruter, J Yeager, T Ranney, T Beeson, R Lindstrom, J Bush, E Owings, A Schnelle, M AF Dunwell, WC Fare, D Arnold, MA Tilt, K Knox, G Witte, W Knight, P Pooler, M Klingeman, W Niemiera, A Ruter, J Yeager, T Ranney, T Beeson, R Lindstrom, J Bush, E Owings, A Schnelle, M TI Plant evaluation program for nursery crops and landscape systems by the Southern Extension and Research Activities/Information Exchange Group-27 SO HORTTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE plant evaluation; landscape plants; plant materials; landscape management; plant culture AB The Southern Extension and Research Activities/Information Exchange Group-27 (SERA/IEG-27) is sponsored by the Southern Association of Agricultural Experiment Station Directors. Thirteen universities and the U.S. National Arboretum cooperate with official representatives from extension and research programs. The objective of the group is to identify, evaluate, select, and disseminate information on superior, environmentally sustainable, landscape plants for nursery crop production and landscape systems in the southeastern U.S. Plants are distributed to members responding to a request from cooperators for plant evaluation. Those who agree to cooperate are expected to grow the selected liner to landscape size, then transplant it in a landscape setting. The plant is rated for insect, disease, and cold damage, heat stress, growth rate, ornamental flowering and fruiting, fall color, commercial production potential, landscape potential, invasiveness potential, and insect disease transmission potential. Growth rate is evaluated annually by recording plant height and width. Initial bloom date is reported followed by bloom duration in days. Following evaluation, the group collectively and individually disseminates information gained from the plant evaluation system to a wide variety of audiences. C1 Univ Kentucky, Res & Educ Ctr, Princeton, KY 42445 USA. ARS, USDA, Floral & Nursery Plants Res Unit, McMinnville, TN 37110 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Hort Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Auburn Univ, Dept Hort, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Univ Florida, N Florida Res & Educ Ctr, Quincy, FL 32351 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Ornamental Hort & Landscape Design, Knoxville, TN 37901 USA. Mississippi State Univ, S Mississippi Branch Expt Stn, Poplarville, MS 39740 USA. US Natl Arboretum, Washington, DC 20002 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Ornamental Hort & Landscape Design, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Hort, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Univ Georgia, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Dept Hort, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Dunwell, WC (reprint author), Univ Kentucky, Res & Educ Ctr, Princeton, KY 42445 USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 1063-0198 J9 HORTTECHNOLOGY JI HortTechnology PD JUL-SEP PY 2001 VL 11 IS 3 BP 373 EP 375 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 519BZ UT WOS:000173706200006 ER PT J AU Hummer, KE Picton, DD AF Hummer, KE Picton, DD TI Oil application reduces powdery mildew severity in black and red currants SO HORTTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ribes nigrum; Ribes rubrum; efficacy AB Powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) severely infects young shoots and leaves of black currants (Ribes nigrum) and red currants (R. rubrum) in the Pacific northwestern U.S. Environmentally sound control measures are being sought as alternatives to sulfur or demethylation-inhibiting fungicides. This study examined the effect of mineral oil spray on powdery mildew infection in susceptible black and red currants. Mineral oil at 8 mL.L-1(8000 ppm) was applied to plants until runoff at 0-, 2-, and 4-week intervals from April through June in 1999 and 2000 on eight currant cultivars growing in Corvallis, Ore. Shoot and leaf surfaces were rated for powdery mildew incidence in early July both years. Oil applications significantly reduced mildew severity in vegetative growth as compared with that of the unsprayed control. The disease control from 2-week interval and 4-week interval oil applications was not significantly different. C1 NCGR, USDA, ARS, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Hort, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RP Hummer, KE (reprint author), NCGR, USDA, ARS, 33447 Peoria Rd, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 1063-0198 J9 HORTTECHNOLOGY JI HortTechnology PD JUL-SEP PY 2001 VL 11 IS 3 BP 445 EP 446 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 519BZ UT WOS:000173706200024 ER PT J AU Linderman, RG Davis, EA AF Linderman, RG Davis, EA TI Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza and plant growth response to soil amendment with composted grape pomace or its water extract SO HORTTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Allium cepa; endomycorrhizae; humic substances; onion; phosphorus; soil pasteurization ID ORGANIC-MATTER; PHOSPHATASE-ACTIVITY; HUMIC ACIDS; FUNGI; MICROORGANISMS; RHIZOSPHERE; PHOSPHORUS; HYPHOSPHERE; HYPHAE AB Composted materials with high humic and microbial content, and their water extracts, are increasingly used in the nursery industry, as potting mix components or as liquid amendments for the purposes of enhancing plant growth. Common speculation is that such materials either contain beneficial microbes or stimulate those in or added to the medium, such as vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi, known to have growth-stimulating effects on plants. Experiments were conducted to determine if one such compost enhanced plant growth by stimulating VAM fungi or other growth-enhancing microbes, by simply providing limiting nutrients [phosphorus (P)], or a combination of the two. Highly mycorrhiza-responsive onion (Allium cepa) 'White Lisbon' was used to evaluate the interactions of composted grape pomace (CGP), the VAM fungus Glomus intraradices, and preplant soil heat treatment on onion growth under P-limiting conditions. CGP and its water extract stimulated onion growth under P-limiting conditions in the absence of VAM; the extract was more effective than the granular CGP. Growth was enhanced further by addition of G. intraradices, and the extract enhanced its colonization of routs. Heat pretreatment of the soil inconsistently affected growth-enhancement by CGP or its extract. Thus, inoculating plant roots with mycorrhizal fungi in combination with this composted organic amendment or its extract was beneficial. The effect could have been due to the CGP providing a source of P to overcome the P-limiting conditions, and to the mycorrhizal fungus enhancing P uptake by its extraradical hyphae and thereby increasing nutrient-use efficiency. C1 Agr Res Serv, USDA, Hort Crops Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RP Linderman, RG (reprint author), Agr Res Serv, USDA, Hort Crops Res Lab, 3420 NW Orchard Ave, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. NR 25 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 1063-0198 J9 HORTTECHNOLOGY JI HortTechnology PD JUL-SEP PY 2001 VL 11 IS 3 BP 446 EP 450 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 519BZ UT WOS:000173706200025 ER PT J AU King, DI Rappole, JH AF King, DI Rappole, JH TI Mixed specks bird flocks its dipterocarp forest of north central Burma (Myanmar) SO IBIS LA English DT Article ID SPECIES FLOCKS; FORAGING FLOCKS; WESTERN MEXICO; BEHAVIOR; PREDATOR; ECOLOGY AB We studied the bird community in deciduous, dipterocarp forest of north-central Burma (Myanmar) during December 1994, March 1996, and January 1997 and 1999. Most members of this community participated in mixed-species flocks. Seventy-three flocks were encountered during our study, containing 52 species. Of these, 25 species occurred in more than 10% of flocks, and were included in our analyses. There were 26 significant correlations among species pairs, 25 of which were positive. Cluster analysis indicated that there were three principal types of flocks: one consisting mostly of small passerines and picids, commonly including Common Wood-Shrike, Small Minivet and White-browed Fantail, among others; a second type consisting mainly of sylviids, e.g. Arctic, Dusky and Radde's Warblers; and a third type which generally centred around Greater and Lesser Necklaced Laughingthrushes. Bird-eating hawks were numerous at these sites, and we witnessed several attacks on flocks during the study. Thus we infer that enhanced protection from predation is an important benefit conferred by flock membership. In contrast, there was little overlap in foraging behaviour among species, suggesting that foraging facilitation is a relatively minor benefit enjoyed by flock members, although we did observe White-browed Fantails and Greater Racket-tailed Drongos kleptoparasitizing other species on occasion. C1 Univ Massachusetts, USDA, Forest Serv, Ne Res Stn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Smithsonian Conservat & Res Ctr, Front Royal, VA 22630 USA. RP King, DI (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, USDA, Forest Serv, Ne Res Stn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. NR 44 TC 15 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 8 PU BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI TRING PA C/O NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM, SUB-DEPT ORNITHOLOGY, TRING HP23 6AP, HERTS, ENGLAND SN 0019-1019 J9 IBIS JI Ibis PD JUL PY 2001 VL 143 IS 3 BP 380 EP 390 DI 10.1111/j.1474-919X.2001.tb04939.x PG 11 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 443EJ UT WOS:000169327100003 ER PT J AU Krasnyanski, SF Sandhu, J Domier, LL Buetow, DE Korban, SS AF Krasnyanski, SF Sandhu, J Domier, LL Buetow, DE Korban, SS TI Effect of an enhanced CaMV 35S promoter and a fruit-specific promoter on UIDA gene expression in transgenic tomato plants SO IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY-PLANT LA English DT Article DE E-8 fruit-specific promoter; AMV leader sequence; beta-glucuronidase (GUS); Agrobacterium transformation; plant regeneration ID AGROBACTERIUM-MEDIATED TRANSFORMATION; BETA-GLUCURONIDASE ACTIVITY; LYCOPERSICON-ESCULENTUM; REPORTER GENE; CIS-ELEMENTS; TUMEFACIENS; REGENERATION; ETHYLENE; REGIONS; DNA AB Two different promoters, a cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter with a 5'-untranslated leader sequence from alfalfa mosaic virus RNA4 (designated as CaMV 35S/AMV) and an E-8 fruit-ripening-specific. promoter, were compared to evaluate their effects on expression of the uidA reporter gene in transgenic tomato plants. In order to generate sufficient numbers of transgenic tomato plants, both a reliable regeneration system and an efficient Agrobacterium transformation protocol were developed using 8-d-old cotyledons of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Swifty Belle). Two sets of constructs, both derivatives of the binary vector pBI121, were used in transformation of tomato whereby the uidA gene was driven either by the CaMV 35S/AMV or the E-8 fruit-ripening-specific promoter. Southern blot hybridization confirmed the stable integration of the chimeric uidA gene into the tomato genome. Fruit and leaf tissues were collected from TO and T-1 plants, and assayed for beta -glucuronidase (GUS) enzyme activity. As expected, both vegetative and fruit tissues of transgenic plants carrying the uidA gene under the control of CaMV 35S/AMV showed varying levels of GUS activity, while no expression was observed in vegetative tissues of transgenic plants carrying the uidA gene driven by the E-8 promoter. All fruits from transgenic plants produced with both sets of constructs displayed expression of the uidA gene. However, when this reporter gene was driven by the CaMV 35S/AMV, GUS activity levels were significantly higher than when it was driven by the E-8 fruit-specific promoter. The presence/absence of the uidA gene in T-1 plants segregated in a 3:1 Mendelian ratio. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Mol & Integrat Physiol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, USDA ARS, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Korban, SS (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 35 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 7 PU C A B I PUBLISHING PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O PUBLISHING DIVISION, WALLINGFORD OX10 8DE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1054-5476 J9 IN VITRO CELL DEV-PL JI In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol.-Plant PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 37 IS 4 BP 427 EP 433 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology SC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology GA 482AH UT WOS:000171552300001 ER PT J AU Foulk, JA Bunn, JM AF Foulk, JA Bunn, JM TI Properties of compression-molded, acetylated soy protein films SO INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS LA English DT Article DE permeability; tensile strength; elongation; protein films; biopolymer films; soy protein ID WATER-VAPOR PERMEABILITY; HYDROPHILIC EDIBLE FILMS; FUNCTIONAL-PROPERTIES; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; SOYBEAN PROTEINS; GLOBULINS; SPECTRA AB The demand for biodegradable polymers produced from renewable natural resources continues to grow as environmental concerns increase. The objective of this study is to examine how acetylated soy protein isolate performed as a thermoplastic and how the properties of films made from it are affected by composition and morphology. SUPRO (R) 620 and 660 were modified and acetylated to produce SY7 and SY23 thermoplastic films. These films were formed under various compression-molding conditions to form films of two thicknesses and relative molecular weights. No plasticizer was used in forming these films. Molded films were then evaluated for total and volatile solids, nitrogen content, chemical oxygen demand, flow rate, solubility, X-ray diffraction, H-1 and C-13 NMR, differential scanning calorimetry, infrared analysis, tensile properties, oxygen and water vapor permeability. A comparison of melt flow index values, nitrogen content, total solids, volatile solids, and chemical oxygen demand demonstrated no statistical differences between films, but significant differences from SUPRO (R) 620 the base material used to form SY7. The SY7 films had lower solubility, lower 'wet' tensile strength, and higher oxygen permeability than the SY23 films. Both the SY7 and SY23 films formed at higher compression molding temperatures had higher tensile strengths, increased 'wet' elongation, and lower water vapor permeability than the films formed at lower compression molding temperatures. X-Ray diffraction,H-1 and C-13 NMR, differential scanning calorimetry, and infrared analysis exhibited slight or no differences between the SY7 and SY23 films. Compression molded thermoplastics produced from acetylated SUPRO (R) 620 and 660 appear similar and a possible commercial thermoplastic. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Cotton Qual Res Stn, Clemson, SC 29633 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Agr & Biol Engn, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Foulk, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Cotton Qual Res Stn, POB 792, Clemson, SC 29633 USA. NR 34 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-6690 J9 IND CROP PROD JI Ind. Crop. Prod. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 14 IS 1 BP 11 EP 22 DI 10.1016/S0926-6690(00)00084-4 PG 12 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 447GM UT WOS:000169563600002 ER PT J AU Sessa, DJ Wolf, WJ AF Sessa, DJ Wolf, WJ TI Bowman-Birk inhibitors in soybean seed coats SO INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS LA English DT Article DE soybean seed coats; Bowman-Birk inhibitors; trypsin inhibitor activity; chymotrypsin inhibitor activity ID TRYPSIN-INHIBITORS; PROTEIN; PEROXIDASE AB Soybean Bowman-Birk inhibitor (BBI), possessing a molecular weight (MW) of 8 kD, is a known cancer chemopreventative and anticarcinogenic agent Aqueous extracts of soybean seed coats, rigorously screened to remove cotyledons, contained peroxidase along with three unknown proteins each of which possessed an estimated MW of < 10 kD when compared with known standards subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Because these extracts tested positively for trypsin inhibitor (TI) activity, our objective was to isolate and characterize the low MW inhibitor(s). To eliminate the solubilization of peroxidase from soy seed coats, we applied the classic methodology for BBI isolation which utilizes 60% ethanol. Soybean seed coats, which represent 8% of the whole seed, were defatted, then twice extracted with 60% aqueous ethanol to yield 6.96% sugary solids with 1.56% Kjeldahl nitrogen and a TI activity of 44 mg TI/g solids. Water extracts of the alcohol extracted residues provided an additional 4.55% solids with 2.71% nitrogen and 27 mg TI/g solids. The protein components in the 60% ethanol solubles were further concentrated by acetone precipitation. The acetone precipitates and water extractables were each fractionated on a CM Sephadex C-25 column eluted with a salt gradient. The consequent column fractions from the acetone precipitates when subjected to SDS-PAGE yielded three proteins, one of which possessed the mobility similar to a commercially available soybean BBI. Because BBI can simultaneously inhibit both trypsin and chymotrypsin, we verified the presence of BBI in those column fractions that eluted after 0.21M NaCl concentration based on colorimetric assays for TI and chymotrypsin inhibitor (CTI) activities. Chymotrypsin negative stain technique applied to native PAGE of the TI and CTI-active fraction from acetone precipitates showed evidence for seven isoforms of BBI. Two CM Sephadex column fractions eluting prior to 0.21 M salt concentration showed two low MW proteins (<7 kD) when stained for protein and compared with MW standards subjected to SDS-PAGE. Based on the summation of CTI active components in the CM Sephadex C-25 column fractions from 60% ethanol extract, their CTI activity relative to CTI in a commercial BBI standard was 61.9%, whereas, the CTI activity in fractions of column chromatographed water extracts that eluted after 0.21M salt concentration was 86.1%. Soybean seed coats may provide a new, inexpensive source of BBI concentrate for use as a potential anticancer agent. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Plant Polymer Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Sessa, DJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Plant Polymer Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 39 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-6690 J9 IND CROP PROD JI Ind. Crop. Prod. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 14 IS 1 BP 73 EP 83 DI 10.1016/S0926-6690(00)00090-X PG 11 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 447GM UT WOS:000169563600008 ER PT J AU Allen, CA Fedorka-Cray, PJ Vazquez-Torres, A Suyemoto, M Altier, C Ryder, LR Fang, FC Libby, SJ AF Allen, CA Fedorka-Cray, PJ Vazquez-Torres, A Suyemoto, M Altier, C Ryder, LR Fang, FC Libby, SJ TI In vitro and in vivo assessment of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium DT104 virulence SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; RESISTANCE; MUTANTS; IDENTIFICATION; MACROPHAGES; PRODUCTS; GENES; LOCUS; CELLS AB Multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium phage type DT104 has become a widespread cause of human and ether animal infection worldwide. The severity of clinical illness in S, enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104 outbreaks has led to the suggestion that this strain possesses enhanced virulence, In the present study, in vitro and in vivo virulence-associated phenotypes of several clinical isolates of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104 were examined and compared to S. enterica serovar Typhimurium ATCC 14028s. The ability of these DT104 isolates to survive within murine peritoneal macrophages, invade cultured epithelial cells, resist antimicrobial actions of reactive oxygen and nitrogen compounds, and cause lethal infection in mice were assessed. Our results failed to demonstrate that S. enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104 isolates are more virulent than S, enterica serovar Typhimurium ATCC 14028s. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Poultry Microbiol Safety Res Unit, Athens, GA 30604 USA. Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Med, Denver, CO 80262 USA. Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Pathol & Microbiol, Denver, CO 80262 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Microbiol Pathol & Parasitol, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. RP Libby, SJ (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Campus Box 7615, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. OI Fang, Ferric/0000-0002-3243-110X FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI3437-06, R01 AI039557, F32 AI010181, AI10181, AI39557] NR 24 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 69 IS 7 BP 4673 EP 4677 DI 10.1128/IAI.69.7.4673-4677.2001 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 443HL UT WOS:000169335700061 PM 11402014 ER PT J AU Labeda, DP AF Labeda, DP TI Crossiella gen. nov., a new genus related to Streptoalloteichus SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Pseudonocardineae; Actinosynnemataceae; polyphasic taxonomy; Saccharothrix ID ET-AL 1984; COMB-NOV; SACCHAROTHRIX; MUTABILIS; NOCARDIA; PROPOSAL AB Phylogenetic analysis of the genera within the suborder Pseudonocardineae based on almost complete sequences of 16S rDNA showed that Saccharothrix cryophilis NRRL B-16238(T) was misplaced within the genus Saccharothrix. Saccharothrix cryophilis NRRL B-16238(T) appeared to be phylogenetically closest to Streptoalloteichus, but is morphologically distinct from this genus because sporangia with motile spores are not observed. The aerial mycelium fragments into rod-shaped elements and sclerotium-like bodies are observed occasionally in the substrate mycelium, The cell wall contains meso-diaminopimelic acid, whole-cell hydrolysates contain galactose, rhamnose and ribose, the phospholipid pattern is type PIV and the principal menaquinone is MK-9(H-4). A new genus to accommodate Saccharothrix cryophilis is proposed, Crossiella gen, nov., in recognition of the contributions of Thomas Cross, a distinguished actinomycete biologist at the University of Bradford. UK. The type species is Crossiella cryophila gen. nov., comb, nov. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Microbial Properties Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Labeda, DP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Microbial Properties Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 18 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AE, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1466-5026 J9 INT J SYST EVOL MICR JI Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 51 BP 1575 EP 1579 PN 4 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 454HE UT WOS:000169966500042 PM 11491360 ER PT J AU Stramer, BM Cook, JR Fini, ME Taylor, A Obin, M AF Stramer, BM Cook, JR Fini, ME Taylor, A Obin, M TI Induction of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway during the keratocyte transition to the repair fibroblast phenotype SO INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID KAPPA-B-ALPHA; PROGRAMMED CELL-DEATH; ERYTHROID-DIFFERENTIATION; CORNEAL FIBROBLASTS; DEPENDENT PATHWAY; ACTIVATING ENZYME; SKELETAL-MUSCLE; GENE-EXPRESSION; MESSENGER-RNA; FEEDBACK LOOP AB PURPOSE. To examine dynamics and function of the ubiquitin (Ub)-proteasome pathway (UPP) during corneal stromal cell acquisition of the repair fibroblast phenotype. METHODS. An established cell culture model was used in which freshly isolated rabbit corneal stromal cells acquire a repair fibroblast phenotype, thereby mimicking injury-induced stromal cell activation. RESULTS. Transition to the repair fibroblast phenotype during the 72 hours after initial plating was coincident with progressive UPP induction. Levels of Ub, Ub-conjugated proteins, ubiquitinylating enzymes E1 and E2-25K, and 26 S proteasome increased two- to fivefold in activated stromal cells. These increases were associated with enhanced (> 10-fold) capacity for Ub-dependent proteolysis of I-125-labeled H2A and with progressive (> 6-fold) increases in the UPP substrate, inhibitor of kappaB alpha (I kappaB alpha). Because I kappaB alpha expression is induced by nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, this finding suggests that rates of constitutive NF-KB activation, and thus I kappaB alpha degradation, are elevated in activated stromal cells. Both freshly isolated and activated stromal cells degraded I kappaB alpha in response to IL-1 alpha; yet, only activated stromal cells maintained autocrine IL-1 alpha expression after 24 hours. UPP induction was coincident with a more than 90% loss of tissue transketolase (TKT) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) class 1. TKT was stabilized during the repair phenotype transition by proteasome inhibition and was degraded (> 30%/h) by the UPP in cell-free assays. CONCLUSIONS. Coordinate induction of the UPP during stromal cell activation alters levels of I kappaB alpha and TKT, two UPP substrates that are implicated in the loss of tissue stasis and corneal clarity after injury. C1 Tufts Univ, JMUSDA, HNRCA, Vis Res Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Sackler Sch Grad Biomed Sci, Sch Med, New England Eye Ctr,Vis Res Labs, Medford, MA 02155 USA. RP Obin, M (reprint author), Tufts Univ, JMUSDA, HNRCA, Vis Res Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NEI NIH HHS [EY11703, EY09828, EY06722] NR 52 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSOC RESEARCH VISION OPHTHALMOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0146-0404 J9 INVEST OPHTH VIS SCI JI Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 42 IS 8 BP 1698 EP 1706 PG 9 WC Ophthalmology SC Ophthalmology GA 451JG UT WOS:000169798500007 PM 11431431 ER PT J AU Fukushima, RS Hatfield, RD AF Fukushima, RS Hatfield, RD TI Extraction and isolation of lignin for utilization as a standard to determine lignin concentration using the acetyl bromide spectrophotometric method SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE acetyl bromide lignin assay; forages; dioxane; lignin; spectrophotometric method ID ALKALINE NITROBENZENE OXIDATION; CARBOHYDRATE COMPLEXES; HERBACEOUS PLANTS; WHEAT INTERNODES; PHENOLIC-ACIDS; DDQ-OXIDATION; DIGESTIBILITY; POLYSACCHARIDES; MICROORGANISMS; DEGRADATION AB Lignin extracted with acidic dioxane was investigated as a possible standard for quantitatively determining lignin content in plant samples using the spectrophotometric method employing acetyl bromide. Acidic dioxane lignins were analyzed for carbohydrate, total protein, nitrobenzene oxidation products, and UV spectral characteristics. Total carbohydrate content of isolated lignins ranged from 2.21 to 5.70%, while protein ranged from 0.95 to 6.06% depending upon the plant source of the original cell wall sample. Nitrobenzene analysis indicated differences in the amount of guaiacyl and syringyl units making up the lignins, but this did not alter the UV spectrum of lignin solubilized in acetyl bromide. Regression equations developed for the acetyl bromide method using the isolated lignins for all the plant samples were similar to each other. Lignin values obtained by the acetyl bromide method were similar to the lignin values obtained as acid insoluble residues following a Klason lignin procedure. C1 Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Zootecnia & Engn Alimentos, BR-13630000 Pirassununga, SP, Brazil. USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Zootecnia & Engn Alimentos, Av Duque Caxias Norte 225, BR-13630000 Pirassununga, SP, Brazil. EM rsfukush@usp.br RI Fukushima, Romualdo/C-2821-2012 NR 48 TC 105 Z9 106 U1 12 U2 49 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 EI 1520-5118 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 49 IS 7 BP 3133 EP 3139 DI 10.1021/jf010449r PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 455TG UT WOS:000170043400001 PM 11453742 ER PT J AU Manthey, JA Grohmann, K AF Manthey, JA Grohmann, K TI Phenols in citrus peel byproducts. Concentrations of hydrogycinnamates and polymethoxylated flavones in citrus peel molasses SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE orange; grapefruit; lemon; tangerine; Rutaceae; flavonoid; hydroxycinnamic acid ID CAFFEIC ACID; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; FERULIC ACID; CARCINOGENESIS; INHIBITION; RADICALS AB In addition to the main flavanone glycosides (i.e., hesperidin and naringin) in citrus peel, polymethoxylated flavones and numerous hydroxycinnamates also occur and are major phenolic constituents of the molasses byproduct generated from fruit processing. Although a small number of the hydroxycinnamates in citrus occur as amides, most occur as esters and are susceptible to alkaline hydrolysis. This susceptibility to alkaline hydrolysis was used in measuring the concentrations of hydroxycinnamates in citrus peel molasses. The highest concentrations of hydroxycinnamates occurred in molasses of orange [C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck] and tangerine (C. reticulata Blanco.) compared to grapefruit (C. paradisi Macf.) and lemon [C. limon (L.) Burm.]. Concentrations of two phenolic glucosides, phlorin (phloroglucinol-beta -O-glucoside) and coniferin (coniferyl alcohol-4-beta -O-glucoside), were also measured. Measurements of the polymethoxylated flavones in molasses from several tangerine and orange varieties showed that these compounds occurred in the highest amounts in Dancy tangerine, whereas samples from two other tangerine molasses contained significantly lower levels, similar to those in the molasses samples from late- and early/mid-season oranges. C1 USDA ARS, US Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, S Atlantic Area, Winter Haven, FL 33881 USA. RP Manthey, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, S Atlantic Area, 600 Ave S NW, Winter Haven, FL 33881 USA. NR 28 TC 110 Z9 120 U1 2 U2 15 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 49 IS 7 BP 3268 EP 3273 DI 10.1021/jf010011r PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 455TG UT WOS:000170043400020 PM 11453761 ER PT J AU Mata-Sandoval, JC Karns, J Torrents, A AF Mata-Sandoval, JC Karns, J Torrents, A TI Influence of rhamnolipids and Triton X-100 on the biodegradation of three pesticides in aqueous phase and soil slurries SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE atrazine; trifluralin; coumaphos; biosurfactants; surfactants; biodegradation; Streptomyces; sorption; desorption; solubilization ID PSEUDOMONAS-AERUGINOSA UG2; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; NONIONIC SURFACTANT; MICROBIAL-DEGRADATION; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; MICELLAR PHASE; BIOAVAILABILITY; PHENANTHRENE; WATER; SORPTION AB The effect of surfactants on the biodegradation of trifluralin and atrazine (by Streptomyces PS1/5) and coumaphos (by degrading consortia from a contaminated cattle dip) in liquid cultures and soil slurries was tested at different concentrations of a rhamnolipid mixture (Rh-mix) and Triton X-100 (TX-100). The extent of trifluralin biodegradation in liquid culture was improved at high concentrations of both surfactants. The extent of atrazine degradation dropped in the presence of either surfactant. Coumaphos biodegradation improved slightly at Rh-mix dosages > 3000 muM; however, it was readily inhibited by TX-100 at amounts above the critical micelle concentration. In soil slurries, the extent of both trifluralin and atrazine biodegradation was higher in Hagerstown A (HTA) soil than in Hagerstown B (HTB) soil and was not significantly affected by the presence of either surfactant. The onset of trifluralin biodegradation was retarded at higher concentrations of surfactants. In the absence of surfactant, up to 98% of coumaphos in both soil slurries was transformed. At increasing dosages of Rh-mix, the onset of coumaphos biodegradation was retarded, but the removal efficiency of the pesticide increased. Rh-mix and TX-100 depletion was observed during Streptomyces PS1/5 growth in liquid cultures. Rh-mix concentration also decreased during coumaphos biodegradation, whereas TX-100 concentration was not affected. These results suggest that surfactants, added for the purpose of increasing the apparent water solubility of hydrophobic organic compounds, may have unintended effects on both the rate and extent of biodegradation of the target compounds if the surfactants can also be degraded by the microorganisms in the system. C1 USDA, Soil Microbial Syst Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Environm Engn Program, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Karns, J (reprint author), USDA, Soil Microbial Syst Lab, Room 140,Bldg 001,BARC W,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 38 TC 49 Z9 56 U1 5 U2 13 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 49 IS 7 BP 3296 EP 3303 DI 10.1021/jf001432w PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 455TG UT WOS:000170043400025 PM 11453766 ER PT J AU Takeoka, G Dao, L Wong, RY Lundin, R Mahoney, N AF Takeoka, G Dao, L Wong, RY Lundin, R Mahoney, N TI Identification of benzethonium chloride in commercial grapefruit seed extracts SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE benzethonium chloride; grapefruit seed extract; electrospray ionization mass spectrometry; PIXE analysis; antimicrobial activity ID UNSHELLED PEANUTS AB Commercial grapefruit seed extracts (GSE) were extracted with chloroform. The solvent was evaporated, and the resulting solid was subsequently analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and elemental analysis (by proton-induced X-ray emission [PIXE] analysis). The main constituent was identified as benzethonium chloride, a synthetic antimicrobial agent commonly used in cosmetics and other topical applications. This compound comprised 8.03% (n = 2) of the liquid GSE sample. Higher amounts of benzethonium chloride were found in powder GSE samples. C1 USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Takeoka, G (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 16 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 49 IS 7 BP 3316 EP 3320 DI 10.1021/jf010222w PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 455TG UT WOS:000170043400028 PM 11453769 ER PT J AU Wilde, PE AF Wilde, PE TI The food stamp benefit formula: Implications for empirical research on food demand SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND RESOURCE ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE food spending; Food Stamp Program; multicollinearity AB To understand how food stamps affect food spending, nonexperimental research typically requires some source of independent variation in food stamp benefits. Three promising sources are examined: (a) variation in household size, (b) variation in deductions from gross income, and (c) receipt of minimum or maximum food stamp benefits. Based on results of a linear regression model with nationally representative data, 90% of the total variation in food stamp benefits is explained by gross cash income and household size variables alone. This finding raises concern about popular regression approaches to studying the Food Stamp Program. C1 USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Wilde, PE (reprint author), USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RI Wilde, Parke/B-6011-2009 OI Wilde, Parke/0000-0002-9596-9230 NR 16 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU WESTERN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI LOGAN PA C/O E BRUCE GODFREY, UTAH STATE UNIV, ECONOMICS DEPT, LOGAN, UT 84322-3530 USA SN 0162-1912 J9 J AGR RESOUR ECON JI J. Agric. Resour. Econ. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 26 IS 1 BP 75 EP 90 PG 16 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 462QG UT WOS:000170430800005 ER PT J AU Sheldon, IM Pick, DH McCorriston, S AF Sheldon, IM Pick, DH McCorriston, S TI Export subsidies and profit-shifting in vertical markets SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND RESOURCE ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE export subsidies; profit-shifting; vertical markets ID TRADE-POLICY; OLIGOPOLY; FORECLOSURE; INDUSTRIES AB This study examines the interaction between export subsidies and profit-shifting in a vertical production system consisting of agricultural commodity production, and intermediate and final good processing, where the latter two stages may be characterized by imperfect competition. Using a model with general functional forms for demand, comparative statics indicate that an export subsidy to an unprocessed agricultural commodity, under certain circumstances, can have greater profit-shifting effects at the final processing stage compared to an export subsidy targeted at the final processed good. C1 Ohio State Univ, Dept Agr Environm & Dev Econ, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. USDA, Econ Res Serv, Special Crops Branch, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Univ Exeter, Sch Business & Econ, Dept Econ, Exeter EX4 4QJ, Devon, England. RP Sheldon, IM (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Dept Agr Environm & Dev Econ, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. NR 31 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU WESTERN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI LOGAN PA C/O E BRUCE GODFREY, UTAH STATE UNIV, ECONOMICS DEPT, LOGAN, UT 84322-3530 USA SN 0162-1912 J9 J AGR RESOUR ECON JI J. Agric. Resour. Econ. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 26 IS 1 BP 125 EP 141 PG 17 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 462QG UT WOS:000170430800008 ER PT J AU Hurley, TM Babcock, BA Hellmich, RL AF Hurley, TM Babcock, BA Hellmich, RL TI Bt corn and insect resistance: An economic assessment of refuges SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND RESOURCE ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE biotechnology; corn; European corn borer; genetically modified organisms; high-dose refuge; resistance management; transgenic crops ID DIAMONDBACK MOTH LEPIDOPTERA; BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS; PLUTELLA-XYLOSTELLA; INHERITANCE; DYNAMICS; POPULATION; ADAPTATION; STABILITY; PYRALIDAE; MAIZE AB Genetically engineered crops offer farmers a new option for controlling pests. The high efficacy of these pesticidal crops, combined with the potential for widespread adoption, has raised concerns that pest resistance may prematurely diminish their value. In response to these concerns, the Environmental Protection Agency requires resistance management plans. Current resistance management plans rely on a high-dose refuge strategy. This analysis extends the current framework for evaluating high-dose refuge strategies to include a measure of agricultural productivity and conventional pesticide use. The economic tradeoff relative to agricultural productivity, conventional pesticide use, and pest resistance is assessed when Bt corn is planted to control the European corn borer. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Appl Econ, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Econ, Ames, IA USA. Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Entomol, Corn Insects & Crop Genet Res Unit, Ames, IA USA. RP Hurley, TM (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Appl Econ, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. OI Hurley, Terrance/0000-0003-2135-7570 NR 22 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 5 PU WESTERN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI LOGAN PA C/O E BRUCE GODFREY, UTAH STATE UNIV, ECONOMICS DEPT, LOGAN, UT 84322-3530 USA SN 0162-1912 J9 J AGR RESOUR ECON JI J. Agric. Resour. Econ. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 26 IS 1 BP 176 EP 194 PG 19 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 462QG UT WOS:000170430800011 ER PT J AU Hardee, DD Adams, LC Solomon, WL Sumerford, DV AF Hardee, DD Adams, LC Solomon, WL Sumerford, DV TI Tolerance to Cry1Ac in populations of Helicoverpa zea and Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae): Three-year summary SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND URBAN ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Helicoverpa zea; Heliothis virescens; Bacillus thuringiensis; resistance monitoring; Cry1Ac; transgenic cotton ID BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS TOXINS; IN-FIELD POPULATIONS; RESISTANCE; SELECTION; SUSCEPTIBILITY; FREQUENCY; ENDOTOXIN; ALLELES; LARVAE; GENE AB Field populations of Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) and Heliothis virescens F. from the eastern one-half of the United States cotton belt were monitored from 1996 to 1998 for tolerance to the Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Cry1Ac. Spray chamber analyses of H. zea from the Mississippi Delta revealed a slight decrease in susceptibility to Cry1Ac during the 3-year period. Areas producing the greatest change in tolerance to Cry1Ac had a greater percentage of their acreage planted in Bt cotton. In general, tolerances of H. virescens populations did not change, with the single exception being the third generation of H. virescens collected from the Mississippi Delta. The small changes in tolerance in H. zea reported herein suggested that even though populations were slightly more tolerant of Cry1Ac, they were not at a level to cause control failures in the field. C1 USDA ARS, So Insect Management Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Hardee, DD (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Insect Management Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 18 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOUTH CAROLINA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI CLEMSON PA PO BOX 582, CLEMSON, SC 29633 USA SN 1523-5475 J9 J AGR URBAN ENTOMOL JI J. Agr. Urban Entomol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 18 IS 3 BP 187 EP 197 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 584NH UT WOS:000177473300006 ER PT J AU Olness, A Palmquist, D Rinke, J AF Olness, A Palmquist, D Rinke, J TI Ionic ratios and crop performance: II. Effects of interactions amongst vanadium, phosphorus, magnesium and calcium on soybean yield SO JOURNAL OF AGRONOMY AND CROP SCIENCE-ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ACKER UND PFLANZENBAU LA English DT Article DE calcium; Glycine max; magnesium soybean; phosphorus; resin-extraction; vanadium ID VANADATE; PHOSPHATE AB Because vanadium (V) is easily reduced to a cationic, form within plant cells, data from resin-extraction of soil were analysed for evidence of interactions between V and the resin-extractable concentrations of magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) on soybean seed yield, Three varieties, 9091, 9061 and 704, were grown over a 3-year period in a corn-soybean-wheat rotation. Surface soil samples (0-15 cm) were extracted with ion-exchange resins, extracts were analysed by inductively coupled plasma methods (ICP), and the results were regressed against seed yield using SAS PROC STEPWISE analysis using forward selection, backward elimination and maximum R-2 routines. The seed yield of each variety showed a correlation with a unique set of resin-extractable concentrations of V, phosphorus (P), Mg and Ca, and the V:(V + P), Mg:(Mg + Ca), Mg:(Mg + 1000 V) and Ca:(Ca + 1000 V) ratios. Variety 9091 was most sensitive to the Mg:(Mg + Ca) ratio. Variety 9061 was most sensitive to extractable V and to the V:(V + P) ratio. Variety 704 was sensitive to extractable P, V and Ca and the Mg:(Mg + 1000 V) ratio. For variety 9091, Mg fertilization (not currently practised) may be an economical practice, whereas P fertilization of 704 may not be economical. Each regression technique varied slightly in identification of important factors in seed yield. Concentrations and ratios of resin-extractable elements in soil provide insights into optimal genotype selection and possible management alternatives for a given soil. C1 USDA ARS MWA, N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, Morris, MN 56267 USA. Univ Minnesota, Agr Expt Stn, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Olness, A (reprint author), USDA ARS MWA, N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, 803 Iowa Ave, Morris, MN 56267 USA. NR 11 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0931-2250 J9 J AGRON CROP SCI JI J. Agron. Crop Sci.-Z. Acker Pflanzenbau PD JUL PY 2001 VL 187 IS 1 BP 47 EP 52 DI 10.1046/j.1439-037X.2001.00499.x PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 478MB UT WOS:000171349000007 ER PT J AU Brown, MA Brown, AH Jackson, WG Miesner, JR AF Brown, MA Brown, AH Jackson, WG Miesner, JR TI Genotype x environment interactions in milk yield and quality in Angus, Brahman, and reciprocal-cross cows on different forage systems SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Angus; Brahman; cattle; crossbreeding; forage; genotype x environment ID GRAZING COMMON BERMUDAGRASS; INFECTED TALL FESCUE; HEREFORD; CATTLE; GROWTH AB Milk yield and quality were observed on 93 Angus, Brahman, and reciprocal-cross cows over 3 yr to evaluate the interactions of direct and maternal breed effects and heterosis with forage environment. Forage environments were common bermudagrass (BG), endophyte-infected tall fescue (E+), and a rotational system (ROT) of both forages, in which each forage (BCT or E+) was grazed during its appropriate season, usually June through October for BG and November through May for E+. Milk yield was estimated each of 6 mo (April through September) via milking machine and converted to a 24-h basis. Milk fat, milk protein, and somatic cell count were analyzed by a commercial laboratory. Heterosis for milk yield was similar among forages, averaging 2.4 kg (P < 0.01). Expressed as percentages of purebred means, heterosis for milk yield was largest on E+ (52.8%), intermediate on ROT (39.3%), and smallest on BG (23.7%). Direct breed effects for milk yield favored Brahman, and they were similar among forages but tended to be larger for E+ (2.5 kg) and ROT (2.8 kg) than for BG (1.3 kg). Direct breed effects for milk fat favored Brahman and were similar among forages but tended to be larger for E+ (1.0%) and ROT (1.0%) than for BG (0.6%). Purebred cows exceeded crossbreds in milk protein by 0.1% on ROT (P < 0.10). Crossbred cows had lower somatic cell counts than purebreds on BG (P < 0.05), E+ (P < 0.01), or ROT (P > 0.30). Heterosis for somatic cell counts as percentages of purebred means was similar for BG (-68.3%) and E+ (-68.9%) and less favorable for ROT (-31.6%). Maternal breed effects for somatic cell count favored Angus on ROT (P < 0.10) with a similar nonsignificant trend on BG and E+. Direct breed effects for somatic cell count favored Brahman on ROT (P < 0.10) with similar nonsignificant trends on BG and E+. These results suggested that a rotation of cows from E+ to BG in the summer can partially alleviate negative effects of E+ on milk yield. Conclusions also indicated an advantage to crossbred cows in somatic cell count and provided evidence of both direct and maternal breed effects for this trait. The results also suggested that direct breed effects for milk yield, milk fat, and somatic cell count and heterosis for milk yield and somatic cell count las percentages of purebred means) tended to vary with forage environment, indicating a potential for genotype x environment interaction for these traits. C1 USDA ARS, Grazinglands Res Lab, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. Univ Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. USDA ARS, Dale Bumpers Small Farms Res Ctr, Booneville, AR 72927 USA. RP Brown, MA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grazinglands Res Lab, 7207 W Cheyenne, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. NR 13 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 79 IS 7 BP 1643 EP 1649 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 452FX UT WOS:000169848100001 PM 11465349 ER PT J AU Coleman, SW Phillips, WA Volesky, JD Buchanan, D AF Coleman, SW Phillips, WA Volesky, JD Buchanan, D TI A comparison of native tallgrass prairie and plains bluestem forage systems for cow-calf production in the Southern Great Plains SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Bothriochloa ischaemum; cattle; protein supplements; rangelands; wheat ID 9 BREEDS; CATTLE; PERFORMANCE; LACTATION; RANGELAND; HEREFORD; SEASON; STEERS; ENERGY AB The objective of this study was to compare an introduced warm-season perennial grass (plains bluestem, Bothriochloa ischaemum) to native tallgrass prairie for cow-calf production. Three systems were used, two based on tallgrass prairie with two different forms of protein supplementation and one based on plains bluestem as the primary forage. The systems were as follows: 1) native tallgrass prairie with pelleted oilseed meal as the winter protein supplement (native-control); 2) native tallgrass prairie with limited access to wheat pasture as the winter protein supplement (native-wheat); and 3) plains bluestem with limited access to wheat pasture as the protein supplement (bluestem-wheat). Oilseed meal protein supplements were fed twice weekly. Cows grazing wheat pasture were allowed 6 h of grazing twice weekly. Ninety-nine cows per year were used over the 3-yr study. Cows were sired by either Charolais, Gelbvieh, Angus, or Hereford bulls out of commercial Angus-Hereford dams. Calves were sired by Simmental bulls. Calving and weaning rate increased over time but did not differ among systems or breed types. System did not influence the size or body condition score of cows or the performance of calves, but changes in the weight and condition scores of cows were greater on either native system than on the bluestem-wheat system. Cows from Charolais and Gelbvieh bulls were taller (P < 0.05), and heavier (P < 0.05), and weaned heavier (P < 0.05) calves than cows from Angus or Hereford bulls. The weight of cows on the bluestem-wheat system tended to decrease over time, whereas cows grazing on the native systems tended to gain weight over time. The native-control system was the most profitable system based on cow production. If excess hay produced from the bluestem-wheat system was sold as a cash crop, then this system was the most profitable. In general, we conclude that limit-grazing wheat pasture is a viable alternative to oilseed meal as protein supplement for wintering dry cows. Although the bluestem system had 2.5 times the carrying capacity of the native prairie systems, increased productivity was offset by increased production costs. All systems were equal on a cow basis for providing nutrients for the cow-calf production system. C1 USDA ARS, Subtrop Agr Res Stn, Brooksville, FL 34601 USA. USDA ARS, GRL, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Stillwater, OK 74074 USA. RP Coleman, SW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Subtrop Agr Res Stn, 22271 Chinsegut Hill Rd, Brooksville, FL 34601 USA. NR 22 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 79 IS 7 BP 1697 EP 1705 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 452FX UT WOS:000169848100008 PM 11465356 ER PT J AU MacNeil, MD Short, RE Grings, EE AF MacNeil, MD Short, RE Grings, EE TI Characterization of topcross progenies from Hereford, Limousin, and Piedmontese sires SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef cattle; breed differences; carcass composition; growth; puberty ID RESTRICTED MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD; BEEF-CATTLE; COMPOSITE POPULATIONS; ADVANCED GENERATIONS; VARIANCE-COMPONENTS; ANIMAL-MODELS; BREED; TRAITS; PUBERTY; HEIFERS AB Breeds of larger mature size tend to grow more rapidly and be older when attaining a given level of fatness. Hereford, Limousin, and Piedmontese are of approximately equal mature size and yet may vary in body composition at a given degree of maturity. However, direct comparisons among these three breeds were not found. Therefore, the objective of this research was to compare Hereford, Limousin, and Piedmontese progenies for economically important traits. Crossbred cows were bred to Hereford (n = 23), Limousin (n = 24), or Piedmontese (n = 24) sires. Male calves were either left intact or castrated at approximately 2 mo of age. Calves remained with their dams until weaning at an average age of 179 d. Male calves were then individually fed a growing ration until they reached 386 kg and then fed a finishing ration either 90 or 132 d. They were then slaughtered at a commercial abattoir and carcass data were collected, Female calves were group-fed and used to examine nutritional effects on age at puberty. Data were analyzed using REML and linear contrasts among the breed-of-sire effects evaluated. Hereford-sired calves had shorter gestation periods and weighed less at birth than either Limousin- or Piedmontese-sired calves. Calving difficulty of Hereford- and Limousin-sired calves was less than that of Piedmontese-sired calves. Limousin-sired calves tended to grow more rapidly than Hereford-sired calves. By the finishing phase, Limousin- and Hereford-sired calves had greater average daily gains than Piedmontese-sired calves. Differences in dry matter intake among breeds of sire were relatively small. Differences in carcass weight, longissimus muscle area, fat depth, and percentage kidney, pelvic, and heart fat resulted in a clear stratification of USDA yield grade between breeds of sire. Differences in percentage primal cuts were similar to those for USDA yield grade. Hereford-sired calves had more marbling than progeny of Limousin or Piedmontese sires. However, the force necessary to shear cores from steaks of Piedmontese-sired calves was less than for progeny of Limousin or Hereford sires. Hereford- and Piedmontese-sired heifers were younger at puberty than Limousin-sired heifers. Within breeds of similar mature size and growth rate, ample variation exists in age at puberty and body composition at an approximately equal degree of maturity. C1 USDA ARS, Ft Keogh Livestock & Range Res Lab, Miles City, MT 59301 USA. RP MacNeil, MD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ft Keogh Livestock & Range Res Lab, Rt 1,Box 2021, Miles City, MT 59301 USA. RI MacNeil, Michael/A-6772-2009 NR 24 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 79 IS 7 BP 1751 EP 1756 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 452FX UT WOS:000169848100014 PM 11465362 ER PT J AU Mitchell, AD Scholz, AM Wang, PC Song, H AF Mitchell, AD Scholz, AM Wang, PC Song, H TI Body composition analysis of the pig by magnetic resonance imaging SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE body composition; magnetic resonance imaging; pigs ID IN-VIVO DETERMINATION; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; COMPUTERIZED-TOMOGRAPHY; FAT-CONTENT; TRUE WATER; SPECTROSCOPY; MUSCLE; IMAGES; INVIVO; MASS AB Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) was used to measure, in vivo, the volume of several organs and tissues of a total of 111 pigs (males and females) ranging in BW from 6.1 to 97.2 kg. In one experiment the in vivo MRI volumes were compared to tissue or organ weights obtained by dissection. For internal organs, the correlation (R-2) between MRI volume and dissected weight ranged from 0.64 (SE of estimation = 65 g) for the heart to 0.90 (SE of estimation = 125 g) for the liver, The MRI volume Of the kidneys was approximately 10% less than: the dissected weight, whereas the MRI volumes of the heart, liver, and brain exceeded the weights of dissected organs by 13, 17, and 26%, respectively. For fat and muscle tissues, the correlation between MRI volume and dissected weight ranged from 0.82 (psoas muscle) to 0.97 (total right ham muscles). The MRI volume of the backfat and shoulder muscles-exceeded the dissected weights by approximately 2%, whereas the MRI volumes of the ham muscles, jowl fat, longissimus muscle, and psoas muscle were 2, 8, 18 and 20% less than their respective weights. In another series of experiments, MRI volume: measurements of fat and muscle regions (jowl fat, backfat, shoulder muscles, LD muscles, psoas muscles, ham muscles, a 10-cm section of the longissimus muscles,and overlying fat, and a 15-cm section of the ham muscles and overlying fat) were evaluated by stepwise,regression for the prediction of total body fat, lean, and protein. The best prediction of percentage total body fat was obtained using the fat volume from the 10-cm section of longissimus muscle and the fat:muscle ratio from the 15-cm section of the ham (R-2 = 0.9). The best prediction of percentage total body protein was obtained using a combination of the volumes (as a percentage of BW) of jowl fat, backfat, shoulder muscle, and ham muscle (R2 = 0.62). The combination fat volume from the 10-cm section of longissimus muscle, the fat:muscle ratio from the 15-cm section of the ham, and the lean volume percentage from the 15-cm section of ham provided the best prediction of the percentage of total body lean (R-2 = 0.88). C1 USDA ARS, BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Munich, D-85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany. Howard Univ, Washington, DC 20007 USA. RP Mitchell, AD (reprint author), USDA ARS, BARC E, Bldg 200,Rm 205, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. OI Scholz, Armin Manfred/0000-0001-7075-0067 NR 44 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 79 IS 7 BP 1800 EP 1813 PG 14 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 452FX UT WOS:000169848100019 PM 11465367 ER PT J AU Ford, JJ Zimmerman, DR Wise, TH Leymaster, KA Christenson, RK AF Ford, JJ Zimmerman, DR Wise, TH Leymaster, KA Christenson, RK TI Increased plasma follicle-stimulating hormone concentrations in prepubertal gilts from lines selected for increased number of corpora lutea SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE FSH; ovulation; selection; ovarian development ID PORCINE GRANULOSA-CELLS; LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; OVULATION RATE; LITTER SIZE; PERIOVULATORY PERIOD; METABOLIC-CLEARANCE; SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT; FSH; GROWTH; PUBERTY AB Plasma follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) was evaluated in gilts from two studies in which ovulation rate was increased through direct selection for number of corpora lutea (CL) to determine whether selection for ovulation rate affected FSH secretion during prepubertal development. In the first study, 76 control and 110 selected gilts of University of Nebraska gene pool lines were bled twice during prepubertal development. Plasma FSH concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) at 53 (13.5%) and 75 (21.3%) d of age in selected than in control gilts. In the second study, 254 control gilts, 261 gilts from a line selected for ovulation rate, and 256 gilts from a line selected for uterine capacity were bled at three prepubertal ages. Plasma FSH was greater (P < 0.05), relative to controls, on d 34 (> 24%), 55 (> 13%), and 85 (> 10%) in White Composite gilts selected for either increased ovulation rate or for greater uterine capacity. Unilateral ovariectomy and hysterectomy were performed at 160 d of age on random gilts in these three lines (n = 377); weights of these organs were evaluated to determine whether selection affected their development. Ovarian and uterine weights were less (P < 0.01) in the control than in the ovulation rate line. Subsequently, ovulation rate was determined during pregnancy (n 130 gilts/line). Controls had fewer (P < 0.01) CL (14.6) than gilts of the ovulation rate line (17.7) but numbers similar (P 0.10) to those of gilts of the uterine capacity line (14.7). Within each line, plasma FSH only on d 85 correlated positively with subsequent ovulation rate (P < 0.03, 0.001, and 0.08; r = 0.17, 0.30, and 0.15 for control, ovulation rate, and uterine capacity lines, respectively). Ovarian weight at 160 d of age also correlated with subsequent ovulation rate (P < 0.03 and 0.001; r = 0.23 and 0.38) in control and ovulation rate gilts but not in uterine capacity gilts (P > 0.10; r = 0.11). Gilts selected for increased number of CL, in two independent studies, had greater concentrations of FSH during prepubertal development than respective controls. The modest but significant, positive association of FSH at 85 d of age with subsequent ovulation rate provides additional support for using plasma FSH in prepubertal gilts to indirectly select for ovulation rate. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Ford, JJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166,State Spur 18D, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 40 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 79 IS 7 BP 1877 EP 1882 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 452FX UT WOS:000169848100028 PM 11465376 ER PT J AU Archibeque, SL Burns, JC Huntington, GB AF Archibeque, SL Burns, JC Huntington, GB TI Urea flux in beef steers: Effects of forage species and nitrogen fertilization SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef steers; gamagrass; switchgrass; urea kinetics ID PROTEIN LEVEL; DIETS; METABOLISM; KINETICS; FIBER; SHEEP; QUALITY; CATTLE; LAMBS AB The effects of two forage species and N levels on urea kinetics and whole-body N metabolism were evaluated in eight Angus steers (initial BW 217 +/- 15 kg). In a replicated, 4 x 4 Latin square design, steers were fed gamagrass (Tripsacum dactyloides L.) or switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), each of which had 56.2 (LO) or 168.5 (HI) kg of N fertilization per hectare. Diets provided adequate energy for 0.5 kg ADG. Nitrogen balance and urea kinetics were measured from d 22 to 27 of each period. Urine samples collected during intravenous infusion of bis N-15 urea were used to calculate production and recycling of urea N from relative abundance of urea isotopomers. Jugular blood serum was analyzed for serum urea N (SUN). Gamagrass differed from switchgrass (P < 0.05) in daily DMI (4,273 vs 4,185 g), N intake (72 vs 67 g), DM digestibility (61.0 vs 63.6%), fecal N (30.6 vs 28.3 g/d), urine urea N (10.5 vs 8.0 g/d), and percentage of urinary N present as urea N (53.5 vs 40.0%). After adjustment for differences in N intake, fecal N still tended to be greater (P < 0.09) for gamagrass than for switchgrass. The LO differed from the HI (P < 0.01) in daily N intake (63 vs 76 g), DM digestibility (61.3 vs 63.3%), urine N (13.6 vs 25.9 g/d), and N retained as a;percentage of N digested (57.3 vs 43.5%). Compared to switchgrass, gamagrass had greater SUN, N digestibility, and N digested as N level increased (forage x N level interactions, P < 0.05). As N level increased, N retention increased from 19.5 to 23.5 g/d in gamagrass and decreased from 20.5 to 18.1 g/d in switchgrass (interaction, P < 0.07). The HI group was greater than the LO intake group (P < 0.03) in endogenous production of urea N (44.4 vs 34.0 g/d), gut entry rate of urea N (31.6 vs 28.2 g/d), and the amount of urea N that re-entered the ornithine cycle (9.4 vs 7.9 g/d). However, the percentage of urea N entering the gastrointestinal tract that was recycled was constant among treatments (29.1%), indicating that almost 70% of the urea N that entered the gastrointestinal tract was potentially available for anabolic purposes of the steers as a component of microbial products that were absorbed or excreted in the feces. In summary, N levels affected N metabolism of steers more when they were fed gamagrass than when they were fed switchgrass. Although the absolute amounts of N moving through the system changed with variations in intake, the proportions remained similar, with a greater efficiency of N use at low N intakes. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Interdept Nutr Program, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Huntington, GB (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Box 7621, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 21 TC 50 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 79 IS 7 BP 1937 EP 1943 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 452FX UT WOS:000169848100034 PM 11465382 ER PT J AU Duvall, RJ Anderson, LWJ AF Duvall, RJ Anderson, LWJ TI Laboratory and greenhouse studies of microbial products used to biologically control algae SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC PLANT MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE algae; bacteria; biological control; lake management ID BACTERIA; PHYTOPLANKTON; LAKE AB Outdoor, greenhouse and laboratory studies were conducted in 1997 and 1998 to evaluate the efficacy of several commercially available blends of bacterial inocula, often called microbial products, used to biologically control algae in lakes and ponds. Results were similar among outdoor plastic barrels treated with the microbial products Aqua-5(TM), a 1997 formulation of LakePak(TM) WSP(R), Algae-Tron(TM), Biorestoration Formula-2(TM), Clear Pond(TM) and non-treated controls. However, barrels treated with Hydrothol 191(TM) showed dramatic and highly significant (P < 0.0001) reductions of chlorophyll a concentrations relative to the non-treated controls. Results from a greenhouse study also did not suggest that microbial products are efficacious as biological control for algae. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Grad Grp Ecol, Dept Environm Sci & Policy, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, USDA ARS, Exot & Invas Weed Res Lab, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Duvall, RJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Grad Grp Ecol, Dept Environm Sci & Policy, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 13 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AQUATIC PLANT MANAGEMENT SOC, INC PI LEHIGH ACRES PA PO BOX 1477, LEHIGH ACRES, FL 33970 USA SN 0146-6623 J9 J AQUAT PLANT MANAGE JI J. Aquat. Plant Manage. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 39 BP 95 EP 98 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 556RY UT WOS:000175863800001 ER PT J AU Duvall, RJ Anderson, LWJ Goldman, CR AF Duvall, RJ Anderson, LWJ Goldman, CR TI Pond enclosure evaluations of microbial products and chemical algicides used in lake management SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC PLANT MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE algae control; bacteria; bacterioplankton; bacterial augmentation; biological control; phytoplankton; zooplankton ID BACTERIAL AUGMENTATION; PHYTOPLANKTON; MICROORGANISMS; LIMITATION; NUTRIENTS; GROWTH; RATES AB In the fall of 1998 and the spring of 1999, pond enclosure studies were conducted to quantify the effects of the commercially available bacterial inocula Aqua-5(TM), BactaPur(TM), a 1998 formulation of LakePak(TM) WSP(R) and the algicides copper sulfate and diquat on phytoplankton, macroalgae, submersed macrophytes, zooplankton, bacterioplankton and sediment bacteria. One day after treatment, bacterioplankton numbers in the enclosures treated with the microbial product, Aqua-5(TM) were significantly augmented relative to the non-treated control, 9,300 and 2,200 cells ml(-1), respectively. Three days after treatment, bacterioplankton numbers increased in the diquat treatments to 78,000 cells ml(-1) and submersed macrophytes appeared necrotic and showed signs of decomposition. Copper sulfate and diquat treatments significantly affected phytoplankton, macroalgae, submersed macrophytes and zooplankton, but applications of the microbial products Aqua-5(TM), BactaPur(TM), LakePak(TM) WSP(R) at recommended rates did not significantly affect those water quality variables. Sediment bacteria were not significantly affected by any of the treatments. Under these experimental conditions, bacterial augmentation with the products Aqua-5(TM), BactaPur(TM) and LakePak(TM) WSP(R) did not significantly reduce planktonic algae growth. These results provide no indication that inoculations of lakes and ponds with commercial preparations of the bacteria tested reduce algal growth. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Grad Grp Ecol, Dept Environm Sci & Policy, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, USDA ARS, Exot & Invas Weed Res Lab, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Duvall, RJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Grad Grp Ecol, Dept Environm Sci & Policy, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 35 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU AQUATIC PLANT MANAGEMENT SOC, INC PI LEHIGH ACRES PA PO BOX 1477, LEHIGH ACRES, FL 33970 USA SN 0146-6623 J9 J AQUAT PLANT MANAGE JI J. Aquat. Plant Manage. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 39 BP 99 EP 106 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 556RY UT WOS:000175863800002 ER PT J AU Yuan, WM Gentil, GD Budde, AD Leong, SA AF Yuan, WM Gentil, GD Budde, AD Leong, SA TI Characterization of the Ustilago maydis sid2 gene, encoding a multidomain peptide synthetase in the ferrichrome biosynthetic gene cluster SO JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PENICILLIN BIOSYNTHESIS; ASPERGILLUS-QUADRICINCTUS; SIDEROPHORE BIOSYNTHESIS; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; ADENYLATION DOMAINS; IRON; NIDULANS; CLONING; URBS1; PURIFICATION AB Ustilago maydis, the causal agent of corn smut disease, acquires and transports ferric ion by producing the extracellular, cyclic peptide, hydroxamate siderophores ferrichrome and ferrichrome A. Ferrichrome biosynthesis likely proceeds by hydroxylation and acetylation of L-ornithine, and later steps likely involve covalently bound thioester intermediates on a multimodular, nonribosomal peptide synthetase. sid1 encodes L-ornithine Ns-oxygenase, which catalyzes hydroxylation of L-ornithine, the first committed step of ferrichrome and ferrichrome A biosynthesis in U. maydis, In this report we characterize sid2, another biosynthetic gene in the pathway, by gene complementation, gene replacement, DNA sequence, and Northern hybridization analysis. Nucleotide sequencing has revealed that sid2 is located 3.7 kb upstream of sid1 and encodes an intronless polypeptide of 3,947 amino acids with three iterated modules of an approximate length of 1,000 amino acids each. Multiple motifs characteristic of the nonribosomal peptide synthetase protein family were identified in each module. A corresponding iron-regulated sid2 transcript of 11 kb was detected by Northern hybridization analysis. By contrast, constitutive accumulation of this large transcript was observed in a mutant carrying a disruption of urbs1, a zinc finger, GATA family transcription factor previously shown to regulate siderophore biosynthesis in Ustilago, Multiple GATA motifs are present in the intergenic region between sid1 and sid2, suggesting bidirectional transcription regulation by urbs1 of this pathway. Indeed, mutation of two of these motifs, known to be important to regulation of sid1, altered the differential regulation of sid2 by iron. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Plant Pathol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. USDA ARS, Plant Dis Resistance Res Unit, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Leong, SA (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Plant Pathol, 1630 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Leong, Sally /I-8550-2012 FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM33716] NR 42 TC 64 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0021-9193 J9 J BACTERIOL JI J. Bacteriol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 183 IS 13 BP 4040 EP 4051 DI 10.1128/JB.183.13.4040-4051.2001 PG 12 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 442DH UT WOS:000169269600027 PM 11395469 ER PT J AU Jojola-Elverum, SM Shivik, JA Clark, L AF Jojola-Elverum, SM Shivik, JA Clark, L TI Importance of bacterial decomposition and carrion substrate to foraging brown treesnakes SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bacteria; bait; Boiga irregularis; brown treesnake; carcass; carrion; decomposition; Enterobacter agglomerans; lure; odor; rot ID SNAKE BOIGA-IRREGULARIS; TREE SNAKES; GUAM; CUES AB Brown treesnakes are an invasive species to the island of Guam that have caused extensive ecological and economic damage. Efforts to control the snake population have included trapping using live mouse lures, but for logistical and economic reasons a synthetic lure is needed. When searching for live food, brown treesnakes use both visual and odor cues. However, when searching for carrion, odor cues are sufficient. Attempts to develop synthetic lures based on chemical reconstruction of the complex carrion odor have not succeeded. We provide evidence that a microbial-substrate interaction is important for bait take by brown treesnakes. Microbial cultures taken from mouse carrion indicate that Enterobacter agglomerans is the predominant bacterium, and field tests suggest that this organism may be important to odor production that attracts brown treesnakes. This information may prove useful in the development of microbial-based biological reactors that could be formulated to produce a continuous stream of odor of sufficient complexity so as to be attractive to foraging snakes. C1 Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Clark, L (reprint author), Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 26 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 27 IS 7 BP 1315 EP 1331 DI 10.1023/A:1010357024140 PG 17 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 457BF UT WOS:000170116700002 PM 11504030 ER PT J AU Hammack, L AF Hammack, L TI Single and blended maize volatiles as attractants for diabroticite corn rootworm beetles SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Coleoptera; Chrysomelidae; Diabrotica virgifera virgifera; Diabrotica barberi; Zea mays; maize volatiles; host plant attractant; kairomone; synergy ID VIRGIFERA-VIRGIFERA COLEOPTERA; CHRYSOMELIDAE POPULATIONS; NORTHERN; CUCURBITA; IDENTIFICATION; MANAGEMENT; EMERGENCE; BEHAVIOR; ECOLOGY AB Synthetic maize volatiles and analogs dispensed singly and blended were tested for attractiveness to western (WCR, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) and northern com rootworm beetles (NCR, D. barberi) in maize fields, Newly identified attractants; included syn-benzaldoxime, especially for NCR, and beta -caryophyllene for WCR females. (+/-)-Linalool was more effective than was (-)-linalool. Myrcene, (+)-beta -pinene, and (-)-beta -pinene were unattractive. Adding methyl salicylate to (+/-)-linalool, (+)-alpha -terpincol, or beta -ionone appeared to synergistically increase capture of WCR females, but dispensing the terpenes in binary blends did not. Dose-response data for methyl salicylate, (+/-)-linalool, and a blend of both compounds confirmed the synergy. beta -Caryophyllene, but not (-)-alpha -pinene, added to the latter blend produced a further synergistic increase in WCR female capture that did not vary with sesquiterpene dose from 1.0 to 100 mg. Indole addition to the same blend caused an increase in WCR female captures indicative of synergy, assuming that each did not individually lure different segments of the WCR female population. The green leaf volatiles (Z)-3-hexenyt acetate and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol were unattractive alone and had no influence on efficacy of traps baited with 3.3 mg each of (+/-)-linalool. methyl salicylate, and beta -caryophyllene. The latter mixture captured about half as many WCR females as did 10 mg of 4-methoxycinnamaldehyde, a potent WCR attractant standard. Substituting beta -ionone for (+/-)-linalool yielded a ternary blend that captured more beetles than did the aldehyde and was unaffected by aldchyde addition. Olive oil, which has been used to sustain attractant volatilization. did not affect captures. The results show that the blending of maize volatiles has the potential to greatly improve efficacy of lures having promising applications in corn rootworm population management. C1 ARS, USDA, No Grain Insects Res Lab, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. RP Hammack, L (reprint author), ARS, USDA, No Grain Insects Res Lab, 2923 Medary Ave, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. NR 44 TC 34 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 24 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 27 IS 7 BP 1373 EP 1390 DI 10.1023/A:1010365225957 PG 18 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 457BF UT WOS:000170116700006 PM 11504034 ER PT J AU Nelson, LJ Cool, LG Forschler, BT Haverty, MI AF Nelson, LJ Cool, LG Forschler, BT Haverty, MI TI Correspondence of soldier defense secretion mixtures with cuticular hydrocarbon phenotypes for chemotaxonomy of the termite genus Reticulitermes in North America SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Reticulitermes; Isoptera; Rhinotermitidae; subterranean termites; monoterpenes; sesquiterpenes; diterpenes; geranyl linalool; soldier defense secretions; cuticular hydrocarbons ID SOUTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; SPP. ISOPTERA; INTERSPECIFIC RECOGNITION; RESIDENTIAL LOCATION; AGONISTIC BEHAVIOR; AMITERMES-WHEELERI; DITERPENE ALCOHOL; FLAVIPES KOLLAR; RHINOTERMITIDAE; CALIFORNIA AB Soldier defense secretions from samples of Reticulitermes collected in California, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, and Georgia were characterized and correlated with cuticular hydrocarbon phenotypes. Twenty-seven cuticular hydrocarbon phenotypes have been defined. and soldier defense secretion (SDS) phenotypes have been described for 25 of these. Forty-five terpenoid compounds were found. including monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and a few diterpenes. The monoterpenes include (-)-alpha -pinene, (-)-beta -pinene, (-)-camphene, myrcene, (Z)- and (E)-ocimene, and (-)-limonene. The major sesquiterpenes produced are (+)-gamma -cadinene, (+)-gamma -cadinene aldehyde, (-)-germacrene A, germacrene B, gamma -himachalene, and, beta -bisabolene. Some SDS phenotypes pair with more than one cuticular hydrocarbon phenotype; however, with two exceptions, each hydrocarbon phenotype is associated with only one SDS phenotype. These chemical characterizations tend support to the conclusion that there are numerous undescribed species of Reticulitermes in North America. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, Berkeley, CA 94701 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Forest Prod Lab, Richmond, CA 94804 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Entomol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Nelson, LJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, POB 245, Berkeley, CA 94701 USA. NR 62 TC 32 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 8 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 27 IS 7 BP 1449 EP 1479 DI 10.1023/A:1010325511844 PG 31 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 457BF UT WOS:000170116700011 PM 11504039 ER PT J AU Taylor, SL King, JW AF Taylor, SL King, JW TI Fatty and resin acid analysis in tall oil products via supercritical fluid extraction-supercritical fluid reaction using enzymatic catalysis SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHIC SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS; CARBON-DIOXIDE EXTRACTION; TRIGLYCERIDES C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Food Qual & Safety Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Taylor, SL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Food Qual & Safety Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 22 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU PRESTON PUBLICATIONS INC PI NILES PA 7800 MERRIMAC AVE PO BOX 48312, NILES, IL 60648 USA SN 0021-9665 J9 J CHROMATOGR SCI JI J. Chromatogr. Sci. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 39 IS 7 BP 269 EP 272 PG 4 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 451XY UT WOS:000169829100002 PM 11471988 ER PT J AU Feder, I Nietfeld, JC Galland, J Yeary, T Sargeant, JM Oberst, R Tamplin, ML AF Feder, I Nietfeld, JC Galland, J Yeary, T Sargeant, JM Oberst, R Tamplin, ML TI Comparison of cultivation and PCR-hybridization for detection of Salmonella in porcine fecal and water samples SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; DELAYED SECONDARY ENRICHMENT; RAPPAPORT-VASSILIADIS MEDIUM; MOTILITY ENRICHMENT; SWINE FECES; SPECIMENS; ASSAY; PIGS; IDENTIFICATION; CHOLERAESUIS AB A total of 150 fecal and water samples from four swine farms were tested for the presence of Salmonella enterica using different enrichment techniques as follows: (i) 92 fecal samples from nursery and farrowing barns at three swine farms were preenriched overnight in tryptic soy broth (TSB) at 37 degreesC followed by overnight enrichment in Rappaport-Vassiliadis 10 broth (RV10) at 42 degreesC; (ii) 24 water samples from the third farm were preenriched overnight in 3MC broth at 37 degreesC followed by overnight enrichment in RV10 at 42 degreesC; and (iii) 34 fecal samples from a fourth farm, a finishing farm, were enriched overnight in RV10 at 42 degreesC with no additional enrichment, Following each of the enrichment techniques, samples were subcultured onto modified semisolid Rappaport-Vassiliadis (MSRV) agar prior to transfer to Hektoen Enteric agar plates for the recovery of viable Salmonella bacteria. Presumptive Salmonella isolates were biochemically and serologically confirmed. For the PCR detection of Salmonella, a 1-ml portion was removed from each sample after the first overnight enrichment and the DNA was extracted using a Sepharose CL-6B spin column. Amplicons (457 bp) derived from primers to the invA and invE genes were confirmed as Salmonella specific on ethidium bromide-stained agarose gels by Southern hybridization with a 20-mer oligonucleotide probe specific for the Salmonella invA gene. Neither the standard microbiological method nor the molecular method detected all of the 65 samples that tested positive by both methods or either method alone. Salmonella bacteria were detected by both cultivation and PCR-hybridization in 68% (17 of 25) of the positive samples that were preenriched in TSB, in 73% (11 of 15) of the positive samples preenriched in 3MC broth, and in 24% (6 of 25) of the positive samples enriched in RV10. Agreement between Salmonella detection using cultivation with preenrichment and detection by PCR was 76% using the kappa statistic. However, agreement between Salmonella detection using cultivation without preenrichment and detection by PCR was about 6%; the PCR assay detected 80% (20 of 25) of the 25 positive samples, while Salmonella bacteria were recovered from only 44% (11 of 25) by cultivation. Our results indicate that the PCR-hybridization approach is equivalent to or better than cultivation for detecting Salmonella in swine feces or water samples from swine farms when using the medium combinations evaluated in this study. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Kansas State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Diagnost Med Pathobiol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Food Anim Hlth & Management Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Feder, I (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 43 TC 51 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 39 IS 7 BP 2477 EP 2484 DI 10.1128/JCM.39.7.2477-2484.2001 PG 8 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 447RN UT WOS:000169586400016 PM 11427557 ER PT J AU Ruiz, R Albrecht, GL Tedeschi, LO Jarvis, G Russell, JB Fox, DG AF Ruiz, R Albrecht, GL Tedeschi, LO Jarvis, G Russell, JB Fox, DG TI Effect of monensin on the performance and nitrogen utilization of lactating dairy cows consuming fresh forage SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE monensin; nitrogen; dairy cows; Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System ID CORNELL NET CARBOHYDRATE; MILK-PRODUCTION; REPRODUCTIVE-PERFORMANCE; PROTEIN SYSTEM; DIGESTION; STEERS; DIET; PASTURE; RUMEN; FIBER AB We conducted a lactation trial with a fresh forage diet in order to evaluate 1) the effects of monensin on nitrogen metabolism, and 2) the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS). Thirty Holstein cows in midlactation (eight fitted with ruminal fistulas) were gradually introduced to a fresh forage diet. A concentrate mix based on corn meal was fed before the a,m, and p.m. milking times 0730 and 1730 h, then the fresh forage was fed at 0830 and 1830 h. Fifteen cows each were allocated to a control (no monensin) and a treatment group receiving 350 mg/cow per day of monensin in the p.m. concentrate feeding. A 7-d fecal and urine collection period and a 3-d rumen sampling period were conducted with the fistulated cows. After the lactation study was concluded, the fistulated cows were fed forage regrowth and a 3-d rumen sampling period was repeated. Monensin increased milk production by 1.85 kg. Milk fat and protein concentrations decreased and milk fat and protein yields increased, but the effects were nonsignificant. Monensin did not significantly affect DMI, Ruminal ammonia and the acetate-to-propionate ratio decreased with the addition of monensin in both fed forages. Monensin decreased fecal N output, and increased apparent N digestibility by 5.4%. Because of the decrease in ruminal ammonia and increase in apparent N digestibility, we concluded monensin was sparing amino acids from wasteful rumen degradation with a fresh forage diet. The precision of the CNCPS in predicting performance was high (r(2) = 0.76), and the bias was low (overprediction of 3.6%). These results indicate that the CNCPS can be used for dairy cows consuming fresh forage and gives realistic predictions of performance. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Microbiol Sect, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Fox, DG (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RI Tedeschi, Luis/C-4395-2016 OI Tedeschi, Luis/0000-0003-1883-4911 NR 55 TC 62 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 84 IS 7 BP 1717 EP 1727 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 452FP UT WOS:000169847100019 PM 11467822 ER PT J AU Broderick, GA Walgenbach, RP Maignan, S AF Broderick, GA Walgenbach, RP Maignan, S TI Production of lactating dairy cows fed alfalfa or red clover silage at equal dry matter or crude protein contents in the diet SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE alfalfa silage; red clover silage; nonprotein N ID DEGRADATION; DIGESTION; FORAGE; MICROORGANISMS; PROTEOLYSIS; PERFORMANCE; NITROGEN; ACIDS; CORN AB Two Latin square trials, using 21 or 24 multiparous lactating Holstein cows, compared the feeding value of red clover and alfalfa silages harvested over 2 yr. Red clover silages averaged 2 percentage units lower in crude protein (CP) and more than 2 percentage units lower in neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber than did alfalfa silage. In trial 1, diets were formulated to 60% dry matter (DM) from alfalfa, red clover silage, or alfalfa plus red clover silage (grown together); CP was adjusted to about 16.5% by adding soybean meal, and the balance of dietary DM was from ground high moisture ear corn. Nonprotein N in red clover and alfalfa-red clover silages was 80% of that in alfalfa silage. Although DM intake was 2.5 and 1.3 kg/d lower on red clover and alfalfa plus red clover, yield of milk and milk components was not different among diets. In trial 2, four diets containing rolled high moisture shelled corn were formulated to 60% DM from alfalfa or red clover silage, or 48% DM from alfalfa or red clover silage plus 12% DM from corn silage. The first three diets contained 2.9% soybean meal, and the red clover-corn silage diet contained 5.6% soybean meal; the 60% alfalfa diet contained 18.48 CP, and the other three diets averaged 16.5% CP. Nonprotein N in red clover silage was 62% of that in alfalfa silage. Intake of DM was about 2 (no corn silage) and 1 kg/d (plus corn silage) lower on red clover. Yield of milk and milk components was not different among the first three diets; however, yields of milk, total protein, and true protein were higher on red clover-corn silage with added soybean meal. Replacing alfalfa with red clover improved feed and N efficiency and apparent digestibility of DM, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and hemicellulose in both trials. Net energy of lactation computed from animal performance data was 18% greater in red clover than alfalfa. Data on milk and blood urea and N efficiency suggested better N utilization on red clover. C1 USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Ecole Super Agr, F-49007 Angers, France. RP Broderick, GA (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, 1925 Linden Dr W, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 25 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 84 IS 7 BP 1728 EP 1737 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 452FP UT WOS:000169847100020 PM 11467823 ER PT J AU Wu, Z Satter, LD Blohowiak, AJ Stauffacher, RH Wilson, JH AF Wu, Z Satter, LD Blohowiak, AJ Stauffacher, RH Wilson, JH TI Milk production, estimated phosphorus excretion, and bone characteristics of dairy cows fed different amounts of phosphorus for two or three years SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE phosphorus; dairy cow; reproduction bone ID DIETARY PHOSPHORUS; REPRODUCTIVE-PERFORMANCE; CATTLE; LACTATION; CRITERIA; WEIGHT AB Diets containing 0.31, 0.39, or 0.47% P on a DM basis were fed to 10, 14, and 13 multiparous Holstein cows, respectively, for a full lactation. Most of the cows (33) were fed similar amounts of P in the previous one or two lactations. The objective was to obtain information on bone integrity after prolonged feeding of different amounts of P. At the end of the experiment, a section (similar to 20 cm) of the 12th rib was surgically removed. The bone was tested for strength and analyzed for ash and P content. The sheer strength and the energy required to deform the bone to the point of fracture did not differ among treatments. Bone specific gravities were 1.50, 1.57, and 1.55 for the three treatments. Ash and P content of the bone, measured in wet weight, dry weight, and wet bone volume, were similar for the 0.39 and 0.47% P treatments, but tended to be lower with the 0.31% P treatment. Milk production of cows in all groups was high, averaging > 11,900 kg for the 308-d lactation. Feeding P at 0.31% of dietary DM over two to three lactations appeared to decrease P concentration of bone, but the decrease was not severe enough to affect bone strength. Dietary P at 0.39% did not affect bone P content or strength. Dietary P content of 0.31% appears to be borderline deficient for cows producing > 11,900 kg/308 d. C1 Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Dairy Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Agr Res Stn, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Satter, LD (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 40 TC 95 Z9 103 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 84 IS 7 BP 1738 EP 1748 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 452FP UT WOS:000169847100021 PM 11467824 ER PT J AU Cornelius, ML Duan, JJ Messing, RH AF Cornelius, ML Duan, JJ Messing, RH TI Distribution and abundance of female oriental fruit flies near methyl eugenol-baited traps SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE methyl eugenol; male lure; Bactrocera dorsalis; attractant ID MALE ANNIHILATION; FLY DIPTERA; TEPHRITIDAE AB Methyl eugenol is an extremely effective attractant for male oriental fruit flies, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel). Field experiments were conducted in a commercial guava orchard to determine whether the presence of methyl eugenol-baited traps affected the distribution and abundance of female oriental fruit flies near the traps. Captures of females on spheres did not increase within the vicinity of methyl eugenol-baited traps. Captures of males were significantly greater on spheres hung in trees containing methyl eugenol-baited traps than on spheres hung in other trees. An experiment was conducted to determine if methyl eugenol would influence the dispersal of unmated, sexually mature female oriental fruit flies. There were no significant differences in the numbers of marked or wild females captured on traps at different distances from the methyl eugenol lure. This study did not find any evidence that the presence of methyl eugenol-baited traps in orchards would affect female abundance in the vicinity of traps. C1 Univ Hawaii, Dept Entomol, Kauai Agr Res Ctr, Kapaa, HI 96746 USA. RP Cornelius, ML (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 5 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 USA SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 36 IS 3 BP 259 EP 267 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 463XB UT WOS:000170501600005 ER PT J AU Hu, GY Mitchell, ER AF Hu, GY Mitchell, ER TI Responses of Diadegma insulare (Hymenoptera : Ichneumonidae) to caterpillar feeding in a flight tunnel SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE diamondback moth; parasitoids; learning; cabbage looper; imported cabbageworm; biological control ID DIAMONDBACK MOTH LEPIDOPTERA; PARASITIC WASPS; PLUTELLIDAE; COLLARDS; VIRGINIA; FIELD; ODORS AB A flight tunnel bioassay was used to evaluate attraction responses of female Diadegma insulare (Cresson), a host-specific parasitoid of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), to collard plants (Brassica oleracea var. acephala L.) infested with host and nonhost caterpillars. Adult female wasps showed increased responses to odors of the plant-host complex after a brief contact experience with host-infested collard leaves. Such an increase shows evidence of associative learning in this parasitoid to the odor released from the larval-plant complex. The same experimental design was also used to determine responses of the parasitoid to plants infested with nonhost larvae-cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), and imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae (L.). The female wasps conditioned to the plants infested with host larvae also showed increased responses to plants infested with larvae of cabbage looper or imported cabbageworm. These results indicate that plants damaged by host and nonhost caterpillars may release general odors that are attractive to D. insulare. The general damage odors caused by host and nonhost larval feeding may enhance biological control of the diamondback moth. Host-search ability of the parasitoid increases after experiencing host damage. When host populations are low in fields, plant odors caused by generalist herbivore feeding may also attract D. insulare parasitoids to the vicinity, thereby improving encounter chances of the parasitoid encountering diamondback moth larvae. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Mitchell, ER (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 25 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 USA SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 36 IS 3 BP 297 EP 304 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 463XB UT WOS:000170501600008 ER PT J AU Shapiro-Ilan, DI AF Shapiro-Ilan, DI TI Virulence of entomopathogenic nematodes to pecan weevil (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) adults SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Curculio caryae; Pecan weevil; entomopathogenic; nematodes; Heterorhabditis; Steinernema C1 USDA ARS, SE Fruit & Tree Nut Res Lab, Byron, GA 31008 USA. RP Shapiro-Ilan, DI (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Fruit & Tree Nut Res Lab, 21 Dunbar Rd, Byron, GA 31008 USA. NR 0 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 2 U2 7 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 USA SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 36 IS 3 BP 325 EP 328 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 463XB UT WOS:000170501600013 ER PT J AU Spalding, RF Watts, DG Schepers, JS Burbach, ME Exner, ME Poreda, RJ Martin, GE AF Spalding, RF Watts, DG Schepers, JS Burbach, ME Exner, ME Poreda, RJ Martin, GE TI Controlling nitrate leaching in irrigated agriculture SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID CENTRAL PLATTE REGION; GROUNDWATER RECHARGE; NITROGEN; ALFALFA; WATER; CONTAMINATION; HE-3; NEBRASKA; TRITIUM AB The impact of improved irrigation and nutrient practices on ground water quality was assessed at the Nebraska Management System Evaluation Area using ground water quality data collected from 16 depths at 31 strategically located multilevel samplers three times annually from 1991 to 1996. The site was sectioned into four 13.4-ha management fields: (i) a conventional furrow-irrigated corn (Zea mays L.) field; (ii) a surge-irrigated corn field, which received 60% less water and 31% less N fertilizer than the conventional field; (iii) a center pivot-irrigated corn field, which received 66% less water and 37% less N fertilizer than the conventional field; and (iv) a center pivot-irrigated alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) field. Dating (H-3/He-3) indicated that the uppermost ground water was <1 to 2 yr old and that the aquifer water was stratified with the deepest water -20 yr old. Recharge during the wet growing season in 1993 reduced the average NO3-N concentration in the top 3 m 20 mg L-1, effectively diluting and replacing the NO3-contaminated water. Nitrate concentrations in the shallow zone of the aquifer increased with depth to water. Beneath the conventional and surge-irrigated fields, shallow ground water concentrations returned to the initial 30 mg NO3-N L-1 level by fall 1995; however, beneath the center pivot-irrigated corn field, concentrations remained at -13 mg NO3-N L-1 until fall 1996. A combination of sprinkler irrigation and N fertigation significantly reduced N leaching with only minor reductions (6%) in crop yield. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dep Biol Syst Eng, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Water Sci Lab, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Sch Nat Resource Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Rochester, Dep Earth & Environ Sci, Rochester, NY 14627 USA. RP Spalding, RF (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 40 TC 50 Z9 73 U1 3 U2 27 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 30 IS 4 BP 1184 EP 1194 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 539GW UT WOS:000174863000009 PM 11476495 ER PT J AU Seybold, CA Mersie, W McNamee, C AF Seybold, CA Mersie, W McNamee, C TI Anaerobic degradation of atrazine and metolachlor and metabolite formation in wetland soil and water microcosms SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID CHLOROACETANILIDE HERBICIDES; GLUTATHIONE CONJUGATION; ACID METABOLITES; SURFACE WATERS; DEISOPROPYLATRAZINE; SEDIMENT; DEETHYLATRAZINE; TRANSFORMATION; PERSISTENCE; HYDROLYSIS AB The half-lives, degradation rates, and metabolite formation patterns of atrazine (6-chloro-N-2-ethyl-N-4-isopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) and metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl) acetamide] were determined in an anaerobic wetland soil incubated at 24degreesC for 112 d. At 0, 7, 14, 28, 42, 56, and 112 d, the soil and water were analyzed for atrazine and metolachlor, and their major metabolites. The soil oxidation-reduction potential reached -200 mV after 14 it. Degradation reaction rates were first-order for atrazine in anaerobic soil and for metolachlor in the aqueous phase. Zero-order reaction rates were best fit for atrazine in the aqueous phase and metolachlor in anaerobic soil. In anaerobic soil, the half-life was 38 d for atrazine and 62 d for metolachlor. In the aqueous phase above the soil, the half-life was 86 d for atrazine and 40 d for metolachlor. Metabolites detected in the anaerobic soil were hydroxyatrazine and deethylatrazine for atrazine, and relatively small amounts of ethanesulfonic acid and oxanilic acid for metolachlor. Metabolites detected in the aqueous phase above the soil were hydroxyatrazine, deethylatrazine, and deisopropylatrazine for atrazine, and ethanesulfonic acid and oxanilic acid for metolachlor. Concentrations of metabolites in the aqueous phase generally peaked within the first 25 d and then declined. Results indicate that atrazine and metolachlor can degrade tinder strongly reducing conditions found in wetland soils. Metolachlor metabolites, ethanesulfonic acid, and oxanilic acid are not significantly formed under anaerobic conditions. C1 Virginia State Univ, Agr Res Stn, Petersburg, VA 23806 USA. Oregon State Univ, USDA, NRCS, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Mersie, W (reprint author), Virginia State Univ, Agr Res Stn, POB 9061, Petersburg, VA 23806 USA. NR 52 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 3 U2 26 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 30 IS 4 BP 1271 EP 1277 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 539GW UT WOS:000174863000019 PM 11476505 ER PT J AU Ma, QL Gan, J Papiernik, SK Becker, JO Yates, SR AF Ma, QL Gan, J Papiernik, SK Becker, JO Yates, SR TI Degradation of soil fumigants as affected by initial concentration and temperature SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID TRANSFORMATION; PERSISTENCE; SODIUM AB Soil fumigation using shank injection creates high fumigant concentration gradients in soil from the injection point to the soil surface. A temperature gradient also exists along the soil profile. We studied the degradation of methyl isothiocyanate (MITC) and 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) in an Arlington sandy loam (coarse-loamy, mixed, thermic Haplic Durixeralf) at four temperatures and four initial concentrations. We then tested the applicability of first-order, half-order, and second-order kinetics, and the Michaelis-Menten model for describing fumigant degradation as affected by temperature and initial concentration. Overall, none of the models adequately described the degradation of MITC and 1,3-D isomers over the range of the initial concentrations. First-order and half-order kinetics adequately described the degradation of MITC and 1,3-D isomers at each initial concentration, with the correlation coefficients greater than 0.78 (r(2) > 0.78). However, the derived rate constant was dependent on the initial concentration. ne first-order rate constants varied between 6 and 10x for MITC for the concentration range of 3 to 140 mg kg(-1), and between 1.5 and 4x for 1,3-D isomers for the concentration range of 0.6 to 60 mg kg(-1), depending on temperature. For the same initial concentration range, the variation in the half-order rate constants was between 1.4 and 1.7x for MITC and between 3.1 and 6.1 x for 1,3-D isomers, depending on temperature. Second-order kinetics and the Michaelis-Menten model did not satisfactorily describe the degradation at all initial concentrations. The degradation of MITC and 1,3-D was primarily biodegradation, which was affected by temperature between 20 and 40degreesC, following the Arrhenius equation (r(2) > 0.74). C1 USDA ARS, Soil Phys & Pesticides Res Unit, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Nematol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. RP Gan, J (reprint author), USDA ARS, Soil Phys & Pesticides Res Unit, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. NR 22 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 30 IS 4 BP 1278 EP 1286 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 539GW UT WOS:000174863000020 PM 11476506 ER PT J AU Jaynes, DB Colvin, TS Karlen, DL Cambardella, CA Meek, DW AF Jaynes, DB Colvin, TS Karlen, DL Cambardella, CA Meek, DW TI Nitrate loss in subsurface drainage as affected by nitrogen fertilizer rate SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID TILE DRAINAGE; CONTINUOUS CORN; WATER-QUALITY; YIELD RESPONSE; TILLAGE; SYSTEMS; SOIL; AVAILABILITY; RIVER AB The relationships between N fertilizer rate, yield, and NO3 leaching need to be quantified to develop soil and crop management practices that are economically and environmentally sustainable. From 1996 through 1999, we measured yield and NO3 loss from a subsurface drained field in central lowa at three N fertilizer rates: a low (L) rate of 67 kg ha(-1) in 1996 and 57 kg ha(-1) in 1998, a medium (M) rate of 135 kg ha(-1) in 1996 and 114 kg ha(-1) in 1998, and a high (H) rate of 202 kg ha(-1) in 1996 and 172 kg ha(-1) in 1998. Corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] were grown in rotation with N fertilizer applied in the spring to corn only. For the L treatment, NO3 concentrations in the drainage water exceeded the 10 mg N L-1 maximum contaminant level (MCL) established by the USEPA for drinking water only during the years that corn was grown. For the M and H treatments, NO3 concentrations exceeded the MCL in all years, regardless of crop grown. For all years, the NO3 mass loss in the drainage water from the H treatment (48 kg N ha(-1)) was significantly greater than the mass losses from the M (35 kg N ha(-1)) and L (29 kg N ha(-1)) treatments, which were not significantly different. The economically optimum N fertilizer rate for corn was between 67 and 135 kg ha(-1) in 1996 and 114 and 172 kg ha(-1) in 1998, but the net N mass balance indicated that N was being mined from the soil at these N fertilizer levels and that the system would not be sustainable. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Jaynes, DB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 38 TC 169 Z9 181 U1 7 U2 42 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 30 IS 4 BP 1305 EP 1314 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 539GW UT WOS:000174863000023 PM 11476509 ER PT J AU Aase, JK Bjorneberg, DL Westermann, DT AF Aase, JK Bjorneberg, DL Westermann, DT TI Phosphorus runoff from two water sources on a calcareous soil SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID INFILTRATION; DESORPTION; KINETICS; EROSION; LOSSES AB Phosphorus (P) in irrigation runoff may enrich offisite water bodies and streams and be influenced by irrigation water quality and antecedent soil surface conditions. Runoff, soil loss, and P fractions in runoff using reverse osmosis (RO) water or mixed RO and well water (RO/ Tap) were studied in a laboratory sprinkler study to evaluate water source effects on P transport. A top- or subsoil Portneuf silt loam (coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Durinodic Xerie Haplocalcid), either amended or not amended with manure and/or with cheese whey, with Olsen P from 20 to 141 mg kg (1) and lime from 108 to 243 g kg(-1), was placed in 1.5 x 1.2 x 0.2-m-deep containers with 2.4% slope and irrigated three times from a 3-m height for 15 min, applying 20 min of water. The first irrigation was on a dry loose surface, the second on a wet surface, and the third on a dry crusted surface. Surface (ca. 2 cm) soil samples, prior to the first irrigation, were analyzed for Olsen P, water-soluble P (P-ws), and iron-oxide impregnated paper-extractable P (FeO-P) analyses. Following each irrigation we determined runoff, sediment, dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) in a 0.45-mum filtered sample, and FeO-P and total P in unfiltered samples. Soil surface conditions had no effect on P runoff relationships. Water source had no significant effect on the relationship between DRP or FeO-P runoff and soil test P, except for DRP in RO runoff versus water-soluble soil P (r(2) = 0.90). Total P in RO runoff versus soil P were not related; but weakly correlated for RO/Tap (r(2) < 0.50). source and soil surface conditions had little or no effect on P runoff from this calcareous soil. C1 USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. RP Westermann, DT (reprint author), USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, 3793 N 3600 E, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. NR 33 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 30 IS 4 BP 1315 EP 1323 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 539GW UT WOS:000174863000024 PM 11476510 ER PT J AU Casey, FXM Simunek, J AF Casey, FXM Simunek, J TI Inverse analyses of transport of chlorinated hydrocarbons subject to sequential transformation reactions SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID SOIL HYDRAULIC-PROPERTIES; 2-SITE 2-REGION MODELS; MISCIBLE DISPLACEMENT; PARAMETER-ESTIMATION; DEGRADATION; IRON; WATER; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; REDUCTION; SORPTION AB Chemical and biological transformations can significantly affect contaminant transport in the subsurface. To better understand such transformation reactions, an equilibrium-nonequilibrium sorption transport model, HYDRUS-ID, was modified by including inverse solutions for multiple breakthrough curves resulting from the transport of solutes undergoing sequential transformations. The inverse solutions were applied to miscible-displacement experiments involving dissolved concentrations of trichloroethylene (TCE) undergoing reduction and/or transformations in the presence of zero-valent metal porous media (i.e., iron or copper-coated iron filings) to produce ethylene. The inverse model solutions provided a reasonable description of the transport and transformation processes. Simultaneous fitting of multiple breakthrough curves of TCE and ethylene placed additional constraints on the inverse solution and improved the reliability of parameter estimates. Confidence intervals of optimized parameters were reduced significantly in comparison with those obtained by fitting TCE breakthrough curves independently. Further evidence for accurate parameter estimates was given when the parameter values agreed with previously reported values from independent batch and degradation experiments. Optimized values of the normalized degradation rates for the equilibrium (1.4 x 10(-4) to 7.2 x 10(-5) L h (1) m(-2)) and nonequilibrium (1.2 x 10(-4) to 5.5 x 10 (5) L h (-3) m (-2)) models compared well with values (0.03 to 6.5 x 10(-5) L h (1) m (-2)) obtained from previous studies. The estimated TCE-iron sorption coefficients (0.52 to 2.85 L kg (1))were also consistent with a previously reported value (1.47 L kg(-1)). C1 N Dakota State Univ, Dept Soil Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. USDA ARS, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Casey, FXM (reprint author), N Dakota State Univ, Dept Soil Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RI Simunek, Jiri/F-3196-2011; Casey, Francis/A-2135-2010 OI Casey, Francis/0000-0002-6035-7234 NR 34 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 3 U2 13 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 30 IS 4 BP 1354 EP 1360 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 539GW UT WOS:000174863000028 PM 11476514 ER PT J AU Meding, SM Morris, LA Hoover, CM Nutter, WL Cabrera, ML AF Meding, SM Morris, LA Hoover, CM Nutter, WL Cabrera, ML TI Denitrification at a long-term forested land treatment system in the piedmont of Georgia SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID RIPARIAN FOREST; WASTE-WATER; GROUNDWATER NITRATE; NITROGEN TRANSFORMATIONS; TEMPORAL PATTERNS; HARDWOOD FOREST; SOIL; PATCHINESS; LANDSCAPE; DYNAMICS AB Spray irrigation of forested land can provide an effective system for nutrient removal and treatment of municipal wastewater. Evolution of N-2 + N2O from denitrifying activity is an important renovation pathway for N applied to forested land treatment systems. Federal and state guidance documents for design of forested land treatment systems indicate the expected range for denitrification to be up to 25% of applied N, and most forest land treatment systems are designed using values from 15 to 20% of applied N. However, few measurements of denitrification following long-term wastewater applications at forested land treatment sites exist. In this study, soil N-2 + N2O-N evolution was directly measured at four different landscape positions (hilltop, midslope, toe-slope, and riparian zone) in a forested land treatment facility in the Georgia Piedmont that has been operating for more than 13 yr. Denitrification rates within effluent-irrigated areas were significantly greater than rates in adjacent nonirrigated buffer zones. Rates of N-2 + N2O-N evolved from soil in irrigated forests ranged from 5 to 10 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) N on the three upland landscape positions and averaged 38 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) N within the riparian zone. The relationship between measured riparian zone denitrification rates and soil physical and chemical properties was poor. The best relationship was with soil temperature, with an r(2) of 0.18. Overall, on a landscape position weighted basis, only 2.4% of the wastewater-applied N was lost through denitrification. C1 Univ Georgia, Daniel B Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Irvine, PA 16329 USA. Nutter & Associates, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Morris, LA (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Daniel B Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 38 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 30 IS 4 BP 1411 EP 1420 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 539GW UT WOS:000174863000034 PM 11476520 ER PT J AU Boucias, DG Becnel, JJ White, SE Bott, M AF Boucias, DG Becnel, JJ White, SE Bott, M TI In vivo and in vitro development of the protist Helicosporidium sp. SO JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE black fly; entomopathogens; Helicosporidia; Helicosporidium; insect pathogen; pathogenic protist; Simuliidae; Simulium jonesi ID PROTOTHECA-WICKERHAMII; WATER; HOST AB We describe the discovery and developmental features of a Helicosporidium sp. isolated from the black fly Simulium jonesi. Morphologically, the helicosporidia are characterized by a distinct cyst stage that encloses three ovoid cells and a single elongate filamentous cell. Bioassays have demonstrated that the cysts of this isolate infect various insect species, including the lepidopterans, Helicoverpa zea, Galleria mellonella, and Manduca sexta, and the dipterans, Musca domestica, Aedes taeniorhynchus, Anopheles albimanus, and An. quadrimaculatus. The cysts attach to the insect peritrophic matrix prior to dehiscence, which releases the filamentous cell and the three ovoid cells. The ovoid cells are short-lived in the insect gut with infection mediated by the penetration of the filamentous cell into the host. Furthermore. these filamentous cells are covered with projections that anchor them to the midgut lining. Unlike most entomopathogenic protozoa, this Helicosporidium sp. can be propagated in simple nutritional media under defined in vitro conditions, providing a system to conduct detailed analysis of the developmental biology of this poorly known taxon. The morphology and development of the in vitro produced cells are similar to that reported for the achorophyllic algae belonging to the genus Prototheca. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Entomol & Nematol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. ARS, USDA, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Boucias, DG (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Entomol & Nematol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 23 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 5 PU SOC PROTOZOOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 1066-5234 J9 J EUKARYOT MICROBIOL JI J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 48 IS 4 BP 460 EP 470 DI 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00180.x PG 11 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 451JR UT WOS:000169799400008 PM 11456323 ER PT J AU Overturf, K LaPatra, S Powell, M AF Overturf, K LaPatra, S Powell, M TI Real-time PCR for the detection and quantitative analysis of IHNV in salmonids SO JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES LA English DT Article DE IHNV; detection; quantification; PCR ID HEMATOPOIETIC NECROSIS VIRUS; RHABDOVIRUSES AB The rapid identification and quantification of virus in diseased fish is a goal both conservationists and commercial aquaculturists have struggled to attain. Recently a technique for the detection of viral mRNA particles that uses fluorescent tagging and amplification has been developed. Utilizing primers and fluorescent labelled probes generated for the specific identification of the nucleocapsid (N) and glycoprotein (G) genes of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), and an instrument that measures cyclic emittance of fluorescence, the presence or absence of virus can be easily and rapidly confirmed. This method is not only useful in confirming viral presence but is effective in measuring the relative or absolute quantity of virus present within the sample. This allows for the determination of the health status of a carrier fish by measuring the quantity of viral genomes or transcribed viral genes present. Because this method is based on sequence detection, instead of virus isolation in cell culture, it is also effective in determining the presence of pathogenic organisms from water, fish feeds, or other potential reservoirs of infection. C1 ARS, USDA, Hagerman Fish Culture Expt Stn, Hagerman, ID 83332 USA. Clear Springs Foods Inc, Div Res, Buhl, ID USA. Univ Idaho, Hagerman Fish Culture Expt Stn, Hagerman, ID USA. RP Overturf, K (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Hagerman Fish Culture Expt Stn, 3059-F Natl Fish Hatchery Rd, Hagerman, ID 83332 USA. RI Powell, Madison/H-7050-2014 OI Powell, Madison/0000-0002-1851-3168 NR 17 TC 32 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0140-7775 J9 J FISH DIS JI J. Fish Dis. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 24 IS 6 BP 325 EP 333 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2761.2001.00296.x PG 9 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA 462BX UT WOS:000170401200002 ER PT J AU Hurd, HS McKean, JD Wesley, IV Karriker, LA AF Hurd, HS McKean, JD Wesley, IV Karriker, LA TI The effect of lairage on Salmonella isolation from market swine SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Association-of-Swine-Practitioners CY MAR 11-14, 2000 CL INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA SP Amer Assoc Swine Practitioners ID EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED-PIGS; TYPHIMURIUM; TIME; HERDS; TRANSPORTATION AB The objective of this paper was to evaluate the effect of lairage (holding > 12 h during transport to slaughter) in clean facilities on Salmonella isolation from market swine. We tested 30 market-bound pigs (about 240 lb [110 kg]) on each of 10 occasions from an Iowa farrow-to-finish operation with about 600 sows. All pigs were slaughtered, and samples were collected at a large Midwest abattoir. On the farm, fecal samples were collected for culture of Salmonella. Pigs were alternately assigned to a lairage treatment (holding in a clean, disinfected facility at the National Animal Disease Center) group or a control group (remaining on the farm). After about 18 h, both groups were transported (about 137 km) to a large Midwest abattoir, commingled, and slaughtered. After slaughter, samples were collected for culture of Salmonella (feces from the distal colon, ileocecal lymph nodes, cecal contents, ventral thoracic lymph nodes, subiliac lymph nodes, and carcass swabs). Diaphragm sections were collected for serum ELISA. Salmonella enterica Derby was the only serotype isolated from farm fecal samples (3.4%. 10 of 290). Multiple serotypes (n = 17) were isolated from 71.8% (196 of 273) of the pigs when abattoir-collected samples were cultured: cecal contents (21.2%. 58 of 273). distal colon contents (52%, 142 of 273), and ileocecal lymph nodes (43.6%, 119 of 273). There were lower Samonella isolation rates from the lairaged pigs (P < 0.05). The predominant serotype isolated at the abattoir varied by week of the study. This study suggests that pigs became internally contaminated with Salmonella after leaving the farm, possibly while in the abattoir holding pens. and that 18 h lairage, in clean facilities, does not increase shedding. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Iowa State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Hurd, HS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 32 TC 82 Z9 89 U1 1 U2 6 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 64 IS 7 BP 939 EP 944 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 450WH UT WOS:000169767500004 PM 11456200 ER PT J AU Gray, JT Fedorka-Cray, PJ AF Gray, JT Fedorka-Cray, PJ TI Survival and infectivity of Salmonella Choleraesuis in swine feces SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID INTERNAL ORGANS; TYPHIMURIUM; TRANSMISSION; PATHOGENESIS; STATE AB Many serotypes of Salmonella survive well in the environment. Conversely, it is believed that Salmonella Choleraesuis, the host-adapted serotype of swine, does not survive well outside the host. We examined the survival capability of Salmonella Choleraesuis in swine feces. Six pigs were infected with Salmonella Choleraesuis and feces were collected and pooled on days 2, 4, 7, and 10 postinoculation (PI). Feces were stored in a wet and a dry form, and survival was measured over 13 months. Salmonella Choleraesuis was recovered from wet feces through 3 months of storage. In a desiccated (dry) form, Salmonella Choleraesuis was recovered from at least 13 months. Salmonella Choleraesuis shed from swine prior to 4 days PI did not survive as well as that shed 4 days PI or later. We also examined the infectivity of Salmonella Choleraesuis resident in dry feces. Six- or 13-week-old pigs were inoculated with dry feces that had been stored either 2 months or 4 months, respectively. Pigs were inoculated either intranasally or by mixing dry feces with the swine ration. Although clinical signs were mild, Salmonella Choleraesuis was widely disseminated among the tissues of all the pigs inoculated. This study demonstrates that Salmonella Choleraesuis remains viable and infective in the environment. Therefore, contaminated fecal matter can serve as a reservoir for Salmonella Choleraesuis as well as other Salmonella spp. Control measures must consider this environmental reservoir as a source of new infections. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Fedorka-Cray, PJ (reprint author), USDA, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 27 TC 30 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 5 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 64 IS 7 BP 945 EP 949 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 450WH UT WOS:000169767500005 PM 11456201 ER PT J AU Line, JE Stern, NJ Lattuada, CP Benson, ST AF Line, JE Stern, NJ Lattuada, CP Benson, ST TI Comparison of methods for recovery and enumeration of Campylobacter from freshly processed broilers SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID SELECTIVE MEDIUM; JEJUNI; ENRICHMENT; CARCASSES; EFFICACY; POULTRY; COLI AB Most traditional Campylobacter detection and enumeration procedures are difficult and time consuming. Estimations of Campylobacter populations by the most probable number (MPN) method are especially laborious. The objective of this collaborative study, performed in duplicate in Agricultural Research Service and Food Safety Inspection Service laboratories, was to compare two MPN procedures (utilizing different selective enrichment broths and plating media) to the direct plating technique for enumeration of Campylobacter from freshly processed (postchill, postdrip) broiler chicken carcasses. Results obtained from the direct plating of carcass rinse samples on Campy-cefex agar were not significantly different (P > 0.05) from an MPN procedure employing Hunt's Campylobacter selective enrichment broth followed by recovery on modified Campylobacter charcoal differential agar. However, both of these procedures provided significantly (P < 0.05) better recovery than a second MPN procedure using Rosef's selective enrichment broth followed by plating on Mueller-Hinton blood agar with antibiotics. The direct plating method offers a more simple, less expensive, more rapid alternative to traditional MPN procedures for estimating Campylobacter populations associated with freshly processed broiler carcasses. C1 USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30677 USA. USDA, Food Safety Inspect Serv, Athens, GA 30677 USA. RP Line, JE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30677 USA. NR 20 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 3 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 64 IS 7 BP 982 EP 986 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 450WH UT WOS:000169767500011 PM 11456207 ER PT J AU Imsande, J Pittig, J Palmer, RG Wimmer, C Gietl, C AF Imsande, J Pittig, J Palmer, RG Wimmer, C Gietl, C TI Independent spontaneous mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase null mutants in soybean are the result of deletions SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article ID Y20 CHROMOSOMAL REGION; INHERITANCE; K2; LINKAGE; CLONING AB The mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase-1 (Mdh1) gene of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] spontaneously mutates to a null phenotype at a relatively high rate. To determine the molecular basis for the instability of the Mdhl gene, the gene was cloned and sequenced. The null phenotype correlated with the deletion of specific genomic restriction fragments that encode the Mdhl gene. The composition of the Mdhl gene and its environs were compared with those of the more stable MDH2 gene. Several possible causes of the observed instability were found, including duplications, repeats, and two regions with similarity to a soybean catalase. The most likely cause of instability, however, appeared to be a 1233 bp region with 58.9% identity to the Cyclops retrotransposons. Translation of a 714 bp segment of this region produced a peptide composed of 238 amino acid residues that showed 35-40% identity and 55-60% similarity to several putative Cyclops gag-pol proteins (group-specific antigen polyprotein). This short peptide also contained a segment that corresponded to the protease active site of the gag-pol protein. Thus in an appropriate genetic background, a retrotransposon, whether whole or fractured, could promote genetic rearrangements. C1 Tech Univ Munich, Lehrstuhl Bot, D-85350 Freising Weihenstephan, Germany. Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Zool Genet, Ames, IA USA. Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, CICGR, Ames, IA USA. RP Gietl, C (reprint author), Tech Univ Munich, Lehrstuhl Bot, Hochanger 4, D-85350 Freising Weihenstephan, Germany. NR 18 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 92 IS 4 BP 333 EP 338 DI 10.1093/jhered/92.4.333 PG 6 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 469DX UT WOS:000170799400006 PM 11535646 ER PT J AU Schmidt, JO AF Schmidt, JO TI Hierarchy of attractants for honey bee swarms SO JOURNAL OF INSECT BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article DE Apis mellifera; Nasonov pheromone; hive odors; bee comb; beeswax; propolis ID NASONOV; PHEROMONE; CAVITIES AB Chemical signals influence the selection of potential nest cavities by honey bee reproductive swarms. Attractants for swarms include the odors of old dark honey bee brood combs, odors from noncomb hive materials and propolis, and Nasonov pheromone, the odor released from the Nasonov glands of worker bees. Based on crossover and choice test experiments, swarms were shown to prefer, among otherwise identical cavities, those cavities containing Nasonov pheromone over cavities with only comb or other hive odors, cavities containing old comb over those with only noncomb odors or propolis, and cavities containing noncomb odors or propolis over those without bee or hive odor. Synergy between odors was not observed; that is, comb and/or noncomb hive odors did not enhance the attractiveness of Nasonov pheromone. The data support a model based on a hierarchy of olfactory attractants used by honey bee swarms, in order of highest to lowest: Nasonov pheromone, comb odor, noncomb and propolis odors, and, finally, absence of bee- or hive-produced odor. C1 USDA, ARS, Carl Hayden Bee Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP Schmidt, JO (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Carl Hayden Bee Res Ctr, 2000 E Allen Rd, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. NR 18 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0892-7553 J9 J INSECT BEHAV JI J. Insect Behav. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 14 IS 4 BP 469 EP 477 DI 10.1023/A:1011120021964 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 461HC UT WOS:000170358000005 ER PT J AU Mori, N Alborn, HT Teal, PEA Tumlinson, JH AF Mori, N Alborn, HT Teal, PEA Tumlinson, JH TI Enzymatic decomposition of elicitors of plant volatiles in Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa zea SO JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE volicitin; insect-produced elicitors; Heliothis virescens; Helicoverpa zea ID PARASITIC WASPS; ORAL SECRETIONS AB Feeding by larvae of Heliothis virescens induces cotton, corn and tobacco plants to release blends of volatile organic compounds that differ in constituent proportions from blends released when Helicoverpa zea larvae feed on the same plant species. The same elicitors (and analogs) of plant biosynthesis and release of volatiles, originally identified in oral secretions of Spodoptera exigua larvae, were also found in oral secretions of H. virescens and H. zea. However, relative amounts of these compounds, particularly N-(17-hydroxylinolenoyl)-L-glutamine (volicitin), 17-hydroxylinolenic acid, and N-linolenoyl-L-glutamine, varied among batches of oral secretions, more so in H. virescens than in H. zea. This variation was due to cleavage of the amide bond of the fatty acid-amino acid conjugates by an enzyme, or enzymes, originating in the midgut. The enzymatic activity in guts of H. virescens was significantly greater than that found in guts of H. zea. Furthermore, H. zea frass contains N-linolenoyI-L-glutamine in more than 0.1% wet weight, while this conjugate comprises only 0.003% wet weight in H. virescens frass. These results indicated that physiological differences between these two species affect the proportions of volicitin and its analogs in the caterpillars. Whether this causes different proportions of volatiles to be released by plants damaged by each caterpillar species is yet to be determined. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RP Tumlinson, JH (reprint author), ARS, USDA, POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RI Tumlinson, James/G-8358-2011; Marion-Poll, Frederic/D-8882-2011 OI Marion-Poll, Frederic/0000-0001-6824-0180 NR 17 TC 59 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-1910 J9 J INSECT PHYSIOL JI J. Insect Physiol. PD JUL 1 PY 2001 VL 47 IS 7 BP 749 EP 757 DI 10.1016/S0022-1910(00)00171-2 PG 9 WC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology SC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology GA 436QW UT WOS:000168947400012 ER PT J AU Shapiro-Ilan, DI Lewis, EE Behle, RW McGuire, MR AF Shapiro-Ilan, DI Lewis, EE Behle, RW McGuire, MR TI Formulation of entomopathogenic nematode-infected cadavers SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biological control; cadaver; desiccation; entomopathogenic nematode; formulation; Heterorhabditis bacteriophora ID AQUEOUS SUSPENSION; HETERORHABDITIDAE; STEINERNEMATIDAE; RHABDITIDA; HOSTS; SOIL; INFECTIVITY; PERSISTENCE AB Entomopathogenic nematodes are commercially applied in aqueous suspension. These biocontrol agents may also be applied in nematode-infected insect cadavers, but this approach may entail problems in storage and ease of handling. We determined the feasibility of formulating nematode-infected insect cadavers to overcome these hindrances. All experiments were conducted with Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar and Galleria mellonella (L.). Nonformulated cadavers were used as controls. Of 19 formulations tested (including combinations of starches, flours, clays, etc.) I (starch-clay combination) was found to adhere to the cadaver and to have no significant deleterious effects on nematode reproduction and infectivity; other formulations exhibited poor adhesion or reduced nematode reproduction. Two formulations enabled cadavers to be partially desiccated without affecting reproduction; other formulations and nonformulated cadavers exhibited reduced reproduction upon desiccation. Four-day-old cadavers were more amenable to desiccation than 8-day-old cadavers. Formulated cadavers were more resistant to rupturing and sticking together during agitation than nonformulated cadavers. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 USDA ARS, SE Fruit & Tree Nut Res Lab, Byron, GA 31008 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Entomol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. USDA ARS, Bioact Agents Res Unit, Peoria, IL USA. USDA ARS, Shafter Res Stn, Shafter, CA USA. RP Shapiro-Ilan, DI (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Fruit & Tree Nut Res Lab, 21 Dunbar Rd, Byron, GA 31008 USA. EM dshapiro@saa.ars.usda.gov NR 29 TC 38 Z9 41 U1 2 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 EI 1096-0805 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 78 IS 1 BP 17 EP 23 DI 10.1006/jipa.2001.5030 PG 7 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 467FJ UT WOS:000170691500003 PM 11500089 ER PT J AU Altre, JA Vandenberg, JD AF Altre, JA Vandenberg, JD TI Factors influencing the infectivity of isolates of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus against diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Paecilomyces fumosoroseus; Plutella xylostella; diamondback moth; mycosis; susceptibility; serial passage; pregermination; starvation; moisture stress ID BEAUVERIA-BASSIANA; RELATIVE-HUMIDITY; LEPIDOPTERA; SUSCEPTIBILITY; HYPHOMYCETE; FARINOSUS; LARVAE AB Paecilomyces fumosoroseus isolate 1576 was isolated from an insect, but is avirulent against larvae of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, and several other species. Isolate 1576 grew faster and produced more conidia than isolate 4461 on potato dextrose agar. Pregermination of conidia failed to increase the infectivity of isolate 1576, but the procedure did increase the infectivity of isolates 3682, 4461, and 4482. Isolates 1576 and 4461 were both more infective when moisture was high during incubation of inoculated larvae. Starved PL xylostella larvae were more susceptible than fed larvae to isolate 1576 (40 and 10% mortality, respectively), but starved and fed larvae were similar in susceptibility to isolate 4461. These results show that isolate 1576 grows vigorously in aerial culture and is capable of infecting stressed PL xylostella larvae. Further tests are needed to characterize its pathogenicity toward its original host or closely related species. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Plant Protect Res Unit, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Entomol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Vandenberg, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Plant Protect Res Unit, Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 33 TC 18 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 78 IS 1 BP 31 EP 36 DI 10.1006/jipa.2001.5043 PG 6 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 467FJ UT WOS:000170691500005 PM 11500091 ER PT J AU Shoda, LKM Kegerreis, KA Suarez, CE Mwangi, W Knowles, DP Brown, WC AF Shoda, LKM Kegerreis, KA Suarez, CE Mwangi, W Knowles, DP Brown, WC TI Immunostimulatory CpG-modified plasmid DNA enhances IL-12, TNF-alpha, and NO production by bovine macrophages SO JOURNAL OF LEUKOCYTE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE immunostimulatory DNA sequences (ISSs); DNA vaccines ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; NITRIC-OXIDE PRODUCTION; PATHOGEN ANAPLASMA-MARGINALE; BACTERIAL-DNA; B-CELLS; BABESIA-BOVIS; GRANULOCYTIC EHRLICHIOSIS; INTERFERON-GAMMA; INDUCE IL-12; IN-VITRO AB The immunogenicity of DNA vaccines is partially attributable to the adjuvant properties of bacterial plasmid DNA (pDNA) for B lymphocytes and professional antigen-presenting cells, In mice, modification of immunostimulatory sequences (ISSs), including CpG motifs, in pDNA vectors or oligodeoxynucleotides can increase or decrease their adjuvant properties. ISSs that stimulate optimal responses reportedly differ for murine and human leukocytes, We have previously characterized the mitogenic properties of oligodeoxynucleotides containing one AACGTT motif for bovine B lymphocytes. We now define cytokine responses by macrophages stimulated with pDNA engineered to contain an ISS comprising two AACGTT motifs, Macrophages activated with CpG-modified pDNA secreted significantly more interleukin-12, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and nitric oxide than macrophages stimulated with unmodified pDNA or modified pDNA that contained nucleotides scrambled to remove CpG motifs, Engineered CpG-pDNA or CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides should be useful as vaccines or adjuvants to promote the enhanced type 1 responses important for protection against intracellular pathogens. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Program Vector Borne Dis, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Anim Dis Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Brown, WC (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Program Vector Borne Dis, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RI Suarez, Carlos/A-3121-2008 NR 53 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0741-5400 J9 J LEUKOCYTE BIOL JI J. Leukoc. Biol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 70 IS 1 BP 103 EP 112 PG 10 WC Cell Biology; Hematology; Immunology SC Cell Biology; Hematology; Immunology GA 451JU UT WOS:000169799600014 PM 11435492 ER PT J AU Carroll, JF Kramer, M AF Carroll, JF Kramer, M TI Different activities and footwear influence exposure to host-seeking nymphs of Ixodes scapularis and Amblyomma americanum (Acari : Ixodidae) SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE blacklegged tick; lone star tick; Lyme disease; risk ID BORRELIA-BURGDORFERI TRANSMISSION; LYME-DISEASE; TICKS; DAMMINI; AGENT AB The relative potential for a person accidentally acquiring host-seeking nymphs of the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis Say, and lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.), while wearing either two types of footwear, walking, crawling on hands and knees, and sitting on large fallen logs in deciduous woods, was evaluated. Although flag samples indicated substantial populations of I. scapularis nymphs and low to moderate number of A. americanum at the study sites, relatively few I. scapularis and fewer A. americanum nymphs were acquired during 30-s and 5-min walks. Significantly fewer I. scapularis were picked up when boots were worn with ankles taped (and anti-tick precaution) than when sneakers were worn with socks exposed during 5-min walks, but when thus attired, there was no significant difference between the number of nymphs acquired during 30-s walks. Nymphs of I. scapularis did not appear to accumulate incrementally on footwear or clothing during walks when boots were worn and ankles taped. Crawling for 30s (similar to3 m distance) yielded significantly more I. scapularis nymphs than walking for 30s. During crawling, I. scapularis nymphs were picked up on 58% of the 30-s samples. Most ticks picked up during crawls were on pant legs. When a flannel flag cloth (0.5 by 0.5 m) was suppressed to the upper surface of logs suitable to be sat upon by tired hikers, I. scapularis nymphs were found on 87% of the logs and in 36% of the samples. These data indicate that the potential for contact with host-seeking nymphs of I. scapularis occurring at these densities is greatly elevated by engaging in activities that involve contact with fallen logs and close contact of hands and knees with leaf litter. C1 USDA ARS, Anim & Nat Resouces Inst, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Area Off, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Carroll, JF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Anim & Nat Resouces Inst, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 13 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 10 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 38 IS 4 BP 596 EP 600 DI 10.1603/0022-2585-38.4.596 PG 5 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 451VT UT WOS:000169823600019 PM 11476342 ER PT J AU Marriott, NG Wang, H Solomon, MB Moody, WG AF Marriott, NG Wang, H Solomon, MB Moody, WG TI Studies of cow beef tenderness enhancement through supersonic-hydrodynamic shock wave treatment SO JOURNAL OF MUSCLE FOODS LA English DT Article AB Longissimus samples were removed from each side of 17 US. Commercial and Utility carcasses (Experiments A, B, and C). The samples were randomly assigned to supersonic-hydrodynamic shock wave treatment (SSW) or no treatment (C). Total energy and maximum peak force data were obtained for all treatments. Sensory evaluation (for Experiments A and C) included subjective ratings for myofibrillar tenderness, juiciness, connective tissue amount, and overall tenderness. Also, thaw loss, cooking loss, and collagen solubility were determined The effects of supersonic-hydrodynamic shock treatment on the reduction of shear force and sensory values for all studies were minimal. Thaw loss (Experiment B only), cooking loss, CIE L * a * b * values, collagen solubility and standard plate counts were unaffected (P>0.05) by treatment. Further research with less tender beef should indicate if tenderness improvement can be attained through a closer accoustical match with water and improved techniques for administering shock wave treatment. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Meat Sci Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Kentucky, Dept Anim Sci, Lexington, KY 40546 USA. RP Marriott, NG (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NR 18 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 1046-0756 J9 J MUSCLE FOODS JI J. Muscle Foods PD JUL PY 2001 VL 12 IS 3 BP 207 EP 218 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4573.2001.tb00689.x PG 12 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 460QE UT WOS:000170319400004 ER PT J AU Berry, BW Lyon, BG Soderberg, D Clinch, N AF Berry, BW Lyon, BG Soderberg, D Clinch, N TI Relationships among chemical, cooking and color properties of beef patties cooked to four internal temperatures SO JOURNAL OF MUSCLE FOODS LA English DT Article ID IN-GROUND BEEF; END-POINT TEMPERATURE; FAT LEVEL; PH; DENATURATION; STATE; SHEAR AB A study involving five laboratories and nationwide sampling of ground beef was undertaken to determine cooking and color properties of patties cooked to 52.7, 65.6, 71.1 and 79.4C. The design of the study included purchase location (local, distant) and patty handling prior to cooking (fresh, thawed either as patties or bulk ground beef). Purchase location was not a statistically significant influence on cooking and color properties. Patties processed from bulk thawed product had a higher amount of brown cooked color. A strong relationship existed between visual and instrumental measures of red color in cooked patties. However, correlations among other cooking properties were low. Patties with higher fat content were associated with shorter cooking times, lower cooking yields and more brown cooked color. The low relationships between raw and cooked patty properties limits the use of raw ground beef properties as predictors of food safety in cooked beef patties. This further supports the use of instant read meat thermometers in cooking beef patties to at least 71C. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr E, Food Technol & Safety Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Berry, BW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr E, Food Technol & Safety Lab, Bldg 2, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 36 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 1046-0756 J9 J MUSCLE FOODS JI J. Muscle Foods PD JUL PY 2001 VL 12 IS 3 BP 219 EP 236 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4573.2001.tb00690.x PG 18 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 460QE UT WOS:000170319400005 ER PT J AU Malin, EL Alaimo, MH Brown, EM Aramini, JM Germann, MW Farrell, HM McSweeney, PLH Fox, PF AF Malin, EL Alaimo, MH Brown, EM Aramini, JM Germann, MW Farrell, HM McSweeney, PLH Fox, PF TI Solution structures of casein peptides: NMR, FTIR, CD, and molecular modeling studies of alpha(s1)-casein, 1-23 SO JOURNAL OF PROTEIN CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE alpha(s1)-casein; casein structure; CD; FTIR; milk proteins; molecular modeling; NMR; peptide ID PROTEIN SECONDARY STRUCTURE; CALCIUM-INDUCED ASSOCIATIONS; CIRCULAR-DICHROISM; BOVINE CASEIN; FORCE-FIELD; INFRARED-SPECTROSCOPY; THERMODYNAMIC LINKAGE; GLOBULAR-PROTEINS; CHEMICAL-SHIFT; NUCLEIC-ACIDS AB To determine its potential for interacting with other components of the casein micelle, the N-terminal section of bovine alpha (s1)-casein-B, residues 1-23, was investigated with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopies, and molecular modeling. NMR data were not consistent with conventional alpha -helical or beta -sheet structures, but changes in N-H proton chemical shifts suggested thermostable structures. Both CD and FTIR predicted a range of secondary structures for the peptide (30-40% turns, 25-30% extended) that were highly stable from 5 degreesC to 25 degreesC. Other conformational elements, such as loops and polyproline II helix, were indicated by FTIR only. Molecular dynamics simulation of the peptide predicted 32% turns and 27% extended, in agreement with FTIR and CD predictions and consistent with NMR data. This information is interpreted in accord with recent spectroscopic evidence regarding the nature of unordered conformations, leading to a possible role of alpha (s1)-casein (1-23) in facilitating casein-casein interactions. C1 ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Thomas Jefferson Univ, Kimmel Canc Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA. Univ Coll, Dept Food Chem, Cork, Ireland. RP Malin, EL (reprint author), ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. EM emalin@arserrc.gov RI German, Markus/L-1531-2013 NR 62 TC 29 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 13 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0277-8033 J9 J PROTEIN CHEM JI J. Protein Chem. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 20 IS 5 BP 391 EP 404 DI 10.1023/A:1012232804665 PG 14 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 491YF UT WOS:000172137100008 PM 11732691 ER PT J AU Gillen, RL Berg, WA AF Gillen, RL Berg, WA TI Complementary grazing of native pasture and Old World bluestem? SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE mixed prairie; complementary forages; Old World bluestem; Bothriochloa; livestock performance ID SOUTHERN PLAINS; RESPONSES; RANGELAND; SYSTEMS AB Native pasture and Old World bluestems (Bothriochloa spp.) have contrasting herbage production characteristics that suggest potential for incorporation into a complementary forage system, We compared 2 yearling beef production systems consisting of either native pasture (Native) or Old World bluestem combined with native pasture (Old World bluestem-Native) over 5 years, Crossbred steers (initial weight 257 kg) grazed only native pasture in the Native system, but alternated between Old World bluestem and native pastures in the Old World bluestem-Native system, Production system had no effect on the frequency of any plant species in the native pastures (P > 0.16) even though stocking rate in the growing season was increased 31% in the Old World bluestem-Native system. Peak standing crop of Old World bluestem averaged 4640 kg ha(-1) but did not differ between the cultivars 'WW-Iron Master' and 'WW-Spar' (P = 0.16). Individual steer gain was higher in the Native system during the Winter (P < 0.01) and Early Native (P = 0.03) management periods, but was greater in the Old World bluestem-Native system when steers were grazing Old World bluestem in June and July (P < 0.001). Over the entire season, steers in the Native system gained 13.5 kg head(-1) more than steers in the Old World bluestem-Native system, Total livestock production was greater in the Old World bluestem-Native system (77 versus 47 kg ha(-1), P < 0.01), Relative economic returns between the 2 systems were dependent on the marginal value of livestock gain and the relative costs of production for the 2 types of pasture. With average costs for native pasture of $17 ha(-1) and for Old World bluestem pasture of $62.10 ha(-1), the Native system was often more profitable, even though livestock production per ha was much higher with the Old World bluestem-Native system. Lower costs for native pasture and high values of livestock gain favored the Native system. C1 USDA ARS, So Plains Range Res Stn, Woodward, OK 73801 USA. RP Gillen, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Plains Range Res Stn, 2000 18th St, Woodward, OK 73801 USA. NR 21 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 54 IS 4 BP 348 EP 355 DI 10.2307/4003102 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 449HR UT WOS:000169679200005 ER PT J AU Mukherjee, A Anderson, DM Daniel, DL Murray, LW Tisone, C Fredrickson, EL Estell, RE Rayson, GD Havstad, KM AF Mukherjee, A Anderson, DM Daniel, DL Murray, LW Tisone, C Fredrickson, EL Estell, RE Rayson, GD Havstad, KM TI Statistical analyses of fluorometry data from chloroform filtrate of lamb feces SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE cattle; botanical composition; fluorescence; xenon fluorometry; fecal fluorophores ID INFRARED REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY; FLUORESCENCE LIF SPECTRA; BOTANICAL COMPOSITION; DIET SELECTION; PLANT; PREDICTION; EMISSION; TOOL AB Accurately identifying the botanical composition of free-ranging animal diets remains a challenge. Currently accepted procedures are time consuming, many requiring painstaking sample preparation while none produce data useful for real-time management, Automated procedures focusing on detection of chemical and/or physical plant properties using specific molecules called fluorophores offers possibilities for determining the species composition of herbivore diets. This study was designed to evaluate fluorometry techniques in herbivore diet determinations using fecal samples obtained from 13 lambs fed a basal diet of tobosa hay (Pleuraphis mutica Buckley), and containing 4 different levels (0, 10, 20, and 30%) of tarbush (Flourensia cernua D C,) leaf material. Chloroform (CHCl3) filtrate obtained from the lamb's feces was exposed to UV light from a xenon are lamp, This caused fluorophore molecules in the filtrate to have their outer shell electrons move to a higher energy state as a result of UV light excitation After excitation by UV light at 310, 320, 330, 340, 350, and 355 nm, the fluorophores returned to their ground state giving off light (fluorescence). This fluorescence intensity (counts) varied and when captured using appropriate electronics, produced 1,024 pairs of light intensities (counts) and fluorescent wavelengths between 175 and 818 nm in 0.63 nm increments. Previous research indicated differences among diets could be determined using distinct peaks in the red and blue regions of the visible light spectrum and a univariate (1 variable at a time) analysis. This research demonstrates the entire fluorescence data set can be used to determine differences among diets using multivariate statistics, Sequences of 5 increasingly complex statistical techniques were used to distinguish among diets: 2-dimensional plots, polynomial regression models, confidence interval plots, discriminant analysis, and 3-dimensional plots. Two-dimensional plots indicated 2 spectral fluorescence peaks, 1 in the blue-green (420-600 nm) and 1 in the red (640-720 nm) region of the visible spectrum, Because of the asymmetrical nature of these peaks, fifth-order polynomials were developed to differentiate among the 4 diets. Statistical reliability was high when discriminating between diets containing no tarbush leaf and the diets containing 30% tarbush leaf; however, it was not possible to statistically separate dirts containing intermediate (10 and 20%) amounts of tarbush leaf material From each other or from the 2 extremes (0 and 30% tarbush leaf). These results suggest spectral signatures arising from fluorometry data may be useful for differentiating among botanical composition diets that differ in plant form, but that a multivariate approach may require large sample sizes. C1 New Mexico State Univ, Ctr Stat, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NMSU, Jornada Exptl Range, USDA ARS, Dept 3JER, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Ctr Stat, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. TW Res Associates, Albuquerque, NM 87111 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Mukherjee, A (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, Ctr Stat, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NR 29 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 54 IS 4 BP 370 EP 377 DI 10.2307/4003105 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 449HR UT WOS:000169679200008 ER PT J AU Vinton, MA Kathol, ES Vogel, KP Hopkins, AA AF Vinton, MA Kathol, ES Vogel, KP Hopkins, AA TI Endophytic fungi in Canada wild rye in natural grasslands SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Elymus canadensis; Epichloe typhina; Neotyphodium; geographical pattern; mutualism; tallgrass prairie ID TALL-FESCUE ENDOPHYTE; EPICHLOE-TYPHINA; ACREMONIUM-COENOPHIALUM; HOST ASSOCIATIONS; FORAGE GRASSES; INFECTION; HERBIVORE AB Some grasses harbor endophytic fungi living in intercellular spaces in the leaves, stems and reproductive organs. The fungi can dramatically affect the physiology and ecology of plants. For example, fungi may produce toxins that deter herbivores and they may alter the water status of the plant to increase drought tolerance. The distribution of fungal infection in natural plant populations is unknown for mana host species. We investigated the occurrence of endophytic fungi in Elymus canadensis L, (Canada wild rye) from 13 remnant prairie sites in the midwest and 23 sites in the southern Great Plains. Collections of plant tissue came from Nebraska, Kansas, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Illinois, Oklahoma, and Texas. All midwest plants were grown in a common garden site in eastern Nebraska. Seeds collected from Oklahoma and Texas accessions were planted in the greenhouse. At least 3 tillers from 2 plants of each accession were screened for endophytes, using light microscopy. The endophytic fungus was found in seed of all accessions and in plants from all but 4 accessions. The functional significance of the fungus is unclear, but it may affect plants by enhancing productivity or deterring herbivores. The widespread occurrence of endophytic fungi in natural populations of E, canadensis suggests that the plant-fungal association may be long-standing and important in the evolution and success of this native prairie species. C1 Creighton Univ, Dept Biol, Omaha, NE 68178 USA. Creighton Univ, Environm Sci Program, Omaha, NE 68178 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Inst Environm Studies, Madison, WI 53706 USA. USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Samuel Roberts Noble Fdn Inc, Forage Biotechnol Grp, Ardmore, OK 73401 USA. RP Vinton, MA (reprint author), Creighton Univ, Dept Biol, Omaha, NE 68178 USA. NR 28 TC 17 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 8 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 54 IS 4 BP 390 EP 395 DI 10.2307/4003108 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 449HR UT WOS:000169679200011 ER PT J AU Stewart, A Anderson, VJ Kitchen, SG AF Stewart, A Anderson, VJ Kitchen, SG TI 'Immigrant' forage kochia seed viability as impacted by storage methods SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Kochia prostrata; revegetation; seed care; greenstripping ID GERMINATION AB 'Immigrant' forage kochia (Kochia prostrata (L.) Schrad.) is a valuable introduced subshrub, often used in reclamation plantings and seedings on western rangelands. Seedling establishment is best from fresh seed; however, many users plant stored seed and experience poor seeding success. One cause for failure is loss of seed viability in storage. Forage kochia seed was harvested on 4 dates in fall 1996 from 2 sites (wildland and irrigated) and tested for viability when fresh and after storage treatments, Storage treatments included low and high seed water contents (2-6% and 12-16%), cold and warm storage temperatures (2 degrees and 25 degrees C), and duration of storage (4, 8, and 12 months). Mature, highly viable forage kochia seed remains viable in storage longer than seed harvested prematurely. Low seed water content (2-6%) is essential to preserving maximum seed viability. Storing seed at a cold temperature (2 degreesC) is also helpful in maintaining viability. C1 Palomar Coll, Dept Life Sci, San Marcos, CA 92069 USA. Brigham Young Univ, Dept Bot & Range Sci, Provo, UT 84602 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Shrub Sci Lab, Provo, UT 84606 USA. RP Stewart, A (reprint author), Palomar Coll, Dept Life Sci, San Marcos, CA 92069 USA. NR 22 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 54 IS 4 BP 396 EP 399 DI 10.2307/4003109 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 449HR UT WOS:000169679200012 ER PT J AU Moore, KJ Jung, HJG AF Moore, KJ Jung, HJG TI Lignin and fiber digestion SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Review DE anti-quality; digestibility; forage quality; forage utilization ID CELL-WALL COMPOSITION; BROWN MIDRIB SORGHUM; CINNAMYL-ALCOHOL-DEHYDROGENASE; ACID DETERGENT LIGNIN; ALFALFA FORAGE QUALITY; FERULATE CROSS-LINKS; MORPHOLOGICAL COMPONENTS; TALL FESCUE; DRY-MATTER; SMOOTH BROMEGRASS AB Lignin is a polymer formed from monolignols derived from the phenylpropanoid pathway in vascular plants. It is deposited in the cell walls of plants as part of the process of cell maturation. Lignin is considered an anti-quality component in forages because of its negative impact on the nutritional availability of plant fiber. Lignin interferes with the digestion of cell-wall polysaccharides by acting as a physical barrier to microbial enzymes. Lignification therefore has a direct and often important impact on the digestible energy (DE) value of the forage. There are a number of plant-related factors that affect lignification in individual plants and plant communities. Lignification is under genetic control and there are considerable differences in lignin concentration and composition among species and even genotypes within species. Genetic differences in lignification are first expressed at the cellular level and are affected by biochemical and physiological activities of the cell. As cells differentiate, differences in lignification occur depending on the tissues and organs being developed. Lignification tends to be most intense in structural tissues such as xylem and sclerenchyma. Plant organs containing high concentrations of these tissues, such as stems, are less digestible than those containing lower concentrations. The relative proportion of lignified tissues and organs typically increases as plants mature so there is often a negative relationship between digestibility and maturity. All of these plant processes respond to environmental factors that can affect the er;tent and impact of lignification, Temperature, soil moisture, light, and soil fertility call have either direct or indirect effects on lignification, The most useful management practices for minimizing the negative effects of lignification are manipulation of the plant community such that it contains more desirable species and harvest management to maintain plants in a vegetative stage of development. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. US Dairy Forage Res Ctr Cluster, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Moore, KJ (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 156 TC 65 Z9 72 U1 5 U2 23 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 54 IS 4 BP 420 EP 430 DI 10.2307/4003113 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 449HR UT WOS:000169679200016 ER PT J AU Launchbaugh, KL Provenza, FD Pfister, JA AF Launchbaugh, KL Provenza, FD Pfister, JA TI Herbivore response to anti-quality factors in forages SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Review DE anti-quality; conditioned aversions; detoxification; diet selection; forage quality; foraging; grazing behavior; toxic plants ID FLAVORED WHEAT-STRAW; TALL LARKSPUR DELPHINIUM; INTRARUMINAL INFUSIONS; DIET SELECTION; CONDENSED TANNINS; CHIHUAHUAN DESERT; VOLUNTARY INTAKE; GENETIC-ASPECTS; TASTE-AVERSION; FOOD AVERSIONS AB Plants possess a wide variety of compounds and growth forms that are termed "anti-quality" factors because they reduce forage value and deter grazing. Anti-quality attributes can reduce a plant's digestible nutrients and energy or yield toxic effects. Herbivores possess several adaptive mechanisms to lessen the impacts of anti-quality factors. First, herbivores graze selectively to limit consumption of potentially harmful plant compounds. Grazing animals rely on a sophisticated system to detect plant nutritional value or toxicity by relating the flavor of a plant to its positive or negative digestive consequences. Diet selection skills are enhanced by adaptive intake patterns that limit the deleterious effects of plant allelochemicals; these include cautious sampling of sample ntt,v foods, consuming a varied diet, and eating plants in a cyclic, intermittent, or carefully regulated fashion. Second, grazing animals possess internal systems that detoxify or tolerate ingested phytotoxins. Animals may eject toxic plant material quickly after ingestion, secrete substances in the mouth or gut to render allelochemicals inert, rely on rumen microbes to detoxify allelochemicals, absorb phytochemicals from the gut and detoxified them in body tissues, or develop a tolerance to the toxic effects of plant allelochemicals. Understanding the behavioral and metabolic abilities of herbivores suggests several livestock management practices to help animals contend with plant anti-quality characteristics, These practices include offering animals proper early life experiences, selecting the appropriate livestock species and individuals, breeding animals with desired attributes, and offering nutritional or pharmaceutical products to aid in digestion and detoxification. C1 Univ Idaho, Dept Rangeland Ecol & Management, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Rangeland Resources, Logan, UT 84322 USA. USDA ARS, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, Logan, UT 84341 USA. RP Launchbaugh, KL (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Dept Rangeland Ecol & Management, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. NR 108 TC 24 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 11 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 54 IS 4 BP 431 EP 440 DI 10.2307/4003114 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 449HR UT WOS:000169679200017 ER PT J AU Mayland, HF Shewmaker, GE AF Mayland, HF Shewmaker, GE TI Animal health problems caused by silicon and other mineral imbalances SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE forage; mineral interaction; mineral requirements; mineral nutrition; ruminant diets ID TALL FESCUE; HIGH-MAGNESIUM; PERENNIAL RYEGRASS; ITALIAN RYEGRASS; SOIL INGESTION; GRASS TETANY; CATTLE; RESPONSES; SHEEP; SUPPLEMENTATION AB Plant growth depends upon C, H, O, and at least 13 mineral elements. Six of these (N, K, Ca, Mg, P, and S) macro-elements normally occur in plants at concentrations greater than 1,000 mg kg(-1) level. The remaining micro-elements (B, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, and Zn) normally occur in plants at concentrations less than 50 mg kg(-1). Trace amounts of other elements (e.g., Co, Na, Ni, and Si) may be beneficial for plants. Silicon concentrations may range upwards to 50,000 mg kg(-1) in some forage grasses. Mineral elements required by animals include the macro-elements Ca, CI, K, Mg, N, Na, P, and S; the trace or micro-elements Co, Cu, Fe, I, Mn, Mo, Se, and Zn; and the ultra-trace elements Cr, Li, and Ni. When concentrations of these elements in forages get Lout of whack' their bioavailability to animals may be jeopardized. Interactions of K x Mg x Ca, Ca x P, Se x S, and Cu x: Mo x S are briefly mentioned her e because more detail will be found in the literature. Limited published information is available on Si, so we have provided more detail. Silicon provides physical support to plants and may reduce susceptibility to pests, However, Si may have negative effects on digestibility and contribute to urinary calculi in animals. C1 USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. Univ Idaho, Twin Falls, ID 83303 USA. RP Mayland, HF (reprint author), USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, 3793N 3600E, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. NR 67 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 4 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 54 IS 4 BP 441 EP 446 DI 10.2307/4003115 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 449HR UT WOS:000169679200018 ER PT J AU Pfister, JA Panter, KE Gardner, DR Stegelmeier, BL Ralphs, MH Molyneux, RJ Lee, ST AF Pfister, JA Panter, KE Gardner, DR Stegelmeier, BL Ralphs, MH Molyneux, RJ Lee, ST TI Alkaloids as anti-quality factors in plants on western US rangelands SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Anti-Quality Factors in Rangeland and Pastureland CY FEB 23-24, 1999 CL OMAHA, NEBRASKA DE poisonous plants; plant toxins; forage quality; diet selection; grazing management ID TALL LARKSPUR DELPHINIUM; LOCOWEED ASTRAGALUS-MOLLISSIMUS; GROUNDSEL SENECIO-RIDDELLII; ALPHA-MANNOSIDASE ACTIVITY; GRAZING WHITE LOCOWEED; PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOIDS; CYNOGLOSSUM-OFFICINALE; NORDITERPENOID ALKALOIDS; OXYTROPIS-SERICEA; POISON-HEMLOCK AB Alkaloids constitute the largest class of plant secondary compounds, occurring in 20 to 30% of perennial herbaceous species in North America. Alkaloid-containing plants are of interest, first because alkaloids often have pronounced physiological reactions when ingested by livestock, and second because alkaloids have distinctive taste characteristics. Thus, alkaloids may kill, injure, or reduce productivity of livestock, and have the potential to directly or indirectly alter diet selection. We review 7 major categories of toxic alkaloids, including pyrrolizidine (e.g., Senecio), quinolizidine (e.g., Lupinus), indolizidine (e.g., Astragalus), diterpenoid (e.g., Delphinium), piperidine (e.g., Conium), pyridine (e.g., Nicotiana), and steroidal (Veratrum-type) alkaloids. Clinically; effects on animal production vary from minimal feed refusal to abortion, birth defects, wasting diseases, agalactia, and death. There are marked species differences in reactions to alkaloids. This has been attributed to rumen metabolism, alkaloid absorption, metabolism, excretion or directly related to their affinity to target tissues such as binding at receptor sites. In spite of alkaloids reputed bitter taste to livestock, some alkaloid-containing plant genera (e.g., Delphinium, Veratrum, Astragalus, Oxytropis, and Lupinus) are often readily ingested by livestock. Management schemes to prevent losses are usually based on recognizing the particular toxic plant, knowing the mechanism of toxicity, and understanding the temporal dynamics of plant alkaloid concentration and consumption by livestock. Once these aforementioned aspects are understood, losses may be reduced by maintaining optimal forage conditions, adjusting grazing pressure and timing of grazing, aversive conditioning, strategic supplementation, changing livestock species, and herbicidal control. C1 USDA ARS, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, Logan, UT 84341 USA. USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Pfister, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, 1150 E 1400 N, Logan, UT 84341 USA. NR 168 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 4 U2 11 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 54 IS 4 BP 447 EP 461 DI 10.2307/4003116 PG 15 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 449HR UT WOS:000169679200019 ER PT J AU Thompson, FN Stuedemann, JA Hill, NS AF Thompson, FN Stuedemann, JA Hill, NS TI Anti-quality factors associated with alkaloids in eastern temperate pasture SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Review DE tall fescue; ergotism; perennial ryegrass; reed canarygrass; annual ryegrass ID INFECTED TALL FESCUE; ENDOPHYTE ACREMONIUM-COENOPHIALUM; ANNUAL RYEGRASS TOXICITY; LACTATING DAIRY-COWS; FUNGAL ENDOPHYTE; SERUM PROLACTIN; GROWTH-HORMONE; BEEF-CATTLE; ENVIRONMENTAL-TEMPERATURE; PHYSIOLOGICAL-RESPONSES AB The greatest anti-quality associated with eastern temperature pasture grasses is the result of ergot alkaloids found in endophyte-infected (Neotypliodium ceonophialum) tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) The relationship between the grass and the endophyte is mutalistic with greater persistence and herbage mass as a result of the endophyte, Ergot alkaloids reduce grow th rate, lactation, and reproduction in livestock, Significant effects are the result of elevated body temperature and reduced peripheral blood flow such that necrosis may result, Perturbations also occur in a variety of body systems, Planting new pastures with seed containing a "non-toxic" endophyte appears to be a potential solution. Ergotism results from the ingestion of the scelerotia of Claviceps purpurea containing ergot alkaloids found on seed heads. Ergotism resembles the effects of endophyte-infected tall fescue, Endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) contains ergot and lotirem alkaloids that result in reduced growth and tremors, Reed canarygrass (Phalaris is Anundinacba L.) contains tryptamine, hordenine and gramine alkaloids that reduce growth. Annual ryegrass (Lolium multiplorum L. may contain galls with cornetoxins which result in neurological signs. C1 Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA ARS, Nat Resource Conservat Ctr, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Thompson, FN (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 189 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 5 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 54 IS 4 BP 474 EP 489 DI 10.2307/4003119 PG 16 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 449HR UT WOS:000169679200022 ER PT J AU Han, H Dwyer, JT Selhub, T Jacques, PF Houser, RF Park, JH Kim, YS Bang, BK Kim, S Jung, KA Chang, YK Bostom, AG AF Han, H Dwyer, JT Selhub, T Jacques, PF Houser, RF Park, JH Kim, YS Bang, BK Kim, S Jung, KA Chang, YK Bostom, AG TI Serum cystatin C is an independent predictor of total homocysteine levels in stable Korean renal transplant recipients with normal serum creatinine SO JOURNAL OF RENAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article ID PLASMA HOMOCYSTEINE; FOLIC-ACID; RISK FACTOR; ARTERIOSCLEROTIC OUTCOMES; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; VASCULAR-DISEASE; HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA; PREVALENCE; ASSAY AB Objectives; To examine the determinants of fasting plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) levels such as cystatin C, serum creatinine (SCr), estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) from Cockroft-Gault equation, albumin, plasma folate, vitamin B-12, and pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP) among Korean renal transplant recipients (RTR) with normal SCr levels (less than or equal to1.4 mg/dL). Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Nephrology and Transplant Service, Catholic University Kangnam St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea. Participants: Fifty-one chronic stable Korean RTR with normal SCr levels (less than or equal to1.4 mg/dL) 6 months or more following transplantation. Measures: Medical record review, anthropometric measurements, and overnight (10 to 14 hours) fasting blood samples for measurement of plasma tHcy, folate, vitamin B-12, PLP, SCr, albumin, and cystatin C. Results: General linear regression model including age, gender, vitamin status, and measurements of renal function showed that cystatin C and folate were independent predictors of tHcy levels, The partial regression coefficient for folate was -0.444 (P < .01) and for cystatin C, it was +0.334 (P < .05). SCr, estimated GFR, vitamin B-12, PLP, age, and gender were not independent predictors of tHcy levels in this model. Conclusion: Both cystatin C and folate status were major independent determinants of fasting tHcy levels in the subgroup of Korean RTR with normal SCr. (C) 2001 by the National Kidney Foundation, Inc. C1 Tufts Univ New England Med Ctr, Frances Stern Nutr Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Sch Nutr Sci & Policy & Med, Boston, MA USA. Catholic Univ, Kangnam St Marys Hosp, Coll Med, Seoul, South Korea. Hanyang Univ, Dept Food & Nutr, Seoul 133791, South Korea. Mem Hosp Rhode Isl, Div Gen Internal Med, Pawtucket, RI USA. RP Han, H (reprint author), Tufts Univ New England Med Ctr, Frances Stern Nutr Ctr, 750 Washington St,Box 783, Boston, MA 02111 USA. OI Dwyer, Johanna/0000-0002-0783-1769 FU NCRR NIH HHS [MO1RR00054] NR 26 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 1051-2276 J9 J RENAL NUTR JI J. Renal Nutr. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 11 IS 3 BP 149 EP 154 DI 10.1053/jren.2001.24360 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics; Urology & Nephrology SC Nutrition & Dietetics; Urology & Nephrology GA 519KK UT WOS:000173725300005 PM 11466665 ER PT J AU Baker, KR Nelson, ME Felson, DT Layne, JE Sarno, R Roubenoff, R AF Baker, KR Nelson, ME Felson, DT Layne, JE Sarno, R Roubenoff, R TI The efficacy of home based progressive strength training in older adults with knee osteoarthritis: A randomized controlled trial SO JOURNAL OF RHEUMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE osteoarthritis; muscle; therapeutic trials ID OSTEO-ARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID-ARTHRITIS; QUADRICEPS WEAKNESS; ARTICULAR-CARTILAGE; FUNCTIONAL STATUS; EXERCISE PROGRAM; SELF-EFFICACY; JOINT PAIN; DISABILITY; MUSCLE AB Objective. To test the effects of a high intensity home-based progressive strength training program on the clinical signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee. Methods. Forty-six community dwelling patients, aged 55 years or older with knee pain and radiographic evidence of knee OA, were randomized to a 4 month home based progressive strength training program or a nutrition education program (attention control). Thirty-eight patients completed the trial with an adherence of 84% to the intervention and 65% to the attention control. The primary outcome was the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis (WOMAC) index pain and physical function subscales. Secondary outcomes included clinical knee examination, muscle strength, physical performance measures, and questionnaires to measure quality of life variables. Results. Patients in the strength training group who completed the trial had a 71% improvement in knee extension strength in the leg reported as most painful versus a 3% improvement in the control group (p < 0.01). In a modified intent to treat analysis, self-reported pain improved by 36% and physical function by 38% in the strength training group versus 11 and 21%, respectively, in the control group (p = 0.01 for between group comparison). In addition, those patients in the strength training group who completed the trial had a 43% mean reduction in pain (p = 0.01 vs controls), a 44% mean improvement in self-reported physical function (p < 0.01 vs controls), and improvements in physical performance, quality of life, and self-efficacy when compared to the control group. Conclusion. High intensity, home based strength training can produce substantial improvements in strength, pain, physical function and quality of life in patients with knee OA. C1 New England Med Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Boston Univ, Multipurpose Arthrit & Musculoskeletal Dis Ctr, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Tufts Univ, Nutr Exercise Physiol & Sarcopenia Lab, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NIAMS NIH HHS [AR20613] NR 54 TC 152 Z9 160 U1 2 U2 26 PU J RHEUMATOL PUBL CO PI TORONTO PA 920 YONGE ST, SUITE 115, TORONTO, ONTARIO M4W 3C7, CANADA SN 0315-162X J9 J RHEUMATOL JI J. Rheumatol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 28 IS 7 BP 1655 EP 1665 PG 11 WC Rheumatology SC Rheumatology GA 451CQ UT WOS:000169783900029 PM 11469475 ER PT J AU Hagstrum, DW AF Hagstrum, DW TI Immigration of insects into bins storing newly harvested wheat on 12 Kansas farms SO JOURNAL OF STORED PRODUCTS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE population monitoring; insects; trapping; dispersal; stored products ID GRAIN MOTH LEPIDOPTERA; STORED WHEAT; FLIGHT ACTIVITY; COLEOPTERA; FIELD; BOSTRICHIDAE; GELECHIIDAE; POPULATIONS; INFESTATION AB Adult insects entering 34 bins (36-238 t capacity) storing newly harvested hard red winter wheat on 12 farms in Kansas were sampled from July through December 1998 using ventilation traps. Insects moving through the grain stored in these bins were sampled using probe traps. During the fourth week of storage, probe traps captured Cryptolestes ferrugineus in all bins, Ahasverus advena in 32 bins, Typhaea stercorea in 31 bins, and Rhyzopertha dominica in 13 bins. Means +/- SE of 5.6 +/- 0.7 C. ferrugineus, 0.5 +/- 0.2 R. dominica, 3.5 +/- 0.3 A. advena, and 3.5 +/- 0.7 T. stercorea were caught per day in probe traps. Ventilation traps provided a more direct measure than probe traps of the total numbers of insects entering bins storing newly harvested wheat. Immigration of A. advena and T. stercorea increased more than that of other species during the storage period, exceeding that of C. ferrugineus and R. dominica during some weeks. Rhyzopertha dominica had the lowest immigration rate. Bin size did not influence ventilation trap catch but as many as a third more insects may immigrate into large bins at the eaves compared with small bins because of their larger circumference. The mean numbers of C. ferrugineus, R. dominica, A. advena and T. stercorea captured in ventilation traps at the bin cap were 7.8, 2.7, 15.1 and 18.3 times, respectively, those captured in ventilation traps at the bin eaves. The estimated means +/- SE for total numbers of insects entering a bin each day were 13.6 +/- 4.2 C. ferrugineus, 6.3 +/- 4.7 R. dominica, 5.8 +/- 1.4 A. advena, and 21.9 +/- 8.2 T. stercorea. Estimates of immigration rates can improve the accuracy with which insect densities are predicted using insect population growth models, and allow computer models to be used more effectively in managing insect pests. Insect infestations may be reduced by screening the openings between the bin cap and the roof, or the roof and the side walls. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, USDA, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Hagstrum, DW (reprint author), ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, USDA, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. NR 23 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-474X J9 J STORED PROD RES JI J. Stored Prod. Res. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 37 IS 3 BP 221 EP 229 DI 10.1016/S0022-474X(00)00023-0 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 407RY UT WOS:000167285600002 PM 11172859 ER PT J AU Mullen, MA Dowdy, AK AF Mullen, MA Dowdy, AK TI A pheromone-baited trap for monitoring the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) SO JOURNAL OF STORED PRODUCTS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE insect detection; stored-product insects; insect monitoring ID ALMOND MOTH; SEX PHEROMONE; DESIGN; ATTRACTANT; CAPTURE AB A pheromone-baited trap was developed to monitor the Indian meal moth in grocery stores and similar areas where visible traps are not desirable. The trap can be used under shelves and against walls, As a shelf mount, the trap is in close proximity to the food packages and may capture emerging insects before they mate. The trap can also be used as a hanging trap similar to the Pherocon IT. When used as a shelf or wall mount, it was as effective as the Pherocon II, but when used as a hanging trap significantly fewer insects were captured. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Mullen, MA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. NR 15 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-474X J9 J STORED PROD RES JI J. Stored Prod. Res. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 37 IS 3 BP 231 EP 235 DI 10.1016/S0022-474X(00)00024-2 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 407RY UT WOS:000167285600003 PM 11172860 ER PT J AU Halvorson, JJ McCool, DK King, LG Gatto, LW AF Halvorson, JJ McCool, DK King, LG Gatto, LW TI Soil compaction and over-winter changes to tracked-vehicle ruts, Yakima Training Center, Washington SO JOURNAL OF TERRAMECHANICS LA English DT Article DE tank ruts; soil compaction; profile-meter; saturated hydraulic conductivity; penetrometer; bulk density; Yakima Training Center ID BULK-DENSITY; FREEZE-THAW; STRENGTH; PENETROMETER; TILLAGE; GROWTH; LOAM AB We monitored two experimental areas at the Yakima Training Center (YTC) in central Washington to measure changes to M1A2 Abrams (Ml) rank-rut surface geometry and in- and out-of-rut saturated hydraulic conductivity (k(fs)), soil penetration resistance (SPR) and soil bulk density (BD). Profile-meter data show that rut cross-sectional profiles smoothed significantly and that turning ruts did so more than straight ruts. Rut edges were zones of erosion and sidewall bases were zones of deposition. K-fs values were similar in and out of ruts formed on soil with 0-50% moisture by volume, but were lower in ruts formed on soil with about 15% water. Mean SPR was similar in and out of ruts from 0- to 5-cm depth. increased to 2 MPa outside ruts acid 4 MPa inside ruts at 10- to 15-cm depth, and decreased by 10-38%; outside ruts and by 39-48% inside ruts at the 30-cm depth. Soil ED was similar in and out of ruts from 0- to 2.5-cm depth, and below 2.5 cm, it was generally higher in ruts formed on moist soil with highest values between 10- and 20-cm depth. Conversely, ED in ruts formed on dry soil was similar to out-or-rut ED at all depths. This information is important for determining impacts of tank ruts on watts infiltration and soil erosion and for modifying the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) models to more accurately predict soil losses on army training lands. (C) 2001 ISTVS. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Washington State Univ, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. USDA ARS, Lang Management & Water Conservat Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. USA, Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, Res & Engn Directorate, Geol Sci Div, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. RP Halvorson, JJ (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 30 TC 10 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-4898 J9 J TERRAMECHANICS JI J. Terramech. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 38 IS 3 BP 133 EP 151 DI 10.1016/S0022-4898(00)00017-3 PG 19 WC Engineering, Environmental SC Engineering GA 428XK UT WOS:000168486800002 ER PT J AU Lima, I Singh, RP AF Lima, I Singh, RP TI Viscoelastic behavior of fried potato crust SO JOURNAL OF TEXTURE STUDIES LA English DT Article AB A restructured potato model system was fried for 5, 10 or 15 min at 170, 180, or 190C and tested in a dynamic mechanical analyzer. Stress relaxation phenomena was described by a two-element Maxwell model with a parallel spring. The viscoelastic behavior of the crust resulted from its porous structure of open and closed foam cells embedded in oil. Relaxation of stress in the fried crust was a result of slippage of the dispersed oil through the crust and from rearrangements of the air cells. Elastic modulus of the fried crust increased for higher frying times and temperatures and were the most significant elements in distinguishing between samples. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Agr & Biol Engn, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Lima, I (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 8 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 7 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 0022-4901 J9 J TEXTURE STUD JI J. Texture Stud. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 32 IS 2 BP 131 EP 141 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4603.2001.tb01038.x PG 11 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 459PB UT WOS:000170258700003 ER PT J AU Brown-Borg, H Johnson, WT Rakoczy, S Romanick, M AF Brown-Borg, H Johnson, WT Rakoczy, S Romanick, M TI Mitochondrial oxidant generation and oxidative damage in ames dwarf and GH transgenic mice SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN AGING ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID BOVINE GROWTH-HORMONE; LIFE-SPAN; CALORIC RESTRICTION; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; AGING PROCESS; SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE; PROTEIN OXIDATION; OXYGEN RADICALS; MOUSE-LIVER; MUTANT MICE AB Aging is associated with an accumulation of oxidative damage to proteins, lipids and DNA. Cellular mechanisms designed to prevent oxidative damage decline with aging and in diseases associated with aging. A long-lived mouse, the Ames dwarf, exhibits growth hormone deficiency and heightened antioxidative defenses. In contrast, animals that over express GH have suppressed antioxidative capacity and live half as long as wild type mice. In this study, we examined the generation of H 202 from liver mitochondria of Ames dwarf and wild type mice and determined the level of oxidative damage to proteins, lipids and DNA in various tissues of these animals. Dwarf liver mitochondria (24 months) produced less H2O2 than normal liver in the presence of succinate (p<0.03) and ADP (p<0.003). Levels of oxidative DNA damage (8 (O) over bar HdG) were variable and dependent on tissue and age in dwarf and normal mice. Forty-seven percent fewer protein carbonyls were detected in 24-month old dwarf liver tissue compared to controls (p<0.04). Forty percent more (p<0.04) protein carbonyls were detected in liver tissue (3-month old) of GH transgenic mice compared to wild types while 12 month old brain tissue had 53% more protein carbonyls compared to controls (p<0.005). Levels of liver malonaldehyde(lipid peroxidation) were not different at 3 and 12 months of age but were greater in Ames dwarf mice at 24 months compared to normal mice. Previous studies indicate a strong negative correlation between plasma GH levels and antioxidative defense. Taken together, these studies show that altered GH-signaling may contribute to differences in the generation of reactive oxygen species, the ability to counter oxidative stress and life span. C1 Univ N Dakota, Sch Med & Hlth Sci, Dept Pharmacol Physiol & Therapeut, Grand Forks, ND 58203 USA. USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58203 USA. RP Brown-Borg, H (reprint author), Univ N Dakota, Sch Med & Hlth Sci, Dept Pharmacol Physiol & Therapeut, 501 N Columbia Rd, Grand Forks, ND 58203 USA. NR 89 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER AGING ASSOC PI MEDIA PA SALLY BALIN MEDICAL CENTER, 110 CHESLEY DR, MEDIA, PA 19063 USA SN 0161-9152 J9 J AM AGING ASSOC JI J. Am. Aging Assoc. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 24 IS 3 BP 85 EP 96 PG 12 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 589ZK UT WOS:000177791800002 PM 23604879 ER PT J AU Liu, CK DiMaio, GL AF Liu, CK DiMaio, GL TI Effects of vacuum drying variables on the mechanical properties of leather SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 96th Annual Meeting of the American-Leather-Chemists-Association CY JUN 17-21, 2000 CL WHEELING, WEST VIRGINIA SP Amer Leather Chemists Assoc ID RESISTANCE; CELLULOSE; ENERGY; SYSTEM AB Due to its fast drying speed, vacuum drying has become one of the most popular drying methods in recent years for leather manufacture. However, information regarding how drying conditions affect the resulting leather mechanical properties is lacking. Without this information, drying operations often produce leather with poor mechanical properties. Therefore, we conducted a systematic vacuum drying study to gain a clear picture of how drying variables affect the mechanical properties of vacuum-dried leather. Data clearly indicate that a lower drying temperature, shorter drying time, and proper initial water content in leather are favorable conditions to produce stronger and soft-er leather. In this investigation we not only formulate the relationship between drying factors and mechanical properties, but also explore the possibility using a mass transfer quantity such as drying rate to generalize the complex relationship between drying variables and resultant mechanical properties. Observations showed that the rate of drying is one of key factors that governs the tear strength. This investigation may benefit the leather industry in optimizing drying conditions to obtain improved mechanical properties. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Liu, CK (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 20 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSN PI LUBBOCK PA TEXAS TECH UNIV, BOX 45300, LUBBOCK, TX 79409-5300 USA SN 0002-9726 J9 J AM LEATHER CHEM AS JI J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 96 IS 7 BP 243 EP 254 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 596DD UT WOS:000178148100001 ER PT J AU Chen, WY Cooke, PH DiMaio, G Taylor, MM Brown, EM AF Chen, WY Cooke, PH DiMaio, G Taylor, MM Brown, EM TI Modified collagen hydrolysate, potential for use as a filler for leather SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 96th Annual Meeting of the American-Leather-Chemists-Association CY JUN 17-21, 2000 CL WHEELING, WEST VIRGINIA SP Amer Leather Chemists Assoc ID SOLID TANNERY WASTE; PROTEIN PRODUCTS; CHROME SHAVINGS; PILOT-SCALE; CAKE AB Partially hydrolyzed collagen, previously extracted from chromium-containing leather waste, in which more than 50% of the fragments had molecular weights less than 21 kDa, was chemically modified with glutaraldehyde (0 to 18%). Glutaraldehyde, even at low concentration (6%), formed intermolecular crosslinks, as evidenced by a shift in the molecular weight distribution to higher weights. The 12% glutaraldehyde-hydrolysate protein (12% GHP) was used in a demonstration of leather filling. 12% GHP adhered better to chrome tanned calfskin from both back and flank areas than did 0% glutaraldehyde-hydrolysate (HP). To visualize the filling effect, 12% GHP and HP were labeled with a fluorescent dye, and treated leather samples evaluated by fluorescence microscopy. The results suggested a potential for this material as a filler for leather, but were difficult to interpret clearly. To better utilize the sensitivity of fluorescence techniques, additional experiments were performed using a low quality recovered gelatin (90 Bloom; more than 50% of the fragments had molecular weights less than 50 kDa). Gelatin was fluorescently labeled prior to crosslinking. Microscopy showed that in samples treated with 0% glutaraldehyde-gelatin, the fluorescence was localized on the inner surface of veins, whereas with 0.5% glutaraldehyde-gelatin the fluorescence filled the entire cross section of the vein. The results suggest that with appropriate treatment, the small fragment-proteinaceous material recovered from solid leather waste could be used in further leather production. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Sichuan Univ, Leather Engn Dept, Chengdu 610065, Peoples R China. RP Brown, EM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 12 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 8 U2 14 PU AMER LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSN PI LUBBOCK PA TEXAS TECH UNIV, BOX 45300, LUBBOCK, TX 79409-5300 USA SN 0002-9726 J9 J AM LEATHER CHEM AS JI J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 96 IS 7 BP 262 EP 267 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 596DD UT WOS:000178148100003 ER PT J AU Gehring, AG Bailey, DG DiMaio, GL AF Gehring, AG Bailey, DG DiMaio, GL TI Evaluation of urea sulfate as a replacement for sulfuric acid in chrome tanning SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 95th Annual Meeting of the American-Leather-Chemist-Association CY JUN 13-17, 1999 CL TRAVERSE CITY, MICHIGAN SP Amer Leather Chemist Assoc ID LEATHER WASTE; PILOT-SCALE; SHAVINGS; CAKE AB Concentrated sulfuric acid is a noxious and corrosive chemical that must be handled with extreme care by workers in the leather tanning industry. A safe alternative to sulfuric acid in the chrome tanning process would be desirable if the alternative was demonstrated to be an equally efficient replacement. Small steer hide pieces (unhaired and bated) were treated with either sulfuric acid or urea sulfate, converted into leather, and physically tested in a laboratory bench scale study. Large hide pieces (unhaired and bated matched sides) were chrome-tanned in a pilot plant, again to compare sulfuric acid with urea sulfate. This paper documents that physical testing (hide swelling, shrinkage temperature, stress/strain, quantification of chromium uptake) results exhibited no remarkable difference between either the sulfuric acid or urea sulfate treated hide pieces. These results demonstrate that urea sulfate would be an acceptable alternative for sulfuric acid should circumstances (economic, legally mandated environmental protection issues, safety, etc.) warrant it. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Gehring, AG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 7 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSN PI LUBBOCK PA TEXAS TECH UNIV, BOX 45300, LUBBOCK, TX 79409-5300 USA SN 0002-9726 J9 J AM LEATHER CHEM AS JI J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 96 IS 7 BP 268 EP 274 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 596DD UT WOS:000178148100004 ER PT J AU Abidi, SL Warner, K AF Abidi, SL Warner, K TI Molecular-weight distributions of degradation products in selected frying oils SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE frying oil; high-performance size exclusion chromatography; molecular-weight distribution; nonvolatile component; oil stability; viscometric detection ID FATTY-ACID COMPOSITIONS; SOYBEAN OILS; SUNFLOWER OIL; STABILITY; COMPONENTS AB Polar isolates of frying oils used for frying French fries, potato chips, or French fries/tortilla chips were analyzed for nonvolatile components by high-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) with viscometric (VIS)/refractometric (RI) detection. The degradation products were separated on three mixed-bed polystyrene/divinylbenzene columns with tetrahydrofuran as eluent. Dual VIS/R1 detection of the column effluent enabled simultaneous determination of analyte molecular weights (MW) and concentrations. MW of individual components were calculated from viscosity data with the use of a universal calibration technique. HPSEC of polar samples obtained from different oilseed lines yielded triglyceride-derived products in which the corresponding nonvolatile components had variable MW and compositions. Elevated levels of high-MW components were correlated with the extent of frying oil degradation to serve as indicators for frying oil stability. MW/concentration profiles of degradation products varied notably with frying times. The distribution patterns of degradation products were markedly affected by other frying conditions and oil varieties and therefore served as fingerprint properties of specific oils. High-oleic sunflower oil (HOSUN) (used for frying French fries) appeared to be more stable than cottonseed oil: at 30 h, the concentrations of the highest MW components were 0.63 vs. 0.89 mg/100 mg oil. HOSUN (used for frying French fries/tortilia chips) tended to be more stable than sunflower oil (SUN), as the most abundant (at 30 h, 3.99 vs. 4.34 mg/100 mg oil) species were components 4 (MW = 1385) and 3 (MW = 2055) for HOSUN and SUN, respectively, High-oleic soybean oil (HOSBO) was notably more stable than soybean oil: at 40 h, the concentrations of the highest MW (2980 vs. 6315) components were 0.21 vs. 4.51 mg/100 mg oil. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Abidi, SL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 20 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 78 IS 7 BP 763 EP 769 DI 10.1007/s11746-001-0339-3 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 463XW UT WOS:000170503400016 ER PT J AU Boonprakob, U Byrne, DH Graham, CJ Okie, WR Beckman, T Smith, BR AF Boonprakob, U Byrne, DH Graham, CJ Okie, WR Beckman, T Smith, BR TI Genetic relationships among cultivated diploid plums and their progenitors as determined by RAPD markers SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE germplasm; diversity; Prunus salicina; molecular markers; breeding; bootstrap analysis ID ISOZYME VARIABILITY; PEACH GERMPLASM; ALMOND CULTIVARS; UNITED-STATES; PRUNUS; FREESTONE; HYBRIDIZATION; INHERITANCE; NECTARINES; CLINGSTONE AB Diploid plums (Prunus L. sp.) and their progenitor species were characterized for randomly amplified polymorphic DNA polymorphisms. Bootstrap analysis indicated the variance of genetic similarities differed little when the sample size was > 80 markers. Two species from China (Prunus salicina Lindl. and P. simonii Carr.) and one species from Europe (P. cerasifera Ehrh.) contributed the bulk (72 % to 90 %) of the genetic background to the cultivated diploid plum. The southeastern plum gene pool was more diverse than those from California, Florida, or South Africa because of the greater contribution of P. cerasifera and P. augustifolia Marsh. to its genetic background. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Hort Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Louisiana Agr Expt Stn, Calhoun, LA 71225 USA. USDA ARS, SE Fruit & Tree Nut Res Lab, Byron, GA 31008 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Plant & Earth Sci, River Falls, WI 54022 USA. RP Byrne, DH (reprint author), Kasetsart Univ, Dept Hort, Kampangsaen 73140, Nakhonpathom, Thailand. NR 43 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 126 IS 4 BP 451 EP 461 PG 11 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 442WW UT WOS:000169308800012 ER PT J AU Stommel, JR AF Stommel, JR TI Selection influences heritability estimates and variance components for anthracnose resistance in populations derived from an intraspecific cross of tomato SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Colletotrichum sp.; disease resistance; genetics; inheritance; Lycopersicon esculentum; vegetable breeding ID COLLETOTRICHUM-COCCODES; INHERITANCE; FRUIT AB Genetic characterization of anthracnose resistance in tomato (Lycopersicon esculertum Mill,) caused by Colletotrichum coccodes (Wallr,) Hughes was accomplished using populations developed from crosses between the anthracnose susceptible cultivar US28 and three resistant breeding lines (115-4, 625-3, and 88B147) that varied in their degree of anthracnose resistance and relative stage of adaptation for commercial use. These lines were of common parental lineage with resistance derived from the small-fruited L. esculentum USDA PI272636. Anthracnose lesion diameters and fruit weight were measured in puncture inoculated fruit of parental, F-1, F-2, and backcross generations within each cross. Correlation coefficients between fruit size and lesion diameter were low and generally nonsignificant, Estimates of broad and narrow sense heritabilities for resistance were moderate and declined as relative anthracnose susceptibility of the resistant parent increased coincident with increasing horticultural adaptation. A simple additive dominance model, m[d][h], was adequate to explain the genetic variance for anthracnose resistance in all crosses. Genetic variance for anthracnose resistance was primarily additive, The minimum number of effective factors or loci conditioning anthracnose resistance declined during attempts to transfer high levels of resistance from PI 272636 into adapted breeding lines. C1 USDA ARS, Vegetable Lab, Inst Plant Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Stommel, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Vegetable Lab, Inst Plant Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 25 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 126 IS 4 BP 468 EP 473 PG 6 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 442WW UT WOS:000169308800014 ER PT J AU Conner, PJ Wood, BW AF Conner, PJ Wood, BW TI Identification of pecan cultivars and their genetic relatedness as determined by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE RAPD; genetic markers; DNA; fingerprinting; nut; tree breeding; hickory; Carya illinoinensis ID RAPD MARKERS; GERMPLASM COLLECTIONS; MALATE-DEHYDROGENASE; CARYA-ILLINOINENSIS; INHERITANCE; DIVERSITY; PROVENANCE; SEQUENCE; ISOZYMES; PRIMERS AB Genetic variation among pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] cultivars was studied using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Using a combination of primers, a unique fingerprint is presented for each of the pecan genotypes studied. The genetic relatedness between 43 cultivars was estimated using 100 RAPD markers. Genetic distances, based on the similarity coefficient of Nei & Li, varied from 0.91 to 0.46, with an average value of 0.66 among all cultivars. The phenetic dendrogram developed from cluster analysis showed relatively weak grouping association. However, cultivars with known pedigrees usually grouped with at least one of the parents and genetic similarity estimates appear to agree with known genetic relationships. C1 Univ Georgia, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Dept Hort, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. USDA ARS, SE Fruit & Tree Nut Res Lab, Byron, GA 31008 USA. RP Conner, PJ (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Dept Hort, 4604 Res Way, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 35 TC 19 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 126 IS 4 BP 474 EP 480 PG 7 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 442WW UT WOS:000169308800015 ER PT J AU Ju, ZG Curry, EA AF Ju, ZG Curry, EA TI Lovastatin inhibition of alpha-farnesene production in ripening apple: Precursor feeding studies SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE ethylene; hydroxymethylglutaric acid; mevalonic acid; farnesyl pyrophosphate; superficial scald; Malus sylvestris var. domestica ID SUPERFICIAL SCALD DEVELOPMENT; ISOPRENOID BIOSYNTHESIS; PLANTS; PATHWAY AB Effects of alpha -farnesene biosynthesis precursors on alpha -farnesene and ethylene production were studied using Lovastatin-treated or nontreated 'Delicious' and 'Granny Smith' apples [Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf]. In nontreated fruit, alpha -farnesene was detected only in fruit peel (approximate to3 mm) and not in the more proximal cortical tissue, alpha -Farnesene was not detectable in preclimacteric fruit peel at harvest. Mevalonic acid lactone (MAL) or farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) induced a-farnesene production when fed to preclimacteric peel tissue, but hydroxymethylglutaric acid (HMG) did not. Fruit stored at 0 degreesC for 30 days (climacteric fruit) produced alpha -farnesene, and addition of HMG, MAL, or FPP further increased alpha -farnesene production. When treated at harvest with Lovastatin at 1.25 mmol L-1 and stored at 0 degreesC for 30 days, fruit produced ethylene but did not produce alpha -farnesene. Whereas MAL and FPP induced alpha -farnesene production in peel sections from these fruit, HMG did not. Induction of alpha -farnesene by precursor feeding was concentration-dependent and had no effect on ethylene production. Cortical tissue sections from climacteric fruit did not produce alpha -farnesene unless HMG, MAL, or FPP were fed during incubation. Including Lovastatin at 0.63 mmol.L-1 in the feeding solution eliminated HMG induced alpha -farnesene production, but did not affect MAL or FPP-induced alpha -farnesene production. Neither precursor feeding nor Lovastatin treatment affected ethylene production in cortical tissues. Chemical name used: [1S-[1a (R degrees), 3 alpha, 7 beta, 8 beta (2S degrees, 4S degrees), 8 alpha beta]]-1,2,3,7,8,8 alpha -hexahydro-3,7-dimethyl-8- [2-(tetrahydro-4-hydroxy-6-oxo-2H-pyran-2-yl)ethyl]-1-naphthalnyl 2-methylbutanoate (Lovastatin). C1 USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Ju, ZG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, 1104 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 126 IS 4 BP 491 EP 495 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 442WW UT WOS:000169308800018 ER PT J AU Nelson, SD Riegel, C Allen, LH Dickson, DW Gan, J Locascio, SJ Mitchel, DJ AF Nelson, SD Riegel, C Allen, LH Dickson, DW Gan, J Locascio, SJ Mitchel, DJ TI Volatilization of 1,3-dichloropropene in Florida plasticulture and effects on fall squash production SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE 1,3-dichloropropene; Cucurbita pepo; soil fumigation; methyl bromide alternatives ID METHYL-BROMIDE EMISSIONS; COVERED FIELD; SOIL; DEGRADATION; ALTERNATIVES; POLYETHYLENE; TEMPERATURE; FILMS AB One of the proposed alternative chemicals for methyl bromide is 1,3-D. The most common forms of 1,3-D products are cis- or trans-isomers of 1,3-D with the fungicidal agent, chloropicrin, containing such mixtures as 65% 1,3-D and 35% chloropicrin (C-35). Soil fumigants are commonly applied under a polyethylene film in Florida raised bed vegetable production. Much of the research regarding cropping system effects of alternative fumigants to methyl bromide has focused primarily on plant growth parameters, with little regard to the atmospheric fate of these chemicals. The objective of this research was to determine both the atmospheric emission of 1,3-D under different plastic film treatments and to evaluate effects of application rates of 1,3-D and C-35 on plant pests, growth, and yield of Sunex 9602 summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L.). Results showed that use of a high barrier polyethylene Nm (or virtually impermeable film - VIF) greatly reduced fumigant emission compared to ground cover with conventional polyethylene films or uncovered soil. Summer squash seedling survival was a severe problem in several of the 1,3-D alone treatments where no fungicidal agent was added, whereas C-35 resulted in excellent disease control at both full and one-half of the recommended application rates for this chemical. Both 1,3-D and C-35 provided good plant stands and higher yields when applied at their recommended application rates. However, all squash yields were lower than typical squash production levels due to late planting and early winter frost kill. Chemical names used: 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D); trichloronitropropene (chloropicrin). C1 USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Environm Res Lab, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Environm Res Lab, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Entomol & Nematol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Hort Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Plant Pathol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Allen, LH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Environm Res Lab, POB 110965, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 26 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 126 IS 4 BP 496 EP 502 PG 7 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 442WW UT WOS:000169308800019 ER PT J AU Traub-Dargatz, JL Kopral, CA Seitzinger, AH Garber, LP Forde, K White, NA AF Traub-Dargatz, JL Kopral, CA Seitzinger, AH Garber, LP Forde, K White, NA TI Estimate of the national incidence of and operation-level risk factors for colic among horses in the United States, spring 1998 to spring 1999 SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID MANAGEMENT FACTORS; EQUINE; POPULATION AB Objective - To estimate the national incidence of, operation-level risk factors for, and annual economic impact of colic among horses in the United States during 1998 and 1999. Design - Epidemiologic survey. Animals - 21,820 horses on 1,026 horse operations in 28 states. Procedures - Horses were monitored for colic for 1 year, and results were recorded in a log that was collected quarterly. Operation-level data were collected via 4 on-site personal interviews. Associations between colic and independent variables adjusted for size of operation were determined. Results - Annual national incidence of colic in the US horse population was estimated to be 4.2 colic events/100 horses per year. Case fatality rate was 11%, and 1.4% of colic events resulted in surgery. Annual cost of colic in the Unites Stares was estimated to be $115,300,000. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance - The national impact of equine colic is substantial because of the high case fatality rate. C1 Colorado State Univ, Coll Vet Med & Biomed Sci, Dept Clin Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USDA, Ctr Epidemiol, Vet Serv, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. USDA, Ctr Anim Hlth, Vet Serv, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Marion Dupont Scott Equine Med Ctr, Leesburg, VA 20177 USA. RP Traub-Dargatz, JL (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Coll Vet Med & Biomed Sci, Dept Clin Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 22 TC 71 Z9 75 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD JUL 1 PY 2001 VL 219 IS 1 BP 67 EP 71 DI 10.2460/javma.2001.219.67 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 447PZ UT WOS:000169582800020 PM 11439773 ER PT J AU Morrill, WL Weaver, DK Irish, NJ Barr, WF AF Morrill, WL Weaver, DK Irish, NJ Barr, WF TI Phyllobaenus dubius (Wolcott) (Coleoptera : Cleridae), a new record of a predator of the wheat stem sawfly (Hymenoptera : Cephidae) SO JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB Phyllobaenus dubius (Wolcott) larvae and adults are predatory on larvae of the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Norton. Some sawfly larvae are killed before host stems are cut. Phyllobaenus dubius larvae fed on sawfly larvae and survived to the adult stage in the laboratory. C1 Montana State Univ, Dept Entomol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. USDA, APHIS, PPQ, Bozeman, MT USA. Univ Idaho, Dept Plant Soil & Entomol Sci, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. RP Morrill, WL (reprint author), USDA, CSREES, PAS, Waterfront Bldg,1400 Independence Ave SW,Stop 222, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 14 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-8567 J9 J KANSAS ENTOMOL SOC JI J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 74 IS 3 BP 181 EP 183 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 526MV UT WOS:000174135000008 ER PT J AU Wesley, RD Woods, RD AF Wesley, RD Woods, RD TI Partial passive protection with two monoclonal antibodies and frequency of feeding of hyperimmune anti-transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) serum for protection of three-day-old piglets from a TGEV challenge infection SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID ANTIGENIC STRUCTURE; CORONAVIRUS; SWINE; GLYCOPROTEIN; EPITOPE AB Passive protection experiments were conducted to determine the frequency and amounts of hyperimmune antiserum needed to block a transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) challenge infection and to identify monoclonal antibodies that are partially protective against TGEV. Hyperimmune antiserum or monoclonal antibodies were added to milk at each feeding or at selected feedings when the amount of antiserum was reduced. Three-day-old piglets were challenged with virulent virus that had been preincubated with antiserum or monoclonal antibodies. The results indicated that supplementing antiserum every other day was not efficacious for protection. Supplementing even small quantities of hyperimmune antiserum (0.5 ml) at least once a day in most cases was sufficient for piglet survival but did not prevent morbidity, Increasing the amount (>2 ml) and providing, antiserum 3 times/day completely blocked the TGEV challenge infection. Two monoclonal, antibodies were discovered that also provided passive protection for baby pigs. One monoclonal antibody, 5G1, had a high neutralizing titer, and the other, 6C4, was more effective in neutralizing and binding to virulent TGEV than to attenuated TGEVs. Both of these monoclonal antibodies were partially effective as supplements in milk for passive protection. Furthermore, these monoclonal antibodies were useful for boosting the efficacy of TGEV-neutralizing, colostrum, which by itself was ineffective. These results show that other antigenic sites, different from the 4-well characterized epitopes on the S glycoprotein of TGEV, also are important for passive protection. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Virus & Prion Dis Livestock Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Wesley, RD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Virus & Prion Dis Livestock Res Unit, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 21 TC 1 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 13 IS 4 BP 290 EP 296 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 458XU UT WOS:000170221400002 PM 11478599 ER PT J AU Hamir, AN Habecker, P Jenny, A Hutto, D Stack, MJ Chaplin, MJ Stasko, J AF Hamir, AN Habecker, P Jenny, A Hutto, D Stack, MJ Chaplin, MJ Stasko, J TI Idiopathic disseminated intracytoplasmic neuronal vacuolation in a neonatal Holstein calf born in the USA SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY; YOUNG ROTTWEILER DOGS; SCRAPIE; NEUROPATHOLOGY; RACCOONS; RABIES; CATTLE; BRAIN AB Histopathologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural. evaluations were made of a 6-day-old Holstein calf with severe vacuolation of the neuronal perikarya that was widely distributed throughout the central nervous system. No evidence of storage material within the vacuoles. was revealed by histopathologic and ultrastructural. examinations. Immunohistochemical and electron microscopic examinations were negative for protease-resistant prion protein and scrapie-associated fibrils, respectively. These results indicate that the clinical signs in this calf were not associated with transmissible spongiform encephalopathy. Neuronal vacuolation has not previously been documented in calves. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Univ Penn, New Bolton Ctr, Kennett Sq, PA 19348 USA. Natl Vet Serv Labs, Pathobiol Lab, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Vet Labs Agcy, Weybridge KT15 3NB, Surrey, England. RP Hamir, AN (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, 2300 Dayton Rd, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RI Chaplin, Melanie/C-7218-2011; Stack, Michael/C-7590-2011 NR 22 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 13 IS 4 BP 349 EP 351 PG 3 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 458XU UT WOS:000170221400013 PM 11478610 ER PT J AU Li, H McGuire, TC Muller-Doblies, UU Crawford, TB AF Li, H McGuire, TC Muller-Doblies, UU Crawford, TB TI A simpler, more sensitive competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibody to malignant catarrhal fever viruses SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID HERPESVIRUS; DIAGNOSIS; RUMINANTS; ELISA; SHEEP AB An earlier competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (CI-ELISA) was developed for detection of specific antibody against malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) viruses (MCFV) in ruminants. In this study, the indirect CI-ELISA was improved by conjugating the monoclonal antibody 15-A directly with horseradish peroxidase and by developing a method of producing precoated, dried antigen plates. This new test is referred to as a direct CI-ELISA. The reformatted test yielded a significantly improved sensitivity, and the time required was reduced to about one-sixth of the previous time. Of 37 MCF cases in cattle that were confirmed by histopathology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, 37 (100%) were positive by the new test, whereas the indirect CI-ELISA detected only 23 (62%). The direct CI-ELISA detected antibody to MCFV in 100% of 48 sheep that had been defined as infected with ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2) by PCR, whereas the indirect CI-ELISA detected only 41 (85%). Comparison of antibody titers measured by the 2 assays for sera collected from OvHV-2-infected sheep and from cattle, bison, and deer with clinical sheep-associated MCF revealed that the direct CI-ELISA offered a 4-fold increase in analytical sensitivity over the indirect format. The number of seropositive animals detected by the direct CI-ELISA among apparently normal cattle and bison was 2-3 times greater than the number detected by the indirect CI-ELISA, indicating that a significant percentage of normal cattle and bison are subclincally infected with MCFV. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Anim Dis Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Univ Zurich, Inst Virol, Zurich, Switzerland. RP Li, H (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Anim Dis Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 16 TC 69 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 13 IS 4 BP 361 EP 364 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 458XU UT WOS:000170221400017 PM 11478614 ER PT J AU Flanagan, EB Zamparo, JM Ball, LA Rodriguez, LL Wertz, GW AF Flanagan, EB Zamparo, JM Ball, LA Rodriguez, LL Wertz, GW TI Rearrangement of the genes of vesicular stomatitis virus eliminates clinical disease in the natural host: New strategy for vaccine development SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID WESTERN UNITED-STATES; RNA VIRUS; IMMUNE-RESPONSES; TRANSCRIPTION; CATTLE; MICE; GLYCOPROTEIN; EXPRESSION; OUTBREAK AB Gene expression among the nonsegmented negative-strand RNA viruses is controlled by distance from the single transcriptional promoter, so the phenotypes of these viruses can be systematically manipulated by gene rearrangement. We examined the potential of gene rearrangement as a means to develop live attenuated vaccine candidates against Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in domestic swine, a natural host for this virus. The results showed that moving the nucleocapsid protein gene away from the single transcriptional promoter attenuated and ultimately eliminated the potential of the virus to cause disease. Combining this change with relocation of the surface glycoprotein gene yielded a vaccine that protected against challenge with wild-type VSV. By incremental manipulation of viral properties, gene rearrangement provides a new approach to generating live attenuated vaccines against this class of virus. C1 USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. Univ Alabama, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. RP Rodriguez, LL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, POB 848, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [R37 AI 12464, R37 AI012464, AI 18270, R01 AI018270] NR 23 TC 63 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 75 IS 13 BP 6107 EP 6114 DI 10.1128/JVI.75.13.6107-6114.2001 PG 8 WC Virology SC Virology GA 440KX UT WOS:000169175400039 PM 11390612 ER PT J AU Januszewski, MC Olsen, SC McLean, RG Clark, L Rhyan, JC AF Januszewski, MC Olsen, SC McLean, RG Clark, L Rhyan, JC TI Experimental infection of nontarget species of rodents and birds with Brucella abortus strain RB51 vaccine SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE biosafety; Brucella abortus; brucellosis; deer mice; ground squirrels; non-targets; ravens; RB51; voles ID IMMUNE-RESPONSES; SAFETY; MUTANT; BISON; ELK AB The Brucella abortus vaccine strain RB51 (SRB51) is being considered for use in the management of brucellosis in wild bison (Bison bison) and elk (Cervus elaphus) populations in the Greater Yellowstone Area (USA). Evaluation of the vaccine's safety in non-target species was considered necessary prior to field use. Between June 1998 and December 1999, ground squirrels (Spermophilus richardsonii, n = 21), deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus, n = 14), prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster, n = 21), and ravens (Corvus corax, n = 13) were orally inoculated with SRB51 or physiologic saline. Oral and rectal swabs and blood samples were collected for bacteriologic evaluation. Rodents were necropsied at 8 to 10 wk and 12 to 21 wk post inoculation (PI), and ravens at 7 and 11 wk PI. Spleen, liver and reproductive tissues were collected for bacteriologic and histopathologic evaluation. No differences in clinical signs, appetite, weight loss or gain, or activity, were observed between saline- and SRB51-inoculated animals in all four species. Oral and rectal swabs from all species were negative throughout the study. iri tissues obtained from SRB51-inoculated animals, the organism was isolated from six of seven (86%) ground squirrels, one of six (17%) deer mice, none of seven voles, and one of five (20%) ravens necropsied at 8, 8, 10, and 7 wk PI, respectively Tissues from four of seven (57%) SRB51-inoculated ground squirrels were culture positive for the organism 12 wk PI; SRB51 was not recovered from deer mice, voles, or ravens necropsied 12, 21, or 11 wk, respectively, PL SRB51 was not recovered from saline-inoculated ground squirrels, deer mice, or voles at any time but was recovered from one saline-inoculated raven at necropsy, 7 wk PI, likely attributable to contact with SRB51-inoculated ravens in an adjacent aviary room. Spleen was the primary tissue site of colonization in ground squirrels, followed, by the liver and reproductive organs. The results indicate oral exposure to SRB51 does not produce morbidity or mortality in ravens, ground squirrels, deer mice, or prairie voles. C1 Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Vet Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. ARS, USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. US Dept Interior, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Welf Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Rhyan, JC (reprint author), Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Vet Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 19 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 37 IS 3 BP 532 EP 537 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 459AH UT WOS:000170227300011 PM 11504226 ER PT J AU Sayre, RW Clark, L AF Sayre, RW Clark, L TI Effect of primary and secondary repellents on European starlings: An initial assessment SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE food avoidance learning; methiocarb; methyl anthranilate; mimicry; repellents; starlings; Sturnus vulgaris ID RED-WINGED BLACKBIRDS; METHYL ANTHRANILATE; BIRD REPELLENT; FOOD AVERSIONS; AVOIDANCE; RESPONSES AB Wildlife managers need chemical repellents that are effective at deterring damage by birds, but these repellents must be environmentally and toxicologically safe. The number of commercially available bird repellents has been reduced because of concerns about environmental safety. Currently, these are 2 categories of avian repellents. Chemicals that are reflexively avoided by birds because they irritate the peripheral chemical senses are referred to as primary repellents. Chemicals that cause gastrointestinal illness and learned avoidance of ancillary sensory cues that are paired with the illness are known as secondary repellents. Secondary repellents most often identified as the most effective avian repellents are derived from synthetic agrichemical pesticides and generally are regulated against because of their toxicity and concerns about the consequences of adding them to the environment. Primary repellents are usually derived from natural products and human food and flavor ingredients, and their use as bird repellents has been promoted as fulfilling the need for environmentally safe repellents. However, primary repellents are considered to be less potent than secondary repellents. We found that if the primary repellent, methyl anthranilate, was delivered enterically in European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), we could achieve the same level of repellency as with the secondary repellent, methiocarb. Equal repellent effects for the 2 chemicals were found despite differences in their mode of action. Also, birds given an enteric delivery of the primary repellent methyl anthranilate showed fewer signs of behavioral distress (e.g., immobility and regurgitation) relative to those birds given the secondary repellent, methiocarb. By redirecting the site of action of a primary repellent, we have shown the feasibility to optimally combine the potency levels of secondary repellents with the biological and environmental safety attributes of primary repellents, without sacrificing efficacy. Primary repellents may be converted to secondary repellents via gastrointestinal delivery thus potentially increasing efficacy and economic viability of these chemicals. Formulations that mask the irritating qualities of primary repellents are needed so that the chemical will be freely consumed by the target animal and exert its effect in the gastrointestinal tract. C1 US Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, USDA, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Sayre, RW (reprint author), Genesis Labs Inc, POB 1150, Wellington, CO 80549 USA. NR 29 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 5 U2 20 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 65 IS 3 BP 461 EP 469 DI 10.2307/3803098 PG 9 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 448VP UT WOS:000169650900011 ER PT J AU Weller, TJ Zabel, CJ AF Weller, TJ Zabel, CJ TI Characteristics of fringed myotis day roosts in northern California SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE AIC; bats; Douglas-fir; forest; Myotis thysanodes; Pacific Northwest; paired logistic regression; radiotelemetry; roost-site selection; snags ID DOUGLAS-FIR FORESTS; BIG BROWN BATS; WESTERN OREGON; EPTESICUS-FUSCUS; SELECTION; SITE; AVAILABILITY; DYNAMICS; CAVITIES; BEHAVIOR AB Understanding habitat relationships of forest-dwelling bats has become a wildlife management priority during the past decade. We use radiotelemetry to examine the use of day roots by fringed myotis (Myotis thysanodes) in a Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) forest in northern California. We located 52 roots in 23 trees and compared the characteristics of roost sites and structures to random sites and structures. All roost trees were snags in early to medium stages of decay. Bats switched roosts often, and the number of bats exiting roosts varied from 1-88. The most important factor that discriminated roost sites from random sites was 5.4 more snags greater than or equal to 30 cm dbh at roost sites. Roost sites also had 11% less canopy cover and were 41 m closer to stream channels than random sites. Roost snags were 27 m taller and had diameters 42 cm larger than random snags in the watershed and were 21 m taller and had diameters 30 cm larger than snags nearby the roost. Our results are comparable to findings for other forest-dwelling bat species which conclude that management of day roost habitat requires large numbers of tall snags in early to medium stages of decay. C1 Humboldt State Univ, Dept Wildlife, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. RP Weller, TJ (reprint author), Humboldt State Univ, Dept Wildlife, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. EM tweller@fs.fed.us RI Weller, Theodore/B-1091-2008 NR 43 TC 34 Z9 37 U1 3 U2 13 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 65 IS 3 BP 489 EP 497 DI 10.2307/3803102 PG 9 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 448VP UT WOS:000169650900015 ER PT J AU Hopkins, JW Lal, R Wiebe, KD Tweeten, LG AF Hopkins, JW Lal, R Wiebe, KD Tweeten, LG TI Dynamic economic management of soil erosion, nutrient depletion, and productivity in the north central USA SO LAND DEGRADATION & DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE dynamic economic models; soil productivity; soil nutrients; crop residue management ID UNITED-STATES; CONSERVATION; IMPACT; MODEL; YIELD; LAND AB Physical scientists have presented a wealth of evidence regarding the effects of cropland soil degradation. Because soil degradation has both on-site and off-site effects, public policies have often tried to increase rates of conservation over privately optimal rates. Where private incentives leave off and public incentives start up is somewhat controversial, however. Physical evidence, while necessary, is not sufficient to predict conservation actions by farmers in response to the threat of degradation. This paper provides a partial explanation for why farmers may adopt differing conservation strategies, even though they share similar preferences. A model is constructed that divides soil degradation into reversible and irreversible components. We portray nutrient depletion as a reversible facet of soil degradation and soil profile depth depletion as an irreversible facet of soil degradation. Predictions of optimal management response to soil degradation are accomplished using a closed-loop model of fertilizer applications and residue management to control future stocks of soil nutrients and soil profile depth. Our model is applied to degradation data from nine soils in the north central United States. Three principal findings result: First, due to differences in initial soil properties, susceptibility to degradation, sensitivity of yield to soil depth, and yield response to alternative management practices, dynamically optimal economic strategies cannot be inferred directly from physical results but are inferred from the associated economic implications. Second, optimal residue management is more variable with respect to soil type than to the erosion phase of the soil, implying that substantial gains to targeting are possible. Third, nutrient depletion is a more compelling motivator for adopting residue management than soil profile depth depletion. This implies that motivating residue management requires programs that pay even greater attention to reversible degradation, and therefore the overall farm management implications, rather than strictly to protect topsoil from irreversible degradation. Copyright (C) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 ERS, USDA, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Hopkins, JW (reprint author), ERS, USDA, 1800 M St NW, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RI Lal, Rattan/D-2505-2013 NR 36 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 6 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1085-3278 J9 LAND DEGRAD DEV JI Land Degrad. Dev. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 12 IS 4 BP 305 EP 318 DI 10.1002/ldr.449.abs PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Soil Science SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture GA 469AY UT WOS:000170791400002 ER PT J AU Day-Rubenstein, K Frisvold, GB AF Day-Rubenstein, K Frisvold, GB TI Genetic prospecting and biodiversity development agreements SO LAND USE POLICY LA English DT Article DE biodiversity; conservation policy; genetic resource conservation; land use ID PROPERTY-RIGHTS; UNDISCOVERED PHARMACEUTICALS; TROPICAL FORESTS; RESOURCES; EXTINCTION; DRUGS; DEFORESTATION; ECOSYSTEMS; DISCOVERY; ECONOMICS AB Biodiversity loss continues, in part, because local benefits from wildland preservation are limited. Biodiversity development agreements (BDAs) intend, through bioprospecting efforts, to distribute benefits of biodiversity to those who bear preservation costs. Analysis of two case studies suggests that monetary returns from bioprospecting could be substantial, though realization of returns is uncertain and likely to take time. Considerable non-monetary benefits from BDAs have included training and increased infrastructure and institutional capacity. BDAs probably will not finance desired land preservation, nor is it certain they can influence land use. Nonetheless, carefully structured BDAs can be useful components of biodiversity conservation programs, Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA, NRCM, RED, ERS, Washington, DC 20036 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Agr & Resource, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Day-Rubenstein, K (reprint author), USDA, NRCM, RED, ERS, 1800 M St NW,Room 4023, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 75 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-8377 J9 LAND USE POLICY JI Land Use Pol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 18 IS 3 BP 205 EP 219 DI 10.1016/S0264-8377(01)00016-3 PG 15 WC Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 452DZ UT WOS:000169843000001 ER PT J AU Kelley, DS Simon, VA Taylor, PC Rudolph, IL Benito, P Nelson, GJ Mackey, BE Erickson, KL AF Kelley, DS Simon, VA Taylor, PC Rudolph, IL Benito, P Nelson, GJ Mackey, BE Erickson, KL TI Dietary supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid increased its concentration in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, but did not alter their function SO LIPIDS LA English DT Article ID YOUNG HEALTHY-MEN; DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID; IMMUNE-RESPONSE; MICE; MODULATION; TISSUE; IMMUNOCOMPETENCE; LYMPHOCYTE; MEDIATORS; GROWTH AB The purpose of this study was to examine if conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation of diets would alter fatty acid (FA) composition and function of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Seventeen women, 20-41 yr, participated in a 93-d study conducted at the Metabolic Research Unit. The same diet (19, 30, and 51% energy from protein, fat, and carbohydrate, respectively) was fed to all subjects throughout the study. Seven subjects (control group) supplemented their diet with six daily capsules (1 g each) of placebo oil (sunflower) for 93 d. For the other 10 subjects (CLA group), the supplement was changed to an equivalent amount of Tonalin capsules for the last 63 d of the study. Tonalin provided 3.9 g/d of a mixture of CLA isomers (trans-10,cis-12, 22.6%; cis-11,trans-13, 23.6%; cis-9,trans-11, 17.6%; trans-8,cis-10, 16.6%,; other isomers 19.6%), and 2.1 g/d of other FA. PBMC isolated on study days 30 and 90 were used to assess intracellular cytokines by flow cytometry, secreted cytokines, and eicosanoid by enzyme-linked immonosorbent assay, and FA composition by gas-liquid chromatography. After supplementation, total CLA concentration increased from 0.012 to, 0.97% (P < 0.0001) in PBMC lipids, but it did not significantly alter the concentration of other FA. CLA supplementation did not alter the in vitro secretion of prostaglandin E-2, leukotriene B-4, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), or tumor necrosis factor a (TNF alpha) by PBMC simulated with lipopolysaccharide, and the secretion of IL-2 by PBMC stimulated with phytohemagglutinin. Nor did it alter the percentage T cells producing IL-2, interferon gamma, and percentage of monocytes producing TNF alpha. The intracellular concentration of these cytokines was also not altered. None of the variables tested changed in the control group. Our results show that CLA supplementation increased its concentration in PBMC lipids, but did not alter their functions. C1 Univ Calif Davis, USDA ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Nutr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol & Human Anat, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Kelley, DS (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, USDA ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Nutr, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 35 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0024-4201 J9 LIPIDS JI Lipids PD JUL PY 2001 VL 36 IS 7 BP 669 EP 674 DI 10.1007/s11745-001-0771-z PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 463MF UT WOS:000170479400002 PM 11521964 ER PT J AU Rexroad, CE Bennett, GL Stone, RT Keele, JW Fahrenkrug, SC Freking, BA Kappes, SM Smith, TPL AF Rexroad, CE Bennett, GL Stone, RT Keele, JW Fahrenkrug, SC Freking, BA Kappes, SM Smith, TPL TI Comparative mapping of BTA15 and HSA11 including a region containing a QTL for meat tenderness SO MAMMALIAN GENOME LA English DT Article ID BOVINE CHROMOSOME-15; HUMAN GENOMES; LINKAGE MAP; CATTLE; BEEF; CARCASS; CALCIUM; MUSCLE; TRAITS; LOCUS AB The starting point of the present study was the reported identification of a chromosomal region on bovine Chromosome (Chr) 15 (BTA15) carrying loci affecting meat tenderness. A comparative linkage map of BTA 15 and human Chr 11 (HSA11) was constructed to identify potential positional candidate genes and to provide a resource of genetic markers to support marker-assisted selection (MAS). Relative rearrangements between the bovine and human genomes for these chromosomes are the most complex observed in comparative mapping between the two species, with nine alternating blocks of conserved synteny between HSA11 and bovine Chrs 15 and 29. The results of this study were the addition of nine genes to the HSA11/BTA15 comparative linkage map, and development of five microsatellite markers within the quantitative trait locus (QTL) interval. One gene with known effects on muscle development (MYOD1) was mapped to the interval. A second gene (CALCA) involved in regulation of calcium levels, a key factor in postmortem tenderization, also mapped within the interval. Refinement of the comparative map and QTL position will reduce the interval on the human transcription map to be scanned in search of candidates, reducing the effort and resources required to identify the allelic variation responsible for the genetic effect. C1 USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Smith, TPL (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Spur 18D,POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RI Freking, Brad/C-6494-2008 NR 27 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0938-8990 J9 MAMM GENOME JI Mamm. Genome PD JUL PY 2001 VL 12 IS 7 BP 561 EP 565 DI 10.1007/s00335-001-2002-8 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 448KY UT WOS:000169627100012 PM 11420620 ER PT J AU Claus, JR Schilling, JK Marriott, NG Duncan, SE Solomon, MB Wang, H AF Claus, JR Schilling, JK Marriott, NG Duncan, SE Solomon, MB Wang, H TI Tenderization of chicken and turkey breasts with electrically produced hydrodynamic shockwaves SO MEAT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE chicken; turkey; tenderness; electrical; shockwave; pulsed-power ID MEAT; TIMES; TENDERNESS; QUALITY AB Eighty early deboned (45 min, post mortem) postrigor chicken breasts were exposed (24 h post mortem) to two levels (number of pulse firing networks, PFN; 45% energy) of electrically produced hydrodynamic shockwaves (HSW). In addition, 21 turkey breasts (72 h post mortem) were HSW treated (two PFN. 72% energy). Samples were water cooked in bags (78 degreesC internal). Two PFN's were required to decrease (P<0.05) chicken Warner-Bratzler shear (WBS) force by 22% from the control (4.67 kg). WBS force of the HSW treated turkey breast decreased (P<0.05) by 12% from the control (3.20 kg). Cooking loss was higher (P<0.05)in the turkey breast portions but not in the chicken breasts. The electrically produced shockwave process has the potential to provide chicken processors with the ability to early debone and produce tender breasts and to provide turkey processors with tenderness-enhanced fillets. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Anim Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. USDA ARS, Meat Sci Res Lab, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Claus, JR (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Anim Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 14 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0309-1740 J9 MEAT SCI JI Meat Sci. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 58 IS 3 BP 283 EP 286 DI 10.1016/S0309-1740(01)00027-4 PG 4 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 436CE UT WOS:000168918300009 PM 22062257 ER PT J AU Claus, JR Schilling, JK Marriott, NG Duncan, SE Solomon, MB Wang, H AF Claus, JR Schilling, JK Marriott, NG Duncan, SE Solomon, MB Wang, H TI Hydrodynamic shockwave tenderization effects using a cylinder processor on early deboned broiler breasts SO MEAT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE chicken; early deboned; tenderness; shockwave; cylinder ID MEAT; TIMES; STIMULATION; TENDERNESS; TEXTURE AB In separate experiments, chicken broiler breasts were deboned (45 min postmortem, 52 min, respectively) and either exposed to high pressure hydrodynamic shockwaves (HSW) 25 min after deboning (77 min postmortem) or after 24 h of storage (4 degreesC) respectively, and compared to companion control breasts. HSW were produced in a cylindrical HSW processor with 40-g explosive. Warner-Bratzler shear (WBS) values of the HSW breasts treated at 77 min postmortem were not different than the controls. HSW treatment decreased (P<0.05) the WBS values of the stored and cooked breasts by 42.0% as compared to non-treated controls. Cooking losses were not affected by HSW. In general, raw and cooked color characteristics (CIE L*a*b*) were not affected by the HSW. HSW treatment at 25 min after deboning (77 min postmortem) may require a higher pressure front or delayed treatment after postmortem aging to improve tenderness. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Anim Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. USDA ARS, Meat Sci Res Lab, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Claus, JR (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Anim Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 12 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0309-1740 J9 MEAT SCI JI Meat Sci. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 58 IS 3 BP 287 EP 292 DI 10.1016/S0309-1740(01)00028-6 PG 6 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 436CE UT WOS:000168918300010 PM 22062258 ER PT J AU Turano, FJ Panta, GR Allard, MW van Berkum, P AF Turano, FJ Panta, GR Allard, MW van Berkum, P TI The putative glutamate receptors from plants are related to two superfamilies of animal neurotransmitter receptors via distinct evolutionary mechanisms SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION LA English DT Letter DE arabidopsis; G-protein-coupled receptor; GABA receptor; gene conversion; glutamate receptor; incongruence length difference; recombination event ID PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTOR; 3-DIMENSIONAL MODELS; LIGAND-BINDING; DOMAIN; INCONGRUENCE; SIMILARITY; DATABASE; CLONING C1 George Washington Univ, Dept Sci Biol, Washington, DC 20052 USA. USDA ARS, Soybean & Alfalfa Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Turano, FJ (reprint author), George Washington Univ, Dept Sci Biol, 2030 G St NW,Lisner Hall,Room 340, Washington, DC 20052 USA. NR 18 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 8 PU SOC MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EVOLUTION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0737-4038 J9 MOL BIOL EVOL JI Mol. Biol. Evol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 18 IS 7 BP 1417 EP 1420 PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 452FG UT WOS:000169846400025 PM 11420380 ER PT J AU Hudson, CR Frye, JG Quinn, FD Gherardini, FC AF Hudson, CR Frye, JG Quinn, FD Gherardini, FC TI Increased expression of Borrelia burgdorferi vlsE in response to human endothelial cell membranes SO MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LYME-DISEASE SPIROCHETE; VARIABLE ANTIGEN GENES; SUBTRACTIVE HYBRIDIZATION; DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION; INVITRO CULTIVATION; PLASMIDS; PROTEINS; AGENT; DNA; IDENTIFICATION AB RNA isolated from virulent Borrelia burgdorferi cells incubated with human endothelial or neurological tissue cells was subjected to subtractive hybridization using RNA from the same strain incubated in tissue culture medium alone. This RNA subtractive technique generated specific probes that hybridized to two restriction fragments (8.2 kb and 10 kb respectively) generated by EcoRI digestion of total plasmid DNA. The 10 kb Eco RI fragment localized to Ip28-1 and was subsequently identified as the variable membrane protein-like sequence (vls) region, which includes an expression locus (vlsE) and 15 silent cassettes. vlsE encodes a 36 kDa outer surface protein that undergoes antigenic variation during animal infections. Primer extension analysis identified the 5' end of a transcript and a putative promoter for vlsE. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) suggested that the expression of vlsE increased when virulent B. burgdorferi cells were incubated with human tissue cells or purified cell membranes isolated from those same cell lines. A 138 bp region upstream of the vlsE region that was not reported in the genome sequence was sequenced using specific P-32 end-labelled primers in a DNA cycle sequencing system at high annealing temperatures. Analysis revealed that it contained a 51 bp inverted repeat, which could form an extremely stable cruciform structure. Southern blots probed with the vlsE promoter/operator region indicated that part or all of this sequence could be found on other B. burgdorferi plasmids. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Microbiol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. ARS, Antimicrobial Resistance Res Unit, SAA, USDA,Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Sidney Kimmel Canc Ctr, San Diego, CA 92121 USA. CDCP, Pathogenesis Lab, TB Mycobacteriol Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res,Nat Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Gherardini, FC (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Microbiol, 546 Biol Sci Bldg, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RI Frye, Jonathan/I-6382-2013 OI Frye, Jonathan/0000-0002-8500-3395 FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI33501] NR 47 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0950-382X J9 MOL MICROBIOL JI Mol. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 41 IS 1 BP 229 EP 239 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02511.x PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology GA 455NQ UT WOS:000170033300021 PM 11454215 ER PT J AU Owens, RA Blackburn, M Ding, B AF Owens, RA Blackburn, M Ding, B TI Possible involvement of the phloem lectin in long-distance viroid movement SO MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article DE RNA-binding protein ID RNA-BINDING PROTEIN; CELL-TO-CELL; MESSENGER-RNA; TRANSPORT; TRAFFICKING; PLANTS; GENES; PLASMODESMATA; VIRUS AB Incubation with cucumber phloem exudate in vitro results in a dramatic decrease in the electrophoretic mobility of Hop stunt viroid. UV cross-linking and a combination of size exclusion and ion exchange chromatography indicate that this phenomenon reflects a previously unsuspected ability of phloem protein 2, a dimeric lectin and the most abundant component of phloem exudate, to interact with RNA. In light of its demonstrated ability to move from cell to cell via plasmodesmata as well as long distances in the phloem, our results suggest that phloem protein 2 may facilitate the systemic movement of viroids and, possibly, other RNAs in vivo. C1 ARS, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, Insect Biocontrol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Plant Biol, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Ohio State Univ, Ctr Plant Biotechnol, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Owens, RA (reprint author), ARS, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 29 TC 80 Z9 91 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0894-0282 J9 MOL PLANT MICROBE IN JI Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 14 IS 7 BP 905 EP 909 DI 10.1094/MPMI.2001.14.7.905 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA 443WB UT WOS:000169364200010 PM 11437264 ER EF