FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Pio, R Martinez, A Elsasser, TH Cuttitta, F AF Pio, R Martinez, A Elsasser, TH Cuttitta, F TI Presence of immunoreactive adrenomedullin in human and bovine milk SO PEPTIDES LA English DT Article DE adrenomedullin; radioimmunoassay; human milk; bovine milk; intestine 407 ID HYPOTENSIVE PEPTIDE; HUMAN PLASMA; GROWTH-FACTOR; EXPRESSION; INCREASES; FLUID; SKIN; RAT AB We examined by radioimmunoassay the presence of immunoreactive adrenomedullin (ir-AM) ih human and bovine milk. Milk samples displaced I-125-AM from the AM-antiserum in parallel to the standard curve. RP-HPLC revealed. a main immunoreactive peak eluting as synthetic AM. Concentrations in human milk ranged between 140 and 404 pg/mL. In cow, the levels of AM were 73.5 +/- 3.8 pg/mL, Bovine milk products had AM levels similar to those found in fresh bovine milk. Human milk had growth promoting activity on the human intestinal cell line Int-307 that could be partially blocked with an anti-AM antibody: (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 NCI, Dept Cell & Canc Biol, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. USDA ARS, Growth Biol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Pio, R (reprint author), NCI, Dept Cell & Canc Biol, NIH, Bldg 10,Room 12N226,9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RI Martinez, Alfredo/A-3077-2013 OI Martinez, Alfredo/0000-0003-4882-4044 NR 37 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0196-9781 J9 PEPTIDES JI Peptides PD DEC PY 2000 VL 21 IS 12 BP 1859 EP 1863 DI 10.1016/S0196-9781(00)00341-7 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 394TA UT WOS:000166538300012 PM 11150646 ER PT J AU Zhu, ZL Yang, LM Stehman, SV Czaplewski, RL AF Zhu, ZL Yang, LM Stehman, SV Czaplewski, RL TI Accuracy assessment for the US Geological Survey Regional Land-Cover Mapping Program: New York and New Jersey region SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID THEMATIC MAP ACCURACY; CLASSIFICATION AB The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with other government and private organizations, is producing a conterminous U.S. land-cover map using Landsat Thematic Mapper 30-meter data for the Federal regions designated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Accuracy assessment is to be conducted for each Federal region to estimate overall and class-specific accuracies. In Region 2, consisting of New York and New Jersey, the accuracy assessment was completed for 15 land-cover and land-use classes, using interpreted 1:40,000-scale aerial photographs as reference data. The methodology used for Region 2 features a two-stage, geographically stratified approach, with a general sample of all classes (1,033 sample sites), and a separate sample for rare classes (294 sample sites). A confidence index was recorded far each land-cover interpretation on the 1:40,000-scale aerial photography. The estimated overall accuracy for Region 2 was 63 percent (standard error 1.4 percent) using all sample sites, and 75.2 percent (standard error 1.5 percent) using only reference sites with a high-confidence index. User's and producer's accuracies for the general sample and user's accuracy for the sample of rare classes, as well as variance for the estimated accuracy parameters, were also reported. Narrowly defined land-use classes and heterogeneous conditions of land cover are the major causes of misclassification errors. Recommendations for modifying the accuracy assessment methodology for use in the other nine Federal regions are provided. C1 US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. SUNY Syracuse, Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Zhu, ZL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. NR 16 TC 77 Z9 86 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 66 IS 12 BP 1425 EP 1435 PG 11 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 381LJ UT WOS:000165764100005 ER PT J AU Fan, XT Mattheis, JP Roberts, RG AF Fan, XT Mattheis, JP Roberts, RG TI Biosynthesis of phytoalexin in carrot root requires ethylene action SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article ID PLANT DEFENSE GENES; OXIDATIVE BURST; PECTINOLYTIC ENZYMES; SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; PATHOGEN INFECTION; ULTRAVIOLET-LIGHT; METHYL JASMONATE; CELLS; 6-METHOXYMELLEIN; ACCUMULATION AB The role of ethylene in phytoalexin production by carrot (Daucus carota L.) roots mas investigated using the ethylene action inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene (MCP). Exposure of carrot roofs to ethylene, W-B irradiation, inoculation with fungal pathogens, treatment with 2,4-D or methyl jasmonate induced accumulation of the phytoalexin 6-methoxymellin (6-ME). Exposure to MCP for 4-12 h prior to the treatments completely inhibited 6-ME accumulation, indicating that 6-ME synthesis by carrot roots requires ethylene action. C1 USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Mattheis, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, 1104 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. EM mattheis@tfrl.ars.usda.gov NR 44 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 3 U2 12 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 110 IS 4 BP 450 EP 454 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 386AW UT WOS:000166038800004 ER PT J AU Rinehart, JP Yocum, GD Denlinger, DL AF Rinehart, JP Yocum, GD Denlinger, DL TI Thermotolerance and rapid cold hardening ameliorate the negative effects of brief exposures to high or low temperatures on fecundity in the flesh fly, Sarcophaga crassipalpis SO PHYSIOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cold shock; fecundity; heat shock; induced thermotolerance; rapid cold hardening ID HEAT-SHOCK-PROTEIN; TRICHOGRAMMA-BRASSICAE HYMENOPTERA; DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; EXPRESSION; STRESS; SPERMATOGENESIS; INDUCTION; SURVIVAL; REPRODUCTION; BEHAVIOR AB Although the immediate effects of temperature stress are well documented, the longer-term effects of such stresses are more poorly known. In these experiments, we investigate the effects of suboptimal and supraoptimal temperatures during pharate adult development on fecundity in the flesh fly, Sarcophaga crassipalpis Macquart. A 1 h cold shock at -10 degreesC during the red-eye pharate adult stage decreases the fecundity of both sexes. Induction of rapid cold hardening by pre-treatment at 0 degreesC for 2 h partially prevents reproductive impairment. Heat shock of pharate adults for 1 h at 45 degreesC also reduces fecundity in both sexes, but inducing thermotolerance by pre-treatment at 40 degreesC for 2 h affords protection only to females. Males heat shocked at 45 degreesC or first pre-treated at 40 degreesC consistently fail to transfer sperm to the females. The injury inflicted on males by heat shock is most pronounced when the stress is administered to pharate adults or adults; wandering larvae and true pupae are unaffected. The implications of these data for naturally occurring populations are discussed. C1 Ohio State Univ, Dept Entomol, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. ARS, Red River Valley Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Fargo, ND USA. RP Denlinger, DL (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Dept Entomol, 1735 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. NR 33 TC 67 Z9 74 U1 1 U2 12 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0307-6962 J9 PHYSIOL ENTOMOL JI Physiol. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 25 IS 4 BP 330 EP 336 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3032.2000.00201.x PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 384GM UT WOS:000165934500005 ER PT J AU Pusey, PL AF Pusey, PL TI The role of water in epiphytic colonization and infection of pomaceous flowers by Erwinia amylovora SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FIRE BLIGHT; APPLE; BLOSSOMS; NECTAR; MODEL; PEAR AB Detached crab apple flowers were used as an experimental model to investigate the effect of relative humidity (RH), free moisture, and water potential (Psi (w)) on the interaction between Erwinia amylovora and pomaceous flowers. Flowers were maintained at 24 degreesC with the cut pedicel submerged in a sucrose solution. The bacterium multiplied on inoculated flower stigmas at between approximately 55 and 100% RH but nor in the floral cup (hypanthium) until the RH was higher than 80%. To study the effect of free moisture, stigma-inoculated flowers were kept wet for different periods. Flowers became diseased only with wetting, and incidence was high (77%) even when water application was immediately followed by a 52-min drying period. In other experiments with hypanthium-inoculated flowers, RH or sucrose concentration in holding vials was varied to affect Psi (w) of flower nectar and ovary tissue. Population size of E. amylovora in the hypanthium increased with nectar Psi (w) following a sigmoidal curve (R-2 = 0.99). Disease incidence and severity, however, were more closely related to ovary ,(R-2 = 0.85 and 0.91, respectively) than to bacterial population size (R-2 = 0.25 and 0.67, respectively) as fitted to the quadratic equation. Maximum disease incidence and severity occurred at an ovary Psi (w) above -2.0 MPa, and disease severity continued to increase above -1.0 MPa. These results were confirmed with detached flowers of Delicious apple and d'Anjou pear. A practical implication is that disease might be partly managed in arid climates by limiting soil irrigation water during bloom and early fruit set. C1 USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Pusey, PL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, 1104 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. NR 28 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD DEC PY 2000 VL 90 IS 12 BP 1352 EP 1357 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2000.90.12.1352 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 376WT UT WOS:000165480300008 PM 18943376 ER PT J AU Villordon, AQ Jarret, RL LaBonte, DR AF Villordon, AQ Jarret, RL LaBonte, DR TI Detection of Ty1-copia-like reverse transcriptase sequences in Ipomoea batatas (L.) Poir. SO PLANT CELL REPORTS LA English DT Article DE Ty1-copia-like reverse transcriptase sequences sweetpotato; clonal; Ipomoea species; convolvulaceae ID GROUP RETROTRANSPOSONS; GENOME EVOLUTION; REPETITIVE DNA; TISSUE-CULTURE; HIGHER-PLANTS; ACTIVATION; ELEMENTS; ALIGNMENT; PROFILE; BARLEY AB Ty1-copia-like sequences were PCR amplified from sweetpotato {Ipomoea batatas (L.) Poir.] L87-95 genomic DNA samples by using Ty1-copia reverse transcriptase-specific primers. PCR fragments within the expected size range were isolated, cloned, and sequenced. Inferred amino acid sequences of two randomly selected cloned fragments were found to be highly homologous to Ty1-copia-like reverse transcriptase sequences in the GenBank database. Subsequent sequencing of an additional 22 cloned fragments revealed a high level of reverse transcriptase sequence diversity (sequence divergence ranged from 2% to 73%). Southern blot hybridization analysis indicated that these sequences are present in the genome of I. batatas and taxonomic relatives in high copy numbers. PCR amplification from leaf cDNA obtained from a sweetpotato clone using Ty1-copia reverse transcriptase-specific primers yielded a Ty1-copia-like fragment. This is the first known report of the presence of genomic, and putatively expressed, Ty1-copia-like reverse transcriptase sequences in I. batatas. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Hort, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. USDA ARS, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. RP Villordon, AQ (reprint author), Sweet Potato Res Stn, POB 120, Chase, LA 71324 USA. NR 35 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0721-7714 J9 PLANT CELL REP JI Plant Cell Reports PD DEC PY 2000 VL 19 IS 12 BP 1219 EP 1225 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 389BW UT WOS:000166219600014 ER PT J AU Sinclair, WA Townsend, AM Griffiths, HM Whitlow, TH AF Sinclair, WA Townsend, AM Griffiths, HM Whitlow, TH TI Responses of six Eurasian Ulmus cultivars to a North American elm yellows phytoplasma SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE Dutch elm disease; Ophiostoma novo-ulmi; resistance ID MYCOPLASMALIKE ORGANISMS; CLASSIFICATION AB Elms (genus Ulmus) of six clonal cultivars representing Eurasian species and hybrids were grafted when 2 to 3 years old with bark patches from U. rubra infected with an elm yellows phytoplasma or were left untreated as controls. The cultivars were U. glabra x minor 'Pioneer', U. minor x parvifolia 'Frontier', U. parvifolia 'Pathfinder', U. wilsoniana 'Prospector', and the complex hybrids 'Homestead' and 'Patriot'. Trees were evaluated for infection and symptoms 1 or 2 years after inoculation. Infection was detected via the 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole(.)2HCl (DAPI) fluorescence test in 26 of 86 grafted trees representing five cultivars. Infection of selected trees was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of a fragment of phytoplasmal rDNA, and the phytoplasma was identified by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the amplified DNA using restriction enzymes AluI, RsaI, and TaqI. Elm yellows phytoplasma was also identified by nested PCR and RFLP analysis in two of seven inoculated healthy-appearing, DAPI-negative trees and one noninoculated control tree. All RFLP profiles were identical to that of reference strain EY1. Phytoplasma-associated symptoms, observed in five cultivars, included suppressed growth, progressive size reduction of apical shoots and leaves, chlorosis, foliar reddening, witches'-brooms, and dieback. Phytoplasma was not detected in cv. Homestead. Possible resistance of this cultivar to elm yellows phytoplasma was indicated by localized phloem necrosis in stems below inoculum patches. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. USDA ARS, Floral & Nursey Plants Res Unit, US Natl Arboretum, Glen Dale, MD 20769 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Hort, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Sinclair, WA (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 32 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 84 IS 12 BP 1266 EP 1270 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.12.1266 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 375UG UT WOS:000165419200002 ER PT J AU Chellemi, DO Mitchell, DJ Kannwischer-Mitchell, ME Rayside, PA Rosskopf, EN AF Chellemi, DO Mitchell, DJ Kannwischer-Mitchell, ME Rayside, PA Rosskopf, EN TI Pythium spp. associated with bell pepper production in Florida SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE Capsicum annuum; Lycopersicon esculentum; methyl bromide AB Ten species of Pythium and a group of isolates that produced filamentous sporangia but did not form sexual structures (Pythium 'group F') were recovered from the root systems of fresh market bell pepper plants grown on polyethylene-mulched production systems in Florida. Pathogenicity tests using pasteurized field soil inoculated with infested wheat seed demonstrated that P. aphanidermatum, P. myriotylum, P. helicoides, and P. splendens can cause significant root rot and reductions in root growth of pepper. P. aphanidermatum and P. myriotylum caused the most severe root rot, the greatest reductions in plant weight, and 42 and 62% plant mortality, respectively. In pathogenicity tests with tomato plants, these four species produced similar plant weight losses and disease ratings to those observed in pepper, but little or no plant mortality. Low incidences of root tip necrosis in pepper plants were observed with P arrhenomanes, P. catenulatum, P. graminicola, and P. irregulare, but none of these species caused losses in root weight and only P. irregulare reduced shoot weight. P. periplocum, P. spinosum, and Pythium sp. F colonized root tissue of pepper but caused no significant root rot and did not adversely affect growth. Similar trends were observed with tomato, except that P. arrhenomanes caused limited root tip necrosis without affecting plant growth and P. catenulatum, P. graminicola, P. irregulare, P. spinosum, and Pythium sp. F colonized at least some of the plants but did not cause root disease. A significant interaction between temperature and P. aphanidermatum or P. myriotylum was observed on pepper transplants. The greatest reductions in growth occurred at 28 degreesC, whereas plant mortality only occurred at 34 degreesC. C1 USDA ARS, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. Univ Florida, IFAS, Dept Plant Pathol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Chellemi, DO (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. NR 14 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 84 IS 12 BP 1271 EP 1274 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.12.1271 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 375UG UT WOS:000165419200003 ER PT J AU Krupinsky, JM Berdahl, JD AF Krupinsky, JM Berdahl, JD TI Selecting resistance to Bipolaris sorokiniana and Fusarium graminearum in intermediate wheatgrass SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID REGISTRATION AB Forage yield and persistence of intermediate wheatgrass and pubescent intermediate wheatgrass can be adversely affected by foot rot caused by Fusarium graminearum, Bipolaris sorokiniana, or both Putative B. sorokiniana- and F. graminearum-resistant plants were selected from both Reliant and Manska cultivars of intermediate wheatgrass to produce four populations. When plants from half-sib families that were selected for resistance were intercrossed and progeny subjected to subsequent selection cycles for B. sorokiniana and F: graminearum resistance, progressively higher percentages of putative resistant seedlings were found for three of the four selected populations compared to the original base populations. In cycle 3 of three populations, 7 to 91% of half-sib families with statistically higher seedling survival rates than the base populations were considered more resistant than the base populations. Thus, progressive improvement in seedling survival was realized for three populations selected for resistance using three cycles of recurrent phenotypic selection among and within half-sib families. C1 USDA ARS, No Great Plains Res Lab, Mandan, ND 58554 USA. RP Krupinsky, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Great Plains Res Lab, POB 459, Mandan, ND 58554 USA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 84 IS 12 BP 1299 EP 1302 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.12.1299 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 375UG UT WOS:000165419200008 ER PT J AU Long, DL Leonard, KJ Hughes, ME AF Long, DL Leonard, KJ Hughes, ME TI Virulence of Puccinia triticina on wheat in the United States from 1996 to 1998 SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE plant disease monitoring; Puccinia recondita; rust epidemiology; wheat leaf rust ID F-SP TRITICI; LEAF RUST-RESISTANCE; RECONDITA; DIVERSITY; CANADA; POPULATIONS; AREAS; CULTIVARS AB Isolates of Puccinia triticina were obtained from wheat leaf collections made by cooperators throughout the United States and from surveys of wheat fields and nurseries in the Great Plains, Ohio Valley, and Gulf Coast states in 1996, 1997, and 1998. Virulence-avirulence phenotypes were determined on 14 host lines that are near-isogenic for leaf rust resistance. We found 31 phenotypes among 277 single uredinial isolates in 1996, 56 phenotypes among 989 isolates in 1997, and 43 phenotypes among 989 isolates in 1998. As in previous surveys, regional race distribution patterns showed that the central United States is a single epidemiological unit distinct from the eastern United States. The distinctive racial composition of collections from the southeast, northeast, and Ohio Valley indicate that populations of P. triticina in those areas are not closely connected, suggesting that epidemics originate from localized overwintering sources. C1 Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Cereal Dis Lab, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Long, DL (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Cereal Dis Lab, 1551 Lindig St, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 24 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 84 IS 12 BP 1334 EP 1341 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.12.1334 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 375UG UT WOS:000165419200014 ER PT J AU Crafts-Brandner, SJ Law, RD AF Crafts-Brandner, SJ Law, RD TI Effect of heat stress on the inhibition and recovery of the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activation state SO PLANTA LA English DT Article DE Gossypium (heat stress, Rubisco); heat stress; photosynthesis; ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase; Rubisco activase ID RIBULOSE BISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE; RUBISCO ACTIVASE; 1,5-DIPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE; SPINACH-CHLOROPLASTS; LEAF TEMPERATURE; LIGHT-ACTIVATION; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; SENSITIVITY; LEAVES; INACTIVATION AB Experiments were conducted to determine the relative contributions of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco; EC 4.1.1.39) activation state vis-g-vis Rubisco activase and metabolite levels to the inhibition of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) photosynthesis by heat stress. Exposure of leaf tissue in the light to temperatures of 40 or 45 degreesC decreased the activation state of Rubisco to levels that were 65 or 10%, respectively, of the 28 degreesC control. Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) levels increased in heat-stressed leaves, whereas the 3-phosphoglyceric acid pool was depleted. Heat stress did not affect Rubisco per se, as full activity could be restored by incubation with CO2 and Mg2+. Inhibition and recovery of Rubisco activation state and carbon dioxide exchange rate (CER) were closely related under moderate heat stress (up to 42.5 degreesC). Moderate heat stress had negligible effect on Fv/Fm, the maximal quantum yield of photosystem II. In contrast, severe heat stress (45 degreesC) caused significant and irreversible damage to Rubisco activation, CER, and Fv/Fm. The rate of Rubisco activation after alleviating moderate beat stress was comparable to that of controls, indicating rapid reversibility of the process. However, moderate heat stress decreased both the rate and final extent of CER activation during dark-to-light transition. Treatment of cotton leaves with methyl viologen or an oxygen-enriched atmosphere reduced the effect of heat stress on Rubisco inactivation. Both treatments also reduced tissue RuBP levels, indicating that the amount of RuBP present during heat stress may influence the degree of Rubisco inactivation. Under both photorespiratory and non-photorespiratory conditions, the inhibition of the CER during heat stress could be completely reversed by increasing the internal partial pressure of CO2 (Ci). However, the inhibition of the CER by nigericin, a K+ ionophore, was not reversible when the Ci was increased at ambient or high temperature. Our results indicate that inhibition of photosynthesis by moderate heat stress is not caused by inhibition of the capacity for RuBP regeneration. We conclude that heat stress inhibits Rubisco activation via a rapid and direct effect on Rubisco activase, possibly by perturbing Rubisco activase subunit interactions with each other or with Rubisco. C1 USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Crafts-Brandner, SJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, 4135 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 32 TC 81 Z9 92 U1 3 U2 20 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0032-0935 J9 PLANTA JI Planta PD DEC PY 2000 VL 212 IS 1 BP 67 EP 74 DI 10.1007/s004250000364 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 385KD UT WOS:000166002400009 PM 11219585 ER PT J AU Liebhold, A Kamata, N AF Liebhold, A Kamata, N TI Introduction - Are population cycles and spatial synchrony a universal characteristic of forest insect populations? SO POPULATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE population dynamics; periodic oscillations; outbreak; nonlinear dynamics ID DELAYED DENSITY-DEPENDENCE; ECOLOGICAL MODELS; DYNAMICS; LEPIDOPTERA; PATTERNS; MOTH; PERSISTENCE; OUTBREAKS; CHAOS; PHASE AB Foliage-feeding forest insects have served as model systems in the study of animal populations for more than 50 years. Early studies emphasized identification of "key" mortality agents or density-dependent sources of mortality. However, these efforts became burdened by rhetorical ambiguity, and population ecologists are increasingly focusing on characterizing population behavior and identifying the processes that generate that behavior. Two types of behavior seem to be common in forest insect populations: periodic oscillations ("population cycles") and spatial synchrony (synchronous fluctuations over large geographic areas). Several population processes (e.g.. host-pathogen interactions) have been demonstrated to be capable of producing periodic oscillations, but the precise identity of these processes remains uncertain for most forest insects and presents a challenge to future research. As part of these efforts, a greater emphasis is needed on the use of statistical methods for detecting periodic behavior and for identifying other types of population behavior (e.g., equilibrium dynamics, limit cycles, transient dynamics). Spatial synchrony appears to be even more ubiquitous in forest insect populations. Dispersal and regional stochasticity ("Moran effect") have been shown to be capable of producing synchrony, but again more research is needed to determine the relative contribution of these processes to synchrony observed in natural populations. In addition, there is a need to search for other types of time-space patterns (e.g., traveling waves, spiral waves) in forest insect populations and to determine their causes. C1 USDA Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. Kanazawa Univ, Fac Sci, Ecol Lab, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920, Japan. RP USDA Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, 180 Canfield St, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. EM aliebhold@fs.fed.us RI Liebhold, Andrew/C-1423-2008 OI Liebhold, Andrew/0000-0001-7427-6534 NR 50 TC 58 Z9 62 U1 2 U2 27 PU SPRINGER JAPAN KK PI TOKYO PA CHIYODA FIRST BLDG EAST, 3-8-1 NISHI-KANDA, CHIYODA-KU, TOKYO, 101-0065, JAPAN SN 1438-3896 EI 1438-390X J9 POPUL ECOL JI Popul. Ecol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 42 IS 3 BP 205 EP 209 DI 10.1007/PL00011999 PG 5 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 387WL UT WOS:000166144800001 ER PT J AU Liebhold, A Elkinton, J Williams, D Muzika, RM AF Liebhold, A Elkinton, J Williams, D Muzika, RM TI What causes outbreaks of the gypsy moth in North America? SO POPULATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Lepidoptera; Lymantriidae; Lymantria dispar; predation; synchrony; outbreak ID LEPIDOPTERA-LYMANTRIIDAE POPULATIONS; FOREST LEPIDOPTERA; DENSITY-DEPENDENCE; SMALL MAMMALS; NEW-ENGLAND; DYNAMICS; LARVAE; SYNCHRONY; DEFOLIATION; HYPOTHESIS AB The gypsy moth has been present in North America for more than 100 years, and in many of the areas where it has become established outbreaks occur with varying degrees of periodicity. There also exists extensive spatial synchrony in the onset of outbreaks over large geographic regions. Density-dependent mortality clearly limits high-density populations, but there is little evidence for strong regulation of low-density populations. Predation by small mammals appears to be the major source of mortality affecting low-density populations. but because these are generalist predators and gypsy moths are a less preferred food item, mammals do not appear to regulate populations in a density-dependent fashion. Instead, predation levels appear to be primarily determined by small mammal abundance, which is in turn closely linked to the production of acorns that are a major source of food for overwintering predator populations. Mast production by host oak trees is typically variable among years, but considerable spatial synchrony in masting exists over large geographic areas. Thus, it appears that the temporal and spatial patterns of mast production may be responsible for the episodic and spatially synchronous behavior of gypsy moth outbreaks in North America. This multitrophic relationship among mast, predators, and gypsy moths represents a very different explanation of forest insect outbreak dynamics than the more widely applied theories based upon predator-prey cycles or feedbacks with host foliage quality. C1 USDA Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Entomol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Grad Program Organism & Evolut Biol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Forestry, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP USDA Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, 180 Canfield St, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. EM aliebhold@fs.fed.us RI Liebhold, Andrew/C-1423-2008 OI Liebhold, Andrew/0000-0001-7427-6534 NR 76 TC 91 Z9 99 U1 8 U2 41 PU SPRINGER JAPAN KK PI TOKYO PA CHIYODA FIRST BLDG EAST, 3-8-1 NISHI-KANDA, CHIYODA-KU, TOKYO, 101-0065, JAPAN SN 1438-3896 EI 1438-390X J9 POPUL ECOL JI Popul. Ecol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 42 IS 3 BP 257 EP 266 DI 10.1007/PL00012004 PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 387WL UT WOS:000166144800006 ER PT J AU Ferguson, IB Ben-Yehoshua, S Mitcham, EJ McDonald, RE Lurie, S AF Ferguson, IB Ben-Yehoshua, S Mitcham, EJ McDonald, RE Lurie, S TI Postharvest heat treatments: introduction and workshop summary SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 HortRes, Auckland, New Zealand. Volcani Ctr, Postharvest Sci Fresh Produce, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Pomol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. USDA ARS, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. RP Mt Albert Res Ctr, Hort & Food Res Inst New Zealand Ltd, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand. EM iferguson@hort.cri.nz RI Ferguson, Ian/E-7093-2010 NR 16 TC 58 Z9 81 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 EI 1873-2356 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 21 IS 1 BP 1 EP 6 DI 10.1016/S0925-5214(00)00160-5 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 389GU UT WOS:000166230900001 ER PT J AU Shellie, KC Mangan, RL AF Shellie, KC Mangan, RL TI Postharvest disinfestation heat treatments: response of fruit and fruit fly larvae to different heating media SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT BARD Workshop on Postharvest Heat Treatments CY MAR, 2000 CL ISRAEL DE Qquarantine; fruit fly; vapor pressure; respiration; heat tolerance; controlled atmosphere; hot water; forced air; Anastrepha ID AIR QUARANTINE TREATMENT; MARKET QUALITY; GRAPEFRUIT; TEPHRITIDAE; TOLERANCE; DIPTERA AB The surface heat transfer efficiency of three heating media (water, and forced air with and without a water vapor-pressure deficit) was compared using four commodities: mango, papaya, grapefruit, and orange. Forced vapor-saturated-air (VFA), and water (HW) transferred heat most efficiently to the fruit surface. Thermal stress to the fruit was greatest during heating in VFA. Thermal diffusivity of fruit corresponded to fruit density, and was highest for papaya and mango. Differences in the oxygen (O-2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration inside grapefruit were apparent among those exposed to an identical heat dose in HW, forced water vapor-pressure deficit air (MFA), or a forced, vapor-pressure deficit atmosphere of 1 kPa O-2 with 20 kPa CO2 (MFCA). The altered atmosphere that developed inside fruit during heating in HW or MFCA was shown to enhance efficacy of heat as a disinfestation treatment. Results from this research suggest that heating in an atmosphere that inhibits fruit respiration does not in itself predispose a fruit to injury. The water vapor pressure of the atmosphere used to heat a commodity influences the thermal stress delivered to that commodity during heating. Forced, water vapor-pressure-deficit atmospheres with altered levels of O-2 and or CO2 have commercial potential for providing quicker, less severe heat disinfestation treatments. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Crop Qual & Fruit Insect Res Unit, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Shellie, KC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Crop Qual & Fruit Insect Res Unit, 2301 S Int Blvd, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 12 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 21 IS 1 BP 51 EP 60 DI 10.1016/S0925-5214(00)00164-2 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 389GU UT WOS:000166230900005 ER PT J AU Leverentz, B Janisiewicz, WJ Conway, WS Saftner, RA Fuchs, Y Sams, CE Camp, MJ AF Leverentz, B Janisiewicz, WJ Conway, WS Saftner, RA Fuchs, Y Sams, CE Camp, MJ TI Combining yeasts or a bacterial biocontrol agent and heat treatment to reduce postharvest decay of 'Gala' apples SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT BARD Workshop on Postharvest Heat Treatments CY MAR, 2000 CL ISRAEL DE biological control; fresh-cut; microbes; competition ID BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; PENICILLIUM-EXPANSUM; BOTRYTIS-CINEREA; PEAR FRUIT; BLUE MOLD; GRAY MOLD; CALCIUM; STORAGE; INFILTRATION; DISEASES AB 'Gala' apples were treated after harvest with heat (38 degreesC for 4 days), and then wound-inoculated with the pathogen Penicillium expansum and the antagonist Pseudomanas syringae, or one of two yeast antagonists, to reduce postharvest decay. After storage for 7 days at 20 degreesC or 3 months at 1 degreesC, the least decay was found on fruit where wounds had been allowed to cure by heat treatment (38 degreesC) or cold storage (1 degreesC) for 4 days before inoculation with the pathogen. Addition of any of the antagonists before or after heat treatment further reduced the number and size of the lesions. The highest lesion incidence occurred on apples wounded after heat treatment followed by inoculation with the pathogen. Addition of the yeast antagonists to these fresh wounds reduced the fruit decay as well. While the heat treatment is phytosanitary in that it significantly reduces the pathogen population on the apple surface, it provides little residual protection. The residual protection from the antagonists adds to the control provided by the heat treatment. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, Dept Postharvest Sci Frest Produce, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. Univ Tennessee, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Knoxville, TN 37901 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Biometr Consulting Serv, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Leverentz, B (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Bldg 002,Rm 117,BARC West,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 23 TC 33 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 21 IS 1 BP 87 EP 94 DI 10.1016/S0925-5214(00)00167-8 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 389GU UT WOS:000166230900008 ER PT J AU Hallman, GJ AF Hallman, GJ TI Factors affecting quarantine heat treatment efficacy SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT BARD Workshop on Postharvest Heat Treatments CY MAR, 2000 CL ISRAEL DE disinfestation; phytosanitary; hot water; hot air; vapor heat; fruit flies ID FRUIT-FLY DIPTERA; HOT-WATER IMMERSION; FLIES DIPTERA; THERMAL DEATH; 3RD INSTARS; TEPHRITIDAE; MORTALITY; LEPIDOPTERA; PAPAYAS; MEXICAN AB Heat quarantine treatments have been used for 70 years on a variety of fresh agricultural. commodities and pests. Despite the high level of efficacy demanded of these treatments and the very low levels of infestation usually found in commodities traded across quarantine barriers, heat treatments have sometimes failed. Key differences between investigation and application which may affect treatment efficacy against the pest include method of assessing efficacy, genotype and most tolerant stage of the insect, affinity of the research setting to commercial reality, preconditioning of fruit, pre- and post-temperature regimes experienced by fruits in research versus commercial settings, and size of operation. Researchers must be cognizant of the differences between the research versus commercial setting, the practical restraints faced by industry, and the effect these contrasts could have on treatment efficacy. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP USDA ARS, 2413 E Highway 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. EM ghallman@weslaco.ars.usda.gov NR 22 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 EI 1873-2356 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 21 IS 1 BP 95 EP 101 DI 10.1016/S0925-5214(00)00168-X PG 7 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 389GU UT WOS:000166230900009 ER PT J AU Neven, LG AF Neven, LG TI Physiological responses of insects to heat SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT BARD Workshop on Postharvest Heat Treatments CY MAR, 2000 CL ISRAEL DE heat; insects; respiration; heal shock; metabolism ID CODLING MOTH LEPIDOPTERA; FRUIT-FLY DIPTERA; SHOCK PROTEIN; SARCOPHAGA-CRASSIPALPIS; TEPHRITIDAE EGGS; THERMOTOLERANCE; TORTRICIDAE; MORTALITY; LARVAE; TEMPERATURES AB Postharvest quarantine treatments using high temperatures have been developed for various commodities. There are a wide range of insect pests that are the target of these treatments. In order to make heat treatments effective against these pests, the effects of high temperatures on insect physiology must be understood. Insects, being poikilothermic, are particularly sensitive to heat. Nearly every system studied in insects has demonstrated sensitivity to heat. Studies on the effects of heat in insect metabolism demonstrate some adaptability to thermally challenging environments. Respiration, as to be expected, is also effected by heat, and as the body temperature of the insect increases, there are concomitant increases in both metabolism and respiration up to a critical thermal limit. The effects of heat on the nervous and endocrine systems is another area where elevated temperatures wreck havoc. Changes in behavior and development have been documented as resulting from heat treatments. Among the most studied responses of insects to heat is the elicitation of heat shock proteins. The impact of these proteins on thermotolerance are still being investigated. Models of thermal damage leading to the death of the insect are discussed as well as current studies in describing the events of thermal death. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. RP Neven, LG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. NR 45 TC 82 Z9 98 U1 6 U2 32 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 21 IS 1 BP 103 EP 111 DI 10.1016/S0925-5214(00)00169-1 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 389GU UT WOS:000166230900010 ER PT J AU Tang, J Ikediala, JN Wang, S Hansen, JD Cavalieri, RP AF Tang, J Ikediala, JN Wang, S Hansen, JD Cavalieri, RP TI High-temperature-short-time thermal quarantine methods SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT BARD Workshop on Postharvest Heat Treatments CY MAR, 2000 CL ISRAEL DE quarantine; heat treatment; radio frequency; kinetics; cumulative heat effect; codling moth; nuts ID CODLING MOTH LEPIDOPTERA; FRUIT-FLIES DIPTERA; TORTRICIDAE LARVAE; HEAT-TREATMENTS; METHYL-BROMIDE; COLD-STORAGE; FLY DIPTERA; TEPHRITIDAE; MORTALITY; DEATH AB In this paper, kinetic models are discussed with respect to their uses in describing the intrinsic thermal mortality of insect pests. A unique heating block system was used to obtain kinetic information for the thermal mortality of codling moth larvae. The kinetic data demonstrated the possibility to develop high-temperature-short-time thermal treatments to control codling moth and reduce thermal impact on product quality. Equations are presented to evaluate cumulative effects of any time-temperature history on the thermal mortality of target insect pests and on the quality of host materials. Computer simulation results demonstrated that the cumulative thermal effects on product quality during the heating period in conventional hot air or hot water treatments are much more important than the cooling period. Radio frequency (RF) heating or microwave heating is suggested as an alternative to reduce adverse thermal impact to treated commodities during the heating period. A case study is presented to demonstrate the effect of RF heating in a high-temperature-she rt-time thermal treatment to control codling moth larvae in in-shell walnuts. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Biol Syst Engn, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. RP Tang, J (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Biol Syst Engn, 213 LJ Smith Hall, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RI Wang, Shaojin/C-4968-2012; Tang, Juming/A-4027-2009; OI Tang, Juming/0000-0001-9449-1004; Cavalieri, Ralph/0000-0001-7116-5126 NR 47 TC 119 Z9 130 U1 6 U2 21 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 21 IS 1 BP 129 EP 145 DI 10.1016/S0925-5214(00)00171-X PG 17 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 389GU UT WOS:000166230900012 ER PT J AU King, LM Kirby, JD Froman, DP Sonstegard, TS Harry, DE Darden, JR Marini, PJ Walker, RM Rhoads, ML Donoghue, AM AF King, LM Kirby, JD Froman, DP Sonstegard, TS Harry, DE Darden, JR Marini, PJ Walker, RM Rhoads, ML Donoghue, AM TI Efficacy of sperm mobility assessment in commercial flocks and the relationships of sperm mobility and insemination dose with fertility in turkeys SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE turkey; sperm; sperm mobility; fertility ID FOWL GALLUS-DOMESTICUS; SEMEN DONOR SELECTION; PATERNITY; MOTILITY; MALES AB Our objectives were to evaluate: 1) the efficacy of the Sperm Mobility Test on commercial turkey farms, and 2) the influence of sperm mobility phenotype on fertility when insemination parameters are varied. In research flocks, differences in sperm mobility among toms are predictive of fertility. We wanted to test the efficacy of this sire selection test in practical, real-world situations, evaluating its usefulness in terms of assessing large numbers of toms, different strains of turkeys, and variable management practices. Utilizing field study results, controlled studies were then conducted to improve test parameters. For the field trials, semen from each of 405 breeder toms (11 strains or lines) was evaluated either in duplicate (n = 285) or in triplicate (n = 120). Sperm mobility was normally distributed among all toms tested, except for one strain. Because the sperm mobility indices for toms evaluated in these field trials were higher than those observed in research flocks, the Sperm Mobility Test was modified to increase the separation between high and low sperm mobility phenotypes by increasing the concentration of Accudenz.(R) To determine the effects of sperm mobility and insemination dose on sustained fertility through time, hens from a research flock were inseminated twice before the onset of lay with sperm from toms classified as high-, average-, or low-mobility in concentrations of 25 to 400 million sperm per artificial insemination dose, and egg fertility was evaluated over a 5-wk period. Toms with the high-mobility sperm phenotype maintained higher fertility (P < 0.05) over the 5-wk period at all insemination doses compared with toms with low-mobility sperm. Toms with high-mobility sperm sired equal numbers of poults in a sperm competition study in which numbers favored low-mobility toms by 3:1. These results demonstrate that the Sperm Mobility Test can be used for on-farm evaluation of semen quality of toms in commercial flocks and that sperm mobility influences fertility and sire fitness. C1 ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97337 USA. ARS, Gene Evaluat & Mapping Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Hybrid Turkeys, Kitchener, ON N2K 352, Canada. Nicholas Turkey Breeding Farms, Sonoma, CA 95476 USA. RP Donoghue, AM (reprint author), ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 19 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 79 IS 12 BP 1797 EP 1802 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 385VW UT WOS:000166026700014 PM 11194043 ER PT J AU Arnold, JW Bailey, GW AF Arnold, JW Bailey, GW TI Surface finishes on stainless steel reduce bacterial attachment and early biofilm formation: Scanning electron and atomic force microscopy study SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE biofilm; bacteria; pathogen; poultry processing; stainless steel ID SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; TUNNELING MICROSCOPY; MYXOCOCCUS-XANTHUS; RESOLUTION; REACTIVITY; SYSTEM; RUBBER AB Three common finishing treatments of stainless steel that are used for equipment during poultry processing were tested for resistance to bacterial contamination. Methods were developed to measure attached bacteria and to identify factors that make surface finishes susceptible or resistant to bacterial attachment and biofilm formation. Samples of the treated surfaces (sand-blasted, sanded, and electropolished) were exposed to natural bacterial populations from chicken carcass rinses to allow growth of bacteria and development of biofilms on the surfaces. The kinetics of bacterial growth during surface exposure was followed by UV-visible spectrophotometry, and counts of bacteria and early biofilm formation were measured following scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The surface morphology of the samples was analyzed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) with samples from each of the batches of treatments used in the SEM studies. Relative differences in the surface morphology, including fractal dimensions, Z ranges, roughness, and other measurements corresponded by treatment with the differences in reduction of bacterial counts shown by SEM. The surface types varied in affinity for bacteria, and both physical and electrochemical treatments improved resistance of stainless steel to bacterial attachment. Electropolished stainless steel was the least rough surface and showed significantly fewer bacterial cells and beginning biofilm formations than the other treated surfaces. Food safety could be improved if bacterial populations could be reduced during processing by increasing the use of materials that are resistant to bacterial contamination. These findings will aid equipment manufacturers and processors in selecting materials and finishes that are most resistant to bacteria and biofilm formation. C1 USDA, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30605 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Arnold, JW (reprint author), USDA, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, 950 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 40 TC 87 Z9 89 U1 1 U2 21 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 79 IS 12 BP 1839 EP 1845 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 385VW UT WOS:000166026700021 PM 11194050 ER PT J AU Kustas, WP Norman, JM AF Kustas, WP Norman, JM TI Evaluating the effects of subpixel heterogeneity on pixel average fluxes SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article ID SOIL HEAT-FLUX; SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; ENERGY-BALANCE; AREA INDEX; CANOPY; MODEL; LEAF AB Radiometric temperature observations T-H(phi) at a sensor view angle phi are routinely available from weather satellites such as the Geostationary Orbiting Environmental Satellite (GOES) and provide a unique spatially distributed boundary condition for surface energy balance modeling at regional scales. Reliable flux estimates over heterogeneous surfaces have been obtained using two-source models that implicitly account for differences between T-H(phi) and aerodynamic temperature, T-O, by considering separately the contributions of soil/substrate and vegetation to T-R(phi) observations and to the turbulent fluxes. A simple two-source energy balance model developed to use T-H(phi) observations has been applied successfully to a wide range of vegetation cover conditions at the field scale. However, its application with course resolution weather satellite data (i.e., pixel resolution greater than or similar to 1 km) will invariably result in errors in pixel-averaged heat flux estimation for surfaces with significant variability in vegetation cover and stress conditions. Indeed, with the highest resolution of satellite T-H(phi) data similar to 100 m, subpixel heterogeneity will still be significant for many landscapes, especially arid and semiarid areas. Uncertainty in flux estimation due to significant subpixel heterogeneity is examined using the simplified two-source model with T-R(phi) inputs from simulations using a detailed plant-environment model (Cupid) under six different "homogeneous" surface conditions commonly found in semiarid and arid regions and under high and low winds. These surface types are comprised of shrub and tall riparian vegetation, high and low canopy cover, wet and dry surface soil moisture state, and stressed versus unstressed vegetation condition. From six homogeneous surface conditions defined by vegetation type, cover, surface moisture and stress, four mixed-pixel cases were constructed, each containing two contrasting surface types. Significant or unacceptable errors (i.e., similar to 50 W m(-2)) in pixel-average heat fluxes are found in all four mixed-pixel cases, but the significant errors primarily occur when the fraction of the extreme surface condition (e.g., riparian wetland) comprises between similar to 20% and 80% of the mixed-pixel. Additionally, the results are influenced by the wind conditions with a higher wind speed tending to reduce errors. This preliminary analysis suggests that when there is a significant discontinuity in surface conditions, particularly under low winds, the subpixel variability in energy fluxes will likely cause unacceptable errors in two-source model predictions. However, daytime wind speeds are typically >2 m s(-1) and the resolution of T-H(phi) observations from weather satellites are relatively coarse (i.e., similar to5-19 km), which means riparian areas are likely to comprise less than 10% of a pixel. Both of these factors are likely to reduce errors in heat flux predictions at these large spatial scales caused by using pixel-average inputs. The Advanced Spaceborn Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) instrument proposed for NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS) has 90 m resolution. This will be useful for evaluating the impact of subpixel variability on flux predictions with coarser resolution data more routinely available from weather satellites. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Hydrol Lab, BARC, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Soil Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP USDA ARS, Hydrol Lab, BARC, Bldg 007, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM bkustas@hydrolab.arsusda.gov NR 33 TC 80 Z9 82 U1 0 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 EI 1879-0704 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 74 IS 3 BP 327 EP 342 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(99)00081-4 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 387UL UT WOS:000166140200001 ER PT J AU Silver, WL Ostertag, R Lugo, AE AF Silver, WL Ostertag, R Lugo, AE TI The potential for carbon sequestration through reforestation of abandoned tropical agricultural and pasture lands SO RESTORATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE soil carbon; plant carbon; land use; tropical forest; carbon accumulation; global change; carbon offset ID SUCCESSION FOLLOWING SLASH; SOIL ORGANIC-MATTER; SECONDARY FORESTS; BURN AGRICULTURE; PUERTO-RICO; ATMOSPHERIC CARBON; NORTHEASTERN INDIA; EASTERN AMAZONIA; WET FOREST; DRY FOREST AB Approximately half of the tropical biome is in some stage of recovery from past human disturbance, most of which is in secondary forests growing on abandoned agricultural lands and pastures. Reforestation of these abandoned lands, both natural and managed, has been proposed as a means to help offset increasing carbon emissions to the atmosphere. In this paper we discuss the potential of these forests to serve as sinks for atmospheric carbon dioxide in aboveground biomass and soils. A review of literature data shows that aboveground biomass increases at a rate of 6.2 Mg ha(-1) yr(-1) during the first 20 years of succession, and at a rate of 2.9 Mg ha(-1) yr(-1) over the first 80 years of regrowth. During the first 20 years of regrowth, forests in wet life zones have the fastest rate of aboveground carbon accumulation with reforestation, followed by dry and moist forests. Soil carbon accumulated at a rate of 0.41 Mg ha(-1) yr(-1) over a 100-year period, and at faster rates during the first 20 years (1.30 Mg carbon ha(-1) yr(-1)). Past land use affects the rate of both above- and belowground carbon sequestration. Forests growing on abandoned agricultural land accumulate biomass faster than other past land uses, while soil carbon accumulates faster on sites that were cleared but not developed, and on pasture sites. Our results indicate that tropical reforestation has the potential to serve as a carbon offset mechanism both above- and belowground for at least 40 to 80 years, and possibly much longer. More research is needed to determine the potential for longer-term carbon sequestration for mitigation of atmospheric CO2 emissions. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Ecosyst Sci Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, USDA, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. RP Silver, WL (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Ecosyst Sci Div, 151 Hilgard Hall 3110, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI daorui, han/G-3767-2011; Silver, Whendee/H-1118-2012; Ostertag, Rebecca/B-1756-2013 NR 82 TC 219 Z9 240 U1 15 U2 117 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 1061-2971 J9 RESTOR ECOL JI Restor. Ecol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 8 IS 4 BP 394 EP 407 DI 10.1046/j.1526-100x.2000.80054.x PG 14 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 385FR UT WOS:000165993400008 ER PT J AU Quail, PH AF Quail, PH TI Phytochrome-interacting factors SO SEMINARS IN CELL & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Review DE sensory photoreceptors; signal transduction; yeast two-hybrid system; nuclear translocation; transcriptional regulation ID DISRUPTS CIRCADIAN-RHYTHMS; GENE-EXPRESSION; G-BOX; CONSTITUTIVE EXPRESSION; SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; LIGHT CONTROL; BHLH PROTEIN; ARABIDOPSIS; BINDING; PLANTS AB The phytochrome family of sensory photoreceptors transduces environmental light signals to responsive nuclear genes by poorly defined pathways. The recent application of yeast two-hybrid library screens to the identification of components that physically interact with members of the phytochrome family has dramatically altered previous views of the likely intracellular signaling pathways. The evidence indicates that one pathway involves light-triggered translocation of the photoreceptor molecule from cytoplasm to nucleus where it Binds specifically in its biologically active form to a promoter-bound basic helix-loop-helix protein. The phytochrome molecules are proposed to function as integral, light-switchable components of transcriptional regulator complexes targeting environmental light signals directly and instantly to specific gene promoters. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. USDA ARS, Ctr Plant Gene Express, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Quail, PH (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM47475] NR 57 TC 53 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1084-9521 J9 SEMIN CELL DEV BIOL JI Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 11 IS 6 BP 457 EP 466 DI 10.1006/scdb.2000.0199 PG 10 WC Cell Biology; Developmental Biology SC Cell Biology; Developmental Biology GA 394GE UT WOS:000166515000011 PM 11145875 ER PT J AU Hudson, ME AF Hudson, ME TI The genetics of phytochrome signalling in Arabidopsis SO SEMINARS IN CELL & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Review DE photoreceptors; phytochrome; signal transduction; pathway; mutagenesis; Arabidopsis thaliana ID SHADE-AVOIDANCE SYNDROME; FLOWERING TIME; CHROMOPHORE BIOSYNTHESIS; INTERNODE ELONGATION; HYPOCOTYL ELONGATION; SIGNALING PATHWAY; NUCLEAR IMPORT; LIGHT CONTROL; HIGHER-PLANTS; PROTEIN AB The application of Arabidopsis genetics to research into the responses of plants to light has enabled rapid recent advances in this field. The plant photoreceptor phytochrome mediates well-defined responses that can be exploited to provide elegant and specific genetic screens. By this means, not only have mutants affecting the phytochromes themselves been isolated, but also mutants affecting the transduction of phytochrome signals. The genes involved in these processes have now begun to be characterized by using this genetic approach to isolate signal transduction components. Most of the components characterized so far are capable of being translocated to the cell nucleus, and they may help to define a new system of regulation of gene expression. This review summarises the ongoing contribution made by genetics to our understanding of light perception and signal transduction by the phytochrome system. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. USDA ARS, Ctr Plant Gene Express, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Hudson, ME (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Hudson, Matthew/A-4438-2008 OI Hudson, Matthew/0000-0002-4737-0936 FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM47475] NR 68 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1084-9521 J9 SEMIN CELL DEV BIOL JI Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 11 IS 6 BP 475 EP 483 DI 10.1006/scdb.2000.0204 PG 9 WC Cell Biology; Developmental Biology SC Cell Biology; Developmental Biology GA 394GE UT WOS:000166515000013 PM 11145877 ER PT J AU Britton, K AF Britton, K TI Kudzu SO SMITHSONIAN LA English DT Letter C1 US Forest Serv, Athens, GA USA. RP Britton, K (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Athens, GA USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SMITHSONIAN ASSOCIATES PI WASHINGTON PA 900 JEFFERSON DRIVE, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0037-7333 J9 SMITHSONIAN JI Smithsonian PD DEC PY 2000 VL 31 IS 9 BP 17 EP 17 PG 1 WC Humanities, Multidisciplinary SC Arts & Humanities - Other Topics GA 419KM UT WOS:000167948000004 ER PT J AU Yost, M AF Yost, M TI Data warehousing and decision support at the national agricultural statistics service SO SOCIAL SCIENCE COMPUTER REVIEW LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference of the Association-for-Survey-Computing (ASC 99) CY SEP 22-24, 1999 CL EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND SP Assoc Survey Comp DE star schema; dimensional model; metadata; integrated data sources; data-base design AB Easy access to large collections of historical survey and census data and the associated metadata that describes them has long been the goal of researchers and analysts. Solutions to problems such as understanding the behavior of current survey data, respondent burden, improved statistical techniques, and data quality are often found in the careful analysis of historical data. Many questions have gone unanswered because the data were not readily available, access was limited, metadata were not well defined, or query performance was intolerably slow. This article describes the database modeling techniques that permit end users fast and easy access to large amounts of microlevel data contained in different data systems and from different time frames. Also, techniques for tracking metadata changes and standardization are discussed. A generalized dimensional model is presented that can be used for any census or survey to track the full history of the data series. C1 USDA, Washington, DC USA. RP Yost, M (reprint author), 1400 Independence Ave SW,Room 4151-S, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 5 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA SN 0894-4393 J9 SOC SCI COMPUT REV JI Soc. Sci. Comput. Rev. PD WIN PY 2000 VL 18 IS 4 BP 434 EP 441 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Information Science & Library Science; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary SC Computer Science; Information Science & Library Science; Social Sciences - Other Topics GA 364HH UT WOS:000089886600006 ER PT J AU Selin, SW Schuett, MA Carr, D AF Selin, SW Schuett, MA Carr, D TI Modeling stakeholder perceptions of collaborative initiative effectiveness SO SOCIETY & NATURAL RESOURCES LA English DT Article DE collaboration; community development; ecosystem management; forestry; monitoring; natural resource management; partnerships AB Collaborative planning and stewardship has emerged on the natural resource landscape as both an ideology and prescriptive tool to build agreement and manage conflict across diverse settings and resource issues. This article reports on a research study examining stakeholder perceptions of the performance of 30 collaborative initiatives from around the United States where the USDA Forest Service was identified as a partner in the initiative. Results from a mailed survey to active participants found the typical collaborative initiative to be fairly large and quite diverse with an average of 16.8 organizational members. Respondents generally felt initiatives were effective in achieving their purpose. in a regression analysis, leadership, willingness to compromise, and a broad representation of stakeholders emerged as significant predictors of outcome achievement. Findings from this study support recent evidence that collaborative initiatives are achieving important economic, quality of life, and bio/physical outcomes. However, due to the young age of many collaborative ventures, these outcomes are still in their formative stages. C1 W Virginia Univ, Div Forestry, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, E Lansing, MI USA. RP Selin, SW (reprint author), W Virginia Univ, Div Forestry, POB 6125, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. NR 18 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 13 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0894-1920 J9 SOC NATUR RESOUR JI Soc. Nat. Resour. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 13 IS 8 BP 735 EP 745 DI 10.1080/089419200750035593 PG 11 WC Environmental Studies; Planning & Development; Sociology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public Administration; Sociology GA 388MV UT WOS:000166185600003 ER PT J AU Anderson, JA Blahna, DJ Chavez, DJ AF Anderson, JA Blahna, DJ Chavez, DJ TI Fern gathering on the San Bernardino National Forest: Cultural versus commercial values among Korean and Japanese participants SO SOCIETY & NATURAL RESOURCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Symposium on Society and Resource Management CY MAY-JUN -, 1998 CL COLUMBIA, MO DE bracken ferns; cultural diversity; East Asians; ethnicity; Japanese; Koreans; multicultural resource use; resource values; special forest products ID LEISURE; COMMUNITY AB Most attention to special forest products (SFPs), both in the literature and in management practice, has focused on economic aspects of gathering activities. The majority of bracken fern gatherers on the Arrowhead Ranger District are of Japanese and Korean backgrounds, and they pick ferns not for commercial purposes, but as a recreational. social, and outdoor activity. These findings indicate that economically and commercially based assumptions are sometimes inappropriate for managing SFP gathering activities. C1 Utah State Univ, Dept Forest Resources, Logan, UT 84322 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Riverside, CA USA. RP Anderson, JA (reprint author), Utah State Univ, Dept Forest Resources, Logan, UT 84322 USA. EM janand@cc.usu.edu NR 46 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 6 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0894-1920 J9 SOC NATUR RESOUR JI Soc. Nat. Resour. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 13 IS 8 BP 747 EP 762 DI 10.1080/089419200750035601 PG 16 WC Environmental Studies; Planning & Development; Sociology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public Administration; Sociology GA 388MV UT WOS:000166185600004 ER PT J AU Pachepsky, Y Rawls, W Timlin, D AF Pachepsky, Y Rawls, W Timlin, D TI A one-parameter relationship between unsaturated hydraulic conductivity and water retention SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE hydraulic conductivity; water retention; scaling; pedo-transfer function; connectivity ID POROUS-MEDIA; IMAGE-ANALYSIS; SOIL; MODEL; MANAGEMENT; ROUGHNESS; SURFACE AB Estimating unsaturated hydraulic conductivity often relies on using water retention characteristics. Because the water retention curves do not provide information about the pore connectivity, an empirical correction is used in capillary bundle models that are fitted to unsaturated hydraulic conductivity data. The majority of authors have applied the macroscopic correction expressed as a function of water content, A microscopic correction term expressed as a power function of a pore radius was proposed in the literature but was not tested with a large representative soil data set. The purpose of this work was to apply the "hydraulic conductivity-water retention" model with the microscopic connectivity correction to a large data set to see what accuracy can be achieved and whether it is possible to relate the connectivity parameters to some readily available soil properties. Data for 147 soil horizons were extracted from the unsaturated soil hydraulic database UNSODA. Water retention and hydraulic conductivity data were in the range of capillary pressures >5 kPa and from 5 to 200 kPa, respectively. The model provided an accurate approximation, and root mean square error (RMSE) in estimated log(10)k was 0.21. Two parameters of the model appeared to be correlated closely so that using only one connectivity parameter was sufficient. Reducing the number of parameters from two to one and refitting the one-parametric model to data decreased the accuracy of the estimates, The RMSE increased from 0.21 to 0.31. That only one empirical parameter was needed to describe the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity helps to reduce the number of measurements of this hydraulic property because a single parameter can be estimated from a limited number of observations. C1 USDA ARS, Hydrol Lab, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Remote Sensing & Modeling Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Pachepsky, Y (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hydrol Lab, BARC W, Bldg 007,Rm 104, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. OI Pachepsky, Yakov/0000-0003-0232-6090 NR 47 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 165 IS 12 BP 911 EP 919 DI 10.1097/00010694-200012000-00001 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 387VT UT WOS:000166143100001 ER PT J AU Kleinman, PJA Bryant, RB Reid, WS Sharpley, AN Pimentel, D AF Kleinman, PJA Bryant, RB Reid, WS Sharpley, AN Pimentel, D TI Using soil phosphorus behavior to identify environmental thresholds SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE phosphorus; sorption; change point; threshold; isotherm ID PHOSPHATE SORPTION; RUNOFF AB Concern over the transport of phosphorus from agricultural soils to surface waters has focused attention on the role of soil phosphorus in environmental risk assessment. This study explores the existence of natural soil phosphorus thresholds as expressed by Quantity/Intensity relationships. Fifty-nine samples, collected from agricultural soils in New York's Delaware River Watershed, were analyzed for Morgan, Mehlich III, and 0.01 M CaCl2 extractable P. Soil P sorption saturation was calculated as a function of oxalate extractable P, Fe, and Al. In addition, P sorption isotherms were determined for all soils. Thresholds in the relationships between CaCl2 P and Morgan P, Mehlich III P, and P sorption saturation were identified by segmented linear regression (change point analysis), Thresholds in the relationship between CaCl2 P and Morgan P, Mehlich III P, and P sorption saturation occurred at CaCl2 P concentrations of 0.9 mg kg(-1), suggesting a threshold for soil P that may have use in environmental risk assessment. A P sorption threshold was also identified by segmented, quadratic-linear regression of the sorption isotherms, Results described a fundamental property of soils: a nonlinear sorption of P in soils that exhibits a threshold, above which the potential for P release from soil to water increases, This threshold describes a critical point in the release of P and, therefore, may be of environmental importance in estimating the potential for soluble P loss from soil by runoff and leaching. C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Entomol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Kleinman, PJA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, Curtin Rd, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 31 TC 57 Z9 63 U1 1 U2 8 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 165 IS 12 BP 943 EP 950 DI 10.1097/00010694-200012000-00004 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 387VT UT WOS:000166143100004 ER PT J AU Chu, CC Freeman, TP Buckner, JS Natwick, ET Henneberry, TJ Nelson, DR AF Chu, CC Freeman, TP Buckner, JS Natwick, ET Henneberry, TJ Nelson, DR TI Silverleaf whitefly colonization and trichome density relationship on upland cotton cultivars SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID BEMISIA-TABACI HOMOPTERA; SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION; SAMPLING PLANS; ALEYRODIDAE AB We conducted studies to determine if morphological leaf surface features of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., are related to host plant resistance traits to silverleaf whiteflies, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring. Cotton cultivar Stoneville 474 had higher numbers of silverleaf whitefly eggs, nymphs, and adults and also had higher numbers of stellate trichomes on abaxial leaf surfaces compared with nine other upland cotton cultivars tested. The five smooth, okra-leaf cotton cultivars as a group had similar numbers of whitefly eggs (25) and nymphs (10) per cm(2) of leaf disk but fewer adults ( 12) per leaf compared with four smooth, normal-leaf cotton cultivars. The top young leaves on the main stem terminals of smooth normal- or okra-leaf cultivars had significantly higher numbers of stellate trichomes (174) per cm(2) of leaf disk compared with older leaves. However, the top young leaves on main stem leaf nodes #1 also had reduced numbers of eggs (23) and nymphs (1) per cm(2) of leaf disk compared with older leaves (17-81 and 14-26, respectively). Results suggest that other Factors, in addition to leaf hairiness, at least For young terminal leaves, affect silverleaf whitefly populations. C1 USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Ctr Electron Microscopy, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. State Univ Stn, USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. Univ Calif, Desert Res & Extens Ctr, Holtville, CA 92250 USA. RP Chu, CC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, 4135 E Broadway, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 13 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 5 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 25 IS 4 BP 237 EP 242 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 404YU UT WOS:000167130900001 ER PT J AU Natwick, ET Summers, CG Chu, CC Henneberry, T Bell, CE Godfrey, LD AF Natwick, ET Summers, CG Chu, CC Henneberry, T Bell, CE Godfrey, LD TI Bemisia argentifolii hosts in imperial and southern San Joaquin Valleys, California SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID ALEYRODIDAE; HOMOPTERA; COLONIZATION; BELLOWS AB In the Imperial and southern San Joaquin Valleys of California, 319 plant species were examined and 228 were confirmed as hosts of Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring Of these, 12 were agronomic crops, 45 vegetable crops, 96 ornamental plants, 18 fruit trees, and 57 weed species. Of the 228 host plant species, 102 can potentially serve as overwintering hosts. These potential overwintering hosts include one agronomic crop, 22 vegetable crops, 58 ornamental plants, 5 fruit trees, and 16 weed species. This wide host range provides a continuity of year-round habitats for B. argentifolii reproduction, survival and overwintering. C1 Univ Calif, Cooperat Res & Extens, Holtville, CA 92250 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Entomol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Natwick, ET (reprint author), Univ Calif, Cooperat Res & Extens, 1050 E Holton Rd, Holtville, CA 92250 USA. NR 13 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 25 IS 4 BP 243 EP 254 PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 404YU UT WOS:000167130900002 ER PT J AU Henneberry, TJ Jech, LF AF Henneberry, TJ Jech, LF TI Seasonal pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), infestations of transgenic and non-transgenic cottons SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS TOXIN; CENTRAL ARIZONA; LEPIDOPTERA; GELECHIIDAE; RESISTANCE; FIELDS; TIME AB The susceptibility of pink bollworm (PBW), Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), larvae to NuCOTN 33B(infinity) (Bt) and Delta and Pineland (DPL) 5415 cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., bells developing on early- and late-season plant nodes was studied. Bells were artificially infested with PEW eggs from a laboratory colony or exposed to feral PBW populations in the field. For artificial egg infestations, PEW entrance holes in Bt and DPL 5415 bells averaged 19.0 +/- 2.2 and 14.4 +/- 1.2 per bell, respectively, over seven sampling dates. No larval exit holes were found in Bt cotton bells, and an average of 1.8 +/- 0.2 exit holes per bell occurred in DPL 5415 cotton bells. Larval survival as percentages of the numbers of entrance holes were 21.5 for DPL 5415 and < 0.1 For Bt. The extremely low larval survival in Dt cotton from more that 11,000 entrance holes suggests, at least for the laboratory strain in this study, a high level of Bt susceptibility. Live and dead first instars in Bt bells ranged From < 0.1 to 2.1 per bell. No living or dead second- or third-instar larvae occurred. Seven surviving PEW (living fourth instars or pupae in bell boxes) were found in Bt bells over all sampling dates. All Fl larvae obtained fr om survivors in the putative Bt bulls died on Bt bulls, but 50% boil infestation with 0.6 larvae per boil occurred following release on DPL 5415 bells. No tests were conducted with Bt bells to verify the presence of Cry1Ac toxic protein bur the complete mortality of the Fl larvae suggests that the surviving larvae were from non-Bt bells. In contrast to Bt bells, no dead first instars, 0.0 to 0.1 live second instar, 0. 1 to 0.2 live third instar, and 0.6 to 5.5 live fourth instars were found per DPL 5415 boil Immature Bt cotton bells developing on plants 180 days after planting (DAP) were as toxic to PEW larvae as immature bells developing on plants 83 DAP. Random bull sampling in plots showed an average of 31 and < 1% bell infestations in DPL 5415 and Bt cottons, respectively. Average numbers of entrance holes per DPL 5415 and Bt cotton boil were 1.5 and 1.0, respectively. Percentages of surviving larvae were 21.2% for DPL 5415 and 0.7% for Bt. Whole cotton plant sampling showed PEW infestations of 17.2% of the open mature and 10.5% of the immature green bells For DPL 5415, and 0.0% of the open Bt bells infested Bt and 1.7% infested immature green bells. Briefly, our study showed that the Bt toxic protein technology continues to be outstanding in season-long effectiveness for PEW control. There were no indications of reduced efficacy for late-season bells. C1 USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Henneberry, TJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, 4135 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 26 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 25 IS 4 BP 273 EP 286 PG 14 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 404YU UT WOS:000167130900005 ER PT J AU Goolsby, JA Tipping, PW Center, TD Driver, F AF Goolsby, JA Tipping, PW Center, TD Driver, F TI Evidence of a new Cyrtobagous species (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) on Salvinia minima Baker in Florida SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; MOLESTA C1 USDA ARS, Australian Biol Control Lab, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068, Australia. USDA ARS, Invas Plant Res Lab, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. CSIRO, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. RP Goolsby, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Australian Biol Control Lab, 120 Meiers Rd, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068, Australia. NR 14 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 25 IS 4 BP 299 EP 301 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 404YU UT WOS:000167130900008 ER PT J AU Akin, DE Rigsby, LL Hardin, IR Epps, HH AF Akin, DE Rigsby, LL Hardin, IR Epps, HH TI Enzyme retted fibers from fiber and seed flax SO TEXTILE CHEMIST AND COLORIST & AMERICAN DYESTUFF REPORTER LA English DT Article DE enzymes; flax; linen; retting AB Enzymes were used to ret flax fibers from a variety of sources, and fibers were characterized for important textile properties. Image analysis and micronaire were used to judge relative fineness of fibers produced by enzyme retting and related to long-line, dew-retted standards. Enzyme-retted flax fibers were spectrophotometrically measured using CIELAB color values and objectively compared with dew-retted flax. Enzymatically retted flax was lighter than dew-retted flax (or flax that has been previously weathered). Results from several testing methods indicate that enzymatic retting can produce flax fibers of suitable quality based on comparisons with other fibers. Further, it may be possible to modify fiber properties with enzymes. C1 USDA, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. Univ Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Akin, DE (reprint author), USDA, Russell Res Ctr, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 15 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC TEXTILE CHEMISTS COLORISTS PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA PO BOX 12215, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA SN 1526-2847 J9 TEXT CHEM COLOR AM D JI Text. Chem. Color Am. Dyest Rep. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 32 IS 12 BP 36 EP 39 PG 4 WC Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Textiles SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 386KJ UT WOS:000166060300006 ER PT J AU Tabien, RE Li, Z Paterson, AH Marchetti, MA Stansel, JW Pinson, SRM AF Tabien, RE Li, Z Paterson, AH Marchetti, MA Stansel, JW Pinson, SRM TI Mapping of four major rice blast resistance genes from 'Lemont' and 'Teqing' and evaluation of their combinatorial effect for field resistance SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE Oryza sativa L.; gene mapping; Magna porthe grisea; Pyricularia grisea; disease resistance; complete resistance; resistance genes; pyramiding; RFLP ID NEAR-ISOGENIC LINES; ORYZA-SATIVA L; PYRICULARIA-GRISEA; MAGNAPORTHE-GRISEA; INHERITANCE; POPULATION; CULTIVARS; RFLP; MAP; REGISTRATION AB A framework linkage map was developed using 283 F-10 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from a 'Lemont'x'Teqing' rice cultivar cross. Evaluation of a subset of 245 of these RILs with five races of the rice blast pathogen permitted RFLP mapping of three major resistance genes from Teqing and one major gene from Lemont, All mapped genes were found to confer resistance to at least two blast races, but none conferred resistance to all five races evaluated. RFLP mapping showed that the three resistance genes from Teqing, designated Pi-tq5, Pi-tq1 and Pi-tq6, were present on chromosomes 2, 6 and 12, respectively. The resistance gene from Lemont. Pi-lm2, was located on chromosome 11. Pi-tq1 is considered a new gene, based on its reaction to these five races and its unique map location, while the other three genes may be allelic with previously reported genes. Lines with different gene combinations were evaluated for disease reaction in field plots. Some gene combinations showed both direct effects and non-linear interaction. The fact that some of the lines without any of the four tagged genes exhibited useful levels of resistance in the field plots suggests the presence of additional genes or QTLs affecting the blast reaction segregating in this population. C1 USDA ARS, Beaumont, TX 77713 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Syst Agr Res & Extens Ctr, Beaumont, TX 77713 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Biochem & Biophys, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Int Rice Res Inst, Manila 1099, Philippines. Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Pinson, SRM (reprint author), USDA ARS, 1509 Aggie Dr, Beaumont, TX 77713 USA. NR 54 TC 63 Z9 83 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 101 IS 8 BP 1215 EP 1225 DI 10.1007/s001220051600 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 386KK UT WOS:000166060400007 ER PT J AU Skinner, DZ AF Skinner, DZ TI Non random chloroplast DNA hypervariability in Medicago sativa SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE Medicago; alfalfa; lucerne; diversity; DNA sequence; cpDNA; cluster analysis; AF237706; AF237707 ID HOT-SPOT REGION; LENGTH MUTATIONS; MICROSATELLITES; DIVERSITY; ALFALFAS AB Two hypervariable regions of the alfalfa (Medicaga sativa) chloroplast genome were used to describe levels of genetic relatedness among populations. PCR primers were developed to amplify the hypervariable regions. The frequency of occurrence of fragments of like size between populations was used to develop a measure of genetic relatedness. Relationships among 135 alfalfa accessions were investigated with principal component and cluster analyses, based on the genetic distance measures. Distinct clusters were taken as an indication of genetically distinct lineages. The populations investigated represented collections from world regions defined as the centers of origin of specific alfalfa germplasm sources, or else represented collections of introduced, and naturally adapted, accessions from agriculturally advanced regions. In general, this analysis indicated that the accessions from regions of origin of germplasm sources were largely homogeneous, while accessions from areas of introduction were much more diverse. In some cases, the accessions from a region of origin formed distinct clusters, suggesting that divergence has resulted in genetically distinct lines persisting in the original region of origin. Investigation of the stability of the marker fragments through vegetatively, and sexually, propagated plants indicated stable transmission through the sexual phase. However, one of the two regions underwent a deletion of 145 bp of one copy of a tandemly repeated 146 bp region in the equivalent of 80 years of vegetative growth. C1 Kansas State Univ, USDA ARS, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Agron, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Skinner, DZ (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, USDA ARS, Throckmorton Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 19 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 101 IS 8 BP 1242 EP 1249 DI 10.1007/s001220051603 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 386KK UT WOS:000166060400010 ER PT J AU Mitton, JB Kreiser, BR Rehfeldt, GE AF Mitton, JB Kreiser, BR Rehfeldt, GE TI Primers designed to amplify a mitochondrial nad1 intron in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa, limber pine, P-flexilis, and Scots pine, P-sylvestris SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE mtDNA; polymorphism; Pinus ponderosa; Pinus flexilis; Pinus sylvestris ID CHLOROPLAST DNA; POPULATION DIFFERENTIATION; PATERNAL INHERITANCE; DIVERSITY; PLANTS AB The b/c intron of the mitochondrial nadl gene, was sequenced to characterize the indel region of ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa. The sequence in ponderosa pine was aligned with the sequence in Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris, to design seven primers that are useful for sequencing and for revealing size variation in amplified fragments in ponderosa pine, Scots pine, and limber pine, Pinus flexilis. These primers reveal variability in all three species, and the pattern of variability within ponderosa pine is described by a preliminary survey. The indel region of ponderosa pine contains three distinct elements with lengths of 31, 32, and 34 bp. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Environm Populat & Organism Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. US Forest Serv, Intermt Res Stn, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. RP Mitton, JB (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Environm Populat & Organism Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 20 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 101 IS 8 BP 1269 EP 1272 DI 10.1007/s001220051606 PG 4 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 386KK UT WOS:000166060400013 ER PT J AU Sewell, MM Bassoni, DL Megraw, RA Wheeler, NC Neale, DB AF Sewell, MM Bassoni, DL Megraw, RA Wheeler, NC Neale, DB TI Identification of QTLs influencing wood property traits in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). I. Physical wood properties SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE Pinus taeda L.; QTL mapping; wood specific gravity; volume percentage of latewood; microfibril angle ID GENETIC DISSECTION; OUTBRED PEDIGREE; RAPD MARKERS; LINKAGE MAPS; LOCI; GROWTH; CONSTRUCTION; QUALITY; CROSSES; HEIGHT AB Physical wood property traits for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) were analyzed for the presence of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in a three-generation outbred pedigree. These traits include wood specific gravity (wsg), volume percentage of latewood (vol%), and microfibril angle (mfa). Phenotypic data were collected for rings 2-11 for wsg and vol%, and rings 3, 5 and 7 for mfa. Both earlywood and latewood were analyzed for each trait. An interval mapping approach designed for an outbred pedigree was used to estimate the number of QTLs, the magnitude of QTL effects, and their genomic position. Nine unique QTLs were detected for composite traits (average of all rings) for wsg, five for vol%, and five for mfa. The majority of these QTLs were verified by analyses of individual-ring traits. Additional QTLs for each trait were also detected by these individual-ring analyses. Most QTLs for wsg were specific to either earlywood or latewood, whereas each QTL for mfa was detected for both earlywood and latewood. Before these QTLs are utilized in a breeding program, they should be verified in larger experiments and in different genetic and environmental backgrounds. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Hort, US Forest Serv, Inst Forest Genet, Davis, CA 95667 USA. Weyerhaeuser Co, Weyerhaeuser Technol Ctr, Tacoma, WA 98477 USA. Weyerhaeuser Co, Western Forest Res Ctr, Centralia, WA 98531 USA. RP Neale, DB (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Hort, US Forest Serv, Inst Forest Genet, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95667 USA. NR 36 TC 65 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 8 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 101 IS 8 BP 1273 EP 1281 DI 10.1007/s001220051607 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 386KK UT WOS:000166060400014 ER PT J AU Adhvaryu, A Erhan, SZ Liu, ZS Perez, JM AF Adhvaryu, A Erhan, SZ Liu, ZS Perez, JM TI Oxidation kinetic studies of oils derived from unmodified and genetically modified vegetables using pressurized differential scanning calorimetry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy SO THERMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article DE PDSC; NMR; vegetable oil; oxidation; kinetics; statistical correlation ID BASE OILS; DISTORTIONLESS ENHANCEMENT; POLARIZATION TRANSFER; NMR-SPECTROSCOPY; EDIBLE OILS; FATTY-ACIDS; STABILITY; DECOMPOSITION; RANCIMAT; DSC AB Evaluation of oxidative stability of a series of vegetable oils and oils derived from genetically modified vegetables were carried out using pressure differential scanning calorimetry (PDSC). The purpose of including the genetically modified oils along with other oils were to illustrate the effect of high oleic and linoleic content on the thermal and oxidative behavior of these oils. Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were computed and variation of results explained in terms of structural data derived from quantitative H-1 and C-13 NMR spectroscopy. For a variety of vegetable oil samples used in the study, log b (program rate of heating; i.e. 1, 5, 10, 15 and 20 degreesC/min) was linearly related (R-2 = 0.99) to the reciprocal of absolute temperature corresponding to maximum oxidation rate (peak height temperature). From the resulting slope it was possible to compute activation energy (E-a) for oxidation reaction and various other kinetic parameters, e.g. rate constant (k), Arrhenius frequency factor (Z) and half-life period (t(1/2)). The presence of C-C unsaturation in the fatty acid (FA) chain, their nature and relative abundance, affect thermal and oxidative stability of the oil and subsequently their kinetic and thermodynamic parameters. Quantitative analysis of the NMR spectra yielded various other structural parameters that were correlated with start (Ts) and onset (To) temperature of vegetable oil oxidation, and certain important kinetic parameters (E-a and k). This is a novel approach, where statistical models were developed as a predictive tool for quick assessment of oxidative and thermodynamic data. The correlations developed have an adjusted R-2 of 0.922 and higher using 3 or 4 NMR derived predictor variables. These correlations revealed that in addition to nature and abundance of C=C, relative abundance of other structural parameters (e.g. bis-allylic methylene group, allylic-CH2, alpha -CH2 to C=O, etc.) influence oxidation and kinetic data. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA, CAUR, ARS, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Chem Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Adhvaryu, A (reprint author), USDA, CAUR, ARS, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 42 TC 111 Z9 117 U1 0 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0040-6031 J9 THERMOCHIM ACTA JI Thermochim. Acta PD DEC 1 PY 2000 VL 364 IS 1-2 BP 87 EP 97 DI 10.1016/S0040-6031(00)00626-2 PG 11 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Physical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry GA 381VA UT WOS:000165783100008 ER PT J AU Nilsson, CB Hoegberg, P Trossvik, C Azais-Braesco, V Blaner, WS Fex, G Harrison, EH Nau, H Schmidt, CK van Bennekum, AM Hakansson, H AF Nilsson, CB Hoegberg, P Trossvik, C Azais-Braesco, V Blaner, WS Fex, G Harrison, EH Nau, H Schmidt, CK van Bennekum, AM Hakansson, H TI 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin increases serum and kidney retinoic acid levels and kidney retinol esterification in the rat SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 18th Symposium on Halogenated Environmental Organic Pollutants-Dioxin '98 CY AUG 17-21, 1998 CL STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN DE TCDD; vitamin A; retinoic acid; lecithin : retinol acyl transferase; retinyl ester hydrolase; retinol-binding protein; hepatocytes; stellate cells; kidney; rat ID SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS; VITAMIN-A HOMEOSTASIS; ESTER HYDROLASE; ACYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY; BINDING-PROTEINS; STELLATE CELLS; MESSENGER-RNA; LIVER CELLS; ALL-TRANS; HYDROLYSIS AB Halogenated organic environmental contaminants such as dioxins are well-known to affect tissue levels of retinoids. To further investigate the effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on retinoid homeostasis, adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were killed 1-112 days after a single oral dose of 10 mug TCDD/kg body wt. Additional groups of rats were killed three days after a single oral dose of 0.1, 1, 10, or 100 mug TCDD/kg body wt. Serum and renal retinoic acid levels were measured, as were levels of serum retinol-binding protein (RBP) in liver, kidneys, and serum. Hepatic and renal formation as well as hepatic hydrolysis of retinyl esters were determined, together with hepatic and renal retinoid levels. In addition, one of the retinyl ester hydrolase (REH) activities was investigated in isolated hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells from rats killed 7 days after a single oral dose of 10 mug TCDD/kg body wt. No increased hepatic REH activity that could explain the decreased hepatic retinyl ester levels following TCDD treatment was found. In the liver, TCDD increased protein levels, but not mRNA levels, of REP. A causal relationship is suggested for the increased renal lecithin:retinol acyltransferase (LRAT) activity and increased renal retinyl ester levels in TCDD-treated rats. Importantly, TCDD was shown to substantially increase serum and renal levels of retinoic acid. The ability of TCDD to cause increased tissue retinoic acid levels suggests that TCDD may alter the transcription of retinoic acid-responsive genes. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 Karolinska Inst, Natl Inst Environm Med, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden. INRA, Ctr Rech Nutr Humaine, F-63009 Clermont Ferrand, France. Columbia Univ, Inst Human Nutr, New York, NY 10032 USA. Univ Lund Hosp, S-22185 Lund, Sweden. USDA ARS, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Hannover Sch Vet Med, D-30173 Hannover, Germany. Med Coll Penn & Hahnemann Univ, Philadelphia, PA 19129 USA. RP Hakansson, H (reprint author), Karolinska Inst, Natl Inst Environm Med, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden. FU NIDDK NIH HHS [DK-44498, R01 DK044498] NR 39 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD DEC 1 PY 2000 VL 169 IS 2 BP 121 EP 131 DI 10.1006/taap.2000.9059 PG 11 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 383RZ UT WOS:000165897800001 PM 11097864 ER PT J AU Ostlund, EN Andresen, JE Andresen, M AF Ostlund, EN Andresen, JE Andresen, M TI West Nile encephalitis SO VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-EQUINE PRACTICE LA English DT Article ID VIRUS; TRANSMISSION; MOSQUITOS; EPIDEMIC; ROMANIA; FEVER AB West Nile viral encephalitis in horses, previously reported in Africa, Asia and Europe, occurred for the first time in the Western Hemisphere in 1999. West Nile virus, a flavivirus maintained by a bird-mosquito cycle, was associated with encephalitic illness and deaths in humans, horses and birds in the US outbreak. The disease in horses is manifested primarily by ataxia of variable severity. Although a significant number of infections are inapparent, equine case fatality rates may exceed 40%. The virus has overwintered in the United States, and poses a threat of future disease occurrences. C1 USDA, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Diagnost Virol Lab, Equine & Ovine Viruses Sect, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Mattituck Laurel Vet Hosp, Laurel, NY USA. RP Ostlund, EN (reprint author), USDA, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Diagnost Virol Lab, Equine & Ovine Viruses Sect, POB 844, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 37 TC 57 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 4 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0749-0739 J9 VET CLIN N AM-EQUINE JI Vet. Clin. N. Am.-Equine Pract. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 16 IS 3 BP 427 EP + PG 16 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 400VZ UT WOS:000166893500004 PM 11219341 ER PT J AU McCluskey, BJ Mumford, EL AF McCluskey, BJ Mumford, EL TI Vesicular stomatitis and other vesicular, erosive, and ulcerative diseases of horses SO VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-EQUINE PRACTICE LA English DT Article ID VIRUS NEW-JERSEY; LUTZOMYIA-SHANNONI DIPTERA; SIMULIUM-VITTATUM DIPTERA; WESTERN UNITED-STATES; OSSABAW ISLAND; FRONT RANGE; COLORADO; TRANSMISSION; OUTBREAK; SEROTYPE AB Physical trauma,,dietary factors, certain toxins, immune mediated disorders, and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection are known causes of stomatitis in horses. There is evidence that some outbreaks of equine stomatitis are caused by as yet unidentified infectious agents. It remains to be determined whether stomatitis is an emerging equine infectious disease, or if the increase in reported cases is simply the result of greater public awareness as a consequence of widespread outbreaks of VSV in the southwestern United States in recent years. Focused laboratory and epidemiological studies are necessary to more adequately define non-VS related infectious and noninfectious causes of equine stomatitis. C1 US Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Amer Coll Vet Prevent Med, USDA, Vet Serv,Ctr Epidemiol, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. US Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Amer Coll Vet Prevent Med, USDA, Vet Serv,Ctr Anim Hlth, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Colorado State Univ, Coll Vet Med & Biomed Sci, Dept Clin Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP McCluskey, BJ (reprint author), US Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Amer Coll Vet Prevent Med, USDA, Vet Serv,Ctr Epidemiol, 555 S Howes St, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 49 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0749-0739 J9 VET CLIN N AM-EQUINE JI Vet. Clin. N. Am.-Equine Pract. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 16 IS 3 BP 457 EP + PG 15 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 400VZ UT WOS:000166893500006 PM 11219343 ER PT J AU Dargatz, DA Traub-Dargatz, JL Sangster, NC AF Dargatz, DA Traub-Dargatz, JL Sangster, NC TI Antimicrobic and anthelmintic resistance SO VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-EQUINE PRACTICE LA English DT Article ID ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANCE; HORSES; STRONGYLES; NEMATODES; SUSCEPTIBILITY; CYATHOSTOMES; ELIMINATION; POPULATION; STRATEGIES; PREVALENCE AB Antimicrobial and anthelmintic resistance are growing issues for the equine practitioner. The development of antimicrobial or anthelmintic resistance is a source of significant concern because of increased frequency of treatment failures and increased treatment costs. In addition, antimicrobial resistance may have important consequences for public health. Only through judicious use can the efficacy of antimicrobials and anthelmintics be prolonged. This article discusses the development of resistance and suggestions for control. C1 US Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Ctr Epidemiol, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. US Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Ctr Anim Hlth, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Colorado State Univ, Coll Vet Med & Biomed Sci, Dept Clin Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Sydney, Dept Vet Anat & Pathol, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. RP Dargatz, DA (reprint author), US Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Ctr Epidemiol, 555 S Howes St, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RI Sangster, Nicholas/A-8894-2014 NR 70 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 5 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0749-0739 J9 VET CLIN N AM-EQUINE JI Vet. Clin. N. Am.-Equine Pract. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 16 IS 3 BP 515 EP + PG 24 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 400VZ UT WOS:000166893500010 PM 11219347 ER PT J AU Gajadhar, AA Gamble, HR AF Gajadhar, AA Gamble, HR TI Trichinella and trichinellosis - Preface SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Canadian Food Inspect Agcy, Ctr Anim Parasitol, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2R3, Canada. USDA ARS, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Gajadhar, AA (reprint author), Canadian Food Inspect Agcy, Ctr Anim Parasitol, 116 Vet Rd, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2R3, Canada. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD DEC 1 PY 2000 VL 93 IS 3-4 BP 181 EP 181 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(00)00339-3 PG 1 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 381QT UT WOS:000165775000001 ER PT J AU Gajadhar, AA Gamble, HR AF Gajadhar, AA Gamble, HR TI Historical perspectives and current global challenges of Trichinella and trichinellosis SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Trichinella; trichinellosis; epidemiology; disease control; zoonosis; foodborne AB Trichinella spiralis and related species of Trichinella have had a long history of causing human disease, and as a foodborne pathogen have had a major impact on international commerce of pork and other meat animal species which are known to transmit the parasite. Our knowledge of Trichinella has increased substantially over the past few years particularly in the areas of phylogeny, host diversity, epidemiology and control. In this paper, we provide a brief overview of our understanding of Trichinella from its discovery to present time. Past and current challenges of the control of Trichinella and trichinellosis are summarized. As editors of this special issue of Veterinary Parasitology we introduce a series of invited review articles prepared by experts from around the world, summarizing recent knowledge in Trichinella and trichinellosis. Crown Copyright (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Canadian Food Inspect Agcy, Ctr Anim Parasitol, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2R3, Canada. USDA ARS, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Gajadhar, AA (reprint author), Canadian Food Inspect Agcy, Ctr Anim Parasitol, 116 Vet Rd, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2R3, Canada. NR 19 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD DEC 1 PY 2000 VL 93 IS 3-4 BP 183 EP 189 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(00)00340-X PG 7 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 381QT UT WOS:000165775000002 PM 11099836 ER PT J AU Zarlenga, DS La Rosa, G AF Zarlenga, DS La Rosa, G TI Molecular and biochemical methods for parasite differentiation within the genus Trichinella SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE diagnosis; differentiation; DNA probes; genotypes; PCR; random amplified polymorphic DNA; Trichinella ID POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIC DNA; FRAGMENT-LENGTH-POLYMORPHISM; SPIRALIS MUSCLE LARVAE; REPETITIVE SEQUENCES; GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS; ARBITRARY PRIMERS; IDENTIFICATION; PSEUDOSPIRALIS; HOST AB Delineation of the genus Trichinella into a more complex group of parasites has substantially motivated investigators to better identify and characterize the species and genotypes that form the basis of their investigations. Because of the cosmopolitan geographical distribution and broad host range that typify this genus, assigning unique biological, immunological and biochemical characters to each species and genotype has been essential for researchers to further advance this field. Numerous groups have developed simple methods to differentiate the genotypes, and by so doing, have generated diagnostic keys that accurately reflect the distinct differences among parasites of this group. Throughout the years, many methods have been used to accomplish this task, beginning with isoenzyme analyses and the use of repetitive DNA probes, to employing the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and more state-of-the-art technologies. This review article summarizes the development of these methods with emphasis on molecular techniques and the ultimate goal of providing a simple, rapid and reproducible test to differentiate Trichinella parasites at the highest level of sensitivity, i.e. single parasite. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistancre Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Ist Super Sanita, Lab Parassitol, I-00161 Rome, Italy. RP Zarlenga, DS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistancre Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 60 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD DEC 1 PY 2000 VL 93 IS 3-4 BP 279 EP 292 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(00)00346-0 PG 14 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 381QT UT WOS:000165775000008 PM 11099842 ER PT J AU Murrell, KD Lichtenfels, RJ Zarlenga, DS Pozio, E AF Murrell, KD Lichtenfels, RJ Zarlenga, DS Pozio, E TI The systematics of the genus Trichinella with a key to species SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biogeography; history of trichinellosis; T. spiralis; T. nativa; T. britovi; T. pseudospiralis; T. murrelli; T. nelsoni; T. papuae ID FRAGMENT-LENGTH-POLYMORPHISM; GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS; ALLOZYME ANALYSIS; REPETITIVE DNA; SPIRALIS; IDENTIFICATION; PSEUDOSPIRALIS; BRITOVI; HOST; TRICHINOSIS AB The authors review the major biological, biochemical, and molecular characters that are used to distinguish the seven Trichinella species (T. spiralis, T. nativa, T. britovi, T. pseudospiralis, T. murrelli, T. nelsoni, T. papuae) and three genotypes whose taxonomic status is yet uncertain (T-6, T-8, T-9). A comparison of host specificity, morphology, reproductive abilities, nurse cell development and freeze resistance is presented, along with useful biochemical and molecular markers. Finally, this information is used to construct a diagnostic key for the species. A phylogenetic classification of the species is needed. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Inst Super Sanita, Parasitol Lab, I-00161 Rome, Italy. RP Murrell, KD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 79 TC 66 Z9 79 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD DEC 1 PY 2000 VL 93 IS 3-4 BP 293 EP 307 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(00)00347-2 PG 15 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 381QT UT WOS:000165775000009 PM 11099843 ER PT J AU Boireau, P Vallee, I Roman, T Perret, C Liu, MY Gamble, HR Gajadhar, A AF Boireau, P Vallee, I Roman, T Perret, C Liu, MY Gamble, HR Gajadhar, A TI Trichinella in horses: a low frequency infection with high human risk SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Trichinella; horse; epidemiology; control ID QUALITY ASSURANCE; SPIRALIS LARVAE; TRICHINOSIS; FRANCE; MEAT; CONSUMPTION; OUTBREAK; ELISA AB After the initial report in 1976 of a trichinellosis epidemic caused by the consumption of infected horsemeat, 12 other outbreaks have been described in Europe. Since the first serious human outbreak several experiments have confirmed the susceptibility of horses to Trichinella species and the rapid disappearance of specific antibodies in this host that prevents the use of serological methods for routine screening. A review of the distribution of parasite burdens in muscles of naturally or experimentally infected horses indicates that the tongue is the most likely sample to contain detectable numbers of Trichinella larvae in low level infections. Requirements for testing of horsemeat are specified in legislation of the European Union, and other recommendations are published elsewhere. The EEC directives have evolved into very specific requirements which specify the testing of at least 5 g of tongue, masseter or diaphragm per horse using a pooled digestion assay. More recently, France has revised the requirement for sample size to 10 g for horsemeat originating from countries with high prevalence of Trichinella. To address the continuing outbreaks of human trichinellosis due to infected horsemeat, the development and implementation of a quality assurance system for testing is being considered. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ENVA, AFSSA, INRA, F-94703 Maisons Alfort, France. Quarterhouse Univ, Changchun, Peoples R China. USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Canadian Food Inspect Agcy, Ctr Anim Parasitol, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2R3, Canada. RP Boireau, P (reprint author), ENVA, AFSSA, INRA, 22 Rue Pierre Curie, F-94703 Maisons Alfort, France. NR 47 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD DEC 1 PY 2000 VL 93 IS 3-4 BP 309 EP 320 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(00)00348-4 PG 12 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 381QT UT WOS:000165775000010 PM 11099844 ER PT J AU Gamble, HR Bessonov, AS Cuperlovic, K Gajadhar, AA van Knapen, F Noeckler, K Schenone, H Zhu, X AF Gamble, HR Bessonov, AS Cuperlovic, K Gajadhar, AA van Knapen, F Noeckler, K Schenone, H Zhu, X TI International Commission on Trichinellosis: Recommendations on methods for the control of Trichinella in domestic and wild animals intended for human consumption SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE meat inspection; meat processing; food safety; quality assurance AB This document provides a uniform set of recommendations for the control of Trichinella at all levels (on the farm, at slaughter and in processed meats). These recommendations are based on the best scientific information available and represent the official position of the international Commission on Trichinellosis regarding acceptable control methods. These recommendations are subject to change as new scientific information becomes available. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. All Russian KI Skryabin Inst Helminthol, Moscow 117218, Russia. INEP, YU-11080 Zemun, Yugoslavia. Canadian Food Inspect Agcy, Ctr Anim Parasitol, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2R3, Canada. Univ Utrecht, Fac Vet Med, Dept Sci Food Anim Origin, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, Netherlands. Fed Inst Consumer Hlth Protect & Vet Med, Parasitol Unit, D-12277 Berlin, Germany. Univ Chile, Fac Med, Dept Parasitol, Santiago 7, Chile. Univ Melbourne, Dept Vet Sci, Werribee, Vic 3030, Australia. RP Gamble, HR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 4 TC 215 Z9 238 U1 1 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD DEC 1 PY 2000 VL 93 IS 3-4 BP 393 EP 408 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(00)00354-X PG 16 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 381QT UT WOS:000165775000016 PM 11099850 ER PT J AU Ryan, FJ Omer, AD Aung, LH Granett, J AF Ryan, FJ Omer, AD Aung, LH Granett, J TI Effects of infestation by grape phylloxera on sugars, free amino acids, and starch of grapevine roots SO VITIS LA English DT Article DE amino acids; fructose; glucose; grape phylloxera; grapevine roots; nutrients; starch; storage compounds; sucrose C1 ARS, USDA, Hort Crops Res Lab, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. RP Ryan, FJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Hort Crops Res Lab, 2021 S Peach Ave, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. NR 6 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 3 PU BUNDESANSTALT ZUCHTUNGS FORSCHUNG KULTURPFLANZEN PI SIEBELDINGEN PA INST REBENZUCHTUNG GEILWEILERHOF, D-76833 SIEBELDINGEN, GERMANY SN 0042-7500 J9 VITIS JI Vitis PD DEC PY 2000 VL 39 IS 4 BP 175 EP 176 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 396PN UT WOS:000166645900008 ER PT J AU Reynolds, CA Jackson, TJ Rawls, WJ AF Reynolds, CA Jackson, TJ Rawls, WJ TI Estimating soil water-holding capacities by linking the Food and Agriculture Organization soil map of the world with global pedon databases and continuous pedotransfer functions SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID DATA SET; MODELS; TEXTURE AB Spatial soil water-holding capacities were estimated for the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) digital Soil Map of the World (SMW) by employing continuous pedotransfer functions (PTF) within global pedon databases and linking these results to the SMW. The procedure first estimated representative soil properties for the FAO soil units by statistical analyses and taxotransfer depth algorithms [Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 1996]. The representative soil properties estimated for two layers of depths (0-30 and 30-100 cm) included particle-size distribution, dominant soil texture, organic carbon content, coarse fragments, bulk density, and porosity. After representative soil properties for the FAO soil units were estimated, these values were substituted into three different pedotransfer functions (PTF) models by Rawls et al. [1982], Saxton et al. [1986], and Batjes [1996a]. The Saxton PTF model was finally selected to calculate available water content because it only required particle-size distribution data and results closely agreed with the Rawls and Batjes PTF models that used both particle-size distribution and organic matter data. Soil water-holding capacities were then estimated by multiplying the available water content by the soil layer thickness and integrating over an effective crop toot depth of 1 m or less (i.e., encountered shallow impermeable layers) and another soil depth data layer of 2.5 m or less. C1 USDA, ARS, Hydrol Lab, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Reynolds, CA (reprint author), USDA, PECAD, Foreign Agr Serv, 1400 Independence Ave SW, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 34 TC 96 Z9 104 U1 4 U2 31 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 36 IS 12 BP 3653 EP 3662 DI 10.1029/2000WR900130 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 382BT UT WOS:000165799100020 ER PT J AU Lisle, TE Nelson, JM Pitlick, J Madej, MA Barkett, BL AF Lisle, TE Nelson, JM Pitlick, J Madej, MA Barkett, BL TI Variability of bed mobility in natural, gravel-bed channels and adjustments to sediment load at local and reach scales SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID TRANSPORT RATES; SURFACE-LAYER; SHEAR-STRESS; RIVERS; STREAMS; BAR; ENTRAINMENT; CALIFORNIA; BOUNDARY; MEANDER AB Local variations in boundary shear stress acting on bed-surface particles control patterns of bed load transport and channel evolution during varying stream discharges. At the reach scale a channel adjusts to imposed water and sediment supply through mutual interactions among channel form, local grain size, and local flow dynamics that govern bed mobility. In order to explore these adjustments, we used a numerical flow model to examine relations between model-predicted local boundary shear stress (tau (j)) and measured surface particle size (D-50) at bank-full discharge in six gravel-bed, alternate-bar channels with widely differing annual sediment yields. Values of tau (j) and D-50 were pearly correlated such that small areas conveyed large proportions of the total bed load, especially in sediment-poor channels with low mobility. Sediment-rich channels had greater areas of full mobility; sediment-poor channels had greater areas of partial mobility; and both types had significant areas that were essentially immobiIe. Two reach-mean mobility parameters (Shields stress and Q*) correlated reasonably well with sediment supply. Values which can be practicably obtained from carefully measured mean hydraulic variables and particle size would provide first-order assessments of bed mobility that would broadly distinguish the channels in this study according to their sediment yield and bed mobility. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Geog, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. US Geol Survey, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Lisle, TE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. NR 50 TC 121 Z9 122 U1 3 U2 39 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 36 IS 12 BP 3743 EP 3755 DI 10.1029/2000WR900238 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 382BT UT WOS:000165799100028 ER PT J AU Brooks, RT AF Brooks, RT TI Annual and seasonal variation and the effects of hydroperiod on benthic macroinvertebrates of seasonal forest ("vernal") ponds in central Massachusetts, USA SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE benthic macroinvertebrates; seasonal forest ponds; hydroperiod; temporal variation; island biogeography ID TEMPORARY PONDS; SPECIES RICHNESS; ISLAND BIOGEOGRAPHY; CONSERVATION VALUE; SOUTH-CAROLINA; SALAMANDERS; AMPHIBIANS; HABITAT; WETLAND; POOLS AB Seasonal forest ponds (SFPs) are isolated, ephemeral lentic habitats in upland forest ecosystems. These ponds occur commonly throughout temperate forests. Faunal communities of these ponds are dominated by invertebrates. Composition of these communities varies temporally both between years and also seasonally within a single hydrologic year, composition is most affected by pond permanence or hydroperiod. Benthic macroinvertebrates (BMIs) were sampled up to three times a year in five SFPs between 1994 and 1996. The ponds were of short, intermediate, and long hydroperiod. Hydroperiod also varied among years, based on precipitation patterns. During the study, 64,000 specimens of 57 taxa were collected. No pattern was identified in the variation of BMI abundance among years and pond hydroperiod; abundance increased with successive surveys within years. Taxon richness and diversity varied significantly with pond hydroperiod, increasing with increasing hydroperiod. Diversity measures increased over the three years of the study but without obvious pattern across the successive surveys within years. Insects dominated the samples, but large numbers of other Arthropoda and Oligochaeta were also collected. Chironomidae were dominant in most ponds, years, and surveys; chironomid dominance was significantly greater in shorter hydroperiod ponds. Seasonal forest ponds function as aquatic islands in a "sea" of terrestrial forest. The effect of hydroperiod on the composition of the benthic macroinvertebrate community is analogous to that of size on marine island fauna, longer hydroperiod ponds generally have richer invertebrate communities just as larger marine islands typically have richer faunas. However, the effect is confounded by the close relationship between pond hydroperiod and pond size/volume. C1 Univ Massachusetts, US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Brooks, RT (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, 201 Holdsworth NRC, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. NR 46 TC 89 Z9 94 U1 8 U2 56 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD DEC PY 2000 VL 20 IS 4 BP 707 EP 715 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020[0707:AASVAT]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 386XG UT WOS:000166089700012 ER PT J AU Henderson, DW Warren, RJ Newman, DH Bowker, JM Cromwell, JS Jackson, JJ AF Henderson, DW Warren, RJ Newman, DH Bowker, JM Cromwell, JS Jackson, JJ TI Human perceptions before and after a 50% reduction in an urban deer herd's density SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE human dimensions; Odocoileus virginianus; urban deer; wildlife damage ID 21ST-CENTURY; CHALLENGE AB Overabundant white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) populations in urban and suburban areas can be controversial because of potential damage to landscape vegetation, deer-vehicle collisions, and fear over transmission of tick-borne diseases. Herd reduction is often proposed to solve these problems; however, the ability of human residents to accurately perceive a herd reduction has not been demonstrated. We used mail surveys to study effects of a 50% localized deer herd reduction on the perceptions of residents in 2 areas tone control, one treated) on Hilton Head Island, South Carolina, over 2 time periods (before vs. after herd reduction). Residents in the treated area perceived a decrease (P less than or equal to0.001) in the relative abundance of deer using their yards after the herd reduction; residents in the control area (where no deer were removed) did not. Residents in the treated area reported seeing about 50% fewer deer after the herd reduction (P<0.001); residents in the control area saw about the same number of deer. Nonpermanent residents did not perceive the herd reduction that was noticed by permanent residents. Residents in both the control and treated areas wanted to see fewer deer in their yard in the future. Residents did not report a decrease in the money required to replace plants damaged by deer during our one-year study. Our results indicate that costs to implement deer-herd reduction programs in urban and suburban areas may be justified based on the benefits perceived by the residents. C1 Univ Georgia, Daniel B Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Henderson, DW (reprint author), Sea Pines Secur, 175 Greenwood Dr, Hilton Head, SC 29928 USA. RI Newman, David/A-9202-2009 NR 25 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 8 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 2000 VL 28 IS 4 BP 911 EP 918 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 395LV UT WOS:000166582600018 ER PT J AU Zollner, PA Smith, WP Brennan, LA AF Zollner, PA Smith, WP Brennan, LA TI Microhabitat characteristics of sites used by swamp rabbits SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Arkansas; bottomland hardwoods; browse sites; habitat selection; latrines; logistic regression; microhabitat; resting sites; swamp rabbit; Sylvilagus aquaticus ID SYLVILAGUS-AQUATICUS; LOGISTIC-REGRESSION; HABITAT CONCEPT AB The swamp rabbit (Sylvilagus aquaticus) is one of the least studied North American lagomorphs; a better understanding of the habitat types it uses will improve management of this species. We studied microhabitat characteristics of sites associated with specific behaviors of the swamp rabbit. During spring-summer (15 April-1 October) and fall-winter (1 October-15 April) we examined sites used by rabbits for fecal deposition, browsing, and daytime resting. Sites were located in 3 different macrohabitats (mixed pine-hardwood upland forest, mature bottomland forest, and cut-over bottomland forest). We compared the microhabitat characteristics of these sites to the same measurements from a random sample of plots using logistic regression in each macrohabitat and season. Sites used for fecal deposition were distinguishable from random points based on the presence of downed logs, closed canopies, and greater basal area. Browse sites could not be predicted in 3 of the 5 combinations of season and macrohabitat, Additionally, we did not observe consistent relationships with microhabitat characteristics for browsing as each of the significant models included different predictive variables. Daytime resting sites were distinguishable from random points based on positive associations with percentage of the ground covered by shrubs and downed treetops, as well as herbaceous vegetation and negative associations with canopy closure and basal area. These results demonstrate for swamp rabbits that microhabitat features of a forest, such as canopy gaps, may be associated positively with certain activities and associated negatively with other behaviors. This implies that microhabitat analyses for swamp rabbits and possibly other wildlife species can be improved by stratifying observations according to activity or specific behaviors prior to analysis. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. US Forest Serv, So Hardwoods Lab, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Zollner, PA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. RI Zollner, Patrick/A-8727-2010 OI Zollner, Patrick/0000-0001-8263-7029 NR 47 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 9 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 2000 VL 28 IS 4 BP 1003 EP 1011 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 395LV UT WOS:000166582600030 ER PT J AU Duguay, JP Wood, PB Miller, GW AF Duguay, JP Wood, PB Miller, GW TI Effects of timber harvests on invertebrate biomass and avian nest success SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE insect biomass; nest predation; nest survival; silviculture; timber management ID THROATED BLUE WARBLERS; FOREST FRAGMENTATION; INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS; BREEDING SUCCESS; PARENTAL CARE; CLUTCH SIZE; CLEAR-CUT; PREDATION; FOOD; POPULATION AB Concerns over declining songbird populations have led to investigations of effects of various timber management practices on breeding songbirds. We assessed the influence of 2 types of practices, two-age and clearcutting, on invertebrate biomass and avian daily nest survival in the Monongahela National Forest of West Virginia during summers of 1995 and 1996. We also examined relationships between invertebrate biomass, avian daily nest survival, and wood thrush (Hylocichla mustelina) nestling growth rates. Mean total invertebrate biomass collected per sample day and litter-dwelling invertebrates collected per sample day were 0.0614 g and 0.0254 g greater (P less than or equal to0.10), respectively in the unharvested than clearcut treatment late in the season (2 jun to 12 jul) when most birds had young in the nest; whereas invertebrates that hide under tree bark during the day had greatest biomass (P=0.003) in the two-age treatment during this same time period (0.1355 g greater than clearcut and 0.0616 g greater than unharvested). In addition, daily nest survival rates (216 nests) were greater in the unharvested than two-age treatment (P less than or equal to0.05). The lesser daily nest survival rates of birds breeding in the harvested treatments may be due to increased predator activity within these areas and/or reduced food supplies. Significant positive correlations between invertebrate biomass and daily nest survival rates of breeding birds and faster growth rates of wood thrush nestlings in stands with a greater invertebrate biomass suggest that changes in invertebrate biomass caused by silvicultural practices have an influence on breeding birds within these areas. C1 W Virginia Univ, Div Forestry, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. Stephen F Austin State Univ, Arthur Temple Coll Forestry, Nacogdoches, TX 75962 USA. USGS, Biol Resources Div, W Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. W Virginia Univ, Div Forestry, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, NE Forest Expt Stn, Parsons, WV 26287 USA. RP Duguay, JP (reprint author), W Virginia Univ, Div Forestry, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. RI Liu, Yi-Chun/H-5463-2012 NR 58 TC 42 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 12 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 2000 VL 28 IS 4 BP 1123 EP 1131 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 395LV UT WOS:000166582600044 ER PT J AU Marzluff, JM Raphael, MG Sallabanks, R AF Marzluff, JM Raphael, MG Sallabanks, R TI Understanding the effects of forest management on avian species SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE adaptive management; birds; conservation priorities; edge effects; experimental design; forestry; habitat; nest predation; policy; population viability; silviculture ID POWER ANALYSIS; WILDLIFE; FRAGMENTATION; KNOWLEDGE; SUCCESS; BIOLOGY; BIRDS AB We reiterate the general problems of small scale and lack of rigorous experimental design that reduce the ability of wildlife studies to offer concrete recommendations for forest management. We emphasize the need to increase our understanding of mechanisms during the translation of forest structure, composition, and function into avian population abundance, distribution, and viability. Mechanistic understanding increases the manager's likelihood of correctly predicting prescription outcomes and gives him increased flexibility to balance competing demands of resource production and wildlife conservation. Until detailed mechanistic relationships are determined, we will have to manage forests with incomplete knowledge. Managers and researchers should embrace these uncertainties and form partnerships to adaptively manage forests. This relationship will Likely increase the scale and relevance of research but may carry costs of reduced statistical rigor (poor replication, low power) and suboptimal short-term management. The costs of large-scale research and management are great, but partitioning large projects into small, connected ones, forming funding and research cooperatives, and developing new funding sources will help offset the costs. Researchers and managers should clearly articulate priorities. We urge scientific societies to cooperate to develop conservation priorities, encourage data collection to support prioritization, and assess progress toward meeting conservation goals. The Wildlife Society is in a unique position to take the lead in such an effort and objectively guide wildlife conservation's future direction. C1 Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. Sustainable Ecosyst Inst, Eagle, ID 83616 USA. RP Marzluff, JM (reprint author), Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM corvid@u.washington.edu NR 47 TC 59 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 2000 VL 28 IS 4 BP 1132 EP 1143 PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 395LV UT WOS:000166582600045 ER PT J AU Larsen, GL Feil, VJ Bakke, JE AF Larsen, GL Feil, VJ Bakke, JE TI Metabolism of N-isopropylacetanilide in rat SO XENOBIOTICA LA English DT Article ID 2-CHLORO-N-ISOPROPYLACETANILIDE; PROPACHLOR AB 1. Radioactivity from oral doses of nr-isopropyl[1-C-14]acetanilide was excreted in urine (53.5%), faeces (8.1%) and expired air (17.0%) of rat. 2. Enterohepatic circulation occurred during formation of similar to 34% of the metabolites. N-isopropyracetanilide was metabolized by oxidation in all moieties of the molecule with subsequent conjugation with glucuronic and sulphuric acids. 3. The sulphate ester of 4'-hpdroxyacetanilide (acetaminophen) was the major metabolite (28% of the dose). C1 USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Larsen, GL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, POB 5674,Univ Stn, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND SN 0049-8254 J9 XENOBIOTICA JI Xenobiotica PD DEC PY 2000 VL 30 IS 12 BP 1153 EP 1157 PG 5 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 414RA UT WOS:000167678900004 PM 11307971 ER PT J AU Vogel, T Gerke, HH Zhang, R Van Genuchten, MT AF Vogel, T Gerke, HH Zhang, R Van Genuchten, MT TI Modeling flow and transport in a two-dimensional dual-permeability system with spatially variable hydraulic properties SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE dual-permeability media; preferential flow; unsaturated flow; solute transport; spatial variability; soil structure ID REPELLENT SANDY SOIL; WETTING FRONT INSTABILITY; MILLER-SIMILAR MEDIUM; STEADY-STATE FLOW; GLACIAL TILL SOIL; PREFERENTIAL FLOW; POROUS-MEDIA; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; FRACTURED MEDIA; TRACER TRANSPORT AB Most field soils exhibit soil spatial variability as well as soil structure, The challenge is to account adequately for both types of spatial heterogeneity in simulation models. A numerical finite element code was used to compare single- and dual-permeability approaches for modeling variably saturated flow and transport in two-dimensional heterogeneous soil systems. The code was based on the Richards' equation for water how and the advection-dispersion equation for solute transport. Spatial variability in the soil hydraulic properties was accounted for by randomly generating a hydraulic conductivity field using a one-dimensional first-order Markov process, Soil structural effects were modeled with a two-domain concept in which a first-order kinetic expression is used to describe the transfer of water and solute between the two domains. Numerical experiments were carried out for the case of furrow irrigation, including the breakthrough of a conservative solute to the groundwater table. We compared five different scenarios: a single domain having uniform hydraulic properties (SU), a single domain with a randomly distributed hydraulic conductivity (SR), a dual-permeability system with uniform hydraulic properties (DU), a dual-permeability system with a randomly distributed fracture hydraulic conductivity (DRF), and a dual-permeability system having a randomly distributed matrix hydraulic conductivity (DRM). All scenarios started with pressure heads in equilibrium with a constant groundwater table 150 cm below the soil surface and zero initial solute concentrations. The simulated two-dimensional (2D) vertical concentration profiles showed preferential pathways resulting from both the spatial variability (SR) and soil structure (DRF) scenarios. As expected, drainage of water from the bottom of the profile occurred significantly earlier for dual-than for single-permeability scenarios. The combination of having spatial variability in the hydraulic properties and invoking the dual-permeability approach yielded the quickest and largest leaching of solute. The 2D dual-permeability approach should considerably improve the simulation of water and solute movement in naturally heterogeneous field soils. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V, All rights reserved. C1 Czech Tech Univ, Fac Civil Engn, Prague 16629, Czech Republic. Ctr Agr Landscape & Land Use Res, Dept Soil Landscape Res, D-15374 Muncheberg, Germany. Univ Wyoming, Dept Renewable Resources, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Czech Tech Univ, Fac Civil Engn, Thakurova 7, Prague 16629, Czech Republic. EM vogel@fsv.cvut.cz; hgerke@zalf.de; renduo@unyo.edu RI Vogel, Tomas/A-2515-2009; van Genuchten, Martinus/K-6892-2013 OI Vogel, Tomas/0000-0003-1700-6356; van Genuchten, Martinus/0000-0003-1654-8858 NR 60 TC 97 Z9 99 U1 2 U2 41 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 EI 1879-2707 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD NOV 30 PY 2000 VL 238 IS 1-2 BP 78 EP 89 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00327-9 PG 12 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 378NT UT WOS:000165591000006 ER PT J AU Meyermans, H Morreel, K Lapierre, C Pollet, B De Bruyn, A Busson, R Herdewijn, P Devreese, B Van Beeumen, J Marita, JM Ralph, J Chen, CY Burggraeve, B Van Montagu, M Messens, E Boerjan, W AF Meyermans, H Morreel, K Lapierre, C Pollet, B De Bruyn, A Busson, R Herdewijn, P Devreese, B Van Beeumen, J Marita, JM Ralph, J Chen, CY Burggraeve, B Van Montagu, M Messens, E Boerjan, W TI Modifications in lignin and accumulation of phenolic glucosides in poplar xylem upon down-regulation of caffeoyl-coenzyme A O-methyltransferase, an enzyme involved in lignin biosynthesis SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID VANILLA-PLANIFOLIA ANDR; PHENYLPROPANOID METABOLISM; SUBSTRATE SPECIFICITIES; A 3-O-METHYLTRANSFERASE; SUSPENSION-CULTURES; TRANSGENIC POPLARS; CELL-CULTURES; MAIZE LIGNIN; ACID; EXPRESSION AB Caffeoyl-coenzyme A O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT) methylates, in vitro, caffeoyl-CoA and 5-hydroxyferuloyl-CoA, two possible precursors in monolignol biosynthesis in vivo. To clarify the in vivo role of CCoAOMT in lignin biosynthesis, transgenic poplars with 10% residual CCoAOMT protein levels in the stem xylem were generated. Upon analysis of the xylem, the affected transgenic lines had a 12% reduced Klason lignin content, an 11% increased syringyl/guaiacyl ratio in the noncondensed lignin fraction, and an increase in lignin-attached p-hydroxybenzoate but otherwise a lignin composition similar to that of wild type. Stem xylem of the CCoAOMT-down-regulated lines had a pink-red coloration, which coincided with an enhanced fluorescence of mature vessel cell walls. The reduced production of CCoAOMT caused an accumulation of O-3-beta -D-glucopyranosyl-caffeic acid, O-4-beta -D-glucopyranosyl-vanillic acid, and O-4-beta -D-glucopyranosyl-sinapic acid (GSA), as authenticated by H-1 NMR Feeding experiments showed that O-3-beta -D-glucopyranosyl-caffeic acid and GSA are storage or detoxification products of caffeic and sinapic acid, respectively. The observation that down-regulation of CCoAOMT decreases lignin amount whereas GSA accumulates to 10% of soluble phenolics indicates that endogenously produced sinapic acid is not a major precursor in syringyl lignin biosynthesis. Our in vivo results support the recently obtained in vitro enzymatic data that suggest that the route hom caffeic acid to sinapic acid is not used for lignin biosynthesis. C1 State Univ Ghent VIB, Dept Plantengenet, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. State Univ Ghent VIB, Vakgrp Mol Genet, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. Inst Natl Agron Paris Grignon, Chim Biol Lab, F-78850 Thiverval Grignon, France. Univ Ghent, Vakgrp Organ Scheikunde, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. Univ Ghent, Vakgrp Biochem Fysiol & Microbiol, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. Katholieke Univ Leuven, Lab Med Scheikunde, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium. USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Boerjan, W (reprint author), State Univ Ghent VIB, Dept Plantengenet, KL Ledeganckstr 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. EM woboe@gengenp.rug.ac.be RI Devreese, Bart/B-2011-2009 OI Devreese, Bart/0000-0002-9764-2581 NR 58 TC 141 Z9 170 U1 1 U2 44 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0021-9258 J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD NOV 24 PY 2000 VL 275 IS 47 BP 36899 EP 36909 DI 10.1074/jbc.M006915200 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 378GY UT WOS:000165577700065 PM 10934215 ER PT J AU McElwain, KV Estienne, MJ Barb, CR AF McElwain, KV Estienne, MJ Barb, CR TI Effect of testosterone on n-methyl-d, 1-aspartate-induced growth hormone secretion in male swine SO LIFE SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE growth hormone; testosterone; N-methyl-D; L-aspartate; boars; barrows ID LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; STEROID-HORMONES; RAT; CORTISOL; GILTS; SOWS; ACID AB Previous research from our laboratory demonstrated that n-methyl-d, 1-aspartate (NMA), a potent agonist of glutamate, increased growth hormone (GH) secretion in barrows and boars. To determine if testosterone modulates NMA-induced GH secretion, Poland China X Yorkshire swine were challenged with NMA in a model that compared GH responses in boars with those of barrows or barrows treated with testosterone propionate (TP). Boars and barrows weighing 112.6 +/- 1.4 kg (mean +/- SE) were fitted with indwelling jugular vein catheters. Barrows (n = 16) were given i.m. injections of TP (25 mg in corn oil) twice daily from d 0 to d 6. Boars (n = 16) and control barrows (n = 15) received twice daily injections of corn oil. On d 6, blood was sampled every 15 min for 4 h. Two h after sampling began, all animals received an i.v. injection of NMA at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg body weight. Mean testosterone concentrations (ng/ml serum) were similar (P >.1) for boars (8.1 +/- 0.8) and barrows receiving TP (7.3 +/- 0.3), but were greater in both cases (P < .05) than for barrows receiving corn oil (.2 +/- .01). Prior to NMA injections, mean GH concentrations were similar (P > .1) among groups and averaged 2.7 +/- .2 ng/ml serum across treatments. Serum concentrations of GH after NMA increased (P < .05) similarly among groups and averaged 6.3 +/- 0.3 ng/ml across treatments during the 2-h period after injection. These results were not supportive of a role for testosterone as a modulator of NMA-induced GH secretion in male swine. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Maryland Eastern Shore, Dept Agr, Princess Anne, MD 21853 USA. ARS, Anim Physiol Unit, USDA, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Estienne, MJ (reprint author), Virginia Tech, Tidewater Agr Res & Extens Ctr, 6321 Holland Rd, Suffolk, VA 23437 USA. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0024-3205 J9 LIFE SCI JI Life Sci. PD NOV 24 PY 2000 VL 68 IS 1 BP 13 EP 18 DI 10.1016/S0024-3205(00)00913-9 PG 6 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Research & Experimental Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 379DA UT WOS:000165624600002 PM 11132241 ER PT J AU Sonea, IM Jergens, AE Sacco, RE Niyo, Y Merten, E Kauffman, LK Moore, PF AF Sonea, IM Jergens, AE Sacco, RE Niyo, Y Merten, E Kauffman, LK Moore, PF TI Flow cytometric analysis of colonic and small intestinal mucosal lymphocytes obtained by endoscopic biopsy in the healthy dog SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes; mucosal immunology; canine; intestine ID HUMAN GUT EPITHELIUM; RECEPTOR-ALPHA-BETA; T-CELL SUBSETS; INTRAEPITHELIAL LYMPHOCYTES; REGIONAL SPECIALIZATION; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; MURINE SMALL; GAMMA-DELTA; CANINE INTESTINE; PERIPHERAL-BLOOD AB Flow cytometric analysis of the lymphocyte population of the gut could provide useful information on the immune cells present in the gut that would not be easily obtained in tissue sections. However, little is known of the normal lymphocyte population in the canine gut as determined by flow cytometry, which allows for simultaneous staining of multiple cell surface antigens and identification of specific lymphocytic subsets. Therefore, intraepithelial lymphocytes were obtained from biopsies of the healthy canine proximal small intestine and colon taken with an endoscope, and flow cytometric analysis was used to characterize the lymphocyte subsets present. Endoscopic biopsy of the intestine is a minimally invasive technique commonly used for diagnostic purposes. Although CD3(+) lymphocytes were the most abundant subset in both colon and small intestine, CD3(+)/CD8(-) lymphocytes predominated in the proximal small intestine, whereas CD3(+)/CD8(+) lymphocytes did in the colon. Canine CD8(+) intraepithelial lymphocytes were predominantly CD8 alpha beta (+) in both small intestine and colon. CD4(+) intraepithelial lymphocytes were always much less numerous than CD8(+) intraepithelial lymphocytes. As in man, a majority of intraepithelial lymphocytes expressed the T-cell receptor, TCR alpha beta, but TCR gamma delta was expressed by a third of intraepithelial T-cells in the proximal small intestine, and approximately 15% of those in the colon. Very few CD21(+) lymphocytes were detected in samples of healthy canine colon and small intestinal intraepithelial cells. We have showed that canine intraepithelial lymphocytes are regionally specialized, and that those from the small intestine are unique in comparison to those of other species such as man and rodents due to the large numbers of CD3(+)/CD8(-) intraepithelial lymphocytes. This study provides a baseline for comparison with intraepithelial lymphocytes obtained from canine patients with intestinal disease. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Iowa State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Biomed Sci, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Clin Sci, Ames, IA 50011 USA. ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA USA. Iowa State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Program Women Sci & Engn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Sonea, IM (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Biomed Sci, 2008 Vet Med Bldg, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 33 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD NOV 23 PY 2000 VL 77 IS 1-2 BP 103 EP 119 DI 10.1016/S0165-2427(00)00230-0 PG 17 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA 378AF UT WOS:000165558400008 PM 11068069 ER PT J AU Zhu, YX Tepperman, JM Fairchild, CD Quail, PH AF Zhu, YX Tepperman, JM Fairchild, CD Quail, PH TI Phytochrome B binds with greater apparent affinity than phytochrome A to the basic helix-loop-helix factor PIF3 in a reaction requiring the PAS domain of PIF3 SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; LIGHT; ARABIDOPSIS; PROTEIN; PHOTORECEPTOR; FAMILY AB The signaling pathways by which the phytochrome (phy) family of photoreceptors transmits sensory information to light-regulated genes remain to be fully defined. Evidence for a relatively direct pathway has been provided by the binding of one member of the family, phyB, to a promoter-element-bound. basic helix-loop-helix protein, PIF3, specifically upon light-induced conversion of the photoreceptor molecule to its biologically active conformer (Pfr). Here, we show that phyA also binds selectively and reversibly to PIF3 upon photoconversion to Pfr, but that the apparent affinity of PIF3 for phyA is 10-fold lower than for phyB, This result is consistent with previous in vivo data from PIF3-deficient Arabidopsis, indicating that PIF3 has a major role in phyB signaling, but a more minor role in phyA signaling. We also show that phyB binds stoichiometrically to PIF3 at an equimolar ratio. suggesting that the resultant complex is the unit active in transcriptional regulation at target promoters. Deletion mapping suggests that a 37-aa segment present at the N terminus of phyB, but absent from phyA, contributes strongly to the high binding affinity of phyB for PIF3, Conversely, deletion mapping and point mutation analysis of PIF3 for determinants involved in recognition of phyB indicates that the PAS domain of PIF3 is a major contributor to this interaction, but that a second determinant in the C-terminal domain is also necessary. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. USDA, ARS, Plant Gene Express Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Peking Univ, Coll Life Sci, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China. RP Quail, PH (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM47475, R01 GM047475] NR 29 TC 85 Z9 96 U1 1 U2 7 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD NOV 21 PY 2000 VL 97 IS 24 BP 13419 EP 13424 DI 10.1073/pnas.230433797 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 376UZ UT WOS:000165476300093 PM 11069292 ER PT J AU Crafts-Brandner, SJ Salvucci, ME AF Crafts-Brandner, SJ Salvucci, ME TI Rubisco activase constrains the photosynthetic potential of leaves at high temperature and CO2 SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID RIBULOSE-BISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE; RIBULOSE-1,5-BISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE; PHASEOLUS-VULGARIS; INTACT LEAVES; ELEVATED CO2; LIGHT; CHLOROPLASTS; SENSITIVITY; INHIBITION; DEPENDENCE AB Net photosynthesis (Pn) is inhibited by moderate heat stress. To elucidate the mechanism of inhibition, we examined the effects of temperature on gas exchange and ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) activation in cotton and tobacco leaves and compared the responses to those of the isolated enzymes. Depending on the CO2 concentration, Pn decreased when temperatures exceeded 35-40 degreesC. This response was inconsistent with the response predicted from the properties of fully activated Rubisco, Rubisco deactivated in leaves when temperature was increased and also in response to high CO2 or low O-2. The decrease in Rubisco activation occurred when leaf temperatures exceeded 35 degreesC, whereas the activities of isolated activase and Rubisco were highest at 42 degreesC and >50 degreesC, respectively. In the absence of activase, isolated Rubisco deactivated under catalytic conditions and the rate of deactivation increased with temperature but not with CO2, The ability of activase to maintain or promote Rubisco activation in vitro also decreased with temperature but was not affected by CO2, Increasing the activase/Rubisco ratio reduced Rubisco deactivation at higher temperatures. The results indicate that, as temperature increases, the rate of Rubisco deactivation exceeds the capacity of activase to promote activation. The decrease in Rubisco activation that occurred in leaves at high CO2 was not caused by a faster rate of deactivation, but by reduced activase activity possibly in response to unfavorable ATP/ADP ratios. When adjustments were made for changes in activation state, the kinetic properties of Rubisco predicted the response of Pn at high temperature and CO2. C1 USDA, Western Cotton Res Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Crafts-Brandner, SJ (reprint author), USDA, Western Cotton Res Lab, 4135 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RI Mason, Richard/F-9865-2010 NR 39 TC 297 Z9 325 U1 7 U2 74 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD NOV 21 PY 2000 VL 97 IS 24 BP 13430 EP 13435 DI 10.1073/pnas.230451497 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 376UZ UT WOS:000165476300095 PM 11069297 ER PT J AU Moran, MS Heilman, P AF Moran, MS Heilman, P TI Special issue - Semi-Arid Land-Surface-Atmosphere (SALSA) program - Foreword SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP Moran, MS (reprint author), USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, 2000 E Allen Rd, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD NOV 20 PY 2000 VL 105 IS 1-3 BP 1 EP 2 PG 2 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 377JQ UT WOS:000165510800001 ER PT J AU Goodrich, DC Chehbouni, A Goff, B MacNish, B Maddock, T Moran, S Shuttleworth, WJ Williams, DG Watts, C Hipps, LH Cooper, DI Schieldge, J Kerr, YH Arias, H Kirkland, M Carlos, R Cayrol, P Kepner, W Jones, B Avissar, R Begue, A Bonnefond, JM Boulet, G Branan, B Brunel, JP Chen, LC Clarke, T Davis, MR DeBruin, H Dedieu, G Elguero, E Eichinger, WE Everitt, J Garatuza-Payan, J Gempko, VL Gupta, H Harlow, C Hartogensis, O Helfert, M Holifield, C Hymer, D Kahle, A Keefer, T Krishnamoorthy, S Lhomme, JP Lagouarde, JP Lo Seen, D Luquet, D Marsett, R Monteny, B Ni, W Nouvellon, Y Pinker, R Peters, C Pool, D Qi, J Rambal, S Rodriguez, J Santiago, F Sano, E Schaeffer, SM Schulte, M Scott, R Shao, X Snyder, KA Sorooshian, S Unkrich, CL Whitaker, M Yucel, I AF Goodrich, DC Chehbouni, A Goff, B MacNish, B Maddock, T Moran, S Shuttleworth, WJ Williams, DG Watts, C Hipps, LH Cooper, DI Schieldge, J Kerr, YH Arias, H Kirkland, M Carlos, R Cayrol, P Kepner, W Jones, B Avissar, R Begue, A Bonnefond, JM Boulet, G Branan, B Brunel, JP Chen, LC Clarke, T Davis, MR DeBruin, H Dedieu, G Elguero, E Eichinger, WE Everitt, J Garatuza-Payan, J Gempko, VL Gupta, H Harlow, C Hartogensis, O Helfert, M Holifield, C Hymer, D Kahle, A Keefer, T Krishnamoorthy, S Lhomme, JP Lagouarde, JP Lo Seen, D Luquet, D Marsett, R Monteny, B Ni, W Nouvellon, Y Pinker, R Peters, C Pool, D Qi, J Rambal, S Rodriguez, J Santiago, F Sano, E Schaeffer, SM Schulte, M Scott, R Shao, X Snyder, KA Sorooshian, S Unkrich, CL Whitaker, M Yucel, I TI Preface paper to the Semi-Arid Land-Surface-Atmosphere (SALSA) Program special issue SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE interdisciplinary; semi-arid; land-surface-atmosphere; SALSA; water balance; energy balance; ecological diversity AB The Semi-Arid Land-Surface-Atmosphere Program (SALSA) is a multi-agency, multi-national research effort that seeks to evaluate the consequences of natural and human-induced environmental change in semi-arid regions. The ultimate goal of SALSA is to advance scientific understanding of the semi-arid portion of the hydrosphere-biosphere interface in order to provide reliable information for environmental decision making. SALSA approaches this goal through a program of long-term, integrated observations, process research, modeling, assessment, and information management that is sustained by cooperation among scientists and information users. In this preface to the SALSA special issue, general program background information and the critical nature of semi-arid regions is presented. A brief description of the Upper San Pedro River Basin, the initial location for focused SALSA research follows. Several overarching research objectives under which much of the interdisciplinary research contained in the special issue was undertaken are discussed. Principal methods, primary research sites and data collection used by numerous investigators during 1997-1999 are then presented. Scientists from about 20 US, five European (four French and one Dutch), and three Mexican agencies and institutions have collaborated closely to make the research leading to this special issue a reality. The SALSA Program has served as a model of interagency cooperation by breaking new ground in the approach to large scale interdisciplinary science with relatively limited resources. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. IRD, IMADES, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico. Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA. USDA ARS, Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ USA. Utah State Univ, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM USA. CESBIO, Toulouse, France. CIRAD, Montpellier, France. Univ Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA. AUW, Wageningen, Netherlands. CNRS, CEFE, Montpellier, France. USDA ARS, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. INRA, Bordeaux, France. USGS, WRD, Tucson, AZ USA. US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. Audubon Res Ranch, Elgin, AZ USA. Rutgers State Univ, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Goodrich, DC (reprint author), USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RI Lo Seen, Danny/C-2679-2008; Pinker, Rachel/F-6565-2010; begue, agnes/A-5718-2011; Gupta, Hoshin/D-1642-2010; sorooshian, soroosh/B-3753-2008; Schaeffer, Sean/G-5071-2012; Elguero, Eric/J-3014-2012; Goodrich, David/B-1763-2009; Williams, David/A-6407-2014; Lhomme, Jean Paul /G-7236-2015; Boulet, Gilles/C-3067-2013; Nouvellon, Yann/C-9295-2016; OI Lo Seen, Danny/0000-0002-7773-2109; begue, agnes/0000-0002-9289-1052; Gupta, Hoshin/0000-0001-9855-2839; sorooshian, soroosh/0000-0001-7774-5113; Goodrich, David/0000-0001-7735-1448; Williams, David/0000-0003-3627-5260; Boulet, Gilles/0000-0002-3905-7560; Hipps, Lawrence/0000-0002-7658-8571; Nouvellon, Yann/0000-0003-1920-3847; rambal, serge/0000-0001-5869-8382; Schaeffer, Sean/0000-0002-9684-2952 NR 56 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD NOV 20 PY 2000 VL 105 IS 1-3 BP 3 EP 20 DI 10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00178-7 PG 18 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 377JQ UT WOS:000165510800002 ER PT J AU Nouvellon, Y Begue, A Moran, MS Lo Seen, D Rambal, S Luquet, D Chehbouni, G Inoue, Y AF Nouvellon, Y Begue, A Moran, MS Lo Seen, D Rambal, S Luquet, D Chehbouni, G Inoue, Y TI PAR extinction in shortgrass ecosystems: effects of clumping, sky conditions and soil albedo SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE PAR interception; PAR absorption; extinction coefficient; Markov model; shortgrass ecosystem ID PHOTOSYNTHETICALLY ACTIVE RADIATION; LEAF-AREA INDEX; VEGETATION CANOPIES; PLANT CANOPIES; BIDIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE; HEMISPHERICAL PHOTOGRAPHY; ANGLE DISTRIBUTIONS; SAHELIAN VEGETATION; TRANSFER MODELS; CORN CANOPIES AB The amount of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) absorbed by a canopy (APAR) is an important driving variable for vegetation processes such as photosynthesis. PAR extinction in clumped canopies of shortgrass ecosystems is the focus of this paper. Directional gap fractions estimated at peak biomass on several Mexican shortgrass ecosystems with a hemispherical radiation sensor (Li-Cor, LAI-2000) were higher than those predicted by a Poisson model assuming a random leaf dispersion (RLD), LAI-2000-estimated gap fractions, together with independent estimations of plant area index (PAI), and leaf and stem angle distribution (LSAD) were used for estimating the angular course of a leaf dispersion parameter lambda(theta). Radiation extinction coefficients simulated for all solar zenith angles using Markov chain processes and estimated lambda(theta) were subsequently incorporated in a simple radiative transfer model for estimating the efficiencies of instantaneous and daily integrated PAR interception and absorption, and for studying the effects of clumping, sky conditions and soil albedo on PAR absorption. For clear sky condition, instantaneous PAR absorption showed marked directional effects, therefore indicating that using a constant extinction coefficient in canopy photosynthesis models working at hourly time step would be inaccurate. The effects of clumping, sky conditions and soil albedo were all found to be significant for low PAI, and decreased with higher PAI. As shortgrass ecosystems are characterized by low PAI, neglecting these effects would give inaccurate estimations of PAR absorption. Daily PAR absorption was found to be significantly higher than PAR interception for low PAI, especially when soil albedo was high, and lower than PAR interception for high PAI. These results indicate that in canopy photosynthesis models where APAR is estimated from simple exponential-like relationships calibrated using PAR interception measurements, the PAR available for photosynthesis might be significantly underestimated in the first stages of the growth, and may be overestimated in the later stages of the growing season. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, SWRC, SW Watershed Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. CIRAD, AMIS, Montpellier, France. CEFE, CNRS, DREAM Unit, Montpellier, France. ORSTOM, IMADES, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico. Natl Inst Agroenvironm Sci, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan. RP Nouvellon, Y (reprint author), USDA ARS, SWRC, SW Watershed Res Ctr, 2000 E allen Rd, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RI Lo Seen, Danny/C-2679-2008; begue, agnes/A-5718-2011; Nouvellon, Yann/C-9295-2016; OI Lo Seen, Danny/0000-0002-7773-2109; begue, agnes/0000-0002-9289-1052; Nouvellon, Yann/0000-0003-1920-3847; rambal, serge/0000-0001-5869-8382 NR 70 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 3 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD NOV 20 PY 2000 VL 105 IS 1-3 BP 21 EP 41 DI 10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00194-5 PG 21 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 377JQ UT WOS:000165510800003 ER PT J AU Pinker, RT Laszlo, I Goodrich, D Pandithurai, G AF Pinker, RT Laszlo, I Goodrich, D Pandithurai, G TI Satellite estimates of surface radiative fluxes for the extended San Pedro Basin: sensitivity to aerosols SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE radiative fluxes; aerosols; remote sensing ID TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOLS; MODELS; SYSTEM; PARAMETERIZATION; IRRADIANCE AB Surface downwelling and upwelling radiative fluxes are important inputs into hydrologic models that evaluate water budgets, and into land surface data assimilation schemes which are driven with radiative fluxes. For large-scale needs, only remote sensing methods can provide such information. The accuracy of the derived fluxes depends on the inference schemes and on the quality of auxiliary input parameters. At present, information on surface short-wave (SW) radiative fluxes over the United States is produced in real time by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service (NESDIS) at 0.5 degrees resolution, at hourly time intervals, using independently derived auxiliary inputs. Information on aerosol properties and their temporal variability is not available, and at best, is only estimated. During 1997 information on aerosol optical properties was collected at the USDA-Agricultural Research Service Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed, Arizona, in preparation for future validation efforts in support of new satellite observations (e.g., ADEOS-II). This data set was used to test the sensitivity of a radiation inference scheme to aerosols, in particular, on the determination of clear sky fluxes and the surface albedo. Data from the Arizona meteorological network (AZMET) have been utilized to evaluate the satellite estimates for 1997. It was found that the current satellite estimates are within 70 W m(-2) of the ground observations on an hourly time scale and within 24 W m(-2) on a daily time scale. In the latter case this is less than 10% of the mean. Use of actual observations of aerosols, as compared to climatological values, reduces the bias substantially, while less significant changes in the r.m.s. were found. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Meteorol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP Pinker, RT (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Meteorol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RI Laszlo, Istvan/F-5603-2010; Pinker, Rachel/F-6565-2010; Goodrich, David/B-1763-2009; OI Laszlo, Istvan/0000-0002-5747-9708; Goodrich, David/0000-0001-7735-1448; Pandithurai, G/0000-0001-7324-3773 NR 46 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD NOV 20 PY 2000 VL 105 IS 1-3 BP 43 EP 54 DI 10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00190-8 PG 12 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 377JQ UT WOS:000165510800004 ER PT J AU Qi, J Marsett, RC Moran, MS Goodrich, DC Heilman, P Kerr, YH Dedieu, G Chehbouni, A Zhang, XX AF Qi, J Marsett, RC Moran, MS Goodrich, DC Heilman, P Kerr, YH Dedieu, G Chehbouni, A Zhang, XX TI Spatial and temporal dynamics of vegetation in the San Pedro River basin area SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE remote sensing; spatial and temporal dynamics; San Pedro River basin; fractional cover; green leaf area index AB Changes in climate and land management practices in the San Pedro River basin have altered the vegetation patterns and dynamics. Therefore, there is a need to map the spatial and temporal distribution of the vegetation community in order to understand how climate and human activities affect the ecosystem in the arid and semi-arid region. Remote sensing provides a means to derive vegetation properties such as fractional green vegetation cover (f(c)) and green leaf area index (GLAI). However, to map such vegetation properties using multitemporal remote sensing imagery requires ancillary data for atmospheric corrections that are often not available. In this study, we developed a new approach to circumvent atmospheric effects in deriving spatial and temporal distributions off, and GLAI. The proposed approach employed a concept, analogous to the pseudoinvariant object method that uses objects void of vegetation as a baseline to adjust multitemporal images. Imagery acquired with Landsat TM, SPOT 4 VEGETATION, and aircraft based sensors was used in this study to map the spatial and temporal distribution of fractional green vegetation cover and GLAI of the San Pedro River riparian corridor and southwest United States. The results suggest that remote sensing imagery can provide a reasonable estimate of vegetation dynamics using multitemporal remote sensing imagery without atmospheric corrections. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Geog, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. USDA ARS, Tucson, AZ USA. CESBIO, Toulouse, France. IRD, IMADES, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico. Chinese Acad Sci, Ctr Space Sci, Beijing, Peoples R China. RP Qi, J (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Geog, 315 Nat Sci Bldg, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RI Goodrich, David/B-1763-2009 OI Goodrich, David/0000-0001-7735-1448 NR 16 TC 73 Z9 133 U1 4 U2 24 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD NOV 20 PY 2000 VL 105 IS 1-3 BP 55 EP 68 DI 10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00195-7 PG 14 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 377JQ UT WOS:000165510800005 ER PT J AU Moran, MS Hymer, DC Qi, JG Sano, EE AF Moran, MS Hymer, DC Qi, JG Sano, EE TI Soil moisture evaluation using multi-temporal synthetic aperture radar (SAR) in semiarid rangeland SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE soil moisture; synthetic aperture radar; semiarid rangeland ID MICROWAVE; MANAGEMENT AB There have been several efforts to utilize satellite-based synthetic aperture radar (SAR) measurements to determine surface soil moisture (to 5 cm) conditions of rangeland regions. The results have been mixed since the relation between the SAR signal and surface soil moisture is confounded by variations in topographic features, surface roughness and vegetation density. We designed an experiment to investigate the sensitivity of C-band SAR backscatter (sigma (0)) to surface soil moisture (theta (s)) in a semiarid rangeland and to test a data-fusion approach based on both optical (Landsat TM) and radar (ERS-2 SAR) measurements to improve regional estimates of surface soil moisture content. The data-fusion approach [Sano, E.E. 1997. Sensitivity analysis of C- and Ku-band synthetic aperture radar data to soil moisture content in a semiarid regions. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Arizona, AZ] utilized the difference between dry- and wet-season SAR sigma (0) to normalize roughness effects, and utilized surface reflectance in optical wavelengths to account for differences in vegetation density. We focused the study on three flat, uniformly vegetated sites of known surface roughness, monitored variations in surface soil moisture, vegetation density and SAR signal over time, and obtained eight optical/SAR image pairs throughout the dry and wet seasons. For these sparsely vegetated sites during this dry year (1997), we found that the SAR signal was not significantly attenuated by sparse green vegetation cover (green leaf area index ( 0.35) and dense standing brown vegetation cover (brown leaf area index up to 1.5). Consequently, the optical data was not required for this application, and the approach could be implemented by simply taking the difference between the dry- and wet-season SAR sigma (0) (sigma (0) - sigma (0)(dry)). For a data set of eight dates at three study sites, we confirmed that the relation between ERS-2 C-band SAR sigma (0) and theta (s) was weak (r(2) = 0.27); yet for the same data set, that the relation between sigma (0) - sigma (0)(dry) and theta (s) was strong and significant (r(2) = 0.93). This study also raised two concerns: (1) the overall sensitivity of SAR sigma (0) to theta (s) was relatively low, and (2) the approach required a high level of accuracy in the estimate of green leaf area level that may not be obtainable with standard optical remote sensing algorithms. In any case, the positive results from this study should encourage the use of a multi-temporal SAR and optical/SAR fusion for monitoring semiarid range conditions, and improving management of scarce resources. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Michigan State Univ, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. EMBRAPA, CPAC, Planaltina, DF, Brazil. RP Moran, MS (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. EM moran@tucson.ars.ag.gov NR 16 TC 105 Z9 115 U1 1 U2 26 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD NOV 20 PY 2000 VL 105 IS 1-3 BP 69 EP 80 PG 12 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 377JQ UT WOS:000165510800006 ER PT J AU Cayrol, P Chehbouni, A Kergoat, L Dedieu, G Mordelet, P Nouvellon, Y AF Cayrol, P Chehbouni, A Kergoat, L Dedieu, G Mordelet, P Nouvellon, Y TI Grassland modeling and monitoring with SPOT-4 VEGETATION instrument during the 1997-1999 SALSA experiment SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE SVAT; grassland; semi-arid; VEGETATION; SWIR; SALSA ID CANOPY REFLECTANCE; SOIL-MOISTURE; SURFACE HEAT; LEAF; TEMPERATURE; CLIMATE; FIELD; LAYER; INCLUSION AB A coupled vegetation growth and soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer (SVAT) model is used in conjunction with data collected in the course of the SALSA program during the 1997-1999 growing seasons in Mexico. The objective is to provide insights on the interactions between grassland dynamics and water and energy budgets. These three years exhibit drastically different precipitation regimes and thus different vegetation growth. The result of the coupled model showed that for the 3 years, the observed seasonal variation of plant biomass, leaf area index (LAI) are well reproduced by the model. It is also shown that the model simulations of soil moisture, radiative surface temperature and surface fluxes compared fairly well with the observations. Reflectance data in the red, near infrared, and short wave infrared (SWIR, 1600 nm) bands measured by the VEGETATION sensor onboard SPOT-4 were corrected from atmospheric and directional effects and compared to the observed biomass and LAI during the 1998-1999 seasons. The results of this 'ground to satellite' approach established that the biomass and LAI are linearly related to the satellite reflectances (RED and SWIR), and to vegetation indices (NDVI and SWVI, which is a SWIR-based NDVI). The SWIR and SWVI sensitivity to the amount of plant tissues were similar to the classical RED and NDVI sensitivity, for LAT ranging from 0 and 0.8 m(2) m(-2) and biomass ranging from 0 to 120 g DM m(-2) Finally, LAI values simulated by the vegetation model were fed into a canopy radiative transfer scheme (a 'model to satellite' approach). Using two leaf optical properties datasets, the computed RED, NIR and SWIR reflectances and vegetation indices (NDVI and SWVI) compared reasonably well with the VEGETATION observations in 1998 and 1999, except for the NIR band and during the senescence period, when the leaf optical properties present a larger uncertainty. We conclude that a physically-sound linkage between the vegetation model and the satellite can be used for red to short wave infrared domain over these grasslands. These different results represent an important step toward using new generation satellite data to control and validate model's simulations at regional scale. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 CESBIO, CNRS, CNES, UPS, F-31401 Toulouse 4, France. IRD, IMADES, Hermosillo 83190, Sonora, Mexico. LET, CNRS, UPS, F-31405 Toulouse, France. USDA ARS, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP Cayrol, P (reprint author), CESBIO, CNRS, CNES, UPS, 18 Av E Belin,Bpi 2801, F-31401 Toulouse 4, France. RI Nouvellon, Yann/C-9295-2016 OI Nouvellon, Yann/0000-0003-1920-3847 NR 45 TC 55 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD NOV 20 PY 2000 VL 105 IS 1-3 BP 91 EP 115 DI 10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00191-X PG 25 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 377JQ UT WOS:000165510800008 ER PT J AU Chehbouni, A Watts, C Kerr, YH Dedieu, G Rodriguez, JC Santiago, F Cayrol, P Boulet, G Goodrich, DC AF Chehbouni, A Watts, C Kerr, YH Dedieu, G Rodriguez, JC Santiago, F Cayrol, P Boulet, G Goodrich, DC TI Methods to aggregate turbulent fluxes over heterogeneous surfaces: application to SALSA data set in Mexico SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE aerodynamic and radiative surface temperatures; effective parameters; aggregation rules; blending height; surface heterogeneity ID SENSIBLE HEAT-FLUX; SPARSE SAHELIAN VEGETATION; ENERGY-BALANCE; KB(-1) PARAMETER; LAND SURFACES; TEMPERATURE; MODELS; ROUGHNESS; TERRAIN; VARIABILITY AB The issue of using remotely sensed surface temperature to estimate the area-average sensible heat flux over surfaces made up of different vegetated patches has been investigated. The performance of three aggregation procedures, ranging from physically based through semi-empirical, to entirely empirical has been assessed by comparing measured and simulated area-average sensible heat flux. The results show that the physically based scheme perform very well. The performance of the entirely empirical scheme was reasonable but that of the semi-empirical scheme, which actually takes full advantage of remotely sensed data, was very poor. This result suggests that unlike the case of surface fluxes, it is not appropriate to use relationships between model and observational variables (here radiative and aerodynamic surface temperature) that were developed and calibrated at a local/patch scale, for an application at a larger/grid scale just by scaling the parameters. Therefore, future research should be directed towards building robust relationships between model and observational variables directly at the large-scale. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 IRD, IMADES, Hermosillo 83190, Sonora, Mexico. CESBIO, CNES, CNRS, UPS,IRD, F-31401 Toulouse, France. USDA ARS, Tucson, AZ USA. RP Chehbouni, A (reprint author), IRD, IMADES, Hermosillo 83190, Sonora, Mexico. RI Goodrich, David/B-1763-2009; Boulet, Gilles/C-3067-2013 OI Goodrich, David/0000-0001-7735-1448; Boulet, Gilles/0000-0002-3905-7560 NR 45 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD NOV 20 PY 2000 VL 105 IS 1-3 BP 133 EP 144 DI 10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00185-4 PG 12 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 377JQ UT WOS:000165510800010 ER PT J AU Eichinger, W Cooper, D Kao, J Chen, LC Hipps, L Prueger, J AF Eichinger, W Cooper, D Kao, J Chen, LC Hipps, L Prueger, J TI Estimation of spatially distributed latent heat flux over complex terrain from a Raman lidar SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE Raman lidar; topography; sap flux methods; evaporation; complex terrain ID ATMOSPHERIC WATER-VAPOR; BOUNDARY-LAYER; FOOTPRINT; SYSTEM AB A method is presented in which estimates of evaporation may be made over an area approaching three quarters of a square kilometer, with relatively fine (25 m) spatial resolution, using three-dimensional measurements of water vapor concentration from a scanning Raman lidar. The method is based upon Monin-Obukhov similarity theory applied to spatially and temporally averaged data, Data from the lidar is used to sense the location and orientation of the surface and the location of the water vapor measurements with respect to that surface. Maps of the spatial distribution of evaporation have been produced showing the evaporation rates at regular intervals throughout the day. The method was applied to the SALSA experimental site during the 1997 summer field campaign. The estimates of evaporation rates made during the campaign compare favorably with estimates made using sap flux methods with RMS differences of 18W/m(2). While the method has certain limitations, the three-dimensional character of the data allows for the detection of anomalous situations so that analysts may alter the analysis technique or reject the estimates from the affected regions. This information can be used in a wide variety of ways to study the spatial variations in evaporation caused by changes in soil type and moisture content, canopy type and topography. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Iowa, Iowa Inst Hydraul Res, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM USA. Utah State Univ, Logan, UT 84322 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Eichinger, W (reprint author), Univ Iowa, Iowa Inst Hydraul Res, 300 Riverside Dr, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. OI Hipps, Lawrence/0000-0002-7658-8571 NR 23 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD NOV 20 PY 2000 VL 105 IS 1-3 BP 145 EP 159 DI 10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00183-0 PG 15 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 377JQ UT WOS:000165510800011 ER PT J AU Chehbouni, A Watts, C Lagouarde, JP Kerr, YH Rodriguez, JC Bonnefond, JM Santiago, F Dedieu, G Goodrich, DC Unkrich, C AF Chehbouni, A Watts, C Lagouarde, JP Kerr, YH Rodriguez, JC Bonnefond, JM Santiago, F Dedieu, G Goodrich, DC Unkrich, C TI Estimation of heat and momentum fluxes over complex terrain using a large aperture scintillometer SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE area-average sensible heat flux; effective parameters; scintillometer; eddy covariance ID SENSIBLE HEAT; SCINTILLATION; AREA AB A comprehensive experimental plan has been designed to further investigate the potential and the limitations associated with the use of a large aperture scintillometer (LAS) to infer path average sensible and momentum fluxes over complex surfaces as part of the Semi-Arid Land-Surface-Atmosphere (SALSA) program. The complexity of the terrain is associated with the type and the cover of the vegetation canopy as well as with changes in topography. Scintillometer based estimates of sensible heat flux and friction velocity are compared to those measured by eddy correlation systems over a grassland patch, a mesquite patch, and over a transect spanning both patches. The results show that considering the complexity of the surface, the overall performance of the scintillometer is relatively good. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 IRD, IMADES, Hermosillo 83190, Sonora, Mexico. INRA, Bordeaux, France. CESBIO, Toulouse, France. USDA ARS, Tucson, AZ USA. CESBIO, CNES, CNRS, IRD,UPS, F-13401 Toulouse 4, France. RP Chehbouni, A (reprint author), IRD, IMADES, Hermosillo 83190, Sonora, Mexico. RI Goodrich, David/B-1763-2009 OI Goodrich, David/0000-0001-7735-1448 NR 24 TC 44 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD NOV 20 PY 2000 VL 105 IS 1-3 BP 215 EP 226 DI 10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00187-8 PG 12 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 377JQ UT WOS:000165510800015 ER PT J AU Scott, RL Shuttleworth, WJ Goodrich, DC Maddock, T AF Scott, RL Shuttleworth, WJ Goodrich, DC Maddock, T TI The water use of two dominant vegetation communities in a semiarid riparian ecosystem SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE evapotranspiration; Riparian corridor; Bowen ratio; biometeorology; water budget; phreatophytes; Sporobolus wrightii; Prosopis velutina ID FOOTPRINT; SYSTEM; SITE AB Consumptive water use from riparian evapotranspiration is a large component of many semiarid basins' groundwater budgets - comparable in magnitude to mountain front recharge and surface water discharge. In most long-term groundwater studies the amount of water used by phreatophytes is estimated by empirical formulae and extrapolation of measurements taken elsewhere. These approaches are problematic due to the uncertainties regarding the vegetation's water source (e.g., groundwater or recent precipitation) and its magnitude. Using micrometeorological techniques in this study, surface energy and water fluxes were measured for an annual cycle over two dominant types of vegetation in the riparian floodplain of the San Pedro River in southeastern Arizona. The vegetation communities were a perennial, floodplain sacaton grassland (Sporobolus wrightii) and a tree/shrub grouping composed largely of mesquite (Prosopis velutina). These measurements are compared with estimates from previous studies. Additionally, measurements of soil water content and water table levels are used to infer the dominant sources of the evaporated water. The results indicate that the grassland relied primarily on recent precipitation, while the mesquite obtained water from deeper in the soil profile. Neither appears to be strongly phreatophytic, which suggests that the dominant, natural groundwater withdrawals in the Upper San Pedro Basin are mainly confined to the narrow cottonwood/willow gallery that lines the river. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Scott, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, 2000 E Allen Rd, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RI Goodrich, David/B-1763-2009 OI Goodrich, David/0000-0001-7735-1448 NR 26 TC 81 Z9 84 U1 2 U2 22 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD NOV 20 PY 2000 VL 105 IS 1-3 BP 241 EP 256 DI 10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00181-7 PG 16 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 377JQ UT WOS:000165510800017 ER PT J AU Schaeffer, SM Williams, DG Goodrich, DC AF Schaeffer, SM Williams, DG Goodrich, DC TI Transpiration of cottonwood/willow forest estimated from sap flux SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE sap flow; transpiration; patch dynamics; forest structure; cottonwood; willow; Salix goodingii; Populus fremontii ID HEAT-PULSE METHOD; TAMARIX-RAMOSISSIMA; VELOCITY TECHNIQUE; RAIN-FOREST; FLOW; RIVER; PHREATOPHYTES; PORTUGAL; WOODLAND; NEVADA AB Cottonwood/willow forests in the American Southwest consist of discrete, even-aged vegetation patches arranged in narrow strips along active and abandoned stream channels of alluvial flood plains. We used the heat-pulse velocity technique in this study to estimate transpiration in 12 such forest patches along a perennially flowing reach of the San Pedro River in southeastern Arizona, USA during five periods from April to October 1997. Transpiration per unit sapwood area was consistently higher for the larger cottonwood trees found on outer secondary channels compared to that of smaller cottonwood trees along the active channel, but statistically significant differences were found only in August and October. Conversely, transpiration per unit sapwood area in willow was markedly higher for trees along the primary channel than for those few larger trees that were sampled on the outer margins of the forest. Average daily transpiration at the canopy scale among the patches in July was 4.8 +/- 0.7 mm per day and ranged from 5.7 +/- 0.6 mm per day in young forest patches adjacent to the primary stream channel to 3.1 +/- 0.6 mm per day in more successionally advanced patches on secondary channels. Differences in our estimates of transpiration between forest patches along primary and secondary stream channels were related to differences in the ratio of sapwood area to ground area of the forest patches, and leaf area index. Estimates of transpiration from this forest type, and projections of transpiration and groundwater flux over larger areas on the San Pedro River, should take into account structural variation in these forests that relate to population dynamics of dominant trees. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Arkansas, Dept Biol Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. Univ Arizona, Sch Renewable Nat Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP Schaeffer, SM (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, Dept Biol Sci, 601 Sci & Engn Bldg, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RI Schaeffer, Sean/G-5071-2012; Goodrich, David/B-1763-2009; Williams, David/A-6407-2014; OI Goodrich, David/0000-0001-7735-1448; Williams, David/0000-0003-3627-5260; Schaeffer, Sean/0000-0002-9684-2952 NR 32 TC 83 Z9 99 U1 2 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD NOV 20 PY 2000 VL 105 IS 1-3 BP 257 EP 270 DI 10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00186-6 PG 14 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 377JQ UT WOS:000165510800018 ER PT J AU Mac Nish, RD Unkrich, CL Smythe, E Goodrich, DC Maddock, T AF Mac Nish, RD Unkrich, CL Smythe, E Goodrich, DC Maddock, T TI Comparison of riparian evapotranspiration estimates based on a water balance approach and sap flow measurements SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE evapotranspiration; water balance; riparian; sap flow; groundwater; San Pedro River AB Estimates of evapotranspiration (ET) from riparian vegetation along a 122m reach of the San Pedro River using both a water balance approach and by scaling up sap flow measurements are compared. A sensitivity analysis was performed on the components of the water balance to assess the effects of measurement errors on estimates of ET using this method. It was concluded that by reducing the error in three key components to less than 5%, riparian ET could be estimated to an accuracy of 20-25% using the water balance method. The analysis also indicated that random measurement errors up to 10% in the water balance measurements would explain the difference between the water balance and sap flow ET estimates. Demonstrating agreement given reasonable error bounds provides confidence in the accuracy of both methods. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ USA. RP Mac Nish, RD (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RI Goodrich, David/B-1763-2009 OI Goodrich, David/0000-0001-7735-1448 NR 6 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 3 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD NOV 20 PY 2000 VL 105 IS 1-3 BP 271 EP 279 DI 10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00196-9 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 377JQ UT WOS:000165510800019 ER PT J AU Goodrich, DC Scott, R Qi, J Goff, B Unkrich, CL Moran, MS Williams, D Schaeffer, S Snyder, K MacNish, R Maddock, T Pool, D Chehbouni, A Cooper, DI Eichinger, WE Shuttleworth, WJ Kerr, Y Marsett, R Ni, W AF Goodrich, DC Scott, R Qi, J Goff, B Unkrich, CL Moran, MS Williams, D Schaeffer, S Snyder, K MacNish, R Maddock, T Pool, D Chehbouni, A Cooper, DI Eichinger, WE Shuttleworth, WJ Kerr, Y Marsett, R Ni, W TI Seasonal estimates of riparian evapotranspiration using remote and in situ measurements SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE riparian evapotranspiration; Penman-Monteith model; cottonwood/willow transpiration; SALSA program; interdisciplinary; water balance ID TROPICAL FOREST; CANOPY AB In many semi-arid basins during extended periods when surface snowmelt or storm runoff is absent, groundwater constitutes the primary water source for human habitation, agriculture and riparian ecosystems. Utilizing regional groundwater models in the management of these water resources requires accurate estimates of basin boundary conditions. A critical groundwater boundary condition that is closely coupled to atmospheric processes and is typically known with little certainty is seasonal riparian evapotranspiration (ET), This quantity can often be a significant factor in the basin water balance in semi-arid regions yet is very difficult to estimate over a large area. Better understanding and quantification of seasonal, large-area riparian ET is a primary objective of the Semi-Arid Land-Surface-Atmosphere (SALSA) Program. To address this objective, a series of interdisciplinary experimental campaigns were conducted in 1997 in the San Pedro Basin in southeastern Arizona. The riparian system in this basin is primarily made up of three vegetation communities: mesquite (Prosopis velutina), sacaton grasses (Sporobolus wrightii), and a cottonwood (Populus fremontii)/willow (Salix goodingii) forest gallery. Micrometeorological measurement techniques were used to estimate ET from the mesquite and grasses. These techniques could not be utilized to estimate fluxes from the cottonwood/willow (C/W) forest gallery due to the height (20-30 m) and non-uniform linear nature of the forest gallery. Short-term (2-4 days) sap flux measurements were made to estimate canopy transpiration over several periods of the riparian growing season. Simultaneous remote sensing measurements were used to spatially extrapolate tree and stand measurements. Scaled C/W stand level sap flux estimates were utilized to calibrate a Penman-Monteith model to enable temporal extrapolation between synoptic measurement periods. With this model and set of measurements, seasonal riparian vegetation water use estimates for the riparian corridor were obtained. To validate these models, a 90-day pre-monsoon water balance over a 10 km section of the river was carried out. All components of the water balance, including riparian ET, were independently estimated. The closure of the water balance was roughly 5% of total inflows. The ET models were then used to provide riparian ET estimates over the entire corridor for the growing season. These estimates were approximately 14% less than those obtained from the most recent,groundwater model of the basin for a comparable river reach. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA. Michigan State Univ, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Univ Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Tucson, AZ USA. IRD, IMADES, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico. Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM USA. Univ Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA. CESBIO, Toulouse, France. RP Goodrich, DC (reprint author), USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RI Schaeffer, Sean/G-5071-2012; Goodrich, David/B-1763-2009; Williams, David/A-6407-2014; OI Goodrich, David/0000-0001-7735-1448; Williams, David/0000-0003-3627-5260; Schaeffer, Sean/0000-0002-9684-2952 NR 55 TC 79 Z9 82 U1 4 U2 26 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD NOV 20 PY 2000 VL 105 IS 1-3 BP 281 EP 309 DI 10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00197-0 PG 29 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 377JQ UT WOS:000165510800020 ER PT J AU Chehbouni, A Goodrich, DC Moran, MS Watts, CJ Kerr, YH Dedieu, G Kepner, WG Shuttleworth, WJ Sorooshian, S AF Chehbouni, A Goodrich, DC Moran, MS Watts, CJ Kerr, YH Dedieu, G Kepner, WG Shuttleworth, WJ Sorooshian, S TI A preliminary synthesis of major scientific results during the SALSA program SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE SVAT modeling; remote-sensing; vegetation functioning; hydrology; SALSA; semi-arid; San Pedro River; riparian; ecology ID SURFACE-ENERGY BALANCE; HEAT-FLUX; REGIONAL SCALES; SEMIARID LAND; MODELS; SOIL; AREA; EVAPORATION; FIELD; PARAMETERS AB The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the primary results of the Semi-Arid Land-Surface-Atmosphere (SALSA) Program in the context of improvements to our overall understanding of hydrologic, ecologic, and atmospheric processes and their interactions in a semi-arid basin. The major findings and future research needs associated with the different core components of the program are emphasized. First, remote-sensing investigations are discussed, especially those directed toward taking full advantage of the capabilities of the new generation of satellites (ERS2/ATSR2, VEGETATION, LANDSAT7, NASA-EOS). Second, we discuss parameterization of the water and energy fluxes in arid and semi-arid regions, with special emphasis on methods to aggregate these fluxes from patch scale to grid scale. Third, we address the issues related to grassland ecology and competition for water between native grass and invasive mesquite species. Fourth, findings related to the interactions between surface water, ground water, and vegetation in a semi-arid riparian system are discussed. Next, an assessment of land use and land cover change over the entire basin over a quarter century is reviewed. Finally, unsolved issues and the needs for further research are outlined. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 IRD, IMADES, Hermosillo 83190, Sonora, Mexico. USDA ARS, Tucson, AZ USA. CESBIO, CNES, CNRS, IRD,UPS, Toulouse, France. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Chehbouni, A (reprint author), IRD, IMADES, Hermosillo 83190, Sonora, Mexico. RI sorooshian, soroosh/B-3753-2008; Goodrich, David/B-1763-2009 OI sorooshian, soroosh/0000-0001-7774-5113; Goodrich, David/0000-0001-7735-1448 NR 68 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD NOV 20 PY 2000 VL 105 IS 1-3 BP 311 EP 323 DI 10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00179-9 PG 13 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 377JQ UT WOS:000165510800021 ER PT J AU Bradbrook, GM Gessler, K Cote, GL Momany, F Biely, P Bordet, P Perez, S Imberty, A AF Bradbrook, GM Gessler, K Cote, GL Momany, F Biely, P Bordet, P Perez, S Imberty, A TI X-ray structure determination and modeling of the cyclic tetrasaccharide cyclo-{-> 6)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1 -> 3)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1 -> 6)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1 -> 3)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1 ->} SO CARBOHYDRATE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE cyclic-tetrasaccharide; molecular modeling; crystal structures; alternan ID CYCLOINULOHEXAOSE; OLIGOSACCHARIDES; INULIN AB The cyclic tetrasaccharide cyclo-{ --> 6)-alpha -D-Glcp-(1 --> 3)-alpha -D-Glcp-(1 --> 6)-alpha -D-Glcp-(1 --> 3)-alpha -D-Glcp-(1 --> } is the major compound obtained by the action of endo-alternases on the alternan polysaccharide. Crystals of this cyclo-tetra-glucose belong to the orthorhombic space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) with a = 7.620(5), b = 12.450(5) and c = 34.800(5) Angstrom. The asymmetric unit contains one tetrasaccharide together with five water molecules. The tetrasaccharide adopts a plate-like overall shape with a very shallow depression on one side. The shape is not fully symmetrical and this is clearly apparent on comparing the (Phi, Psi) torsion angles of the two alpha-(1 -,6) linkages. There is almost 10 degrees differences in Phi and more than 20 degrees differences in Psi. The hydrogen bond network is asymmetric, with a single intramolecular hydrogen bond: O-2 of glucose ring 1 being the donor to O-2 of glucose ring 3. These two hydroxyl groups are located below the ring and their orientation, dictated by this hydrogen bond, makes the floor of the plate. Among the five water molecules, one located above the center of the plate occupies perfectly the shallow depression in the plate shape formed by the tetrasaccharide. Molecular dynamics simulation of the tetrasaccharide in explicit water allows rationalization of the discrepancies observed between the X-ray structures and data obtained previously by NMR. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Grenoble 1, CNRS, CERMAV, F-38041 Grenoble, France. USDA, Biopolymer Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. USDA, Plant Polymer Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Slovak Acad Sci, Inst Chem, SK-84238 Bratislava, Slovakia. CNRS, Cristallog Lab, F-38042 Grenoble, France. RP Imberty, A (reprint author), Univ Grenoble 1, CNRS, CERMAV, BP 53, F-38041 Grenoble, France. OI Imberty, Anne/0000-0001-6825-9527 NR 22 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0008-6215 J9 CARBOHYD RES JI Carbohydr. Res. PD NOV 17 PY 2000 VL 329 IS 3 BP 655 EP 665 DI 10.1016/S0008-6215(00)00212-3 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Organic SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 374PQ UT WOS:000165353900016 PM 11128593 ER PT J AU Xu, JY Tseng, Y Wirtz, D AF Xu, JY Tseng, Y Wirtz, D TI Strain hardening of actin filament networks - Regulation by the dynamic cross-linking protein alpha-actinin SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID DIFFUSING WAVE SPECTROSCOPY; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; F-ACTIN; THERMAL FLUCTUATIONS; ENDOTHELIAL-CELLS; BINDING PROTEINS; GELS; VISCOELASTICITY; CYTOSKELETON; FIBROBLASTS AB Mechanical stresses applied to the plasma membrane of an adherent cell induces strain hardening of the cytoskeleton, i.e. the elasticity of the cytoskeleton increases with its deformation. Strain hardening is thought to mediate the transduction of mechanical signals across the plasma membrane through the cytoskeleton. Here, we describe the strain dependence of a model system consisting of actin filaments (F-actin), a major component of the cytoskeleton, and the F-actin cross-linking protein cu-actinin, which localizes along contractile stress fibers and at focal adhesions. We show that the amplitude and rate of shear deformations regulate the resilience of F-actin networks. At low temperatures; for which the lifetime of binding of a-actinin to F-actin is long, F-actin/alpha -actinin networks exhibit strong strain hardening at short time scales and soften at long time scales. For F-actin networks in the absence of alpha -actinin or for F-actin/alpha -actinin networks at high temperatures, strain hardening appears only at very short time scales. We propose a model of strain hardening for F-actin networks, based on both the intrinsic rigidity of F-actin and dynamic topological constraints formed by the cross-linkers located at filaments entanglements. This model offers an explanation for the origin of strain hardening observed when shear stresses are applied against the cellular membrane. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Interdept Program Mol Biophys, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Wirtz, D (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RI Wirtz, Denis/A-3257-2010 NR 58 TC 161 Z9 161 U1 1 U2 18 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0021-9258 J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD NOV 17 PY 2000 VL 275 IS 46 BP 35886 EP 35892 DI 10.1074/jbc.M002377200 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 375CM UT WOS:000165382000036 PM 10954703 ER PT J AU Chakravarthy, MV Abraha, TW Schwartz, RJ Fiorotto, ML Booth, FW AF Chakravarthy, MV Abraha, TW Schwartz, RJ Fiorotto, ML Booth, FW TI Insulin-like growth factor-I extends in vitro replicative life span of skeletal muscle satellite cells by enhancing G(1)/S cell cycle progression via the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3 '-kinase/Akt signaling pathway SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR; RETINOBLASTOMA GENE-PRODUCT; HUMAN-DIPLOID FIBROBLASTS; PROTEIN-KINASE; TUMOR SUPPRESSION; MICE LACKING; SENESCENCE; P27(KIP1); 3-KINASE; ACCUMULATION AB Interest is growing in methods to extend replicative life span of non-immortalized stem cells. Using the insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) transgenic mouse in which the IG;F-I transgene is expressed during skeletal muscle development and maturation prior to isolation and during culture of satellite cells (the myogenic stem cells of mature skeletal muscle fibers) as a model system, we elucidated the underlying molecular mechanisms of IGF-I-mediated enhancement of proliferative potential of these cells. Satellite cells from IGF-I transgenic muscles achieved at least five additional population doublings above the maximum that was attained by wild type satellite cells. This IGF-I-induced increase in proliferative potential was mediated via activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase/Akt pathway, independent of mitogen-activated protein kinase activity, facilitating G(1)/S cell cycle progression via a down-regulation of p27(Kip1). Adenovirally mediated ectopic overexpression of p27(Kip1) i, exponentially growing IGF-I transgenic satellite cells reversed the increase in cyclin E-cdk2 kinase activity, pRb phosphorylation, and cyclin A protein abundance, thereby implicating an important role for p27(Kip1) i, promoting satellite cell senescence. These observations provide a more complete dissection of molecular events by which increased local expression of a growth factor in mature skeletal muscle fibers extends replicative life span of primary stem cells than previously known. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Vet Biomed Sci, Coll Vet Med, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Physiol, Coll Vet Med, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Dalton Cardiovasc Inst, Coll Vet Med, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Texas, Sch Med, Dept Integrat Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Cell Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. USDA, Dept Pediat, Agr Res Stn, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Booth, FW (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Vet Biomed Sci, Coll Vet Med, E102 Vet Med Bldg,1600 E Rollins Rd, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. FU NIA NIH HHS [AG18780]; NIAMS NIH HHS [AR 19393] NR 57 TC 150 Z9 155 U1 3 U2 5 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0021-9258 J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD NOV 17 PY 2000 VL 275 IS 46 BP 35942 EP 35952 DI 10.1074/jbc.M005832200 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 375CM UT WOS:000165382000044 PM 10962000 ER PT J AU Nearing, MA Romkens, MJM Norton, LD Stott, DE Rhoton, FE Laflen, JM Flanagan, DC Alonso, CV Binger, RL Dabney, SM Doering, OC Huang, CH McGregor, KC Simon, A AF Nearing, MA Romkens, MJM Norton, LD Stott, DE Rhoton, FE Laflen, JM Flanagan, DC Alonso, CV Binger, RL Dabney, SM Doering, OC Huang, CH McGregor, KC Simon, A TI Measurements and models of soil loss rates SO SCIENCE LA English DT Letter ID LOSS EQUATION; UNIVERSAL; EROSION; RUSLE C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. Purdue Univ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Nearing, MA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RI Stott, Diane/A-1270-2010 OI Stott, Diane/0000-0002-6397-3315 NR 13 TC 30 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD NOV 17 PY 2000 VL 290 IS 5495 BP 1300 EP 1301 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 375BN UT WOS:000165379800020 ER PT J AU Losinger, WC Traub-Dargatz, JL Sampath, RK Morley, PS AF Losinger, WC Traub-Dargatz, JL Sampath, RK Morley, PS TI Operation-management factors associated with early-postnatal mortality of US foals SO PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE morbidity and mortality; horse; NAHMS; USA ID UNITED-STATES; NEONATAL FOAL; FESCUE; MARES; FARM AB Of 7320 equine foals reported born alive during 1997 on 1043 operations that had equids on 1 January 1997, and that participated in the United States National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS) Equine 1998 Study, 120 foals were reported to have died (by either euthanasia or natural causes) within the first 2 days of a live birth. The weighted estimate was 1.7% mortality (standard error = 0.5) within the first 2 days of live birth for all foals born on operations in the 28 states included in the study. A multivariable logistic-regression model revealed that foals born in the southern region were more likely to have been reported to have died within the first 2 days of live birth than in the western region. In addition, the following operation-level factors were associated with increased odds of a foal dying within the first 2 days of live birth: not routinely testing newborn foals for adequate absorption of colostral immunoglobulins during the first 2 days of life; adding new resident equids to the operation during 1997: having non-resident equids stay on the operation for 1-30 days during 1997; never requiring an official health certificate (for operations that had nonresident equids stay on the operation for 1-30 days); using something other than straw or hay as the predominant bedding type; and feeding equids a vitamin-mineral supplement/premix with forage and/or grain. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA, APHIS, VS, CEAH, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Colorado State Univ, Coll Vet Med & Biomed Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Losinger, WC (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, VS, CEAH, 55 S Howes St, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. OI Morley, Paul/0000-0001-8138-2714 NR 32 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-5877 J9 PREV VET MED JI Prev. Vet. Med. PD NOV 16 PY 2000 VL 47 IS 3 BP 157 EP 175 DI 10.1016/S0167-5877(00)00173-2 PG 19 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 376TZ UT WOS:000165474000002 PM 11058777 ER PT J AU Day, CD Lee, E Kobayashi, T Holappa, LD Albert, H Ow, DW AF Day, CD Lee, E Kobayashi, T Holappa, LD Albert, H Ow, DW TI Transgene integration into the same chromosome location can produce alleles that express at a predictable level, or alleles that are differentially silenced SO GENES & DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE epigenetics; gene silencing; methylation; Cre-lox; site-specific recombination ID METHYLATION PATTERNS; HOMOLOGOUS PROMOTERS; CYTOSINE METHYLATION; VIRUS-RESISTANCE; MAMMALIAN-CELLS; GENE-EXPRESSION; PLANTS; DNA; ARABIDOPSIS; COSUPPRESSION AB In an effort to control the variability of transgene expression in plants, we used Cre-lax mediated recombination to insert a gus reporter gene precisely and reproducibly into different target loci. Each integrant line chosen for analysis harbors a single copy of the transgene at the designated target site. At any given target site, nearly half of the insertions give a full spatial pattern of transgene expression. The absolute level of expression, however, showed target site dependency that varied up to 10-fold. This substantiates the view that the chromosome position can affect the level of gene expression. An unexpected finding was that nearly half of the insertions at any given target site failed to give a full spatial pattern of transgene expression. These partial patterns of expression appear to be attributable to gene silencing, as low gus expression correlates with DNA methylation and low transcription. The methylation is specific for the newly integrated DNA. Methylation changes are not found outside of the newly inserted DNA. Both the full and the partial expression states are meiotically heritable. The silencing of the introduced transgenes may be a stochastic event that occurs during transformation. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Plant Gene Express, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Ow, DW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Plant Gene Express, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 46 TC 138 Z9 154 U1 4 U2 19 PU COLD SPRING HARBOR LAB PRESS PI PLAINVIEW PA 1 BUNGTOWN RD, PLAINVIEW, NY 11724 USA SN 0890-9369 J9 GENE DEV JI Genes Dev. PD NOV 15 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 22 BP 2869 EP 2880 DI 10.1101/gad.849600 PG 12 WC Cell Biology; Developmental Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Cell Biology; Developmental Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 378BA UT WOS:000165560400008 PM 11090134 ER PT J AU Dale, VH Joyce, LA McNulty, S Neilson, RP AF Dale, VH Joyce, LA McNulty, S Neilson, RP TI The interplay between climate change, forests, and disturbances SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE drought; fire; hurricanes; introduced species; outbreaks; storms AB Climate change affects forests both directly and indirectly through disturbances. Disturbances are a natural and integral part of forest ecosystems, and climate change can alter these natural interactions. When disturbances exceed their natural range of variation, the change in forest structure and function may be extreme. Each disturbance affects forests differently. Some disturbances have tight interactions with the species and forest communities which can be disrupted by climate change. Impacts of disturbances and thus of climate change are seen over a board spectrum of spatial and temporal scales. Future observations, research, and tool development are needed to further understand the interactions between climate change and forest disturbances. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Dale, VH (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Neilson, Ronald/A-8588-2009; Dale, Virginia/B-6023-2009 NR 8 TC 88 Z9 93 U1 5 U2 38 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD NOV 15 PY 2000 VL 262 IS 3 BP 201 EP 204 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00522-2 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 369KQ UT WOS:000165064800001 PM 11087026 ER PT J AU Lugo, AE AF Lugo, AE TI Effects and outcomes of Caribbean hurricanes in a climate change scenario SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE hurricanes; disturbance; Caribbean; tropical forests; large and infrequent disturbances; wind storms ID LUQUILLO-EXPERIMENTAL-FOREST; PUERTO-RICO; DISTURBANCE; MOUNTAINS; HUGO; WATERSHEDS; WET AB Hurricanes are complex disturbance systems with significant effects on vegetation and built-up land. This paper summarizes research on the effects and outcomes of hurricanes on Caribbean forests. Twelve effects and outcome topics are presented: sudden and massive tree mortality; delayed patterns of tree mortality; alternative methods of forest regeneration; opportunities for a change in successional direction; high species turnover and opportunities for species change in forests; diversity of age classes; faster biomass and nutrient turnover; species substitutions and changes in turnover time of biomass and nutrients; lower aboveground biomass in mature vegetation; carbon sinks; selective pressure on organisms; and convergence of community structure and organization. Effects of hurricanes on urban systems are also discussed. While there is scientific uncertainty as to whether hurricane frequencies and intensity will change as a result of global climate change, available understanding on the effects and outcomes of hurricanes can be used to anticipate possible effects of either increasing or decreasing hurricane frequency and intensity. Proposed mitigation actions and research priorities can be effective and desirable even if the frequency and intensity of hurricanes remains unchanged. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. RP Lugo, AE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, POB 25000, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. NR 41 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD NOV 15 PY 2000 VL 262 IS 3 BP 243 EP 251 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00526-X PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 369KQ UT WOS:000165064800005 PM 11087030 ER PT J AU Ridpath, JF Neill, JD Frey, M Landgraf, JG AF Ridpath, JF Neill, JD Frey, M Landgraf, JG TI Phylogenetic, antigenic and clinical characterization of type 2 BVDV from North America SO VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Pestivirus Meeting CY MAR 15-19, 1999 CL GIESSEN, GERMANY DE BVDV2; North America; virulence ID BOVINE VIRAL DIARRHEA; GENOMIC SEQUENCE; VIRUS BVDV; ANTIBODIES; GENOTYPES; CALVES; SERUM AB Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection continues to have a significant impact upon US cattle producers despite the availability of more than 140 federally licensed vaccines. Detection and control is hampered by viral heterogeneity that results in differences in neutralizing epitopes, cytopathology and virulence. Recently it was found that there are two different genotypes, BVDV1 and BVDV2, among BVDV. BVDV2 isolates make up a significant proportion of the BVDV isolated in North America. Serologically BVDV2 viruses can be distinguished from BVDV1 and border disease viruses. Mab binding also distinguishes between BVDV1, BVDV2, and BDV. Like the BVDV1 viruses, BVDV2 viruses may exist as one of two biotypes, cytopathic or noncytopathic, based on their activity in cultured cells. Cytopathogenic effects on cultured cells does not correlate with virulence in vivo, as BVDV2 associated with hemorrhagic syndrome (HS) are noncytopathic. Variation among BVDV1 and BVDV2 in the 5' UTR is similar. Phylogenetic analysis and differences in virulence suggest that BVDV2 are heterogeneous. Symptoms resulting from BVDV2 infections may range from clinically inapparent to clinically severe. Recently, disease outbreaks associated with acute uncomplicated BVDV infection have been reported in the US and Canada. These outbreaks of clinically severe disease, termed HS, were all associated with viruses from the BVDV2 genotype. Not all BVDV2 isolates cause clinically severe disease. Avirulent BVDV2. isolates do exist and may predominate over virulent BVDV2 in nature. When virulent BVDV2 viruses are inoculated into calves they induce a disease characterized by fever, diarrhea, leukopenia, lymphopenia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and death. Infection with avirulent BVDV2 results in a reduction of luekocytes that may be accompanied by a low-grade fever. These viruses do not cause clinical disease or a clinical leukopenia. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Metab Dis & Immunol Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. USDA, APHIS, NVSL, Diagnost Virol Lab, Ames, IA USA. RP Ridpath, JF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Metab Dis & Immunol Unit, 2300 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 24 TC 102 Z9 110 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1135 J9 VET MICROBIOL JI Vet. Microbiol. PD NOV 15 PY 2000 VL 77 IS 1-2 BP 145 EP 155 DI 10.1016/S0378-1135(00)00271-6 PG 11 WC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences SC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences GA 368FU UT WOS:000090107700014 PM 11042408 ER PT J AU Stoffregen, B Bolin, SR Ridpath, JF Pohlenz, J AF Stoffregen, B Bolin, SR Ridpath, JF Pohlenz, J TI Morphologic lesions in type 2 BVDV infections experimentally induced by strain BVDV2-1373 recovered from a field case SO VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Pestivirus Meeting CY MAR 15-19, 1999 CL GIESSEN, GERMANY DE hemorrhagic syndrome; BVDV2; morphologic lesions ID BOVINE VIRAL DIARRHEA; VIRUS DIARRHEA; CALVES; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; DISEASE; DIAGNOSIS; ANTIBODY; CATTLE AB Widespread outbreaks of severe acute BVDV, some associated with hemorrhagic syndrome (HS), were reported in Quebec and Ontario in 1993. These outbreaks caused significant economic hardship in infected herds. In the Ontario outbreak 150 dairy, 600 beef and 100 milk and grain fed veal herds were affected with losses estimated at $40 000-$10 000 per herd in lost animals, milk production, abortions and genetics. Fever, pneumonia, diarrhea, and sudden death occurred in all age groups of cattle. Abortions were frequently observed in pregnant cattle. The viruses associated with this outbreak were determined to be noncytopathic BVDV from the type 2 genotype. All BVDV2 associated with these outbreaks were noncytopathic. One of the viruses isolated from the Ontario outbreak, BVDV2-1373, was used to experimentally induce HS in 5-6 weeks old colostrum deprived, seronegative calves. All animals developed leukopenia and thrombocytopenia within 6-10 days with some developing bloody diarrhea and becoming moribund. Animals were killed for necropsy between 6 and 11 days postinfection. Histopathologically lesions were similar, but more severe, to those seen early on (within first 9 days after superinfection) in animals with experimentally induced mucosal disease (MD). There were no erosions and ulcerations present in the upper digestive tract. In hemorrhages in the mucosa, virus antigen (VA) was present in macrophages of both the lamina propria and the submucosa and in basal epithelial cells. Cells containing VA were vacuolated and separated from each other. The most severe lesions observed in the digestive tract were in the Peyers patches and were characterized by depletion of lymphocytes and proliferation of crypt cells resulting in crypthyperplasia. Apoptotic cells were present in crypts and areas of lymph follicles where viral antigen was detected. Out of the six animals, VA was present in four animals in the pancreas, three animals in the pituitary and in two animals in the adrenal glands. The results suggest that the pathology resulting from acute infection with a highly virulent noncytopathic BVDV2 differs from the pathology observed in classic mucosal disease. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Hannover Sch Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathol, D-3000 Hannover, Germany. RP Ridpath, JF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, 2300 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 20 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1135 J9 VET MICROBIOL JI Vet. Microbiol. PD NOV 15 PY 2000 VL 77 IS 1-2 BP 157 EP 162 DI 10.1016/S0378-1135(00)00272-8 PG 6 WC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences SC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences GA 368FU UT WOS:000090107700015 PM 11042409 ER PT J AU Flores, EF Gil, LHGV Botton, SA Weiblen, R Ridpath, JF Kreutz, LC Pilati, C Driemeyer, D Moojen, V Wendelstein, AC AF Flores, EF Gil, LHGV Botton, SA Weiblen, R Ridpath, JF Kreutz, LC Pilati, C Driemeyer, D Moojen, V Wendelstein, AC TI Clinical, pathological and antigenic aspects of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) type 2 isolates identified in Brazil SO VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Pestivirus Meeting CY MAR 15-19, 1999 CL GIESSEN, GERMANY DE bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV); genotypes; antigenic diversity ID DIVERSITY; ANTIBODIES; ONTARIO AB Nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of Brazilian bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) field isolates identified four viruses belonging to the genotype 2. Comparison of 5' UTR sequences from these isolates to those of North American BVDV type 2 revealed genomic variations that correlated with the geographic origins of the isolates. Two of the Brazilian type 2 viruses were isolated from clinical cases of gastroenteric/respiratory disease and two were isolated from healthy bovine fetuses. The clinical cases affected young animals (8- and 18-months-old) and were characterized by diarrhea, respiratory signs, extensive oral and digestive tract erosions, conjunctival and vulvar congestion, occasional digestive bleeding and vulvar and heart petechial hemorrhage. Antigenic analysis of these isolates with a panel of 10 monoclonal antibodies revealed marked antigenic differences in the major envelope glycoprotein, gp53/E2, compared to standard laboratory and vaccine BVDV strains. In addition, virus-specific antisera raised to Brazilian BVDV type 2 viruses displayed very low serological cross-reactivity with standard BVDV type 1 strains. Differences up to 64-fold in cross-neutralization titers were observed between BVDV type 1 and Brazilian BVDV type 2 isolates. The identification of BVDV type 2 among Brazilian cattle may have important implications for epidemiological studies, diagnostic and immunization strategies. Furthermore, the low neutralizing activity of BVDV type 1 antisera against the recently identified Brazilian BVDV type 2 isolates raises the question about the degree of protection conferred by BVDV vaccines, most of them based on a single type I strain. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Fed Santa Maria, Dept Vet Prevent Med, BR-97105900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. Univ Fed Santa Maria, Dept Microbiol & Parasitol, BR-97105900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. Univ Nebraska, Dept Vet & Biomed Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Met Dis & Immunol Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Univ Fed Santa Catarina, UDESC, Ctr Agrovet Lages, Lages, SC, Brazil. Univ Fed Rio Grande Sul, Fac Vet, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. RP Flores, EF (reprint author), Univ Fed Santa Maria, Dept Vet Prevent Med, BR-97105900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. RI Weiblen, Rudi/H-7003-2014; Kreutz, Luiz Carlos/A-3729-2015; flores, eduardo/H-5125-2016 OI Weiblen, Rudi/0000-0002-1737-9817; Kreutz, Luiz Carlos/0000-0002-7685-7401; NR 17 TC 31 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1135 J9 VET MICROBIOL JI Vet. Microbiol. PD NOV 15 PY 2000 VL 77 IS 1-2 BP 175 EP 183 DI 10.1016/S0378-1135(00)00274-1 PG 9 WC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences SC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences GA 368FU UT WOS:000090107700017 PM 11042411 ER PT J AU Caspersen, JP Pacala, SW Jenkins, JC Hurtt, GC Moorcroft, PR Birdsey, RA AF Caspersen, JP Pacala, SW Jenkins, JC Hurtt, GC Moorcroft, PR Birdsey, RA TI Contributions of land-use history to carbon accumulation in US forests SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB Carbon accumulation in forests has been attributed to historical changes in Land use and the enhancement of tree growth by CO2 fertilization, N deposition, and climate change. The relative contribution of land use and growth enhancement is estimated by using inventory data from five states spanning a latitudinal gradient in the eastern United States, Land use is the dominant factor governing the rate of carbon accumulation in these states, with growth enhancement contributing far Less than previously reported. The estimated fraction of aboveground net ecosystem production due to growth enhancement is 2.0 +/- 4.4%, with the remainder due to Land use. C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. US Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, USDA, Burlington, VT 05402 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Complex Syst Res Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA. US Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, USDA, Newtown Sq, PA 19073 USA. RP Caspersen, JP (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. RI Hurtt, George/A-8450-2012; Gutierrez, Emilia/O-7568-2014 NR 9 TC 316 Z9 356 U1 5 U2 62 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD NOV 10 PY 2000 VL 290 IS 5494 BP 1148 EP 1151 DI 10.1126/science.290.5494.1148 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 372HL UT WOS:000165228200044 PM 11073451 ER PT J AU Fayer, R Trout, JM Graczyk, TK Lewis, EJ AF Fayer, R Trout, JM Graczyk, TK Lewis, EJ TI Prevalence of Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Eimeria infections in post-weaned and adult cattle on three Maryland farms SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Cryptosporidium parvum; Cryptosporidium andersoni; Eimeria bovis; Eimeria ellipsoidalis; Giardia duodenalis; bovine-protozoa; epidemiology-protozoa ID NORTHEASTERN SPAIN; DAIRY CALVES; OOCYSTS; PARVUM; SPECIMENS; PATTERNS; DIARRHEA; HERDS; FECES; CALF AB The prevalence of Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Eimeria, in healthy, asymptomatic, post-weaned and mature cattle was investigated on three Maryland farms. One farm, a dairy research facility, had 150 multiparous Holstein milking cows; 24 were examined and Cryptosporidium andersoni was detected in three (12.5%) but neither Giardia nor Eimeria was detected. The second farm, a commercial dairy, had 57 multiparous Holstein milking cows and an equal number of heifers. Of 19 cows examined, C. parvum, Giardia duodenalis, and Eimeria bovis and/or E. ellipsoidalis were detected in two (10.5%), two (10.5%) and one (5.26%) cow, respectively. Of 23 heifers examined, C. parvum, Giardia, and E. bovis and E. ellipsoidalis, was detected in two (8.7%), four (17.4%), and five (21.7%), heifers, respectively. The third farm, a beef cattle breeding and genetics research facility, had 180 7- to 9-month old purebred black Angus. Of 118 examined for C. parvum and Giardia, 34 (28.8%) and 44 (37.3%) were positive, respectively, of 97 examined for E. bovis and/or E. ellipsoidalis 32 (33.0%) were positive. These findings, based on a method with a minimum detection level of 100 oocysts of C. parvum/g of feces, which underestimates the number of infected cattle, clearly demonstrate the presence of low level, asymptomatic infections in post-weaned and adult cattle in the United States and indicate the potential role of such cattle as reservoirs of infectious parasites. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Mol Microbiol & Immunol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. NOAA, NOS, Cooperat Oxford Lab, Oxford, MD 21654 USA. RP Fayer, R (reprint author), USDA ARS, 10300 Baltimore Ave,Bldg 1040, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 37 TC 95 Z9 98 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD NOV 10 PY 2000 VL 93 IS 2 BP 103 EP 112 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(00)00356-3 PG 10 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 367DL UT WOS:000090046400002 PM 11035228 ER PT J AU Robinson, KO Beyene, DA van Berkum, P Knight-Mason, R Bhardwaj, HL AF Robinson, KO Beyene, DA van Berkum, P Knight-Mason, R Bhardwaj, HL TI Variability in plant-microbe interaction between Lupinus lines and Bradyrhizobium strains SO PLANT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE nitrogen fixation; legumes; sustainable crop production ID DINITROGEN FIXATION; GENETIC-VARIATION; NODULATION; SOIL AB Even though lupin (Lupinus albus L.) is known to potentially fix 150-200 kg/ha nitrogen for the use of a succeeding crop, precise information about lupin x Bradyrhizobium strain interaction under the climatic conditions prevalent in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States is unknown. We conducted two greenhouse experiments with the objective of characterizing this symbiotic relationship and to evaluate potential interaction between Bradyrhizobial strains and lupin lines. In the first experiment, performance of 60 bradyrhizobial strains was evaluated by inoculating three lupin cultivars and using combined score, which consisted of an arithmetic total of plant vigor, nodulation scores from crown root, nodulation scores from fibrous roots, shoot dry weight, and root dry weight. In the second experiment, performance of 80 lupin lines was evaluated by inoculating with three selected Bradyrhizobial strains and using the combined score, which consisted of an arithmetic total of plant vigor, acetylene reduction activity, nodule number per plant, nodule weight per plant, and dry shoot weight. Significant variation existed for all traits in both experiments except for nodule number in the second experiment. Significant Bradyrhizobial strain by lupin line interaction existed for nodulation score, shoot and root dry weights, and the combined scores. Comparison of relative ranks indicated that nodulation effectiveness was dependent on specific strain and lupin line combinations. It was concluded that specific Bradyrhizobial strain and lupin line combinations would need to be identified for successful utilization of lupin's capability to fix atmospheric nitrogen for use in low-input and sustainable agriculture. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Agr Res Stn, Petersburg, VA 23806 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Life Sci, Petersburg, VA 23806 USA. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. ARS, USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Bhardwaj, HL (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Agr Res Stn, POB 9061, Petersburg, VA 23806 USA. NR 18 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0168-9452 J9 PLANT SCI JI Plant Sci. PD NOV 6 PY 2000 VL 159 IS 2 BP 257 EP 264 DI 10.1016/S0168-9452(00)00345-9 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 374XV UT WOS:000165370900010 ER PT J AU Merken, HM Beecher, GR AF Merken, HM Beecher, GR TI Liquid chromatographic method for the separation and quantification of prominent flavonoid aglycones SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE flavonoid aglycones ID PHENOLIC-ACIDS; GALLIC ACID; GREEN; CATECHINS; HPLC; TEAS AB Many beneficial health effects have been attributed to flavonoids, which are prevalent in plant-based foods. The literature is replete with chromatographic systems which are capable of measuring flavonoid content across one, two, and even three of the five common subclasses of flavonoids found in foods. However many foods and mixed diets, in particular, contain members of all five subclasses of flavonoids. We have developed an HPLC system for the separation and quantification of seventeen flavonoids, as their aglycones, which represent all five subclasses and are expected to be prominent in commonly consumed foods. Representative foods with significant concentrations of flavonoids from each of these subclasses were analyzed employing the new system. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Food Compostit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Merken, HM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Food Compostit Lab, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 18 TC 108 Z9 116 U1 0 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD NOV 3 PY 2000 VL 897 IS 1-2 BP 177 EP 184 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(00)00826-8 PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 369XL UT WOS:000165093000014 PM 11128201 ER PT J AU Vogel, T van Genuchten, MT Cislerova, M AF Vogel, T van Genuchten, MT Cislerova, M TI Effect of the shape of the soil hydraulic functions near saturation on variably-saturated flow predictions SO ADVANCES IN WATER RESOURCES LA English DT Article DE soil hydraulic properties; unsaturated flow; numerical solutions ID RICHARDS EQUATION; UNSATURATED SOILS; CONDUCTIVITY; WATER; MODEL; INFILTRATION; FIELD; MASS AB Relatively small changes in the shape of the soil water retention curve near saturation can significantly affect the results of numerical simulations of variably saturated flow, including the performance of the numerical scheme itself in terms of stability and rate of convergence. In this paper, we use a modified form of the van Genuchten-Mualem (VGM) soil hydraulic functions to account for a very small, but non-zero minimum capillary height, h(s), in the soil water retention curve. The modified VGM model is contrasted with the original formulation by comparing simulation results for infiltration in homogeneous soils assuming both constant pressure and constant flux boundary conditions. The two models gave significantly different results for infiltration in fine-textured soils, even for h(s)-values as small as -1 cm. Incorporating a small minimum capillary height in the hydraulic properties leads to less non-linearity in the hydraulic conductivity function near saturation and, because of this, to more stable numerical solutions of the flow equation. This study indicates an urgent need for experimental studies that assess the precise shape of the hydraulic conductivity curve near saturation, especially for relatively fine-textured soils. For one example we found considerable improvement in the predicted conductivity function when a value of -2 cm for h(s) was used in the modified VGM model. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92501 USA. Czech Tech Univ, Dept Hydraul & Hydrol, Prague 16629, Czech Republic. Czech Tech Univ, Dept Irrigat Drainage & Landscape Engn, Prague 16629, Czech Republic. RP van Genuchten, MT (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92501 USA. RI Vogel, Tomas/A-2515-2009; van Genuchten, Martinus/K-6892-2013 OI Vogel, Tomas/0000-0003-1700-6356; van Genuchten, Martinus/0000-0003-1654-8858 NR 32 TC 169 Z9 172 U1 6 U2 27 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0309-1708 J9 ADV WATER RESOUR JI Adv. Water Resour. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 24 IS 2 BP 133 EP 144 DI 10.1016/S0309-1708(00)00037-3 PG 12 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 391HY UT WOS:000166351600002 ER PT J AU Maul, JD Cooper, CM AF Maul, JD Cooper, CM TI Water quality of seasonally flooded agricultural fields in Mississippi, USA SO AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE agricultural fields; bacteria; erosion control; Mississippi; nutrients; seasonal flooding; sedimentation; water quality ID DELTA; RESERVOIR; YIELDS; EFFICIENCY; NITROGEN; SYSTEMS; RUNOFF AB Planned flooding of agricultural fields is performed to prevent erosion (e.g. sheet, gully, and rill) and provide habitat for waterfowl. As a post-harvest field treatment, flooding is becoming more common in the agriculturally dominated landscape of the Mississippi Alluvial Valley (MAV) in the southeastern United States. Despite this trend, information pertaining to water quality characteristics of water remaining on fields during the winter and subsequent relationships with environmental and biological processes is sparse. Because the water retained on fields is eventually released into adjacent waterways prior to planting, it is critical to monitor water quality parameters of these flooded fields. Water quality parameters of flooded agricultural fields were assessed from January to March and compared to those observed in impounded wetlands. Temporal variation of parameters among sampling dates was also examined. Mean (+/-S.E.) suspended solids concentration was greater (p<0.05) in flooded agricultural fields (283.3+/-98.7 mg 1(-1)) than impounded wetlands (79.5+/-25.3 mg 1(-1)) and an interaction of habitat and sampling date was detected on dissolved solids concentration (p<0.05). Water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, ammonia, nitrate, total phosphorus, enterococci bacteria, and fecal coliform bacterial concentrations exhibited temporal variation among sampling dates (p<0.05). For both flooded fields and wetlands, fecal coliform and enterococci concentrations peaked at 2887.5 and 675.0 colony forming units (CFU) 100 ml(-1), respectively, during the first sampling date (January) and declined to 133.2 and 33.3 CFU 100 ml(-1), respectively, in March. Results of this study indicated that: (1) flooded agricultural fields had greater variability of water quality parameters than wetlands; (2) 53% of measured water quality parameters exhibited temporal variation and (3) impounding water may facilitate decreases in bacterial concentrations. Holding water on agricultural fields and knowledge of temporal water quality trends may provide a means to decrease contaminant concentrations, thus improving quality of potential runoff that may enter adjacent bodies of water. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. RP Maul, JD (reprint author), Arkansas State Univ, Environm Sci Program, Ecotoxicol Res Facil, POB 847, State Univ, AR 72467 USA. NR 24 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-8809 J9 AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON JI Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 81 IS 3 BP 171 EP 178 DI 10.1016/S0167-8809(00)00157-2 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 365QD UT WOS:000089961200002 ER PT J AU McMaster, GS Aiken, RM Nielsen, DC AF McMaster, GS Aiken, RM Nielsen, DC TI Optimizing wheat harvest cutting height for harvest efficiency and soil and water conservation SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID WIND EROSION; WINTER-WHEAT; YIELD; RESIDUE; COVER AB Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) productivity is frequently Limited bu water availability and degraded by wind erosion, Managers of harvest operations must balance soil and water-conservation benefits of maintaining sufficient stubble height with the risk of Losing grain yield due to unharvested spikes below the combine cutting height. This study calculated the relationship between expected harvest losses and conservation of soil and water at various combine cutting heights. Mature wheat spike height frequency distributions for 5 yr were collected for different tillage and residue-cover levels. Wind-velocity profiles were measured for different stem frequencies and heights at three sites with harvested wheat stubble. Potential evaporation of water was calculated by PENFLUX, a Penman-type energy balance model, Potential soil loss was computed from the relative friction velocity (RFV), Stem heights were generally normally distributed, regardless of year or treatment. Quantifying RFVs at the soil surface and relative evaporation rates showed that combine cutting heights <0.1 m offered little protection from erosive winds for sparse stands with <280 stems m(-2). Higher cutting heights of 0.3 or 0.5 m increased protection, especially for sparse stands, but the relative benefits of increasing stem frequencies declined with higher cutting heights. Under normal sowing rates and conditions, harvesting wheat with a cutting-type header at two-thirds of its height Rill give 80% of the maximum soil and water conservation protection. Harvesting with a stripper-header combine attachment might be a potential new technology to further maximize soil and water conservation while minimizing harvest losses. C1 USDA ARS, Great Plains Syst Res, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Kansas State Univ, Colby, KS 67701 USA. USDA ARS, Cent Great Plains Res Stn, Akron, CO USA. RP McMaster, GS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Great Plains Syst Res, POB E, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RI Nielsen, David/A-8044-2009 OI Nielsen, David/0000-0002-8240-7183 NR 21 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 92 IS 6 BP 1104 EP 1108 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 375YX UT WOS:000165432000009 ER PT J AU Dao, TH Stiegler, JH Banks, JC Bogle-Boerngen, L Adams, B AF Dao, TH Stiegler, JH Banks, JC Bogle-Boerngen, L Adams, B TI Post-contract grassland management and winter wheat production on former CRP fields in the southern Great Plains SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID OLD-WORLD BLUESTEM; WATER STORAGE; TILLAGE; SYSTEMS; GROWTH; CROP; SOIL AB Integrated management guidelines for postcontract land use Conservation Reserve Program lands in semiarid regions are generally lacking. We determined the relative efficacy of four systems of transitional conservation practices for producing 'Old World' bluestem (OWB) (Bothriochlora ischaemum L.) and dryland wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) on former CRP fields. The sites were located on Dalhart fine sandy loam (Aridic Paleustalf) and La Casa-Aspermont clay loam (Typic Paleustoll) near Forgan and Duke, OK, respectively. Removing old growth increased cumulative OWE yields between 1994 and 1997. Applications of 67 kg N and 16.5 kg P ha(-1) increased yields by 0, 70, and 180% at Forgan and 290, 70, and 280% at Duke in 1995 to 1997, respectively. Removing the old dry matter and regrowth vigor also enhanced chemical suppression and killing of the grass, the performance of conservation tillage, and achieving a uniform crop stand. Early OWE suppression conserved stored water that was vital to cool-season crop production in the year the contract expired. First-year wheat yields averaged 970, 490, and 1002 kg ha(-1) at Forgan and 1590, 600, and 830 kg ha(-1) at Duke under unfavorable weather conditions (i.e., drought, late freeze) of 1995 through 1997, respectively. No-till generally produced higher yields, averaging 10 and 35% greater than conservation systems at Forgan and Duke, respectively. In variable semiarid environment, the chance of success for agronomic production decreased in the order of grass production, NT wheat, tilled wheat, and dryland cotton on former CRP lands. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Altus, OK 73521 USA. USDA, NRCS, Beaverton, OK 73932 USA. USDA, NRCS, Altus, OK 73521 USA. RP Dao, TH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr E, Bldg 306,Room 102,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 38 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 92 IS 6 BP 1109 EP 1117 PG 9 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 375YX UT WOS:000165432000010 ER PT J AU Noffsinger, SL Huyghe, C van Santen, E AF Noffsinger, SL Huyghe, C van Santen, E TI Analysis of grain-yield components and inflorescence levels in winter-type white lupin SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID AUTUMN-SOWN; ALBUS L; SEED YIELD; SOWING DATE; SIZE; CONSEQUENCES; GROWTH AB In winter-type white lupin (Lupinus albus L,), an improved understanding of the importance of inflorescence levels and yield components among environments could be useful when considering selection criteria for breeding, We examined inflorescence levels and yield components of indeterminate, determinate, and dwarf accessions among a broad range of environments. Data mere acquired from date-of-seeding (DOS) and dry matter partitioning (DRIP) studies. The DOS studies were conducted from 1991 to 1993 in north, central, and south Alabama, USA. The DMP studies were conducted for 2 Sr in western France and central Alabama. We used principal-component analysis to reduce the number of yield components for further consideration in future breeding. The first four principal components had Eigenvalues >1 and contributed greater than or equal to 74% of the variance, Pod number m(-2), seed number m(-2). pod yield m(-2), and seed yield m(-2) were highly correlated (r greater than or equal to0.80, P less than or equal to0.01) with most principal components. The first two to four principal components also had biological meaning because yield components that were highly correlated with each principal component were associated with a specific inflorescence level. Mainstem and primary-branch inflorescence levels were most important for yield and yield-component development. Basal branches were important in the southeastern USA, but these inflorescence levels should be selected against in France. Pod number m(-2) and seed weight had the greatest effect on grain yield, Breeding for higher seed weight will improve cold tolerance and stabilize grain yield in western France, but further testing is needed in Alabama. Selecting germplasm with low pod abortion will help increase pod number potential. C1 USDA ARS, Small Fruits Res Unit, Poplarville, MS 39470 USA. INRA, Plant Breeding Stn, Lab Legumineuse, F-86600 Lusignan, France. Auburn Univ, Dept Agron & Soils, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. RP Noffsinger, SL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Small Fruits Res Unit, 306 S High St, Poplarville, MS 39470 USA. NR 34 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 92 IS 6 BP 1195 EP 1202 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 375YX UT WOS:000165432000022 ER PT J AU Mayland, HF Shewmaker, GE Harrison, PA Chatterton, NJ AF Mayland, HF Shewmaker, GE Harrison, PA Chatterton, NJ TI Nonstructural carbohydrates in tall fescue cultivars: Relationship to animal preference SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID RUMINANTS AB Grazing animals prefer some plants to others. These choices are likely related to physical and chemical factors such as energy-dense carbohydrates contained in plants. This study quantified the nonstructural carbohydrate fractions in each of eight vegetatively growing, endophyte-free, tall fescue cultivars (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and relates their sugar concentrations to cattle grazing preferences. The experimental area consisted of eight cultivar plots replicated three times in each of three pastures, Within each pasture, forage was sampled between 0830 and 1000 h mountain daylight time (MDT) during each of four seasons and 2 Sr. Freeze-dried forage samples were extracted with hot water and an amylase (Clarase) solution. Sugars were quantified colorimetrically using potassium-ferricyanide and glucose-oxidase methods. Cattle grazing preferences among these tall fescue cultivars were related to the concentrations of total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) (r(2) = 0.49, P < 0.05). Other sugar fractions mere not significantly related to grazing preference in this study, The nonstructural carbohydrate concentrations averaged over the entire study were glucose, 14; fructose, 5; sucrose, 40; fructan, 23; insoluble starch, 24; and TNC, 129 g kg(-1). A forage selection criterion should include measures of the TNC because of their close relationship to animal grazing preference. C1 USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Mayland, HF (reprint author), USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, 3793 N 3600 E Kimberly, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. NR 20 TC 54 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 92 IS 6 BP 1203 EP 1206 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 375YX UT WOS:000165432000023 ER PT J AU Sanderson, MA Elwinger, GF AF Sanderson, MA Elwinger, GF TI Chicory and English plantain seedling emergence at different planting depths SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID FORAGE CHICORY AB Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) and English plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.) have been introduced in the USA as perennial herbs for pastures. A knowledge of seedling emergence and the structure of these species under different planting conditions is necessary for dec-eloping planting recommendations. We conducted controlled environment and field studies to compare the emergence and morphology of chicory and plantain seedlings from three planting depths. 'Grasslands Puna', 'La Certa', and 'Forage Feast' chicory, and 'Ceres Tonic' and 'Grasslands Lancelot' plantain were sown at 1, 3, and 6 cm depths in the growth chamber and greenhouse. The seedlings were destructively sampled 14 d after emergence, and the number and mass of Leaves and roots (primary, lateral, basal, and adventitious) were recorded The same cultivars were sown in field plots in July and September 1998 to determine seedling size and emergence from 1-, 3-, or 6-cm planting depths, Controlled environment studies showed that deeper planting reduced the root weight, length, and number more in chicory than in plantain. Planting at 3 and 6 cm in the field reduced seedling emergence by 34 and 60% (avg. of cultivars), respectively, compared with the l-cm planting depth. Differences in seedling size among cultivar within species were mainly related to differences in seed mass. Plantain had better seedling emergence in the field than chicory (54 fs. 27% In July and 60 vs. 17% in Sept.), and these differences vr ere not related to differences in seed mass. Both chicory and plantain should be planted no deeper than 1 cm for rapid establishment. C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Sanderson, MA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, Bldg 3702,Curtin Rd, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 14 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 3 U2 11 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 92 IS 6 BP 1206 EP 1210 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 375YX UT WOS:000165432000024 ER PT J AU Seguin, P Russelle, MP Sheaffer, CC Ehlke, NJ Graham, PH AF Seguin, P Russelle, MP Sheaffer, CC Ehlke, NJ Graham, PH TI Dinitrogen fixation in Kura clover and birdsfoot trefoil SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID TRIFOLIUM-AMBIGUUM; FORAGE QUALITY; ESTABLISHMENT; RESPONSES; HARVEST; GROWTH; MATTER; STAND; YIELD AB The quantification of symbiotic NL fixation by legumes is essential to determine their impact on N budgets. Kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum M.B.) and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) are two promising pasture legumes for which such estimates are scarce. Dinitrogen fixation by 2- and 3-yr-old stands of these species mas determined at two locations in Minnesota using the N-15 isotope dilution method. Species were evaluated for forage and N yields, the percent of N derived from the atmosphere (%Ndfa), and the amount of filed N, at each of four harvests. The results for each parameter varied with location,legume species, and harvest, as demonstrated by a three-way interaction among these terms. Across environments, both species produced the greatest amount of forage, total N, and fixed N yields at the first harvest, The yields decreased with successive forage harvests at one location but stabilized at the other. The %Ndfa for Kura clover nas stable across harvests and environments. The %Ndfa for birdsfoot trefoil varied during the season, with a peak at the end of the season, The yearly total forage, total N, and fixed N yields of Kura clover were stable across en environments, and the total N and fixed N yields were greater than those of birdsfoot trefoil at one location. Overall, Kura clover filed about 155 kg N ha-1 yr(-1), with a %Ndfa of 57; birdsfoot trefoil had amounts of fired N-2 that varied with locations (avg of 145 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1)), and it obtained about 62% of ifs herbage N from fixation. C1 USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Russelle, MP (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, 1991 Buford Circle,439 Borlaug Hall, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 23 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 3 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 92 IS 6 BP 1216 EP 1220 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 375YX UT WOS:000165432000026 ER PT J AU Lehrsch, GA Sojka, RE Westermann, DT AF Lehrsch, GA Sojka, RE Westermann, DT TI Nitrogen placement, row spacing, and furrow irrigation water positioning effects on corn yield SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID NITRATE-NITROGEN; MAIZE PRODUCTION; USE EFFICIENCY; MOVEMENT; SOIL; GROUNDWATER; MANAGEMENT; FERTILIZATION; INCREASE; RAINFALL AB Furrow irrigation often leaches NO3-N. We hypothesized that banding and sidedressing N fertilizer on a nonirrigated side of a corn (Zea mays L.) row would maintain yield and decrease NO3-N leaching. In a 2-yr field study in southern Idaho on a Portneuf silt loam (coarse sitly, mixed, superactive, mesic Durinodic Xeric Haplocalcid), we evaluated the effects of (i) N placement (broadcast vs. banded), (ii) row spacing (0.76 m vs. a modified 0.56 m), and (iii) irrigation water positioning (applying water to the same side or alternating sides of a row with successive irrigations) on field corn yield and IV uptake. We irrigated every second furrow nine times in 1988 and seven times in 1989. Compared with broadcasting, banding maintained grain yield in 1988 and increased it by 11% in 1989. Where N was banded in 0.56-m rows in 1989, silage yield when only the nonfertilized furrow was irrigated was 22.9 Mg ha(-1), which was 22% greater than when alternating furrows were irrigated. Compared with 0.56-m rows, the 0.76-m ro tss had no effect on 2-yr average grain yield but tended to increase 2-yr average silage N. Banding N on one side of a row, rather than broadcasting, and applying water all season to the furrow on the other side of the row maintained or increased grain yield, increased silage yield by up to 26%, and increased N uptake in silage by up to 21%, particularly from N-depleted profiles. Applying water to the same furrow, rather than alternating furrows, did not reduce yield or N uptake. C1 USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. RP Lehrsch, GA (reprint author), USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, 3793 N 3600 E, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. NR 41 TC 18 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 92 IS 6 BP 1266 EP 1275 PG 10 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 375YX UT WOS:000165432000032 ER PT J AU Kemp, WP AF Kemp, WP TI The future of crop pollination SO AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Bee Biol & Systemat Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Kemp, WP (reprint author), Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Bee Biol & Systemat Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 0 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU DADANT & SONS INC PI HAMILTON PA AMER BEE JOURNAL, HAMILTON, IL 62341 USA SN 0002-7626 J9 AM BEE J JI Am. Bee J. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 140 IS 11 BP 851 EP 853 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 365PT UT WOS:000089960200001 ER PT J AU Degrandi-Hoffman, G Hagler, J AF Degrandi-Hoffman, G Hagler, J TI How honey bees might use the placement of incoming nectar in a colony as a means of communication SO AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID POLLEN C1 ARS, Carl Hayden Bee Res Ctr, USDA, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP Degrandi-Hoffman, G (reprint author), ARS, Carl Hayden Bee Res Ctr, USDA, 2000 E Allen Rd, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 3 PU DADANT & SONS INC PI HAMILTON PA AMER BEE JOURNAL, HAMILTON, IL 62341 USA SN 0002-7626 J9 AM BEE J JI Am. Bee J. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 140 IS 11 BP 892 EP 894 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 365PT UT WOS:000089960200017 ER PT J AU Baxter, JR Ellis, MD Wilson, WT AF Baxter, JR Ellis, MD Wilson, WT TI Field evaluaton of Apistan (R) and five candidate compounds for parasitic mite control in honey bees SO AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Apistan(R) strips were highly effective in controlling adult Varroa jacobsoni (98% mite reduction) in honey bee colonies containing capped brood in autumn (1996) in Nebraska. Plastic strips impregnated with bifenthrin reduced varroa populations by 46%, however greater control is needed to effectively manage varroa-infested bees. Colonies that received a formic acid packet, wintergreen grease patty or cardboard sheet coated with medicated chest rub did not exhibit reduced varroa populations during the 45-day treatment. Mite populations in colonies receiving these treatments were not significantly different from varroa populations in untreated colonies. In efficacy tests conducted in Kansas from autumn 1996 to the spring of 1997, formic acid packets gave excellent control (87-99% mortality) of Acarapis woodi, Menthol grease boards also reduced tracheal mite infestations (43-70% mortality). However, colonies treated with medicated chest-rub sheets or wintergreen grease patties contained as many mites as untreated colonies. C1 ARS, USDA, Beneficial Insects Res Unit, Honey Bee Grp, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Baxter, JR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Beneficial Insects Res Unit, Honey Bee Grp, 2413 E Hwy 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 19 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU DADANT & SONS INC PI HAMILTON PA AMER BEE JOURNAL, HAMILTON, IL 62341 USA SN 0002-7626 J9 AM BEE J JI Am. Bee J. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 140 IS 11 BP 898 EP 900 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 365PT UT WOS:000089960200019 ER PT J AU Soule, MJ Tegene, A Wiebe, KD AF Soule, MJ Tegene, A Wiebe, KD TI Land tenure and the adoption of conservation practices SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE adoption; corn production; soil conservation practices; land tenure ID SOIL CONSERVATION; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS; MINIMUM TILLAGE; REDUCED TILLAGE; LANDOWNERSHIP; INCENTIVES; IMPACT; RISK AB We use a logit adoption model with data on 941 U.S. corn producers from the 1996 Agricultural Resource Management Study to analyze the influence of land tenure on the adoption of conservation practices We extend previous analyses by distinguishing renters according to lease type and by distinguishing practices according to the timing of costs and returns. We find that cash-renters are less likely than owner-operators to use conservation tillage, but share-renters are not. Both cash-renters and share-renters are less likely than owner-operators to adopt practices that provide benefits only over the longer term (grassed waterways, stripcropping. and contour farming). C1 USDA, Econ Res Serv, Resource Econ Div, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Soule, MJ (reprint author), USDA, Econ Res Serv, Resource Econ Div, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 34 TC 127 Z9 133 U1 6 U2 35 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 82 IS 4 BP 993 EP 1005 DI 10.1111/0002-9092.00097 PG 13 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 372EE UT WOS:000165220700016 ER PT J AU Stephensen, CB Gildengorin, G AF Stephensen, CB Gildengorin, G TI Serum retinol, the acute phase response, and the apparent misclassification of vitamin A status in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE retinol; vitamin A; acute phase response; C-reactive protein; CRP; third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; NHANES III; infection; inflammation ID C-REACTIVE PROTEIN; ACUTE-INFLAMMATION; BINDING PROTEIN; CHILDREN; DISEASE; INTERLEUKIN-6; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; COMPONENT; ADULTS AB Background: Serum retinol decreases transiently during the acute phase response and can thus result in misclassification of vitamin A status. Objective: Our objective was to determine the prevalence of acute phase response activation in a representative sample of the US population, identify the factors associated with this activation, and determine whether persons with an active acute phase response have lower serum retinol concentrations. Design: Data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) were analyzed. A serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration greater than or equal to 10 mg/L indicated an active acute phase response. Results: Mean serum retinol was lowest in subjects aged <10 y and increased with age. Concentrations were higher in males than in females aged 20-59 y. The prevalence of a CRP concentration 10 mg/L was lowest in subjects aged <20 y (4%) and increased with age to a maximum of nearly 15%. An elevated CRP concentration was 2.4-fold greater in females than in males aged 20-59 y. Serum retinol was lower in subjects with elevated CRP concentrations. Conclusions: Serum retinol increases with age and males have higher mean values than do females aged 20-59 y. The prevalence of a CRP concentration greater than or equal to 10 mg/L also increases with age, is 2-fold greater in females than in males aged 20-69 y, and is associated with common inflammatory conditions. Thus, inflammation appeared to contribute to the misclassification of vitamin A status in the NHANES III population, and serum CRP is useful in identifying subjects who may be misclassified. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Nutr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. USDA, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Davis, CA USA. RP Stephensen, CB (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Nutr, 3243 Meyer Hall,1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 42 TC 102 Z9 108 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 72 IS 5 BP 1170 EP 1178 PG 9 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 369XN UT WOS:000165093200019 PM 11063445 ER PT J AU McCullough, ML Feskanich, D Stampfer, MJ Rosner, BA Hu, FB Hunter, DJ Variyam, JN Colditz, GA Willett, WC AF McCullough, ML Feskanich, D Stampfer, MJ Rosner, BA Hu, FB Hunter, DJ Variyam, JN Colditz, GA Willett, WC TI Adherence to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and risk of major chronic disease in women SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE diet; nutrition; diet quality; healthy eating index; food guide pyramid; dietary guidelines; cardiovascular disease; cancer; women; food-frequency questionnaire ID FOOD FREQUENCY QUESTIONNAIRE; CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; HEALTHY EATING INDEX; FATTY-ACIDS; POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; ELDERLY PEOPLE; MORTALITY; COHORT; MEN; REPRODUCIBILITY AB Background: Little is known about the overall health effects of adherence to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. The healthy eating index (HEI), developed at the US Department of Agriculture, measures how well Americans' diets conform to these guidelines. Objective: We tested whether the HEI (scores range from 0 to 100; 100 is best) calculated from food-frequency questionnaires (HEI-D would predict risk of major chronic disease in women. Design: A total of 67272 US female nurses who were free of major disease completed detailed questionnaires on diet and chronic disease risk factors in 1984 and repeatedly over 12 y. Major chronic disease was defined as fatal or nonfatal cardiovascular disease (myocardial infarction or stroke, n = 1365), fatal or nonfatal cancer (n = 5216), or other nontraumatic deaths (n = 496), whichever came first. We also examined cardiovascular disease and cancer as separate outcomes. Results: After adjustment for smoking and other risk factors, the HEI-f score was not associated with risk of overall major chronic disease in women [relative risk (RR) = 0.97; 95% CI:0.89, 1.06 comparing the highest with the lowest quintile of HEI-f score]. Being in the highest HEI-f quintile was associated with a 14% reduction in cardiovascular disease risk (RR = 0.86: 95% CI: 0.72, 1.03) and was not associated with lower cancer risk (RR = 1.02; 95% CI: 0.93, 1.12). Conclusion: These data suggest that adherence to the 1995 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, as measured by the HEI-f, will have limited benefit in preventing major chronic disease in women. C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Nutr, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Med, Channing Lab, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA. USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP McCullough, ML (reprint author), Amer Canc Soc, Epidemiol & Surveilance Res, 1599 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. RI Colditz, Graham/A-3963-2009 OI Colditz, Graham/0000-0002-7307-0291 FU NCI NIH HHS [CA40356]; NHLBI NIH HHS [HL60712] NR 52 TC 182 Z9 185 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 72 IS 5 BP 1214 EP 1222 PG 9 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 369XN UT WOS:000165093200026 PM 11063452 ER PT J AU McCullough, ML Feskanich, D Rimm, EB Giovannucci, EL Ascherio, A Variyam, JN Spiegelman, D Stampfer, MJ Willett, WC AF McCullough, ML Feskanich, D Rimm, EB Giovannucci, EL Ascherio, A Variyam, JN Spiegelman, D Stampfer, MJ Willett, WC TI Adherence to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and risk of major chronic disease in men SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE diet; nutrition; diet quality; healthy eating index; food guide pyramid; dietary guidelines; Dietary Guidelines for Americans; cardiovascular disease; stroke; heart disease; myocardial infarction; cancer; men; chronic disease prevention; cancer prevention; cardiovascular disease prevention ID FOOD FREQUENCY QUESTIONNAIRE; CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; ESSENTIAL FATTY-ACIDS; PROSTATE-CANCER; PROSPECTIVE COHORT; COLON-CANCER; FIBER INTAKE; WOMEN; REPRODUCIBILITY; VALIDITY AB Background: The Dietary Guidelines Sor Americans and the food guide pyramid aim to reduce the risk of major chronic disease in the United States, but data supporting their overall effectiveness are sparse. The healthy eating index (HEI) measures the concordance of dietary patterns with these guidelines. Objective: We tested whether a high HEI score (range: 0-100; 100 is best) calculated from a validated food-frequency questionnaire (HEI-f) could predict lower risk of major chronic disease in men. Design: A cohort of US male health professionals without major disease completed detailed questionnaires on food intake and other risk factors for heart disease and cancer in 1986 and repeatedly during the 8-y follow-up. Major chronic disease outcome was defined as incident major cardiovascular disease (stroke or myocardial infarction, n = 1092), cancer (n = 1661), or other non-trauma-related deaths (n = 366). Results: The HEI-f was weakly inversely associated with risk of major chronic disease [comparing highest with lowest quintile of the HEI-f, relative risk (RR)= 0.89; 95% CI: 0.79, 1.00; P < 0.001 for trend]. The HEI-f was associated with moderately lower risk of cardiovascular disease (RR = 0.72; 95% CI: 0.60, 0.88; P < 0.001) but was not associated with lower cancer risk. Conclusions: The HEI-f was only weakly associated with risk of major chronic disease, suggesting that improvements to the HEI may be warranted. Further research on the HEI could have implications for refinements to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and the food guide pyramid. C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Nutr, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Brigham & Womens Hosp, Channing Lab, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA. USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP McCullough, ML (reprint author), Amer Canc Soc, Epidemiol & Surveillance Res, 1599 Clifton Ave NE, Atlanta, GA 30309 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [CA55075]; NHLBI NIH HHS [HL35464] NR 52 TC 203 Z9 208 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 72 IS 5 BP 1223 EP 1231 PG 9 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 369XN UT WOS:000165093200027 PM 11063453 ER PT J AU Schaefer, EJ Augustin, JL AF Schaefer, EJ Augustin, JL TI Accuracy of food-frequency questionnaires - Reply to WC Willett SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Letter ID TRIAL; DIET C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Lipid Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Schaefer, EJ (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Lipid Metab Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 72 IS 5 BP 1235 EP 1236 PG 2 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 369XN UT WOS:000165093200031 ER PT J AU Bier, DM Lauer, RM Simell, O AF Bier, DM Lauer, RM Simell, O TI Fat intake during childhood - Proceedings of an international colloquium held in Houston, TX - June 8-9, 1998 - Preface SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Editorial Material ID DIETARY-FAT; OBESITY C1 Baylor Coll Med, USDA, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Univ Iowa Hosp, Div Pediat Cardiol, Iowa City, IA 52240 USA. Univ Turku, Dept Pediat, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland. RP Bier, DM (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, USDA, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 72 IS 5 SU S BP 1245S EP 1245S PG 1 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 371KE UT WOS:000165177500001 ER PT J AU Butte, NF AF Butte, NF TI Fat intake of children in relation to energy requirements SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Colloquium on Fat Intake During Childhood CY JUN 08-09, 1998 CL HOUSTON, TEXAS SP Mars Inc DE energy requirements; fat intake; basal metabolic rate; physical activity; energy expenditure; infants; children ID DOUBLY-LABELED WATER; DIETARY-FAT; BODY-COMPOSITION; 5-YEAR-OLD CHILDREN; YOUNG-CHILDREN; EXPENDITURE; GROWTH; AGE; ADOLESCENTS; ADIPOSITY AB The optimal fat intake for children is discussed in light of their energy requirements. Total energy requirements were estimated from doubly labeled water studies of total energy expenditure (TEE) and the energy cost of growth. Basal metabolic rates (BMRs) were calculated from weight by using the equations of Schofield et al or by indirect calorimetry. Activity energy expenditure and physical activity levels were calculated as TEE - BMR and TEE/BMR, respectively. Weight-specific energy requirements for maintenance and growth changed inversely to the increased energy needed for physical activity in healthy, active children. The total energy requirements of infants increased from 1.4 MJ/d at 1 mo to 4.0 MJ/d at 24 mo. The energy cost of growth decreased sharply from 37-38% to 2% of the total requirement during the first 24 mo of Life. Energy requirements increased from 4 MJ/d at 2 y to 11 MJ/d at 18 y in girls and from 5 to 15 MJ/d in boys. The energy cost of growth varied between 1% and 4% of total energy requirements in childhood and adolescence. The current recommendation of 30% of energy from dietary fat for children aged >2 y is sufficient for adequate growth. Lower fat intakes may be associated with inadequate vitamin and mineral intakes and increased risk of poor growth. Diets higher in fat may lead to higher energy intakes and higher body fat, although available data for children are conflicting. Beyond infancy, children can meet their energy needs for maintenance, physical activity, and growth from a diet providing 30% of energy from fat. C1 Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Butte, NF (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 44 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 72 IS 5 SU S BP 1246S EP 1252S PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 371KE UT WOS:000165177500002 PM 11063466 ER PT J AU Reinhardt, TA Filoteo, AG Penniston, JT Horst, RL AF Reinhardt, TA Filoteo, AG Penniston, JT Horst, RL TI Ca2+-ATPase protein expression in mammary tissue SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-CELL PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE breast; mammary gland; calcium pumps; calcium-transporting ATPase ID MEMBRANE CALCIUM-PUMP; YEAST SECRETORY PATHWAY; CA2+ PUMP; RAT-BRAIN; PLASMA; GOLGI; ISOFORMS; ATPASE; ANTIBODIES; CALMODULIN AB Protein expression of plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPases (PMCAs) and the putative Golgi secretory pathway Ca2+-ATPase (SPCA) was examined in rat mammary tissue. As lactation started, PMCA protein expression increased dramatically, and this increased expression paralleled milk production. Mammary PMCA was primarily PMCA2b but was similar to 4,000 daltons larger than expected. RT-PCR showed that the primary mammary PMCA2b transcript was alternatively spliced, at splice site A, to include an additional 135 bp, resulting in the insertion of 45 amino acids. This splice form is designated 2bw. PMCA2bw is secreted into milk, associated with the milk fat globule membrane. Therefore, PMCA2bw is located on the apical membrane of the secretory cell. Smaller amounts of PMCA1b and 4b protein were found in mammary tissue. PMCA4b was the major PMCA expressed in developing tissue, and its level declined as lactation started. PMCA1b expression increased moderately during lactation. SPCA protein expression increased 1 wk before parturition and increased further as lactation proceeded. The abundance and cell location of PMCA2b suggest that it is important for macro-Ca2+ homeostasis in lactating tissue. The pattern of expression and abundance of SPCA suggest that it is a candidate for the Golgi Ca2+-ATPase. C1 ARS, Periparturient Dis Cattle Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Mayo Clin & Mayo Fdn, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Rochester, MN 55905 USA. RP Reinhardt, TA (reprint author), ARS, Periparturient Dis Cattle Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RI Reinhardt, Timothy/A-7536-2009 OI Reinhardt, Timothy/0000-0001-5552-2509 NR 52 TC 77 Z9 81 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0363-6143 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-CELL PH JI Am. J. Physiol.-Cell Physiol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 279 IS 5 BP C1595 EP C1602 PG 8 WC Cell Biology; Physiology SC Cell Biology; Physiology GA 362QT UT WOS:000089790300032 PM 11029307 ER PT J AU Kimball, SR Jefferson, LS Nguyen, HV Suryawan, A Bush, JA Davis, TA AF Kimball, SR Jefferson, LS Nguyen, HV Suryawan, A Bush, JA Davis, TA TI Feeding stimulates protein synthesis in muscle and liver of neonatal pigs through an mTOR-dependent process SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM LA English DT Article DE neonate; growth; eukaryotic initiation factor 4E; 4E-binding protein 1; S6K1 ID P70 S6 KINASE; INITIATION-FACTOR 4E; RAT SKELETAL-MUSCLE; PHAS-I; TRANSLATION INITIATION; SIGNALING PATHWAY; AMINO-ACIDS; SUCKLING RATS; L6 MYOBLASTS; FOOD-INTAKE AB Protein synthesis is repressed in both skeletal muscle and liver after a short-term fast and is rapidly stimulated in response to feeding. Previous studies in rats and pigs have shown that the feeding-induced stimulation of protein synthesis is associated with activation of the 70-kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6K1) as well as enhanced binding of eukaryotic initiation factor eIF4E to eIF4G to form the active eIF4F complex. In cells in culture, hormones and nutrients regulate both of these events through a protein kinase termed the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). In the present study, the involvement of mTOR in the feeding induced stimulation of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle and liver was examined. Pigs at 7 days of age were fasted for 18 h, and then one-half of the animals were fed. In addition, one-half of the animals in each group were administered rapamycin (0.75 mg/kg) 2 h before feeding. The results reveal that treating 18-h fasted pigs with rapamycin, a specific inhibitor of mTOR, before feeding prevented the activation of S6K1 and the changes in eIF4F complex formation observed in skeletal muscle and liver after feeding. Rapamycin also ablated the feeding-induced stimulation of protein synthesis in liver. In contrast, in skeletal muscle, rapamycin attenuated, but did not prevent, the stimulation of protein synthesis in response to feeding. The results suggest that feeding stimulates hepatic protein synthesis through an mTOR-dependent process involving enhanced eIF4F complex formation and activation of S6K1. However, in skeletal muscle, these two processes may account for only part of the stimulation of protein synthesis, and thus additional steps may be involved in the response. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Cellular & Mol Physiol, Coll Med, Hershey, PA 17033 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Kimball, SR (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Cellular & Mol Physiol, Coll Med, 500 Univ Dr, Hershey, PA 17033 USA. FU NIAMS NIH HHS [R01 AR044474, R01 AR-44474]; NIDDK NIH HHS [DK-13499, DK-15658] NR 50 TC 82 Z9 82 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0193-1849 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-ENDOC M JI Am. J. Physiol.-Endocrinol. Metab. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 279 IS 5 BP E1080 EP E1087 PG 8 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Physiology SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Physiology GA 367FZ UT WOS:000090052200016 PM 11052963 ER PT J AU Huaman, Z Hoekstra, R Bamberg, JB AF Huaman, Z Hoekstra, R Bamberg, JB TI The Inter-genebank Potato Database and the dimensions of available wild potato germplasm SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF POTATO RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE potato; genebank; germplasm; genetic resources; database ID COLLECTING EXPEDITION; GENETIC-RESOURCES; TAXONOMY; PETOTA; DIVERSITY; MEXICO; WORLD; BANKS AB The Association of Potato Inter-genebank Collaborators (APIC) constructed a database of all wild potato holdings of the most important potato genebanks in Europe, the United States, Peru, and Argentina. The Inter-genebank Potato Database (TPD) now contains data of 11,819 wild potato accessions conserved in seven potato genebanks. The collector's number is the key identifier used to merge all databases into the IPD. A total of 7,112 different wild potato accessions were identified, which comprise 5,306 accessions with known collector's numbers. The IPD passport database showed that almost 30% of accessions held in APIC genebanks are from Argentina, a country that comprises less species diversity than Peru and Bolivia. These latter countries are represented by 24% and 20% of accessions, respectively. APIC genebanks maintain 188 Solanum taxa out of more than 230 recognized by the latest comprehensive treatment of potatoes (Solanum sect. Petota) by Hawkes (1990). About 60% of the accessions comprise only 20 taxa represented by 785 to 92 accessions each. Conversely, 2% of the accessions comprise 72 taxa and are represented by five or fewer accessions each. About 70 taxa are not available in any genebank. The IPD evaluation database comprises 5,603 records with data from more than 33,000 evaluations of wild potato accessions. Fifty-five traits are summarized, including the reactions of the accessions to 12 pathotypes or races or strains of 12 fungi, four bacteria, 12 viruses, one viroid, 13 nematodes, and seven insects; response to heat and cold stress; and content of dry matter, starch, vitamin C, amylase, reducing sugars, and glycoalkaloids. About 30% of the wild potato populations screened showed various levels of resistance to most of the diseases and pests evaluated. The IPD database is available on the Internet at www.potgenebank.org. C1 Int Potato Ctr, Lima 12, Peru. DLO, CGN, CPRO, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands. USDA ARS, Potato Intro Stn, Sturgeon Bay, WI 54235 USA. RP Huaman, Z (reprint author), Int Potato Ctr, Apartado 1558,Av La Univ 795, Lima 12, Peru. NR 46 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 2 PU POTATO ASSOC AMER PI ORONO PA UNIV MAINE, 5715 COBURN HALL, RM 6, ORONO, ME 04469-5715 USA SN 0003-0589 J9 AM J POTATO RES JI Am. J. Potato Res. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 77 IS 6 BP 353 EP 362 PG 10 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 387AT UT WOS:000166098500001 ER PT J AU Miller, LA Johns, BE Killian, GJ AF Miller, LA Johns, BE Killian, GJ TI Immunocontraception of white-tailed deer with GnRH vaccine SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE gonadotropin releasing hormone; immunocontraception; immunocontragestion; white-tailed deer ID GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE; ODOCOILEUS-VIRGINIANUS-BOREALIS; REPRODUCTIVE STEROIDS; ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION; EFFICIENT IMMUNOCASTRATION; PREGNANCY; IMMUNONEUTRALIZATION; PROGESTERONE; PEPTIDE; ANALOG AB PROBLEM: Reduction of excess numbers of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) is an example of a potential use for immunocontraception as a means of wildlife population management. METHOD OF STUDY: A 4 year multifaceted study was conducted to determine the long term effects of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) contraceptive vaccine on the fertility and behavior of female and male white-tailed deer. Deer were monitored for breeding behavior, hormone levels, pregnancy, fawning and GnRH specific antibody levels. RESULTS: Treatment lead to reduced fawning rates, altered estrus behavior, reduced concentrations of progesterone, contraception and failure to maintain pregnancy following conception. GnRH immunized does bred to untreated bucks had an 88% reduction in fawning caused by either immunocontraception or immunocontragestion. The vaccine effect is reversible, directly related to the antibody titer. Infertility lasted up to two years without boosting. GnRH immunized bucks demonstrated no interest in sexual activity when paired with control females. Depending on the immunization schedule, antlers either dropped early or remained in velvet. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study demonstrate that GnRH vaccine is effective in inducing a reversible infertility in white-tailed deer, the infertility lasting up to two years without boosting. C1 USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Miller, LA (reprint author), USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 4101 Laporte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 28 TC 82 Z9 87 U1 0 U2 14 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 8755-8920 J9 AM J REPROD IMMUNOL JI Am. J. Reprod. Immunol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 44 IS 5 BP 266 EP 274 DI 10.1111/j.8755-8920.2000.440503.x PG 9 WC Immunology; Reproductive Biology SC Immunology; Reproductive Biology GA 377DU UT WOS:000165497300003 PM 11125787 ER PT J AU Llewellyn, ZN Ou, X Chang, GJ Schmitt, B Salman, MD Akkina, RK AF Llewellyn, ZN Ou, X Chang, GJ Schmitt, B Salman, MD Akkina, RK TI Genetic analysis of vesicular stomatitis virus - New Jersey from the 1995 outbreak in the western United States SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; GLYCOPROTEIN; COLORADO; EVOLUTION; SEQUENCE; SEROTYPE; EPITOPES AB Objective-To compare molecular associations between the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-New Jersey isolates of the 1995 outbreak with those from previous outbreaks between 1982 and 1985 in the western United States. Sample Population-23 virus isolates considered representative of the 1995 outbreak of vesicular stomatitis. procedure-Viral gene coding for surface-envelope protein G was evaluated by use of nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Results-Changes in up to 0.77% of the nucleotide bases and 1.35% of the amino acids were detected among the 1995 viral isolates, whereas changes in up to 3.2 and 2.9% of the nucleotides and amino acids, respectively, were found, compared with the 1982 to 1985 viruses. insertions or deletions were not found in the entire gene, which spanned 1,554 nucleotide bases. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the 1995 VSV-New Jersey belongs to a lineage distinct from that of the 1982 to 1985 viruses that caused previous outbreaks in the western United States. Furthermore, it also is distinct from strains from Central America and from the Georgian Hazelhurst strain. C1 Colorado State Univ, Coll Vet Med & Biomed Sci, Dept Environm Hlth, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Coll Vet Med & Biomed Sci, Dept Pathol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Publ Hlth Serv, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Natl Vet Serv Labs, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Akkina, RK (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Coll Vet Med & Biomed Sci, Dept Environm Hlth, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 27 TC 0 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 61 IS 11 BP 1358 EP 1363 DI 10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.1358 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 369ZE UT WOS:000165097000005 PM 11108179 ER PT J AU Purdy, CW Loan, RW Straus, DC Briggs, RE Frank, GH AF Purdy, CW Loan, RW Straus, DC Briggs, RE Frank, GH TI Conglutinin and immunoconglutinin titers in stressed calves in a feedlot SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID TRANSTHORACIC CHALLENGE EXPOSURE; PASTEURELLA-HAEMOLYTICA; FEEDER CALVES; BOVINE SERUM; COLLECTINS; EFFICACY; CL-43; VACCINE; CATTLE; LECTIN AB Objective-To determine whether increased conglutinin titers are evident in stressed calves that do not develop respiratory tract disease in feedlots,compared with respiratory tract disease, and to determine the increase in immunoconglutinin titers. Animals-101 mixed-breed beef calves. Procedure-Calves were processed at 4 farms of origin and allowed to remain with their dams for another 100 days. Calves from each farm were brought to a centrally located order-buyer barn. In a feedlot, 101 calves were assigned to pens and observed daily for clinical signs of acute respiratory tract disease. When sick carves were detected, they were treated with antibiotics and isolated in a pen for 4 days. Conglutinin and immunoconglutinin titers were determined for all calves. Results-During the 28-day study, 73 calves developed respiratory tract disease, whereas 28 calves remained healthy. Mean conglutinin titers differed significantly among carves from the 4 farms. Significant differences were not detected in conglutinin titers among calves on the basis of sex, morbidity, or vaccination status against Mannheimia haemolytica at each farm, the order-buyer barn, or the feedlot on days 8, 15, and 28 after arrival. Immunoconglutinin titers in calves differed significantly among farms and morbidity status. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Mean conglutinin titers in calves do not appear to be associated with the incidence of acute respiratory tract disease; however, increased immunoconglutinin titers appear to be associated with recovery of stressed calves from respiratory tract disease during the first 15 days after arrival in a feedlot. C1 USDA ARS, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Lubbock, TX 79430 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Purdy, CW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, PO Drawer 10, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. NR 36 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 61 IS 11 BP 1403 EP 1409 DI 10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.1403 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 369ZE UT WOS:000165097000013 PM 11108187 ER PT J AU Miller, LA Johns, BE Killian, GJ AF Miller, LA Johns, BE Killian, GJ TI Immunocontraception of white-tailed deer using native and recombinant zona pellucida vaccines SO ANIMAL REPRODUCTION SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE fertility control; Odocoileus virginianus; porcine zona pellucida; PZP; recombinant peptide ID REMOTELY-DELIVERED IMMUNOCONTRACEPTION; REPRODUCTION AB We conducted a 2-year feasibility study with native porcine zona pellucida (PZP) vaccine and three recombinant rabbit zona pellucida vaccines (RC55, RC75a and a combination of RC55, RC75a and RC75b) as an initial phase of developing a recombinant immunocontraceptive vaccine to control reproduction in overpopulated herds of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Forty captive white-tailed does were divided into five,groups tone sham and four treated), of eight each and injected with a 500 mu g prime dose of vaccine. Each prime dose was followed by a 300 mu g booster dose at 3-7 weeks post prime. The frequency and number of months of observed breeding were higher in PZP immunized does than in sham controls. Although the antibody titers of the three recombinant groups were 1000 or less, as compared with the PZP group with liters often over 128,000, the fawning rates of the two recombinants were significantly lower than that of the control group. The combined antigen group did not have a significantly lower fawning rate. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Dairy & Anim Sci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Miller, LA (reprint author), USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 20 TC 26 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4320 J9 ANIM REPROD SCI JI Anim. Reprod. Sci. PD NOV 1 PY 2000 VL 63 IS 3-4 BP 187 EP 195 DI 10.1016/S0378-4320(00)00177-9 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Reproductive Biology SC Agriculture; Reproductive Biology GA 364YY UT WOS:000089922700007 PM 10989229 ER PT J AU Ford, JJ Berardinelli, JG Christenson, RK Anderson, LL AF Ford, JJ Berardinelli, JG Christenson, RK Anderson, LL TI Luteinizing hormone secretion as affected by hypophyseal stalk transection and estradiol-17 beta in ovariectomized gilts SO ANIMAL REPRODUCTION SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE luteinizing hormone; hypothalamic regulation; estradiol-17 beta; pig ID GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE; FEMALE RHESUS-MONKEY; PROLACTIN SECRETION; PITUITARY-RESPONSIVENESS; ESTROGEN; LH; PIGS; PROGESTERONE; SURGES; SITES AB The objectives were to determine hypothalamic regulation of pulsatile luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion in female pigs and the biphasic feedback actions of estradiol-17 beta (E-2-17 beta). In the first study, the minimum effective dosage of E-2-17 beta that would induce estrus in ovariectomized gilts was determined to be 20 mu g/kg body weight. In the second study, ovariectomized gilts were assigned randomly on day 0 to treatments: (a) hypophyseal stalk transection (HST), (b) cranial sham-operated control (SOC), and (c) unoperated control (UOC), On day 3, gilts from each group received a single i.m. injection of either E-2-17 beta (20 mu g/kg body weight) or sesame oil. Blood was collected from an indwelling jugular cannula at 15 min intervals for 3 h before (day -2) and after treatment (day 2) from HST, SOC and UOC gilts. On day 3, blood was collected at 2 h intervals for 12 h after E-2-17 beta or sesame oil injection and at 4 h intervals thereafter for 108 h. Pulsatile LH secretion in all gilts 2 days after ovariectomy exhibited a frequency of 0.9 +/- 0.06 peaks/h, amplitude of 1.3 +/- 0.13 ng/ml, baseline of 0.8 +/- 0.07. Serum LH concentrations from SOC and UOC gilts were similar on day 2 and profiles did not differ from those on day -2. In HST gilts pulsatile LH release was abolished and mean LH concentration decreased compared with controls (0 versus 0.9 +/- 0.06 peaks/h and 0.77 +/- 0.03 versus 1.07 +/- 0.07 ng/ml, respectively; P < 0.05). E-2-17 beta or sesame oil did not affect serum LH concentration in HST gilts, and LH remained constant throughout 120 h (0.7 +/- 0.07 ng/ml). In SOC and UOC control gilts, E-2-17 beta induced a 60% decrease (P < 0.05) in LH concentration within 12 h, and LH remained low until 48 h, then increased to peak values (P < 0.05) by 72 h, followed by a gradual decline to 120 h. Although pituitary weight decreased 31% in HST gilts compared with controls (228 versus 332 mg, P < 0.05), an abundance of normal basophils was evident in coronal sections of the adenohypophysis of HST comparable to that seen in control gilts. The third and fourth studies determined that hourly i.v. infusions of LHRH (2 mu g) and a second injection of E-2-17 beta 48h after the first had no effect on the positive feedback action of estrogen in UOC. However, in HST gilts that received LHRH hourly, the first injection of E-2-17 beta decreased (P < 0.05) plasma LH concentrations while the second injection of E-2-17 beta failed to induce a positive response to estrogen. These results indicate that both pulsatile LH secretion and the biphasic feedback action of E-2-17 beta on LEI secretion depend on hypothalamic regulatory mechanisms in the gilts. The isolated pituitary of HST gilts is capable of autonomous secretion of LH; E-2-17 beta will elicit direct negative feedback action on the isolated pituitary gland if the gonadotropes are supported by exogenous LHRH, but E-2-17 beta at high concentrations will not induce positive feedback in isolated pituitaries. Thus, the direct effect of E-2-17 beta on the pituitary of monkeys cannot be mimicked in pigs. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Iowa State Univ, Program Neurosci, Dept Anim Sci, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Anderson, LL (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Program Neurosci, Dept Anim Sci, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 44 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4320 J9 ANIM REPROD SCI JI Anim. Reprod. Sci. PD NOV 1 PY 2000 VL 63 IS 3-4 BP 255 EP 274 DI 10.1016/S0378-4320(00)00187-1 PG 20 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Reproductive Biology SC Agriculture; Reproductive Biology GA 364YY UT WOS:000089922700013 PM 10989235 ER PT J AU Adams, TS AF Adams, TS TI Effect of diet and mating on oviposition in the twospotted stink bug Perillus bioculatus (F.) (Heteroptera : pentatomidae) SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Perillus bioculatus; fecundity; artificial diet; oviposition rate; mating ID COLORADO POTATO BEETLE; PODISUS-MACULIVENTRIS HETEROPTERA; CLAVATUS HETEROPTERA; RHODNIUS-PROLIXUS; EGG-PRODUCTION; RELEASE; HEMIPTERA; PREDATOR; ALYDIDAE; HORMONE AB Control females of the twospotted stink bug, Perillus bioculatus (F.), and those given an artificial diet mated repeatedly over their lifetimes when held with males. The average number of observed matings was 4 and 8.4 in the controls and those given the artificial diet, respectively. Mating and an adequate diet are prerequisites for laying a full compliment of eggs in this insect. Virgins laid an average of 22 eggs compared with 138 in the multiply mated controls, 84 in singly mated females and 42 in multiply mated females given an artificial diet. The number of clutches deposited was not significantly affected by treatment, but the number of eggs per clutch was significantly lower in virgins and those given the artificial diet than in the controls or once mated females. The number of eggs per clutch showed no significant changes as the female aged. Oviposition rates were calculated over 5-d periods for each female and presented as eggs per day. In all experimental groups the number of eggs deposited per interval decreased as the females aged. By 27.5 d after the start of oviposition, females from all treatments laid one or fewer eggs per day. The decrease in eggs per day deposited by females as they aged is attributed to an increase in the time between clutch deposition. Egg viability showed no significant differences among the multiply mated controls, once mated females, or the multiply mated females given the artificial diet. This suggests that multiple mating is not required to maintain egg viability, but is necessary to maintain oviposition over the lifetime of the female. Low numbers of eggs oviposited by females given the artificial diet is attributed to the production of fewer mature follicles than in the controls and not to an impairment of the process of oviposition. In contrast, the lower number of eggs laid by virgin females results from an impairment of the oviposition process and not the impairment of ovarian follicle maturation. C1 USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, Red River Valley Agr Res Ctr, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Adams, TS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, Red River Valley Agr Res Ctr, POB 5674, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 28 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 8 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 93 IS 6 BP 1288 EP 1293 DI 10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[1288:EODAMO]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 378VN UT WOS:000165605900012 ER PT J AU Riddick, EW Aldrich, JR De Milo, A Davis, JC AF Riddick, EW Aldrich, JR De Milo, A Davis, JC TI Potential for modifying the behavior of the multicolored Asian lady beetle (Coleoptera : coccinellidae) with plant-derived natural products SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE lady beetles; Harmonia axyridis; repellents; natural products; camphor; push-pull; concept ID HARMONIA-AXYRIDIS PALLAS; UNITED-STATES; INSECTICIDAL PROPERTIES; MONOTERPENOIDS; LEPIDOPTERA; HYMENOPTERA; VIRGINIA; TOXICITY; COLONIES; PREDATOR AB Bioassays were conducted to study the effectiveness of selected chemicals to prevent the multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas),from overwintering in buildings. We discovered that certain monoterpenoids elicited avoidance in adults toward treated Biter paper within a petri dish bioassay at 1.0 mg/cm(2). Camphor and menthol were the most effective of the monoterpenoids tested. Y-tube olfactometer bioassays revealed that beetles spent significantly more time (within 10-min observation periods) in the untreated control arm than in the arm containing camphor or menthol (both at 100 and 1,000 mug). Another olfactometer bioassay revealed that significantly more beetles remained in the untreated control arm than in the arm containing camphor or menthol (142 mug) within 35-min observation periods. When camphor (9.4% emulsified concentrate) was sprayed onto crevices on the exterior of a building through which beetles were entering, 100% of approaching beetles were repelled for the duration of the tests (0.5 h, two replicates). In another field experiment, significantly fewer H. axyridis were captured in traps containing camphor versus un-baited control traps. Research is continuing to develop a protocol for repelling nuisance beetle aggregations and conserving the beetles for biological control applications. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Insect Chem Ecol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Riddick, EW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biol Control & Mass Rearing Res Unit, REE, MSA, POB 5367, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. OI riddick, eric/0000-0002-4795-961X NR 37 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 93 IS 6 BP 1314 EP 1321 DI 10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[1314:PFMTBO]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 378VN UT WOS:000165605900016 ER PT J AU Harris, JW Harbo, JR AF Harris, JW Harbo, JR TI Changes in reproduction of Varroa destructor after honey bee queens were exchanged between resistant and susceptible colonies SO APIDOLOGIE LA English DT Article DE Apis mellifera; Varroa destructor; resistance to pests; suppression of mite reproduction (SMRD) ID JACOBSONI MESOSTIGMATA; MITE; HYMENOPTERA; APIDAE; BROOD; OUD; STIMULATION; OVIPOSITION AB This study examines changes in reproduction and mortality of Varroa destructor when queens fi om stocks of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) that differ in susceptibility to the mites were exchanged between colonies. Queens were selected for suppression of mite reproduction (SMRD). In two experiments uniform colonies of bees were established: half the colonies were given queens selected for SMRD. and half were given unselected queens. Queens were exchanged after 7 (experiment 1) and 13 weeks (experiment 2). The percentage of mites that had no progeny was determined for each colony at 5 times (2 before and 3 after exchanging queens). Mites that had no progeny included live and dead mites. Results showed (1) that reproduction of mites is suppressed by adding a queen selected for SMRD, and (2) that a mite population recovers its reproduction when a SMRD queen is replaced by an unselected queen. Selection of the SMRD trait can be reduced to counting only live mites that laid no eggs and dead mites. C1 USDA ARS, Honey Bee Breeding Genet & Physiol Res Lab, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 USA. RP Harris, JW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Honey Bee Breeding Genet & Physiol Res Lab, 1157 Ben Hur Rd, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 USA. NR 26 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 7 PU E D P SCIENCES PI LES ULIS CEDEXA PA 7, AVE DU HOGGAR, PARC D ACTIVITES COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEXA, FRANCE SN 0044-8435 J9 APIDOLOGIE JI Apidologie PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 31 IS 6 BP 689 EP 699 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 390FB UT WOS:000166284100003 ER PT J AU Chang, PK Yu, JJ Ehrlich, KC Boue, SM Montalbano, BG Bhatnagar, D Cleveland, TE AF Chang, PK Yu, JJ Ehrlich, KC Boue, SM Montalbano, BG Bhatnagar, D Cleveland, TE TI adhA in Aspergillus parasiticus is involved in conversion of 5 '-hydroxyaverantin to averufin SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AFLATOXIN GENE-CLUSTER; BIOSYNTHETIC-PATHWAY; NORSOLORINIC ACID; DEHYDROGENASE; AVERANTIN; NIDULANS; CLONING; PROTEIN; FLAVUS; AFLR AB Two routes for the conversion of 5'-hydroxyaverantin (HAVN) to averufin (AVF) in the synthesis of aflatoxin have been proposed. One involves the dehydration of HAVN to the lactone averufanin (AVNN), which is then oxidized to AVP. Another requires dehydrogenation of HAVN to 5'-ketoaverantin, the open-chain form of AVF, which then cyclizes spontaneously to AVF, We isolated a gene, adhA, from the aflatoxin gene cluster of Aspergillus parasiticus SU-1. The deduced ADHA amino acid sequence contained two conserved motifs found in short-chain alcohol dehydrogenases-a glycine-rich loop (GXXXGXG) that is necessary for interaction with NAD(+)-NADP(+), and the motif YXXXK, which is found at the active site, A. parasiticus SU-1, which produces aflatoxins, has two copies of adhA (adhA1), whereas A. parasiticus SRRC 2043, a strain that accumulates O-methylsterigmatocystin (OMST), has only one copy. Disruption of adhA in SRRC 2043 resulted in a strain that accumulates predominantly HAVN, This result suggests that ADHA is involved in the dehydrogenation of HAVN to AVF. Those adhA disruptants that still made small amounts of OMST also accumulated other metabolites, including AVNN, after prolonged culture. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Chang, PK (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Bldg, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 36 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 66 IS 11 BP 4715 EP 4719 DI 10.1128/AEM.66.11.4715-4719.2000 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 369FM UT WOS:000165055300016 PM 11055914 ER PT J AU Cornick, NA Booher, SL Casey, TA Moon, HW AF Cornick, NA Booher, SL Casey, TA Moon, HW TI Persistent colonization of sheep by Escherichia coli O157 : H7 and other E-coli pathotypes SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC SYNDROME; DAIRY FARMS; EXPERIMENTAL-INFECTION; HEMORRHAGIC COLITIS; CATTLE; CALVES; TOXIN; PREVALENCE; 0157-H7; STRAINS AB Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia call (STEC) is an important cause of food-borne illness in humans. Ruminants appear to be more frequently colonized by STEC than are other animals, but the reason(s) for this is unknown. We compared the frequency, magnitude, duration, and transmissibility of colonization of sheep by E. coli O157:H7 to that by other pathotypes of E. coli. Young adult sheep were simultaneously inoculated with a cocktail consisting of two strains of E. coli O157:H7, two strains of enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), and one strain of enteropathogenic E. coli. Both STEC strains and ETEC 2011 were given at either 10(7) or 10(10) CFU/strain/animal. The other strains were given only at 10(10) CFU/strain. We found no consistent differences among pathotypes in the frequency, magnitude, and transmissibility of colonization. However, the STEC strains tended to persist to 2 weeks and 2 months pastinoculation more frequently than did the other pathotypes. The tendency for persistence of the STEC strains was apparent following; an inoculation dose of either 10(7) CFU. One of the ETEC strains also persisted when inoculated at 10(10) CFU. However, in contrast to the STEC strains, it did not persist when inoculated at 10(7) CFU. These results support the hypothesis that STEC is better adapted to persist in the alimentary tracts of sheep than are other pathotypes off. coli. C1 Iowa State Univ, Vet Med Res Inst, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Enteric Dis & Food Safety Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Cornick, NA (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Vet Med Res Inst, 1802 Elwood Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI41328] NR 59 TC 58 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 66 IS 11 BP 4926 EP + DI 10.1128/AEM.66.11.4926-4934.2000 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 369FM UT WOS:000165055300047 PM 11055945 ER PT J AU Muck, RE Holmes, BJ AF Muck, RE Holmes, BJ TI Factors affecting bunker silo densities SO APPLIED ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE silage; silos; density; packing; tractor; tires; bunker ID COMPACTION; FORAGE AB High densities in banker silos minimize losses and reduce storage costs; however the guidelines to attain high densities are based on relatively little research. The objective of this study was to determine those practices or factors most correlated with bunker silo density Density was measured in 175 bunker silos across Wisconsin using core samples collected at chest height (1.13 m, 3.70 ft, on average) across the feed-out-face. Silo filling practices were surveyed and correlated with density. Most silages sampled were alfalfa or corn. Dry matter densities ranged from 106 to 434 kg/m(3) (6.6 to 27.1 lb/ft(3)). The core densities were correlated with the height of silage above the core, indicating the effect of self-compaction, To adjust for this, ail densities were corrected for the median depth below the surface (2.16 m or 7.09 ft) using the equations of Pitt (1983) for density with height for the center of tower silos. The adjusted dry matter densities were most strongly correlated with how thinly a load was spread (L), tractor weight (W), packing time per tonne as-fed (T), and dry matter content (D). These four factors were combined into a packing factor [W (TD)IR L-l] that explained 18.2% of the variation in dry matter density. Additional factors such as the use of dual wheels, etc. did nor significantly improve the prediction of dry matter density An equation was developed to predict average density in a blinker silo based on the packing factor plus crop height in the silo. C1 ARS, USDA, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biol Syst Engn, Madison, WI USA. RP Muck, RE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, 1925 Linden Dr W, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 15 TC 38 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0883-8542 J9 APPL ENG AGRIC JI Appl. Eng. Agric. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 16 IS 6 BP 613 EP 619 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 392WH UT WOS:000166435200003 ER PT J AU Hanna, HM Bundy, DS Lorimor, JC Mickelson, SK Melvin, SW Erbach, DC AF Hanna, HM Bundy, DS Lorimor, JC Mickelson, SK Melvin, SW Erbach, DC TI Manure incorporation equipment effects on odor, residue cover, and crop yield SO APPLIED ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE application; applicators; manure spreaders; odors; crop residue; air quality; yields AB Land application of manure may produce unacceptable odors. Field experiments in undisturbed (no-till) soybean and corn residue were conducted to evaluate six liquid swine manure application/incorporation methods. The methods were injection with a commercial(1) chisel or (2) sweep, (3) incorporation with tandem disk harrow after broadcast application, (4) broadcast application with no incorporation, (5) injection with a narrow-profile knife, and (6) surface application behind row cleaners. The row cleaner and all injection treatments used spoke-covering wheels. Air samples over the soil surface were obtained immediately following and one day after manure application, and odor level was measured by olfactometry (i.e., the amount of air dilutions to reach odor threshold). Residue cover and yield were also measured. Incorporation techniques typically reduced odor level by a factor of three to ten as compared with a broadcast application. One day after application, odor was greatly reduced and often indistinguishable from that of untreated soil (no manure application). Residue cover differences among application methods were more pronounced in soybean residue. Application by the narrow-profile knife, row cleaner and chisel maintained soybean residue cover better than other incorporation methods yet limited odor similar To these methods. Although cover was reduced over winter, greater soybean residue cover remained after planting with fall than with spring manure applications. Differences in odor level and residue cover among methods were less in corn than soybean residue. All incorporation techniques reduced odor levels, and chisel incorporation maintained corn residue cover after planting similar to broadcast application. For both crops, broadcast application maintained the greatest residue cover but had the highest odor level. Incorporation of manure generally reduced odor reduced residue cover increased corn yield, and did not affect soybean yield. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, Ames, IA 50010 USA. ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Hanna, HM (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, 200B Davidson Hall, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 14 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0883-8542 J9 APPL ENG AGRIC JI Appl. Eng. Agric. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 16 IS 6 BP 621 EP 627 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 392WH UT WOS:000166435200004 ER PT J AU Keener, HM Elwell, DL Monnin, MJ AF Keener, HM Elwell, DL Monnin, MJ TI Procedures and equations for sizing of structures and windrows for composting animal mortalities SO APPLIED ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE composting; mortality; design; sizing AB Dead animal composting as a disposal method on U.S. farms began with poultry in the 1980s and later was adapted to swine. Most recently it has been adopted for other livestock (cattle, sheep), exotic animals, and road kill. In the past, specific recommendations were adopted for composing each species and failed to recognize the similarities for composting different species. This article describes the current procedures in composting animal mortalities and presents equations for animal decomposition times and sizing of the composting system. Results presented were supported by research on poultry (2 kg), calves (40 kg), and swine (210 kg) and suggest times for animal decomposition can be calculated as a simple function of body weight. Sizing of the composting structure or windrow was based on creating a biofilter envelope around the animal and is applicable for any species from 2 to 650 kg. These results, based or? the biofilter concept for dead animal composting, were compared with current recommendations for poultry and swine. C1 Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Dept Food Agr & Biol Engn, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. USDA, NRCS, Columbus, OH USA. RP Keener, HM (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Dept Food Agr & Biol Engn, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. NR 25 TC 19 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0883-8542 J9 APPL ENG AGRIC JI Appl. Eng. Agric. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 16 IS 6 BP 681 EP 692 PG 12 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 392WH UT WOS:000166435200011 ER PT J AU Barnes, EM Baker, MG AF Barnes, EM Baker, MG TI Multispectral data for mapping soil texture: Possibilities and limitations SO APPLIED ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE remote sensing; precision farming; soil mapping AB Soil maps derived from random or grid-based sampling schemes are often an important part of precision crop management. Sampling and soil analysis to derive such maps require a large investment of both time and money. Aerial photos have been used as a soil mapping aid for years. Studies have shown such an approach can be useful for defining management units in precision farming, but these studies are often limited to a single field, not an entire farming operation. In this study, multispectral airborne [green, red, near infrared (NIR), and thermal] and satellite (SPOT and Landsat TM) data were used to derive soil textural class maps for 350 ha of a 770 ha research and demonstration farm in Maricopa, Arizona. These maps were compared to soil textural analysis results from samples in the top 30 cm of the soil profile at an approximate grid spacing of 120 m. Differences in tillage, residue, soil moisture, etc. between fields limited the accuracy of spectral classification procedures when applied across the entire study area. However, using spectral classification procedures on a field-by-field basis, it was possible to map areas of soil textural class with reasonable accuracy. These results are specific to the study area and may not apply at other locations due to the numerous factors that can contribute to a soil's spectral response. Classification procedures were also used with vegetation present over the study area later in the season. Resulting vegetation classes may be helpful in deciding if soil classes impact crop development enough to warrant different management practices. C1 ARS, USDA, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Barnes, EM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, US Water Conservat Lab, 4331 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 28 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 15 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0883-8542 J9 APPL ENG AGRIC JI Appl. Eng. Agric. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 16 IS 6 BP 731 EP 741 PG 11 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 392WH UT WOS:000166435200016 ER PT J AU Salvucci, ME AF Salvucci, ME TI Effect of the alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, bromoconduritol, on carbohydrate metabolism in the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii SO ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE homopteran; carbon metabolism; sucrase; trehalulose synthase; honeydew ID SUCROSE CONCENTRATION; ACYRTHOSIPHON-PISUM; PHYSIOLOGICAL-ROLE; KINETIC-PROPERTIES; DIETARY SUCROSE; PEA APHID; HONEYDEW; OSMOREGULATION; MECHANISM; OLIGOSACCHARIDES AB The involvement of a-glucosidase in the partitioning of ingested sucrose between excretion and incorporation was investigated in the silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia argentifolii). Approximately half of the alpha -glucosidase activity in adult whiteflies was soluble and the remainder was associated with membranes. In contrast, almost all of the trehalulose synthase was membrane-associated. Isoelectric focusing revealed that soluble and membrane-associated alpha -glucosidases were each composed of several isozymes in the pH 5 to 6.5 range, but the distribution of activity among the various isozymes was different. Bromoconduritol, an inhibitor of glucosidases, inhibited trehalulose synthase and alpha -glucosidase activities in whitefly extracts. Inhibition was greatest when bromoconduritol was incubated with extracts prior to the addition of sucrose, consistent with the irreversible nature of this inhibitor. Addition of bromoconduritol to artificial diets decreased the extractable trehalulose synthase and alpha -glucosidase activities by about 30 and 50%, respectively. Ingestion of bromoconduritol reduced the amount of carbohydrate excreted by about 80% without changing the distribution of the major honeydew sugars or causing an increase in the proportion of sucrose that was excreted. Ingestion of bromoconduritol did not affect respiration, the content and distribution of soluble carbohydrates in whitefly bodies, or the conversion of labeled sucrose into glucose, trehalose and isobemisiose. The results indicate that partitioning of ingested carbon between excretion and metabolism in whiteflies is highly regulated, probably involving multiple forms of alpha -glucosidase that facilitate a separation of the processes involved in the metabolic utilization of sucrose from those involved in excretion of excess carbohydrate. Published 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Salvucci, ME (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, 4135 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 34 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 5 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0739-4462 J9 ARCH INSECT BIOCHEM JI Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 45 IS 3 BP 117 EP 128 DI 10.1002/1520-6327(200011)45:3<117::AID-ARCH3>3.0.CO;2-T PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology GA 397LF UT WOS:000166696600003 PM 11169751 ER PT J AU Schaberg, PG AF Schaberg, PG TI Winter photosynthesis in red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.): Limitations, potential benefits, and risks SO ARCTIC ANTARCTIC AND ALPINE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Ecological-Society-of-America CY AUG 10, 1999 CL SPOKANE, WASHINGTON SP Ecolog Soc Amer ID ELECTRON-TRANSPORT; PINUS-SILVESTRIS; SINK REGULATION; WATER RELATIONS; SEEDLINGS; CAPACITY; SOIL; TEMPERATURE; FOREST; INJURY AB Numerous cold-induced changes in physiology limit the capacity of northern conifers to photosynthesize during winter. Studies of red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) have shown that rates of field photosynthesis (P-field) and laboratory measurements of photosynthetic capacity (P-max) generally parallel seasonal ambient temperature trends; carbon exchange decreases in the fall, remains negative or close to zero for much of the winter, and increases in the spring. However, increases in P-field, P-max, and foliar carbohydrate concentrations can occur during winter thaws. Thaw-induced increases in photosynthesis are probably not the result of increased stomatal conductance, but may result from other changes in physiology associated with thaw-induced improvements in water relations. In addition to increased photosynthesis, red spruce also decrease in cold hardiness during thaws. The cooccurrence of thaw-induced changes in photosynthesis and cold hardiness raises questions regarding their adaptive significance, particularly in the context of potential climate change. Red spruce may face a tradeoff between potentially beneficial increases in carbon capture and potentially detrimental reductions in cold tolerance. The physiological consequence(s) of this tradeoff may depend on the number and duration of thaws, as well as ambient temperature trends following thaw. Pollution-induced reductions in cold tolerance, and the low genetic variability of red spruce, may also influence the net outcome of thaw-induced changes in physiology. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Burlington, VT 05401 USA. RP Schaberg, PG (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Burlington, VT 05401 USA. NR 49 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 11 PU INST ARCTIC ALPINE RES PI BOULDER PA UNIV COLORADO, BOULDER, CO 80309 USA SN 1523-0430 J9 ARCT ANTARCT ALP RES JI Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 32 IS 4 BP 375 EP 380 DI 10.2307/1552385 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 383YK UT WOS:000165912100003 ER PT J AU Cordell, S Goldstein, G Melcher, PJ Meinzer, FC AF Cordell, S Goldstein, G Melcher, PJ Meinzer, FC TI Photosynthesis and freezing avoidance in Ohia (Metrosideros polymorpha) at treeline in Hawaii SO ARCTIC ANTARCTIC AND ALPINE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Ecological-Society-of-America CY AUG 10, 1999 CL SPOKANE, WASHINGTON SP Ecolog Soc Amer ID GIANT ROSETTE PLANTS; ALTITUDINAL GRADIENT; WATER-BALANCE; MAUNA-LOA; TOLERANCE; LEAVES; TEMPERATURES AB Metrosideros polymorpha (Ohia), the dominant tree species in Hawaiian forest ecosystems, grows from sea level to treeline (2500 m). Carboxylation efficiency and area-based leaf N content were substantially higher at treeline than at lower elevations while leaf size and instantaneous photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency (PNUE) were substantially lower at treeline. For example, PNUE decreased from 45 mu mol CO2 mol N-1 at low elevation to 17.4 mu mol CO2 mol N-1 at high elevation. In contrast, average net CO2 assimilation and integrated PNUE remained relatively constant along the elevation gradient despite suboptimal temperatures and decreased soil nitrogen availability at treeline. These and other homeostatic mechanisms allow M. polymorpha to maintain a relatively high level of growth-related activities at treeline despite frequent near- and below-freezing temperatures. High-elevation populations avoided freezing by supercooling apparently as a result of small leaves, reduced intercellular spaces, and low apoplastic water content in leaves. Ice nucleation temperatures were about -8.5 degreesC for leaves of treeline populations, 3 degreesC lower than those of low elevation populations. Irreversible tissue damage temperature decreased 7 degreesC from sea level to treeline. However, the decrease appeared to be only large enough to allow M. polymorpha trees to avoid leaf tissue damage due to freezing up to the current location of treeline. All of the above leaf traits in high-elevation populations serve to promote carbon gain in a nutrient and temperature limited environment as well as to avoid freezing by supercooling. C1 Univ Hawaii, Dept Bot, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Hawaii Agr Res Ctr, Aiea, HI 96701 USA. RP Cordell, S (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, 23 E Kawili St, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. RI Meinzer, Frederick/C-3496-2012 NR 33 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 13 PU INST ARCTIC ALPINE RES PI BOULDER PA UNIV COLORADO, BOULDER, CO 80309 USA SN 1523-0430 J9 ARCT ANTARCT ALP RES JI Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 32 IS 4 BP 381 EP 387 DI 10.2307/1552386 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 383YK UT WOS:000165912100004 ER PT J AU Detwiler, LA Rubenstein, R AF Detwiler, LA Rubenstein, R TI Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: An overview SO ASAIO JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB-DISEASE; PROTEASE-RESISTANT FORMS; VIRUS-LIKE PARTICLES; PRION PROTEIN; SCRAPIE AGENT; NEUROBLASTOMA-CELLS; NUCLEIC-ACID; VARIANT CJD; BSE AGENT; CONGO RED AB Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), widely known as "mad cow disease," is a chronic, degenerative disease affecting the central nervous system of cattle. Worldwide, there have been more than 180,000 cases since the disease was first diagnosed in 1986 in Great Britain. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy has had a substantial impact on the livestock industry in the United Kingdom. The disease has also been confirmed in native-born cattle in Belgium, Denmark, France, Ireland, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein, The Netherlands, Northern Ireland, Portugal, and Switzerland. However, over 95% of all BSE cases have occurred in the United Kingdom. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy is not known to exist in the United States. C1 USDA, APHIS, Vet Serv, Robbinsville, NJ 08691 USA. New York State Off Mental Retardat & Dev Disabil, Dept Virol, Inst Basic Res Dev Disabil, Staten Isl, NY USA. RP Detwiler, LA (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, Vet Serv, 320 Corp Blvd, Robbinsville, NJ 08691 USA. NR 68 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1058-2916 J9 ASAIO J JI Asaio J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 46 IS 6 BP S73 EP S79 DI 10.1097/00002480-200011000-00041 PG 7 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Transplantation SC Engineering; Transplantation GA 374LU UT WOS:000165347300040 PM 11110298 ER PT J AU Ostos, MA Lopez-Miranda, J Marin, C Castro, P Gomez, P Paz, E Pereperez, JAJ Ordovas, JM Perez-Jimenez, F AF Ostos, MA Lopez-Miranda, J Marin, C Castro, P Gomez, P Paz, E Pereperez, JAJ Ordovas, JM Perez-Jimenez, F TI The apolipoprotein A-IV-360His polymorphism determines the dietary fat clearance in normal subjects SO ATHEROSCLEROSIS LA English DT Article DE postprandial lipemia; apolipoprotein A-IV; apo IV-360His polymorphism; triacylglycerol; retinyl palmitate; cholesterol ID APO-A-IV; GLUTAMINE HISTIDINE POLYMORPHISM; MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; POSTPRANDIAL LIPEMIA; PLASMA-LIPOPROTEINS; GENETIC-VARIATION; RETINYL ESTERS; A-IV-2 ALLELE; CHOLESTEROL; SERUM AB Apolipoprotein IV (apo A-IV) has been related to fat absorption and to the activation of some of the enzymes involved in lipid metabolism. Several polymorphic sites within the gene locus for apo A-IV have been detected. Previous studies have shown that the A-IV-2 isoform produces a different plasma lipid response after the consumption of diets with different fat and cholesterol content. The present study was designed to evaluate whether the apo A-IV 360His polymorphism could explain, at least in part, the interindividual variability observed during postprandial lipemia. Fifty-one healthy male volunteers (42 homozygous for the apo A-IV 360Gln allele (Gln/Gln) and nine carriers of the A-IV-360His allele), homozygous for the apo E3 allele, were subjected to a vitamin A-fat load test consisting of 1 g of fat/kg body weight and 60 000 IU of vitamin A. Blood was drawn at time 0 and every hour for 11 h. Plasma cholesterol (C), triacylglycerol (TG), and C, TG, apo B-100, apo B-48, apo A-IV and retinyl palmitate (RP) were determined in lipoprotein fractions. Data of postprandial lipemia revealed that subjects with the apo A-IV 360His allele had significantly greater postprandial levels in small triacylglycerol rich lipoproteins (TRL)-C (P < 0.02), small TRL-TG (P < 0.01) and large TRL-TG (P < 0.05) than apo A-IV 360Gln/Gln subjects. In conclusion, the modifications observed in postprandial lipoprotein metabolism in subjects with the A-IV 360His allele could be involved in the different low density lipoprotein (LDL)-C responses observed in these subjects following a diet rich in cholesterol and saturated fats. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Hosp Univ Reina Sofia, Unidad Lipidos & Arteriosclerosis, Cordoba 14004, Spain. Hosp Alton Guadalquvir, Med Interna Serv, Andujar, Spain. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Lipid Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Perez-Jimenez, F (reprint author), Hosp Univ Reina Sofia, Unidad Lipidos & Arteriosclerosis, Avda Menendez Pidal S-N, Cordoba 14004, Spain. OI Perez-Jimenez, Francisco/0000-0001-7499-7681; Perez Jimenez, Francisco/0000-0001-9808-1280; Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL 54776] NR 44 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0021-9150 J9 ATHEROSCLEROSIS JI Atherosclerosis PD NOV PY 2000 VL 153 IS 1 BP 209 EP 217 DI 10.1016/S0021-9150(00)00400-7 PG 9 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 369EE UT WOS:000165052400023 PM 11058717 ER PT J AU Koppenhofer, AM Brown, IM Gaugler, R Grewal, PS Kaya, HK Klein, MG AF Koppenhofer, AM Brown, IM Gaugler, R Grewal, PS Kaya, HK Klein, MG TI Synergism of entomopathogenic nematodes and imidacloprid against white grubs: Greenhouse and field evaluation SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE Cyclocephala; Popillia japonica; Exomala orientalis; Heterorhabditis; Steinernema scarab; insect-parasitic nematodes; integrated pest management ID BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS; COLEOPTERA; TURFGRASS; LARVAE AB In previous greenhouse studies, the insecticide imidacloprid and the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar interacted synergistically against third instars of the masked chafers Cyclocephala hirta LeConte and C, pasadenae Casey (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), We tested this interaction for two additional nematode species and three additional scarab species under held conditions. In greenhouse tests, H. bacteriophora and Steinernema glaseri (Steiner) interacted synergistically against third instars of the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, the oriental beetle, Exomala orientalis Waterhouse, and the masked chafers Cyclocephala borealis Arrow, C. pasadenae, and C. hirta The degree of interaction varied with nematode species. The strongest synergism occurred between imidacloprid and S. glaseri. Synergism between imidacloprid and H. bacteriophora was weaker and the interaction was not always significant. Combinations of imidacloprid and S, kushidai Mamiya only resulted in additive mortality, The synergistic interaction was also observed in field trials but the results were more variable than those under greenhouse conditions. The combination of nematodes and imidacloprid could be used for curative treatments of white grub infestations, especially against scarab species that are less susceptible to nematodes and/or imidacloprid, This combination has a low environmental impact and high compatibility with natural biological control of turfgrass insects. The possible roles of these combinations in augmentative control approaches are discussed. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Entomol, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Dept Entomol, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Nematol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. ARS, Hort Insects Res Lab, USDA, OARDC, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. RP Koppenhofer, AM (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Dept Entomol, Blake Hall,93 Lipman Dr, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. NR 26 TC 60 Z9 80 U1 1 U2 22 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD NOV PY 2000 VL 19 IS 3 BP 245 EP 251 DI 10.1006/bcon.2000.0863 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 372HW UT WOS:000165229100006 ER PT J AU Liu, XY Lindemann, WC Whitford, WG Steiner, RL AF Liu, XY Lindemann, WC Whitford, WG Steiner, RL TI Microbial diversity and activity of disturbed soil in the northern Chihuahuan Desert SO BIOLOGY AND FERTILITY OF SOILS LA English DT Article DE microorganisms; diversity; activity; grazing; stress ID SIMULATED RAINFALL; LITTER QUANTITIES; COMMUNITIES; MICROARTHROPODS; RESPIRATION; PATTERNS; DYNAMICS; BIOMASS; CARBON; RHIZOSPHERE AB The effects of intense grazing, seasonal drought, and fire on soil microbial diversity (substrate utilization) and activity in a northern Chihuahuan Desert grassland were measured in summer 1997, winter 1998, and spring 1998. Intense livestock grazing was initiated in winter 1995, burning occurred in August 1994, and drought stresses were imposed from October 1994 to June 1997. Microbial diversity was inferred from the cal-bon substrate utilization patterns in both gram (+) and gram (-) Biolog plates. Microbial activity was estimated by the activity of selected enzymes. Neither microbial diversity nor activity was affected by grazing. The interaction of intense grazing and stress sub-treatments only occurred in spring for one set of diversity measurements. The maximum microbial diversity and activity occurred in the winter-drought-stress sub-plots in summer and spring. Burning reduced microbial diversity and most enzyme activities as compared to the control in summer and spring. Microbial diversity was also lower in summer-drought-stress sub-plots than in thr: control in summer and spring. Microbial diversity was highest in summer, intermediate in winter, and lowest in spring. Microbial activity was generally higher in summer and lower in winter. it was concluded that substrate availability was the most important factor affecting the diversity and activity of soil microorganisms within a season. Soil moisture was not the factor causing differences in microbial diversity and activity among the stress treatments, but it was a predictor for some microbial responses under a particular stress. C1 New Mexico State Univ, Dept Agron & Hort, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Dept 3JER, USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Univ Stat Ctr, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Liu, XY (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, Dept Agron & Hort, Box 3Q, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NR 35 TC 15 Z9 31 U1 6 U2 35 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0178-2762 J9 BIOL FERT SOILS JI Biol. Fertil. Soils PD NOV PY 2000 VL 32 IS 3 BP 243 EP 249 DI 10.1007/s003740000242 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 379BB UT WOS:000165620100010 ER PT J AU Cochran, VL Pugin, JA Sparrow, SD AF Cochran, VL Pugin, JA Sparrow, SD TI Effects of migratory geese on nitrogen availability and primary productivity in subarctic barley fields SO BIOLOGY AND FERTILITY OF SOILS LA English DT Article DE manure; subarctic; Canada geese; nitrogen-15; nitrogen recovery efficiency ID WHEAT STRAW DECOMPOSITION; ARCTIC AGRICULTURAL SOIL; CROP RESIDUES; MINERALIZATION; MANURE; CARBON AB Migratory geese affect agricultural production by removing biomass and by depositing fecal nutrients. This study used N-15 as a tracer to examine the quantitative effects of goose fecal N contributions on agricultural production. Barley (Hordeum vulgare cv. Datal) was grown for the production of N-15-labeled grain and straw. Two Canada geese (Branta canadensis Taverners) were fed the grain after harvest to obtain N-15-labeled and unlabeled feces. Net N mineralization and micro-plot studies both indicated that in comparison to barley grain and straw, goose feces provided the greatest amount of available N to the soil and to the subsequent crop, and consequently higher barley yields (59% and 62% increase, respectively). However, C mineralization was greater from grain, with 56% evolved compared to 49% and 26% for feces and straw, respectively. Goose feces also provided the greatest addition of N for the barley plants, with fertilizer N recovery efficiency (FNRE) of 16%, compared to FNRE of 10% from the grain amendment, and 1.2% from the straw amendment. The amount of N available in fecal material from leftover grain consumed by grazing geese is small in comparison to total crop needs, but is a potential source of mineral N during the critical early growth of crops grown in cold, high-latitude soils. C1 USDA ARS, No Plains Agr Res Lab, Sidney, MT 59270 USA. Univ Alaska, Sch Agr & Resources Management, Dept Plant Anim & Soil Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. USDA ARS, No Plains Agr Res Lab, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. RP Cochran, VL (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Plains Agr Res Lab, 1500 N Cent Ave, Sidney, MT 59270 USA. NR 31 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 10 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0178-2762 J9 BIOL FERT SOILS JI Biol. Fertil. Soils PD NOV PY 2000 VL 32 IS 4 BP 340 EP 346 DI 10.1007/s003740000257 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 379BC UT WOS:000165620200011 ER PT J AU Krishnan, MS Taylor, F Davison, BH Nghiem, NP AF Krishnan, MS Taylor, F Davison, BH Nghiem, NP TI Economic analysis of fuel ethanol production from corn starch using fluidized-bed bioreactors SO BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE fuel ethanol; fluidized-bed bioreactors; immobilization; economic analysis ID ZYMOMONAS-MOBILIS AB The economics of fuel ethanol production from dry-milled corn starch were studied in fluidized-bed bioreactors (FBRs) using immobilized biocatalysts. Glucoamylase immobilized on porous diatomaceous earth was used for hydrolysis of the starch to glucose in a packed-bed reactor. The fermentation of glucose to ethanol was carried out in FBRs using Zymomonas mobilis immobilized in kappa-carageenan beads. Volumetric ethanol productivities of up to 24 g/l h were achieved in non-optimized laboratory-scale systems. For a 15 million gal/yr ethanol plant, an economic analysis of this process was performed with Aspen Plus (Aspen Technology, Cambridge, MA) process simulation software. The analysis shows that an operating cost savings in the range of 1.1-3.1 cents/gal can be realized by using the FBR technology. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem Technol, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Nghiem, NP (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem Technol, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Davison, Brian/D-7617-2013 OI Davison, Brian/0000-0002-7408-3609 NR 12 TC 41 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0960-8524 J9 BIORESOURCE TECHNOL JI Bioresour. Technol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 75 IS 2 BP 99 EP 105 DI 10.1016/S0960-8524(00)00047-X PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels GA 328NV UT WOS:000087857700001 ER PT J AU Baker, KS Benson, BJ Henshaw, DL Blodgett, D Porter, JH Stafford, SG AF Baker, KS Benson, BJ Henshaw, DL Blodgett, D Porter, JH Stafford, SG TI Evolution of a multisite network information system: The LTER information management paradigm SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-GENOME-PROJECT; TERM ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH; ENVIRONMENTAL-RESEARCH; COOPERATIVE WORK; CHALLENGES; PROGRAM; INFRASTRUCTURE; FRAMEWORK; INTERNET; SCIENCES C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Alaska, Forest Soils Lab, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. Colorado State Univ, Coll Nat Resources, Dept Forest Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Baker, KS (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NR 87 TC 38 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD NOV PY 2000 VL 50 IS 11 BP 963 EP 978 DI 10.1641/0006-3568(2000)050[0963:EOAMNI]2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 376LE UT WOS:000165458400007 ER PT J AU Naiman, RJ Bilby, RE Bisson, PA AF Naiman, RJ Bilby, RE Bisson, PA TI Riparian ecology and management in the Pacific Coastal Rain Forest SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID 4TH-ORDER MOUNTAIN STREAM; LARGE WOODY DEBRIS; HYPORHEIC ZONE; STORM DYNAMICS; COHO SALMON; RIVER; WASHINGTON; NORTHWEST; BIODIVERSITY; COMMUNITIES C1 Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Weyerhaeuser Co, Tacoma, WA 98477 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. RP Naiman, RJ (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RI Naiman, Robert /K-3113-2012 NR 67 TC 166 Z9 180 U1 1 U2 47 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD NOV PY 2000 VL 50 IS 11 BP 996 EP 1011 DI 10.1641/0006-3568(2000)050[0996:REAMIT]2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 376LE UT WOS:000165458400009 ER PT J AU Moser, JC Macias-Samano, JE AF Moser, JC Macias-Samano, JE TI Tarsonemid mite associates of Dendroctonus frontalis (Coleoptera : Scolytidae): Implications for the historical biogeography of D-frontalis SO CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN PINE-BEETLE; ASCOSPORES; DISPERSAL; FUNGUS AB Seven species of mites (Acari: Tarsenomidae) were associated with two local outbreaks of the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmerman, in Chiapas, Mexico; three of these species were new records for Mexico and Central America. The morphology and phoretic behavior of these mites differed little between the western and southern populations from the United States. One major difference was that the hyperphoretic ascospores of the southern pine beetle mycangial fungus, Ceratocystiopsis sp. (Ophiostomataceae), were common in sporothecae of Tarsonemus krantzi Smiley and Moser (Acari: Tarsonemidae) and Tarsonemus ips Lindquist in Chiapas, Mexico, whereas the ascospores of the blue stain fungus, Ophiostoma minus (Hedgcock) H. and P. Sydow (Ophiostomataceae), were rare; this situation in the southern United Stares is reversed. The paucity of behavioral and morphological differences between the two southern pine beetle populations and the relevant historical climatology suggest that the appearance of D. frontalis in the southern United States may be a recent event. C1 US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, USDA, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. Colegio Frontera Sur, Tapachula 30700, Chiapas, Mexico. RP Moser, JC (reprint author), US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, USDA, 2500 Shreveport Hwy, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. NR 26 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC CANADA PI OTTAWA PA 393 WINSTON AVE, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K2A 1Y8, CANADA SN 0008-347X J9 CAN ENTOMOL JI Can. Entomol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 132 IS 6 BP 765 EP 771 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 388CU UT WOS:000166160500005 ER PT J AU Miller, DR AF Miller, DR TI Vertical displacement of Ips latidens and Ips pini (Coleoptera : Scolytidae) by semiochemical interruption SO CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID BARK BEETLES; LODGEPOLE PINE; LECONTE COLEOPTERA; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; SAY COLEOPTERA; HOST VOLATILES; PHEROMONE; AGGREGATION; VERBENONE; ENGRAVER AB The effect of semiochemical interruptants was examined for Ips latidens (LeConte) and Ips pini (Say) using artificial trees (tall-traps) consisting of an array of seven Lindgren multiple-funnel traps suspended vertically on a rope ladder. S-(+)-Ipsdienol reduced the numbers of I. latidens captured in (+/-)-ipsenol-baited funnel traps relative to funnel traps immediately above them and to control tall-traps. The combination of (+/-)-exo-brevicomin and cis- and trans-verbenol reduced the numbers of I. pini captured in (+/-)-ipsdienol-baited funnel traps relative to funnel traps immediately above them and to control tall-traps. These results provide support for semiochemical-based post-management tactics that utilize a point source of interruptant at the base of a tree while noting limitations in behavioural effects and efficacy. C1 Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Ctr Pest Management, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. RP Miller, DR (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, So Res Stn, USDA, 320 Green St, Athens, GA 30602 USA. EM dmiller03@fs.fed.us NR 53 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC CANADA PI OTTAWA PA 393 WINSTON AVE, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K2A 1Y8, CANADA SN 0008-347X J9 CAN ENTOMOL JI Can. Entomol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 132 IS 6 BP 789 EP 797 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 388CU UT WOS:000166160500008 ER PT J AU de Groot, P DeBarr, GL AF de Groot, P DeBarr, GL TI Response of cone and twig beetles (Coleoptera : Scolytidae) and a predator (Coleoptera : Cleridae) to pityol, conophthorin, and verbenone SO CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID RESINOSAE HOPKINS COLEOPTERA; FACTORS AFFECTING CAPTURE; CONIPERDA SCHWARZ; THANASIMUS-DUBIUS; PHEROMONE TRAPS; BARK BEETLE; PINE AB Field studies were conducted in the United States and Canada to determine the response of the white pine cone beetle, Conophthorus coniperda (Schwarz), and the red pine cone beetle, Conophthorus resinosae Hopkins, to two potential inhibitors, conophthorin and verbenone, of pheromone communication. Trap catches of male C. coniperda and C., resinosae were significantly reduced and generally declined with increasing concentrations of conophthorin in traps baited with the pityol, a female-produced pheromone. Verbenone did not significantly reduce trap catches of C. coniperda. Conophthorin, but not verbenone, significantly reduced cone attacks by C. coniperda when placed near cone clusters. The twig beetles, Pityophthorus cariniceps LeConte and Pityophthorus puberulus (LeConte), responded to traps with pityol and alpha -pincne baits alone or with conophthorin. Thanasimus dubius (E) (Coleoptera: Cleridae) was attracted to the pityol and alpha -pinene, but conophthorin had no effect on attraction of this generalist bark beetle predator. Verbenone significantly reduced trap catches of T. dubius in pityol-baited traps. C1 Nat Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Serv, Great Lakes Forestry Ctr, Sault St Marie, ON P6A 5M7, Canada. US Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, So Res Stn, USDA, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP de Groot, P (reprint author), Nat Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Serv, Great Lakes Forestry Ctr, Box 490, Sault St Marie, ON P6A 5M7, Canada. NR 29 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC CANADA PI OTTAWA PA 393 WINSTON AVE, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K2A 1Y8, CANADA SN 0008-347X J9 CAN ENTOMOL JI Can. Entomol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 132 IS 6 BP 843 EP 851 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 388CU UT WOS:000166160500012 ER PT J AU Poland, TM Haack, RA Petrice, TR Sadof, CS Onstad, DW AF Poland, TM Haack, RA Petrice, TR Sadof, CS Onstad, DW TI Dispersal of Tomicus piniperda (Coleoptera : Scolytidae) from operational and simulated mill yards SO CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID EFFECTIVE ATTRACTION RADIUS; PINE SHOOT BEETLES; BARK BEETLES; SCOTS PINE; HOST VOLATILES; L COL; PHEROMONE; RECOGNITION; RECAPTURE; SWEDEN AB The pine shout beetle, Tomicus piniperda (L.), is an exotic pest that is: regulated by federal quarantines in the United States and Canada. Mark-release-recapture experiments were performed with infested logs coated with fluorescent powder to determine if overwintering beetles in logs would leave a mill yard if infested logs were transported to sawmills in uninfested areas. Overwintering T. piniperda adults were marked with powder as they emerged in spring. Dispersal studies were conducted in four simulated mill yards and five operational sawmills to determine whether T. piniperda would colonize only the log pile in which they overwintered, fly to nearby log piles, or disperse beyond the mill yard. Each simulated mill yard was composed of 36 uninfested red pine logs, Pinus resinosa Air. (Pinaceae), and 12 alpha -pinene-baited funnel traps set up to 100 m from a central release pile of six uninfested red pine and nine infested logs of Scotch pine, Pinus sylvestris L. At the five operational sawmills, baited funnel traps were set up to 400 m outside of each mill yard. Overall, 482 T. piniperda galleries were found on the experimental logs recovered from the four simulated mill yards combined. Tomicus piniperda adults dispersed and attacked the most distant logs at 100 m from the release point in the simulated mill yards. Likewise, adults were captured in baited funnel traps at distances up to 230 m in simulated mill yards and 250 m around operational sawmills. Although numbers of recaptured T, piniperda were generally low, in all cases some adults dispersed outside the mill yards despite the presence of abundant suitable bleeding material. Therefore, logs containing overwintering adults pose a risk of spreading T. piniperda if not processed prior to initiation of spring flight. C1 Michigan State Univ, USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Entomol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Poland, TM (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, 1407 S Harrison Rd,Room 220, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. NR 45 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC CANADA PI OTTAWA PA 393 WINSTON AVE, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K2A 1Y8, CANADA SN 0008-347X J9 CAN ENTOMOL JI Can. Entomol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 132 IS 6 BP 853 EP 866 PG 14 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 388CU UT WOS:000166160500013 ER PT J AU Aldrich, JR Zhang, A Oliver, JE AF Aldrich, JR Zhang, A Oliver, JE TI Attractant pheromone and allomone from the metathoracic scent gland of a broad-headed bug (Hemiptera : Alydidae) SO CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID RIPTORTUS-CLAVATUS HETEROPTERA; SEX-PHEROMONE; THUNBERG HETEROPTERA; CONSPECIFIC ADULTS; BEAN BUG; MIRIDAE; NYMPHS AB Females of Alydus eurinus (Say) release an attractant pheromone from their meta thoracic scent gland. Conspecific males and, to a lesser extent, females and nymphs were attracted to blends containing the female-specific essential pheromone components 2-methylbutyl butyrate and (E)-2-methyl-2-butenyl butyrate, whereas individuals of Alydus pilosulus Herrick-Schaeffer were not attracted. When attacked, however, alydid adults emit chemicals for defense-butyric and hexanoic acids in A. eurinus-from the metathoracic scent glands. Mimicry is actually the first line of defense for most broad-headed bugs, including the common North American species studied here, whose nymphs are remarkable ant mimics and whose adults strongly resemble spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae). The possibility that disparate heteropterans (Hemiptera) produce sexual pheromones in their metathoracic scent glands must be considered in future pheromone research on heteropterans, especially fur species with the specialized lines of defense indicated by aposematism or mimicry. C1 ARS, USDA, Chem Affecting Insect Behav Lab, Agr Res Ctr W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Aldrich, JR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Chem Affecting Insect Behav Lab, Agr Res Ctr W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 28 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC CANADA PI OTTAWA PA 393 WINSTON AVE, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K2A 1Y8, CANADA SN 0008-347X J9 CAN ENTOMOL JI Can. Entomol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 132 IS 6 BP 915 EP 923 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 388CU UT WOS:000166160500018 ER PT J AU Rappaport, NG Stein, JD Mora, AAD DeBarr, G de Groot, P Mori, S AF Rappaport, NG Stein, JD Mora, AAD DeBarr, G de Groot, P Mori, S TI Responses of Conophthorus spp. (Coleoptera : Scolytidae) to behavioral chemicals in field trials: A transcontinental perspective SO CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID PINE-CONE BEETLE; GREEN LEAF VOLATILES; RESINOSAE HOPKINS COLEOPTERA; FACTORS AFFECTING CAPTURE; CONIPERDA SCHWARZ; PONDEROSAE COLEOPTERA; PHEROMONE TRAPS; SEX-PHEROMONE; AGGREGATION AB We tested six behavioral chemicals, pityol, conophthorin, 4-allylanisole, verbenone, 2-hexenol, and alpha -pinene, in a series of field trials directed at six combinations of Conophthorus Hopkins - Pinus L. spp. (Pinaceae) in sites distributed across North America. Beetle - host tree combinations included Conophthorus ponderosae Hopkins on Pinus ponderosa Laws., C. ponderosae on Pinus monticola Dougl., Conophthorus conicolens Wood on Pinus pseudostrobus Lindl., Conophthorus teocotum Wood on Pinus teocote Schl. & Cham., Conophthorus coniperda (Schwarz) on Pinus strobus L., and Conophthorus resinosae Hopkins on Pinus resinosa Ait. trans-Verbenol was tested only on C. resinosae on P. resinosa. Traps baited with pityol caught more beetles than unbaited traps in nearly all of the assays, and conophthorin consistently inhibited male beetle response to pityol for all species tested. Behavioral responses of species of Conophthorus to alpha -pinene appeared to parallel host phylogeny, inasmuch as beetles using Haploxylon pines as hosts utilized alpha -pinene as a synergist for the beetle-produced pityol, whereas beetles using Diploxylon pines as hosts did not. alpha -Pinene was a synergist for pityol in C. ponderosae on P. monticola and C. coniperda on P. strobus, but not for species of Conophthorus on any other pines tested. Conophthorus ponderosae on P. ponderosa was the only beetle-host combination tested where verbenone was a synergist fur pityol, but tills effect was not consistent in all years of testing. It was also the only beetle-host combination in which 4-allylanisole was a repellent. For all other beetle-host combinations, verbenone was neutral to slightly repellent and 4-allylanisole was either synergistic or neutral in pityol-baited traps. Promising synergists and interruptants/repellents were identified for implementation in pest-management regimes, including conophthorin as an interruptant for all species of Conophthorus tested, 4-allylanisole as an interruptant for C. ponderosae on P. ponderosa, cr-pinene as a synergist for pityol in all species tested on Haploxylon pines, and 4-allylanisole as a synergist for pityol in C. conicolens and C. coniperda. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Berkeley, CA 94701 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Hlth Technol Enterprise Team, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. Univ Michoacana, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Nat Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Serv, Great Lakes Forestry Ctr, Sault Ste Marie, ON P6A 5M7, Canada. RP Rappaport, NG (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Berkeley, CA 94701 USA. EM nrappaport@fs.fed.us NR 32 TC 19 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC CANADA PI OTTAWA PA 393 WINSTON AVE, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K2A 1Y8, CANADA SN 0008-347X J9 CAN ENTOMOL JI Can. Entomol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 132 IS 6 BP 925 EP 937 PG 13 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 388CU UT WOS:000166160500019 ER PT J AU Nirenberg, HI Samuels, GJ AF Nirenberg, HI Samuels, GJ TI Nectria and Fusarium. II. Cosmospora zealandica comb.nov and its anamorph, Fusarium zealandicum sp.nov. SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE LA English DT Article DE Hypocreales; Nectriaceae; taxonomy; New Zealand AB Nectria zealandica Cooke is transferred to the genus Cosmospora. This species is redescribed and its anamorph, Fusarium zealandicum sp.nov. is described as new and both are illustrated. The systematic position of Cosmospora zealandica comb.nov. and its anamorph is discussed. C1 Fed Biol Res Ctr Agr & Forestry, Inst Plant Virol Microbiol & Biol Safety, D-14195 Berlin, Germany. ARS, USDA, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Nirenberg, HI (reprint author), Fed Biol Res Ctr Agr & Forestry, Inst Plant Virol Microbiol & Biol Safety, Konigin Luise Str 19, D-14195 Berlin, Germany. NR 14 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 1 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4026 J9 CAN J BOT JI Can. J. Bot.-Rev. Can. Bot. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 78 IS 11 BP 1482 EP 1487 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 385KX UT WOS:000166004300011 ER PT J AU Scagel, CF Linderman, RG Scagel, RK AF Scagel, CF Linderman, RG Scagel, RK TI Ten-year growth and survival of Douglas-fir seedlings treated with plant growth regulating substances at transplant SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID ROOT-GROWTH; ECTOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGUS; ETHYLENE PRODUCTION; COLD-STORAGE; MAIZE ROOTS; AUXIN; ACID; REGENERATION; SENSITIVITY; CUTTINGS AB Commercially available plant growth regulators (PGRs) or moisture retention gels, applied to the roots of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) before planting, can modify indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) levels in roots, root growth responses, and tree survival. We treated two different 1+0 stock types (PSB313B and PSB323) of Douglas-fir with indole-butyric acid (IBA), ethephon (Ethrel(R)), alginate, or a combination of IBA and alginate. New root growth and IAA levels in roots were measured 2 weeks after planting, and aboveground growth and tree survival were monitored over 10 growing seasons after planting. Treatment with IBA or the combination of IBA and alginate increased IAA conjugate and free IAA levels in roots, root growth, and tree survival. Alginate treatment alone increased new root growth and tree survival, but did not increase free IAA levels in roots. Ethrel(R) treatment increased free IAA levels and root growth, but had no effect on IAA conjugates or tree survival. A cost analysis suggests that use of certain PGRs or alginate decreases the cost required to attain target stocking and increased tree size. Our results suggest that application of PGRs or other root-promoting materials to the roots of Douglas-fir before planting has the potential to be a cost-beneficial method for increasing root growth and tree survival. C1 ARS, USDA, Hort Crops Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. Pacific Phytometr Consultants, Surrey, BC V4A 6A5, Canada. RP Scagel, RK (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Hort Crops Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. NR 68 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 30 IS 11 BP 1778 EP 1787 DI 10.1139/cjfr-30-11-1778 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 376FV UT WOS:000165448300012 ER PT J AU Cain, MD Shelton, MG AF Cain, MD Shelton, MG TI Survival and growth of Pinus echinata and Quercus seedlings in response to simulated summer and winter prescribed burns SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID FOREST FLOOR; FIRE; EMERGENCE; DYNAMICS; WOODY; SMOKE AB First-year seedlings of shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.), southern red oak (Quercus falcata Michx.), and white oak (Quercus alba L.) were subjected to simulated prescribed burns during August (growing season) or January (dormant season) on an Upper Coastal Plain site in southeastern Arkansas, U.S.A. Survival and growth of resprouting rootstocks were compared with control seedlings through one growing season after burning. Although 100% of the oaks and 99% of the pines were topkilled by the fires, survival of resprouting rootstocks exceeded 95% for all three species in the year following the winter burn. No pines resprouted following the summer burn, but rootstock survival of oaks averaged > 65%. Compared with controls, winter burns reduced (P < 0.01) mean height and groundline diameter (GLD) of shortleaf pine sprouts through the next growing season. For southern red oak, season of burning did not negatively affect (P > 0.05) the growth of sprouts during the year after burning. Although mean heights and GLDs of white oak sprouts versus controls were reduced (P less than or equal to 0.04) when means were averaged across burns, white oak sprouts on winter-burn plots were comparable in size with the control seedlings. C1 Univ Arkansas, US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Monticello, AR 71656 USA. RP Cain, MD (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, POB 3516, Monticello, AR 71656 USA. EM mcain@fs.fed.us NR 25 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 5 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 30 IS 11 BP 1830 EP 1836 DI 10.1139/cjfr-30-11-1830 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 376FV UT WOS:000165448300018 ER PT J AU Kukier, U Chaney, RL AF Kukier, U Chaney, RL TI Remediating Ni-phytotoxicity of contaminated Quarry muck soil using limestone and hydrous iron oxide SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE nickel; soil; plant; phytotoxicity; remediation ID MUGINEIC ACID; NICKEL TOXICITY; ORGANIC SOIL; PLANT-BORNE; METALS; ZINC; PHYTOSIDEROPHORES; ADSORPTION; MANGANESE; KINETICS AB Remediation of excessive soil metals in situ is receiving new attention because the alternative, soil removal and replacement, is very expensive, requires disposal of the removed soil and may achieve no better environmental remediation than the in situ treatments. A factorial pot experiment was conducted with two muck soils contaminated by a Ni refinery; we tested the effectiveness of making the soil calcareous and addition of freshly precipitated hydous ferric oxide (HFO) in reducing soil Ni phytotoxicity to the Ni-sensitive crops, oat and redbeet, and a Ni-resistant crop, wheat. Fertilized but otherwise untreated soil caused significant Ni phytotoxicity to oats and redbeet, bur not to wheat, on both soils. Adding limestone reduced the concentration of Ni in shoots of all species and alleviated the symptoms specific to Ni phytotoxicity in oat (banded chlorosis). The addition of HFO was more effective in reducing shoot Ni concentration in the redbeets than in crops from the Paoceae family. Both amendments induced phosphorus and/or manganese deficiency depending on the crop tested. The experiment indicates that some combination of limestone and Fe oxides can readily remediate Ni phytotoxicity of the tested soils, but that Mn acid P fertilizers would be needed to achieve practical in situ remediation of Ni phytotoxicity of Quarry muck (Terric Mesisol). C1 ARS, USDA, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Kukier, U (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 54 TC 13 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 6 PU AGR INST CANADA PI OTTAWA PA SUITE 907 151 SLATER ST, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1P 5H4, CANADA SN 0008-4271 J9 CAN J SOIL SCI JI Can. J. Soil Sci. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 80 IS 4 BP 581 EP 593 PG 13 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 399HT UT WOS:000166806100007 ER PT J AU Poetschke, HL Klug, DB Perkins, SN Wang, TTY Richie, ER Hursting, SD AF Poetschke, HL Klug, DB Perkins, SN Wang, TTY Richie, ER Hursting, SD TI Effects of calorie restriction on thymocyte growth, death and maturation SO CARCINOGENESIS LA English DT Article ID DIETARY RESTRICTION; FOOD RESTRICTION; CELLULAR PROLIFERATION; V(D)J RECOMBINATION; P53-DEFICIENT MICE; PRONE MICE; MOUSE; TUMORIGENESIS; LYMPHOCYTES; EXPRESSION AB We previously reported that calorie restriction (CR) significantly delays the spontaneous development of thymic lymphomas and other neoplasms in p53-deficient mice and their wild-type littermates. The purpose of the present study was to further characterize the anti-lymphoma effects of CR by assessing thymocyte growth, death and maturation in response to acute (6 day) and chronic (28 day) CR regimens. Male C57BL/6J mice fed a CR diet (restricted to 60% of control nn libitum intake) for 6 days displayed a severe reduction in thymic size and cellularity, as well as a decrease in splenic size and cellularity; these declines were sustained through 28 days of CR, Mice maintained on a CR diet for 28 days also displayed a significant depletion in the cell numbers of all four major thymocyte subsets defined by CD4 and CD8 expression. Analysis within the immature CD4(-)8(-) thymocyte subset further revealed an alteration in normal CD44 and CD25 subset distribution. in particular, CR for 28 days resulted in a significant decrease in the percentage of the proliferative CD44(-)25(-) subset. In addition, a significant increase in the percentage of the early, pro-T cell CD44(+)25(-) population was detected, indicative of a CR-induced delay in thymocyte maturation. Taken together, these findings suggest that CR suppresses (through several putative mechanisms) lymphomagenesis by reducing the pool of immature thymocytes that constitute the lymphoma-susceptible subpopulation. C1 Univ Texas, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Dept Carcinogenesis, Smithville, TX 78957 USA. NCI, Frederick Canc Res & Dev Ctr, Basic Res Lab, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. USDA ARS, BHNRC, Phytonutr Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NCI, Div Canc Prevent, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Hursting, SD (reprint author), NCI, Off Prevent Oncol, 6130 Execut Blvd,MSC 7105, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [P30 CA 16672-21]; NIEHS NIH HHS [P30 ES07784-01] NR 34 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0143-3334 J9 CARCINOGENESIS JI Carcinogenesis PD NOV PY 2000 VL 21 IS 11 BP 1959 EP 1964 DI 10.1093/carcin/21.11.1959 PG 6 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 377ZF UT WOS:000165555800005 PM 11062154 ER PT J AU Dailey, DD AF Dailey, DD TI Variability in water absorption of germ and endosperm during laboratory steeping of a yellow corn hybrid SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID LACTIC-ACID; TEMPERATURE; KERNELS C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Dailey, DD (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 77 IS 6 BP 721 EP 723 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 374PH UT WOS:000165353200006 ER PT J AU Bettge, AD Giroux, MJ Morris, CF AF Bettge, AD Giroux, MJ Morris, CF TI Susceptibility of waxy starch granules to mechanical damage SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS; CEREAL STARCHES; BARLEY STARCHES; NOODLE QUALITY; WHEAT FLOURS; GELATINIZATION; AMYLOSE AB Starch samples isolated from wheat flour that represented four possible wavy states (0, 1, 2, and 3-gene waxy) were subjected to crushing loads under both dry and wet conditions. Calibrated loads of 0.5-20 kg were applied to the starch samples and the percentage of damaged granules was visually determined. Under dry crushing conditions, starches containing amylose (0, 1, and 2-gene waxy) had between 1% (5-kg load) to 3% (15- and 20-kg load) damaged granules, whereas waxy starch (3-gene waxy; <1% amylose) began rupturing at 0.5-kg load (3.5% damaged granules) and had 13% damaged granules when 10-kg load was applied. Under wet crushing conditions, normal and partial waxy starch (0, 1, and 2-gene waxy) showed little difference in percentage of damaged granules when compared to the results of dry crushing. Waxy starch (3-gene waxy), however, showed substantially increased numbers of damaged granules: 12% damaged granules at 0.5-kg load, rising to 55% damaged granules at 15-kg load. The results indicate that waxy starch granules are less resistant to mechanical damage than normal starch granules. Furthermore, blends of normal and waxy wheats or wheat flours intended to have a particular amylose-amylopectin ratio will be a complex system with unique processing and formulation considerations and opportunities. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Western Wheat Qual Lab, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Montana State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. RP Bettge, AD (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Western Wheat Qual Lab, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RI Giroux, Michael/F-4413-2010 NR 23 TC 39 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 77 IS 6 BP 750 EP 753 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.2000.77.6.750 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 374PH UT WOS:000165353200011 ER PT J AU Sadeghi, AM Isensee, AR Shirmohammadi, A AF Sadeghi, AM Isensee, AR Shirmohammadi, A TI Influence of soil texture and tillage on herbicide transport SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE intact-core; repacked-core; no-till; herbicide leaching ID SHALLOW GROUNDWATER; NO-TILLAGE; RAINFALL INTENSITY; ATRAZINE; ALACHLOR; MOVEMENT; IMPACT; PERSISTENCE; PESTICIDES; MOBILITY AB Two long-term no-till corn production studies, representing different soil texture, consistently showed higher leaching of atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] to groundwater in a silt loam soil than in a sandy loam soil. A laboratory leaching study was initiated using intact soil cores from the two sites to determine whether the soil texture could account for the observed differences. Six intact soil cores (16 cm dia by 20 cm high) were collected from a four-year old no-till corn plots at each of the two locations (ca. 25 km apart). All cores were mounted in funnels and the saturated hydraulic conductivity (K-sat) was measured. Three cores (from each soil texture) with the lowest K-sat were mixed and repacked. All cores were surface treated with 1.7 kg ai ha(-1) [ring-C-14] atrazine, subjected to simulated rainfall at a constant 12 mm h(-1) intensity until nearly 3 pore volume of leachate was collected and analyzed for a total of C-14. On an average, nearly 40% more of atrazine was leached through the intact silt loam than the sandy loam soil cores. For both the intact and repacked cores, the initial atrazine leaching rates were higher in the silt loam than the sandy loam soils, indicating that macropore flow was a more prominent mechanism for atrazine leaching in the silt loam soil. A predominance of macropore flow in the silt loam soil, possibly due to greater aggregate stability, may account for the observed leaching patterns for both field and laboratory studies. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Environm Chem Lab, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Agr Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Sadeghi, AM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Environm Chem Lab, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 19 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD NOV PY 2000 VL 41 IS 9 BP 1327 EP 1332 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00028-X PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 332MX UT WOS:000088079000003 PM 11057568 ER PT J AU Bowerman, WW Best, DA Grubb, TG Sikarskie, JG Giesy, JP AF Bowerman, WW Best, DA Grubb, TG Sikarskie, JG Giesy, JP TI Assessment of environmental endocrine disruptors in bald eagles of the Great Lakes SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE bald eagle; Haliacetus leucocephalus; endocrine disruptors; teratogen ID BIRDS; PRODUCTIVITY; CONTAMINANTS; ABNORMALITIES; DEFORMITIES; REGION; TERNS; EGGS AB Environmental endocrine disruption in wildlife has primarily focused on estrogenic/androgenic end points and their antagonists. We describe here the work that has occurred within the Great Lakes of North America that has used the bald eagle (Halineetus leucocephalus) as a sentinel species of the effects of environmental toxicants, including endocrine disruption. Our data suggests that population level effects of hormone disrupting chemicals, not necessarily estrogen/androgen mimics and their antagonists, have been associated with reproductive and teratogenic effects observed in the bald eagle population within the Great Lakes Basin. Additional laboratory and field studies are necessary to further clarify the role of environmental endocrine disrupters on reproduction in avian populations. The use of sea eagles (Halineetus spp.) as biosentinels of pollution in other regions of the world is also discussed. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd, All rights reserved. C1 Clemson Univ, Dept Environm Toxicol, Pendelton, SC 29670 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, E Lansing Field Off, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Forest & Range Expt Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Michigan State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Small Anim Clin Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Inst Environm Toxicol, Dept Zool, Natl Food Safety & Toxicol Ctr, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Bowerman, WW (reprint author), Clemson Univ, Dept Environm Toxicol, POB 709, Pendelton, SC 29670 USA. NR 26 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD NOV PY 2000 VL 41 IS 10 BP 1569 EP 1574 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00014-X PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 340HB UT WOS:000088526100009 PM 11057683 ER PT J AU Jan, CC AF Jan, CC TI Cytoplasmic male sterility in two wild Helianthus annuus L. accessions and their fertility restoration SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SUNFLOWER AB Commercial sunflower hybrids have been produced by means of a single mate-sterile Helianthus petiolaris Nutt. cytoplasm and a few fertility restoration genes. The objectives of this study were to characterize cytoplasmic male-sterility (cms) systems in wild Ii. annuus L. accessions (PI 413178 and PI 413180) and to determine the inheritance of fertility restoration. Male-sterile plants were identified and maintained by backcrossing with inbred line HA89. Male-fertile progenies from crosses between ems plants of the two PIs and USDA inbred lines indicated the presence of fertility restoration genes in P21, RMAX1, and PI 413178 for ems PI 413178 (cms-ANN2), and P21, RHA280, RHA801, RPET2, and PI 413180 for cms PI 413180 (cms-ANN3). All heterozygous male-fertile plants of backcross progenies, except for RHA280, crossed to ems plants resulted in a segregation ratio of one male-fertile to one male sterile, indicating a single dominant gene controlling fertility restoration. The backcross progeny of ems PI 413180/HA89//cms PI 413180/RHA280 had a segregation ratio of one male-fertile to three male sterile, suggesting two complementary dominant genes For fertility restoration. Pollinating male-fertile plants of both accessions with HA89 pollen resulted in male-fertile and male-sterile F-1 plants, suggesting the existence of male-sterile cytoplasm and heterozygosity for restoration genes in the male-fertile plants. In Field tests, male-sterile PI 413178/4*HA89 and PI 413180/4*HA89 plants produced no seed after self-pollination, and 95 and 98% seed set, respectively, under open-pollination indicating complete male-sterility and female fertility. The new ems sources from wild Ii. annuus and corresponding fertility restoration genes provide diversity for sunflower hybrid production. C1 ARS, USDA, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Jan, CC (reprint author), ARS, USDA, No Crop Sci Lab, POB 5677, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 22 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 40 IS 6 BP 1535 EP 1538 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 383MZ UT WOS:000165887700003 ER PT J AU Hanna, WW AF Hanna, WW TI Total and seasonal distribution of dry matter yields for pearl millet x wild grassy subspecies hybrids SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID REGISTRATION AB The wild grassy subspecies Pennisetum glaucum (L,) R, Br, subspecies monodii (Maire) Brunken has been used as a source of germplasm for improved disease resistance and cytoplasmic diversity for improving pearl millet [P. glaucum (L.) R. Br.] cultivars. The objective of this research was to evaluate a portion of the monodii germplasm to determine if this germplasm could be used to increase the dry matter yield and extend the growing period of pearl millet forage hybrids. Seventy-nine monodii accessions from Niger, Mall, Senegal, and Burkina Faso were crossed with Tift 85DA(1), a cytoplasmic-nuclear-male-sterile (CMS) pearl millet used in commercial hybrid production. These hybrids along with 'Tifleaf 2' (a popular commercial hybrid) and 'Gahi 3' were tested for 2 yr on a fine, loamy, thermic Plinthic Kandiudult soil at Tifton, GA, latitude north 31.48 degrees and longitude west 83.53 degrees The best experimental hybrid yielded up to 31% more dry matter than Tifleaf 2. A significant hybrid X gear effect on total yield indicated that some of the hybrids showed a differential response during the 2 yr, Tifleaf 2 produced between 23 and 32% of its total yield in the last harvest, whereas a number of the experimental hybrids produced significantly more (up to 50%) of their dry matter in the last harvest. The experimental hybrids were consistent across years in their superior late-season production. Variation was also observed among hybrids for production of dry matter in the first harvest. Early production would be especially valuable in areas that have distinct wet and dry seasons. This research indicates that genes for enhancing level and distribution of yield in cultivated pearl millet are present in the wild grassy subspecies, monodii. C1 Univ Georgia, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, USDA ARS, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Hanna, WW (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, USDA ARS, POB 248, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 40 IS 6 BP 1555 EP 1558 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 383MZ UT WOS:000165887700007 ER PT J AU Singh, SP Morales, FJ Miklas, PN Teran, H AF Singh, SP Morales, FJ Miklas, PN Teran, H TI Selection for bean golden mosaic resistance in intra- and interracial bean populations SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PHASEOLUS-VULGARIS L; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; BACTERIAL-BLIGHT; VIRUS; GEMINIVIRUSES; INHERITANCE; FABACEAE; DISEASE; YIELD AB Bean golden mosaic (BGM) resistance within any one bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) race is inadequate. Pyramiding genes from different races would increase resistance and reduce pesticide use. Our objectives were to: (i) pyramid and compare BGM resistance of genotypes from intraracial versus interracial populations, (ii) verify pyramided resistance by means of molecular markers, and (iii) combine BGM resistance with resistance to other diseases. One intraracial (GV 10625) and four interracial (DC 10622, GV 10624 GV 10626, and GV 10627) populations were developed at CIAT. Plants within each F-1-derived F-2 (F-1:2) were advanced in bulk. The F-3 was grown in the field under common bacterial blight [CBB, caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli (Smith) Dye] and angular leaf spot [ALS, caused by Phaeoisariopsis griseola (Sacc) Ferraris] pressure. Single plant selections were made in the F-3 and F-4. Plants within F-4:5 were harvested in bulk to screen fur ALS, bean common mosaic (BCM), BGM, and CBB. The 39 selected genotypes, 12 parents, and six checks were again evaluated for the four diseases. Seventeen genotypes, parents, and checks also were screened for the RAPD marker OR2(530) linked with bgm-1 gene and the SCAR marker SW12(700) linked with a QTL controlling BGM resistance. Selected genotypes differed in their BGM reaction. None of the genotypes from the intraracial population were resistant to BGM. Five genotypes with the highest resistance were obtained front GV 10626 and GV 10627. DC 10622 and GV 10624 produced genotypes with intermediate resistance. Three genotypes from DC 10622 and four from GV 10627 possessed OR2(530) marker linked with resistance derived from 'Garrapato' and SW12(700) marker linked with resistance derived from 'Porrillo Sintetico'. All genotypes possessed the I gene for BCM and were intermediate to ALS. Five also were intermediate for CBB. Combined use of interracial populations, disease screening, and molecular markers should he emphasized for resistance breeding. C1 Univ Idaho, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. Ctr Int Agr Trop, Cali, Colombia. ARS, USDA, IAREC, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. RP Singh, SP (reprint author), Univ Idaho, 3793 North 3600 East, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. NR 50 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 4 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 40 IS 6 BP 1565 EP 1572 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 383MZ UT WOS:000165887700009 ER PT J AU Wilcox, JR Premachandra, GS Young, KA Raboy, V AF Wilcox, JR Premachandra, GS Young, KA Raboy, V TI Isolation of high seed inorganic P, low-phytate soybean mutants SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PHYTIC ACID; INOSITOL PHOSPHATES; SUPPLEMENTED DIETS; WEANLING PIGS; PHOSPHORUS; BARLEY; ZINC; CORN; CHROMATOGRAPHY; PERFORMANCE AB Phosphorous in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed is stored primarily as phytic acid, which is nutritionally unavailable to nonruminant livestock. The objective of this study was to isolate mutations that reduce soybean seed phytic acid P and increase seed inorganic P. Following treatment with ethyl methanesulfonate, M2 through M6 plants were screened for high seed inorganic P. Seeds of M2 plants high in inorganic P produced progenies high in inorganic P through the M6 generation. M6 progenies of one plant averaged 6.84 g kg(-1) seed phytic add and inorganic P varied from 2.34 to 4.41 g kg(-1) or 60 to 66% of phytic acid P plus inorganic P. M6 progenies of a second plant averaged 10.89 g kg(-1) phytic acid and varied from 1.21 to 3.84 g kg(-1) inorganic P, representing from 47 to 51% of the sum of phytic acid P plus inorganic P. In contrast, nonmutant seeds of the check cultivar Athow contained 15.33 g kg(-1) phytic acid and averaged 0.74 g kg(-1) inorganic P, representing 15% of the sum of phytic acid P plus inorganic P. Low phytic acid and high inorganic P in these progenies should Increase the nutritional value of soy meal and reduce excess P in livestock manure. C1 ARS, USDA, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Agron, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. ARS, USDA, Small Grain & Potato Germplasm Res, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. RP Wilcox, JR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 27 TC 143 Z9 166 U1 1 U2 13 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 40 IS 6 BP 1601 EP 1605 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 383MZ UT WOS:000165887700015 ER PT J AU Santra, DK Tekeoglu, M Ratnaparkhe, M Kaiser, WJ Muehlbauer, FJ AF Santra, DK Tekeoglu, M Ratnaparkhe, M Kaiser, WJ Muehlbauer, FJ TI Identification and mapping of QTLs conferring resistance to ascochyta blight in chickpea SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID FUSARIUM-WILT RESISTANCE; LINKAGE RELATIONSHIPS; DISEASE RESISTANCE; ARBITRARY PRIMERS; GENETIC-MARKERS; RAPD MARKERS; INHERITANCE; ISOZYME; MAP; POLYMORPHISMS AB Ascochyta blight, caused by Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Lab., is a devastating disease of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) worldwide. Resistant germplasm has been identified and the genetics of resistance has been the subject of numerous studies. The objectives of the present study were to determine the genetics of resistance to ascochyta blight of chickpea and to map and tag the chromosomal regions involved using molecular markers. We used a set of 142 F-5;6 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) obtained from an interspecific cross of C. arietinum (FLIP84-92C, resistant parent) x C. reticulatum Lad. (PI 599072, susceptible parent). The RILs were scored for disease reactions in the,field over 2 yr and were genotyped for polymorphic molecular markers [isozyme, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), and inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR)] in the laboratory. The disease was scored quantitatively and data were used for QTL analysis. A linkage map was established that comprised nine Linkage groups containing 116 markers covering a map distance of 981.6 centimorgans (cM) with an average distance of 8.4 cM between markers. Two quantitative trait loci (QTLs), QTL-1 and QTL-2, conferring resistance to ascochyta blight, were identified which accounted for 50.3 and 45.0% of the estimated phenotypic variation in 1997 and 1998, respectively, and were mapped to linkage groups 6 and 1, respectively. Two RAPD markers flanked QTL-1 and were 10.9 cM apart while one ISSR marker and an isozyme marker flanked QTL-2 and were 5.9 cM apart. These markers can be used for marker-assisted selection for ascochyta blight resistance in chickpea breeding programs, and to develop durable resistant cultivars through gene pyramiding. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Natl Chem Lab, Div Biochem Sci, Plant Mol Biol Unit, Poona 411008, Maharashtra, India. Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Muehlbauer, FJ (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, 303 Johnson Hall, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 40 TC 91 Z9 101 U1 1 U2 6 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 40 IS 6 BP 1606 EP 1612 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 383MZ UT WOS:000165887700016 ER PT J AU Heagle, AS Miller, JE Pursley, WA AF Heagle, AS Miller, JE Pursley, WA TI Growth and yield responses of winter wheat to mixtures of ozone and carbon dioxide SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID TRITICUM-AESTIVUM L; TOP FIELD CHAMBERS; ATMOSPHERIC CO2 ENRICHMENT; SPRING WHEAT; ELEVATED CO2; SOYBEAN RESPONSE; PLANT-RESPONSES; GRAIN QUALITY; GAS-EXCHANGE; O-3 AB Ozone (O-3) in the troposphere can cause plant stress, whereas elevated CO2 generally enhances plant growth. Until recently, few studies have considered whether O-3 can affect plant response to CO2 or vice versa. We examined these possibilities for soft red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Plants were grown in 14-L pots and exposed in open-top field chambers to all combinations of three CO, and three O-3 treatments. The CO2 treatments were ambient (approximately 380 muL L-1), or ambient with CO2 added for 24 h d(-1) to achieve mean concentrations of approximately 540, or 700 muL L-1. The O-3 treatments were charcoal-filtered air (CP), nonfiltered air (NF), or NF with O-3 added for 12 h d(-1) (NF+). Mean O-3 concentrations in the CF, NF, and NF+ treatments were approximately 27, 45, and 90 nL L-1. In the first experiment, eight cultivars with widely different genetic backgrounds were tested. 'Coker 9835' was relatively resistant to O-3 and 'Coker 9904' was relatively sensitive; these cultivars were; tested in Exp. 2. Foliar injury caused by O-3 was suppressed by elevated CO2 in both experiments. In Exp. 1, plant size and yield increased with CO, enrichment in the NF and NF+ treatments, but not in the CF treatment. However, the O-3 x CO2 interaction was rarely significant. In Exp. 2, growth and yield of C9904 was suppressed more by O-3 than was that of C9835. Because of cultivar differences in sensitivity to O-3, CO2 enrichment caused greater amelioration of O-3 stress and greater enhancement for C9904 than for C9835. Significant cultivar x O-3 x CO2 interactions occurred for all growth and yield measures. These results are similar to results with other crops, and further emphasize the need to consider possible interactions between O-3 and CO2 when investigating effects of O-3 or CO2 on plant systems. C1 ARS, USDA, Air Qual Plant Growth & Dev Res Unit, Raleigh, NC 27603 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Heagle, AS (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Air Qual Plant Growth & Dev Res Unit, 3908 Inwood Rd, Raleigh, NC 27603 USA. NR 52 TC 30 Z9 33 U1 4 U2 11 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 40 IS 6 BP 1656 EP 1664 PG 9 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 383MZ UT WOS:000165887700023 ER PT J AU Kasperbauer, MJ AF Kasperbauer, MJ TI Cotton fiber length is affected by far-red light impinging on developing bolls SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID FIELD CONDITIONS; PLANTS; YIELD; QUALITY; LEAVES; MULCH; END AB Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fiber length Is an important component of quality as defined by the textile Industry. The fibers are single elongated cells that extend from the seed coat during development within bells. It was hypothesized that elongating cotton fibers would be responsive to the far-red (FR) to red light (R) photon ratio (FR/R) reflected to developing bells. To test the hypothesis, plants were grown in trickle irrigated field plots over different colored soil covers that reflected high FR/R and low photosynthetic photon nux (PPF), or low FR/R and high PPF to developing bells. Newly opened flowers were tagged over three replicate plots of each of four colors. After the flowers were fertilized, randomly selected young bells were covered with aluminum foil to shield them from light during development Others served as unshielded controls. The FR/R and PPF impinging on developing bells affected biomass per area of carpel walls and the amount of FR transmitted into the bells to the developing fibers. Fiber lengths were determined after the bulls matured. Fibers in unshielded bells that developed over green and red (higher reflected FR/R) soil covers were significantly longer than those that developed over aluminum and white (higher reflected PPF). The difference in length of fiber developed in unshielded versus shielded bells was greater over green and red than over aluminum and white indicating a greater response to increased FR/R than to increased PPF impinging on the developing bells. These results suggest that reflected FR should be considered along with other environmental factors when developing innovative production systems that involve nontraditional row spacing, plant population densities, or soil surface conditions that can affect the photon ratios to which the developing plants are exposed. C1 ARS, USDA, Coastal Plains Soil Water & Plant Res Ctr, Florence, SC 29501 USA. RP Kasperbauer, MJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Coastal Plains Soil Water & Plant Res Ctr, 2611 W Lucas St, Florence, SC 29501 USA. NR 29 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 40 IS 6 BP 1673 EP 1678 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 383MZ UT WOS:000165887700025 ER PT J AU Jauhar, PP Dogramaci-Altuntepe, M Peterson, TS Almouslem, AB AF Jauhar, PP Dogramaci-Altuntepe, M Peterson, TS Almouslem, AB TI Seedset on synthetic haploids of durum wheat: Cytological and molecular investigations SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MAIZE AB Because of their great importance as cytogenetic and breeding tools, haploids have been produced in several crop plants, including wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Reports of seedset on haploid plants are: very rare. Earlier, me produced 142 haploids (2n = 2x = 14; AB genomes) of seven commercial durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) cultivars (Cappelli, Durox, Langdon, Lloyd, Medora, Monroe, and Renville) by crossing them with maize (Zea mays L.). Of these, we studied 101 haploids. Some haploids from each of the cultivars set seed without colchicine treatment or cross pollination. The cytological basis of this interesting phenomenon was studied. Because all cultivars have the homoeologous pairing suppresser Ph1, their haploids formed mostly univalents and had irregular meiosis. Yet, viable seed was formed on some haploids. The seedset varied with the genotype. Langdon, with a mean of 2.75 seeds per haploid, was the highest yielder. These seeds gave rise to normal disomic (2n = 4x = 28; AABB) plants. The seeds had viable embryos formed by fusion of unreduced male and female gametes with 14 chromosomes each. The unreduced gametes were formed by two closely related first division restitution mechanisms resulting in meiotic non-reduction: (i) complete failure of movement of univalents at anaphase I, followed by normal second (equational) division, and (ii) anaphase I movement of all univalents to one pole. Thus, formation of these gametes bypassed the reductional division but occurred by normal equational division. It is hypothesized that lack of pairing may be a prerequisite for the occurrence of meiotic restitution and hence chromosome doubling. Fluorescent GISH (genomic in situ hybridization) analyses of somatic and meiotic chromosomes of the haploid-derived plants shoved the complete duplication of both the A- and B-genome chromosomes. Fertility of the derived disomics and the presence of two doses of the marker chromosome involving the 4A.7B translocation, an evolutionary landmark of durum wheat, further corroborated the precise duplication of all chromosomes. We found that the distal segment translocated from chromosome 7B constitutes approximately 24% of the long arm of 4A. C1 USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. Univ Aleppo, Fac Sci, Dept Bot, Aleppo, Syria. RP Jauhar, PP (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 33 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 3 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 40 IS 6 BP 1742 EP 1749 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 383MZ UT WOS:000165887700034 ER PT J AU Weeks, JT Koshiyama, KY Maier-Greiner, U Schaeffner, T Anderson, OD AF Weeks, JT Koshiyama, KY Maier-Greiner, U Schaeffner, T Anderson, OD TI Wheat transformation using cyanamide as a new selective agent SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID FERTILE TRANSGENIC WHEAT; MICROPROJECTILE BOMBARDMENT; SELECTABLE MARKER; HERBICIDE-RESISTANCE; PLANT-REGENERATION; TRITICUM-AESTIVUM; EXPRESSION; GENES; CALLUS; TISSUE AB There is a general need for additional selectable marker genes for plant transformation. Only a few have been reported in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) transformation experiments, some of which are under patent restriction or have other disadvantages, A new selectable marker gent! was identified which can be used to select resistant callus in tissue culture and regenerate transgenic wheat plants. A gene from the soil fungus Myrothecium verrucaria (Albertini & Schwein.) Ditmar:Fr., coding Fur the enzyme cyanamide hydratase which converts cyanamide into urea, was previously described. In our wheat transformation experiments, the gene conferred resistance to cyanamide at a tissue culture level and therefore cyanamide could be used to select for transformants, At the whole plant level, progeny of transformed wheat plants showed resistance to cyanamide, whereas sensitive plants expressed a lethal necrosis and yellowing when cyanamide was applied, This gene has several potential advantages when compared with otter selectable marker genes. Transformed wheat plants can be selected at the tissue culture level and may be able to convert cyanamide into a useful nitrogen compound (fertilizer), The selectable marker gene could be introduced with other genes for value-added traits in wheat and might also be applicable in other transformation systems. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Maier Greiner, D-72144 Dusslingen, Germany. GSF Res Ctr, Inst Biochem Plant Pathol, Xenobiot, D-85758 Oberschleissheim, Germany. USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Weeks, JT (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, 344 Keim Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 34 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 6 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 40 IS 6 BP 1749 EP 1754 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 383MZ UT WOS:000165887700035 ER PT J AU Cui, ZL Carter, TE Burton, JW AF Cui, ZL Carter, TE Burton, JW TI Genetic diversity patterns in Chinese soybean cultivars based on coefficient of parentage SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PEDIGREE ANALYSIS; WHEAT CULTIVARS; LINES; YIELD AB China released 651 soybean [Glycine mar (L.) Merr.] cultivars from 1923 to 1995. However, their diversity is not well characterized, The objective of this study was to quantify genetic diversity in Chinese cultivars via coefficient of parentage (CP), and the relative importance of geographical growing region, province of origin, intended cropping system, era of release, and breeder preferences in determining that diversity, A very low mean CP of 0.02 was found in Chinese soybean cultivars, suggesting the presence of a potentially high level of genetic diversity in Chinese soybean breeding, Cultivar pools from each of the three growing regions of China were almost completely unrelated to each other and exhibited low within-region mean CP values (<0.06). Similarly, mean CP values within- and between-provinces were low (0-0.2). Cropping systems and release eras also exhibited tow within- and between-CP relationships (all <0.07). The low CP values detected here for Chinese soybean breeding resulted from Chinese breeder initiatives to introduce new germplasm into applied Chinese-breeding since the 1970s and from a strong tendency to avoid the mating of related parents. Half- and full-sib matings and backcrossing are almost absent from Chinese pedigrees, Although mean CP for cultivars was low, cluster analysis proved to be a surprisingly effective discriminator of diversity patterns, This analysis assigned 270 cultivars to 20 clusters explaining 41% of the total variability in CP. Clusters were almost completely unrelated to each other and could be used as a basis for selection of parents for breeding. Pedigree analysis revealed that more than 30 cultivars grown currently in China trace to U.S. stocks. This successful use of U.S. germplasm in China may provide an important example for future U.S. breeding strategy. C1 USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Carter, TE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 32 TC 35 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 40 IS 6 BP 1780 EP 1793 PG 14 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 383MZ UT WOS:000165887700039 ER PT J AU Zhou, XL Carter, TE Cui, ZL Miyazaki, S Burton, JW AF Zhou, XL Carter, TE Cui, ZL Miyazaki, S Burton, JW TI Genetic base of Japanese soybean cultivars released during 1950 to 1988 SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID WINTER-WHEAT CULTIVARS; PEDIGREE ANALYSIS; CLUSTER-ANALYSIS; ANCESTRAL LINES; FOUNDING STOCK; BEAN CULTIVARS; DIVERSITY; PARENTAGE; HETEROSIS; COEFFICIENTS AB Plant breeding success is dependent, in part, upon the genetic diversity found within applied breeding programs. To characterize genetic diversity in applied breeding, plant breeders have invoked the concept of genetic base, which can be defined as the ancestral pool from which breeding is derived. The genetic base of modern Japanese soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars is not well characterized. The objective of this study was to quantify the genetic base of Japanese soybean cultivars by coefficient of parentage (CP) analysis, to compare the genetic bases of major growing regions and release eras in Japan, and to compare the Japanese base,vith that of other countries. Seventy-four ancestors were identified in the pedigrees of 86 public Japanese cultivars registered from 1950 to 1988, Ancestors originating from Japan contributed 76% of the genes to the Japanese breeding, while exotic ancestors from the USA and Canada (US-CAN), China, and Korea contributed 2, 5, and 2%, respectively. The remaining portion of the base was of unknown, but presumed Japanese origin. Three major growing regions of Japan displayed very distinct genetic bases with at least 50% of the ancestral contribution unique to each region. Comparisons revealed that the Japanese base was more diverse than that of the US-CAN. The more diverse genetic base was exemplified by (i) more ancestors accounting for 50 and 80% of the genes in Japanese breeding; (ii) a continual expansion of the genetic base since 1950, while the US-CAN base remained relatively static; and (iii) a higher ratio of ancestors employed;to cultivars released. The number of ancestors contributing to breeding-in Japan was much smaller than that for China in terms of number of ancestors, even though both genetic bases expanded with time. The long history of soybean breeding in Japan, its diverse genetic base and its relative isolation from US-CAN and China suggest that Japanese, Chinese, and North American breeding pools may serve as important reservoirs of diversity for each other. Twelve Japanese cultivars released from 1950 through 1988 derived at least 25% of their pedigree from improved U.S. or Chinese breeding materials. C1 USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Natl Inst Agrobiol Resources, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan. RP Carter, TE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 38 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 40 IS 6 BP 1794 EP 1802 PG 9 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 383MZ UT WOS:000165887700040 ER PT J AU Sinclair, TR Purcell, LC Vadez, V Serraj, R King, CA Nelson, R AF Sinclair, TR Purcell, LC Vadez, V Serraj, R King, CA Nelson, R TI Identification of soybean genotypes with N-2 fixation tolerance to water deficits SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID NITROGEN-FIXATION; DROUGHT; SENSITIVITY; INHIBITION AB Symbiotic N-2 fixation In soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] has been shown to be very sensitive to drying soil. Since this loss of N-2 fixation activity has a negative impact on crop yield under many cropping situations, alleviation of this response would be a major benefit. The objective of this research was to screen a large number of plant introduction lines in an effort to identify soybean germplasm that might have substantially decreased sensitivity of N-2 fixation to water deficits. A three-stage screening process was developed to narrow successively the number of candidate lines for tolerance in this trait. The first-stage screen involved the measurement of petiole ureide levels in a large number of plant introductions (approx. 1000 per year). Approximately 10% of the lines with low petiole ureide levels, which are generally associated with N-2 fixation tolerance, were selected, The second-stage screen involved subjecting field plots of each selected plant introduction to a sustained water deficit of approximately 3 wk and measuring N accumulation during this period. Again, about 10% of these lines were selected for the intensive third-stage screen based directly on an acetylene reduction assay during a cycle of soil drying. From an initial population of about 3000 plant introduction lines, eight lines were identified as having substantial tolerance of N-2 fixation to soil drying. These eight lines are to be used in physiological studies to investigate the basis of their tolerance, and in breeding efforts to incorporate this trait into commercial germplasm. C1 Univ Florida, USDA ARS, Agron Physiol Lab, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Agron, Fayetteville, AR 72703 USA. Fac Sci, Marrakech, Morocco. Univ Illinois, USDA ARS, Soybean Maize Germplasm Pathol & Genet Res Unit, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Sinclair, TR (reprint author), Univ Florida, USDA ARS, Agron Physiol Lab, POB 110965, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RI Vadez, Vincent/C-5310-2014 OI Vadez, Vincent/0000-0003-2014-0281 NR 18 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 7 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 40 IS 6 BP 1803 EP 1809 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 383MZ UT WOS:000165887700041 ER PT J AU Tarpley, L Reddy, KR Sassenrath-Cole, GF AF Tarpley, L Reddy, KR Sassenrath-Cole, GF TI Reflectance indices with precision and accuracy in predicting cotton leaf nitrogen concentration SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT; PLANT STRESS; LEAVES; CANOPIES AB Diagnostic methods assaying leaf optical properties can aid rapid site-specific screening of crop nitrogen status. A set of calibration curves relating many 1.5-nm band reflectance ratios to cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) leaf N concentration was established from plants groan in:sunlit growth chambers and at a range of nitrogen levels. Predicted and actual concentrations were compared by regression for a validation set of field-grown leaf samples from diverse genotypes. Only those ratios that combined a red-edge measure (700 or 716 nm) with a waveband of high reflectance in the very near infrared region (755-920 and 1000 nm) provided good precision (correlation) and accuracy (one-to-one relationship between predicted to actual values). Other indices that included a chlorophyll-based reflectance feature also had good precision but were less accurate than those obtained from the red-edge/very-near-infrared reflectance ratios. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. USDA ARS, Applicat & Prod Technol Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Tarpley, L (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Box 9555, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. OI Reddy, Kambham Raja/0000-0002-7906-7755 NR 21 TC 79 Z9 109 U1 0 U2 15 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 40 IS 6 BP 1814 EP 1819 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 383MZ UT WOS:000165887700043 ER PT J AU Fioritto, RJ St Martin, SK Schmitthenner, AF Cooper, RL AF Fioritto, RJ St Martin, SK Schmitthenner, AF Cooper, RL TI Registration of 'HF93-083' soybean SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS, Dept Hort & Crop Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. USDA ARS, Dept Plant Pathol, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Dept Hort & Crop Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Fioritto, RJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Dept Hort & Crop Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 40 IS 6 BP 1827 EP 1828 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 383MZ UT WOS:000165887700053 ER PT J AU Fioritto, RJ St Martin, SK Schmitthenner, AF Cooper, RL AF Fioritto, RJ St Martin, SK Schmitthenner, AF Cooper, RL TI Registration of 'HF93-035' soybean SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS, Dept Hort & Crop Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. USDA ARS, Dept Plant Pathol, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Dept Hort & Crop Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Fioritto, RJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Dept Hort & Crop Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 40 IS 6 BP 1827 EP 1827 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 383MZ UT WOS:000165887700052 ER PT J AU Fioritto, RJ St Martin, SK Schmitthenner, AF Cooper, RL AF Fioritto, RJ St Martin, SK Schmitthenner, AF Cooper, RL TI Registration of 'Tiffin' soybean SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS, Dept Hort & Crop Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. USDA ARS, Dept Plant Pathol, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Dept Hort & Crop Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Fioritto, RJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Dept Hort & Crop Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 40 IS 6 BP 1828 EP 1829 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 383MZ UT WOS:000165887700054 ER PT J AU Allen, FL Young, LD Johnson, RD Landau-Ellis, D Pantalone, VR AF Allen, FL Young, LD Johnson, RD Landau-Ellis, D Pantalone, VR TI Registration of 'TN 4-94' soybean SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Knoxville, TN 37901 USA. USDA ARS, Jackson, TN 38301 USA. DeKalb Genet Corp, Findlay, OH 45840 USA. RP Pantalone, VR (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, POB 1071, Knoxville, TN 37901 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 40 IS 6 BP 1829 EP 1830 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 383MZ UT WOS:000165887700056 ER PT J AU Johnson, AW Carnell, JG Severson, RF Sisson, VA Jackson, DM Stephenson, MG AF Johnson, AW Carnell, JG Severson, RF Sisson, VA Jackson, DM Stephenson, MG TI Registration of CU 165 tobacco germplasm SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Clemson Univ, Pee Dee & Educ Ctr, Florence, SC 29506 USA. USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30613 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Oxford Tobacco Res Stn, Oxford, NC 27565 USA. USDA ARS, Vegetable Res Lab, Charleston, SC USA. Univ Georgia, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Tifton, GA 31794 USA. RP Johnson, AW (reprint author), Clemson Univ, Pee Dee & Educ Ctr, Florence, SC 29506 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 40 IS 6 BP 1832 EP 1833 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 383MZ UT WOS:000165887700060 ER PT J AU Johnson, AW Carnell, JG Severson, RF Sisson, VA Jackson, DM Stephenson, MG AF Johnson, AW Carnell, JG Severson, RF Sisson, VA Jackson, DM Stephenson, MG TI Registration of CU 1097 tobacco germplasm SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Clemson Univ, Pee Dee & Educ Ctr, Florence, SC 29506 USA. USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30613 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Oxford Tobacco Res Stn, Oxford, NC 27565 USA. USDA ARS, Vegetable Res Lab, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. Univ Georgia, Georgia Costal Plain Exp Stn, Tifton, GA 31794 USA. RP Johnson, AW (reprint author), Clemson Univ, Pee Dee & Educ Ctr, Florence, SC 29506 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 40 IS 6 BP 1833 EP 1833 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 383MZ UT WOS:000165887700061 ER PT J AU Saunders, JW McGrath, JM Theurer, JC Halloin, JM AF Saunders, JW McGrath, JM Theurer, JC Halloin, JM TI Registration of 'SR87' sugarbeet germplasm with low tare and resistances to Cereospora and Aphanomyces SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS, Sugarbeet & Bean Res Unit, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, USDA ARS, Sugarbeet & Bean Res Unit, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Saunders, JW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Sugarbeet & Bean Res Unit, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NR 5 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 40 IS 6 BP 1833 EP 1834 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 383MZ UT WOS:000165887700062 ER PT J AU Scully, BT Nuessly, GN Beiriger, R Widstrom, NW Snook, ME AF Scully, BT Nuessly, GN Beiriger, R Widstrom, NW Snook, ME TI Registration of the maize population shrunken Zapalote Chico SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ZEA-MAYS; SILKS C1 Univ Florida, Everglades Res & Educ Ctr, IFAS, Belle Glade, FL 33430 USA. USDA ARS, Insect Biol & Populat Management Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Scully, BT (reprint author), Univ Florida, Everglades Res & Educ Ctr, IFAS, 3200 Old Palm Beach Rd, Belle Glade, FL 33430 USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 40 IS 6 BP 1837 EP 1838 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 383MZ UT WOS:000165887700067 ER PT J AU Dunnet, D Block, W Worland, R Reed, BM Benson, EE AF Dunnet, D Block, W Worland, R Reed, BM Benson, EE TI Profiling cryopreservation protocols for Ribes ciliatum using differential scanning colorimetry SO CRYO-LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Cryopreservation; water content; differential scanning calorimetry; desiccation; thermal analysis; vitrification; Ribes ID COLD-ACCLIMATION; ENCAPSULATION-DEHYDRATION; FREEZING TOLERANCE; SHOOT-TIPS; MERISTEMS; DESICCATION; PROTEINS; APICES AB DSC analysis was performed at three points in the cryopreservation process on encapsulated-dehydrated meristems of Ribes ciliatum. Meristems were excised from shoots pre-treated with either sucrose or glucose, encapsulated in alginate beads, dehydrated in sucrose solutions, air dried, and plunged in liquid nitrogen. Thermal analysis revealed glass transitions during cooling of air-desiccated meristems, however, on rewarming a small endothermic event was detected suggesting glass destabilization carl occur. Interestingly, this did not occur iri alginate beads or meristems when these components were cooled and rewarmed separately. The possibility exists that thermal and moisture gradients may arise within the alginate bead/tissue complex and we propose that the heterogeneous composition of the meristems and the surrounding alginate may promote ice nucleation on rewarming. The significance of this regarding the stabilization of glasses formed in alginate beads and their. encapsulated meristems is discussed. This study also reports an approach to Ribes cryopreservation in which the pregrowth of shoots in 0.75M sucrose for 1 week can be used as a substitute for cold acclimation. C1 Univ Abertay Dundee, Sch Sci & Engn, Plant Conservat Grp, Dundee DD1 1HG, Scotland. British Antarctic Survey, NERC, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England. USDA ARS, Natl Clonal Germplasm Repository, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Benson, EE (reprint author), Univ Abertay Dundee, Sch Sci & Engn, Plant Conservat Grp, Bell St, Dundee DD1 1HG, Scotland. NR 27 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU CRYO LETTERS PI LONDON PA C/O ROYAL VETERINARY COLLEGE, ROYAL COLLEGE ST, LONDON NW1 0TU, ENGLAND SN 0143-2044 J9 CRYO-LETT JI Cryo-Lett. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 21 IS 6 BP 367 EP 378 PG 12 WC Biology; Physiology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Physiology GA 388ZW UT WOS:000166213900007 ER PT J AU Turner, SR Tan, B Senaratna, T Bunn, E Dixon, KW Touchell, DH AF Turner, SR Tan, B Senaratna, T Bunn, E Dixon, KW Touchell, DH TI Cryopreservation of the Australian species Macropidia fuliginosa (Haemodoraceae) by vitrification SO CRYO-LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Macropidia fuliginosa; PVS2; sorbitol; glycerol; somatic embryos ID SHOOT TIPS; SURVIVAL; CELLS AB Somatic embryos were used to develop a cryopreservation protocol for Macropidia fuliginosa, a commercially-important species endemic to the southwest of Western Australia. Somatic embryos were allowed to develop from embryogenic callus for three weeks on an kinetin medium prior to processing. These were transferred and cultured on a agar solidified basal medium supplemented with 0 to 0.6 M sorbitol for 2 d prior to incubation in Plant Vitrification Solution Two (PVS2). Following this, embryos were then washed in I M sucrose solution (treated controls) or cooled in liquid nitrogen (LN). Cooled embryos were then warmed and washed in sucrose solution. Highest survival for cooled treatments (67.3%) was achieved by preculture with 0.4 M sorbitol, then incubation in PVS2. Further experimentation varying pre-culture duration (2 or 3 d) and incubation on either glycerol (0.8 M) or sorbitol (0.4 M) indicated that very high survival (90.6%) of embryos was achievable by adopting a 2 d preculture period on 0.8 M glycerol. The phenotype and growth rates of plants obtained using this protocol were similar to those of parent plants. This optimised procedure was then applied to tissue culture-derived shoot apices of the same clone also resulting in a high survival rate (84.4%). C1 Kings Pk & Bot Garden, W Perth, WA 6005, Australia. Curtin Univ Technol, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia. USDA ARS, Natl Seed Storage Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Turner, SR (reprint author), Kings Pk & Bot Garden, W Perth, WA 6005, Australia. RI Turner, Shane/A-9950-2011; Dixon, Kingsley/A-8133-2016 OI Dixon, Kingsley/0000-0001-5989-2929 NR 22 TC 7 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU CRYO LETTERS PI LONDON PA C/O ROYAL VETERINARY COLLEGE, ROYAL COLLEGE ST, LONDON NW1 0TU, ENGLAND SN 0143-2044 J9 CRYO-LETT JI Cryo-Lett. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 21 IS 6 BP 379 EP 388 PG 10 WC Biology; Physiology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Physiology GA 388ZW UT WOS:000166213900008 ER PT J AU Vallet, JL Fahrenkrug, SC AF Vallet, JL Fahrenkrug, SC TI Structure of the gene for uteroferrin SO DNA AND CELL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ACID-PHOSPHATASE; PROGESTERONE; PROTEIN; PREGNANCY; ELEMENT; EXPRESSION; PROMOTER; CELLS AB The published structure of the gene for uteroferrin differs from that of the human and mouse tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) genes. Polymerase chain reaction using genomic DNA as template and primers designed from exon 2 of the porcine uteroferrin gene amplified a product containing two previously undescribed introns. Because of these discrepancies, we cloned an EcoRI fragment from a porcine genomic BAC library containing the uteroferrin gene, and the region containing the uteroferrin gene was completely sequenced. The uteroferrin gene spanned 2.5 kb and contained five exons, which is similar to the structure previously reported for human and mouse TRAP genes but different from the published structure of the uteroferrin gene. Southern blotting of porcine genomic DNA digested with a variety of enzymes was consistent with the sequence that we obtained. The most likely explanation for the differing results is that the previously reported structure for the uteroferrin gene was the result of artifactual elimination of introns 2 and 3 by bacteria and artifactual recombination of the region upstream of the transcription start site of this gene. C1 USDA, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Vallet, JL (reprint author), USDA, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 12 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1044-5498 J9 DNA CELL BIOL JI DNA Cell Biol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 19 IS 11 BP 689 EP 696 DI 10.1089/10445490050199072 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 378CE UT WOS:000165566100005 PM 11098218 ER PT J AU Whitley, NC Barb, CR Kraeling, RR Barrett, JB Rampacek, GB Carroll, JA Keisler, DH AF Whitley, NC Barb, CR Kraeling, RR Barrett, JB Rampacek, GB Carroll, JA Keisler, DH TI Feed intake and serum GH, LH and cortisol in gilts after intracerebroventricular or intravenous injection of urocortin SO DOMESTIC ANIMAL ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING FACTOR; LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; PITUITARY-ADENOMA; NEUROPEPTIDE-Y; SECRETION; RAT; ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN; HYDROCORTISONE; ADRENALECTOMY; GONADOTROPIN AB In three experiments (Exp), ovariectomized gilts received intracerebroventricular (ICV; Exp 1 - with restraint, Exp 2 - without restraint) or intravenous (i.v.; Exp 3) injections of urocortin or saline to assess effects on feed intake and serum GH, LH, and cortisol. Following a 20-hr fast, feed was presented at 1 hr (Exp 1) or 30 min (Exp 2 and 3) after injection (time = 0 hr) of saline or 5 (U5) or 50 (U50) mug/pig (Exp 1 and 2) or 5 mug/kg BW (Exp 3) of urocortin. Blood samples were collected every 15 min from -2 to 6 hr relative to injection and hormone data pooled 2 hr before and hourly after treatment. Treatment with U50 decreased feed intake, relative to saline (treatment x time interaction; P < 0.05), when delivered ICV but not i.v. A treatment by time interaction was detected for GH (Exp 1, 2, 3) and LH (Exp 1 and 2; P < 0.01). Serum GH increased over time (relative to -2 hr; P < 0.05) following treatment with urocortin but not saline regardless of route of administration. Conversely, in Exp 1 (U5 and U50) and Exp 2 (U50), LH decreased relative to -2 hr with a delayed decrease during Exp 1. Serum cortisol was not affected by treatment in Exp 1, but increased following urocortin in Exp 2 and 3 (treatment by time interaction, P < 0.01). These data provide evidence that urocortin modulates GH and LH concentrations and suppresses feed intake in gilts via mechanisms which may be independent of cortisol and may depend upon dose and route of administration. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Anim Sci, Anim Sci Res Ctr 160, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. ARS, Anim Physiol Res Unit, USDA, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Anim & Dairy Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. ARS, Anim Physiol Res Unit, USDA, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Keisler, DH (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Anim Sci, Anim Sci Res Ctr 160, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RI Keisler, Duane/C-2746-2011 OI Keisler, Duane/0000-0002-8792-7030 NR 30 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0739-7240 J9 DOMEST ANIM ENDOCRIN JI Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 19 IS 4 BP 209 EP 221 DI 10.1016/S0739-7240(00)00078-3 PG 13 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Agriculture; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 384GE UT WOS:000165933800001 PM 11118786 ER PT J AU Matteri, RL Dyer, CJ Touchette, KJ Carroll, JA Allee, GL AF Matteri, RL Dyer, CJ Touchette, KJ Carroll, JA Allee, GL TI Effects of weaning on somatotrophic gene expression and circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and IGF-2 in pigs SO DOMESTIC ANIMAL ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MESSENGER-RNA EXPRESSION; ACID-LABILE SUBUNIT; BINDING-PROTEIN COMPLEX; FACTOR-I; SKELETAL-MUSCLE; NEONATAL PIGS; FACTOR SYSTEM; HORMONE; RECEPTOR; RAT AB The present study evaluated somatotrophic gene expression in liver, muscle and adipose tissue 4 d after weaning, a time point corresponding to greatly reduced serum concentrations of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and IGF-2 in pigs. Two-week-old barrows were either cross-fostered to a sow (SOW, n = 8) or weaned and fed a phase 1 diet containing either 0 or 7% spray-dried plasma (NP, n = 8 and SDP, n = 8; respectively). Piglets were allocated such that two size groups were equivalently represented in each experimental group (small, 3.5-4.3 kg and large, 4.6-5.7 kg). Animals were weighed daily and sacrificed 4 d after weaning for blood and tissue collection. Daily gains of the SOW piglets were significantly greater than those of the weaned pigs for the first 3 d of the experiment (P < 0.0001). Weight gains in the SOW and SDP pigs between d 3 and 4 were equivalently elevated relative to the NP pigs (P < 0.0001). Serum IGF-1 and IGF-2 concentrations were decreased in both NP and SDP compared to SOW (P < 0.0001). Serum IGF-2 levels were significantly lower in small piglets (P = 0.006). A Weaning Group X Size interaction was noted for liver IGF-2 mRNA (P < 0.03), reflecting a higher level of expression in large SOW piglets relative to small SOW piglets. Weaning did not affect IGF-1, IGF-2, or growth hormone (GH) receptor mRNA levels in liver, muscle, or far. (P > 0.05). Liver IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-3 and acid-labile subunit (ALS) mRNA levels also were unaffected by weaning. Small pigs had lower levels of liver ALS (P = 0.0003), muscle IGF-2 (P = 0.02), and muscle GH receptor (P = 0.006) mRNAs. In contrast, adipose tissue IGF-1 and IGF-2 mRNA levels were greatest in the small piglets (P = 0.001 and 0.029, respectively). (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Missouri, ARS, Anim Physiol Unit, USDA, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Anim Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Matteri, RL (reprint author), Univ Missouri, ARS, Anim Physiol Unit, USDA, Room S-107 Anim Sci Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 41 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0739-7240 J9 DOMEST ANIM ENDOCRIN JI Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 19 IS 4 BP 247 EP 259 DI 10.1016/S0739-7240(00)00081-3 PG 13 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Agriculture; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 384GE UT WOS:000165933800004 PM 11118789 ER PT J AU Estienne, MJ Harper, AF Barb, CR Azain, MJ AF Estienne, MJ Harper, AF Barb, CR Azain, MJ TI Concentrations of leptin in serum and milli collected from lactating sows differing in body condition SO DOMESTIC ANIMAL ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BREAST-MILK; FEED-INTAKE; PERFORMANCE; EXPRESSION; WEIGHT AB Leptin concentrations in the circulation and milk were determined in sows that differed in body condition at farrowing, and in feed consumption during lactation. Serum concentrations of leptin at farrowing and weaning were highest in sows exhibiting the greatest amount of backfat. Leptin was detected in both skim and whole milk throughout lactation, but levels were not correlated with backfat thickness or circulating leptin concentrations. This report provides the first evidence for the presence of leptin in sow milk; its function in the physiology of suckling pigs remains to be determined. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Anim & Poultry Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. ARS, Anim Physiol Unit, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Athens, GA 30613 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Anim & Dairy Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Estienne, MJ (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Anim & Poultry Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NR 10 TC 65 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0739-7240 J9 DOMEST ANIM ENDOCRIN JI Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 19 IS 4 BP 275 EP 280 DI 10.1016/S0739-7240(00)00082-5 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Agriculture; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 384GE UT WOS:000165933800006 PM 11118791 ER PT J AU Kent, R Odum, HT Scatena, FN AF Kent, R Odum, HT Scatena, FN TI Eutrophic overgrowth in the self-organization of tropical wetlands illustrated with a study of swine wastes in rainforest plots SO ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE eutrophy; rainforest; wetlands; swine wastes; maximum empower; diversity ID NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY; SPECIES RICHNESS; FOREST; LANDS AB The relationship of plant species diversity to cultural eutrophy in tropical wetlands was studied in Puerto Rico with experimental plots, a survey of 25 eutrophic sites developing from the wastes of society, and a simulation mini-model. The model is a quantitative hypothesis which contains the mechanisms to maximize empower (gross production) by reinforcing low diversity, net production overgrowth when resources are in excess, but switches to high diversity efficiency and recycle to maximize gross production when excess resources are absent. To study self-organization with eutrophy, six wetland plots (3 x 2 m) were seeded with many plant species and treated for five months with pig wastewaters and control plots with groundwater. Vegetation was seeded: (1) with seed bank; (2) with ten species of local rainforest and wetland trees (60 individuals in each plot); and (3) with weedy species invading from fertile surroundings. The fertilized waste plots filled in with vegetation in less than half the time (9 weeks) required for the clear water control plots (21 weeks). Vegetative diversity in both waste and control plots was maximum (2.73-3.34 bits per individual) shortly before 100% cover was reached, and then declined with the competitive overgrowth of a few species (mixed grasses and Commelina diffusa). Of the planted seedlings, there was little growth, and individuals of only four species survived. Survival of Andira inermis and Cyrilla racemiflora was 42 and 53%, respectively. Dominants of oligotrophic wetlands (Pterocarpus officinalis and Prestoea montana) were displaced. A survey of 25 other wetland sites, receiving high nutrient waters from developments, found low diversity overgrowth, but different species prevailing. Eighty-five species were involved in wetland self-organizational processes and ecological engineering management. Eutrophic wetlands, such as those released from sugar cane closure in Puerto Rico and elsewhere, may be in a state of marshy, arrested succession because there may not be a forest species already adapted for rapid reforestation of the excess nutrient habitat. The study provides evidence of the overgrowth principle as the natural means for ecological engineering of eutrophic interfaces between the current civilization and environment. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. USDA Forest Serv, Inst Trop Forestry, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. RP Odum, HT (reprint author), Univ Florida, POB 116450, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 44 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-8574 J9 ECOL ENG JI Ecol. Eng. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 16 IS 2 BP 255 EP 269 DI 10.1016/S0925-8574(00)00065-3 PG 15 WC Ecology; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Engineering GA 369HT UT WOS:000165060400005 ER PT J AU Morrison, LW Kawazoe, EA Guerra, R Gilbert, LE AF Morrison, LW Kawazoe, EA Guerra, R Gilbert, LE TI Ecological interactions of Pseudacteon parasitoids and Solenopsis ant hosts: environmental correlates of activity and effects on competitive hierarchies SO ECOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biological control; dominance hierarchy; Formicidae; interspecific competition; parasitism; parasitoid; Phoridae; Pseudacteon; Solenopsis ID ATTA-CEPHALOTES HYMENOPTERA; FIRE ANTS; FLIES DIPTERA; GEMINATA HYMENOPTERA; OVIPOSITION BEHAVIOR; DEFENSE BEHAVIOR; FLY PARASITOIDS; FORMICIDAE; PHORIDAE; BRAZIL AB 1. Solenopsis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) fire ants are host to Pseudacteon (Diptera: Phoridae) parasitoids. The activity of S. geminata (F.) hosts and relative abundance of Pseudacteon phorids, along with five environmental variables, were measured at weekly intervals over an 8-month period at two sites. 2. Pseudacteon relative abundances often varied greatly from week to week, and were only weakly positively correlated with S. geminata activity. 3. A quadratic function of soil temperature was the single best predictor of ant activity at both sites, explaining 32 and 73% of the variation in ant activity. A linear function of soil moisture was the single best predictor of phorid relative abundance at one site (r(2) = 0.23) whereas no measured variables were significant predictors of phorid relative abundance at the other site. 4. Interspecific interactions at 600 baits were monitored at a third site to document dominance hierarchies and determine whether the presence of Pseudacteon phorids mediated interspecific interactions in their host, S. geminata. 5. Solenopsis geminata was near the top of dominance hierarchies, which did not diverge greatly from a linear pattern. Three species (S. geminata, S. invicta Buren, and Crematogaster laeviuscula Mayr) won the majority of their interspecific interactions and appear to be co-dominants at this microhabitat-rich site. 6. Overall, the presence of phorids had no significant effect on the outcome of interspecific contests involving S. geminata and all other ant species grouped together. Phorids may have contributed to some of the S. geminata losses against other co-dominant species. C1 Univ Texas, Sch Biol Sci, Div Integrat Biol, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Univ Texas, Brackenridge Field Lab, Austin, TX 78712 USA. RP Morrison, LW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RI Morrison, Lloyd/A-8949-2013 OI Morrison, Lloyd/0000-0002-9375-843X NR 55 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 2 U2 8 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0307-6946 J9 ECOL ENTOMOL JI Ecol. Entomol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 25 IS 4 BP 433 EP 444 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2311.2000.00280.x PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 379VZ UT WOS:000165665000009 ER PT J AU Roulston, TH Cane, JH Buchmann, SL AF Roulston, TH Cane, JH Buchmann, SL TI What governs protein content of pollen: Pollinator preferences, pollen-pistil interactions, or phylogeny? SO ECOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS LA English DT Review DE anemophilous; pollen protein; pollen volume; pollination; pollinator reward; style length; zoophilous ID APIS-MELLIFERA L; LASIOGLOSSUM-ZEPHYRUM HYMENOPTERA; HONEY-BEES; BREEDING SYSTEM; FLORAL BIOLOGY; AMINO-ACIDS; AMBROSIA-ARTEMISIIFOLIA; HUMMINGBIRD POLLINATION; CARBOHYDRATE RESERVES; ROBERTSON HYMENOPTERA AB Pollen ranges from 2.5% to 61% protein content. Most pollen proteins are likely to be enzymes that function during pollen tube growth and subsequent fertilization, but the vast range of protein quantity may not reflect only pollen-pistil interactions. Because numerous vertebrate and invertebrate floral visitors consume pollen for protein, protein content may influence floral host choice. Additionally, many floral visitors pollinate their host plants. If protein content influences pollinator visitation, then pollinators are hypothesized to select for increased protein content of host plants. We analyzed or gleaned from the literature crude pollen protein concentrations of 377 plant species from 93 plant families. Using this database, we compared pollen protein concentration with (1) pollination mode, (2) pollen collection by bees, and (3) distance from stigma to ovule, after accounting for phylogeny through paired phylogenetic comparisons and a nested ANOVA including taxonomic rank. We found that pollen protein concentrations were highly conserved within plant genera, families, and divisions. We found that bees did not collect pollen that was unusually rich in protein, whether they pollinated or merely robbed their host plant. Plant species with vibratile pollination systems, which require visitation by pollen-collecting bees in order to transfer pollen, tended to have very protein-rich pollen, but it was not clear whether this was due to plant enhancement of pollinator rewards or to the possession of very small pollen grains. We found that zoophilous species were not statistically richer in pollen protein than anemophilous species after accounting for phylogeny, although the three most species-rich anemophilous clades surveyed were generally poor in protein. Plant genera hosting specialist pollen-collecting bees did not have particularly protein-rich pollen. Both mass of protein per pollen grain and pollen grain volume were correlated with stigma-ovule distance. We suggest that the need for growing pollen tubes probably plays a more important role in determining pollen protein content than rewarding pollinators. C1 Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Bee Biol & Systemat Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. USDA, ARS, Hayden Honey Bee Res Lab, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. Auburn Univ, Dept Entomol, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. RP Cane, JH (reprint author), Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Bee Biol & Systemat Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. EM jcane@biology.usu.edu NR 216 TC 190 Z9 203 U1 13 U2 96 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9615 EI 1557-7015 J9 ECOL MONOGR JI Ecol. Monogr. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 70 IS 4 BP 617 EP 643 DI 10.1890/0012-9615(2000)070[0617:WGPCOP]2.0.CO;2 PG 27 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 377PG UT WOS:000165521600005 ER PT J AU Prokopy, RJ Miller, NW Duan, JJ Vargas, RI AF Prokopy, RJ Miller, NW Duan, JJ Vargas, RI TI Local enhancement of arrivals of Ceratitis capitata females on fruit mimics SO ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA LA English DT Article DE Ceratitis capitata; local enhancement; social facilitation; attraction ID SOCIALLY FACILITATED BEHAVIOR; DIPTERA; FLIES; HABITAT; CONSPECIFICS; HYMENOPTERA; TEPHRITIDAE; VESPIDAE AB Mature female Mediterranean fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), isolated from conspecifics for 7 days prior to testing in laboratory cages, were attracted to yellow plastic fruit-mimicking hemispheres or spheres in significantly greater numbers when groups of conspecific females were present than absent on fruit mimics. Attraction of females to conspecifics occurred for females deprived of protein or continuously provided with protein since eclosion, for fruit mimics that were unbaited or baited with odor of food or fruit, and under single-choice as well as multiple-choice test conditions. Attraction proved just as great to fruit mimics having dead conspecifics as to mimics having live conspecifics, was evident also when fruit mimics were orange or white, and occurred also in response to presence of live Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) females on fruit mimics. We discuss our findings in relation to local enhancement, a form of social facilitation in insects and other animals. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Entomol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. USDA, Trop Fruit & Vegetable Lab, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. Univ Hawaii, Kauai Agr Res Ctr, Kauai, HI 96746 USA. RP Prokopy, RJ (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Dept Entomol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. NR 26 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-8703 J9 ENTOMOL EXP APPL JI Entomol. Exp. Appl. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 97 IS 2 BP 211 EP 217 DI 10.1046/j.1570-7458.2000.00732.x PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 357KV UT WOS:000089501600010 ER PT J AU Wilhite, SE Elden, TC Puizdar, V Armstrong, S Smigocki, AC AF Wilhite, SE Elden, TC Puizdar, V Armstrong, S Smigocki, AC TI Inhibition of aspartyl and serine proteinases in the midgut of sugarbeet root maggot with proteinase inhibitors SO ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA LA English DT Article DE Diptera; Otitidae; Tetanops myopaeformis; midgut proteinases; serine; aspartyl; Bowman-Birk; SQAPI; proteinase inhibitor ID CYSTEINE PROTEINASES; TRANSGENIC PLANTS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; INSECTS; PURIFICATION; RESISTANCE C1 ARS, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, Soybean & Alfalfa Res Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Jozef Stefan Inst, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. Texas Tech Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. RP Smigocki, AC (reprint author), ARS, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 25 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-8703 J9 ENTOMOL EXP APPL JI Entomol. Exp. Appl. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 97 IS 2 BP 229 EP 233 DI 10.1046/j.1570-7458.2000.00734.x PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 357KV UT WOS:000089501600012 ER PT J AU Usnick, SJ AF Usnick, SJ TI Behavior of the beetle inquiline, Cremastocheilus saucius, and its host ant, Pogonomyrmex occidentalis, during entrance into the ants' nest SO ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Usnick, SJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, 141 Expt Stn Rd, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER ENTOMOL SOC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 1900 BENJ FRANKLIN PARKWAY, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19103-1195 USA SN 0013-872X J9 ENTOMOL NEWS JI Entomol. News PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 111 IS 5 BP 385 EP 386 PG 2 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 392AV UT WOS:000166389200017 ER PT J AU Fritsche, J Fritsche, S Solomon, MB Mossoba, MM Yurawecz, MP Morehouse, K Ku, Y AF Fritsche, J Fritsche, S Solomon, MB Mossoba, MM Yurawecz, MP Morehouse, K Ku, Y TI Quantitative determination of conjugated linoleic acid isomers in beef fat SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF LIPID SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE conjugated linoleic acid; Ag+-HPLC; GC; beef; CLA ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; METHYL-ESTERS; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; MILK; SEPARATION; FOODS; CLA AB The amounts of 14 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers (t12t14, t11t13, t10t12, t9t11, t8t10, t7t9, t6t8; 12,14 c/t, t11c13, c11t13, t10c12, 9,11 c/t, t8c10, t7c9-18:2) in 20 beef samples were determined by triple-column silver-ion high-performance liquid chromatography (Ag+-HPLC). Quantitation was performed using an external CLA reference standard consisting of cis9, trans11-18:2, trans9, trans11-18:2 and cis9,cis11-18:2. Linearity was checked as being r > 0.9999 between 0.02 x 10(-3) to 2 mg/ml. The determination limit (5-fold signal/noise ratio) of the CLA reference was estimated to be 0.25, 0.50, 1.0 ng/injection for the cis/trans, trans,trans and cis,cis isomers, respectively. As expected, cis9,trans11-18:2 was the predominant isomer (1.95 +/- 0.54 mg/g fat) in beef, followed by trans7,cis9-18:2 (0.19 +/- 0.04 mg/g fat); cis,cis isomers were below the determination limit in most beef samples. Total CLA amounts determined by Ag+-HPLC were compared to total CLAs determined by gas chromatography (GC, 100 m CPSil(TM) 88 column). The amounts obtained by GC were generally higher than those determined by Ag+-HPLC due to co-eluting compounds. C1 US FDA, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, Off Food Labeling, Washington, DC 20204 USA. ARS, USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Meat Sci Res Lab, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Fritsche, J (reprint author), Unilever Res Labs Vlaardingen, Oil Based Prod Technol, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, NL-3133 AT Vlaardingen, Netherlands. NR 29 TC 66 Z9 69 U1 1 U2 6 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1438-7697 J9 EUR J LIPID SCI TECH JI Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 102 IS 11 BP 667 EP 672 DI 10.1002/1438-9312(200011)102:11<667::AID-EJLT667>3.3.CO;2-E PG 6 WC Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 378AD UT WOS:000165558100002 ER PT J AU Wang, X Ross, RJ Erickson, JR Ligon, JB AF Wang, X Ross, RJ Erickson, JR Ligon, JB TI Nondestructive evaluation of trees SO EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI USA. Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forestry & Wood Prod, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Engn Mech, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. RP Wang, X (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI USA. NR 4 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC EXPERIMENTAL MECHANICS PI BETHEL PA 7 SCHOOL STREET, BETHEL, CT 06801 USA SN 0732-8818 J9 EXP TECHNIQUES JI Exp. Tech. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 24 IS 6 BP 27 EP 29 DI 10.1111/j.1747-1567.2000.tb01345.x PG 3 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Engineering; Mechanics; Materials Science GA 381QD UT WOS:000165773700004 ER PT J AU Sinclair, TR Seligman, N AF Sinclair, TR Seligman, N TI Criteria for publishing papers on crop modeling SO FIELD CROPS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE crop modeling; sunflower model; genotypes ID SIMULATION-MODELS; ENVIRONMENT; SYSTEMS; RICE AB Manuscripts describing crop models are a common feature in crop science journals. Many of these papers offer important conceptual insights and advances in the understanding of crop science but some fail to offer the scientific innovation expected in a scientific publication. Even though manuscripts may describe modeling efforts of practical perspective with localized interest, they may not present an analysis of general, scientific interest. A difficult challenge for journal referees and editors is to make decisions on submitted manuscripts concerning their acceptability for journal publication. The discussion presented in this paper is intended to initiate a consideration of those traits expected of a manuscript describing a crop model. We suggest three criteria that should be met in a crop modeling paper to make it suitable for scientific publication: a clear statement of a scientific objective with a defined domain of relevance, a mechanistic framework, and an evaluation of the scientific innovation offered in the new model. We also discuss the use and abuse of three widely used modeling concepts: calibration, validation, and universality. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Florida, USDA ARS, Agron Physiol Lab, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Volcani Ctr, Inst Field & Garden Crops, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. RP Sinclair, TR (reprint author), Univ Florida, USDA ARS, Agron Physiol Lab, POB 110965, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 30 TC 79 Z9 95 U1 2 U2 22 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4290 J9 FIELD CROP RES JI Field Crop. Res. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 68 IS 3 BP 165 EP 172 DI 10.1016/S0378-4290(00)00105-2 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 378KE UT WOS:000165582900001 ER PT J AU Sinclair, TR AF Sinclair, TR TI Model analysis of plant traits leading to prolonged crop survival during severe drought SO FIELD CROPS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE model analysis; crop survival; drought ID PIGEONPEA CAJANUS-CAJAN; EPIDERMAL CONDUCTANCE; OSMOTIC ADJUSTMENT; DEHYDRATION TOLERANCE; WATER; LEAVES; ACCESSIONS; GENOTYPES AB Plant survival of severe drought may be especially important in long-life crops such as pastures and rangelands, which might be subjected to prolonged water deficit at some time during their life cycles. While a number of plant traits have been discussed as being beneficial in increasing drought survival, there is virtually no quantitative evidence concerning the relative merits of these traits. This analysis was undertaken with a relatively simple model of plant water balance to calculate the duration of crop survival during exposure to severe water deficits. A low leaf epidermal conductance was an essential factor in prolonging plant survival under drought. The benefit of low epidermal conductance was greatest at a value of 0.10 mm s(-1) which is less than has been typically reported for annual field crop species. investigation of the variation and inheritance of epidermal conductance in crops that may be subjected to survival-threatening drought were identified as prime topics for future research. Once a low epidermal conductance has been achieved, additional increases in prolonging plant survival of severe drought can be obtained as a result of leaf shedding and a low lethal relative water content for leaves. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Florida, USDA ARS, Dept Agron, Agron Physiol Lab, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Sinclair, TR (reprint author), Univ Florida, USDA ARS, Dept Agron, Agron Physiol Lab, IFAS Bldg 350,2005 SW 23rd St,POB 110965, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 17 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4290 J9 FIELD CROP RES JI Field Crop. Res. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 68 IS 3 BP 211 EP 217 DI 10.1016/S0378-4290(00)00125-8 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 378KE UT WOS:000165582900007 ER PT J AU Boyle, JR Powers, RF AF Boyle, JR Powers, RF TI Forest soils and ecosystem sustainability SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Oregon State Univ, Coll Forestry, Dept Forest Resources, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Forest Serv, Redding, CA 96011 USA. RP Boyle, JR (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Coll Forestry, Dept Forest Resources, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD NOV 1 PY 2000 VL 138 IS 1-3 BP 1 EP 1 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00407-2 PG 1 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 389ML UT WOS:000166241900001 ER PT J AU Richter, DD Markewitz, D Heine, PR Jin, V Raikes, J Tian, K Wells, CG AF Richter, DD Markewitz, D Heine, PR Jin, V Raikes, J Tian, K Wells, CG TI Legacies of agriculture and forest regrowth in the nitrogen of old-field soils SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th North-American-Forest-Soils Conference CY AUG 09-14, 1998 CL TAHOE CITY, CALIFORNIA SP Soil Sci Soc Amer, Forest Serv, USDA, Soc Amer Foresters, Canadian Soil Sci Soc, Canadian Inst Forestry, Desert Res Inst, Calif Forest Soil Council DE nitrogen cycling; biogeochemistry; forest ecosystems; agro-ecosystems; long-term soil-ecosystem experiments ID PINUS-TAEDA L; BELOW-STUMP BIOMASS; 3 DECADES; ECOSYSTEM; ACCUMULATION; PLANTATION; PINES AB In the Carolina Piedmont of the USA, agricultural and forest management in the 19th and 20th centuries has greatly altered soil organic nitrogen (N). The objective of this study is to evaluate effects of two centuries of land use on N in upland Piedmont soils that are derived from the region's most common bedrock, granitic gneiss. Effects of agriculture on total soil N were examined by comparing soils cropped mainly for cotton since about 1800 with soils that remained under hardwood forest without cultivation or fertilization. Effects of forest regrowth on the N of old-field soils were examined in eight permanent plots resampled on seven occasions from 1962 to 1997 at the Calhoun Experimental Forest in South Carolina. Together, the soil-comparative study and the four-decade field experiment illustrate how soil N in the southern Piedmont has been altered by agricultural management during the 19th and 20th centuries. Not only have agricultural harvests removed considerable N from Piedmont soils, but soil organic matter has been enriched in N by agricultural fertilization, a practice that has now contributed greatly to N cycles of many old-field forests in the region. In old-field pine stands (Pinus taeda) at the Calhoun Experimental Forest, 40 years of forest growth accumulated 366 kg ha(-1) of N (CV=9.3%) in tree biomass and 740 kg ha(-1) (CV=9.7%) in forest floor between planting in 1957 and the last sampling in 1997. In the four decades, mineral-soil N was diminished by 823 kg ha(-1) (CV=39.5%), a reduction in N accompanied by substantial decreases in mineralizable N as well. On the other hand, N accretion in the whole forest ecosystem averaged 5.9 kg ha(-1) per year over this period (significant at a probability of <0.07), an accretion attributed mainly to atmospheric N deposition rather than N-2 fixation, Despite the N accretion and legacy of agricultural fertilization, the 40-year-old Calhoun forest has grown into a state of acute N deficiency. Future N research should include support for a network of long-term field studies which investigates N dynamics in forest floor and logging slash, and estimates N-use and N-retention efficiencies of fertilized pine-forest ecosystems. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Univ Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA. SW Forestry Coll, Kunming, Peoples R China. US Forest Serv, USDA, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Richter, DD (reprint author), Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm, Durham, NC 27708 USA. NR 43 TC 92 Z9 96 U1 3 U2 30 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD NOV 1 PY 2000 VL 138 IS 1-3 BP 233 EP 248 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00399-6 PG 16 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 389ML UT WOS:000166241900017 ER PT J AU Briggs, RD Hornbeck, JW Smith, CT Lemin, RC McCormack, ML AF Briggs, RD Hornbeck, JW Smith, CT Lemin, RC McCormack, ML TI Long-term effects of forest management on nutrient cycling in spruce-fir forests SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th North-American-Forest-Soils Conference CY AUG 09-14, 1998 CL TAHOE CITY, CALIFORNIA SP Soil Sci Soc Amer, Forest Serv, USDA, Soc Amer Foresters, Canadian Soil Sci Soc, Canadian Inst Forestry, Desert Res Inst, Calif Forest Soil Council DE whole-tree harvest; soil solution chemistry; precommercial thinning ID WHOLE-TREE HARVEST; SOIL DRAINAGE; NEW-ENGLAND; BALSAM FIR; ECOSYSTEM AB Nutrient dynamics and soil disturbance have been monitored since 1979 on paired control and intensively managed watersheds in central Maine, USA. The mature spruce-fir stand was harvested by whole-tree clearcutting in 1981. Triclopyr was aerially applied to most of the same watershed 4 years after harvest to control hardwoods competing with conifer regeneration. In 1991, a series of plots on the treated watershed were precommercially thinned to stimulate growth of selected crop trees. Then in 1993, nitrogen fertilizer was applied to a subset of thinned plots to further stimulate crop tree growth. Disturbance induced changes in soil solution chemistry differed by soil drainage class. Soil solution NO3-N concentrations increased from near zero before harvest to 20 mg/l the second growing season following harvest on moderately well drained soils, more than two times corresponding values observed on somewhat poorly drained soils. Net nutrient losses resulting from harvest were <5% of total capital for the nutrients studied. Nitrate-N concentrations on poorly drained soils did not differ from those on the uncut watershed. This same temporal pattern was repeated following application of triclopyr in 1985, although peak concentrations were not as high as those following harvest. Elevated concentrations of nutrients in soil solution following both harvest and herbicide application disappeared within 3 years, concurrent with regeneration. Precommercial thinning (PCT) reduced stem density approximately 12-fold, increasing crop tree DBH for both balsam fir (4 cm on control plots versus 6 cm on PCT plots) and red spruce (4 cm on control plots versus 5.5 cm on PCT plots). Although 34 Mg/ha of thinning slash remained after PCT (pre-harvest forest floor dry weight averaged 64 Mg/ha), soil solution chemistry was not affected and nutrients were apparently conserved following treatment. Soil solution nitrate and cation concentrations increased following N fertilization. The fertilizer treatment further increased balsam fir DBH (8 cm on fertilized plots) but not red spruce. Soil disturbances associated with harvesting may be problematic. Compaction and rutting from the road system and repeated trips of the feller-forwarder were still highly evident. Much of this area remains out of production and likely will be characterized by poor tree establishment and reduced growth through the current rotation. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. US Forest Serv, NE Forest Expt Stn, USDA, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Forest Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Timberland Enterprises Inc, Old Town, ME 04468 USA. RP Briggs, RD (reprint author), SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, 350 Illick Hall,1 Forestry Dr, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. NR 35 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 6 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD NOV 1 PY 2000 VL 138 IS 1-3 BP 285 EP 299 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00420-5 PG 15 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 389ML UT WOS:000166241900021 ER PT J AU Adams, MB Burger, JA Jenkins, AB Zelazny, L AF Adams, MB Burger, JA Jenkins, AB Zelazny, L TI Impact of harvesting and atmospheric pollution on nutrient depletion of eastern US hardwood forests SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th North-American-Forest-Soils Conference CY AUG 09-14, 1998 CL TAHOE CITY, CALIFORNIA SP Soil Sci Soc Amer, Forest Serv, USDA, Soc Amer Foresters, Canadian Soil Sci Soc, Canadian Inst Forestry, Desert Res Inst, Calif Forest Soil Council DE acidic deposition; base cation depletion; calcium; forest harvesting; sustainable productivity ID WHOLE-TREE; SOIL ACIDIFICATION; UNITED-STATES; CENTRAL APPALACHIANS; NITROGEN SATURATION; SULFATE ADSORPTION; WEST-VIRGINIA; ACID-RAIN; OAK FORESTS; SR ISOTOPES AB The eastern hardwood forests of the US may be threatened by the changing atmospheric chemistry and by changes in harvesting levels. Many studies have documented accelerated base cation losses with intensive forest harvesting. Acidic deposition can also alter nutrient cycling in these forests. The combination of increased harvesting, shorter rotations, and more intensive harvesting, along with the potential for N and S saturation due to changing atmospheric chemistry in the eastern US, raises concerns about the long-term productivity of these commercially important eastern hardwood forests. We review the literature describing the effects of intensive harvesting and acidic atmospheric deposition on budgets of base nutrients which presents evidence that the ambient levels of N and S deposition are leading to N and S saturation and elevated base leaching from the soil in some eastern forests, and we discuss potential concerns for long-term productivity. We also discuss criteria and indicators for monitoring sustainability of the soils of these forests. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Parsons, WV 26287 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Sch Forest Resources, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Summersville, WV 26651 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Soil Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Adams, MB (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, POB 404, Parsons, WV 26287 USA. NR 124 TC 55 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD NOV 1 PY 2000 VL 138 IS 1-3 BP 301 EP 319 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00421-7 PG 19 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 389ML UT WOS:000166241900022 ER PT J AU Vance, NC Entry, JA AF Vance, NC Entry, JA TI Soil properties important to the restoration of a Shasta red fir barrens in the Siskiyou Mountains SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th North-American-Forest-Soils Conference CY AUG 09-14, 1998 CL TAHOE CITY, CALIFORNIA SP Soil Sci Soc Amer, Forest Serv, USDA, Soc Amer Foresters, Canadian Soil Sci Soc, Canadian Inst Forestry, Desert Res Inst, Calif Forest Soil Council DE soil fertility; shasta red fir forest-barrens; restoration; microbial biomass; soil enzymes ID OREGON COAST RANGE; MICROBIAL BIOMASS; NITROGEN MINERALIZATION; ENZYME-ACTIVITIES; FOREST AGE; DISTURBANCE; CARBON; CASCADES; HEMLOCK; STORAGE AB Because of past major disturbances, the highly erodible,granitic soil in a Shasta red fir (Abies magnifica A. Murr. Var. shastensis) barrens located in McDonald basin on the north side of the Siskiyou Mountains crest is a major contributor of sediment to the aquatic system. Soil erosion is accelerated where vegetation is sparse and colonization slow, therefore, it is important that native plant cover be restored and the site rehabilitated. We examined soil properties that may be associated with vegetation patterns in the barrens and adjacent Shasta red fir forest and would have application to restoring native plant diversity and cover to the barrens. At a 40 ha study area we investigated plant available nutrients, soil C, microbial biomass, and enzymes involved in organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling in barrens and forest soils to determine if loss of the organic layer by erosion affected soil chemistry and microbiology. Twelve samples each were collected from 0 to 10 cm soil depth in forest and barrens and analyzed for C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu, B, Zn, Mo, and Al; microbial biomass, and dehydrogenase, urease, and acid phosphatase activity. Soils supporting forest vegetation contained higher concentrations of C, N, K, Ca, and Mg, indicating differences between forest and barrens in important soil chemical properties. Ca and Mg were extremely low in the barrens soil suggesting loss of these nutrients by erosion where there is a lack of vegetation cover. Soil organic matter was higher in forest than in barrens soil and was positively correlated with soil N (r(2)=0.78), dehydrogenase (r(2)=0.65) and acid phosphatase activity (r(2)=0.50). Although microbial biomass was extremely low, dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase activity were sensitive indicators of differences in organic matter and microbial activity between forest and barrens soil. The study indicates that certain soil chemical and biological properties may be useful in monitoring ecological change and helpful in understanding vegetation patterns. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. RP Vance, NC (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 41 TC 7 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD NOV 1 PY 2000 VL 138 IS 1-3 BP 427 EP 434 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00428-X PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 389ML UT WOS:000166241900029 ER PT J AU Page-Dumroese, D Jurgensen, M Elliot, W Rice, T Nesser, J Collins, T Meurisse, R AF Page-Dumroese, D Jurgensen, M Elliot, W Rice, T Nesser, J Collins, T Meurisse, R TI Soil quality standards and guidelines for forest sustainability in northwestern North America SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th North American Forest Soils Conference CY AUG 09-14, 1998 CL TAHOE CITY, CA SP Soil Sci Soc Amer, Forest Serv, USDA, Soc Amer Foresters, Canadian Soil Sci Soc, Canadian Inst Forestry, Desert Res Inst, Calif Forest Soil Council DE soil productivity; threshold values; detrimental disturbance ID ORGANIC-MATTER; SITE PREPARATION; PONDEROSA PINE; NITROGEN; PRODUCTIVITY; MANAGEMENT; INDICATORS; OREGON; GROWTH; SLASH AB Soil quality standards and guidelines of the USDA Forest Service were some of the first in the world to be developed to evaluate changes in forest soil productivity and sustainability after harvesting and site preparation. International and national development of criteria and indicators for maintenance of soil productivity make it imperative to have adequate threshold variables within the USDA Forest Service. In the Pacific Northwest soils range from fine-textured Andisols to coarse-textured skeletal Inceptisols. Forest types encompass the highly productive coastal rain forest to marginally productive, dry, cold sites in the interior mountains. Constant values to detect detrimental disturbances within the soil quality guidelines are routinely applied across diverse soils and timber types and include diagnostic criteria for evaluating management-caused changes to soil productivity. Research information from short- or long-term research studies supporting the applicability of disturbance criteria is often lacking, or is available from a limited number of sites which have relatively narrow climatic and soil ranges. In this paper we calculated changes in soil carbon, nitrogen, erosion, and cation exchange capacity using threshold variables from the Regional USDA Forest Service Soil Guidelines to assess their applicability across diverse landscapes. Soils were selected from a climatic and elevational gradient in the Pacific Northwest. Application of selected USDA Forest Service standards indicate that blanket threshold variables applied over disparate soils do not adequately account for nutrient distribution within the profile or forest floor depth. These types of guidelines should be continually refined to reflect pre-disturbance conditions and site-specific information. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forestry & Wood Prod, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Ogden, UT 84401 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Portland, OR 97208 USA. RP Page-Dumroese, D (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. EM ddumroese@fs.fed.us NR 72 TC 40 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD NOV 1 PY 2000 VL 138 IS 1-3 BP 445 EP 462 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00430-8 PG 18 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 389ML UT WOS:000166241900031 ER PT J AU Roliadi, H Hse, CY Choong, ET Shupe, TF AF Roliadi, H Hse, CY Choong, ET Shupe, TF TI Decay resistance of out-of-service utility poles as related to the distribution of residual creosote content SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Decay resistance of out-of-service poles was investigated to evaluate their effectiveness against biodegradation for possible recycling of these poles for composite products. Decay resistance was related to creosote content and creosote distribution in poles with service durations of 5 and 25 years and also freshly treated poles. Weathering of the poles had caused reduction in creosote content such that the residual content of the outer and upper portions of the poles was lower than the inner and bottom portions. Overall residual creosote content in the 5-year poles was lower than in freshly treated poles, but still higher than in 25-year poles. Above a 14 percent level of residual creosote content, the decay resistance of weathered poles was still high. Below that level, the decay resistance decreased dramatically. Decay resistance of 5-year poles was mostly still comparable to freshly treated poles, while the decay resistance of 25-year poles, especially in the outer portions, was much lower and approaching that of untreated southern yellow pine. In reutilization of out-of-service poles for composite wood products, components with lesser creosote content should be placed in the interior, while those with higher creosote content are more suitable for the outer part. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Sch Forestry Wildlife & Fisheries, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Sta, Pineville, LA USA. RP Roliadi, H (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Sch Forestry Wildlife & Fisheries, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 17 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 50 IS 11-12 BP 64 EP 68 PG 5 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 387PJ UT WOS:000166130700012 ER PT J AU Zawacki, WT Marsinko, A Bowker, JM AF Zawacki, WT Marsinko, A Bowker, JM TI A travel cost analysis of nonconsumptive wildlife-associated recreation in the United States SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE nontimber values; wildlife recreation; travel cost; truncation; consumer surplus; substitute activities ID COUNT DATA MODELS; ECONOMIC VALUATION; FOREST RECREATION; NATIONAL FORESTS; DEMAND MODEL; SPECIFICATIONS; PARTICIPATION; CALIFORNIA; DECISIONS AB Increased emphasis on sustainable resource management in forestry has effectuated a demand for various nontimber values. Nonconsumptive wildlife recreation is an important nontimber service produced on forest and rangeland. Travel cost models and data from the 1991 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting and Wildlife-Associated Recreation are used to estimate the demand and value for nonconsumptive wildlife-associated recreation in the United States. Resulting welfare measures are shown to be sensitive to assumptions about the cost of travel time, pecuniary costs, and functional form. Consumer surplus estimates range from 18.7 to 327.5 dollars per trip, while aggregate estimates of consumer surplus resulting from access to nonconsumptive wildlife recreation range from 5.8 to 66.4 billion dollars annually. Availability of information about nonparticipants allows comparison of truncated and untruncated demand models. Contrary to previous findings, consumer surplus estimates from truncated models are smaller than for untruncated counterparts. Trip demand is found to be adversely affected by per capita decreases in forest and rangeland. Models include interaction variables to avoid forcing hunting or fishing as potential substitutes for the large number of people who do not hunt or fish. Hunting and nonconsumptive wildlife recreation are complementary activities, while the results for fishing are mixed. C1 Amer Express, Phoenix, AZ USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Forest Resources, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Zawacki, WT (reprint author), Amer Express, Phoenix, AZ USA. NR 43 TC 24 Z9 28 U1 3 U2 9 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 46 IS 4 BP 496 EP 506 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 463BB UT WOS:000170456000004 ER PT J AU Odum, HT Doherty, SJ Scatena, FN Kharecha, PA AF Odum, HT Doherty, SJ Scatena, FN Kharecha, PA TI Emergy evaluation of reforestation alternatives in Puerto Rico SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE evaluation; emergy; reforestation; Puerto Rico ID LANDS AB Six alternative ways of reforesting degraded lands in Puerto Rico were evaluated using emergy (spelled with an "m"). Emergy and its economic equivalent, emdollars, put the contributions of environmental work and human services on a comparable basis. This article shows the emergy method for evaluating forest contributions to public benefit and its use to select alternatives for reforestation. Emdollar values were compared for six scenarios for reforestation of degraded land in Puerto Rico: (1) the natural succession within or adjacent to mature forest; (2) reforestation from the spread of the exotic tree siris (Albizia lebbek); (3) reforestation with plantations of siris and mahogany for harvest; (4) reforestation by leaving plantations unharvested; (5) direct planting of seedlings of many species; and (6) starting patches of forest by massive transfer of topsoil, seed bank, and roots. After energy systems diagrams were made for each reforestation alternative, data were assembled and evaluation tables prepared that estimated the emergy required for: (1) canopy closure and (2) developing species complexity if left unharvested. To explain the method, detailed calculations were included for one of the alternatives, exotic Albizia lebbek plantation on 11 yr harvest cycle. All alternatives generated net public benefit (emdollar yield ratios 4.2 to 24.3). The emdollar value of a closed canopy developed in :10 to 20 yr ranged from 20,000 to 48,000 em$ /ha, whereas the economic costs were $1200 to $9700. For complex forest development in 25 to 60 yr, values ranged from 63,000 to 118,000 em$ /ha, much higher than economic costs of $4000 to $12,000/ha. Highest public benefit per dollar cost came from succession (24.7 em$/$) and exotic colonization (19.1 em$/$). Highest potential monetary returns were from exotic spread (15.1 $/$) and plantations (17.9 and 14.5 $/$). Stand quality after 60 yr, as measured by the transformity (emergy/energy), was largest in mahogany plantation (6.4 x 10(4) sej/J) and succession forest (3.9 x 10(4) sej/J). C1 Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Ctr Sustainable Agr, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. US Forest Serv, USDA, Int Inst Trop Forestry, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. RP Odum, HT (reprint author), Univ Florida, POB 116450, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. EM htoeco@aol.com; steven.doherty@cul.slu.se; f_scatena@UPR1.UPR.CLU.EDU; pk44@visto.com NR 29 TC 15 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 8 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 46 IS 4 BP 521 EP 530 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 463BB UT WOS:000170456000006 ER PT J AU Clark, NA Wynne, RH Schmoldt, DL AF Clark, NA Wynne, RH Schmoldt, DL TI A review of past research on dendrometers SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE instrumentation; diameter measurement; forest inventory; mensuration ID ACCURACY AB The purpose of a dendrometer is to measure tree diameter. Contact and noncontact dendrometers accomplish this task by collecting different metrics, including girth or distance between tangent points on a tree stem. Many dendrometers have been developed in the last quarter century and many have been retired. This article summarizes instrument developments and application results, contains an interpretation of the results, and provides guidance for dendrometer selection. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn 0503, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Coll Nat Resources, Dept Forestry, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Clark, NA (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn 0503, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NR 56 TC 33 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 11 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 46 IS 4 BP 570 EP 576 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 463BB UT WOS:000170456000011 ER PT J AU Simon, A Curini, A Darby, SE Langendoen, EJ AF Simon, A Curini, A Darby, SE Langendoen, EJ TI Bank and near-bank processes in an incised channel SO GEOMORPHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE pore-water pressure; bank erosion; bank-toe material; bank-stability model ID MOTION; STREAM; BED AB Gravitational forces acting on in situ bank material act in concert with hydraulic forces at the bank toe to determine rates of bank erosion. The interaction of these forces control streambank mechanics. Hydraulic forces exerted by flowing water on in situ bank-toe material and failed cohesive material at the bank toe are often sufficient to entrain materials at relatively frequent flows and to maintain steep lower-bank profiles. Seepage forces exerted on in situ bank material by groundwater, downward infiltration of rainwater and lateral seepage of streamflow into and out of the bank are critical in determining bank strength. Data from a study site on Goodwin Creek, MS, USA clearly show the temporal variability of seepage forces and the lag time inherent in reductions in shear strength due to losses of matric suction and generation of positive pore-water pressures. Negative pore-water pressures (matric suction) have also been shown to increase the resistance of failed cohesive blocks to entrainment by fluid shear. A stable bank can be transformed into an unstable bank during periods of prolonged rainfall through: 1. increase in soil bulk unit (specific) weight, 2. decrease or complete loss of matric suction, and, therefore, apparent cohesion, 3. generation of positive pore-water pressures, and, therefore, reduction or loss of frictional strength, 4. entrainment of in situ and failed material at the bank toe, and 5. loss of confining pressure during recession of stormflow hydrographs. Relatively small frequent flows during the winter have the ability to erode failed bank materials, maintain oversteepened, unstable bank surfaces and promote prolonged periods of bank retreat, channel migration and high yields of fine-grained sediment. Confining pressures provided by stormflow are not as significant in maintaining bank stability as the counteracting force of fluid shear on the bank toe, which steepens the bank. For example, more than 2 m of bank retreat occurred during the study period at the research site on Goodwin Creek, northern Mississippi. The loss of matric suction (negative pore pressures) due to infiltrating precipitation has been found to be as significant as the development of excess pore pressures in contributing to mass bank instability. Apparent cohesion, friction angle, soil bulk unit weight and moisture content were measured in situ. Matric suction was measured continuously, in situ with a series of five pressure-transducer tensiometers. A bank-failure algorithm, which combines the Mohr-Coulomb approach, for saturated conditions and the Fredlund modification for unsaturated conditions was developed for layered cohesive streambanks. The resulting equation has been used successfully to investigate the role of matric suction, positive pore-water pressures and confining pressure for layered streambanks composed of cohesive materials. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. Univ Southampton, Dept Geog, Southampton SO9 5NH, Hants, England. RP Simon, A (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, 598 McElroy Dr,POB 1157, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. RI Darby, Stephen/J-5799-2012; OI Langendoen, Eddy/0000-0002-2215-4989 NR 43 TC 158 Z9 166 U1 3 U2 39 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-555X J9 GEOMORPHOLOGY JI Geomorphology PD NOV PY 2000 VL 35 IS 3-4 BP 193 EP 217 DI 10.1016/S0169-555X(00)00036-2 PG 25 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 372BE UT WOS:000165213100003 ER PT J AU Nakamura, F Swanson, FJ Wondzell, SM AF Nakamura, F Swanson, FJ Wondzell, SM TI Disturbance regimes of stream and riparian systems - a disturbance-cascade perspective SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE debris flows; disturbance; landslide; riparian zone; sediment transport; stream ecosystems ID CHANNEL NETWORKS; WESTERN CASCADES; SEDIMENT; OREGON; FLOW; BASINS; FLOODS; ROADS AB Geomorphological processes that commonly transport soil down hillslopes and sediment and woody debris through stream systems in steep, mountainous, forest landscapes can operate in sequence down gravitational flowpaths, forming a cascade of disturbance processes that alters stream and riparian ecosystems. The affected stream and riparian landscape can be viewed through time as a network containing a shifting mosaic of disturbance patches - linear zones of disturbance created by the cascading geomorphological processes. Ecological disturbances range in severity from effects of debris flows, which completely remove alluvium, riparian soil and vegetation along steep, narrow, low-order channels, to localized patches of trees toppled by floating logs along the margins of larger channels. Land-use practices can affect the cascade of geomorphological processes that function as disturbance agents by changing the frequency and spatial pattern of events and the quantity and size distribution of material moved. A characterization of the disturbance regime in a stream network has important implications for ecological analysis. The network structure of stream and riparian systems, for example, may lend resilience in response to major disturbances by providing widely distributed refuges. An understanding of disturbance regime is a foundation for designing management systems. Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Hokkaido Univ, Fac Agr, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060, Japan. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forens Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Nakamura, F (reprint author), Hokkaido Univ, Fac Agr, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060, Japan. RI Nakamura, Futoshi/A-6696-2012; OI Nakamura, Futoshi/0000-0003-4351-2578 NR 33 TC 82 Z9 85 U1 1 U2 28 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 14 IS 16-17 BP 2849 EP 2860 DI 10.1002/1099-1085(200011/12)14:16/17<2849::AID-HYP123>3.0.CO;2-X PG 12 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 387EY UT WOS:000166110700004 ER PT J AU Johnson, SL Swanson, FJ Grant, GE Wondzell, SM AF Johnson, SL Swanson, FJ Grant, GE Wondzell, SM TI Riparian forest disturbances by a mountain flood - the influence of floated wood SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE riparian forests; floods; floating wood; forest disturbance ID LAND-USE; STREAM; DEBRIS; OREGON; RIVER; CONSTRUCTION; VEGETATION; TREES AB Large floods can have major impacts on riparian forests. Here we examine the variability and spatial distribution of riparian forest responses along eight third- to fifth-order streams following a large flood ( similar to 100 year recurrence interval) in the Cascade Mountain Range of Oregon, We categorized disturbance intensity (physical force) exerted on riparian trees during floods into three classes: (i) purely fluvial (high water flow only); (ii) fluvial supplemented by dispersed pieces of floating wood (uncongested wood transport); (iii) fluvial with movement of batches of wood (congested wood transport). These types of material transport and associated classes of disturbance intensity resulted in a gradient of biotic responses of disturbance severity ranging from standing riparian trees inundated by high water, to trees toppled but still partially rooted, to complete removal of trees. High within-stream and among stream responses were influenced by pre-flood stream and riparian conditions as well as flood dynamics, especially the availability of individual pieces or congested batches of wood. Fluvial disturbance alone toppled fewer riparian trees than in reaches where floodwaters transported substantial amounts of wood. Debris flows delivered additional wood and sediment to parts of reaches of four of these study streams; riparian trees were removed and toppled for up to 1.5 km downstream of the debris flow tributary channel. Congested wood transport resulted in higher frequency of toppled trees and greater deposition of new wood levees along channel margins. The condition of the landscape at the time of a major flood strongly influenced responses of riparian forests. Recent and historic land-use practices, as well as the time since the previous large flood, influenced not only the structure and age of the riparian forests, but also the availability of agents of disturbance, such as large pieces of floating wood, that contribute to disturbance of riparian forests during floods. Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Johnson, SL (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 31 TC 44 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 10 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 14 IS 16-17 BP 3031 EP 3050 DI 10.1002/1099-1085(200011/12)14:16/17<3031::AID-HYP133>3.0.CO;2-6 PG 20 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 387EY UT WOS:000166110700014 ER PT J AU Waters, WR Hontecillas, R Sacco, RE Zuckermann, FA Harkins, KR Bassaganya-Riera, J Wannemuehler, MJ AF Waters, WR Hontecillas, R Sacco, RE Zuckermann, FA Harkins, KR Bassaganya-Riera, J Wannemuehler, MJ TI Antigen-specific proliferation of porcine CD8 alpha alpha cells to an extracellular bacterial pathogen SO IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SERPULINA-HYODYSENTERIAE BACTERIN; LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES INFECTION; KNOCK-OUT MICE; CD8(+) T-CELLS; INTRACELLULAR BACTERIA; INTRAEPITHELIAL LYMPHOCYTES; FUNCTIONAL-CHARACTERIZATION; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; IMMUNE-RESPONSES; GAMMA AB A vaccine inducing protective immunity to a spirochaete-induced colitis of pigs predominantly stimulates expansion of CD8(+) cells in vivo and in antigen-stimulated lymphocyte cultures. CD8(+) cells, however, are rarely considered necessary for protection against extracellular bacterial pathogens. In the present study, pigs recovering from colitis resulting from experimental infection with Brachyspira (Serpulina) hyodysenteriae had increased percentages of peripheral blood CD4(-) CD8(+) (alpha alpha -expressing) cells compared with non-infected pigs. CD8 alpha alpha (+) cells proliferated in antigen-stimulated cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from B. hyodysenteriae-vaccinated pigs. Proliferating CD8 alpha alpha (+) cells consisted of CD4(-), CD4(+) and gamma delta T-cell receptor-positive cells. CD4(-) CD8 alpha beta (+) cells from vaccinated or infected pigs did not proliferate upon in vitro antigen stimulation. Of the CD8 alpha alpha cells that had proliferated, flow cytometric analysis indicated that the majority of the CD4(+) CD8(+) cells were large (i.e. lymphoblasts) whereas the CD4(-) CD8(+) cells were predominantly small. Addition of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) specific for either porcine major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I or class II antigens diminished B. hyodysenteriae-specific proliferative responses whereas addition of mAb to porcine MHC II, but not porcine MHC I, reduced the CD8 alpha alpha response. In vitro depletion of CD4(+) cells by flow cytometric cell sorting diminished, but did not completely abrogate, the proliferative response of cells from vaccinated pigs to B. hyodysenteriae antigen stimulation. These results suggest that CD8 alpha alpha cells are involved in recovery and possibly protection from a spirochaete-induced colitis of pigs; yet, this response appears to be partially dependent upon CD4(+) cells. C1 Iowa State Univ, Vet Med Res Inst, Ames, IA 50011 USA. ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA USA. Univ Illinois, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Iowa State Univ, Flow Cytometry Facil, Ames, IA USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Ames, IA USA. RP Waters, WR (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Vet Med Res Inst, 1802 Elwood Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 41 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0019-2805 J9 IMMUNOLOGY JI Immunology PD NOV PY 2000 VL 101 IS 3 BP 333 EP 341 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2000.00114.x PG 9 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA 379VG UT WOS:000165663100006 PM 11106936 ER PT J AU Sharma, M Andersen, AA AF Sharma, M Andersen, AA TI Isolation and growth of chlamydiae in cell culture SO INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE cell lines; chlamydiae; isolation ID MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; PSITTACI C1 USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Avian & Swine Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Sharma, M (reprint author), Himachal Pradesh Agr Univ, Coll Vet & Anim Sci, Dept Vet Microbiol, Palampur 176062, Himachal Prades, India. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU INDIAN COUNC AGRICULTURAL RES PI NEW DELHI PA ICAR BHAWAN PUSA, NEW DELHI 110 012, INDIA SN 0367-8318 J9 INDIAN J ANIM SCI JI Indian J. Anim. Sci. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 70 IS 11 BP 1127 EP 1128 PG 2 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 376FA UT WOS:000165446500008 ER PT J AU Zhu, YC Kramer, KJ Dowdy, AK Baker, JE AF Zhu, YC Kramer, KJ Dowdy, AK Baker, JE TI Trypsinogen-like cDNAs and quantitative analysis of mRNA levels from the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella SO INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Indianmeal moth; Plodia interpunctella; Bacillus thuringiensis; midgut; trypsinogen; trypsin; serine proteinases; cDNA; gene; mRNA; amino acid sequence; expression; stored-product pest; Lepidoptera ID PLANT PROTEINASE-INHIBITORS; BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS TOXINS; CHORISTONEURA-FUMIFERANA; INSECT RESISTANCE; SPRUCE BUDWORM; DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY; DELTA-ENDOTOXIN; MANDUCA-SEXTA; MIDGUT; GENE AB Two cDNA fragments encoding full-length trypsinogen-like proteins were cloned from larvae of two strains (RC688s and HD198r) of the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner), which differed in their sensitivity to Bacillus thuringiensis protoxins. One cDNA fragment contained 874 nucleotides, including a 780-nucleotide open reading frame that encoded a trypsinogen-like protein (PiT2b). Another cDNA fragment amplified from both P. interpunctella strains contained 864 nucleotides including a 780 bp open reading frame encoding a second trypsinogen-like protein (PiT2c). The cDNA sequence of PiT2b shared 89% sequence identity with PiT2a, a trypsinogen-like protein cloned previously from this species. The cDNA sequences of PiT2a and PiT2c shared 83% identity. The cDNA sequence identity between PiT2b and PiT2c was 80%. The cDNA for PiT2b from strain RC688s was different at six nucleotide positions from that of PiT2b from strain HD198r. Five nucleotide replacements occurred in the open reading frame leading to amino acid changes at all five positions. There were five nucleotide differences in the cDNAs for PiT2c trypsinogen-like proteins from the two strains. Two nucleotide substitutions in the open reading frame resulted in replacements of two amino acid residues in the deduced protein sequences. Amino acid sequences for PiT2a and PiT2b shared 84% identity, but only 50% identity was observed between PiT2c and the other two trypsinogen-like proteins. The deduced amino acid sequences for PiT2b and PiT2c included both signal and zymogen activation peptides and amino acid sequence motifs which are conserved in seven homologous trypsinogen-like proteins from other insects. Typical features of the putative trypsinogen-like proteins from P. interpunctella included the serine proteinase active site triad (His(81), Asp(133), and Ser(233)), three pairs of cysteine residues for disulfide bridges, and three residues, Asp(227), Gly(250), and Gly(260): that help to confer trypsin-like specificity to the enzymes. Quantitative RT-PCR analyses showed that, in fourth instar larvae, RC688s had 1.6-fold higher PiT2a trypsinogen-like mRNA than did HD198r. Expression of PiT2b mRNA was 3.4-fold higher in HD198r than in RC688s. Expression of PiT2c mRNA was 2.8-fold higher in RC688s than in HD198r. Mean accumulation levels of mRNAs for all three trypsinogen-like proteins were slightly higher in RC688s than in HD198r based on total RNA, and 1.3-fold higher in RC688s than in HD198r based on wet weight of larval body tissues. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, USDA, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Baker, JE (reprint author), ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, USDA, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. NR 41 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0965-1748 J9 INSECT BIOCHEM MOLEC JI Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 30 IS 11 BP 1027 EP 1035 DI 10.1016/S0965-1748(00)00073-4 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA 362VV UT WOS:000089799700004 PM 10989289 ER PT J AU Guerrero, FD AF Guerrero, FD TI Cloning of a horn fly cDNA, Hi alpha E7, encoding an esterase whose transcript concentration is elevated in diazinon-resistant flies SO INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE diazinon resistance; ribonuclease protection assays; sequence; esterases ID AMINO-ACID SUBSTITUTION; INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE; LUCILIA-CUPRINA; MUSCIDAE; DIPTERA; E3 AB Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to clone two esterase cDNAs from a diazinon-resistant field population of horn flies that expresses qualitative and quantitative differences in esterases compared with a susceptible population. The open reading frame from one of the esterase cDNAs, Hi alpha E7, exhibits substantial amino-acid identity to an esterase associated with diazinon resistance in Lucilia cuprina. RNA Northern blots showed that Hi alpha E7 mRNA was more abundant in the diazinon-resistant population than the susceptible population. DNA copy number analysis did not reveal major differences in Hi alpha E7 gene copy number between the two populations. The full-length cDNA to Hi alpha E7 was cloned and sequenced, and found to contain all of the highly conserved sequence elements associated with carboxyl/cholinesterases. The Hi alpha E7 homologs in diazinon-resistant strains of L. cuprina and Musca domestica have been shown to possess an amino-acid substitution conferring diazinon hydrolytic activity to the esterase enzyme. This amino-acid substitution was not found in diazinon-resistant horn flies examined by allele-specific PCR. Individual flies from the resistant field population were phenotyped as diazinon-resistant or diazinon-susceptible by topical diazinon application bioassays and total RNA isolated and hybridized to Hi alpha E7 probe in ribonuclease protection assays. Hi alpha E7 transcript was expressed at a five-fold higher level in resistant female individual flies than in susceptible female individuals. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 ARS, USDA, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res Lab, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. RP Guerrero, FD (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res Lab, 2700 Fredericksburg Rd, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. NR 18 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0965-1748 J9 INSECT BIOCHEM MOLEC JI Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 30 IS 11 BP 1107 EP 1115 DI 10.1016/S0965-1748(00)00088-6 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA 362VV UT WOS:000089799700013 PM 10989298 ER PT J AU Helm, RM Cockrell, G Connaughton, C Sampson, HA Bannon, GA Beilinson, V Livingstone, D Nielsen, NC Burks, AW AF Helm, RM Cockrell, G Connaughton, C Sampson, HA Bannon, GA Beilinson, V Livingstone, D Nielsen, NC Burks, AW TI A soybean G2 glycinin allergen - 1. Identification and characterization SO INTERNATIONAL ARCHIVES OF ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE soybean; glycinin; food allergens; epitopes ID BARCELONA ASTHMA OUTBREAKS; MAJOR COMPONENT PROTEINS; FOOD HYPERSENSITIVITY; SENSITIVE PATIENTS; ATOPIC-DERMATITIS; SERA; ANTIBODIES; CHALLENGES; CHILDREN AB Background: Multiple allergens have been documented in soybean extracts. IgE from individuals allergic to soybeans, but not to peanut, was shown by immunoblot analysis to bind to proteins with a molecular weight of approximately 21 kD. These findings suggested that unique proteins in soybeans might be responsible for soybean allergic reactivity. The objective of the present study was to identify unique proteins in soybean extracts that bind to specific IgE from soybean-sensitive individuals, and to characterize the allergen using physicochemical methods and IgE binding. Methods: Two-dimensional and preparative SDS-PAGE/IgE immunoblot analysis was used to identify a 22-kD soybean-specific allergen from crude soybean extracts. N-terminal sequence analysis was used to determine the identification of the protein binding IgE from soybean-sensitive individuals. Results: IgE immunoblot and amino acid sequence analysis identified the 22-kD protein as a member of the G2 glycinin soybean protein family. Further investigation revealed that the IgEs reacted with basic chains from each member of the glycinin family of soybean storage proteins. Conclusions: Each of the subunits from glycinin, the storage protein that is the most prevalent component of soybean, are major allergens. Copyright (C) 2000 S. Karger AG, Basel. C1 Arkansas Childrens Hosp, Res Inst, Dept Pediat & Biochem & Mol Biol, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA. Univ Arkansas Med Sci, Arkansas Childrens Nutr Ctr, Dept Pediat, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA. CUNY Mt Sinai Sch Med, Div Pediat Allergy & Immunol, New York, NY 10029 USA. Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Agron, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Biochem, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Helm, RM (reprint author), Arkansas Childrens Hosp, Res Inst, Dept Pediat & Biochem & Mol Biol, 1120 Marshall St, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA. RI Osborne, Nicholas/N-4915-2015 OI Osborne, Nicholas/0000-0002-6700-2284 FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI-24439] NR 26 TC 64 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 6 PU KARGER PI BASEL PA ALLSCHWILERSTRASSE 10, CH-4009 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 1018-2438 J9 INT ARCH ALLERGY IMM JI Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 123 IS 3 BP 205 EP 212 DI 10.1159/000024445 PG 8 WC Allergy; Immunology SC Allergy; Immunology GA 379VF UT WOS:000165663000003 PM 11112856 ER PT J AU Helm, RM Cockrell, G Connaughton, C Sampson, HA Bannon, GA Beilinson, V Nielsen, NC Burks, AW AF Helm, RM Cockrell, G Connaughton, C Sampson, HA Bannon, GA Beilinson, V Nielsen, NC Burks, AW TI A soybean G2 glycinin allergen - 2. Epitope mapping and three-dimensional modeling SO INTERNATIONAL ARCHIVES OF ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE soybean; glycinin; food allergens; epitopes ID BIRCH POLLEN PROFILIN; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; STORAGE PROTEINS; X-RAY; IDENTIFICATION; PEANUT; SERA AB Background: Multiple allergens have been documented in soybean extracts. IgE from individuals allergic to soybeans, but not to peanut, has been shown by immunoblot analysis to bind to proteins with a molecular weight of approximately 22 kD. These findings suggested that this unique protein fraction from soybean might be responsible, in part, for soybean allergic reactivity. The objective of the present study was to characterize specific B cell epitopes, to determine if any amino acid was critical to IgE binding and to model the 22-kD G2 soybean allergen to the three-dimensional (3-D) phaseolin molecule. Methods: B cell epitopes were identified using SPOTs peptide analysis. Structural orientation of the IgE-binding regions was mapped to the 3-D phaseolin molecule using molecular modeling of the protein tertiary structure. Results: Eleven linear epitopes, representing 15 amino acid peptide sequences, bound to IgE in the glycinin molecule. These epitopes were predicted to be distributed asymmetrically on the surface of G2 trimers. Conclusions: Only 1 epitope could be rendered non-IgE binding by alanine substitutions in the peptide. The nonrandom distribution of the IgE binding sites provides new insight into their organization in trimers in 11S complexes of the G2 glycinin allergen. Copyright (C) 2000 S. Karger AG, Basel. C1 Arkansas Childrens Hosp, Res Inst, Dept Pediat & Biochem & Mol Biol, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA. Univ Arkansas Med Sci, Arkansas Childrens Nutr Ctr, Dept Pediat, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA. CUNY Mt Sinai Sch Med, Div Pediat Allergy & Immunol, New York, NY 10029 USA. Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Agron, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Biochem, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Helm, RM (reprint author), Arkansas Childrens Hosp, Res Inst, Dept Pediat & Biochem & Mol Biol, 1120 Marshall St, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA. RI Osborne, Nicholas/N-4915-2015 OI Osborne, Nicholas/0000-0002-6700-2284 FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI-24439] NR 19 TC 56 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 6 PU KARGER PI BASEL PA ALLSCHWILERSTRASSE 10, CH-4009 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 1018-2438 J9 INT ARCH ALLERGY IMM JI Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 123 IS 3 BP 213 EP 219 DI 10.1159/000024446 PG 7 WC Allergy; Immunology SC Allergy; Immunology GA 379VF UT WOS:000165663000004 PM 11112857 ER PT J AU Fayer, R Morgan, U Upton, SJ AF Fayer, R Morgan, U Upton, SJ TI Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium: transmission, detection and identification SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Review DE Cryptosporidium; transmission; detection; epidemiology; genotype; species ID HUMAN FECAL SPECIMENS; BETA-TUBULIN GENE; MASSIVE WATERBORNE OUTBREAK; LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; PCR-RFLP ANALYSIS; PARVUM OOCYSTS; ENVIRONMENTAL-SAMPLES; ENZYME-IMMUNOASSAY; CHESAPEAKE-BAY AB There are 10 valid species of Cryptosporidium and perhaps other cryptic species hidden under the umbrella of Cryptosporidium parvum. The oocyst stage is of primary importance for the dispersal, survival, and infectivity of the parasite and is of major importance for detection and identification. Because most oocysts measure 4-6 mum, appear nearly spherical, and have obscure internal structures, there are feu or no morphometric features to differentiate species and in vitro cultivation does not provide differential data as for bacteria. Consequently, we rely on a combination of data from three tools: morphometrics. molecular techniques, and host specificity. Of 152 species of mammals reported to be infected with C. parvum or an indistinguishable organism, very few oocysts have ever been examined using more than one of these tools. This paper reviews the valid species of Cryptosporidium, their hosts and morphometrics; the reported hosts for the human pathogen, C. parvum; the mechanisms of transmission; the drinking water, recreational water, and food-borne outbreaks resulting from infection with C. parvum; and the microscopic, immunological, and molecular methods used to detect and identify species and genotypes. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. on behalf of the Australian Society for Parasitology Inc. C1 USDA ARS, LPSI, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Murdoch Univ, WHO, Collaborating Ctr Mol Epidemiol Parasit Infect, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia. Murdoch Univ, State Agr Biotechnol Ctr, Div Vet & Biomed Sci, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia. Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Fayer, R (reprint author), USDA ARS, LPSI, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 284 TC 458 Z9 519 U1 12 U2 76 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0020-7519 J9 INT J PARASITOL JI Int. J. Parasit. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 30 IS 12-13 BP 1305 EP 1322 DI 10.1016/S0020-7519(00)00135-1 PG 18 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 387WM UT WOS:000166144900007 PM 11113257 ER PT J AU Murrell, KD Pozio, E AF Murrell, KD Pozio, E TI Trichinellosis: the zoonosis that won't go quietly SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE trichinellosis; zoonosis; Trichinella; public health; epidemiology ID SPIRALIS INFECTION; HUMAN TRICHINOSIS; SYLVATIC HOSTS; DOMESTIC SWINE; UNITED-STATES; WILD BOAR; OUTBREAK; PSEUDOSPIRALIS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; CHINA AB Trichinellosis, is normally not included among those regarded as emerging zoonoses because it has been a public health threat for more than 150 years. However. its dramatic re-emergence in many areas around the world over the past 10-20 years, inspite of a century of veterinary public health efforts to control and eradicate it, justifies it being included in this group. The reasons for this re-emergence are diverse, and include human pertubation and manipulation of ecosystems, war and political turmoil, rapidly changing food distribution and marketing systems. and even, surprisingly, rising affluence in developing countries. These influences, and their impact on the epidemiology of both domestic and sylvatic trichinellosis, are discussed, along with recommendations for confronting this altered status as a public health threat. (C) 2000 Australian Society for Parasitology Inc. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Ist Super Sanita, Parasitol Lab, I-00161 Rome, Italy. USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Murrell, KD (reprint author), KVL, Ctr Expt Parasitol, Ridebanevej 3, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark. NR 98 TC 88 Z9 106 U1 1 U2 10 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0020-7519 J9 INT J PARASITOL JI Int. J. Parasit. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 30 IS 12-13 BP 1339 EP 1349 DI 10.1016/S0020-7519(00)00132-6 PG 11 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 387WM UT WOS:000166144900009 PM 11113259 ER PT J AU Pritchard, SG Prior, SA Rogers, HH Peterson, CM AF Pritchard, SG Prior, SA Rogers, HH Peterson, CM TI Calcium sulfate deposits associated with needle substomatal cavities of container-grown longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) seedlings SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE Pinus palustris; longleaf pine; calcium sulfate crystals; calcium oxalate crystals ID ELEVATED ATMOSPHERIC CO2; SOIL RESOURCE AVAILABILITY; CARBON-DIOXIDE; OXALATE CRYSTALS; TISSUE CHEMISTRY; PICEA-PUNGENS; WATER-STRESS; ACID-RAIN; NITROGEN; WAX AB Extracellular calcium sulfate (CaSO4) formations associated with substomatal cavities of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) are described. Longleaf pine seedlings were grown with two levels of soil nitrogen (N) (40 or 400 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1)) and water stress (-0.5 or -1.5 MPa xylem pressure potential) in open-top field chambers under two levels of atmospheric CO2 (365 or 720 mu mol mol(-1)). Needles were subjected to scanning electron microscopy after 12 mo exposure to experimental conditions. Crystalline to fibrillar formations, appressed to surfaces of guard cells facing the interior of the needle, were observed in all treatments. In some cases, both crystalline and fibrillar formations were observed to occur within the same needle cross section. Formations were characterized as calcium sulfate using energy-dispersive spectrometry. Crystal-like CaSO4 appeared to originate from guard cells in the vicinity of the stomatal aperture. Formations may arise from evaporation of plant water at the interface between stomatal antechambers and substomatal cavities, leaving Ca and SO4 behind to precipitate. Many questions remain regarding their ecological and physiological significance as well as their occurrence and prevalence in both time and space. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Dynam Lab, Auburn, AL 36822 USA. Univ No Colorado, Dept Biol Sci, Greeley, CO 80639 USA. RP Pritchard, SG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Wind Eros & Water Conservat Res Lab, 302 W I-20, Big Spring, TX 79720 USA. NR 32 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 5 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-5893 J9 INT J PLANT SCI JI Int. J. Plant Sci. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 161 IS 6 BP 917 EP 923 DI 10.1086/317560 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 377MM UT WOS:000165517400008 ER PT J AU Brown, EW Davis, RM Gouk, C van der Zwet, T AF Brown, EW Davis, RM Gouk, C van der Zwet, T TI Phylogenetic relationships of necrogenic Erwinia and Brenneria species as revealed by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene sequences SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Erwinia; Brenneria; gapDH; molecular evolution; differentiation; phylogeny ID BACTERIA; ENTEROBACTERIACEAE; EVOLUTION AB Recent examination of the relationships of the dry necrosis-inducing (necrogenic) erwinias using 16S rDNA sequences demonstrated that these bacteria comprise a polyphyletic group and, therefore, have been subdivided into three distinct genera, Erwinia, Brenneria and Pectobacterium, with the classical 'amylovora' group species now being distributed nearly evenly among the first two. To further assess the molecular evolutionary relationships between current necrogenic Erwinia and Brenneria species, as well as between these genera and the exclusively soft-rotting genus Pectobacterium, the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapDH) genes from 57 Erwinia and Brenneria isolates along with Pectobacterium type strains were PCR-amplified, sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. Pairwise alignments of cloned gapDH genes revealed remarkably high interspecies genetic diversity among necrogenic isolates, Four evolutionary clades of necrogenic species were described that assorted more closely to known soft-rotting species than to each other. Interclade comparisons of gapDH nucleotide sequences revealed as much genetic divergence between these four necrogenic clades as existed between necrogenic and soft-rotting clades, An examination of the phylogenetic utility of the gapDH gene in light of current 16S rDNA clustering of these species revealed varying levels of taxonomic congruence between these genes for the structure of Erwinia, Brenneria and Pectobacterium. These analyses suggest that, while gapDH possesses sufficient genetic variation to fully differentiate Erwinia and Brenneria species, the gene may not accurately reflect interspecies taxonomic relatedness among all three phytopathogenic genera. C1 Loyola Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Chicago, IL 60626 USA. HortRes, Ruakura Res Ctr, Hamilton, New Zealand. ARS, USDA, Appalachian Fruit Res Ctr, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Brown, EW (reprint author), US FDA, Mol Biol Branch, DMBRE OPA, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, Mailstop HFS-237,200 C St SW, Washington, DC 20204 USA. NR 47 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AE, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1466-5026 J9 INT J SYST EVOL MICR JI Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 50 BP 2057 EP 2068 PN 6 PG 12 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 388BC UT WOS:000166156700013 PM 11155980 ER PT J AU van Berkum, P Fuhrmann, JJ AF van Berkum, P Fuhrmann, JJ TI Evolutionary relationships among the soybean bradyrhizobia reconstructed from 16S rRNA gene and internally transcribed spacer region sequence divergence SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bradyrhizobium; phylogeny; soybean; Glycine max; serology ID ROOT-NODULE BACTERIA; RHIZOBIUM-JAPONICUM STRAINS; RHODOPSEUDOMONAS-SPHEROIDES; SEROLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION; RIBONUCLEIC-ACID; SP-NOV; NODULATION; DIVERSITY; GENOTYPES; SOILS AB From sequence divergence of 16S rRNA genes and the internally transcribed spacer (ITS) region it is reported that variation in phytogenetic placement exists among the 17 different serotype strains of Bradyrhizobium that have been isolated from nodules of soybean. Evolutionary relationships among the bradyrhizobia were more resolved using reconstructions derived from ITS than from 16S rRNA gene sequence divergence. Strain USDA 129 was placed together with USDA 62, 110, 122 and 126, but did not cluster with USDA 123 and 127, with which it shares antigenic determinants. The results from the phylogenetic analysis were supported with data from determinations of genetic diversity among additional strains within each of these serogroups using amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis. From these results it was concluded that strains of serogroup 129 were more similar to strains of serogroups 62, 110 and 122 than they were to strains of serogroups 123 and 127. The serotype strain of Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 135 and the type strain for Bradyrhizobium liaoningense possessed identical 16S rRNA gene and ITS region sequences. Also, the type strain for B. liaoningense cross-reacted with antisera prepared against somatic antigens of USDA 135. Therefore, it was not possible to distinguish B. liaoningense from serogroup 135 in our analysis of B. japonicum and Bradyrhizobium elkanii. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr W, Soybean & Alfalfa Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Delaware, Coll Agr & Nat Resources, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Newark, DE 19717 USA. RP van Berkum, P (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr W, Soybean & Alfalfa Res Lab, HH-4,Bldg 010,10300 Baltimore Blvd, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM pberkum@ba.ars.usda.gov NR 59 TC 117 Z9 117 U1 1 U2 6 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AG, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1466-5026 J9 INT J SYST EVOL MICR JI Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 50 BP 2165 EP 2172 PN 6 PG 8 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 388BC UT WOS:000166156700026 PM 11155993 ER PT J AU Smith, D AF Smith, D TI Cardiovascular disease: A historic perspective. SO JAPANESE JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Review DE cardiovascular disease; coronary artery disease; lipid; LDL; atherosclerosis ID LOW-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; SERUM-LIPIDS; FATTY-ACIDS; DIETARY-FAT; CHOLESTEROL LEVELS; ARTERY DISEASE; OLIVE-OIL; OXIDIZED LIPOPROTEINS; MEDITERRANEAN DIET AB Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death and disability in the United States and in most industrialized nations. Major breakthroughs to modern day cardiovascular/lipid research have been attributed to the findings of the Framingham Heart Study and Gofman and colleagues who made associations between lipoprotein levels (LDL, VLDL and HDL) and CVD. Unfortunately, half of all CVD patients have none of the established coronary risk factors (hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, cigarette smoking, diabetes mellitus, obesity) and new strategies for identifying patients need be considered. Although there remains little disagreement regarding the necessity to lower elevated plasma cholesterol levels, there remains much controversy regarding appropriate dietary means to accomplish this goal. The National Cholesterol Education Program (1993) proposed a dietary reduction (Step I and Step II diets) to the percent saturated fat and cholesterol consumed by at-risk patients. Many currently question about the effectiveness of these diets and an alternative diet, replacing saturated fats by monounsaturated fats (olive oil),has attracted recent attention. While diet modification is considered the foundation of primary treatment, other interventions are frequently required. Although early drug trials demonstrated that agents such as nicotinic acid, clofibrate, gemfibrozil, bile acid-binding resins generally slowed progression of atherosclerotic lesions, lowered plasma cholesterol levels and decreased mortality from CVD, the greatest advance to current drug therapy involved the discovery of the "statins" (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors). In the current work, mechanisms for vascular dysfunction resulting in myocardial ischemia were explored and potential nutritional (dietary) and pharmacologic interventions were reviewed. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Smith, D (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. EM dsmith@hnrc.tufts.edu NR 94 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 6 PU HOKKAIDO UNIV PI SAPPORO PA ED COMMITTEE JAPANESE JOURNAL VETERINARY RES, GRAD SCH VET MED, KITA 18 NISHI 9 KITAKU, SAPPORO, 060-0818, JAPAN SN 0047-1917 J9 JPN J VET RES JI Jpn. J. Vet. Res. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 48 IS 2-3 BP 147 EP 166 PG 20 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 397QR UT WOS:000166707400004 PM 11236277 ER PT J AU Jiao, HJ Wang, SY AF Jiao, HJ Wang, SY TI Correlation of antioxidant capacities to oxygen radical scavenging enzyme activities in blackberry SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE antioxidant; free radicals; oxygen scavenging enzymes; blackberry ID ASCORBATE PEROXIDASE; SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; SENSITIVE METHOD; GLUTATHIONE; METABOLISM; OXIDATION; REDUCTION; PLANTS AB The activities of the oxygen radical scavenging enzymes [glutathione-peroxidase (GSH-POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and guaiacol peroxidase (G-POD)I, hydrogen peroxide scavenging enzymes in the ascorbate-glutathione cycle [ascorbate peroxidase (AsA-POD), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), and glutathione reductase (GR)I, the nonenzyme components [ascorbate (AsA), dehydroascorbate (DHAsA), glutathione (GSH), and oxidized glutathione (GSSG)], and their antioxidant capacity [oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC)] were measured in the juice of six different thornless blackberry (Rubus sp.) cultivars. The 'Hull Thornless' cultivar contained the highest levels, whereas 'Black Satin' consistently had the lowest activities for all the enzymes tested in this study. ORAC values were also the highest in 'Hull Thornless' and lowest in 'Black Satin'. The highest levels of AsA and DHAsA were in the juice of Hull Thornless' blackberries with 1.09 and 0.15 mu mol/g fresh wt, respectively. 'Hull Thornless' also had the highest ratio of AsA/DHAsA among the six blackberry cultivars studied. The 'Smoothstem' cultivar contained the lowest amounts of AsA and DHAsA. 'Hull Thornless' had the highest GSH content with 78.7 nmol/g fresh wt, while 'Chester Thornless' contained the largest amount of GSSG. The highest GSH/GSSG ratio was 4.90 which was seen in the 'Hull Thornless' cultivar. The correlation coefficient between ORAC values and AsA/DHAsA ratios was as high as 0.972. A correlation (r = 0.901) was also detected between ORAC values and GSH content. The antioxidant activity in blackberry juice was positively correlated to the activities of most antioxidant enzymes (r = 0.902 with SOD; r = 0.858 with GSH-POD; r = 0.896 with ASA-POD; and r = 0.862 with GR). C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Wang, SY (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 29 TC 64 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 48 IS 11 BP 5672 EP 5676 DI 10.1021/jf000765q PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 377AP UT WOS:000165490000095 PM 11087537 ER PT J AU Wang, SY Jiao, HJ AF Wang, SY Jiao, HJ TI Scavenging capacity of berry crops on superoxide radicals, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, and singlet oxygen SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE active oxygen species; superoxide radicals; hydrogen peroxide; hydroxyl radicals; singlet oxygen; berry crops ID LOW-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY; ANTHOCYANINS; CAROTENOIDS; VEGETABLES; PHENOLICS; SYSTEMS; DAMAGE; FRUITS AB The antioxidant activities against superoxide radicals (O-2(.-)), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radicals (OH.)(-), and singlet oxygen ('O-2) was evaluated in fruit juice from different cultivars of thornless blackberries (Rubus sp.), blueberries (Vaccinium spp.), cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton), raspberries (Rubus idaeus L. and Rubus occidentalis L.), and strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.). Among the different cultivars, juice of 'Hull Thornless' blackberry, 'Earliglow' strawberry,'Early Black' cranberry,'Jewel' raspberry, and 'Elliot' blueberry had the highest antioxidant capacity against superoxide radicals (O-2(.-)), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radicals (OH.), and singlet oxygen ('O-2). In general, blackberries had the highest antioxidant capacity inhibition of O-2(.-), H2O2, and OH.. Strawberry was second best in the antioxidant capacity assay for these same free radicals. With regard to 'O-2 scavenging activity, strawberry had the highest value, while blackberry was second. Cranberries had the lowest inhibition of H2O2 activity. Meanwhile, blueberries had the lowest antioxidant capacity against OH. and 'O-2. There were interesting and marked differences among the different antioxidants in their abilities to scavenge different reactive oxygen species. beta -Carotene had by far the highest scavenging activity against 'O-2 but had absolutely no effect on H2O2. Ascorbic acid was the best at inhibiting H2O2 free radical activity. For OH., there was a wide range of scavenging capacities from a high of 15.3% with cr-tocopherol to a low of 0.88% with ascorbic acid. Glutathione had higher O-2(.-) scavenging capacity compared to the other antioxidants. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Wang, SY (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 38 TC 266 Z9 286 U1 5 U2 48 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 48 IS 11 BP 5677 EP 5684 DI 10.1021/jf000766i PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 377AP UT WOS:000165490000096 PM 11087538 ER PT J AU Bailey, CA Stipanovic, RD Ziehr, MS Haq, AU Sattar, M Kubena, LF Kim, HL Vieira, RD AF Bailey, CA Stipanovic, RD Ziehr, MS Haq, AU Sattar, M Kubena, LF Kim, HL Vieira, RD TI Cottonseed with a high (+)- to (-)-gossypol enantiomer ratio favorable to broiler production SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE cottonseed; gossypol; gossypol enantiomers; broilers; toxicity ID GOSSYPOL ENANTIOMERS; HPLC AB This study was designed to evaluate the relative toxicity of (+) and (-)-gossypol enantiomers in 0-3-week-old broilers. Treatments consisted of broiler starter diets formulated with either a glandless, which did not contain gossypol, a commercial glanded [62.2% (+)-gossypol], or a glanded moco [83.2% (+)-gossypol] crushed cottonseed (CCS) (six replicates/treatment) plus a soybean meal negative control. Glandless cottonseed was mixed with the moco cottonseed (2.4% free gossypol) so that both the commercial glanded and moco glanded cottonseeds contained equivalent concentrations of free gossypol (2.0%). The cottonseed treatments were added at 5 and 10% of the diet. Body weights and feed conversions were determined weekly. Body weights and feed-to-gain ratios of broilers fed 5 and 10% glandless CCS and 5% moco CCS were not significantly different. Broilers receiving 10% commercial glanded CCS weighed significantly less than those subjected to all other treatments. Feed-to-gain ratios were significantly higher for broilers receiving 10% commercial glanded and 10% moco CCS as compared to 5% moco and glandless CCS, 10% glandless CCS, and control. Relative liver weights of birds receiving 10% moco CCS were significantly less than those of birds receiving 10% commercial CCS. The data clearly showed that broilers fed moco CCS containing a relatively high (+)- to (-)-gossypol enantiomer ratio performed better than broilers receiving commercial CCS with a lower (+)- to (-)-gossypol enantiomer ratio. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Texas Agr Expt Stn, Dept Poultry Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. USDA ARS, Cotton Pathol Res Unit, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Vet Physiol & Pharmacol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Embrapa Algodao, BR-58107720 Campina Grande, PB, Brazil. RP Bailey, CA (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Texas Agr Expt Stn, Dept Poultry Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 27 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 48 IS 11 BP 5692 EP 5695 DI 10.1021/jf000211n PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 377AP UT WOS:000165490000098 PM 11087540 ER PT J AU Lee, KT Akoh, CC Flatt, WP Lee, JH AF Lee, KT Akoh, CC Flatt, WP Lee, JH TI Nutritional effects of enzymatically modified soybean oil with caprylic acid versus physical mixture analogue in obese Zucker rats SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE structured lipids; serum lipids; cholesterol; fatty acid composition ID MEDIUM-CHAIN TRIGLYCERIDES; FATTY-ACIDS; LONG-CHAIN; PLASMA-LIPIDS; LYMPHATIC ABSORPTION; STRUCTURED LIPIDS; TRIACYLGLYCEROLS; LIPOPROTEINS; METABOLISM; HUMANS AB Enzymatically modified soybean oil with caprylic acid (SL), a physical mixture of tricaprylin and soybean oil (PHY), and soybean oil as control were fed (20% of diet weight) to female obese Zucker rats. Both lipids (SL and PHY) have similar total fatty acid composition containing 23.4 mol % caprylic acid (C8:0) but have different lipid structures. After 21 days of feeding, the bodyweight gain was 36.4% in the SL-fed group and 35.2% in the PHY-fed group, respectively; whereas the body weight of the control group increased 41.6%. Significant differences in the respiratory exchange ratio were observed between the SL and PRY groups. However, the contents of glucose, total and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and very low density and low density lipoprotein (VLDL + LDL) cholesterol in serum were not significantly different between the SL- and PHY-fed groups or among the three dietary groups (control, SL, and PHY) (p < 0.05). On the other hand, plasma total cholesterol and plasma triacylglycerol (TAG) were significantly higher in SL- and PHY-fed groups than in the control group. In the liver and inguinal adipocyte TAG, C8:0 was found in the SL-fed group, whereas it was not observed in the liver and inguinal adipocyte TAG of the PHY-fed group, which suggests that positional distribution of C8:0 of the TAC molecule is an important consideration in the metabolism of lipids. This study showed that different positional distribution in TAG molecules lead to different metabolic fates, resulting in the change of fatty acid composition in liver and inguinal adipose TAG in female Zucker rats. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Foods & Nutr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Drexel Univ, Dept Biosci & Biotechnol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Lee, KT (reprint author), USDA ARS, ERRC, 600 E Mermaid Ln, Philadelphia, PA 19038 USA. RI Akoh, Casimir/F-6460-2011 OI Akoh, Casimir/0000-0002-2323-9298 NR 30 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 48 IS 11 BP 5696 EP 5701 DI 10.1021/jf000072+ PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 377AP UT WOS:000165490000099 PM 11087541 ER PT J AU Friedman, M Kozukue, N Harden, LA AF Friedman, M Kozukue, N Harden, LA TI Cinnamaldehyde content in foods determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE carvone; carvacrol; cinnamaldehyde; eugenol; linalool; thymol; food analysis; gas chromatography; mass spectrometry ID FOODBORNE PATHOGENS; MECHANISM; EXTRACTS; SAGE AB trans-Cinnamaldehyde, the principal component of cinnamon flavor is a potent antimicrobial compound present in essential oils such as cinnamon. In the course of studies designed to discover its maximum microbial lethality under food-processing conditions, a gas chromatographic-mass spectrophotometric procedure was developed for the extraction and analysis of essential oil components such as cinnamaldehyde from commercial cinnamon-containing foods (several brands of cinnamon breads, cereals, cookies, puddings, applesauces, and fruit juices). The cinnamaldehyde content ranged from trace amounts in orange juice to 12.2 mg/100 g (122 ppm) in apple cinnamon cereals and 31.1 mg/100 g(311 ppm) for cinnamon swirl bread (highest value). To ascertain the heat stability of cinnamaldehyde, pure cinnamaldehyde, pure eugenol, cinnamon oil, and mixtures consisting of cinnamaldehyde plus eugenol or cinnamon oil were heated at graded temperatures up to 210 degreesC and 60 min, and then possible compositional changes were examined. Eugenol was stable to heat, as were the components of cinnamon oil: carvone, eugenol, and linalool. In contrast, starting at similar to 60 degreesC, pure cinnamaldehyde undergoes a temperature-dependent transformation to benzaldehyde under the influence of heat. Eugenol, both pure and in cinnamon oil, when added to pure cinnamaldehyde protected the aldehyde against heat destruction. The protection may due to an antioxidative action of eugenol. The possible mechanism of this effect and the significance of these findings for food chemistry and microbiology are discussed. C1 USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Friedman, M (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. OI Friedman, Mendel/0000-0003-2582-7517 NR 20 TC 94 Z9 100 U1 10 U2 37 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 48 IS 11 BP 5702 EP 5709 DI 10.1021/jf000585g PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 377AP UT WOS:000165490000100 PM 11087542 ER PT J AU Desjardins, AE Plattner, RD AF Desjardins, AE Plattner, RD TI Fumonisin B(1)-nonproducing strains of Fusarium verticillioides cause maize (Zea mays) ear infection and ear rot SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Zea mays; fumonisins; Fusarium verticillioides; Fusarium moniliforme; maize ear rot ID FUJIKUROI MATING POPULATION; GIBBERELLA-FUJIKUROI; MONILIFORME; BIOSYNTHESIS; MYCOTOXINS; TOXIN; VIRULENCE; MUTANTS; TOMATO; PLANTS AB Fumonisins are polyketide mycotoxins produced by Fusarium verticillioides (synonym F. moniliforme), a major pathogen of maize (Zea mays) worldwide. Most field strains produce high levels of fumonisin B(1) (FB(1)) and low levels of the less-oxygenated homologues FB(2) and FB(3), but fumonisin B(1)-nonproducing field strains have been obtained by natural variation. To test the role of various fumonisins in pathogenesis on maize under field conditions, one strain producing FB(1), FB(2), and FB(3), one strain producing only FB(2), one strain producing only FB(3), and one fumonisin-nonproducing strain were applied to ears via the silk channel and on seeds at planting. Disease severity on the harvested ears was evaluated by visible symptoms and by weight percent symptomatic kernels. Fumonisin levels in kernels were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The presence of the applied FB(1)-nonproducing strains in kernels was determined by analysis of recovered strains for fumonisin production and other traits. All three FB(1)-nonproducing strains were able to infect ears following either silk-channel application or seed application at planting and were as effective as the FB(1)-producing strain in causing ear rot following silk-channel application. These results indicate that production of FB(1), FB(2), or FB(3) is not required for F. verticillioides to cause maize ear infection and ear rot. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Desjardins, AE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. EM desjarae@mail.ncaur.usda.gov NR 29 TC 53 Z9 59 U1 4 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 48 IS 11 BP 5773 EP 5780 DI 10.1021/jf000619k PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 377AP UT WOS:000165490000111 PM 11087553 ER PT J AU Dombrink-Kurtzman, MA Dvorak, TJ Barron, ME Rooney, LW AF Dombrink-Kurtzman, MA Dvorak, TJ Barron, ME Rooney, LW TI Effect of nixtamalization (alkaline cooking) on fumonisin-contaminated corn for production of masa and tortillas SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE alkaline cooking; corn; fumonisin B(1); hydrolyzed fumonisin B(1); nixtamalization ID FUSARIUM-MONILIFORME; ESOPHAGEAL CANCER; B-1; HYDROLYSIS; MYCOTOXINS; LEUKOENCEPHALOMALACIA; TEMPERATURE; STABILITY; SORGHUM; SYSTEM AB Studies were undertaken to determine the fate of the mycotoxins, fumonisins, during the process of alkaline cooking (nixtamalization), using normal-appearing corn that was naturally contaminated with fumonisin B(1) (FB(1)) at 8.79 ppm. Corn was processed into tortillas, starting with raw corn that was cooked with lime and allowed to steep overnight; the steeped corn (nixtamal) was washed and ground into masa, which was used to make tortillas. Calculations to determine how much of the original fumonisin remained in the finished products took into consideration that FB(1) will be converted to hydrolyzed fumonisin B(1) (HFB(1)) by the process of alkaline cooking. All fractions, including steeping and washing water, were weighed, and percent moisture and fumonisin content were determined. Tortillas contained approximately 0.50 ppm of FB(1), plus 0.36 ppm of HFB(1), which represented 18.5% of the initial FBI concentration. Three-fourths of the original amount of fumonisin was present in the Liquid fractions, primarily as HFB(1). Nixtamalization significantly reduced the amount of fumonisin in maize. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, Cereal Qual Lab, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Dombrink-Kurtzman, MA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. EM dombrink@mail.ncaur.usda.gov NR 41 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 48 IS 11 BP 5781 EP 5786 DI 10.1021/jf000529f PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 377AP UT WOS:000165490000112 PM 11087554 ER PT J AU Rumsey, TS McLeod, K Elsasser, TH Kahl, S Baldwin, RL AF Rumsey, TS McLeod, K Elsasser, TH Kahl, S Baldwin, RL TI Performance and carcass merit of growing beef steers with chlortetracycline-modified sensitivity to pituitary releasing hormones and fed two dietary protein levels SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef cattle; carcass quality; chlortetracycline; performance; protein intake ID GROWTH AB This paper reports the effects of reduced sensitivity to growth hormone-releasing hormone and thyrotropin-releasing hormone through feeding a subtherapeutic level of chlortetracycline (CTC; 350 mg CTC/d) and two levels of dietary CP (10% and 13% of diet DM) on growth performance and carcass merit characteristics. Thirty-two steers (initial average BW, 286 kg) were adapted to a common 13% CP diet consisting primarily of grass hay, corn, and soybean meal fed to gain 1.25 kg/d. The steers were assigned to four treatments (with or without CTC and 10% or 13% dietary CP in a factorial arrangement) and fed ad libitum amounts of diet for 91 d. Feed intake was determined daily and steers were weighed weekly. Steers were killed at the end of the feeding period for carcass merit determinations. Efficiency of BW gain was greater (P < .05) for steers fed the 13% CP diet than for the 10% CP diet and tended to be less for CTC-steers when the 10% CP diet was fed and greater for the CTC-steers when the 13% CP diet was fed (CTC x dietary CP interaction, P < .10). Feeding CTC increased (P < .01) fat over the longissimus muscle and marbling. This study is interpreted to indicate that the sustained effect of subtherapeutic feeding of CTC to cattle appears to increase fat deposition consistent with a reduced growth hormone and thyroid status reported earlier for these same steers. This would tend to increase energy utilization but may not necessarily produce a measurable increase in BW gain. C1 ARS, Growth Biol Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, Nutr Conservat & Metab Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Rumsey, TS (reprint author), ARS, Growth Biol Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, USDA, Blsg 200,Room 102,BARC-E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 42 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 78 IS 11 BP 2765 EP 2770 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 367GZ UT WOS:000090054500001 PM 11063296 ER PT J AU Freetly, HC Ferrell, CL Jenkins, TG AF Freetly, HC Ferrell, CL Jenkins, TG TI Timing of realimentation of mature cows that were feed-restricted during pregnancy influences calf birth weights and growth rates SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Bovidae; energy; refeeding; reproduction ID REPRODUCTIVE-PERFORMANCE; BODY CONDITION; BEEF-COWS; ENERGY; GESTATION; PREPARTUM; NUTRITION; HEIFERS; LEVEL; GAIN AB The objective of this study was to determine the effect of feeding strategies in cows that allowed BW loss followed by BW gain on the efficiency of feed utilization for calf production. The first treatment (H-H-H) was designed to maintain body condition score of mature cows at 5.5 from the second trimester until the subsequent breeding season. The second treatment (L-H-H) was designed such that cows lost body condition during the second trimester and regained it during the third trimester and were equal in weight and body condition scores at parturition to cows assigned to the H-H-H treatment. The third treatment (L-L-H) was designed such that cows lost body condition during the second trimester and gained body condition after 28 d of lactation so that they would be equal to the other two treatments at breeding. Forty-eight cows were assigned to each treatment. Total DMI over the entire study did not differ between the H-H-H and L-H-H treatments (P = 0.23), but intake on both were higher than the L-L-H treatment (P < 0.001). Calf birth weight of the H-H-H treatment did not differ (P = 0.43) from those of L-H-H, but both groups were greater than those of the L-L-H (P 0.002) treatment. At 28 d of age, H-H-H (P = 0.008) and L-H-H (P = 0.007) calves weighed more than the L-L-H calves, but at 58 d of age there was no difference in calf BW among the treatments (P = 0.81). The percentage of cows that were diagnosed pregnant at weaning with their next calf did not differ (P = 0.71) among treatments. We interpret the results of this study to suggest that weight cycling in mature beef cows may be a viable management tool for decreasing food costs. C1 ARS, USDA, Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Freetly, HC (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 22 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 78 IS 11 BP 2790 EP 2796 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 367GZ UT WOS:000090054500005 PM 11063300 ER PT J AU Wheeler, TL Shackelford, SD Koohmaraie, M AF Wheeler, TL Shackelford, SD Koohmaraie, M TI Relationship of beef longissimus tenderness classes to tenderness of gluteus medius, semimembranosus, and biceps femoris SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef; carcass grading; classification; meat quality; muscles; tenderness ID SHEAR FORCE; MUSCLES; CATTLE; TRAITS AB The objective of this study was to determine the relationship of longissimus tenderness classes to tenderness of three other major muscles. Ninety-eight crossbred steers and heifers (14 to 17 mo of age) were humanely slaughtered over 9 wk and the carcasses were chilled 48 h at 0 degreesC. At 48 h postmortem, carcasses were assigned to one of three tenderness classes (tender = < 26 kg, intermediate = 26 to 42 kg, tough = > 42 kg) using slice shear force from the MARC Beef Classification System (n = 20, 67, and 11, respectively). The longissimus thoracis, gluteus medius, semimembranosus, and biceps femoris were removed, aged at 2 degreesC, and frozen at -30 degreesC at 14 d postmortem. Two 2.54-cm-thick steaks were obtained from each muscle, thawed to 5 degreesC, cooked with a belt grill at 163 degreesC for 5.5 min, and served warm to an eight-member trained descriptive attribute panel. Panelists evaluated each sample for tenderness, connective tissue amount, juiciness, and beef flavor intensity on 8-point scales. The mean 2-d longissimus slice shear force values were 20.7, 34.4, and 46.3 kg, respectively, for the "tender," "intermediate," and "tough" classes. Tenderness ratings were lowest (P < 0.05) for the "tough" class and highest (P < 0.05) for the "tender" class for all muscles except the gluteus medius, for which the "tender" and "intermediate" classes were not different (P > 0.05; longissimus, 7.7, 7.1, 6.3, and 7.1; semimembranosus, 6.4, 5.8, 5.1, and 5.8; biceps femoris, 5.9, 5.4, 4.8, and 5.4; gluteus medius, 6.8, 6.5, 5.8, and 6.5 for the "tender," "intermediate," "tough," and "unsorted" classes, respectively). The magnitude of the differences in tenderness ratings between the "tender" and "intermediate" classes and between the "intermediate" and "tough" classes was similar for all muscles. The percentages of tenderness ratings greater than 5.0 (slightly tender) for the,"tender" and "unsorted" classes, respectively, were as follows: longissimus, 100 and 95%; semimembranosus, 95 and 85%; gluteus medius, 100 and 94%; and biceps femoris, 95 and 81%. The simple correlations between longissimus and the other muscles for tenderness ratings were as follows: semimembranosus, 0.58; biceps femoris, 0.43; and gluteus medius, 0.68. These data indicate that early-postmortem longissimus slice shear force could be used to classify top sirloin, top round, and bottom round cuts for tenderness. C1 ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, USDA, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Wheeler, TL (reprint author), ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, USDA, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 NR 19 TC 47 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 78 IS 11 BP 2856 EP 2861 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 367GZ UT WOS:000090054500014 PM 11063309 ER PT J AU Smith, DJ AF Smith, DJ TI Total radioactive residues and clenbuterol residues in swine after dietary administration of [C-14]clenbuterol for seven days and preslaughter withdrawal periods of zero, three, or seven days SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE clenbuterol; food; growth promoters; pigs; residues; safety ID BETA-ADRENERGIC AGONISTS; METABOLITE PATTERN; ILLEGAL USE; FOOD; PHARMACOKINETICS; TISSUES; VEAL; CONSUMPTION; SALBUTAMOL; CATTLE AB Nine barrows (23.8 +/- 0.9 kg) and 9 gilts (23.1 +/- 0.9 kg) were used to determine the disposition of radiocarbon after oral [C-14]clenbuterol (4-amino-alpha-[t-butylaminomethyl] -3,5-dichlorobenzyl [7-C-14] alcohol hydrochloride) administration and to determine total and parent residues in edible tissues. Three barrows and three gilts, housed in metabolism crates, were fed 1 ppm [C-14]clenbuterol HCl for seven consecutive days in three separate trials; a single barrow and gilt from each trial was slaughtered after 0-, 3-, or 7-d preslaughter withdrawal periods. Urine and feces were collected during the dosing and the withdrawal period; edible and inedible tissues were collected at slaughter. Total recovery of radiocarbon was 94.2 +/- 6.5%. Total clenbuterol absorption was greater than 75% for barrows and 60% for gilts. Total radioactive residues in tissues were not different (P > 0.05) between barrows and gilts. Concentrations of parent clenbuterol in liver, kidney, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and lung did not differ between barrows and gilts (P > 0.05). Total radioactive and parent residues declined in tissues as withdrawal period increased. After the 0-d withdrawal period, total liver residues (286 ppb) were approximately equal to lung residues, twice those of the kidney, and about 15 times those of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. After a 7-d withdrawal period, total radioactive residues in liver (15 ppb) were roughly three times greater than lung, kidney, and adipose tissue total residues and about 13 times those of skeletal muscle total residues. Parent clenbuterol represented 79, 63, 42, 67, and 100% of the total radioactive residue in adipose tissue, kidney, liver, lung, and skeletal muscle, respectively, in hogs slaughtered with a 0-d withdrawal period. With increasing withdrawal period, the percentage of total radioactive residue present as parent clenbuterol within edible tissues (including lung) decreased, so that after a 7-d withdrawal period, 7, 16, and 29% of the total residue was composed of parent clenbuterol in kidney, liver, and lung, respectively. After a 7-d withdrawal period, parent clenbuterol exceeded the European maximum residue limit (0.5 ppb) 4.6-fold in liver and 2.4-fold in lung. In muscle, clenbuterol was approximately 40 times the limit after a 0-d withdrawal period but had dropped below 0.5 ppb after a 3-d withdrawal period. Results from this study indicate that clenbuterol HCl is well absorbed in swine and that the use of clenbuterol in this species in an off-label manner is inconsistent with human food safety standards used in developed countries. C1 ARS, USDA, Biosci Res Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Smith, DJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Biosci Res Lab, POB 5674 Univ Stn, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 40 TC 29 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 78 IS 11 BP 2903 EP 2912 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 367GZ UT WOS:000090054500020 PM 11063315 ER PT J AU Nadeau, EMG Russell, JR Buxton, DR AF Nadeau, EMG Russell, JR Buxton, DR TI Intake, digestibility, and composition of orchardgrass and alfalfa silages treated with cellulase, inoculant, and formic acid fed to lambs SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cellulase; composition; digestibility; intake; silage ID WALL-DEGRADING ENZYMES; VOLUNTARY INTAKE; GRASS SILAGES; FERMENTATION; DIGESTION; SHEEP; BACTERIA; QUALITY; CATTLE; STEERS AB The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of a cellulase (from Trichoderma longibrachiatum) alone or combined with a bacterial inoculant (Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus cerevisiae) or formic acid on composition, intake, and digestibility of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) silages. Orchardgrass and alfalfa were harvested at the early heading stage and at the early bloom stage of maturity and wilted to approximately 22 and 32% DM, respectively. Forages were then ensiled in 100-L sealed barrels for at least 60 d before they were fed to lambs. Silage treated with cellulase had lower (P < .001) pH and lower (P < .001) acetic acid and NH3N concentrations than untreated silage of both plant species and a higher (P = .004) lactic acid concentration than the control treatment of alfalfa silage. Fermentation characteristics of cellulase-treated silages, especially of alfalfa, were further enhanced by use of inoculant. Formic acid addition increased (P < .001), reducing sugar concentration of cellulase-treated orchardgrass and alfalfa silage by 90 and 154%, respectively, and decreased (P < .001) NH3N concentration of cellulase-treated alfalfa silage by 19%. Averaged across plant species, cellulase, combined with inoculant or formic acid, resulted in 8 and 13% greater (P = .03) DMI, respectively, than the control silage. Extensive enzymatic cell-wall degradation during ensiling decreased (P = .003) NDF intake of cellulase-treated orchardgrass silage by 25% and decreased (P = .001) cellulose intake by 23%, when averaged across plant species. Addition of formic acid increased (P = .003) NDF intake of cellulase-treated orchardgrass silage by 19%. Averaged across species, cellulase application decreased (P < .05) silage NDF digestibility by 18%. Greater sugar and lower acetic acid, NH3N, and NDF concentrations resulted in greater DMI of cellulase-treated silage than of control silage, when cellulase was combined with formic acid or inoculant. C1 Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Anim Sci, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, USDA ARS, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Russell, JR (reprint author), Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Anim Sci, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 31 TC 28 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 78 IS 11 BP 2980 EP 2989 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 367GZ UT WOS:000090054500030 PM 11063325 ER PT J AU Schneider, MJ Donoghue, DJ AF Schneider, MJ Donoghue, DJ TI Multiresidue determination of fluoroquinolones in eggs SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; RESIDUES; HPLC; ENROFLOXACIN; COMBINATION; DIALYSIS; MILK AB A multiresidue method was developed for the determination of fluoroquinolones in eggs. Extraction of eggs with ammoniacal acetonitrile was followed by liquid-liquid defatting, solvent evaporation, and redissolution in a small volume of buffer. The fluoroquinolones were further purified by on-line microdialysis, concentrated on a trace enrichment column, and separated by reversed-phase liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Norfloxacin (NOR), ciprofloxacin (CIP), and sarafloxacin (SAR) were extracted from fortified eggs over a range of 2-200 mug/kg, with recoveries of 65.7-78.9%, 65.6-77.1%, and 67.6-110%, respectively. Enrofloxacin (ENRO) was extracted over a range of 1-100 mug/kg, with recoveries of 71.5-86.7%, whereas desethylene ciprofloxacin (DCIP) and danofloxacin (DANO) were extracted over a range of 0.2-20 mug/kg, with recoveries of 68.7-90.7% and 76.0-93.8%, respectively. The limits of quantitation for the 6 fluoroquinolones were as follows: DCIP and DaNO, 0.3 mug/kg; ENRO, 1 mug/kg; NOR and CIP, 2 mug/kg; and SAR, 3 mug/kg. Both SAR and ENRO incurred eggs were also successfully analyzed using this method. C1 ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. US FDA, Ctr Vet Med, Div Anim Res, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Schneider, MJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Ln, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 12 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 3 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 83 IS 6 BP 1306 EP 1312 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 379BF UT WOS:000165620500003 PM 11128131 ER PT J AU Mueller, TC Senseman, SA Wauchope, RD Clegg, C Young, RW Southwick, LM Riley, MB Moye, HA Dumas, JA Mersie, W Mattice, JD Leidy, RB AF Mueller, TC Senseman, SA Wauchope, RD Clegg, C Young, RW Southwick, LM Riley, MB Moye, HA Dumas, JA Mersie, W Mattice, JD Leidy, RB TI Recovery of atrazine, bromacil, chlorpyrifos, and metolachlor from water samples after concentration on solid-phase extraction disks: Interlaboratory study SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; TRACE ENRICHMENT; SURFACE-WATER; PESTICIDES; HERBICIDES; STABILITY; RIVER AB An interlaboratory comparison was conducted in 1997 and 1998 to examine the feasibility of using C-18 solid-phase extraction disks (Empore(TM)) to simultaneously determine the herbicides atrazine, bromacil, and metolachlor and the insecticide chlorpyrifos in water samples. A common fortification source and sample processing procedure were used to minimize variation in initial concentrations and operator inconsistencies. The protocol consisted of paired laboratories in different locations coordinating their activities and shipping fortified water samples (deionized or local surface water) or Empore disks on which the pesticides had been retained and then quantitating the analytes by a variety of gas chromatographic methods. Average recoveries from all laboratories were >80% for atrazine, bromacil, and metolachlor, and >70% for chlorpyrifos. Detection of bromacil was unachievable at some locations because of chromatographic problems. Shipping samples between cooperating laboratories did not affect the recovery of atrazine, chlorpyrifos, or metolachlor in either matrix, Recoveries tended to be higher from disks shipped to cooperating laboratories compared with those from fortified water. Shipping disks eliminated many problems associated with the shipment of water samples, such as bottle breakage, higher shipping cost, and possible pesticide degradation. Recoveries of bromacil and metolachlor were lower from fortified surface water samples than from fortified deionized water samples. This collaborative research demonstrated that pesticides in water samples can be concentrated on solid-phase extraction disks at one location and quantitated under diverse analytical conditions at another location. The extraction efficiencies of the disks were comparable with or better than the recoveries obtained from the shipped water samples, and the problems associated with shipping water samples were eliminated by using the disks. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Knoxville, TN 37901 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. ARS, USDA, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Biochem, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. ARS, USDA, Baton Rouge, LA 70808 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Plant Pathol & Physiol, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Univ Florida, Food & Environm Toxicol Lab, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Puerto Rico Agr Expt Stn, Pesticide Res Lab, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. Virginia State Univ, Agr Res Stn, Petersburg, VA 23806 USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Crop & Soil Environm Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Pesticide Res Lab, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA. RP Mueller, TC (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, POB 1071, Knoxville, TN 37901 USA. RI Senseman, Scott/E-7714-2011 NR 18 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 5 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 83 IS 6 BP 1327 EP 1333 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 379BF UT WOS:000165620500006 PM 11128134 ER PT J AU Pettersson, EM Sullivan, BT Anderson, P Berisford, CW Birgersson, G AF Pettersson, EM Sullivan, BT Anderson, P Berisford, CW Birgersson, G TI Odor perception in the bark beetle parasitoid Roptrocerus xylophagorum exposed to host associated volatiles SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Roptrocerus xylophagorum; parasitoid; Hymenoptera; Pteromalidae; Dendroctonus frontalis; Ips grandicollis; bark beetle; Scolytidae; semiochemicals; host location; oxygenated monoterpenes; bioassay; GC-EAD; GC-MS ID SOUTHERN PINE-BEETLE; IPS-TYPOGRAPHUS; SCOLYTIDAE; COLEOPTERA; SEMIOCHEMICALS; SPECIFICITY; HYMENOPTERA; ATTRACTANTS; MECHANISMS; TORYMIDAE AB Y-tube olfactometer bioassays and combined gas chromatography-electroantennographic detector (GC-EAD) analyses were performed to investigate the specific odors utilized as host location cues by the bark beetle parasitoid, Roptrocerus xylophagorum, originating from the southeastern United States. R. xylophagorum parasitizes several economically important holarctic bark beetle species and females oviposit preferentially on late larval stages. Both female and male parasitoids were tested with volatiles derived from host infestations of either Dendroctonus frontalis, the southern pine beetle, or Ips grandicollis, the southern pine engraver. Tested volatiles were steam distillates from the bark of loblolly pine, Pinus taeda, infested with larvae of the respective bark beetle species. Combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was employed for identification and quantification of the compounds in the steam distillates. To confirm the EAD activity of identified compounds, GC-EAD analyses were repeated with a synthetic blend composed predominantly of compounds in the crude extracts that had revealed apparent electrophysiological activity. In Y-olfactometer bioassays, female parasitoids were attracted to both of the above-mentioned distillates. Male parasitoids were tested with one of the distillates but failed to respond. In GC-EAD analyses, the sexes displayed similar relative sensitivities to the components of the blends. Males exhibited generally higher amplitudes of response to the tested compounds than females. Monoterpene hydrocarbons associated with the constitutive resin of the host tree did not elicit significant EAD responses. Compounds known to be associated specifically with the host-tree complex, such as certain oxygenated monoterpenes, generated the greatest EAD responses. Female parasitoids were attracted by a synthetic blend composed of several of the EAD active oxygenated monoterpenes. C1 Univ Gothenburg, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. SLU, Dept Plant Protect Sci, SE-23053 Alnarp, Sweden. Univ Georgia, Dept Entomol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Pettersson, EM (reprint author), Univ Gothenburg, Box 461, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden. NR 38 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 26 IS 11 BP 2507 EP 2525 DI 10.1023/A:1005580528046 PG 19 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 381BD UT WOS:000165741700004 ER PT J AU Gulati, BR Cameron, KT Seal, BS Goyal, SM Halvorson, DS Njenga, MK AF Gulati, BR Cameron, KT Seal, BS Goyal, SM Halvorson, DS Njenga, MK TI Development of a highly sensitive and specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on recombinant matrix protein for detection of avian pneumovirus antibodies SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS; TURKEY RHINOTRACHEITIS; GENE; ANTIGENS; SEQUENCE; ATTACHMENT; NUCLEOTIDE; INFECTION; DISTINCT AB The matrix (M) protein of avian pneumovirus (APV) was evaluated for its antigenicity and reliability in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for diagnosis of APV infection, a newly emergent disease of turkeys in United States. Sera from APV-infected turkeys consistently contained antibodies to a 30-kDa protein (M protein), An ELISA based on recombinant M protein generated in Escherichia coli was compared with the routine APV ELISA that utilizes inactivated virus as antigen, Of 34 experimentally infected turkeys, 33 (97.1%) were positive by M protein ELISA whereas only 18 (52.9%) were positive by routine APV ELISA 28 days after infection. None of the serum samples from 41 uninfected experimental turkeys were positive by M protein ELISA. Of 184 field sera from turkey flocks suspected of having APV infection, 133 (72.3%) were positive by M protein ELISA whereas only 99 (53.8%) were positive by routine APV ELISA. Twelve serum samples, which were negative by M protein ELISA but positive by routine APV ELISA, were not reactive with either recombinant M protein or denatured purified APV proteins by Western analysis. This indicates that the samples had given false-positive results by routine APV ELISA. The M protein ELISA was over six times more sensitive than virus isolation (11.5%) in detecting infections from samples obtained from birds showing clinical signs of APV infection. Taken together, these results show that ELISA based on recombinant M protein is a highly sensitive and specific test for detecting antibodies to APV. C1 Univ Minnesota, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Diagnost Med, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, USDA, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Njenga, MK (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, 1971 Commonwealth Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 27 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 38 IS 11 BP 4010 EP 4014 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 400VT UT WOS:000166892900018 PM 11060061 ER PT J AU Cnaani, J Robinson, GE Hefetz, A AF Cnaani, J Robinson, GE Hefetz, A TI The critical period for caste determination in Bombus terrestris and its juvenile hormone correlates SO JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY A-SENSORY NEURAL AND BEHAVIORAL PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bombus terrestris; critical period; caste determination; JH; social insects ID HONEYBEE APIS-MELLIFERA; CORPORA ALLATA; SOLDIER DETERMINATION; BEE; BIOSYNTHESIS; LARVAE; DIFFERENTIATION; EXPRESSION; SILKWORM; WORKERS AB The critical period for caste determination and its juvenile hormone (JH III) correlates were studied in Bombus terrestris. Larvae of known age and instar were taken from young colonies, in which they would have been reared as workers, and placed into groups of queenless workers. Under these conditions the critical age for caste determination was 5 days, during the second instar. Endocrine correlates of caste determination were obtained by determining profiles of juvenile hormone titer and juvenile hormone biosynthesis, measured by chiral-specific radioimmunoassay and the in vitro radiochemical assay, respectively. By the middle of the second instar prospective queen larvae had significantly higher rates of juvenile hormone biosynthesis and juvenile hormone titer than prospective worker larvae. Based on the coincidence of timing of both the critical period and the appearance of caste-specific juvenile hormone titer, we suggest that juvenile hormone plays a role in the mechanisms that control caste determination in B. terrestris. C1 Tel Aviv Univ, George S Wise Fac Life Sci, Dept Zool, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. Univ Illinois, Dept Entomol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Cnaani, J (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Carl Hayden Bee Res Ctr, 2000 E Allen Rd, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RI Hefetz, Abraham/I-3853-2015 NR 33 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 8 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0340-7594 J9 J COMP PHYSIOL A JI J. Comp. Physiol. A-Sens. Neural Behav. Physiol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 186 IS 11 BP 1089 EP 1094 DI 10.1007/s003590000163 PG 6 WC Behavioral Sciences; Neurosciences; Physiology; Zoology SC Behavioral Sciences; Neurosciences & Neurology; Physiology; Zoology GA 389DH UT WOS:000166223000008 PM 11195284 ER PT J AU Dhiman, TR Bal, MA Wu, Z Moreira, VR Shaver, RD Satter, LD Shinners, KJ Walgenbach, RP AF Dhiman, TR Bal, MA Wu, Z Moreira, VR Shaver, RD Satter, LD Shinners, KJ Walgenbach, RP TI Influence of mechanical processing on utilization of corn silage by lactating dairy cows SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE corn silage; mechanical processing; digestion; milk production ID MILK-PRODUCTION; DIGESTION; PROTEIN; SYSTEM; ACIDS; FIBER AB We conducted three experiments to determine the influence of mechanical processing on corn silage utilization by lactating dairy cows. Total mixed rations contained either unprocessed or processed corn silage harvested between 1/4 and 3/4 milk line. In trial 1, 12 multiparous Holstein cows were used in a replicated double switchback design with 21-d periods. Intake of dry matter (DM) was increased 1.2 kg/d by processing, but milk yield was unaffected. Processing did not affect apparent total-tract DM digestibility, but processing tended to lower starch and corn excretion in feces and reduced concentration of sieved corn kernel particles in feces. In trial 2, 42 Holstein cows were used in an 18-wk randomized complete-block design. Intake of DM and milk yield were unaffected by processing, but milk fat percent was increased 0.35 percentage units by processing. Processing tended to increase total-tract digestibility of starch, but reduced organic matter, crude protein, and neutral detergent fiber digestibilities. In trial 3, 30 Holstein cows were used in a 15-wk randomized complete block design. There was no influence of mechanical processing on intake or lactation performance in this trial. Despite indications of increased starch digestion in two trials and increased DM intake in one trial, effects of processing corn silage on lactation performance were minimal with corn silage at the maturity and moisture contents used in these trials. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Dairy Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biosyst Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Shaver, RD (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Dairy Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Moreira, Vinicius/E-5801-2011 NR 24 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 83 IS 11 BP 2521 EP 2528 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 373ZC UT WOS:000165319100016 PM 11104271 ER PT J AU Broderick, GA De Leon, N Nakamura, Y AF Broderick, GA De Leon, N Nakamura, Y TI Potential of fermentation byproducts as nitrogen supplements for lactating dairy cows SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE urea; soybean meal; fermentation byproducts ID RUMINAL FERMENTATION; ALFALFA SILAGE; AMINO-ACIDS; FATTY-ACIDS; PROTEIN; CORN; GROWTH; FORAGE; ENERGY; UREA AB Two feeding trials evaluated several byproducts from commercial amino acid fermentations as N supplements for lactating cows. Trial 1 was a replicated 5 x 5 Latin square that used 2-wk periods and 25 Holstein cows (five with ruminal cannulae) fed diets containing [dry matter (DM) basis] 28% alfalfa silage, 31% corn silage, 28% high moisture ear corn plus 4 percentage units of crude protein (CP) from: soybean meal, urea, commercial fermentation byproduct 1 or 2, or a blend of fermentation byproducts plus wheat middlings. Diets averaged 15.1% CP and 32% neutral detergent fiber. Intake of DM, body weight (BW) gain, and yield of milk and milk components were greatest for cows fed soybean meal; animal performance was similar with urea, byproduct 1 and the byproduct blend. Intake, BW change, and yield of milk and protein when cows were fed byproduct 2 were lower than when fed urea. Urine output (estimated with creatinine in spot urine samples) was greater on fermentation byproduct 1 and the byproduct blend. There were no differences due to N source in microbial synthesis (based on estimated purine derivative excretion), in situ digestion of alfalfa hay DM, or molar proportions of ruminal volatile fatty acids. Trial 2 was a replicated 5 x 5 Latin square using 2-wk periods and 10 Holstein cows fed diets containing (DM basis) 37% alfalfa silage, 28% corn silage, 29% high moisture ear corn plus 2 percentage units of CP from urea, fermentation byproduct 1, or one of three blends of fermentation byproducts plus wheat middlings. Except for greater DM intake in cows fed the byproduct blends, performance and urinary metabolite excretion did not differ because of N supplement. Relative to other fermentation byproducts and urea, byproduct 1 resulted in reduced milk urea N in both trials. Under the conditions of these trials, fermentation byproducts were less effective than soybean meal, and no more effective than urea, as N supplements. C1 US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Ajinomoto Co Inc, Tokyo 104, Japan. Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Broderick, GA (reprint author), US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, USDA ARS, 1925 Linden Dr W, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 27 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 83 IS 11 BP 2548 EP 2556 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 373ZC UT WOS:000165319100019 PM 11104274 ER PT J AU Romo, GA Erdman, RA Teter, BB Sampugna, J Casper, DP AF Romo, GA Erdman, RA Teter, BB Sampugna, J Casper, DP TI Milk composition and apparent digestibilities of dietary fatty acids in lactating dairy cows abomasally infused with cis or trans fatty acids SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cis-C-18 : 1 fatty acids; trans-C-18 : 1 fatty acids; milk fat depression; digestibility ID BOVINE-MILK; MAMMARY-GLAND; HOLSTEIN COWS; ISOMERS; MIXTURES; RATIONS; PROTEIN; FORMS; YIELD; OILS AB Fat supplementation of diets for dairy cows produces changes in nutrient supply and milk composition. The effect of abomasal infusion of either cis-C-18:1 or trans-C-18:1 fatty acid isomers on the digestibility of fatty acids and milk composition was determined in lactating dairy cows. Six multiparous midlactation Holstein cows were used and fed a control diet containing 50% forage and 50% concentrate. Treatments were (per day): no infusion, infusion of a 630-g fat mixture high in cis-C-18:1 isomers, and infusion of a 623-g fat mixture high in trans-Cl-18:1 isomers using two 3 x 3 Latin squares with 4-wk experimental periods. Fat infusion did not affect total dry matter intake and increased apparent digestibilities of total fatty acids. Apparent digestibilities of C-18 fatty acids were directly related to the number of double bonds within isomers, and cis-Cl-18:1 isomers were slightly more digestible than trans-C-18:1 isomers. The lower yield of C-12:0, C-14:0, and C-16:0 fatty acids in milk fat and higher milk citrate observed when cows were infused with trans-C-18:1 suggests a depressed de novo milk fatty acid synthesis. Effects of trans infusion on milk fat were independent of ruminal fermentation, fatty acid apparent absorption, and fatty acid plasma concentrations. Lower milk, protein yield in cows infused with fat may have been caused by a decrease in milk protein synthesis. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Anim & Avian Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biochem, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. USDA ARS, Nutr Conservat & Metab Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Erdman, RA (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Anim & Avian Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RI Erdman, Richard/F-6195-2010 OI Erdman, Richard/0000-0001-6954-4282 NR 35 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 83 IS 11 BP 2609 EP 2619 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 373ZC UT WOS:000165319100026 PM 11104281 ER PT J AU Tsuruta, S Keown, JF Van Vleck, LD Misztal, I AF Tsuruta, S Keown, JF Van Vleck, LD Misztal, I TI Bias in genetic evaluations by records of cows treated with bovine somatotropin SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE dairy cattle; milk yield; breeding values ID TEST-DAY MILK; DAIRY-COWS; IMPACT; LACTATION; SOMETRIBOVE; YIELDS; SIRES; FAT AB Records from Dairy Records Management Systems in Raleigh were used to estimate effects of bovine somatotropin (bST) treatment and to predict breeding values for milk production traits. The data comprised 5245 test-day records of bST-treated cows and 126,223 test-day records of untreated cows in first lactation for milk, fat, and protein yields. Fixed effects of bST treatment were estimated from test-day animal models with herd-test-date as another fixed factor. Percentage increases due to bST treatment ranged from 7 to 8% for test-day milk, fat, and protein yields. Random regression coefficients for additive genetic and permanent environmental effects were included in the model. To assess the potential for bias in genetic evaluations when some and not all cows are treated with bST, breeding values predicted by the test-day model with and without effects of bST treatment were compared for cows and sires. Correlations between breeding values predicted from models with and without effects of bST treatment were 0.99. However, relatively large bias was found for individual animals. This result suggests that bias in genetic evaluation caused by ignoring bST treatment may be significant. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Anim & Dairy Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Tsuruta, S (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Anim & Dairy Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 22 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 83 IS 11 BP 2650 EP 2656 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 373ZC UT WOS:000165319100030 PM 11104285 ER PT J AU Kramer, PA Zabowski, D Scherer, G Everett, RL AF Kramer, PA Zabowski, D Scherer, G Everett, RL TI Native plant restoration of copper mine tailings: I. Substrate effect on growth and nutritional status in a greenhouse study SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID SITKA ALDER; ECOSYSTEMS AB Copper mine tailings are difficult to revegetate using native plants unless amendments are added to reduce acidity, decrease metal solubility, and improve nutrient availability. In this study, the effects of two amendments acre tested for their ability to improve growth and survival of two native plant species growing in copper mine tailings. Unamended tailings from an abandoned copper mine in Washington State were compared,vith native soil, sandy gravel from local glacial outwash, tailings with a 15-cm sandy gravel cap, and biosolids with sands gravel over tailings. Tno native plants, Sitka alder [Alnus viridis subsp. sinuata (Regel) A. Love Si D. Love] and pearly everlasting [Anaphalis margaritacea (L) Benth, & Hook. f.]. were grown in a greenhouse for 3 to 4 mo in pots of each substrate. plant biomass was determined and elemental composition of plant tissues were compared among substrates. Survival of both species was 100% in all treatments, but biomass production varied greatly among treatments, with the highest growth in the biosolids and gravel amendment and lowest growth in unamended tailings. Nutrient content varied by species and substrate with high Al concentrations in Sitka alder. Results suggest that N availability is most limiting to pearly everlasting and P is most limiting to Sitka alder. Use of biosolids in conjunction with gravel appears to be an effective tailings amendment. C1 Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Washington State Dept Ecol, Bellevue, WA 98008 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, PNW Forestry Sci Lab, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Zabowski, D (reprint author), Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 35 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 29 IS 6 BP 1762 EP 1769 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 374VC UT WOS:000165364200005 ER PT J AU Kramer, PA Zabowski, D Scherer, G Everett, RL AF Kramer, PA Zabowski, D Scherer, G Everett, RL TI Native plant restoration of copper mine tailings: II. Field survival, growth, and nutrient uptake SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID MOUNT-ST-HELENS; ANGUSTIFOLIUM; ECOSYSTEMS; NUTRITION AB Copper mine tailings are difficult to revegetate due to nutrient deficiencies, high acidity, and metal toxicities. Despite these poor substrate properties, native species mag be preferred for restoration for ecological and economic reasons, as they mag require less longterm maintenance. in this study; amended and unamended mine tailings are contrasted with a natural soil and gravel for factors potentially limiting to growth Twelve individuals of five native species (big-leaf maple, western yarrow, Sitka alder, pearly everlasting, and fireweed) were grown in fire different field plots. Plots consisted of (i) copper mine failings, (ii) natural soil, (iii) 15 cm of gravel over tailings, (iv) biosolids plus wood chips with 15 cm gravel over tailings, and (v) gravel. Survival was highly variable by species and plot type, with highest survival among all species with pearly everlasting, and highest survival br treatment with the natura soil and biosolids pins wood chips with gravel over tailings. Treatments resulted in a significant difference (p = 0.05) in species biomass production, with the biosolids resulting in highest biomass in all species except big-leaf maple. Plant nutrient content was also higher with the biosolids, The tailings were extremely acidic and had high exchangeable Al. Sitka alder was most tolerant bf the tailings, despite high Al uptake, and,vas productive across all plot types, possibly due to its tolerance of metals and high nutrient use efficiency. Both Sitka alder and pearly everlasting show promise for revegetating copper mine tailings, although with a biosolids and gravel amendment other native species may do equally well. C1 Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Washington State Dept Ecol, Bellevue, WA 98008 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Zabowski, D (reprint author), Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 41 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 15 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 29 IS 6 BP 1770 EP 1777 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 374VC UT WOS:000165364200006 ER PT J AU Mulrooney, JE Elmore, CD AF Mulrooney, JE Elmore, CD TI Rainfastening of bifenthrin to cotton leaves with selected adjuvants SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID SIMULATED RAINFALL; PLANTS; WASHOFF AB There are thousands of adjuvants on the market, yet little is known about their effects on the activity of insecticides on plant surfaces. The effects of 11 selected adjuvants on the rainfastness and retention of bifenthrin ([1 alpha ,3 alpha-(Z)-(+/-)-(2 methyl[1,1'-biphenyl-3-yl) methyl 3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate) on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) leaves were investigated. In addition, the effect of the adjuvant Bond on the efficacy of bifenthrin and a Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) formulation was determined. Bifenthrin mired with each adjuvant was applied to greenhouse grown cotton plants using a spray chamber. Simulated rainfall of 13 mm was then applied to treated cotton plants at 0.25, 1, and 4 h after treatment. Bond and Agrimax-3 were the only adjuvants to significantly increase the rainfastness of bifenthrin on cotton leaves. Agri-Dex, Soy-Dex, and Dyne-Amic significantly decreased the rainfastness of bifenthrin. In tests conducted with an immersion cell apparatus, Orchex 796 resulted in twice the retention of Agri-Dex, the next highest retained adjuvant. Both petroleum and vegetable oils enhanced retention of bifenthrin on the leaf surface. Bond mired with bifenthrin and a B. thuringiensis formulation did not reduce the activity of these insecticides against tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescens) and soybean looper (Pseudoplusia includens) larvae. Retention on the leaf mag be related to spread and to the degree of binding of the insecticide to the surface by properties of the adjuvant. Yet, the properties of Agri-Dex that enhanced the retention of bifenthrin to the cotton Leaf decreased its rainfastness. C1 USDA ARS, Applicat & Prod Technol Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Mulrooney, JE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Applicat & Prod Technol Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 14 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 29 IS 6 BP 1863 EP 1866 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 374VC UT WOS:000165364200019 ER PT J AU Entry, JA Sojka, RE AF Entry, JA Sojka, RE TI The efficacy of polyacrylamide and related compounds to remove microorganisms and nutrients from animal wastewater SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID PESTICIDE TRANSPORT; FURROW IRRIGATION; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; SOIL PROPERTIES; EROSION; RUNOFF; WATER; FIELD; POLLUTION; BACTERIA AB Polyacrylamide (PAM) is an effective flocculent and we hypothesized that it would reduce transport of microorganisms and nutrients in water flowing over and through soil. We measured nutrients, total coliform bacteria, fecal coliform bacteria, fecal streptococci, active and total fungi, and active and total bacteria in eater leached through cattle, fish, and swine manure, PAM, PAM + Al(SO4)(3), or PAM + CaO mixtures, and 25-cm sand columns. In the laboratory study, PAM, PAM + At(SO4)(3), and PAM + CaO treatments reduced total coliform bacteria, fetal coliform bacteria, and fecal streptococci by 10-to 1000-fold in water leached through sand columns. Polyacrylamide + Al(SO4)(3) and PAM + CaO treatments reduced the concentration of NH4, total P, and PO4 by 20 to 60% in leachate when cattle and swine manure were applied. In a field study, after water flowed over all three manure sources and then PAM, PAM + AI(SO4)(3), or PAM + CaO in furrows, total coliform bacteria, fecal coliform bacteria, and fecal streptococci were reduced by 10- to 1000-fold in water flowing 1 and 27 m downstream of the treatments compared with the control treatment. When mater flowed over rattle manure and then PAM + Al(SO4)(3) or PAM + CaO, PO, concentration was reduced by 50 to 70% and total P concentration was reduced by 0 to 75% in water 27 m downstream of the treatments compared with the PAM atone treatment. Polyacrylamide + Al(SO4)(3) and PAM + CaO should be able to reduce the numbers of enteric microorganisms and nutrient concentration in animal wastewater running off animal confinement areas, reducing the amount of these pollutants entering surface and ground waters. C1 USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. RP Entry, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, 3793 North 3600 East, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. NR 56 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 29 IS 6 BP 1905 EP 1914 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 374VC UT WOS:000165364200025 ER PT J AU Codling, EE Chaney, RL Mulchi, CL AF Codling, EE Chaney, RL Mulchi, CL TI Use of aluminum- and iron-rich residues to immobilize phosphorus in poultry litter and litter-amended soils SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID INDUSTRIAL COPRODUCT; ION REMOVAL; RUNOFF; AMENDMENTS; KINETICS; QUALITY; IMPACT AB Poultry production is concentrated on Maryland's eastern shore on areas with sandy soils low in sesquioxides. Water quality has been affected by runoff and leaching of phosphorus from poultry litter-amended fields. Phosphorus movement is of major concern because P is a limiting nutrient for eutrophication in surface water. The objectives of this study were to (i) evaluate the ability of Al-rich drinking water treatment residue (DWTR) and iron-rich residue (IRR) to reduce water-soluble P and Bray and Kurtz no. 1-extractable phosphorus (BK-1 P) in poultry litter and three long-term litter-amended soils and (ii) determine the effects of these residues on pH and electrical conductivity. (EC) in the amended litter and soils. Poultry Litter and soils were treated,vith four rates of DWTR and IRR and incubated for 7 wk st 25 degreesC. Litter and soils were sampled at 2, 4, and 7 wk. Both residue materials increased the pH of the litter and the soils. The DWTR was more effective in reducing both water-soluble P and BK-1 P in litter at all rates. At the 25 and 50 g kg(-1) rates, reductions in water-soluble P with IRR were comparable with that of DWTR, but DWTR was twice as effective as IRR in reducing BK-1 P concentration. The results showed that water-soluble P and BK-1 P in poultry lifter and long-term litter-amended soils can be substantially reduced by incorporating residues rich in Al and Fe; these residues may be useful for reducing P runoff and leaching from poultry litter and litter-amended fields. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Codling, EE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Environm Chem Lab, Bldg 001,Room 222,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 32 TC 85 Z9 85 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 29 IS 6 BP 1924 EP 1931 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 374VC UT WOS:000165364200027 ER PT J AU Haustein, GK Daniel, TC Miller, DM Moore, PA McNew, RW AF Haustein, GK Daniel, TC Miller, DM Moore, PA McNew, RW TI Aluminum-containing residuals influence high-phosphorus soils and runoff water quality SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID POULTRY LITTER; GROWTH; IRON AB Phosphorus (P) loading in surface water can degrade water quality. Previous research has shown that soil test P levels are directly correlated to runoff P levels and that aluminum (Al) will hind P in the soil. Both water treatment residuals (WTR) and HiClay Alumina (HCA) are readily available waste materials high in Al. Water treatment residuals and HCA are by-products of the potable water treatment and commercial alum production process, respectively. Our objective, was to determine if runoff P from fields excessively high in soil test P could he decreased by land applying these materials. Water treatment residuals and HCA were surface applied at rates of 0, 2.2, 9.0, and 18 Mg ha(-1) to plots high in P. We used rainfall simulation to produce runoff 1 d, I mo, and 4 mo following application. The P adsorption capacity for the WTR was 20 times higher than HCA because it was predominantly; clay (95%) and contained three times as much Al. High rates of WTR increased the total recoverable Al concentrations in the soil, whereas HCA had no effect. High rates of both materials decreased Mehlich III soil test P levels due to the increased levels of soil Al. The two highest rates of WTR decreased runoff P levels significantly below those of the control plots for all dates, whereas the two highest rates of HCA decreased P levels for only the first two dates. Relative to the control, runoff concentrations of either total or dissolved Al were not significantly increased by WTR. C1 Univ Arkansas, Dept Crop & Soil Environm Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. Univ Arkansas, Agr Stat Lab, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. USDA ARS, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Daniel, TC (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, Dept Crop & Soil Environm Sci, 115 Plant Sci,101A Agr Annex, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. NR 35 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 29 IS 6 BP 1954 EP 1959 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 374VC UT WOS:000165364200031 ER PT J AU Zibilske, LM Clapham, WM Rourke, RV AF Zibilske, LM Clapham, WM Rourke, RV TI Multiple applications of paper mill sludge in an agricultural system: Soil effects SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID ORGANIC-MATTER; STRUCTURAL STABILITY; AGGREGATION; NITROGEN; CARBON; DECOMPOSITION; GROWTH; CROP AB Little information exists regarding the effects of field-scale application of paper mill sludge on soil properties. A 5-yr field study determined the long-term effects of land application of paper mill sludge on an agricultural soil. The goal of this study was to determine the responses of soil chemical and physical properties to multiple applications of sludge. Five rates of sludge application were tested, ranging from 0 to 225 Mg ha(-1) in multiple applications under three management protocols: applied once, applied in alternate gears, or applied annually. Results indicate strong relationships between added sludge C and several soil physical properties. Increases or maintenance of soil C were observed when sludge was applied annually or biennially, but little residual effect of the single application was seen after 5 yr. Significant increases were observed in soil aggregation and moisture holding properties at higher rates of sludge application and when cumulative C additions reached 225 Mg ha(-1) in other sludge application rates. It was concluded that long-term paper mill sludge application can be managed to effect positive changes in soil physical properties that are correlated to soil quality. C1 USDA ARS, Appalachian Soil & Water Conservat Res Lab, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. Univ Maine, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. Univ Maine, Dept Plant Soil & Environm Sci, Orono, ME 04401 USA. RP Zibilske, LM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Integrated Farming & Nat Resources Res Unit, 2413 E Hwy 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 36 TC 23 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 29 IS 6 BP 1975 EP 1981 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 374VC UT WOS:000165364200034 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Lindsay, DS Rezende, PCB Costa, AJ AF Dubey, JP Lindsay, DS Rezende, PCB Costa, AJ TI Characterization of an unidentified Sarcocystis falcatula-like parasite from the South American opossum, Didelphis albiventris from Brazil SO JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE budgerigars; cell culture; development; polymerase chain reaction; schizonts ID IMMUNODEFICIENT MICE; NEURONA; BIRDS; VIRGINIANA; DIFFERENTIATION; TRANSMISSION; PATHOGENESIS; BUDGERIGAR; FECES AB An unidentified isolate of a Sarcocystis falcatula-like parasite was obtained from the lungs of budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) fed sporocysts from a naturally-infected South American opossum, Didelphis albiventris from Brazil. Four captive budgerigars fed sporocysts from the opossum intestine died of acute sarcocystosis 8, 10, and 12 days after oral inoculation (DAI); one budgerigar was killed 12 DAI when it was lethargic. Schizonts and merozoites found in the lungs of the budgerigars reacted mildly with polyclonal S. falcatula antibody. The parasite was isolated in equine kidney cell cultures inoculated with lung tissue from a budgerigar that was killed 12 DAI. Two budgerigars inoculated subcutaneously with 100,000 culture-derived S. falcatula merozoites developed acute sarcocystosis and S. falcatula-like schizonts were found in their lungs 15 and 16 DAI. Four budgerigars kept as unfed controls in the same environment remained free of Sarcocystis infection. The parasite underwent schizogony in African green monkey kidney cells and bovine turbinate cells. Merozoites divided by endopolygeny, often leaving a residual body. Polymerase chain reaction studies using primers JNB33/JNB54 and Hinf I and Dra I digestion indicated that the isolate was not S. falcatula. Results of this study indicated that the South American opossum, D. albiventris, is a definitive host for yet another S. falcatula-like parasite. C1 Agr Res Serv, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Dept Biomed Sci & Pathobiol, Ctr Mol Med & Infect Dis, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Univ Estadual Paulista, CPPAR, Ctr Pesquisas Sanidade Anim, BR-14870000 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), Agr Res Serv, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Lindsay, David/G-8891-2016 OI Lindsay, David/0000-0002-0592-8321 NR 24 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC PROTOZOOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 1066-5234 J9 J EUKARYOT MICROBIOL JI J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 47 IS 6 BP 538 EP 544 DI 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2000.tb00087.x PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 381HH UT WOS:000165756100004 PM 11128705 ER PT J AU Micieli, MV Garcia, JJ Becnel, JJ AF Micieli, MV Garcia, JJ Becnel, JJ TI Life cycle and description of Amblyospora camposi n. sp (Microsporidia : Amblyosporidae) in the mosquito Culex renatoi (Diptera, culicidae) and the copepod Paracyclops fimbriatus fimbriatus (Copepoda, Cyclopidae) SO JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Eryngium cabrerae; host specificity; phytotelmata; taxonomy; ultrastructure ID HORIZONTAL TRANSMISSION; ANOPHELES-QUADRIMACULATUS; AEDES-CANTATOR; SP-NOV; HOST; INTERMEDIATE; ANNULIROSTRIS AB The life cycle of Amblyospora camposi n. sp. is described from the mosquito Culex renatoi and the copepod Paracyclops fimbriatus fimbriatus collected in the leaf axils of the plant Eryngium cabrerae in Argentina. Meiospores of A. camposi (5.8 x 4.1 mum) were infectious per os to female adults of the copepod P. f. fimbriatus. All developmental stages in the copepod had unpaired nuclei, with sporulation involving the formation of a sub-persistent, sporontogenic, interfacial envelope and the production of a second type of uninucleate spore. These spores, formed in the ovaries of P. f. fimbriatus, were large, pyriform, and measured 10.70 x 3.85 mum. When ingested they infected C. renatoi larvae to initiate a sequence that involves schizogony and gametogony and ends with plasmogamy and nuclear association to form diplokaryotic meronts. Oblong ovate binucleate spores (7.86 x 2.96 mum) are formed in the adult mosquito and are responsible for vertical transmission to the filial generation. This is the first report of an Amblyospora species from a mosquito that inhabits the small-water bodies held in parts of terresterial plants (phytotelmata). C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. CEPAVE, CIC, RA-1900 La Plata, Argentina. RP Becnel, JJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 31 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC PROTOZOOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 1066-5234 J9 J EUKARYOT MICROBIOL JI J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 47 IS 6 BP 575 EP 580 DI 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2000.tb00092.x PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 381HH UT WOS:000165756100009 PM 11128710 ER PT J AU Rays, DB Reid, DM Yeung, EC Pharis, RP AF Rays, DB Reid, DM Yeung, EC Pharis, RP TI Role of ethylene in cotyledon development of microspore-derived embryos of Brassica napus SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE Brassica napus; cotyledon expansion; ethylene production; microspore-derived embryos; seed development ID HELIANTHUS-ANNUUS L; 1-AMINOCYCLOPROPANE-1-CARBOXYLIC ACID; SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS; MEDICAGO-SATIVA; BIOSYNTHESIS; ARABIDOPSIS; MATURATION; SEEDLINGS; MUTATION; APETALA2 AB Ethylene production during seed development in Brassica napus occurs first at 20 d after pollination (DAP), while a second greater peak occurs at 35 DAP. Because of the inaccessible location of the embryo within the maternal tissue, microspore-derived embryos (MDEs) of B. napus were used as a model for studying the role of ethylene during embryo development. The MDEs also produced a peak in ethylene evolution at 20 DAC (i.e. the early cotyledonary stage), dropping to minimal levels by 25-30 DAC. At 20 DAC the excised cotyledon evolved 85% of the ethylene found in the whole MDE. To determine the role of ethylene, MDEs were treated with aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG, an inhibitor of ethylene biosynthesis), CoCl2 (an inhibitor of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) oxidase), and silver thiosulphate (STS, an inhibitor of ethylene action). An inhibition in ethylene production or action at 20 DAC resulted in diminished lateral cotyledon expansion, due to a reduction in the lateral expansion of cells within the cotyledon. Recovery to 'control-type' fevers of cotyledon cell expansion was achieved by application of ACC (the metabolic precursor of ethylene) to AVG-treated MDEs. Thus, ethylene production at 20 DAP likely controls cotyledon expansion during embryo development. C1 Univ Calgary, Dept Biol Sci, Plant Physiol Res Grp, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. RP Rays, DB (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Dept Agron, PSERU, GMPRC,ARS,USDA, Throckmorton Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 39 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0022-0957 J9 J EXP BOT JI J. Exp. Bot. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 51 IS 352 BP 1851 EP 1859 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 385BN UT WOS:000165981900008 ER PT J AU Allen, DJ Ratner, K Giller, YE Gussakovsky, EE Shahak, Y Ort, DR AF Allen, DJ Ratner, K Giller, YE Gussakovsky, EE Shahak, Y Ort, DR TI An overnight chill induces a delayed inhibition of photosynthesis at midday in mango (Mangifera indica L.) SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE chilling temperatures; chlorophyll fluorescence; circadian rhythm; leaf gas exchange; stomata ID WATER-STRESS; STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE; CO2 ASSIMILATION; REDUCTIVE ACTIVATION; PHASEOLUS-VULGARIS; ELECTRON-TRANSFER; SENSITIVE PLANTS; RUBISCO ACTIVASE; QUANTUM YIELD; GAS-EXCHANGE AB The effect of a cold night on photosynthesis in herbaceous chilling-sensitive crops, like tomato, has been extensively studied and is well characterized. This investigation examined the behaviour of the subtropical fruit tree, mango, to enable comparison with these well-studied systems. Unlike tomato, chilling between 5 degreesC and 7 degreesC overnight produced no significant inhibition of light-saturated CO2 assimilation (A) during the first hours following rewarming, measured either under controlled environment conditions or in the field. By midday, however, there was a substantial decline in A, which could not be attributed to photoinhibition of PSII, but rather was associated with an increase in stomatal limitation of A and lower Rubisco activity. Overnight chilling of tomato can cause severe disruption in the circadian regulation of key photosynthetic enzymes and is considered to be a major factor underlying the dysfunction of photosynthesis in chilling-sensitive herbaceous plants. Examination of the gas exchange of mango leaves maintained under constant conditions for 2 d, demonstrated that large depressions in A during the subjective night were primarily the result of stomatal closure. Chilling did not disrupt the ability of mango leaves to produce a circadian rhythm in stomatal conductance. Rather, the midday increase in stomatal limitation of A appeared to be the result of altered guard cell sensitivity to CO2 following the dark chill. C1 Univ Illinois, USDA ARS, Photosynthesis Res Unit, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Plant Biol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, Inst Hort, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. RP Ort, DR (reprint author), Univ Illinois, USDA ARS, Photosynthesis Res Unit, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. OI Allen, Damian/0000-0002-9338-9531 NR 50 TC 43 Z9 62 U1 1 U2 13 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0022-0957 J9 J EXP BOT JI J. Exp. Bot. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 51 IS 352 BP 1893 EP 1902 DI 10.1093/jexbot/51.352.1893 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 385BN UT WOS:000165981900012 PM 11113167 ER PT J AU Park, B Chen, YR AF Park, B Chen, YR TI Real-time dual-wavelength image processing for poultry safety inspection SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESS ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID CARCASS INSPECTION AB Real-time multispectral image processing algorithms were developed for online poultry carcass inspection. Neural network models with different learning rules (delta and hyperbolic tangent) and transfer functions (sigmoid and normcum-sigmoid) were examined using features extracted from spectral images at 540 nm and 700 nm. The classification accuracy using dual wavelength spectral images was much higher than single wavelength spectral images in identifying unwholesome poultry carcasses. The spectral image features at 700 nm were useful to identify wholesome carcasses, while the combination of spectral image features at 540 nm, 700 nm, and their ratio improved the classification accuracy of unwholesome carcasses. The optimum neural classifier utilized delta learning rule and hyperbolic tangent transfer function. The classification accuracy was 91.1% for wholesome and 83.3% for unwholesome carcasses when the spectral images of all 540 nm, 700 nm, and their ratio were used as inputs to the neural network model. C1 USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Res Ctr, Poultry Proc & Meat Qual Unit, Athens, GA 30604 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Instrumentat & Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Park, B (reprint author), USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 10 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 0145-8876 J9 J FOOD PROCESS ENG JI J. Food Process Eng. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 23 IS 5 BP 329 EP 351 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4530.2000.tb00519.x PG 23 WC Engineering, Chemical; Food Science & Technology SC Engineering; Food Science & Technology GA 378NH UT WOS:000165590100001 ER PT J AU Kozempel, M Goldberg, N Radewonuk, ER Scullen, OJ AF Kozempel, M Goldberg, N Radewonuk, ER Scullen, OJ TI Commercial testing and optimization studies of the surface pasteurization process of chicken SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESS ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID MEAT AB The performance of the surface pasteurization process to reduce the bacteria levels on the surface of chicken was tested on carcasses received from federally inspected commercial processing plants. These tests were made with carcasses that had been chilled and shipped overnight with ice packs. The rests and follow-up experiments showed the visceral cavity was not treated as effectively as the outside. A second series of tests with chicken halves which eliminated the difficulty with the cavity, produced significant kills in E. coli, coliform, and fetal aerobic plate counts. Further research with chicken purchased at the supermarket established optimum process conditions as initial vacuum of 0.1 s, steam at 138C for 0.1 s, and final vacuum of 0.5 s. At these conditions, for half carcasses, bacteria kills for E, coli, coliforms, and APC generally ranged from approximately 0.5 to 1.0 log cfu/mL. The process is being modified to assure adequate treatment of the cavity. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Kozempel, M (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 6 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 0145-8876 J9 J FOOD PROCESS ENG JI J. Food Process Eng. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 23 IS 5 BP 387 EP 402 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4530.2000.tb00522.x PG 16 WC Engineering, Chemical; Food Science & Technology SC Engineering; Food Science & Technology GA 378NH UT WOS:000165590100004 ER PT J AU Jiang, GC Kang, DH Fung, DYC AF Jiang, GC Kang, DH Fung, DYC TI Enrichment procedures and plating media for isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID PORK AB A shortened enrichment procedure (25 degreesC for 24 h) was compared with cold enrichment procedures (4 degreesC for 1 to 3 weeks) and direct plating for isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica from commercial ground meat samples. The combined data of all recovery procedures showed that this organism was isolated from 34% of the ground beef samples. The highest isolation rate was 32% for the 4 degreesC/3-week enrichment, followed by 28% for the 4 degreesC/2-week enrichment, 26% for the 25 degreesC/24-h enrichment, 22% for the 4 degreesC/1-week enrichment, and 10% for direct plating. No significant differences (P > 0.05) in isolation rate occurred between the 4 degreesC/3-week, 4 degreesC/2-week, 25 degreesC/24-h, and 4 degreesC/1-week enrichments. The combined data of all recovery procedures showed that Y. enterocolitica was isolated from 64% of ground pork samples. The highest isolation rate was 48% for the 4 degreesC/3-week enrichment, followed by 40% for the 25 degreesC/24-h enrichment, 34% for the 4 degreesC/2-week enrichment, 24% for the 4 degreesC/1-week enrichment, and 24% for direct plating. No significant differences (P > 0.05) in isolation rate occurred between the 4 degreesC/3-week, 25 degreesC/24-h, and 4 degreesC/2-week enrichments. During the plating phase of the experiment, the efficiency of a dyecontaining, Yersinia-selective medium (KV202) was compared with that of a commercially available cefsulodin-irgasan-novobiocin medium. Recovery rates were similar for both media. However, KV202 agar differentiated Y. enterocolitica from such contaminating bacteria as Enterobacter, Serratia, and Salmonella by colony morphologic characteristics and color. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Anim Sci & Ind, Food Microbiol Lab, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Kang, DH (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 17 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 63 IS 11 BP 1483 EP 1486 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 370QJ UT WOS:000165133500003 PM 11079687 ER PT J AU Kang, DH Fung, DYC AF Kang, DH Fung, DYC TI Stimulation of starter culture for further reduction of foodborne pathogens during salami fermentation SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; SAUSAGE; FATE; PH AB This study was conducted to determine if stimulated meat starter culture (MSC; Pediococcus acidilactici) would further control Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus during salami fermentation. Manganese ion (0.005% of MnSO4) was used as a stimulator for the growth and acid production of MSG. After 24-h salami fermentation, nonstimulated MSC and stimulated MSC reduced E. coli O157:H7 levels by 1.3 and 2.3 log(10) units, respectively. Nonstimulated MSC reduced L. monocytogenes levels by 1.2 log(10) units, whereas the stimulated MSC achieved a 2.2-log(10) reduction after 24-h fermentation. In the case of S. aureus, nonstimulated MSC and stimulated MSC reduced S. aureus levels by 1.3 and 2.3 log(10) units after 24-h fermentation, respectively. Stimulated MSC by MnSO4 reduced those foodborne pathogens more effectively compared with nonstimulated MSC (P < 0.05). C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Anim Sci & Ind, Food Microbiol Lab, Manhattan, KS 66501 USA. RP Kang, DH (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 24 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 63 IS 11 BP 1492 EP 1495 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 370QJ UT WOS:000165133500005 PM 11079689 ER PT J AU Breidt, F Hayes, JS Fleming, HP AF Breidt, F Hayes, JS Fleming, HP TI Reduction of microflora of whole pickling cucumbers by blanching SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE blanching; decimal reduction time; vegetable microflora ID LACTIC-ACID BACTERIA; VEGETABLES; EFFICACY; FRUITS; WATER AB There is increasing interest in developing methods to control the presence of pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms on fresh fruits and vegetables. Blanching whole pickling cucumbers for 15 s at 80 degreesC reduced microbial cell counts by 2 to 3 log cycles from an initial population of typically 10(6) CFU/g. Vegetative microorganisms survived this blanching process (10-fold greater in number than the spore count), presumably because they were located beneath the surface of the cucumber. The sensitivity to heat of selected populations was measured by determining D values for pooled microorganisms (termed D values) isolated from fresh cucumbers. The Enterobacteriaceae population and the total aerobic microflora had similar D-p values to each other and to the D value for a selected lactic acid bacterium. C1 ARS, USDA, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Food Sci, N Carolina Agr Res Serv, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Breidt, F (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 17 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 3 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 USA SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 65 IS 8 BP 1354 EP 1358 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2000.tb10611.x PG 5 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 391WB UT WOS:000166378300016 ER PT J AU Dunford, NT King, JW AF Dunford, NT King, JW TI Phytosterol enrichment of rice bran oil by a supercritical carbon dioxide fractionation technique SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE deacidification; phytosterol; rice bran oil; SC-CO2 fractionation ID PILOT-SCALE EXTRACTION; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIC SUBJECTS; CHOLESTEROL CONCENTRATIONS; DEACIDIFICATION; SITOSTANOL; MARGARINES; METABOLISM AB Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2 fractionation technique was evaluated as an alternative process for reducing the free-fatty-acid (FFA) content and minimizing the phytosterol loss of rice bran oil (RBO) during the process. The effects of pressure (20.5 to 32.0 MPa) and temperature (45 to 80 degreesC) for isothermal operation of the column on the composition of the resultant fractions were examined. Low-pressure and high-temperature conditions were found to be favorable for minimizing triglycerides (TG) and phytosterol losses during the FFA removal from crude RBO. Rice bran oil fractions with < 1% FFA, about 95% TC, and 0.35% free sterol with 1.8% oryzanol content could be obtained utilizing the described SC-CO2 fractionation technique. C1 ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Dunford, NT (reprint author), ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 32 TC 42 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 6 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 USA SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 65 IS 8 BP 1395 EP 1399 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2000.tb10619.x PG 5 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 391WB UT WOS:000166378300024 ER PT J AU McNab, WH Ritter, BA AF McNab, WH Ritter, BA TI 100 years later ... The Old Orchard White Pine Plantation at Biltmore SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Asheville, NC 28806 USA. Biltmore Estate, Asheville, NC USA. RP McNab, WH (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, 1577 Brevard Rd, Asheville, NC 28806 USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 98 IS 11 BP 18 EP 23 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 418PB UT WOS:000167899600007 ER PT J AU Zhang, XQ Ross, K Gustafson, JP AF Zhang, XQ Ross, K Gustafson, JP TI Physical location of homoeologous groups 5 and 6 molecular markers mapped in Triticum aestivum L. SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article ID IN-SITU HYBRIDIZATION; RYE SECALE-CEREALE; REPETITIVE DNA-SEQUENCES; BARLEY HORDEUM-VULGARE; RIBOSOMAL-RNA GENES; INSITU HYBRIDIZATION; WHEAT; CHROMOSOMES; MAPS; TRANSLOCATIONS AB In situ hybridization was used to map 21 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) probes to linkage groups 5 and 6 of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell,) in order to compare physical distances and genetic distances between adjacent markers. All 21 probes hybridized to the corresponding homoeologous chromosome arms. The linear order and linkage relationships among the DNA probes on the in situ-based physical maps were generally the same as those on the RFLP-based genetic maps. However, significant differences were observed between the centiMorgan distances on a linkage map and the physical distances of the probes using in situ-based techniques. The results indicated a clustering of polymorphic RFLP markers in the middle of all of the homoeologous group 5 and 6 chromosome arms, This suggests that the available linkage maps do not completely cover the physical length of the chromosomes. As with the genetic maps, the physical map clearly showed the presence of nonhomoeologous rearrangements in the terminal regions of chromosome arms 5AL and 6BS, However, the physical mapping gave an indication of the physical size of the rearrangements as well as their arm location. C1 Acad Sinica, Inst Genet, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China. Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Plant Genet Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Plant Sci Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Zhang, XQ (reprint author), Acad Sinica, Inst Genet, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China. NR 39 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 91 IS 6 BP 441 EP 445 DI 10.1093/jhered/91.6.441 PG 5 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 399NJ UT WOS:000166819000004 PM 11218081 ER PT J AU Stabel, TJ Bolin, SR Pesch, BA Rahner, TE AF Stabel, TJ Bolin, SR Pesch, BA Rahner, TE TI A simple and rapid flow cytometric method for detection of porcine cell surface markers SO JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Article DE flow cytometry; porcine; cell surface markers ID LYMPHOCYTE SUBPOPULATIONS; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; INFECTION; BLOOD AB The objective of this study was to develop a rapid and reliable method for flow cytometric analysis of porcine whole blood cells. Fifty-microliters of heparin- or EDTA-treated whole blood was added to wells of a round-bottom 96-well microtitration plate. Each well contained 10 mul of an appropriate dilution of four different antibodies (40 mul total; two primary monoclonal antibodies and two fluorescent-labeled secondary antibodies). For convenience, the antibody mixture could be added to plates 1-2 days prior to assay and stored at 4 degreesC. Once whole blood was added to wells, plates were mixed gently, placed in a sealed bag and incubated in the dark at room temperature for 20 min. Contents of wells were then transferred to polystyrene tubes containing 2 mi of 1.5% formalin in distilled water and mixed gently. Cells were fixed for a minimum of 30 min and then stored in the dark at 4 degreesC until analysis by flow cytometry. Analysis of cell samples may be done up to 3 days after fixation. Results indicate that the percentages of Class I, Class II, CD3, CD8, CD4, CD45, monocyte, gamma-delta T-cell populations, and total number of granulocytes identified using this method were comparable to standard values or to values obtained following separation of white blood cells from red blood cells. The percentage of labeled B-cells was lower than standard values. Total assay time from receipt of blood to acquisition of data by flow cytometry required less than 2 h. This modified assay was shown to be simple, reliable, and useful for screening large numbers of porcine samples in a minimal period of time. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science BN. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Stabel, TJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, 2300 Dayton Rd, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 10 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1759 J9 J IMMUNOL METHODS JI J. Immunol. Methods PD NOV 1 PY 2000 VL 245 IS 1-2 BP 147 EP 152 DI 10.1016/S0022-1759(00)00289-1 PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Immunology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Immunology GA 368FY UT WOS:000090108100014 PM 11042292 ER PT J AU Montgomery, BR Wheeler, GS AF Montgomery, BR Wheeler, GS TI Antipredatory activity of the weevil Oxyops vitiosa: a biological control agent of Melaleuca quinquenervia SO JOURNAL OF INSECT BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article DE Oxyops vitiosa; Melaleuca quinquenervia; Solenopsis invicta; predation; chemical defense; Curculionidae; Myrtaceae ID AUSTRALIAN WEEVIL; CURCULIONIDAE; COLEOPTERA; HYMENOPTERA; FORMICIDAE; SECRETION; LARVAE AB The larvae of the leaf-feeding weevil Oxyops vitiosa, a biological control agent of Melaleuca quinquenervia, are covered with a viscous orange coating that is thought to protect against generalist predators This coating is gradually lost as the larvae drop to the ground and pupate in subterranean pupal cells. To test the antipredator activity of this species, four immature life stages (early instars, late instars, prepupae, pupae) were exposed to a common generalist predator, the red imported fire ant Solenopsis invicta. Choice tests were conducted by placing art O. vitiosa individual and a control larva of the weevil Neochetina eichhorniae into an arena containing a S. invicta colony and observing subsequent ant behaviors. S. invicta workers contacted O. vitiosa early instars, late instars, and prepupae less frequently than control N. eichhorniae larvae, and upon contact S. invicta was less likely to behave aggressively toward these O. vitiosa life stages than toward N. eichhorniae larvae. However, S. invicta contacted, attacked, and consumed naked (nonencased) O. vitiosa pupae and N. eichhorniae larvae with equal frequency. Encased O. vitiosa pupae buried in sand were not attacked compared to susceptible encased pupae on the sand surface. By shifting from a chemical defense during the larval stages to a physical defense during the pupal stage, O. vitiosa reduces the risk of attack by this generalist predator. C1 ARS, USDA, Aquat Weed Res Unit, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. RP Wheeler, GS (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Aquat Weed Res Unit, 3205 Coll Ave, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. RI Montgomery, Benjamin/G-5851-2013 NR 19 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0892-7553 J9 J INSECT BEHAV JI J. Insect Behav. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 13 IS 6 BP 915 EP 926 DI 10.1023/A:1007870703128 PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 381AW UT WOS:000165741000010 ER PT J AU Hartfelder, K Cnaani, J Hefetz, A AF Hartfelder, K Cnaani, J Hefetz, A TI Caste-specific differences in ecdysteroid titers in early larval stages of the bumblebee Bombus terrestris SO JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ecdysteroids; radioimmunoassay; juvenile hormone; caste development; bumblebee ID JUVENILE-HORMONE; APIS-MELLIFERA; HONEY-BEE; MANDUCA-SEXTA; DIFFERENTIATION; METAMORPHOSIS; REPRODUCTION; PLASTICITY; MODULATION; HEMOLYMPH AB Mounting evidence implicates ecdysteroids in queen-worker differentiation during the last larval instars of highly social insects. In the present study, we analyzed ecdysteroid titers in queen and worker larvae of the bumblebee Bombus terrestris from the second to the early fourth instar. B. terrestris is of particular interest because caste is already determined in the second instar, presumably by a pheromonal signal emitted by the egg-laying queen. Caste differences in the adults, however, are only expressed at the physiological and not at the morphological level, except for the distinctly larger size of the queen. In the second and third instar, ecdysteroid titers in queen larvae were generally higher than those of workers. These early caste-specific differences, however, were abolished in the fourth instar. In the early fourth instar we could detect two small ecdysteroid peaks, with the one preceding the cocoon-spinning phase presenting the characteristics of a pupal commitment peak. The synchrony of caste differences in ecdysteroid and juvenile hormone titers suggests a synergistic action of these hormones in caste determination. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Filosofia Ciencias & Letras Ribeirao Pret, Dept Biol, BR-14040901 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil. Tel Aviv Univ, Dept Zool, George S Wise Fac Life Sci, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. USDA ARS, Carl Hayden Bee Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP Hartfelder, K (reprint author), Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Filosofia Ciencias & Letras Ribeirao Pret, Dept Biol, BR-14040901 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil. EM khartfel@rgm.fmrp.usp.br RI Hartfelder, Klaus/A-4293-2009; Hefetz, Abraham/I-3853-2015 OI Hartfelder, Klaus/0000-0001-7981-8427; NR 29 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-1910 J9 J INSECT PHYSIOL JI J. Insect Physiol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 46 IS 11 BP 1433 EP 1439 DI 10.1016/S0022-1910(00)00067-6 PG 7 WC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology SC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology GA 355JQ UT WOS:000089382900002 ER PT J AU Salvucci, ME Crafts-Brandner, SJ AF Salvucci, ME Crafts-Brandner, SJ TI Effects of temperature and dietary sucrose concentration on respiration in the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii SO JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE CO2 evolution; homoptera; carbon metabolism; gas exchange; heat stress ID ACYRTHOSIPHON-PISUM; AMINO-ACIDS; ALEYRODIDAE; VENTILATION; METABOLISM; ENERGETICS; TRANSPORT; HOMOPTERA; EXCRETION; SORBITOL AB A system consisting of a flow-through chamber connected to a commercial infrared gas analysis system was developed to measure homopteran respiration during feeding. Using this system, respiration rates of 202 and 206 mu mol CO2 h(-1) g(-1) (4.96 and 5.04 ml CO2 h(-1) g(-1)) were determined for whiteflies and cotton aphids, respectively, at 25 degrees C on diets containing 15% sucrose. These rates were considerably higher than those of other stationary insects, indicating that whiteflies and aphids maintain a relatively high metabolic rate when feeding. Whitefly respiration increased with temperature from 25 to 46 degrees C with a Q(10) of about 2 on diets containing 10, 15 and 20% sucrose, but less than 2 on diets containing 2.5 and 5% sucrose. Respiration rates were similar on the diets containing >10% sucrose, but were generally lower on the diets containing <10% sucrose. Respiration rates decreased upon extended exposure to 47 degrees C; the rate of decrease was inversely related to the dietary sucrose concentration up to 15%. The results indicate that whiteflies require a sucrose concentration of between 5 and 10% (i.e. 0.15 and 0.3 M) for maximum rates of metabolism while feeding. Higher concentrations of sucrose in the diet delayed high-temperature mortality, possibly a reflection of the high sucrose requirement for sorbitol synthesis in whiteflies. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Salvucci, ME (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, 4135 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 23 TC 27 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-1910 J9 J INSECT PHYSIOL JI J. Insect Physiol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 46 IS 11 BP 1461 EP 1467 DI 10.1016/S0022-1910(00)00070-6 PG 7 WC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology SC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology GA 355JQ UT WOS:000089382900005 ER PT J AU Bedick, JC Pardy, RL Howard, RW Stanley, DW AF Bedick, JC Pardy, RL Howard, RW Stanley, DW TI Insect cellular reactions to the lipopolysaccharide component of the bacterium Serratia marcescens are mediated by eicosanoids SO JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE insect immunity; eicosanoids; lipopolysaccharide; Zophobas atratus ID PROTEIN-TYROSINE PHOSPHORYLATION; COCKROACH PERIPLANETA-AMERICANA; NODULATION RESPONSES; NODULE FORMATION; BOMBYX-MORI; BINDING PROTEIN; IMMUNE-RESPONSE; MANDUCA-SEXTA; INFECTIONS; HEMOCYTES AB Nodulation, which begins with the formation of cellular microaggregates, is the predominant cellular defense reaction to bacterial infections in insects. We suggested that these reactions to bacterial infections are mediated by eicosanoids. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) component of some bacterial cells stimulates defense reactions in mammals and insects. Here, we report on experiments designed to test the hypothesis that eicosanoids mediate microaggregation reactions to LPS. Injections of LPS (purified from the bacterium, Serratia marcescens) into larvae of the tenebrionid beetle, Zophobas atratus, stimulated microaggregation reactions in a dose-dependent manner. Treatments with eicosanoid-biosynthesis inhibitors immediately prior to LPS challenge sharply reduced the microaggregation responses. Separate treatments with specific inhibitors of phospholipase A,, cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase reduced microaggregation, supporting our view that microaggregate formation involves lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase products. The inhibitory influence of dexamethasone was apparent within 30 min after injection, and microaggregation was significantly reduced, relative to control insects, over the following 90 min. The dexamethasone effects were reversed by treating LPS-injected insects with the eicosanoid precursor, arachidonic acid. These findings indicate that cellular defense reactions to a specific component of bacterial cells are mediated by eicosanoids, and open up new possibilities for dissecting detailed hemocytic actions in insect immune reactions to bacterial infections. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Nebraska, Insect Biochem Physiol Lab, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Lab Biol Lipopolysaccharides, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. USDA ARS, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Stanley, DW (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Insect Biochem Physiol Lab, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 30 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-1910 J9 J INSECT PHYSIOL JI J. Insect Physiol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 46 IS 11 BP 1481 EP 1487 DI 10.1016/S0022-1910(00)00073-1 PG 7 WC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology SC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology GA 355JQ UT WOS:000089382900008 ER PT J AU Sherwin, RE Stricklan, D Rogers, DS AF Sherwin, RE Stricklan, D Rogers, DS TI Roosting affinities of Townsend's big-eared bat (Corynorhinus townsendii) in northern Utah SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE abandoned mines; caves; Corynorhinus townsendii; habitat selection; mine reclamation; roosts; Townsend's big-eared bat ID PLECOTUS-TOWNSENDII; FORAGING ACTIVITY; HABITAT USE; NEVADA; VIRGINIANUS; ECOSYSTEMS; VIEWPOINT; COLONIES; SUMMER; INGENS AB We surveyed abandoned mines, caves, and bridges to identify habitat preferences of day-roosting Townsend's big-eared bat (Corynorhinus townsendii) in northern Utah. Of 820 sites surveyed (676 mines, 39 caves, and 105 bridges), 196 (23.9%) were occupied by C. townsendii. Caves were the most frequently used type of roost (84.6%), 21.2% of abandoned mines were used as day roosts, and no bridges were used. Bats occupied mines and caves at lower available elevations (1,350-2,440 m), which were associated with sagebrush-grass steppe, juniper woodlands, and mountain brush vegetation. In general, roosts with single low (<1.5 m height) entrances were more likely to be occupied than those with multiple or tall entrances. Day roosts typically were subject to little disturbance by humans. Aspect and width of entrance, stability and complexity of interior, presence of multiple entrances, length of tunnel, amount of internal air flow, presence of multiple levels, and presence of internal water were not associated significantly with occupancy; however, maternity colonies tended to be located in large complex sites with multiple openings. C1 Brigham Young Univ, Monte L Bean Life Sci Museum, Provo, UT 84602 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Shrub Sci Lab, Provo, UT 84602 USA. Brigham Young Univ, Dept Zool, Provo, UT 84602 USA. RP Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Div Mammals, Museum SW Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. EM rsherwin@unm.edu NR 38 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 17 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-2372 EI 1545-1542 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 81 IS 4 BP 939 EP 947 DI 10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0939:RAOTSB>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 379JA UT WOS:000165637900002 ER PT J AU Pound, JM Miller, JA George, JE AF Pound, JM Miller, JA George, JE TI Efficacy of amitraz applied to white-tailed deer by the '4-poster' topical treatment device in controlling free-living lone star ticks (Acari : Ixodidae) SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Amblyomma americanum; lone star tick; amitraz; acaricide; self-treatment ID POPULATIONS AB White-tailed deer treated themselves with a commercial pour-on acaricide formulation containing 2% amitraz as they fed from an ARS-patented '4-poster' topical treatment device. Whole kernel corn attracted deer to a single device placed in each of two deer-fenced pastures. In the treatment pasture, the rollers of the treatment device were charged with the acaricide, whereas the rollers of the device in the other pasture remained untreated. Deer were allowed to use the '4-posters' during periods of tick activity beginning in early to midspring and lasting through late summer to early fall for three consecutive years. Pretreatment sampling of adults and nymphs with dry-ice traps and larval masses with nip cloths showed no significant differences in population indices between the two pastures; however, after the third year of treatment, control of nymphal and adult ticks in the treated pasture was 91.9 and 93.7%, respectively, when compared with the untreated pasture. Control of larval masses increased from 68.4% in year 1 to 96.4% in year 2, but declined to 88.0% in year 3, probably because of the presence of feral hogs. This study demonstrated that application of amitraz to white-tailed deer through free-choice interaction with a '4-poster' device significantly reduced the abundance of free-living lone scar ticks in a deer-fenced experimental pasture. Moreover, the yearly pattern of incremental increases in control and the final percentage control values for all three parasitic life stages in this topical application study were similar in magnitude to that observed in a previously conducted study in which the systemic acaricide ivermectin was used to reduce populations of free-living ticks by controlling ticks on deer. C1 USDA ARS, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res La, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. RP Pound, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res La, 2700 Fredericksburg Rd, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. NR 10 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 37 IS 6 BP 878 EP 884 DI 10.1603/0022-2585-37.6.878 PG 7 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 380JT UT WOS:000165698600016 PM 11126544 ER PT J AU Carlson, DA Alzogaray, RA Hogsette, JA AF Carlson, DA Alzogaray, RA Hogsette, JA TI Behavioral response of Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera : Muscidae) to conspecific feces and feces extracts SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Stomoxys calcitrans; stable fly; triple cage olfactometer; feces; attraction ID STABLE FLIES; TRAPS; ATTRACTANTS; REDUVIIDAE; PHEROMONE; HEMIPTERA; SEX AB The attraction response of Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) to its own feces was evaluated in a triple cage olfactometer. Both time- and concentration-response relationships were obtained for female S. calcitrans exposed to cellulose sponges impregnated with fresh By feces or filter papers treated with chloroform:methanol extracts of fresh By feces in B-min tests. Attraction to feces collected on cellulose sponges decreased as the air now increased. Feces collected on cellulose sponges and held for 28-31 d retained attractive activity. More female flies were attracted than males to feces on sponges or to polar solvent extracts of feces-contaminated cages. The activity of feces extract on Biter paper decreased rapidly. Chemical identification of the active compounds present could lead to useful baits for traps. C1 USDA ARS, CMAVE, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. CONICET, CITEFA, CIPEIN, Ctr Invest Plagas & Insecticidas, RA-1603 Villa Martelli, Buenos Aires, Argentina. RP Carlson, DA (reprint author), USDA ARS, CMAVE, 1600-1700 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. NR 29 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 37 IS 6 BP 957 EP 961 DI 10.1603/0022-2585-37.6.957 PG 5 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 380JT UT WOS:000165698600029 PM 11126557 ER PT J AU Berkebile, DR Chirico, J Leopold, RA AF Berkebile, DR Chirico, J Leopold, RA TI Permeabilization of Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera : Calliphoridae) embryos SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE primary screwworm; cryopreservation; survival; pupa; adult ID DROSOPHILA EMBRYOS; SCREWWORM ERADICATION; LIBYA; FLY AB Embryos of the primary screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), were successfully permeabilized for use in subsequent cryopreservation studies. Mortality was greater for eggs incubated for <5 h before treatment. The mean survival of embryos to first instars was 55.7, 61.1, and 62.6% when the embryos were incubated for 5,5.5, and 6 h before treatment, respectively. The survival to the pupal and adult stages was low. An improved media for culturing the embryos during and immediately after treatment needs to be devised and the procedure for rearing the larval stages also needs to be altered to improve survival for emerging adults. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, NPA,Dept Entomol, Midw Livestock Insects Res Lab, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Berkebile, DR (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, NPA,Dept Entomol, Midw Livestock Insects Res Lab, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 24 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 37 IS 6 BP 968 EP 972 DI 10.1603/0022-2585-37.6.968 PG 5 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 380JT UT WOS:000165698600032 PM 11126560 ER PT J AU Brauer, DK Yermiyahu, U Rytwo, G Kinraide, TB AF Brauer, DK Yermiyahu, U Rytwo, G Kinraide, TB TI Characteristics of the quenching of 9-aminoacridine fluorescence by liposomes made from plant lipids SO JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE surface charge density; electrostatic attraction; sorption; cations; 9-aminoacridine; liposome; lipid composition ID ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIALS ADJACENT; SURFACE-CHARGE DENSITY; BILAYER-MEMBRANES; PLASMA-MEMBRANE; BIOLOGICAL-MEMBRANES; CATIONS; ROOTS; MITOCHONDRIA; REQUIREMENT; CALCIUM AB Several laboratories have determined the surface charge density of membranes utilizing methods based on vesicle-induced quenching of the fluorescence of 9-aminoacridine and its relief by other cations. However, the computational methods by which surface charge density were calculated have not been verified in a model system. In this study, the quenching of 9-aminoacridine fluorescence by liposomes made from varying amounts of digalactosyldiacylglyceride and phosphatidic acid and relief of quenching by salts was examined. Quenching of 9-aminoacridine fluorescence increased with increasing amounts of phosphatidic acid added, independent of the composition of the added liposomes. In certain instances, the computational methods did not yield the surface charge density of the liposomes expected from their composition. However, when the effects of background ionic strength on surface potential were considered, there was a positive correlation between expected and calculated values. Therefore, the data support the contention that changes in the fluorescence of 9-aminoacridine can be used to calculate surface charge density of membranes. C1 USDA, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. RP Brauer, DK (reprint author), ARS, USDA, SPA, Dale Bumpers Small Farms Res Ctr, 6883 S State Highway 23, Booneville, AR 72927 USA. NR 33 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0022-2631 EI 1432-1424 J9 J MEMBRANE BIOL JI J. Membr. Biol. PD NOV 1 PY 2000 VL 178 IS 1 BP 43 EP 48 DI 10.1007/s002320010013 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Physiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Physiology GA 368WB UT WOS:000090139500005 PM 11058686 ER PT J AU Rall, LC Roubenoff, R Meydani, SN Han, SN Meydani, M AF Rall, LC Roubenoff, R Meydani, SN Han, SN Meydani, M TI Urinary 8-hydroxy-2 '-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) as a marker of oxidative stress in rheumatoid arthritis and aging: Effect of progressive resistance training SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE rheumatoid arthritis; oxidative stress; exercise; aging; 8-OHdG; inflammation ID NECROSIS-FACTOR-ALPHA; DNA-DAMAGE; SINGLE BOUT; EXCRETION; EXERCISE; HUMANS; 8-HYDROXY-DEOXYGUANOSINE; MITOCHONDRIAL; ACCUMULATION; METABOLISM AB Urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), as a measure of oxidative stress. was measured before and after 12 weeks of progressive resistance strength training in 8 health elderly (65-80 vr) and eight health?: young (22-30 yr) men and women, and in eight adults (25-65 yr) with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Training subjects exercised at 80% of their one-repetition maximum and performed eight repetitions per set, three sets per session, on a twice-weekly basis. 8-OHdG Mas measured at baseline and follow-up, (at least 24 hr after the last exercise session) in the RA and elderly subject groups, and at baseline only in young subjects. Baseline 8-OHdG levels were greater among subjects with RA compared to both healthy young (P < 0.001) and elderly (P ( 0.05) subjects. There were no changes in 8-OHdG levels in either R-l or elderly subjects as a result Of the strength training intervention. These results suggest that subjects with RA have higher levels of oxidative stress than young and elderly healthy individuals. Furthermore, there is no change in oxidative stress, measured by urinary 8-OHdG, in elderly healthy individuals or in subjects with RA Lifter a 12-week strength training intervention. (C) Elsevier Science Inc. 2000. All rights reserved. C1 Tufts Univ, Vasc Biol Program, Jean Mayer USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Community Hlth, Boston, MA 02111 USA. New England Med Ctr, Dept Med, Tupper Res Inst, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Sackler Sch Grad Biomed Sci, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Meydani, M (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Vasc Biol Program, Jean Mayer USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 18 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 2 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0955-2863 J9 J NUTR BIOCHEM JI J. Nutr. Biochem. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 11 IS 11-12 BP 581 EP 584 DI 10.1016/S0955-2863(00)00123-6 PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 386CP UT WOS:000166042800009 ER PT J AU Tibbot, BK Wong, DWS Robertson, GH AF Tibbot, BK Wong, DWS Robertson, GH TI A functional raw starch-binding domain of barley alpha-amylase expressed in Escherichia coli SO JOURNAL OF PROTEIN CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE amylase; barley; carbohydrate binding; cyclodextrin; raw starch; recombinant protein ID AFFINITY CHROMATOGRAPHY; SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY; GLUCOAMYLASE; HYDROLYSIS; RESIDUES; FAMILIES; PROTEINS; LIGANDS; MALT AB The mature form of barley seed low-pI alpha -amylase (BAA1) possesses a raw starch-binding site in addition to the catalytic site. A truncated cDNA encoding the C-terminal region (aa 281-414) and containing the proposed raw starch-binding domain (SBD) but lacking Trp278/Trp279, a previously proposed starch granule-binding site, was synthesized via PCR and expressed in Escherichia coli as an N-terminal His-Tag fusion protein. SBD was produced in the form of insoluble inclusion bodies that were extracted with urea and successfully refolded into a soluble form via dialysis. To determine binding, SBD was purified by affinity chromatography with cycloheptaamylose as ligand cross-linked to Sepharose. This work demonstrates that a SBD is located in the C-terminal region and retains sufficient function in the absence of the N-terminal, catalytic, and Trp278/279 regions. C1 ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Wong, DWS (reprint author), ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 29 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0277-8033 J9 J PROTEIN CHEM JI J. Protein Chem. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 19 IS 8 BP 663 EP 669 DI 10.1023/A:1007148202270 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 411LE UT WOS:000167500900005 PM 11307950 ER PT J AU Clary, WP Leininger, WC AF Clary, WP Leininger, WC TI Stubble height as a tool for management of riparian areas SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Review DE grazing; livestock management; streambanks; trampling; utilization; willow ID SIMULATED RAINFALL; BITE DIMENSIONS; HERBAGE INTAKE; DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS; LIVESTOCK INFLUENCES; SEDIMENT FILTRATION; PLANT-COMMUNITIES; CANOPY STRUCTURE; MOUNTAIN MEADOW; GRAZING SHEEP AB Stubble height, a measure of the herbaceous vegetation remaining after grazing, has been widely used in recent years to gage the impacts of grazing use in riparian areas. Stubble height is a short-term management guide that should only be applied to help attain long-term ecological objectives; it should not be thought of as a long-term management objective. Maintaining a minimum stubble height helps preserve forage plant vigor, retain sufficient forage to reduce cattle browsing of willows (Salix spp.), stabilize sediments, indirectly limit streambank trampling, maintain cattle gains, and provide an easily communicated management criterion. Based on limited specific research of riparian system response and on knowledge of the characteristics of how cattle graze, a 10-cm residual stubble height is recommended by the authors as a starting point for improved riparian grazing management. Monitoring should then be conducted to determine if an adjustment is needed. In some situations, 7 cm or even less stubble height may provide for adequate riparian ecosystem function, particularly when streambanks are dry and stable or possibly at high elevations where vegetation is naturally of low stature. In other situations, 15-20 cm of stubble height may be required to reduce browsing of willows or limit trampling impact to vulnerable streambanks. The recommended criterion would apply to streamside and nearby meadow sites with hydrophilic or potentially hydrophilic vegetation, but not directly to dry meadows or even to all wet meadows. Stubble height may have little application where the streambanks are stabilized by coarse substrates, or the channels are deeply incised. The effects of residual stubble height in riparian functions have received limited direct experimental examination. Consequently, much of the information in this review was derived from studies indirectly related to the questions raised and, to some extent, from observations of experienced professionals. The authors have identified areas of scientific investigation needed to improve our understanding of the effects of stubble height on riparian function and grazing management. C1 US Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Boise, ID 83702 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Rangeland Ecosyst Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Clary, WP (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, 316 E Myrtle St, Boise, ID 83702 USA. NR 146 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 16 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 53 IS 6 BP 562 EP 573 DI 10.2307/4003148 PG 12 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 372HH UT WOS:000165227900001 ER PT J AU Miller, RF Svejcar, TJ Rose, JA AF Miller, RF Svejcar, TJ Rose, JA TI Impacts of western juniper on plant community composition and structure SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Juniperus occidentalis; species composition; plant cover ID PINYON; WOODLANDS; ECOSYSTEMS; VIEWPOINT; EXPANSION; PATTERNS; INVASION; HISTORY; NEVADA; FIRE AB Western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis Hook.) has been actively invading shrub steppe communities during the past 120 years. The majority of these stands are still in transition, from early open juniper shrub steppe communities to closed juniper woodlands. In addition, juniper expansion has been occurring across a broad array of soils and topographic positions. Despite the high degree of spatial and developmental heterogeneity, juniper woodlands are frequently treated generically in resource inventories, management, and wildlife habitat assessments. Our goal was to evaluate the impact of western juniper encroachment and dominance on plant community composition and structure across several plant associations. This study was conducted in southeastern Oregon and northeastern California on low sagebrush (Artemisia arbuscula Nutt.), mountain big sagebrush (A. tridentata spp. vaseyana (RYBD.)Beetle), and aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) alliances. Stages of woodland development across plant associations were categorized into 1 of 4 successional phases (early, mid, late, and closed) based on tree growth and stand structural characteristics. Plant cover by species group, species diversity and richness, bareground cover, soil characteristics, elevation, aspect, and slope were measured in 108, 60 x 46 m macroplots. Twinspan was used to sort plant communities. Regression analysis was used to evaluate the relationship of tree canopy cover to shrub and herbaceous cover. Herbaceous and bareground cover were compared between early and closed stands within plant communities. Woodland structure at stand closure was different among associations varying from 19% cover and 64 trees ha(-1) in a low sagebrush community to 90% cover and 1,731 trees ha(-1) in an aspen community. Increase in juniper dominance had little impact on low sagebrush and an inconsistent effect on bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata Pursh,). In the mountain big sagebrush alliance, sagebrush cover declined to approximately 80% of maximum potential as juniper increased to about 50% of maximum canopy cover. Aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) also declined as juniper dominance increased. Herbaceous cover and species diversity declined and bare ground increased with increasing juniper dominance in the mountain big sagebrush/Thurber needlegrass association. However, herbaceous cover on the deeper soils characterized by Idaho fescue did not decrease with increasing juniper dominance. To determine the effect of juniper dominance or woodland management on community composition and structure, plant community and stage of stand development should be identified. C1 Oregon State Univ, Burns, OR 97720 USA. ARS, USDA, Eastern Oregon Agr Res Ctr, Burns, OR 97720 USA. Bur Land Management, Burns, OR 97720 USA. RP Miller, RF (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Burns, OR 97720 USA. NR 52 TC 121 Z9 123 U1 4 U2 36 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 53 IS 6 BP 574 EP 585 DI 10.2307/4003150 PG 12 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 372HH UT WOS:000165227900003 ER PT J AU Onsager, JA AF Onsager, JA TI Suppression of grasshoppers in the Great Plains through grazing management SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE grasshopper management; twice-over grazing system; rotational grazing; Melanoplus sanguinipes ID RANGELAND GRASSHOPPERS; SOUTHERN IDAHO; ACRIDIDAE; ORTHOPTERA; POPULATIONS; TEMPERATURE; DENSITY; ABUNDANCE; RESPONSES; GRASSLAND AB It was hypothesized that grazing management could mitigate grasshopper outbreaks on native rangeland in the northern Great Plains. Key practices would require deliberate variation in timing and intensity of grazing events, preservation of canopy during critical periods of grasshopper development, and reductions in areas of bare soil. The twice-over rotational grazing system appeared compatible with those requirements. Grasshopper population trends were monitored during 1993-1995 and 1997-1998 on commercial native rangeland under twice-over rotational grazing vs traditional season-long grazing. A ubiquitous pest grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fabricius), occurred at every sample site during each year in numbers sufficient to provide life history parameters for comparison between treatments. Under rotational grazing, the nymphs developed significantly slower and their stage-specific survival rates were significantly lower and less variable. Consequently, significantly fewer adults were produced significantly later in the season under rotational grazing. Seasonal presence of all grasshopper species combined averaged 3.3X higher under season-long grazing than under rotational grazing. Local outbreaks that generated 18 and 27 adult grasshoppers per m(2) under season-long grazing in 1997 and 1998, respectively, did not occur under rotational grazing. The outbreaks consumed 91% and 168%, respectively, as much forage as had been allocated for livestock, as opposed to 10% and 23%, respectively, under rotational grazing. Of 9 important grasshopper species, none were significantly more abundant at rotational sites than at season-long sites. Three species that were primary contributors to outbreaks under season-long grazing remained innocuous under rotational grazing. It therefore appears that outbreak suppression through grazing management is feasible in the northern Great Plains. C1 ARS, USDA, No Plains Agr Res Lab, Sidney, MT 59270 USA. RP Onsager, JA (reprint author), 4141 Blackwood Rd, Bozeman, MT 59718 USA. NR 52 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 14 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 53 IS 6 BP 592 EP 602 DI 10.2307/4003152 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 372HH UT WOS:000165227900005 ER PT J AU Gates, RN AF Gates, RN TI Response of incomplete Tifton 9 bahiagrass stands to renovation SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE establishment; reseeding; tillage; Paspalum notatum ID BIG BLUESTEM; PENSACOLA BAHIAGRASS; SAND BLUESTEM; SEEDING RATES; ESTABLISHMENT; SWITCHGRASS; ATRAZINE AB Establishment of warm-season grasses from seed is often impeded by slow germination and emergence, and low seedling vigor. Stand development can be further retarded by unfavorable soil moisture resulting from high temperatures and erratic precipitation. Management of poorly established stands of warm-season grasses has received limited research attention. Two- or 3-year old, poorly established stands (basal occupation < 61%) of "Tifton 9' bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge var. saure) at a dry upland site and at a moist lowland site were reseeded (5.6 kg ha(-1)) in April of 2 different years either without tillage or after rototilling or light dishing and compared to a non-seeded control. Our objective was to determine whether any combination of tillage and/or seeding would enhance stand coverage. At the upland site, basal occupation of the control increased from an initial 61 to 80%. No benefit was derived from interseeding, and both tillage treatments resulted in a stand reduction (P < 0.05) after 1 year. At the lowland site, basal occupation increased from an initial 28 to 59% for the control. Similar responses were observed with renovation treatments, but none were greater (P > 0.05) than the control. Bahiagrass stands with at least a few plants per m(2) should be managed to minimize weed encroachment, but introducing additional seed, with or without tillage, offered no benefit. C1 ARS, Crop Genet & Breeding Res Unit, USDA, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Gates, RN (reprint author), ARS, Crop Genet & Breeding Res Unit, USDA, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 53 IS 6 BP 614 EP 616 DI 10.2307/4003155 PG 3 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 372HH UT WOS:000165227900008 ER PT J AU Benkobi, L Uresk, DW Schenbeck, G King, RM AF Benkobi, L Uresk, DW Schenbeck, G King, RM TI Protocol for monitoring standing crop in grasslands using visual obstruction SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE residual cover; grassland structure; regression model; wildlife habitat; Rebel pole; Nebraska Sandhills ID RISING-PLATE METER; HERBAGE MASS; CALIBRATION AB Assessment of standing crop on grasslands using a visual obstruction technique provides valuable information to help plan livestock grazing management and indicate the status of wildlife habitat. The objectives of this study were to: (1) develop a simple regression model using easily measured visual obstruction to estimate standing crop on sandy lowland range sites in the Nebraska Sandhills, (2) provide sampling and monitoring suggestions in the use of visual obstruction on this grassland type, and (3) compare the visual obstruction technique to the standard clip and weigh procedure. Visual obstruction precisely predicted average standing crop dry weights for the sandy lowland range sites (r(2) = 0.88). A prediction accuracy of +/- 295 kg ha(-1) was found using a test data set. Two sampling options (A and B) were evaluated using a 2-stage sampling protocol. Option A (1 transect/quarter section) provided more precise estimates applicable to extensive grasslands than option B. However, option A was not applicable to a section (259 ha) or a Few sections. Option B (3 transects/section) provided estimates applicable to each section and to the entire area, but it required more intensive sampling than option A to attain the same precision. The visual obstruction technique provided more precise estimates of standing crop than the standard clip and weigh technique when clipping and weighing up to 6 plots per transect. When 7 or more clipped and weighed plots per transect were sampled, standing crop estimates were more precise than using visual obstruction readings. However, since 20 visual obstruction readings/transect (25 minutes) can be sampled in about half the time spent clipping and weighing 6 plots/transect (45 minutes), visual obstruction in combination with a previously estimated regression model provides a simple, reliable, and cost effective alternative to the clip and weigh technique. Regression models should be developed for other grassland types following the methodology described in this paper. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Rangeland Ecosyst Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ctr Great Plains Ecosyst Res, Rapid City, SD 57701 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Nebraska Natl Forest, Chadron, NE 69377 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Benkobi, L (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Rangeland Ecosyst Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 24 TC 36 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 7 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 53 IS 6 BP 627 EP 633 DI 10.2307/4003158 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 372HH UT WOS:000165227900011 ER PT J AU Pfister, JA AF Pfister, JA TI Food aversion learning to eliminate cattle consumption of pine needles SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE diet selection; cattle diets; abortion; Pinus ponderosa ID CONTEXT SPECIFICITY; LARKSPUR DELPHINIUM; LITHIUM-CHLORIDE; FLAVOR-AVERSION; PONDEROSA PINE; TASTE-AVERSION; BEEF-CATTLE; PERSISTENCE; EXTINCTION; MECHANISM AB Conditioned food aversions are a potentially useful tool to eliminate consumption of some toxic plants by livestock, This study examined consumption of pine needles (Pinus ponderosa Lawson) in South Dakota acid Oregon by pregnant cattle, Averted cattle were conditioned to avoid green pine needles using a gastrointestinal emetic, lithium chloride; control (non-averted) animals were not treated. Averted and non-averted cattle were offered green pine needles during pen trials, and they were also grazed in pastures with abundant pine needles in 2 winter trials during 1997 and 1998. Averted cattle ate no green needles in pen trials in Oregon and South Dakota in either year; whereas, control cattle always ate some green needles during those tests. The 1997 South Dakota field trial was inconclusive: the averted cattle ate no needles and the control cattle ate almost no needles while grazing. In the 1998 Oregon field study, the averted cows began eating pine litter after 4 days in the pasture, and the aversion to green needles extinguished rapidly thereafter. In Oregon, controls ate more than 50% of their diet as pine needles, and particularly selected green needles from recently cut trees or branches, When the trial ended after 16 days, the controls and averted cattle were both eating about the same amount of green pine needles and dry needle litter even though they grazed in different pastures. Although averted to green needles, cattle did not appear to generalize the aversion from green needles to dry needle litter. Conditioning permanent aversions may require averting cattle to all forms of pine needles (i.e., green and dry) likely to be encountered in a pasture. C1 ARS, USDA, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, Logan, UT 84341 USA. RP Pfister, JA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, 1150 E 1400 N, Logan, UT 84341 USA. NR 28 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 53 IS 6 BP 655 EP 659 DI 10.2307/4003162 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 372HH UT WOS:000165227900015 ER PT J AU Prosser, CW Sedivec, KK Barker, WT AF Prosser, CW Sedivec, KK Barker, WT TI Tracked vehicle effects on vegetation and soil characteristics SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE soil dry bulk density; plant community; personnel carrier; Poa pratensis; Bromus inermis AB A 3-year experiment to evaluate tracked vehicle effects on vegetation and soil characteristics was established on the Gilbert C. Grafton South State Military Reservation (CGS) in North Dakota. Study objectives were to evaluate the effects of 3 tracked vehicle use intensity treatments on plant species cover and frequency, and soil compaction. The 3 treatments evaluated include heavy use (74 passes), moderate use (37 passes) and no use. The moderate use treatment represents a typical use of 1 battalion unit at CGS with the heavy use treatment classified as 2 battalion units, This land area comprised a 50 by 150 meter block subdivided into three, 50 by 50 meter blocks. Each 50 by 50 meter block was subdivided into three, 16.7 by 50 meter blocks with each block treated with 1 of the 3 treatments. Soil bulk density increased (P < 0.05) on the moderate and heavy use treatments in the 0 to 15, 30 to 45, and 45 to 60 cm soil depths, Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) cover (P < 0.05) decreased in 1996 on both the moderate and heavy use treatments but was not (P > 0.05) different among all treatments in 1997. The tracked vehicle use on the heavy and moderate treatments did not change species composition or litter amounts after 2 years; however, bulk density and bare ground increased on both treatments in 1996 and 1997, C1 ARS, USDA, No Plains Agr Res Lab, Sidney, MT 59270 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Dept Anim & Range Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Prosser, CW (reprint author), ARS, USDA, No Plains Agr Res Lab, Sidney, MT 59270 USA. NR 23 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 9 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 53 IS 6 BP 666 EP 670 DI 10.2307/4003164 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 372HH UT WOS:000165227900017 ER PT J AU Irwin, P Tu, S Damert, W Phillips, J AF Irwin, P Tu, S Damert, W Phillips, J TI A modified Gauss-Newton algorithm and ninety-six well micro-technique for calculating MPN using excel spreadsheets SO JOURNAL OF RAPID METHODS AND AUTOMATION IN MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PROBABLE-NUMBER; SALMONELLA; ENUMERATION AB Conventional most probable number (MPN) methods seek a calculated value for microbial concentration (Delta, mL(-1)) which induces the total binomial probability function (P-total) to approach its maximum limit. In fact, such techniques are the only statistically compelling procedures available for determining MPN when utilizing a small set of observations per dilution (e.g., n = 3-8). However, as n approaches a large value, statistical routines which assume a normal distribution might be applied to ascertain the MPN. With this in mind, we produce herein a modified Gauss-Newton "linearization" (curve fitting) algorithm for determining Delta (n = 96) from binomial micro-plate assays which are readily automated using 96-well micro-plate readers. This technique, an iterative protocol, is less cumbersome than many traditional MPN procedures and has certain advantages. Data derived from this method were not only close to MPN estimations using a direct technique based on the conventional maximum probability resolution (MPR) concept but also displayed more favorable chi-squared (chi (2)) statistics. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Microbial Biophys & Biochem Lab, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Irwin, P (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Microbial Biophys & Biochem Lab, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 23 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 1060-3999 J9 J RAPID METH AUT MIC JI J. Rapid Methods Autom. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 8 IS 3 BP 171 EP 191 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4581.2000.tb00216.x PG 21 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 381AY UT WOS:000165741200003 ER PT J AU Fisher, JO Birch, LL AF Fisher, JO Birch, LL TI Parents' restrictive feeding practices are associated with young girls' negative self-evaluation of eating SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID CHILDREN; ADOLESCENTS; WEIGHT; BEHAVIORS; ACCESS; HEALTH; FOODS AB Objective This study was conducted to determine whether parents' restriction of young girls' access to palatable foods promotes the consumption of those foods while evoking negative self-evaluation. Design Girls' intake of 10 snack foods was measured immediately following a standard lunch, in a setting with free access to palatable snack foods. Girls' self-evaluation about their eating was assessed following the free access snack session. In addition, reports of parental restriction were obtained from mothers, fathers, and girls. Participants Participants were 197 girls aged 4.6 to 6.4 years and their parents. Statistical analysis Structural equation modeling was used to test models describing relationships between parents' restriction and girls' eating. Results Following the standard lunch, girls' snack food intake during the 10-minute free access session ranged from 0 to 436 kcal with a mean of 123 +/-7 kcal. Approximately half of the girls reported negative self-evaluation about eating 1 or more of the 10 foods provided. The revised path model indicated that parents' restriction predicted both girls' snack food intake and girls' negative self-evaluation of eating. Girls' negative self-evaluation of eating was not associated with the amount of food that they consumed when not hungry, but was linked to their perceptions of being restricted from those foods. Applications/conclusions These findings indicate that restricting young girls' access to palatable foods may promote the intake of restricted foods and may also generate negative feelings about eating restricted foods. C1 Baylor Coll Med, USDA, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Human Dev & Family Studies, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Fisher, JO (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, USDA, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. FU NICHD NIH HHS [R01 HD032973-04, R01 HD032973] NR 24 TC 108 Z9 108 U1 4 U2 19 PU AMER DIETETIC ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 216 W JACKSON BLVD #800, CHICAGO, IL 60606-6995 USA SN 0002-8223 J9 J AM DIET ASSOC JI J. Am. Diet. Assoc. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 100 IS 11 BP 1341 EP 1346 DI 10.1016/S0002-8223(00)00378-3 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 460MP UT WOS:000170311600017 PM 11103656 ER PT J AU Plotto, A McDaniel, MR Mattheis, JP AF Plotto, A McDaniel, MR Mattheis, JP TI Characterization of changes in 'Gala' apple aroma during storage using osme analysis, a gas chromatography-olfactometry technique SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Malus x sylvestris var. domestica; fruit; volatiles; controlled atmosphere; esters; odor-active; headspace ID CONTROLLED-ATMOSPHERE STORAGE; VOLATILE COMPOUNDS; FRUIT; CONSTITUENTS; COMPONENTS; MATURITY; QUALITY; FLAVORS AB Changes in the odor-active volatile compounds produced by 'Gala' apples [Malus >sylvestris (L.) Mill. var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf, 'Gala'] were measured after 4, 10, and 20 weeks storage at I UC in regular atmosphere (RA) or controlled atmosphere (CA), and 16 weeks in CA followed by 4 weeks in RA, Aroma was evaluated using the gas chromatography-olfactometry method Osme. Production of volatile esters decreased along with corresponding fruity aromas during CA storage. Hexyl acetate, butyl acetate, and 2-methylbutyl acetate were emitted in the largest amounts and perceived with the strongest intensities from RA-stored fruit. While hexyl acetate and butyl acetate concentrations and aroma intensities decreased during CA storage, 2-methylbutyl acetate remained at the RA concentration until apples had been stored 16 weeks in CA. Perception intensities of methylbutyrate esters with apple or berrylike odors decreased less than straight chain esters in CA-stored fruit. 4-Allylanisole, beta -damascenone, and 1-octen-3-ol, as well as an unknown compound with a watermelon descriptor, were perceived more in RA-stored fruit than in CA-stored apples. Factor analysis indicated the importance of these compounds in 'Gala' apples stored 4 weeks in RA. Even though these compounds do not have an apple odor, they contribute to fresh 'Gala' aroma. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Plotto, A (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 45 TC 43 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 125 IS 6 BP 714 EP 722 PG 9 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 372VG UT WOS:000165254300009 ER PT J AU Obenland, DM Carroll, TR AF Obenland, DM Carroll, TR TI Mealiness and pectolytic activity in peaches and nectarines in response to heat treatment and cold storage SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE ripening; polygalacturonase; pectinmethylesterase; quarantine; Prunus persica ID CHILLING INJURY; WOOLLY BREAKDOWN; AVOCADO FRUIT; TOMATO FRUIT; POLYGALACTURONASE; WOOLLINESS; ETHYLENE; TEMPERATURES; QUALITY AB 'Elegant Lady', 'O'Henry' and 'September Sun' peaches [(Prunus persica (L.) Batsch (Peach Croup)] and 'Summer Bright' and 'Summer Grand' nectarines [(Prunus persica (L.) Batsch f. nucipersica (Nectarine Group)] heated to a seed surface temperature of 47.2 degreesC over a period of 4 hours developed mealy flesh sooner and to a much greater extent than nonheated fruit following cold storage at 5 degreesC for 1 to 3 weeks. Exo- and endopolygalacturonas activities were reduced following 3 to 4 hours of heating and may have been responsible for the increased mealiness, Mealiness often developed in defined regions rather than throughout the entire fruit. Comparison of juicy and mealy regions within individual fruit revealed that mealy regions contained 65% and 86% less exo- and endopolygalacturonase activity, respectively, than juicy regions, whereas pectinmethylesterase activity was unchanged. Extractable protein was reduced by >50% in the mealy regions of the fruit. Intermittent warming periods of 24 hours at 20 degreesC at weekly intervals during storage at 5 degreesC were less effective in reducing mealiness in heat-treated than in control fruit. It is important that future work with heat treatments and stone fruit closely monitor potential effects on this disorder to avoid loss of market quality following treatment. C1 USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. RP Obenland, DM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, 2021 S Peach Ave, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. NR 32 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 125 IS 6 BP 723 EP 728 PG 6 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 372VG UT WOS:000165254300010 ER PT J AU Hong, JH Mills, DJ Coffman, CB Anderson, JD Camp, MJ Gross, KC AF Hong, JH Mills, DJ Coffman, CB Anderson, JD Camp, MJ Gross, KC TI Tomato cultivation systems affect subsequent quality of fresh-cut fruit slices SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Lycopersicon esculentum; chilling injury; minimally processed; sustainable agricultural systems; Vicia villosa ID BLACK POLYETHYLENE MULCH; MARKET TOMATOES; CHILLING INJURY; HAIRY VETCH; CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERES; PROCESSING TOMATOES; ETHYLENE EVOLUTION; YIELD; FLAVOR; RESPIRATION AB Experiments were conducted to compare changes in quality of slices of red tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. 'Sunbeam') fruit from plants grown using black polyethylene or hairy vetch mulches under various foliar disease management systems including: no fungicide applications (NF), a disease forecasting model (TOM-CAST), and weekly fungicide applications (WF), during storage at 5 degreesC under a modified atmosphere. Slices were analyzed for firmness, soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), pH, electrolyte leakage, fungi, yeasts, and chilling injury. With both NF and TOM-CAST fungicide treatments, slices from tomatoes grown with hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) mulch were firmer than those from tomatoes grown with black polyethylene mulch after 12 days storage. Ethylene production of slices from fruit grown using hairy vetch mulch under TOM-CAST was approximate to1.5- and 5-fold higher than that of slices from WF and NF fungicide treatments after 12 days, respectively, The percentage of water-soaked areas (chilling injury) for slices from tomatoes grown using black polyethylene mulch under NF was over 7-fold that of slices from tomatoes grown using hairy vetch under TOM-CAST. When stored at 20 degreesC, slices from light-red tomatoes grown with black polyethylene or hairy vetch mulches both showed a rapid increase in electrolyte leakage beginning 6 hours after slicing. However, slices from tomatoes grown using the hairy vetch mulch tended to have lower electrolyte leakage than those grown with black polyethylene mulch. These results suggest that tomatoes from plants grown using hairy vetch mulch may be more suitable for fresh-cut slices than those grown using black polyethylene mulch. Also, use of the disease forecasting model TOM-CAST, which can result in lower fungicide application than is currently used commercially, resulted in high quality fruit for fresh-cut processing. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Weed Sci Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Biometr Consulting Serv, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Gross, KC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Bldg 002,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 37 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 EI 2327-9788 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 125 IS 6 BP 729 EP 735 PG 7 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 372VG UT WOS:000165254300011 ER PT J AU Hong, JH Gross, KC AF Hong, JH Gross, KC TI Involvement of ethylene in development of chilling injury in fresh-cut tomato slices during cold storage SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Lycopersicon esculentum; chilling injury; minimally processed; water-soaked areas; 1-aminoethoxyvinylglycine ID FRUIT; PEACHES; PLANTS AB Experiments were conducted to determine if ethylene influences chilling injury, as measured by percentage of slices exhibiting water-soaked areas in fresh-cut tomato slices of 'Mountain Pride' and 'Sunbeam' tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Ethylene concentration in containers without ventilation significantly increased during storage at 5 degreesC, whereas little or no accumulation of ethylene occurred in containers with one or six perforations, Chilling injury was greatest for slices in containers with six perforations, compared to slices in containers with one perforation, and was over 13-fold greater than that of slices in control containers with no perforations. An experiment was also performed to investigate the effectiveness of including an ethylene absorbent pad in containers on subsequent ethylene accumulation and chilling injury. While ethylene in the no-pad controls increased continually during storage of both 'Mountain Pride' and 'Sunbeam' tomatoes at 5 degreesC under modified atmosphere conditions, no increase in accumulation of ethylene was observed in containers containing ethylene absorbent pads throughout storage. The ethylene absorbent pad treatment resulted in a significantly higher percentage of chilling injury compared with the no-pad control. In studies aimed at inhibiting ethylene production using AVC during storage of slices, the concentration of ethylene in control containers (no AVG) remained at elevated levels throughout storage, compared to containers with slices treated with AVG, Chilling injury in slices treated with AVG was 5-fold greater than that of controls, Further, we tested the effect of ethylene pretreatment of slices on subsequent slice shelf life and quality. In slices treated with ethylene (0, 0.1, 1, or 10 muL(.)L(-1)) immediately after slicing, ethylene production in nontreated controls was greater than that of all other ethylene pretreatments. However, pretreatment of slices 3 days after slicing resulted in a different pattern of ethylene production during storage. The rate of ethylene production by slices treated with 1 muL(.)L(-1) ethylene 3 days after slicing was greater during storage than any of the other ethylene treatments. With slices pretreated with ethylene, bath immediately and 3 days after slicing, the rate of ethylene production tended to show a negative correlation with chilling injury. Chemical name used: 1-aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG). C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Gross, KC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Bldg 002,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 26 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 125 IS 6 BP 736 EP 741 PG 6 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 372VG UT WOS:000165254300012 ER PT J AU Evermann, JF Howard, TH Dubovi, EJ Knowles, DP Miller, LD Pearson, JE Snider, TG Suarez, DL AF Evermann, JF Howard, TH Dubovi, EJ Knowles, DP Miller, LD Pearson, JE Snider, TG Suarez, DL TI Controversies and clarifications regarding bovine lentivirus infections SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-LIKE VIRUS; EXPERIMENTALLY INOCULATED CATTLE; JEMBRANA DISEASE VIRUS; LONG TERMINAL REPEAT; WESTERN-BLOT ASSAY; LEUKEMIA-VIRUS; MANAGEMENT-PRACTICES; SEROLOGICAL SURVEY; PRODUCTION RECORDS; IMMUNE FUNCTION C1 Washington State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Clin Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Gala Design LLC, Sauke Prairie, WI 53583 USA. Cornell Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Populat Med & Diagnost Sci, Ithaca, NY 14852 USA. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Natl Vet Serv Lab, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Sch Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Coll Agr, Dept Dairy Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Evermann, JF (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Clin Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 58 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD NOV 1 PY 2000 VL 217 IS 9 BP 1318 EP 1324 DI 10.2460/javma.2000.217.1318 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 367NP UT WOS:000090068600023 PM 11061383 ER PT J AU Wang, X Castro, AE Castro, MD Lu, H Weinstock, D Soyster, N Scheuchenzuber, W Perdue, M AF Wang, X Castro, AE Castro, MD Lu, H Weinstock, D Soyster, N Scheuchenzuber, W Perdue, M TI Production and evaluation criteria of specific monoclonal antibodies to the hemagglutinin of the H7N2 subtype of avian influenza virus SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID A VIRUS; RESPONSES AB To enhance the rapidity in diagnosing the spread of avian influenza virus (AIV) in chicken layer flocks, studies were initiated to develop more sensitive and specific immunological and molecular methods for the detection of AIV. In this study, the purification of the hemagglutinin protein (H) from field isolates of H7N2, the production of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), and their evaluation as diagnostic reagents are reported. Hybridomas were generated by fusion of SP2/0-Ag14 myelomas and spleen cells from immunized mice. Hybridomas secreting antibodies specific for the H protein were assayed by an ELISA and cloned using limiting dilution. The MAbs produced were characterized by hemagglutination inhibition (HI), immunohistochemistry (IHC), indirect fluorescent antibody assay (IFA), Western blots, and IFA flow cytometry using various AIV subtypes (i.e., H4N2, H5N3, H7N2). Of the various MAbs assayed, 6 had consistent and reproducible results in each of the assays used. The results obtained in this investigation enhanced the usage of the MAbs to viral H protein in the surveillance of AIV in chickens. C1 Penn State Univ, Ctr Vet Dignost & Invest, Anim Diagnost Lab, Dept Vet Sci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Penn State Life Sci Consortium, Hybridoma & Cell Culture Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Wang, X (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Sch Med, Michigan Diabet Res & Training Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NR 14 TC 6 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 12 IS 6 BP 503 EP 509 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 375ZN UT WOS:000165433500003 PM 11108449 ER PT J AU Hagemoser, WA Goff, JP Sanderson, TP Haynes, JS AF Hagemoser, WA Goff, JP Sanderson, TP Haynes, JS TI Osteopenic disease in growing pigs: diagnostic methods using serum and urine calcium and phosphorus values, parathormone assay, and bone analysis SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID SWINE; BIOAVAILABILITY; AVAILABILITY; WEIGHT AB This research was performed to evaluate the utility of several serum and urine parameters as well as bone ash and plasma parathormone assay to diagnose and monitor diet-related osteopenia in growing pigs. Five diets were tested as follows: calcium-deficient, phosphorus-replete; moderate-deficiency of calcium and phosphorus; marked deficiency of calcium and phosphorus; calcium replete, phosphorus deficient; and vitamin D deficient. Parameters monitored included serum calcium and phosphorus as well as ratios of urine calcium to creatinine, phosphorus to creatinine, calcium to phosphorus, and percent fractional excretions of calcium and phosphorus. Plasma parathormone (PTH) levels were monitored in 2 of 3 experiments. Osteopenic bone differences at necropsy were evaluated by bone density, percent ash, ash per milliliter bone, calcium per milliliter bone, and phosphorus per milliliter bone. Marked change in urine mineral parameters, especially the calcium-to-phosphorus ratio, typically occurred within 1 to 2 days of treatment and preceded significant change in serum mineral or plasma PTH by 2 to 3 weeks. When monitored, plasma PTH levels were elevated following treatment, which confirms the hyperparathyroid state induced by the test diets. Significant differences in bone mineralization between control and treatment diets at necropsy were generally observed. The results of this study indicate that the analysis of urine minerals offers an early, noninvasive technique to investigate diet-associated osteopenic disease in growing pigs, which can be supported further by bone mineral analysis at postmortem using techniques herein described. Several urine mineral reference intervals for application to held investigations are included. Research into application of similar techniques to evaluate calcium and phosphorus homeostasis in pigs of all ages, including gestating and lactating gilts and sows, appears warranted. C1 Iowa State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Bristol Myers Squibb Co, Evansville, IN 47712 USA. RP Hagemoser, WA (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 14 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 12 IS 6 BP 525 EP 534 PG 10 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 375ZN UT WOS:000165433500006 PM 11108452 ER PT J AU Register, KB Sacco, RE Foster, G AF Register, KB Sacco, RE Foster, G TI Ribotyping and restriction endonuclease analysis reveal a novel clone of Bordetella bronchiseptica in seals SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID PHOCA-VITULINA; ELECTROPHORESIS; DISTEMPER; DISPERSAL AB The goal of the present study was to characterize, by ribotyping and restriction endonuclease analysis (REA), 35 phocine Bordetella bronchiseptica isolates and to ascertain their relationship to one another and to isolates acquired from other host species. Thirty-four isolates were obtained in Scotland during a 10-year period encompassing the 1988 epizootic; the remaining isolate was obtained independently in Denmark. All phocine isolates had an identical Pvn II ribotype unique from the 18 ribotypes previously detected in strains from heterologous hosts. Alternative restriction enzymes, useful for subgrouping strains within P nuu Pi ribotypes, also failed to discriminate among isolates from seals. The exclusive occurrence of a single ribotype of B. bronchiseptica in a particular host species has not been previously observed. Similarly, REA based on either HinfI or Dde I profiles did not reveal detectable polymorphisms, although unique patterns were readily distinguished among a limited number of isolates from other host species. This is the first report demonstrating the utility of REA using frequently cutting enzymes for discrimination of B. bronchiseptica strains. These data suggest that B. bronchiseptica-induced respiratory disease in seals along the Scottish shore may be due to the circulation of a single, unique clone. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Avian & Swine Resp Dis Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Scottish Agr Coll, Vet Sci Div, Drummondhill IV2 4JZ, Inverness, Scotland. RP Register, KB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Avian & Swine Resp Dis Res Unit, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 23 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 12 IS 6 BP 535 EP 540 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 375ZN UT WOS:000165433500007 PM 11108453 ER PT J AU Peters, J Miller, JM Jenny, AL Peterson, TL Carmichael, KP AF Peters, J Miller, JM Jenny, AL Peterson, TL Carmichael, KP TI Immunohistochemical diagnosis of chronic wasting disease in preclinically affected elk from a captive herd SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID ROCKY-MOUNTAIN ELK; DEER ODOCOILEUS-HEMIONUS; CERVUS-ELAPHUS-NELSONI; WHITE-TAILED DEER; MULE DEER; SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY; PRION PROTEIN; SCRAPIE AB An immunohistochemical (IHC) method was used to test brain tissues from 17 elk in a captive herd in which chronic wasting disease (CWD) had previously occurred. The IHC technique detects the protease-resistant prion protein (PrP-res), which is considered a disease specific marker for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE), regardless of the species affected. Of the 17 elk tested, 10 were positive by IHC. Only 2 of these 10 animals had shown clinical signs and histologic lesions of CWD, and an additional animal had histologic lesions only. The most consistently IHC-positive tissue was medulla oblongata, especially the obex. These results show that the PrP-res MC test on brain tissue, specifically medulla oblongata at the obex, should be considered an essential component of any surveillance study intended to determine the incidence of CWD in captive or free-ranging cervids. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Resp & Neurol Dis Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. USDA, Vet Serv, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Ames, IA 50010 USA. S Dakota Anim Ind Board, Piedmont, SD 57769 USA. Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Peters, J (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Resp & Neurol Dis Unit, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 11 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 12 IS 6 BP 579 EP 582 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 375ZN UT WOS:000165433500018 PM 11108464 ER PT J AU Allende, R Laegreid, WW Kutish, GF Galeota, JA Wills, RW Osorio, FA AF Allende, R Laegreid, WW Kutish, GF Galeota, JA Wills, RW Osorio, FA TI Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus: Description of persistence in individual pigs upon experimental infection SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID SYNDROME PRRS VIRUS; EVOLUTION; SUBPOPULATION; EMERGENCE; VR-2332; RNA AB We studied the persistence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in individual experimentally infected pigs, during a period of up to 150 days postinfection (dpi). The results of this study suggest that the persistence of PRRSV involves continuous viral replication but that it is not a true steady-state persistent infection. The virus eventually clears the body and seems to do it in most of the animals by 150 dpi or shortly thereafter. High genetic stability was seen for several regions of the persistent PRRSV's genome, although some consistent mutations in the genes of envelope glycoproteins and M protein were also observed. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Vet & Biomed Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. RP Osorio, FA (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Vet & Biomed Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 19 TC 142 Z9 154 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 74 IS 22 BP 10834 EP 10837 DI 10.1128/JVI.74.22.10834-10837.2000 PG 4 WC Virology SC Virology GA 367WE UT WOS:000090083800064 PM 11044133 ER PT J AU Jones, CA AF Jones, CA TI Economic valuation of resource injuries in natural resource liability suits SO JOURNAL OF WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT-ASCE LA English DT Article ID RESTORATION AB Several major federal environmental statutes enacted in the 1970s designate federal, state, and tribal resource management agencies as trustees of natural resources on behalf of the public and enable the trustees to recover damages for injuries to public resources. The measure of damages in the statutes is the cost of restoring the resources to baseline conditions, plus the interim loss in value from the time of the incident until full recovery of the resources. The statutory restriction limiting use of the monies to enhancing or creating natural resources motivated the development of an alternative measure for interim losses-the cost of compensatory restoration actions providing in-kind compensation. In this paper alternative measures of damages are outlined and approaches and methods for scaling compensatory restoration are discussed. Two basic scaling approaches are presented: a simplified in-kind trading procedure and the more general valuation approach, in which a variety of economic methods may be employed to assess the trade-offs between gains from proposed actions and interim losses from the injuries. Experience indicates that natural resource liability actions represent a potent tool for federal and state resource managers to address injuries to public resources. C1 Serv Econ Res, Res Econ Div, USDA, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Jones, CA (reprint author), Serv Econ Res, Res Econ Div, USDA, 1800 M St NW,Room S4182, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 21 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 6 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9496 J9 J WATER RES PL-ASCE JI J. Water Resour. Plan. Manage.-ASCE PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 126 IS 6 BP 358 EP 365 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2000)126:6(358) PG 8 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 366VZ UT WOS:000090028100005 ER PT J AU Ivey, FM Roth, SM Ferrell, RE Tracy, BL Lemmer, JT Hurlbut, DE Martel, GF Siegel, EL Fozard, JL Metter, EJ Fleg, JL Hurley, BF AF Ivey, FM Roth, SM Ferrell, RE Tracy, BL Lemmer, JT Hurlbut, DE Martel, GF Siegel, EL Fozard, JL Metter, EJ Fleg, JL Hurley, BF TI Effects of age, gender, and myostatin genotype on the hypertrophic response to heavy resistance strength training SO JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES A-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND MEDICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID SKELETAL-MUSCLE ADAPTATIONS; OLDER MEN; BODY-COMPOSITION; ELDERLY PEOPLE; RISK-FACTORS; WOMEN; MASS; GENE; ACTIVATION; CATTLE AB Background. Because of the scarcity of data available from direct comparisons of age and gender groups using the same relative training stimulus, it is unknown whether older individuals can increase their muscle mass as much as young individuals and whether women can increase as much as men in response to strength training (ST). In addition, little is known about whether the hypertrophic response to ST is affected by myostatin genotype, a candidate gene for muscle hypertrophy. Methods, Eleven young men (25 +/- 3 years, range 21-29 years), 11 young women (26 +/- 2 years, range 23-28 years), 12 older men (69 +/- 3 years, range 65-75 years), and 11 older women (68 +/- 2 years, range 65-73 pears) had bilateral quadriceps muscle volume measurements performed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) before and after ST and detraining. Training consisted of knee extension exercises of the dominant leg three times per week for 9 weeks. The contralateral limb was left untrained throughout the ST program. Following the unilateral training period, the subjects underwent 31 weeks of detraining during which no regular exercise was performed. Myostatin genotype was determined in a subgroup of 32 subjects, of which five female subjects were carriers of a myostatin gene variant. Results. A significantly greater absolute increase in muscle volume was observed in men than in women (204 +/- 20 vs 101 +/- 13 cm(3), p < .01), but there was no significant difference in muscle volume response to ST between young and older individuals. The gender effect remained after adjusting for baseline muscle volume. In addition, there was a significantly greater loss of absolute muscle volume after 31 weeks of detraining in men than in women (151 +/- 13 vs 88 +/- 7 cm(3), p < .05), but no significant difference between young and older individuals.;Myostatin genotype did not explain the hypertrophic response to ST when all 32 subjects were assessed. However, when only women were analyzed, those with the less common myostatin allele exhibited a 68% Larger increase in muscle volume in response to ST (p = .056). Conclusions. Aging does not affect the muscle mass response to either ST or detraining, whereas gender does, as men increased their muscle volume about twice as much in response to ST as did women and experienced larger losses in response to detraining than women. Young men were the only group that maintained muscle volume adaptation after 31 weeks of detraining. Although myostatin genotype may not explain the observed gender difference in the hypertrophic response to ST, a role for myostatin genotype may be indicated in this regard for women, but future studies are needed with larger subject numbers in each genotype group to confirm this observation. C1 Univ Maryland, Coll Hlth & Human Performance, Dept Kinesiol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Dept Gerontol, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Human Genet, Pittsburgh, PA USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Kinesiol & Appl Physiol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ Maryland Eastern Shore, Dept Phys Therapy, Princess Anne, MD 21853 USA. Baltimore VA Med Ctr, Dept Radiol, Baltimore, MD USA. NIA, Gerontol Res Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA. Morton Plant Mease Hlth Care, Florida Geriat Res Program, Clearwater, FL USA. RP Hurley, BF (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Coll Hlth & Human Performance, Dept Kinesiol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RI Fozard, James Leonard/B-3660-2009 FU NIA NIH HHS [AG42148, AG-00268]; PHS HHS [T3200219] NR 35 TC 121 Z9 127 U1 0 U2 11 PU GERONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1275 K STREET NW SUITE 350, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4006 USA SN 1079-5006 J9 J GERONTOL A-BIOL JI J. Gerontol. Ser. A-Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 55 IS 11 BP M641 EP M648 PG 8 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 373WH UT WOS:000165312700011 PM 11078093 ER PT J AU Hardie, I Parks, P Gottleib, P Wear, D AF Hardie, I Parks, P Gottleib, P Wear, D TI Responsiveness of rural and urban land uses to land rent determinants in the US south SO LAND ECONOMICS LA English DT Article ID RESIDENTIAL GROWTH; ACREAGE DECISIONS; MODEL; QUALITY; PRICES; CALIFORNIA; POLICIES; IMPACTS; PROGRAM; FUTURES AB Ricardian and von Thunen land rent models are combined into a single land use share model including farm, forest, and urban land uses. The land share model is applied to the Southern United States, and elasticities are extracted that measure land share response to changes in population, income, land values, prices, and costs in counties with different degrees of urbanization. The study explores the effect of treating either rural or urban land as a residual use. While this practice is common in existing land use studies, it is found to significantly affect parameter estimates in this county-level analysis. C1 Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Cook Coll, Piscataway, NJ 08855 USA. US Forest Serv, So Forest Expt Stn, USDA, Portland, OR 97208 USA. RP Hardie, I (reprint author), Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 49 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 4 U2 13 PU UNIV WISCONSIN PI MADISON PA SOCIAL SCIENCE BLDG, MADISON, WI 53706 USA SN 0023-7639 J9 LAND ECON JI Land Econ. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 76 IS 4 BP 659 EP 673 DI 10.2307/3146958 PG 15 WC Economics; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 386TB UT WOS:000166076700011 ER PT J AU Fritsche, S Solomon, MB Paroczay, EW Rumsey, TS AF Fritsche, S Solomon, MB Paroczay, EW Rumsey, TS TI Effects of growth-promoting implants on morphology of Longissimus and Semitendinosus muscles in finishing steers SO MEAT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE anabolic implant; biopsy; muscle fiber; steer ID MYOSIN HEAVY-CHAIN; 3 FIBER TYPES; SKELETAL-MUSCLE; BOVINE MUSCLE; TRENBOLONE ACETATE; MALE CATTLE; CASTRATION; ESTRADIOL; BREED; PERFORMANCE AB Growth-promoting implants lead to increased muscle accretion in ruminants. To elucidate the effects at a cellular level. muscle fiber distribution and cross-sectional area (CSA) of longissimus (LM) and semitendinosus (ST) muscles were compared in implanted and control steers. Sixty-four Charolais steers were assigned to one of four treatments (16 steers/treatment): (1) no implant, (2) Synovex-S(R) (estradiol benzoate + progesterone), (3) Ralgro(R) (zeranol) or (4) Revalor-S(R) (trenbolone acetate + estradiol-17 beta). The experiment was carried out using four slaughter groups (SGRP). Sixteen steers each were slaughtered after 48, 104, 160 and 175 days (four steers/treatment) on trial. Steers on an implant treatment were first implanted at 15 months of age (day 0) and reimplanted at 56 and 112 days. Muscle fibers in the LM and ST (for both live biopsy and post-mortem samples) were characterized as either slow-twitch oxidative (SO), fast-twitch oxidative-glycolytic (FOG) and fast-twitch glycolytic (FG) fibers. Fiber distribution was minimally affected by SGRP in these physiologically mature steers. Implantation with Synovex did not alter fiber distribution in either muscle compared with control steers. Both Synovex-implanted and control steers showed a decrease of FG and an increase of FOG fibers in the LM from day 0 to SGRP 2 followed by an increase of FG and a decrease of FOG fibers. Ralgro- and Revalor-implanted steers had an almost constant fiber distribution in the LM throughout the experiment resulting in higher precentages of FG fibers in SGRP 2 (P < 0.05) than SYN or CON steers. Biopsy samples of the LM muscle which were excised 51 days'(SGRP 1-3) or 65 days (SGRP 4) before slaughter proved to be suitable for the determination of fiber distribution in live animals. Fiber area increased in post-mortem samples of both muscles from SGRP 1-3 in all treatment groups followed by a plateau. Implantation with Revalor led to an additional increase in fiber area from SGRP 3 and 4 (P < 0.05). Synovex did not affect fiber area compared with control steers whereas Ralgro and Revalor implants led to larger fibers in SGRP 3 and 4, respectively. It can be concluded that some growth-promoting implants result in noticeable differences in muscle hypertrophic responses which coincide with their different effectiveness to enhance lean mass accretion. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Meat Sci Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Growth Biol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Solomon, MB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Meat Sci Res Lab, Bldg 201,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 40 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0309-1740 J9 MEAT SCI JI Meat Sci. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 56 IS 3 BP 229 EP 237 DI 10.1016/S0309-1740(00)00047-4 PG 9 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 355BN UT WOS:000089365900003 PM 22062073 ER PT J AU Sacco, RE Hutto, DL Waters, WR Li, XS Kehrli, ME Zuckermann, FA Wannemuehler, MJ AF Sacco, RE Hutto, DL Waters, WR Li, XS Kehrli, ME Zuckermann, FA Wannemuehler, MJ TI Reduction in inflammation following blockade of CD18 or CD29 adhesive pathways during the acute phase of a spirochetal-induced colitis in mice SO MICROBIAL PATHOGENESIS LA English DT Article DE Brachyspira hyodysenteriae; colitis; granulocytes; CD18; CD29 ID TREPONEMA-HYODYSENTERIAE; INTESTINAL SPIROCHETOSIS; NEUTROPHIL RECRUITMENT; PULMONARY INFLAMMATION; MESSENGER-RNA; DEFICIENCY; ADHERENCE; PNEUMONIA; CELLS; IDENTIFICATION AB Colitis develops in mice infected with Brachyspira (Serpulina) hyodysenteriae. Numerous granulocytes (PMNs) are evident in cecal tissue sections 24-48 h post-infection. The role of PMNs was assessed by utilizing monoclonal antibodies specific for CD18 or CD29 to block PMN recruitment. Macroscopic lesions were less severe in mice treated with either monoclonal antibody compared to lesions observed in isotype control-treated mice. While these monoclonal antibodies may inhibit extravasation of other leukocytes, the central role of PMNs was further demonstrated in that colitis was reduced following neutrophil depletion. There was less edema and epithelial erosions in ceca of mice receiving anti-Ly6G, -CD18 or -CD29 monoclonal antibody compared to mice receiving the control. Moreover, there was a significant reduction in PMN infiltration in tissues of mice treated with anti-CD18. The reduction in infiltrating PMNs did not result from downregulation of neutrophil chemoattractant MIP-2 expression in anti-CD18-treated mice. In contrast, PMN recruitment into the cecum was apparently CD29-independent. It is noteworthy that the number of PMNs observed in anti-CD18-treated mice was significantly higher than observed in non-infected mice. The data provide evidence for a threshold number of PMNs necessary for lesion development and indicate that CD18, but not CD29, adhesive pathways are crucial for PMN recruitment in bacterial colitis. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Iowa State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Vet Med Res Inst, Ames, IA USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Vet Med, Dept Biomed Sci, New Grafton, MA USA. Univ Illinois, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Sacco, RE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 40 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0882-4010 J9 MICROB PATHOGENESIS JI Microb. Pathog. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 29 IS 5 BP 289 EP 299 DI 10.1006/mpat.2000.0394 PG 11 WC Immunology; Microbiology SC Immunology; Microbiology GA 377HE UT WOS:000165507400004 PM 11031123 ER PT J AU Chen, Y Giles, KL Payton, ME Greenstone, MH AF Chen, Y Giles, KL Payton, ME Greenstone, MH TI Identifying key cereal aphid predators by molecular gut analysis SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Review DE aphid; arthropod predation; Chrysopidae; Coccinellidae; detectability half-life; PCR ID POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; RUSSIAN WHEAT APHID; GROUND BEETLE COLEOPTERA; WINTER-WHEAT; POLYPHAGOUS PREDATORS; COCCINELLA-SEPTEMPUNCTATA; CARABIDAE ASSEMBLAGES; COLEMANI HYMENOPTERA; HELICOVERPA-ARMIGERA; TACHYPORUS-HYPNORUM AB We describe polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers for gut analysis of aphid predators. The primers amplify aphid mitochondrial COII fragments ranging in size from 77 to 386 bp. Using these primers, we were able to distinguish six species of US Great Plains cereal aphids, including two congeners, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) and R. padi (L.), and to detect them in extracts of coccinellid and chrysopid predators. We devised a protocol for deriving half-lives of detectability for the DNA of a single aphid consumed by predators maintained under simulated field dietary and temperature conditions. Using this protocol and primers that amplify a 198-bp fragment, we determined statistically different half-lives of detectability for a single R. maidis of 3.95 h in Chrysoperla plorabunda (Fitch) and 8.78 h in Hippodamia convergens Guerin. The detectability half-life for a 339-bp R. maidis fragment was statistically longer in C. plorabunda but not in H. convergens. The sensitivity of the assay for the 198-bp fragment is 10(-7) aphid equivalents. For species-specific predator gut analysis, PCR is superior to monoclonal antibody technology, giving comparable detectability half-lives with lower expense, much shorter development times, and greater certainty of a successful outcome. C1 ARS, USDA, Plant Sci Res Lab, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Entomol & Plant Pathol, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Stat, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Greenstone, MH (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Plant Sci Res Lab, 1301 N Western St, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. EM mgreenstane@pswcrl.ars.usda.gov NR 108 TC 133 Z9 147 U1 3 U2 59 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 9 IS 11 BP 1887 EP 1898 DI 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.01100.x PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 375MX UT WOS:000165404800019 PM 11091324 ER PT J AU Field, J Rosenthal, B Samuelson, J AF Field, J Rosenthal, B Samuelson, J TI Early lateral transfer of genes encoding malic enzyme, acetyl-CoA synthetase and alcohol dehydrogenases from anaerobic prokaryotes to Entamoeba histolytica SO MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CLOSTRIDIUM-ACETOBUTYLICUM ATCC-824; AMINO-ACID SEQUENCE; TRICHOMONAS-VAGINALIS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; FERREDOXIN OXIDOREDUCTASE; PROTIST TRICHOMONAS; GENOME SEQUENCE; GIARDIA-LAMBLIA; EVOLUTION AB The fermentation enzymes, which enable the microaerophilic protist Entamoeba histolytica to parasitize the colonic lumen and tissue abscesses, closely resemble homologues in anaerobic prokaryotes. Here, genes encoding malic enzyme and acetyl-CoA synthetase (nucleoside diphosphate forming) were cloned from E. histolytica, and their evolutionary origins, as well as those encoding two alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHE and ADH1), were inferred by means of phylogenetic reconstruction. The E. histolytica malic enzyme, which decarboxylates malate to pyruvate, closely resembles that of the archaeon Archaeoglobus fulgidus, strongly suggesting a common origin. The E. histolytica acetyl-CoA synthetase, which converts acetyl-CoA to acetate with the production of ATP, appeared to be closely related to the Plasmodium falciparum enzyme, but it was no more closely related to the Giardia lamblia acetyl-CoA synthetase than to those of archaea. Phylogenetic analyses suggested that the adh1 and adhe genes of E. histolytica and Gram-positive eubacteria share a common ancestor. Lateral transfer of genes encoding these fermentation enzymes from archaea or eubacteria to E. histolytica probably occurred early, because the sequences of the amoebic enzymes show considerable divergence from those of prokaryotes, and the amoebic genes encoding these enzymes are in the AT-rich codon usage of the parasite. C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Immunol & Infect Dis, Boston, MA 02115 USA. ARS, Biosystemat & Natl Parasite Collect Unit, USDA, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Samuelson, J (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Immunol & Infect Dis, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA. OI Rosenthal, Benjamin/0000-0002-0224-3773 FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI33492] NR 67 TC 62 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0950-382X J9 MOL MICROBIOL JI Mol. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 38 IS 3 BP 446 EP 455 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2000.02143.x PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology GA 375MR UT WOS:000165404000003 PM 11069669 ER PT J AU Healy, FG Wach, M Krasnoff, SB Gibson, DM Loria, R AF Healy, FG Wach, M Krasnoff, SB Gibson, DM Loria, R TI The txtAB genes of the plant pathogen Streptomyces acidiscabies encode a peptide synthetase required for phytotoxin thaxtomin A production and pathogenicity SO MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; POTATO-SCAB; PENICILLIN BIOSYNTHESIS; MULTIFUNCTIONAL ENZYME; COELICOLOR A3(2); ACV SYNTHETASE; COMMON SCAB; CLONING; PRISTINAESPIRALIS; IDENTIFICATION AB Four Streptomyces species have been described as the causal agents of scab disease, which affects economically important root and tuber crops worldwide. These species produce a family of cyclic dipeptides, the thaxtomins, which alone mimic disease symptomatology. Structural considerations suggest that thaxtomins are synthesized non-ribosomally. Degenerate oligonucleotide primers were used to amplify conserved portions of the acyladenylation module of peptide synthetase genes from genomic DNA of representatives of the four species. Pairwise Southern hybridizations identified a peptide synthetase acyladenylation module conserved among three species. The complete nucleotide sequences of two peptide synthetase genes (txtAB) were determined from S. acidiscabies 84.104 cosmid Library clones. The organization of the deduced TxtA and TxtB peptide synthetase catalytic domains is consistent with the formation of N-methylated cyclic dipeptides such as thaxtomins. Based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, thaxtomin A production was abolished in txtA gene disruption mutants. Although the growth and morphological characteristics of the mutants were identical to those of the parent strain, txtA mutants were avirulent on potato tubers. Moreover, introduction of the thaxtomin synthetase cosmid into a txtA mutant restored both pathogenicity and thaxtomin A production, demonstrating a critical role for thaxtomins in pathogenesis. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. ARS, USDA, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Loria, R (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, 334 Plant Sci Bldg, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 45 TC 119 Z9 120 U1 4 U2 20 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0950-382X J9 MOL MICROBIOL JI Mol. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 38 IS 4 BP 794 EP 804 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2000.02170.x PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology GA 383VM UT WOS:000165904800012 PM 11115114 ER PT J AU Scheffer, SJ Wiegmann, BM AF Scheffer, SJ Wiegmann, BM TI Molecular phylogenetics of the holly leaf miners (Diptera : Agromyzidae : Phytomyza): Species limits, speciation, and dietary specialization SO MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION LA English DT Article ID INSECT PLANT INTERACTIONS; DEAD-END; DIVERSIFICATION; EVOLUTION AB A molecular phylogenetic analysis was conducted to determine relationships and to investigate character evolution in the Phytomyza ilicis group of leafmining flies on hollies (Aquifoliaceae: Ilex). A total of 2207 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I and II genes were sequenced for all known holly leafminers, as well as for several undescribed members of this group. Maximum-parsimony analysis of the sequence data indicates that these leafminers form a monophyletic group with the inclusion of an undescribed leafminer that feeds on the distantly related plant Gelsemium sempevirens (Loganiaceae). Species boundaries of previously known and of undescribed holly leafmining species were confirmed with the molecular data, with one exception. Optimization of variable ecological and morphological characters onto the most parsimonious phylogeny suggests that these traits are evolutionarily labile, requiring multiple instances of convergence and/or reversal to explain their evolutionary history. Speciation in holly leafminers is associated with host shifts and appears to involve colonization of new hosts more often than cospeciation as the hosts diverge. Monophagy is the most common feeding pattern in holly leafminers, and more generalized feeding is inferred to have evolved at least two separate times, possibly as a prelude to speciation. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 ARS, Systemat Entomol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Coll Agr & Life Sci, Dept Entomol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Scheffer, SJ (reprint author), ARS, Systemat Entomol Lab, USDA, Bldg 005,Rm 137,BARC-W,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 40 TC 59 Z9 62 U1 1 U2 8 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1055-7903 J9 MOL PHYLOGENET EVOL JI Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 17 IS 2 BP 244 EP 255 DI 10.1006/mpev.2000.0830 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 377BN UT WOS:000165492200010 PM 11083938 ER PT J AU Kalavacharla, V Stavely, JR Myers, JR McClean, PE AF Kalavacharla, V Stavely, JR Myers, JR McClean, PE TI Crg, a gene required for Ur-3-mediated rust resistance in common bean, maps to a resistance gene analog cluster SO MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article ID ARABIDOPSIS DISEASE RESISTANCE; DOWNY MILDEW RESISTANCE; POWDERY MILDEW; PATHOGEN; IDENTIFICATION; LETTUCE; BARLEY; BACTERIAL; MUTATION; TOMATO AB Rate-specific resistance to the bean rust pathogen (Uromyces appendiculatus) is provided by a number of loci in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), The Ur-3 locus controls hypersensitive resistance (HR) to 44 of the 89 races curated in the United States. To better understand resistance mediated by this locus, we developed new genetic material for analysis. We developed a population of mutagenized seed of cv, Sierra (genotype = Ur-3 ur-4 ur-6) that was screened with a bean rust race that is normally incompatible (HR response) on Ur-3 genotypes, We discovered two mutants of common bean, crg and ur3-Delta3, in which uredinia formed on leaves (a compatible interaction) following infection. The F-1 generation from a cross of these two mutants expressed the HR response, and the Fz generation segregated in a ratio of 9:7 (HR/uredinia formation), Therefore, the two genes are unlinked. Further genetic analysis determined that the mutation in ur3-Delta3 was in the Ur-3 locus, and the mutation in crg was in a newly discovered gene given the symbol Crg (Complements resistance gene). Each mutation was inherited in a recessive manner. Unlike ur3-Delta3, crg expressed reduced compatibility to bean rust races 49 and 47 that are normally fully compatible on genotypes, such as Sierra, that are homozygous recessive at the Ur-4 and Ur-6 loci. This suggests a gene mutated in crg is normally a positive compatibility factor for the bean-bean rust interaction. Polymerase chain reaction analysis of crg with primers to common bean resistance gene analogs (RGA) that contain a nucleotide-binding site sequence similar to those found in a number of plant disease resistance genes revealed that crg is missing the SB1 RGA, but not the linked SB3 and SB5 RGAs, Genetic analyses revealed that Crg cosegregates with the SB1 RGA. These results demonstrate that Cpg is located near a RGA cluster in the common bean genome. C1 N Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. USDA ARS, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, PSI, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Hort, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP McClean, PE (reprint author), N Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Loftsgard Hall, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 51 TC 11 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0894-0282 J9 MOL PLANT MICROBE IN JI Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 13 IS 11 BP 1237 EP 1242 DI 10.1094/MPMI.2000.13.11.1237 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA 366BW UT WOS:000089985800009 PM 11059490 ER PT J AU Kinscherf, TG Hirano, SS Willis, DK AF Kinscherf, TG Hirano, SS Willis, DK TI Transposon insertion in the ftsK gene impairs in planta growth and lesion-forming abilities in Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae B728a SO MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article DE pathogenicity; plant pathogen; virulence ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI; REGULATOR; DEFICIENT; LEMA; GACA AB A Tn5 insertion in the ftsK gene of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae B728a impaired brown spot lesion formation on Phaseolus vulgaris, the ability to grow within bean leaves, and swarming ability on semisolid agar, Plasmids containing the ftsK gene were sufficient to complement the original Tn5 mutant for lesion formation and swarming and partially restored in planta growth. C1 Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Plant Pathol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Willis, DK (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, 1630 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0894-0282 J9 MOL PLANT MICROBE IN JI Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 13 IS 11 BP 1263 EP 1265 DI 10.1094/MPMI.2000.13.11.1263 PG 3 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA 366BW UT WOS:000089985800012 PM 11059493 ER PT J AU Benny, GL O'Donnell, K AF Benny, GL O'Donnell, K TI Amoebidium parasiticum is a protozoan, not a Trichomycete SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Amoebidiales; 188 rRNA; Ichthyosporea; mitochondrial cristae; phylogeny; Zygomycota ID ANIMAL-FUNGAL DIVERGENCE; AQUATIC INSECT LARVAE; PHYLOGENETIC-RELATIONSHIPS; ICHTHYOPHONUS-HOFERI; PROTISTAN PARASITES; GUT FUNGI; PATHOGEN; CLADE; ZYGOMYCOTINA; HARPELLALES AB Classification of the Amoebidiales (Trichomycetes, Zygomycota) within the Fungi is problematical because their cell walls apparently lack chitin and they produce amoeboid cells during their life cycle. A nearly full length fragment of the nuclear small subunit (SSU) rRNA of Amoebidium parasiticum was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced to examine its phylogenetic relationships. Results of a BlastN search of GenBank revealed that the A. parasiticum SSU rRNA sequence was most closely related to that of Ichthyophonus hoferi, an ichthyosporean in the Protozoa near the animal-fungal divergence. Maximum parsimony analysis of ichthyosporean and fungal SSU sequences, using sequences of choanoflagellates to root the 18S rDNA gene trees, resolved A. parasiticum as a strongly supported sister of I. hoferi within the Ichthyophonida clade of the protozoan class Ichthyosporea. In contrast to other members of this class, which are mostly obligate or facultative parasites of various animals, A. parasiticum and other members of the Amoebidiales are only known to be arthropodophilous symbionts. The results also provide the first evidence that mitochondrial cristae types exhibit homoplastic distributions within the Ichthyosporea. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Microbial Properties Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Plant Pathol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP O'Donnell, K (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Microbial Properties Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 37 TC 71 Z9 74 U1 0 U2 3 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 92 IS 6 BP 1133 EP 1137 DI 10.2307/3761480 PG 5 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 376QW UT WOS:000165469100014 ER PT J AU Giachini, AJ Oliveira, VL Castellano, MA Trappe, JM AF Giachini, AJ Oliveira, VL Castellano, MA Trappe, JM TI Ectomycorrhizal fungi in Eucalyptus and Pinus plantations in southern Brazil SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Ascomycotina; Basidiomycotina; ectomycorrhiza; epigeous fungi; sequestrate fungi AB The occurrence of ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) was assessed during 4 seasons (1 yr) in 10 plantations of Eucalyptus spp. and Pinus spp. in the state of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. Forty-nine presumed EMF taxa representing 9 orders and 12 families were identified, including epigeous and sequestrate species. Many are first reports for South America, and 3 are new species, Chondrogaster augustisporus, Descomyces giachinii, and Scleroderma bougheri. Fruiting patterns of EMF differed by host, and host specificity was apparent for some. Laccaria and Scleroderma were the prevalent genera throughout the year in both plantation types. The results of the study show that species richness of EMF in Brazil is higher than previously demonstrated. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Fed Santa Catarina, Dept Microbiol & Parasitol, BR-88040900 Florianopolis, SC, Brazil. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Giachini, AJ (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Peavy Hall 154, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RI Giachini, Admir/C-4007-2014 OI Giachini, Admir/0000-0001-8347-003X NR 34 TC 57 Z9 67 U1 3 U2 10 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 92 IS 6 BP 1166 EP 1177 DI 10.2307/3761484 PG 12 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 376QW UT WOS:000165469100018 ER PT J AU Copes, DL Mandel, NL AF Copes, DL Mandel, NL TI Effects of IBA and NAA treatments on rooting Douglas-fir stem cuttings SO NEW FORESTS LA English DT Article DE 1-napthaleneacetic acid; auxin; hormones; indole-3-butyric acid; propagation AB The effectiveness of six IBA and four NAA concentrations, four combinations of IBA and NAA concentrations, and control were tested for their ability to enhance rooting frequency (%) of Douglas-fir cuttings. Two IBA and one NAA treatments were also compared to the control for quality of root system. Between 1984 and 1998, six independent studies were conducted in mist or fog environments with the same 11 or 14 clones. Auxin concentrations tested ranged from 0 to 123 mM IBA and 0 to 10 mM NAA. Auxin, clone, and auxin by clone effects were significant in every study, although individual clone analyses showed only two clones to differ significantly for auxin. All auxin treatments but the 10 mM NAA treatment induced significantly greater rooting percentage than the control, but no single auxin, auxin concentration or combination of auxins was clearly superior in every study. The 10 mM NAA concentration was the only concentration tested that reduced rooting percentage to less than the control. Both NAA and IBA appeared to have broad ranges of root-enhancing activity. However, within the effective range of IBA evaluated, 24.6 mM produced the greatest rooting percentage in four of five studies testing IBA. NAA solutions with concentrations between 2.5 and 7.4 mM NAA generally resulted in similar rooting success. Rooting responses to increased IBA and NAA were both nonlinear; rooting decreased with both too little and too much auxin. Combinations of IBA and NAA in the same solution did not increase rooting percentage above what was achieved with one auxin. For root system quality, auxin treated cuttings in one study, had significantly better root systems than control, but there was no difference in the other study in which root quality was estimated. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Copes, DL (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, 3200 Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 14 TC 16 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4286 J9 NEW FOREST JI New For. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 20 IS 3 BP 249 EP 257 DI 10.1023/A:1006752717350 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 369WY UT WOS:000165091800003 ER PT J AU Burri, BJ AF Burri, BJ TI Retinoids and cancer prevention: Crossing the line between food and drug SO NUTRITION LA English DT Editorial Material ID VITAMIN-A C1 USDA ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pomol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Burri, BJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pomol, 1035 Wickson Hall,1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0899-9007 J9 NUTRITION JI Nutrition PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 16 IS 11-12 BP 1100 EP 1101 DI 10.1016/S0899-9007(00)00447-0 PG 2 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 382NG UT WOS:000165828700016 PM 11118836 ER PT J AU Ding, ST McNeel, RL Mersmann, HJ AF Ding, ST McNeel, RL Mersmann, HJ TI Conjugated linoleic acid increases the differentiation of porcine adipocytes in vitro SO NUTRITION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE adipocyte differentiation; conjugated linoleic acid; PPAR gamma; C/EBP alpha; lipoprotein lipase; adipocyte fatty acid binding protein ID ADIPOSE CELL-DIFFERENTIATION; ACTIVATED RECEPTOR-ALPHA; FATTY-ACIDS; TRANSCRIPTIONAL CONTROL; 3T3-L1 PREADIPOCYTES; GENE-EXPRESSION; AP2 GENE; PROLIFERATION; EICOSANOIDS; LIGANDS AB Individual long-chain fatty acids can modulate adipocyte differentiation. Conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) either stimulate or inhibit 3T3-L1 clonal cell differentiation. We studied the effects of cis-9, trans-11 CLA (9,11-CLA), trans-10, cis-12 CLA (10, 12-CLA), and linoleic acid (LA) on differentiation of porcine stromal-vascular cells in vitro and on mRNA concentrations for adipocyte transcription factors and adipocyte-characteristic proteins. Fatty acids were added to the differentiation medium at 0, 50, 100, or 300 muM, for 24 hours. The LA tended to, and 9,11-CLA increased differentiation. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma) mRNA concentration was not changed by LA, 9,11-CLA, or 10,12-CLA. Lipoprotein lipase mRNA concentration was not changed by LA, but was increased by both CLA isomers. Adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (aP2) mRNA concentration was increased by LA and both isomers of CLA. In summary, CLA and LA increased differentiation of porcine stromal-vascular cells after 24 hours, but differentiation was not accompanied by increased PPAR gamma mRNA suggesting, at least in these experiments, that the primary action of the fatty acids was as ligands for PPAR gamma, rather than as inducers for PPAR gamma transcripts. The aP2 mRNA concentration was increased to a large extent by the various fatty acids. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Mersmann, HJ (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. OI Ding, Shih-Torng/0000-0002-9866-1776 NR 32 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0271-5317 J9 NUTR RES JI Nutr. Res. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 20 IS 11 BP 1569 EP 1580 DI 10.1016/S0271-5317(00)00241-4 PG 12 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 383PW UT WOS:000165892300005 ER PT J AU Felicetti, LA Shipley, LA Witmer, GW Robbins, CT AF Felicetti, LA Shipley, LA Witmer, GW Robbins, CT TI Digestibility, nitrogen excretion, and mean retention time by North American porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum) consuming natural forages SO PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DIGESTIVE FUNCTION; DEFENDING PLANTS; TANNINS; RUMINANTS; REDUCTION; HINDGUT; PROTEIN; PASSAGE; ENERGY; DIETS AB North American porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum) subsist predominantly on low-protein, high-fiber, high-tannin diets. Therefore, we measured the porcupine's ability to digest dry matter, fiber, and protein by conducting digestion trials on eight natural forages and one pelleted ration varying in concentration of fiber, nitrogen, and tannins. On these diets, dry matter intake ranged from 5 to 234 g/kg(0.75)/d and dry matter digestibility ranged from 62% to 96%. Porcupines digested highly lignified fiber better than many large hindgut fermenters and ruminants. The porcupine's ability to digest fiber may be explained, in part, by their lengthy mean retention time of particles (38.43 +/- 0.56 h). True nitrogen digestibility was 92% for non-tannin forages and pellets. Endogenous urinary nitrogen was 205 mg N/kg(0.75)/d, and metabolic fecal nitrogen was 2.8 g N/kg dry matter intake. Porcupines achieved nitrogen balance at relatively low levels of nitrogen intake (346 mg N/kg(0.75)/d). Tannins reduced the porcupines' ability to digest protein. However, the reduction in protein digestion was not predictable from the amount of bovine serum albumin precipitated. Like many herbivores, porcupines may ameliorate the effects of certain tannins in natural forages on protein digestibility through physiological and behavioral adaptations. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Nat Resource Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Nat Resource Sci & Zool, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Felicetti, LA (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Nat Resource Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 45 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1522-2152 J9 PHYSIOL BIOCHEM ZOOL JI Physiol. Biochem. Zool. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 73 IS 6 BP 772 EP 780 DI 10.1086/318094 PG 9 WC Physiology; Zoology SC Physiology; Zoology GA 388GT UT WOS:000166172300012 PM 11121350 ER PT J AU Mau, CJD Scott, DJ Cornish, K AF Mau, CJD Scott, DJ Cornish, K TI Multiwell filtration system results in rapid, high-throughput rubber transferase microassay SO PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE enzymatic assay; multiwell plate; rubber transferase; Hevea brasiliensis; Ficus elastica; Parthenium argentatum ID PARTHENIUM-ARGENTATUM GRAY; HEVEA-BRASILIENSIS; CIS-POLYISOPRENE; PARTICLES; GUAYULE; BIOSYNTHESIS; POLYMER; LATEX AB The amount of rubber synthesised by washed rubber particles (WRP) has been measured by the incorporation of radiolabelled isopentenyl diphosphate in enzymatic reactions assembled in a MultiScreen(R) 96-well plate with the wells sealed underneath with a membrane which prevented leakage but allowed rapid harvesting. After stopping the reactions, the WRP were trapped on the underlying membrane by applying vacuum and, after appropriate processing, the radioactive rubber on the filters was determined by liquid scintillation counting. The processing time for 96 samples was less than 30 min (a 20-fold reduction compared with our previous published protocol) and, compared with another multiwell rubber transferase assay, the present method yielded a 4-fold saving in time and eliminated the requirement for carrier rubber. The described assay can measure accurately the activity present in 0.07 mg of WRP and can he performed in a volume of 5 muL, which is smaller than any other assay reported. This assay can also be used to measure rubber transferase activity in divergent species, such as Hevea brasiliensis, Parthenium argentatam and Ficus elastica. C1 ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Cornish, K (reprint author), ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RI Cornish, Katrina/A-9773-2013 NR 19 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0958-0344 J9 PHYTOCHEM ANALYSIS JI Phytochem. Anal. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 11 IS 6 BP 356 EP 361 DI 10.1002/1099-1565(200011/12)11:6<356::AID-PCA545>3.0.CO;2-A PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences; Chemistry GA 387QB UT WOS:000166132300003 ER PT J AU Jaime-Garcia, R Trinidad-Correa, R Felix-Gastelum, R Orum, TV Wasmann, CC Nelson, MR AF Jaime-Garcia, R Trinidad-Correa, R Felix-Gastelum, R Orum, TV Wasmann, CC Nelson, MR TI Temporal and spatial patterns of genetic structure of Phytophthora infestans from tomato and potato in the Del Fuerte Valley SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION-SYSTEMS; PLANT-DISEASE EPIDEMIOLOGY; LATE BLIGHT; POPULATION-GENETICS; UNITED-STATES; GENOTYPIC DIVERSITY; SEXUAL REPRODUCTION; FAMINE FUNGUS; RESISTANCE; NETHERLANDS AB The temporal and spatial patterns of Phytophthora infestans population genetic structure were analyzed in the Del Fuerte Valley, Sinaloa, Mexico, during the crop seasons of 1994 to 1995, 1995 to 1996, and 1996 to 1997 by geographical information systems. Isolates of P. infestans were obtained from infected tissue of tomato and potato collected from two areas: (i) where both potatoes and tomatoes are grown, and (ii) where:only tomatoes are grown. The isolates were characterized by mating type, allozymes at the glucose-6-phosphate isomerase and peptidase loci, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) fingerprint with probe; RG57, metalaxyl sensitivity, and aggressiveness to tomato and potato. The results suggest presence of an asexual population with frequent immigrations from outside the valley. There was a shift of mating type in the population from predominantly A2 to completely Al in this period. The co-occurrence of mating types was restricted to very few fields in the area around Los Mochis where tomato and potato crops are grown. Genotype variation based on allozyme analysis and mating type was low with only one genotype affecting both crops each year. The genotypes affecting both crops were the only genotypes highly aggressive to both tomato and potato in laboratory aggressiveness tests and the only genotypes widespread on both the tomato and potato crops in the valley each year. These predominant genotypes were highly resistant to the fungicide metalaxyl. Data on metalaxyl sensitivity indicate that allozyme analysis can discriminate between sensitive and resistant isolates in the Del Fuerte Valley. RFLP analysis with the probe RG57 gives further discrimination of genotypes within an allozyme genotype. In the 1995 to 1996 season, four different RFLP genotypes were found within an allozyme genotype. However, there were five other dilocus allozyme genotypes that could not be further split by RFLP analysis in 1995 to 1996 and 1996 to 1997 seasons. Spatial analysis of genotypes suggests that each season individual fields near Los Mochis became infected with one or more genotypes, but only a single genotype, aggressive on both potato and tomato, occurred south and east to the Guasave area. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Plant Pathol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Alimentos Del Fuerte, Los Mochis, Sinaloa, Mexico. Agridiagnosticos, Los Mochis, Sinaloa, Mexico. RP Jaime-Garcia, R (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 55 TC 14 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD NOV PY 2000 VL 90 IS 11 BP 1188 EP 1195 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2000.90.11.1188 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 367QF UT WOS:000090072400001 PM 18944419 ER PT J AU Janisiewicz, WJ Tworkoski, TJ Sharer, C AF Janisiewicz, WJ Tworkoski, TJ Sharer, C TI Characterizing the mechanism of biological control of postharvest diseases on fruits with a simple method to study competition for nutrients SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE blue mold; microbial interaction ID BOTRYTIS-CINEREA; GRAY MOLD; BLUE MOLD; APPLES; BIOCONTROL; STORAGE; YEASTS; GERMINATION; ANTAGONISTS; STRAIN AB Biocontrol agents may compete with pathogens for nutrients and space to delay or prevent decay of fruits after harvest. These mechanisms of biological control have been difficult to study because no method has been available to determine the significance of each of the components of competition. We developed a nondestructive method using tissue culture plates with cylinder inserts containing defusing membrane at one end to study competition for nutrients without competition for space. Other biocontrol mechanisms in which direct contact between an antagonist and a pathogen is not required also can be studied. The method was used to determine the competition between the yeastlike biocontrol agent, Aureobasidium pullulans, and Penicillium expansum for limited nutrients in apple juice during 24 h incubation, simulating a fruit wound. The antagonist depleted amino acids and inhibited germination of P. expansum conidia. Exposing these conidia to fresh apple juice increased conidial germination to the level comparable to that exhibited by conidia which were not exposed to the antagonist. Because the culture plate method was nondestructive, follow-up experiments in an agar diffusion test were conducted. Juice in which the antagonist grew did not inhibit germination of Fl expansum conidia that were seeded on the plates. This corroborates findings from the culture plate method that inhibition of the conidia germination resulted from competition for nutrients. The new method can be coupled with existing techniques to improve understanding of antagonist-pathogen interaction for biological control of postharvest diseases. C1 USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Janisiewicz, WJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, 45 Wiltshire Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 25 TC 77 Z9 89 U1 4 U2 14 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD NOV PY 2000 VL 90 IS 11 BP 1196 EP 1200 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2000.90.11.1196 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 367QF UT WOS:000090072400002 PM 18944420 ER PT J AU McGuire, RG AF McGuire, RG TI Population dynamics of postharvest decay antagonists growing epiphytically and within wounds on grapefruit SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE citrus; green mold; Penicillium digitatum ID BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; PENICILLIUM-DIGITATUM; STORAGE-CONDITIONS; CITRUS COATINGS; VEGETABLES; BIOCONTROL; SHELLAC; FRUITS AB Coating formulations of shellac, sucrose ester, and cellulose were tested that support populations of bacterial and yeast antagonists of post-harvest Penicillium decay of grapefruit. Surface populations of Pseudomonas syringae, P. fluorescens, and P. patida were stable between Id and 10(4) CEU/cm(2) on shellacked fruit over 4 months at 13 degreesC, hut numbers of the yeast Candida oleophila rose steadily from 2.35 x 10(3) to nearly 10(5). Through the first 15 days of cold storage, surface populations of P. syringae and C. oleophila were greater when applied to fruit within the pH 7.2 shellac than when applied by dipping fruit into an antagonist suspension and drying the fruit prior to shellacking; numbers were generally equivalent thereafter. Within wounds of shellacked fruit, populations of P. syringae were equal regardless of the method of application and increased from 10(4) to more than 1.2 x 10(7) CFU within 2 weeks. In contrast, numbers of C. oleophila in wounds over the first 2 weeks of storage were greater in fruit dipped and coated with shellac than when the antagonist was incorporated in this material; populations stabilized at approximate to6 x 10(6) CFU after 2 weeks. Incorporation of P. syringae and C. oleophila into ester and cellulose coatings, however, initially fostered greater numbers of both antagonists in wounds (approximate to 10(6) CFU) than did the preliminary dip application, and significant population differences persisted for several weeks. In cold storage, although application method did not affect the efficacy of P. syringae, C. oleophila was more efficacious after 3 and 4 months when applied in the shellac than when applied by a preliminary immersion and subsequent drying of fruit prior to shellacking. C1 USDA ARS, Miami, FL 33158 USA. RP McGuire, RG (reprint author), USDA ARS, 13601 Old Cutler Rd, Miami, FL 33158 USA. NR 25 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD NOV PY 2000 VL 90 IS 11 BP 1217 EP 1223 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2000.90.11.1217 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 367QF UT WOS:000090072400005 PM 18944423 ER PT J AU Roxas, VP Lodhi, SA Garrett, DK Mahan, JR Allen, RD AF Roxas, VP Lodhi, SA Garrett, DK Mahan, JR Allen, RD TI Stress tolerance in transgenic tobacco seedlings that overexpress glutathione S-transferase/glutathione peroxidase SO PLANT AND CELL PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE glutathione peroxidase; glutathione S-transferase; seedling growth; stress tolerance; transgenic tobacco ID LIPID-PEROXIDATION; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE; ASCORBATE PEROXIDASE; SCAVENGING ENZYMES; OXIDATIVE STRESS; CATALASE; PLANTS; SEED; TRANSFERASE AB Overexpression of a tobacco glutathione S-transferase with glutathione peroxidase activity (GST/GPX) in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) enhanced seedling growth under a variety of stressful conditions, In addition to increased CST and GPX activity, transgenic CST/CPX expressing (GST+) seedlings had elevated levels of monodehydroascorbate reductase activity, GST+ seedlings also contained higher levels of glutathione and ascorbate than wildtype seedlings and the glutathione pools were more oxidized. Thermal or salt-stress treatments that inhibited the growth of wild-type seedlings also caused increased levels of lipid peroxidation. These treatments had less effect on the growth of GST+ seedling growth and did not lead to increased lipid peroxidation, Stress-induced damage resulted in reduced metabolic activity in wild-type seedlings while GST+ seedlings maintained metabolic activity levels comparable to seedlings grown under control conditions, These results indicate that overexpression of GST/GPX in transgenic tobacco seedlings provides increased glutathione-dependent peroxide scavenging and alterations in glutathione and ascorbate metabolism that lead to reduced oxidative damage. We conclude that this protective effect is primarily responsible for the ability of GST+ seedlings to maintain growth under stressful conditions. C1 Texas Tech Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. USDA ARS, Cropping Syst Res Lab, Lubbock, TX 79424 USA. RP Allen, RD (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. NR 25 TC 206 Z9 239 U1 0 U2 10 PU JAPANESE SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI KYOTO PA SHIMOTACHIURI OGAWA HIGASHI KAMIKYOKU, KYOTO, 602, JAPAN SN 0032-0781 J9 PLANT CELL PHYSIOL JI Plant Cell Physiol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 41 IS 11 BP 1229 EP 1234 DI 10.1093/pcp/pcd051 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology SC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology GA 376UB UT WOS:000165474200007 PM 11092907 ER PT J AU Scott, MP AF Scott, MP TI Diurnal and developmental changes in levels of nucleotide compounds in developing maize endosperms SO PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Zea mays; adenylate energy charge; endosperm; starch ID ADP-GLUCOSE PYROPHOSPHORYLASE; STARCH; SEEDS AB Maize endosperm is dependent on source tissues to supply the energy and carbon required for development. This supply varies during the course of each day and also throughout development. The impact of these variations on the metabolism of developing endosperm was examined by determining the energy status of the endosperm throughout the course of a day. The adenylate energy charge decreased as the tissue matured, and exhibited a distinct diurnal pattern, reaching a minimum in the afternoon, when the flux of photosynthate is the highest. The minimum value observed was similar to the adenylate energy charge in tissues under mild stress. As the endosperm matured, the adenylate energy charge decreased steadily. The levels of the polysaccharide precursors ADP-glucose and UDP-glucose did not reflect the daily fluctuations in adenylate energy charge, but did exhibit similar long-term behaviour in the latter half of development, decreasing steadily after 21 d after pollination. Similarities in the metabolic patterns of adenylate and uridylate nucleotide levels are discussed in terms of the analogous roles of these compounds in starch and cellulose biosynthesis, respectively. These data provide insight into the metabolic rhythms occurring during endosperm development, and provide a framework for efforts directed toward metabolic engineering. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, USDA ARS, Ames, IA USA. RP Scott, MP (reprint author), 1407 Agron Hall, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RI Scott, M./E-3291-2010 NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0140-7791 J9 PLANT CELL ENVIRON JI Plant Cell Environ. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 23 IS 11 BP 1281 EP 1286 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3040.2000.00627.x PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 376MG UT WOS:000165460900014 ER PT J AU Wise, RP AF Wise, RP TI Disease resistance: What's brewing in barley genomics SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID POWDERY MILDEW RESISTANCE; FLAX RUST RESISTANCE; PATHOGEN RESISTANCE; DIVERGENT SELECTION; GENE-EXPRESSION; MLO RESISTANCE; RPG1 REGION; YAC LIBRARY; RICE; HORDEUM C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, USDA ARS, Corn Insects & Crop Genet Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Wise, RP (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, USDA ARS, Corn Insects & Crop Genet Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 72 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 84 IS 11 BP 1160 EP 1170 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.11.1160 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 366GM UT WOS:000089996500001 ER PT J AU Eayre, CG Sims, JJ Ohr, HD Mackey, B AF Eayre, CG Sims, JJ Ohr, HD Mackey, B TI Evaluation of methyl iodide for control of peach replant disorder SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID SOIL FUMIGANT; BROMIDE AB Peach replant soils were fumigated with methyl bromide (MB) or methyl iodide (MI) at rates of 392 to 448 kg/ha. In two trials, peach tree growth in fumigated soil or in untreated soil was evaluated by measuring trunk diameter and weight of branches removed by pruning. In both trials, trunk diameter of trees grown in MB- and MI-fumigated plots was greater than trees in control plots (P less than or equal to 0.01). In both trials, weight of branches pruned from trees grown in fumigated plots was greater than branch weights from trees grown in control plots (P less than or equal to 0.01). Plots fumigated with MI did not differ from plots fumigated with MB in trunk growth, weight of branch prunings, or reductions in population densities of the nematode Paratylenchus. MI and MB appeared to be equally effective in controlling replant disorder. C1 ARS, USDA, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Plant Pathol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. ARS, USDA, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Eayre, CG (reprint author), ARS, USDA, 2021 S Peach Ave, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. NR 15 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 84 IS 11 BP 1177 EP 1179 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.11.1177 PG 3 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 366GM UT WOS:000089996500003 ER PT J AU Bowen, C Melouk, HA Jackson, KE Payton, ME AF Bowen, C Melouk, HA Jackson, KE Payton, ME TI Effect of a select group of seed protectant fungicides on growth of Sclerotinia minor in vitro and its recovery from infested peanut seed SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article AB Potato-dextrose agar containing 100 mug of streptomycin sulfate per milliliter of medium (SPDA) was amended to establish levels of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 mug/ml of the fungicides thiophanate-methyl, carboxin, dicloran, captan, pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB), or thiram. Fresh mycelial plugs, dry mycelial fragments, and sclerotia of Sclerotinia minor were placed onto the amended media, and mycelial growth and sclerotial germination were determined for 7 days. Thiophanate-methyl was the most effective chemical in inhibiting growth of S. minor, followed by PCNB and dicloran. Thiophanate-methyl was the only chemical that prevented germination of sclerotia of S. minor. Peanut seed naturally infested with S. minor was treated with the fungicides alone or in various combinations; control seed was treated with talcum powder. Seed was stored in polyethylene bags for 12 weeks at 24 degreesC. To determine the incidence of viable S. minor in treated seed, seed was removed from bags, washed for 1 min in 0.2% unscented, liquid soap solution, rinsed twice in distilled water, and then dried for 15 min prior to plating on SPDA. The incidence of S. minor in talcum and thiophanate-methyl treated seed was 3.68 and 0.0%, respectively. Incidence of S. minor in seed treated with the other compounds ranged from 0.40 to 0.56%. Subsequent tests were performed using thiophanate-methyl and some of the above chemicals, in combinations or alone. These tests confirmed that thiophanate-methyl was the only compound that consistently reduced recovery of S. minor from infested seed. Germination of thiophanate-methyl treated seed equaled that of seed treated with talcum. C1 ARS, USDA, Dept Entomol & Plant Pathol, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Stat, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Melouk, HA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Dept Entomol & Plant Pathol, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. NR 18 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 84 IS 11 BP 1217 EP 1220 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.11.1217 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 366GM UT WOS:000089996500010 ER PT J AU Hobbs, HA Eastburn, DM D'Arcy, CJ Kindhart, JD Masiunas, JB Voegtlin, DJ Weinzierl, RA McCoppin, NK AF Hobbs, HA Eastburn, DM D'Arcy, CJ Kindhart, JD Masiunas, JB Voegtlin, DJ Weinzierl, RA McCoppin, NK TI Solanaceous weeds as possible sources of Cucumber mosaic virus in southern Illinois for aphid transmission to pepper SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article AB Over 5,000 individual plants representing approximately 55 species from an area in southern Illinois where Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) has been a major problem in pepper (Capsicum annuum) were tested for the presence of CMV by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Representative ELISA-positive samples were checked by western blot tests to confirm virus-specific reactions. Nearly all of the infected plants detected were either Solanum ptycanthum (eastern black nightshade) or Physalis spp. (principally P. heterophylla, groundcherry). Over 1,000 pepper transplants and approximately 500 tomato transplants, collected prior to planting, were negative for CMV by ELISA. In aphid transmission (arena) experiments, all five aphid species tested were capable of transmitting CMV from nightshade to pepper: Aphis fabae subsp. solanella, Aphis gossypii, Myzus persicae, Rhopalosiphum padi, and Sitobion avenae. Aphis fabae subsp, solanella, A. gossypii, and A. nerii were able to transmit CMV from P. heterophylla to pepper. Aphis fabae subsp, solanella was commonly found colonizing nightshade from May through October in southern Illinois. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dixon Springs Agr Ctr, Simpson, IL 62985 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Illinois Nat Hist Survey, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. ARS, USDA, Crop Protect Res Unit, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Eastburn, DM (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 20 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 84 IS 11 BP 1221 EP 1224 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.11.1221 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 366GM UT WOS:000089996500011 ER PT J AU Rosskopf, EN Charudattan, R DeValerio, JT Stall, WM AF Rosskopf, EN Charudattan, R DeValerio, JT Stall, WM TI Field evaluation of Phomopsis amaranthicola, a biological control agent of Amaranthus spp. SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE amaranth; pigweed ID COLLETOTRICHUM-ORBICULARE; INFECTION; DISEASE AB There are approximately 60 species in the genus Amaranthus, of which seven are used as grains, leafy vegetables, or ornamentals. The majority of the remaining species are considered important weeds. A new fungal species, Phomopsis amaranthicola, isolated from stem and leaf lesions on an Amaranthus sp. plant, was found to be pathogenic to 22 species of Amaranthus tested. The efficacy of this fungus was tested in field trials using one or two postemergent applications of the fungus consisting of two concentrations of conidia or mycelial suspensions. Species tested for susceptibility in the field included Amaranthus hybridus, A. lividus, A. viridus, A. spinosus, and a triazine-resistant A. hybridus. The cumulative disease incidence data for each treatment within each species were plotted versus time using regression for lifetime data. Plant mortality was recorded 2, 4, and 6 weeks after inoculation. There were significant differences between the treatment effects in the control plots versus the plots treated with P. amaranthicola. The highest level of control was obtained in the first trial when the fungus was applied at 6 x 10(7) conidia per mi. Final mortality of all species, except A. hybridus, reached 100% in inoculated plots 25 days earlier than in noninoculated control plots. Conidial suspensions were more effective in controlling the species in the second trial than were mycelial suspensions. Spread of the pathogen to noninoculated control plots was faster in the second year than in other years. High levels of plant mortality were achieved in plots of A. spinosus, A. lividus, and A. viridis. A. hybridus and the triazine-resistant A. hybridus were not effectively controlled in the second year due to the advanced stage of plant growth (8 to 10 true leaves) at the time of pathogen application. Results confirmed that P. amaranthicola is an effective biocontrol agent of some of the Amaranthus spp. tested. C1 ARS, USDA, US Hort Res Lab, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Rosskopf, EN (reprint author), ARS, USDA, US Hort Res Lab, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. NR 15 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 84 IS 11 BP 1225 EP 1230 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.11.1225 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 366GM UT WOS:000089996500012 ER PT J AU Oliver, MJ Velten, J Wood, AJ AF Oliver, MJ Velten, J Wood, AJ TI Bryophytes as experimental models for the study of environmental stress tolerance: Tortula ruralis and desiccation-tolerance in mosses SO PLANT ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bryophytes; desiccation; mosses; Tortula ruralis ID PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS; PLANT DESICCATION; PHYSCOMITRELLA PATENS; MOLECULAR-GENETICS; REHYDRATION; EXPRESSION; EMBRYO; REPAIR; WATER; RNA AB The development of a complete understanding of how plants interact with the environment at the cellular level is a crucial step in advancing our ability to unravel the complexities of plant ecology particularly with regard to the role that many of the less complex plants (i.e., algae, lichens, and bryophytes) play in plant communities and in establishing areas for colonization by their more complex brothers. One of the main barriers to the advancement of this area of plant biology has been the paucity of simple and appropriate experimental models that would enable the researcher to biochemically and genetically dissect the response of less complex plants to environmental stress. A number of bryophytes model systems have been developed and they have been powerful experimental tools for the elucidation of complex biological processes in plants. Recently there has been a resurgent interest in bryophytes as models systems due to the discovery and development of homologous recombination technologies in the moss Physcomitrella patens (Hedw.) Brach & Schimp. In this report we introduce the desiccation-tolerant moss Tortula ruralis (Hedw.) Gaert., Meyer, and Scherb, as a model for stress tolerance mechanisms that offers a great deal of promise for advancing our efforts to understand how plants respond to and survive the severest of stressful environments. T. ruralis, a species native to Northern and Western North America, has been the most intensely studied of all bryophytes with respect to its physiological, biochemical, and cellular responses, to the severest of water stresses, desiccation. It is our hope that the research conducted using this bryophyte will lay the foundation for not only the ecology of bryophytes and other less complex plants but also for the role of desiccation-tolerance in the evolution of land plants and the determination of mechanisms by which plant cells can withstand environmental insults. We will focus the discussion on the research we and others have conducted in an effort to understand the ability of T. ruralis to withstand the complete loss of free water from the protoplasm of its cells. C1 ARS, Plant Stress & Water Conservat Unit, USDA, Lubbock, TX 79401 USA. So Illinois Univ, Dept Plant Biol, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. RP Oliver, MJ (reprint author), ARS, Plant Stress & Water Conservat Unit, USDA, Lubbock, TX 79401 USA. NR 72 TC 66 Z9 78 U1 5 U2 21 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1385-0237 J9 PLANT ECOL JI Plant Ecol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 151 IS 1 BP 73 EP 84 DI 10.1023/A:1026598724487 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology; Forestry SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 394RQ UT WOS:000166537400009 ER PT J AU Oliver, MJ Tuba, Z Mishler, BD AF Oliver, MJ Tuba, Z Mishler, BD TI The evolution of vegetative desiccation tolerance in land plants SO PLANT ECOLOGY LA English DT Review ID MOSS TORTULA-RURALIS; PHOTOSYNTHETIC CO2 ASSIMILATION; BORYA-NITIDA LABILL; ABSCISIC-ACID; CRATEROSTIGMA-PLANTAGINEUM; XEROPHYTA-SCABRIDA; RESURRECTION PLANTS; POLYPODIUM-VIRGINIANUM; DEHYDRATION TOLERANCE; MOLECULAR RESPONSES AB Vegetative desiccation tolerance is a widespread but uncommon occurrence in the plant kingdom generally. The majority of vegetative desiccation-tolerant plants are found in the less complex clades that constitute the algae, lichens and bryophytes. However, within the larger and more complex groups of vascular land plants there are some 60 to 70 species of ferns and fern allies, and approximately 60 species of angiosperms that exhibit some degree of vegetative desiccation tolerance. In this report we analyze the evidence for the differing mechanisms of desiccation tolerance in different plants, including differences in cellular protection and cellular repair, and couple this evidence with a phylogenetic framework to generate a working hypothesis as to the evolution of desiccation tolerance in land plants. We hypothesize that the initial evolution of vegetative desiccation tolerance was a crucial step in the colonization of the land by primitive plants from an origin in fresh water. The primitive mechanism of tolerance probably involved constitutive cellular protection coupled with active cellular repair, similar to that described for modern-day desiccation-tolerant bryophytes. As plant species evolved, vegetative desiccation tolerance was lost as increased growth rates, structural and morphological complexity, and mechanisms that conserve water within the plant and maintain efficient carbon fixation were selected for. Genes that had evolved for cellular protection and repair were, in all likelihood, recruited for different but related processes such as response to water stress and the desiccation tolerance of reproductive propagules. We thus hypothesize that the mechanism of desiccation tolerance exhibited in seeds, a developmentally induced cellular protection system, evolved from the primitive form of vegetative desiccation tolerance. Once established in seeds, this system became available for induction in vegetative tissues by environmental cues related to drying. The more recent, modified vegetative desiccation tolerance mechanism in angiosperms evolved from that programmed into seed development as species spread into very arid environments. Most recently, certain desiccation-tolerant monocots evolved the strategy of poikilochlorophylly to survive and compete in marginal habitats with variability in watts availability. C1 ARS, Plant Stress & Water Conservat Lab, USDA, Lubbock, TX 79401 USA. Univ Agr Sci, Dept Bot & Plant Physiol, Godollo, Hungary. Univ Calif Berkeley, Univ Herbarium, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Jepson Herbarium, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Oliver, MJ (reprint author), ARS, Plant Stress & Water Conservat Lab, USDA, Lubbock, TX 79401 USA. NR 114 TC 197 Z9 210 U1 8 U2 65 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1385-0237 J9 PLANT ECOL JI Plant Ecol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 151 IS 1 BP 85 EP 100 DI 10.1023/A:1026550808557 PG 16 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology; Forestry SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 394RQ UT WOS:000166537400010 ER PT J AU Bago, B Pfeffer, PE Shachar-Hill, Y AF Bago, B Pfeffer, PE Shachar-Hill, Y TI Carbon metabolism and transport in arbuscular mycorrhizas SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FUNGUS GLOMUS-VERSIFORME; GIGASPORA-MARGARITA BECKER; CELL-WALL; GERMINATED SPORES; ENZYME-ACTIVITIES; AMANITA-MUSCARIA; SUGAR-TRANSPORT; HYPHAL GROWTH; PLANTS; ROOTS C1 New Mexico State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Las Cruces, NM 88001 USA. USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Shachar-Hill, Y (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Las Cruces, NM 88001 USA. EM yairhill@nmsu.edu RI Shachar-Hill, Yair/B-6165-2013; Bago, Alberto/H-9683-2015 OI Shachar-Hill, Yair/0000-0001-8793-5084; NR 92 TC 183 Z9 215 U1 8 U2 81 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 124 IS 3 BP 949 EP 957 DI 10.1104/pp.124.3.949 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 374VV UT WOS:000165365800005 PM 11080273 ER PT J AU Nakata, PA McConn, MM AF Nakata, PA McConn, MM TI Isolation of Medicago truncatula mutants defective in calcium oxalate crystal formation SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GLEDITSIA-TRIACANTHOS L; LEMNA-MINOR-L; ISOLATED LEAFLETS; PLANTS; LEAVES AB Plants accumulate crystals of calcium oxalate in a variety of shapes, sizes, amounts, and spatial locations. How and why many plants form crystals of calcium oxalate remain largely unknown. To gain insight into the regulatory mechanisms of crystal formation and function, we have initiated a mutant screen to identify the genetic determinants. Leaves from a chemically mutagenized Medicago truncatula population were visually screened for alterations in calcium oxalate crystal formation. Seven different classes of calcium oxalate defective mutants were identified that exhibited alterations in crystal nucleation, morphology, distribution and/or amount. Genetic analysis suggested that crystal formation is a complex process involving more than seven loci. Phenotypic analysis of a mutant that lacks crystals, cod 5, did not reveal any difference in plant growth and development compared with controls. This finding brings into question the hypothesized roles of calcium oxalate formation in supporting tissue structure and in regulating excess tissue calcium. C1 Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Nakata, PA (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 36 TC 48 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 124 IS 3 BP 1097 EP 1104 DI 10.1104/pp.124.3.1097 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 374VV UT WOS:000165365800019 PM 11080287 ER PT J AU Booij-James, IS Dube, SK Jansen, MAK Edelman, M Mattoo, AK AF Booij-James, IS Dube, SK Jansen, MAK Edelman, M Mattoo, AK TI Ultraviolet-B radiation impacts light-mediated turnover of the photosystem II reaction center heterodimer in arabidopsis mutants altered in phenolic metabolism SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID REACTION CENTER PROTEIN; PHOTOSYNTHETICALLY ACTIVE RADIATION; UV-B; HIGHER-PLANTS; D2 PROTEIN; PHENYLPROPANOID PATHWAY; ELECTRON-TRANSPORT; BRASSICA-NAPUS; DEGRADATION; GROWTH AB Ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation can have a negative impact on the growth and development of plants. Plants tolerant to UV-B alleviate these effects using UV-screening Figments that reduce the penetration of UV-B into mesophyll tissue. Little is known about the relative contribution of specific phenolic compounds to the screening capacity of leaves. The D1 and D2 proteins constituting the photosystem (PS) II reaction center heterodimer are targets of UV-B radiation and can be used as an in situ sensor for UV penetration into photosynthetic tissue. Degradation of these proteins occurs under very low fluences of UV-B, and is strongly accelerated in the presence of visible light. Using the D1-D2 degradation assay, we characterized UV-B sensitivity of Arabidopsis mutants (tt4, tt5, and fah1) that are genetically altered in their composition of phenolic compounds. We found that changes in phenol metabolism result in altered rates of PSII reaction center heterodimer degradation under mixtures of photusynthetically active radiation and UV-B. A comparison of D2 degradation kinetics showed increased UV sensitivity of the Landsberg (Landsberg erecta) tt5 mutant relative to the Landsberg tl4 mutant and the Landsberg wild type. Despite a lack of flavonoid accumulation, the tt4 mutant is not particularly UV sensitive. However, the tolerance of this mutant to UV-B may reflect the increased accumulation of sinapate esters that strongly absorb in the UV range, and may thus protect the plant against environmentally relevant UV-B radiation. This sinapate-mediated protection is less obvious for the tt4 mutant of Columbia ecotype, indicating that the relative contribution of particular phenolics to the total screening capacity varies with the genetic background. The role of sinapate esters in UV screening is further substantiated by the results with the fah1 mutant where absence of most of the sinapate esters results in a significantly accelerated degradation of D2 under mixed light conditions. Because the latter mutant is not expected to be deficient in flavonoids, the relative contribution of flavonoids as protectants of PSII reaction center heterodimer against UV-B damage in Arabidopsis needs to be re-evaluated vis-a-vis screening by simple phenolics like sinapate esters. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Vegetable Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Maryland, Ctr Agr Biotechnol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. John Innes Ctr, Dept Biol Chem, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England. Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Plant Sci, Rehovot, Israel. RP Mattoo, AK (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Vegetable Lab, Bldg 010A, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Mattoo, Autar/G-9863-2011; Strid, Ake/E-5309-2012; OI Strid, Ake/0000-0003-3315-8835; Jansen, Marcel/0000-0003-2014-5859 NR 45 TC 81 Z9 86 U1 2 U2 14 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 124 IS 3 BP 1275 EP 1283 DI 10.1104/pp.124.3.1275 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 374VV UT WOS:000165365800035 PM 11080303 ER PT J AU Argenta, L Fan, XT Mattheis, J AF Argenta, L Fan, XT Mattheis, J TI Delaying establishment of controlled atmosphere or CO2 exposure reduces 'Fuji' apple CO2 injury without excessive fruit quality loss SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE controlled atmosphere storage; carbon dioxide injury; brown-heart ID BRAEBURN APPLES; CARBON-DIOXIDE; EMPIRE APPLES; STORAGE; CA; DISORDER; ETHYLENE; MATURITY; OXYGEN; SCALD AB Storage of 'Fuji' apple fruit in a high CO2 (3 kPa) and low O-2 (1.5 kPa) controlled atmosphere (CA) reduced firmness and titratable acidity (TA) loss during long term storage. This CA environment also induced development of internal CO2-injury (brown-heart) and slowed the disappearance of watercore. The symptoms of internal CO2-injury were first detected 15 days after CA establishment and the severity increased during the first 4 months of CA-storage. Delaying establishment of CA conditions for 2-12 weeks significantly reduced the severity of CO2-injury. Delaying CO2 accumulation to 3 kPa for 1-4 months during CA (1.5 kPa O-2 + 0.05 kPa CO2) storage also reduced development of CO2-injury symptoms. Delaying CA or CO2 accumulation resulted in lower firmness and TA compared to establishment of CA within 72 h of harvest. However, the delay treatments did result in firmness and TA that were significantly higher compared to values for fruit stored in air. The incidence and severity of senescent injuries (flesh browning and core flush) detected during the late period of storage were greater in air- than CA-stored fruit. The results indicate the susceptibility of 'Fuji' apples to CO2-injury is highest during the first weeks of storage after harvest. Delaying establishment of CA or exposure to elevated CO2 after harvest may be a practical strategy to reduce CO2-injury while maintaining other important quality attributes at acceptable levels. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. EPAGRI, BR-89500000 Cacador, SC, Brazil. USDA ARS, ERRC, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Mattheis, J (reprint author), USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, 1104 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. NR 25 TC 37 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 20 IS 3 BP 221 EP 229 DI 10.1016/S0925-5214(00)00134-4 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 369DL UT WOS:000165050700002 ER PT J AU Whitaker, BD Nock, JF Watkins, CB AF Whitaker, BD Nock, JF Watkins, CB TI Peel tissue alpha-farnesene and conjugated trienol concentrations during storage of 'White Angel' x 'Rome Beauty' hybrid apple selections susceptible and resistant to superficial scald SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE peel-tissue samples; alpha-farnesene; conjugated trienol ID FUNCTIONAL DISORDER; STORED APPLES; OXIDATION-PRODUCTS; CORTLAND APPLES; FRUIT; IDENTIFICATION; DIPHENYLAMINE; MARKERS; SKIN AB In a 2-year study, fruit from eight red- and eight yellow-skinned 'White Angel' x 'Rome Beauty' hybrid selections were stored for 21 weeks at 0.5 degreesC plus I week at 20 degreesC and evaluated for the incidence and severity of superficial scald. Five red-skinned (R-03, R-20, R-22, R-48 and R-85) and three yellow-skinned (Y-26, Y-55 and Y-65) selections were examined in both seasons. Peel-tissue samples taken at 0, 7, 14 and :,21 weeks of storage were analyzed for concentrations of alpha -farnesene and its conjugated trienol (CTol) oxidation products by HPLC with UV detection. Three red-fruited (R-44, R-48 and R-85) and five yellow-fruited (Y-38, Y-40, Y-55, Y-65 and Y-67) lines exhibited scald symptoms. The remaining lines (R-01, R-03, R-16, R-20, R-22, Y-07, Y-26 and Y-28) were free of scald. Overall, production of alpha -farnesene and accumulation of CTols were not closely correlated with scald susceptibility. Data for the selections most prone to scald, Y-65, Y-40 and R-44, were consistent with the proposed role of alpha -farnesene oxidation products in scald induction, but for Y-55 and R-48, which developed mild to moderate scald and accumulated very little CTols, the data conflicted with the alpha -farnesene oxidation-scald induction hypothesis. Also, scald-resistant lines Y-07 and R-22 produced high levels of alpha -farnesene and reached CTol concentrations comparable to those in several scald-susceptible lines. We conclude that if CTol do play a role in scald induction, there must be other mitigating factors of at least equal importance. Moreover, our findings support the proposal that oxidation products of alpha -farnesene are not essential for scald development in fruit with severely compromised antioxidative defenses, but free radicals and/or toxic volatiles generated by alpha -farnesene oxidation can exacerbate scald symptoms. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Inst Plant Sci, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Fruit & Vegetable Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Whitaker, BD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Inst Plant Sci, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Bldg 002,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 33 TC 36 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 20 IS 3 BP 231 EP 241 DI 10.1016/S0925-5214(00)00139-3 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 369DL UT WOS:000165050700003 ER PT J AU Ju, ZQ Duan, YS Ju, ZG AF Ju, ZQ Duan, YS Ju, ZG TI Plant oil emulsion modifies internal atmosphere, delays fruit ripening, and inhibits internal browning in Chinese pears SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE plant oil; internal browning; ethylene; flesh firmness; skin color; CO2; O-2; ethanol; Pyrus hertschneideri Reld ID GOLDEN-DELICIOUS APPLES; ETHYLENE AB 'Laiyang Chili' and 'Ya Li' (Pyrus bertschneideri Reld) pears were treated with 3, 6, and 9% emulsions of commercial or refined (reduced alpha -tocopherol levels) plant (soybean, corn, peanut, linseed, and cottonseed) oils at harvest an stored at 0 degreesC for 6 months. Effects of oil treatments on ethylene production, respiration, fruit firmness, fruit color, soluble solid content (SSC), titratable acids (TA), internal browning (IB), and internal CO2, O-2 and ethanol were studied. At the same concentration, oil treatments induced similar responses regardless of their sources or their alpha -tocopherol concentrations. In both cultivars, ethylene production and respiration in fruit treated with 9% oils were lower in early storage and higher in late storage than that in the controls. Oils at 6% reduced IB, at 9'% inhibited IB completely, and at 3% was not effective after 6 months at 0 degreesC and 7 days at 20 degreesC. Plant oil treatment maintained fruit color, firmness, SSC, and TA in a concentration-dependent manner during storage. In the first 4 months storage, 9% corn oil-treated fruit contained similar partial pressure of CO2 and O-2 as the controls. After 5 months storage, oil-treated fruit contained higher partial pressure of CO2 and lower levels of O-2 than the controls. When held at 20 degreesC for 7 days, changes of internal CO2 and O-2 were slower but partial pressure of CO2 were higher, and O-2 were lower, in 9% corn oil-treated fruit than in the controls, internal ethanol was not affected by oil treatment compared with control, either during storage or 7 days at 20 degreesC. No off-flavor was detected in either oil-treated and control fruit by sensory evaluation. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Laiyang Agr Coll, Shandong, Peoples R China. Eureka Biotechnol Co, R&D Dept, Fruit Res Lab, Shandong, Peoples R China. RP Ju, ZQ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, 1104 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. NR 17 TC 19 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 20 IS 3 BP 243 EP 250 DI 10.1016/S0925-5214(00)00120-4 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 369DL UT WOS:000165050700004 ER PT J AU Tandon, KS Baldwin, EA Shewfelt, RL AF Tandon, KS Baldwin, EA Shewfelt, RL TI Aroma perception of individual volatile compounds in fresh tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum, Mill.) as affected by the medium of evaluation SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE flavor interactions; odor thresholds; sensory descriptors ID FRUIT; FLAVOR; ALDEHYDES; QUALITY; SUGAR AB Odor thresholds of volatile compounds in fresh tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were estimated and odor units calculated to determine whether the medium of evaluation affects aroma perception. The 'ascending method of limits' was used to determine odor thresholds of cis-3-hexenal, hexanal, trans-2-hexenal, hexanol, cis-3-hexenol, 2-isobutylthiazole, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, geranylacetone, 2-pentenal, beta -ionone, 1-penten-3-one, 3-methylbutanol, 3-methylbutanal, acetone and 2-phenylethanol in deionized water, an ethanol (100 ppm)/methanol (500 ppm)/water mixture and a deodorized tomato homogenate. Cis-3-hexenal exhibited the highest level of odor units in all three media. Odor thresholds were lower in deionized water for all compounds than in the ethanol/methanol/water mixture (simulating levels found in homogenized tomato) and the thresholds were even higher in the deodorized tomato homogenate for most compounds. Distinct differences were noted in aroma descriptors for the compounds in different media. The results suggest that both qualitative and quantitative changes are occurring in the perception of volatile compounds in the different media and that ethanol and methanol alter perception of tomato aroma. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA, Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, Winter Haven, FL 33883 USA. RP Shewfelt, RL (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 26 TC 69 Z9 77 U1 4 U2 20 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 20 IS 3 BP 261 EP 268 DI 10.1016/S0925-5214(00)00143-5 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 369DL UT WOS:000165050700006 ER PT J AU Hinton, A Buhr, RJ Ingram, KD AF Hinton, A Buhr, RJ Ingram, KD TI Reduction of Salmonella in the crop of broiler chickens subjected to feed withdrawal SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE crop; carbohydrate; feed withdrawal; Salmonella; lactic acid bacteria ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI 0157-H7; TYPHIMURIUM; INHIBITION AB Broilers were challenged with 10(9) Salmonella typhimurium and then were provided a glucose-based cocktail supplemented with 0 to 15% glucose during feed withdrawal in battery cages or in pens on litter. After feed withdrawal, broilers were processed, and their crops were aseptically removed and weighed. Crops were then stomached in distilled water, and the pH of the suspension was measured electronically. Salmonella typhimurium, Enterobacteriaceae, and lactic acid bacteria in the crop suspensions were enumerated on the appropriate bacteriological medium. Findings indicated that fewer S. typhimurium and other Enterobacteriaceae were recovered from the crops of broilers provided the cocktail supplemented with 7.5% glucose than from the crops of broilers provided either water or cocktails supplemented with lower or higher concentrations of glucose. Inhibition of the growth of S. typhimurium and other Enterobacteriaceae in the crops of broilers provided the cocktail supplemented with 7.5% glucose was generally associated with increased growth of lactic acid bacteria and decreased crop pH. Providing the cocktail to broilers before shipping to processing plants may reduce the number of food-borne pathogens that poultry carry into processing plants. C1 ARS, Poultry Proc & Meat Qual Unit, USDA, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Hinton, A (reprint author), ARS, Poultry Proc & Meat Qual Unit, USDA, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. EM ahinton@saa.ars.usda.gov NR 11 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 79 IS 11 BP 1566 EP 1570 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 372YE UT WOS:000165261000010 PM 11092326 ER PT J AU Cox, NA Berrang, ME Cason, JA AF Cox, NA Berrang, ME Cason, JA TI Salmonella penetration of egg shells and proliferation in broiler hatching eggs - A review SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Salmonella; egg; broiler; penetration; proliferation ID ENTERITIDIS PHAGE TYPE-4; EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED HENS; LAYING HENS; CONTAMINATION; TRANSMISSION; TYPHIMURIUM; HATCHERIES; CHICKENS; FLOCKS; LAID AB The presence of salmonellae in fertile broiler hatching eggs has been clearly identified as a critical control point in the salmonellae contamination of broiler chickens. This paper reviews the published research studies on a) the penetration and proliferation of salmonellae in hatching eggs, b) the consequences of this contamination on the contamination of the final product, and c) the egg's defenses against invading salmonellae. A better understanding of the material in this review paper will assist poultry researchers and the poultry industry in continuing to make progress in reducing and eliminating salmonellae from fertile hatching eggs, hatcheries, and breeder flocks. C1 ARS, USDA, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Cox, NA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Russell Res Ctr, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 46 TC 69 Z9 72 U1 0 U2 7 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 79 IS 11 BP 1571 EP 1574 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 372YE UT WOS:000165261000011 PM 11092327 ER PT J AU Berrang, ME Dickens, JA Musgrove, MT AF Berrang, ME Dickens, JA Musgrove, MT TI Effects of hot water application after defeathering on the levels of Campylobacter, coliform bacteria, and Escherichia coli on broiler carcasses SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE broiler; Campylobacter; hot water; processing; scald ID JEJUNI; SALMONELLA; PRODUCTS; RECOVERY AB Scalding has been found to lower the levels of Campylobacter on broiler carcasses. However, the numbers recovered from whole-carcass rinse samples increase following defeathering. This study was undertaken to examine the effect of a second scald applied after defeathering on microbial levels recovered from carcass rinses. Four treatments were evaluated: 1) immersion at 60 C for 28 s 30 min after defeathering, 2) immersion at 60 C for 28 s immediately after defeathering, 3) spray at 73 C for 20 s 30 min after defeathering, and 4) spray at 71 C for 20 s immediately after defeathering. As reported earlier, a significant increase in Campylobacter counts per mt whole carcass rinse was noted after carcasses were defeathered However, when applied 30 min after defeathering, neither the immersion nor the spray second scald treatments lowered the Campylobacter counts. Likewise, neither treatment had any affect on Escherichia coli or coliform bacteria counts, even though total counts were slightly reduced by the treatments. When the second scald treatment immediately followed defeathering, the same trends were observed. Campylobacter counts after the second scald remained at the postpick levels, as did counts for E. coli and coliform bacteria, but total plate counts were slightly reduced. Overall, it would appear that a postscald treatment gentle enough not to alter the carcass appearance or meat quality would not effectively lower Campylobacter, E. coli, or coliform bacteria counts. C1 ARS, Poultry Proc & Meat Qual Res Unit, USDA, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. ARS, Poultry Microbiol Safety Res Unit, USDA, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Berrang, ME (reprint author), ARS, Poultry Proc & Meat Qual Res Unit, USDA, Russell Res Ctr, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 16 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 6 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 79 IS 11 BP 1689 EP 1693 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 372YE UT WOS:000165261000028 PM 11092344 ER PT J AU Filipov, NM Thompson, FN Stuedemann, JA Elsasser, TH Kahl, S Stanker, LH Young, CR Dawe, DL Smith, CK AF Filipov, NM Thompson, FN Stuedemann, JA Elsasser, TH Kahl, S Stanker, LH Young, CR Dawe, DL Smith, CK TI Anti-inflammatory effects of ergotamine in steers SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; GRAM-NEGATIVE ENDOTOXIN; FACTOR-ALPHA; RATS; DEXAMETHASONE; SECRETION; PLASMA; CATTLE; FESCUE; SUPPRESSION AB The objective of this experiment was to Investigate whether the ergot alkaloid, ergotamine (ET), an alkaloid used to model fescue toxicosis in cattle, modifies the response of cattle to endotoxin (LPS) challenge. Steers (n = 16) were divided into the following treatment groups: control (C), ergotamine (ET), endotoxin (LPS), and ET + LPS, ET and ET + LPS groups received a single bolus intravenous injection of ET (40 mug . kg . body wt(-1)), whereas C and LPS steers received a single bolus injection of sterile vehicle. Thirty minutes after ET/vehicle administration, a single bolus intravenous injection of LPS (0.2 mug . kg . body wt(-1)) was given. Blood was collected at various time points for 48 hr post. Endotoxin increased rectal temperature (RT) and the circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), cortisol, haptoglobin (Hp), thromboxane B-2 (TXB2), The circulating Hp, TNF-alpha, and TXB2 increases were blunted by pretreatment with ET compared with ET + LPS. Ergotamine by itself increased circulating cortisol and RT, whereas it decreased serum prolactin (PRL). Therefore, whereas administration of LPS at 0.2 mug/kg to steers resulted in an expected response, the combination of ET + LPS attenuated major effects of LPS alone, Thus, acute administration of ET appeared to be anti-inflammatory as it decreased the inflammatory response to LPS, an effect likely driven at least in part by the ET-caused cortisol increase. C1 Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Physiol & Pharmacol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Med Microbiol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. ARS, Nat Resource Conservat Ctr, USDA, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. ARS, Growth Biol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, USDA, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Thompson, FN (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Physiol & Pharmacol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 45 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0037-9727 J9 P SOC EXP BIOL MED JI Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 225 IS 2 BP 136 EP 142 DI 10.1046/j.1525-1373.2000.22517.x PG 7 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA 368RW UT WOS:000090132200005 PM 11044256 ER PT J AU Linders, J Mensink, H Stephenson, G Wauchope, D Racke, K AF Linders, J Mensink, H Stephenson, G Wauchope, D Racke, K TI Foliar interception and retention values after pesticide application. A proposal for standardized values for environmental risk assessment SO PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID COTTON PLANTS; METHYL PARATHION; SIMULATED RAINFALL; PERSISTENCE; PERMETHRIN; WASHOFF; SPRAY; DISAPPEARANCE; FENVALERATE; DEPOSITION AB In performing risk assessments for plant protection products by applicants or regulators in relation to the registration of the products, an important aspect to take into account is the foliar interception and retention of the active substance of the product on the plant. An overview is given of the approaches to this item in several parts of the world. The relevant circumstances and influencing variables, such as growth phase, planting density, and some physicochemical characteristics (e.g., vapor pressure and Henry's coefficient) are dealt with. Finally, a proposal is presented for how to take into account the phenomenon of foliar interception and retention in the initial phase, first tier, of the risk assessment process. C1 RIVM CSR, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands. Univ Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. USDA ARS, Tifton, GA 31794 USA. Dow Agrosci, Indianapolis, IN 46268 USA. RP Linders, J (reprint author), RIVM CSR, POB 1, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands. NR 26 TC 42 Z9 44 U1 2 U2 6 PU INT UNION PURE APPLIED CHEMISTRY PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA 104 TW ALEXANDER DR, PO BOX 13757, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-3757 USA SN 0033-4545 J9 PURE APPL CHEM JI Pure Appl. Chem. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 72 IS 11 BP 2199 EP 2218 DI 10.1351/pac200072112199 PG 20 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 407DV UT WOS:000167257500012 ER PT J AU Daughtry, CST Walthall, CL Kim, MS de Colstoun, EB McMurtrey, JE AF Daughtry, CST Walthall, CL Kim, MS de Colstoun, EB McMurtrey, JE TI Estimating corn leaf chlorophyll concentration from leaf and canopy reflectance SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article ID BIDIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE; VEGETATION INDEXES; REMOTE ESTIMATION; WINTER-WHEAT; RED EDGE; NITROGEN; LEAVES; METER; CAROTENOIDS; RADIATION AB Farmers must balance the competing goals of supplying adequate N for their crops while minimizing N losses to the environment. To characterize the spatial variability of N over large fields, traditional methods (soil testing, plant tissue analysis, and chlorophyll meters) require many point samples. Because of the close link between leaf chlorophyll and leaf N concentration, remote sensing techniques have the potential to evaluate the N variability over large fields quickly. Our objectives were to (1) select wavelengths sensitive to leaf chlorophyll concentration, (2) stimulate canopy reflectance using a radiative transfer model, and (3) propose a strategy for detecting leaf chlorophyll status of plants using remotely sensed data. A wide range of leaf chlorophyll levels was established in field-grown corn (Zea mays L.) with the application of 8 N levels: 0%, 12.5%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%, 125%, and 150% of the recommended rate. Reflectance and transmittance spectra of fully expanded upper leaves were acquired over the 400-nm to 1,000-nm wavelength range shortly after anthesis with a spectroradiometer and integrating sphere. Broad-band differences in leaf spectra were observed near 550 nm, 715 nm, and >750 nm. Crop canopy reflectance was simulated using the SAIL (Scattering by Arbitrarily Inclined Leaves) canopy reflectance model for a wide range of background reflectances, leaf area indices (LAI), and leaf chlorophyll concentrations. Variations in background reflectance and LAI confounded the detection of the relatively subtle differences in canopy reflectance due to changes in leaf chlorophyll concentration. Spectral vegetation indices that combined near-infrared reflectance and red reflectance (e.g. OSAVI and NIR/Red) minimized contributions of background reflectance, while spectral vegetation indices that combined reflectances of near-infrared and other visible bands (MCARI and NIR/Green) were responsive to both leaf chlorophyll concentrations and background reflectance. Pairs of these spectral vegetation indices plotted together produced isolines of leaf chlorophyll concentrations. The slopes of these isolines were linearly related to leaf chlorophyll concentration. A limited test with measured canopy reflectance and leaf chlorophyll data confirmed these results. The characterization of leaf chlorophyll concentrations at the field scale without the confounding problem of background reflectance and LAI variability holds promise as a valuable aid for decision making in managing N applications. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 ARS, Remote Sensing & Modelling Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, Instrumentat & Sensing Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Raytheon STX, Lanham, MD USA. RP Daughtry, CST (reprint author), ARS, Remote Sensing & Modelling Lab, USDA, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI 黄, 建荣/B-8070-2011 NR 30 TC 611 Z9 742 U1 16 U2 197 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 74 IS 2 BP 229 EP 239 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(00)00113-9 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 366EL UT WOS:000089991800004 ER PT J AU French, AN Schmugge, TJ Kustas, WP AF French, AN Schmugge, TJ Kustas, WP TI Discrimination of senescent vegetation using thermal emissivity contrast SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article ID REFLECTION RADIOMETER ASTER; MU-M; SEPARATION ALGORITHM; TEMPERATURE; SOIL; IMAGES AB A remote sensing method utilizing multiband thermal infrared (8-12 mum) imagery that discriminates between sensecent vegetation and bare soil is described. This discrimination is achieved by computing thermal band emissivities from a temperature-emissivity separation algorithm, and then classifying surface features based on spectral emissivity contrast. In a study of rangelands and winter wheat fields in central Oklahoma, the contrast, or range, of these spectral emissivities is diagnostic of the presence or absence of surface vegetative cover. A large range of emissivities, approximately greater than 0.03, is indicative of bare soil, while a low range, less than 0.02, is indicative of vegetative cover. When knowledge of the emissivity range is combined with a vegetation index, such as NDVI, the surface may be classified by a ternary system: bare soil, green vegetation, and senescent vegetation. Discrimination between bare soil and soil covered with senescent vegetation using emissivity contrast should be feasible in other settings. The benefit of this technique is that heat flux predictions can be based on a more accurate surface representation than otherwise provided by visible and near-infrared land classification schemes. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 ARS, Hydrol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP French, AN (reprint author), ARS, Hydrol Lab, USDA, Bldg 007,BARC-W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 16 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 74 IS 2 BP 249 EP 254 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(00)00115-2 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 366EL UT WOS:000089991800006 ER PT J AU Chopping, MJ AF Chopping, MJ TI Testing a LiSK BRDF model with in situ bidirectional reflectance factor measurements over semiarid grasslands SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article ID SURFACE REFLECTANCE; FACTOR DISTRIBUTIONS; CANOPY STRUCTURE; LAND SURFACES; NOAA AVHRR; HETEROGENEITY; INFORMATION; ANISOTROPY; PARAMETERS AB The non-Lambertian nature of the terrestrial surface is a major source of unexplained variability in wide-swath satellite sensor data acquired in the solar reflective wavelengths, hindering quantitative analysis in the spectral, temporal, and locational domains. The interactions of light with the surface are governed by the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF), and modeling this is one of the most promising methods for describing and explaining this variability. Here the Roujean linear semiempirical kernel-driven (LiSK) model was tested against two independent bidirectional reflectance factor datasets that were acquired close to ground level over seminatural semiarid grasslands in Xilingol, Inner Mongolia (People's Republic of China) and in Arizona (United States). The objectives were to determine how well the model is able to describe and explain observed bidirectional reflectance factor distributions in the red and near-infrared wavelengths, to explore its utility in correcting such data for angular variations, and the likely impact of such corrections on cover-type discrimination. The sensitivity of the model to reductions in the number and angular distribution of the bidirectional reflectance observations with which it is inverted was also evaluated. The results show that the model is able to describe the observed multiangular BRFs with good accuracy and with low sensitivity to the number of angular inputs, with observations in the forward-scattering direction shown to be important in constraining inversions. The behavior of retrieved parameters indicates that one or more of the simplifying assumptions made in the model derivation is likely to be too severe for explaining BRDF in the near-infrared region; non-negligible anisotropic multiple scattering and the assumption of an optically thick medium mean that a physical interpretation of parameters is unlikely to be valid. However, the model is shown to provide an effective means of correcting for BRDF effects, allowing greater precision and consistency than hitherto possible in the retrieval of surface spectral reflectance over simiarid grasslands and concrete improvements in cover-type discrimination. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 ARS, USDA, Hydrol Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Chopping, MJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Hydrol Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 61 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 74 IS 2 BP 287 EP 312 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(00)00122-X PG 26 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 366EL UT WOS:000089991800009 ER PT J AU Zhou, GW Willett, JL Carriere, CJ AF Zhou, GW Willett, JL Carriere, CJ TI Temperature dependence of the viscosity of highly starch-filled poly(hydroxy ester ether) biodegradable composites SO RHEOLOGICA ACTA LA English DT Article DE temperature; viscosity; composite; activation energy; starch; biodegradable; polyester ID MELT RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES; POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; BLENDS; SYSTEM AB The temperature dependence of the viscosity of starch-filled poly(hydroxy ester ether) (PHEE) biodegradable composites was analyzed using Arrhenius and WLF equations. Corn starch/PHEE materials were extruded using a twin screw extruder with starch volume fractions from 0.27 to 0.66. Dynamic strain sweep measurements were carried out at 10 rad/s at six different temperatures from 100 degreesC to 150 degreesC. Both Arrhenius and WLF equations model equally well the temperature effect on viscosity of PHEE and starch/PHEE composites with starch volume fractions up to 0.36. Arrhenius equation with stress correction describes the stress dependence of viscosity of starch/PHEE composites with higher starch volume fractions. The activation energy using both Arrhenius equation and Arrhenius equation with stress correction is 62.7 kJ/mol for pure PHEE and starch/PHEE composites. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Plant Polymer Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Biomat Proc Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Willett, JL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Plant Polymer Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 21 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0035-4511 J9 RHEOL ACTA JI Rheol. Acta PD NOV PY 2000 VL 39 IS 6 BP 601 EP 606 DI 10.1007/s003970000096 PG 6 WC Mechanics SC Mechanics GA 376BD UT WOS:000165437600010 ER PT J AU Todd, RW Evett, SR Howell, TA Klocke, NL AF Todd, RW Evett, SR Howell, TA Klocke, NL TI Soil temperature and water evaporation of small steel and plastic lysimeters replaced daily SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE soil temperature; soil water evaporation; lysimeter AB Soil water evaporation (E) measured by small, weighable lysimeters is affected by their size, construction materials, and replacement frequency. Steel and plastic are commonly used nlaterials, but they have different thermal characteristics. Our objective was to investigate how wall material affects E and soil temperature ofstllall. lysimeters filled daily with undisturbed soil. Research was conducted during 5 days in August 1995 at Bushland, Texas, where the soil is a Pullman silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Torrertic Paleustoll, 30% clay, 53% silt). Plastic and steel lysimeters 76 mm long, with inside diameters of 82 and 86 Nm, respectively, were filled each morning by pressing them into undisturbed soil, and E was determined by mass change. Soil temperatures inside additional steel and plastic lysimeters were measured by thermocouples. No significant differences in E due to wall material were measured. For lysimeters of both wall materials, daily E ranged from 2 to 5 mill, daytime and nighttime E averaged 2.7 mm and 0.5 mm,, respectively, and total cumulative E was 15.5 mm, Evaporation front small lysimeters was within 5% off from a nearby large, precision, weighing lysimeter. Steel lysimeters were wanner at night near the surface, with significant differences from 0.5 to 0.9 degreesC, and warmer during the day at the bottom, with significant differences from 0.5 to 2.8 degreesC, Plastic lysimeters had greater vertical soil temperature differences than steel lysimeters, Significant differences inside plastic lysimeters ranged from about 2.0 to 3.5 degreesC greater than those of steel lysimeters during the daytime, and 0.5 to 1.0 degreesC greater during the nighttime, Measured temperature differences were consistent with greater thermal conductivity and enhanced heat transfer in steel sidewalls compared with plastic. Wall material affected temperature distribution, but not evaporation, of small lysimeters that were replaced daily. C1 USDA ARS, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. NLK Engn, Cedar Rapids, IA USA. RP Todd, RW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, PO Drawer 10, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. NR 11 TC 7 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 5 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 165 IS 11 BP 890 EP 895 DI 10.1097/00010694-200011000-00007 PG 6 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 375HQ UT WOS:000165393800007 ER PT J AU Mozaffari, M Rosen, CJ Russelle, MP Nater, EA AF Mozaffari, M Rosen, CJ Russelle, MP Nater, EA TI Corn and soil response to application of ash generated from gasified alfalfa stems SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE industrial byproducts; alfalfa stern ash; gasification ID WOOD ASH; FLY-ASH; CHEMICAL-PROPERTIES; TRACE-ELEMENTS; LIMING AGENT; PLANT UPTAKE; BY-PRODUCTS; BOILER ASH; GROWTH; PHOSPHORUS AB Electricity generation from biomass is becoming a more environmentally sound option than nonrenewable fuels. Pilot studies have demonstrated that alfalfa (Medicago sativa L,) stems are a suitable feedstock for energy generation via gasification, Developing beneficial uses for ash produced as a byproduct will enhance the economic viability of bioenergy, A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate the potential use of alfalfa ash as a fertilizer and/or liming agent using corn (Zea mays L.). Two soils, a Hubbard sand (low pH, low K, and high. P), and a Barnes clay loam (high pH, high K, and low P) were used. Treatments included a control, K and/or P fertilizers, and six ash rates ranging from 0.2 to 6.4 g kg(-1) (450 to 15,000 kg ha(-1)). Ash application significantly increased K and decreased Mg concentrations in corn. However, neither plant P nor trace elements were affected by ash application. Elemental uptake by plants paralleled their respective concentrations. Soil pH increased linearly in the Hubbard soil with ash but was not affected in the Barnes soil. Ash application significantly increased salinity, Cl, extractable P, exchangeable K, Ca, Mg, and Na in both soils. Ash from gasified alfalfa stems seems to be a potential source of K and a potential liming agent for acid soils. When used at agronomically reasonable rates, alfalfa ash did not pose any risk of excessive accumulation of metals rested in soil or plants. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Rosen, CJ (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, 439 Borlaug Hall,1991 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RI Rosen, Carl/L-2622-2013 OI Rosen, Carl/0000-0002-0098-2230 NR 45 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 8 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 165 IS 11 BP 896 EP 907 DI 10.1097/00010694-200011000-00008 PG 12 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 375HQ UT WOS:000165393800008 ER PT J AU Lee, J Horton, R Jaynes, DB AF Lee, J Horton, R Jaynes, DB TI A time domain reflectometry method to measure immobile water content and mass exchange coefficient SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID 2-SITE 2-REGION MODELS; SORBING POROUS-MEDIA; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY; SOIL; MOVEMENT; FIELD; DEGRADATION; PARAMETERS; TDR AB Physical nonequilibrium of water and solute transport in soil Las been reported. One of the most common mechanistic models used to describe physical nonequilibrium transport phenomena is the mobile-immobile model (MIM). Two significant parameters in the MIM are immobile water content (theta (im)) and mass exchange coefficient (alpha). Previously, a method for determining theta (im) and alpha using sequential tracers (ST) has been used to characterize solute transport. In this work, we present and evaluate a method to estimate theta (im) and alpha using time domain reflectometry (TDR). The TDR method was tested in laboratory experiments using three 20 cm long by 12 cm diameter undisturbed saturated soil columns. The method used TDR with an application of CaCl2 to obtain resident concentrations as a function of time. The data obtained from TDR were analyzed using a log-linear equation developed based on the ST method to estimate theta (im) and alpha. The theta (im) and alpha estimates from the TDR. method were compared with the estimates from the ST method and from effluent data A conventional inverse curve fitting method (CXTFIT) was used to estimate parameters from effluent data. The means of theta im/theta from the TDR method, ST method, and effluent data were 0.31, 0.30, and 0.26, respectively. The means of alpha from the TDR method, ST method, and effluent data were 0.03, 0.03, and 0.04 h(-1), respectively. The values of theta (im)/theta and alpha from the TDR method were very similar to the estimates from the ST method. In all three columns, the theta (im) estimates from the TDR method were within the 95% confidence intervals (CH) of the estimates from the effluent data. In two of three columns, the at estimates from the TDR method were within the 95% CI of the estimates from the effluent data. The TDR method is relatively simple, rapid, and had advantages over the ST method and conventional methods for measuring solute transport properties. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Horton, R (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 32 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 64 IS 6 BP 1911 EP 1917 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 385VA UT WOS:000166023900001 ER PT J AU Baumhardt, RL Lascano, RJ Evett, SR AF Baumhardt, RL Lascano, RJ Evett, SR TI Soil material, temperature, and salinity effects on calibration of multisensor capacitance probes SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID TIME-DOMAIN REFLECTOMETRY; MOISTURE MEASUREMENT AB Multisensor capacitance probes (MCAP) are an alternative to gravimetric or nuclear soil water content (theta (v), m(3) m(-3)) measurements. Their theta (v) measurements are more convenient than gravimetric, and don't carry the nuclear regulatory burdens. Previous studies noted potential salinity and temperature effects on MCAP theta (v) determinations. Our objectives were to calibrate and verify MCAP theta (v) measurement accuracy in two soil materials, two water salinities (1.3 and 11.3 dS m(-1)), and with diurnal temperature fluctuations. The surface and calcic horizons of an Olton soil (fine, mixed, superactive, thermic Aridic Paleustoll) were packed into triplicate, 0.5-m-tall, 100-L columns and wetted. We compared theta (v) determined by volumetric measurements, time domain reflectometry (TDR), and MCAPs. The TDR theta (v) were within +/-0.01 m(3) m(-3) of volumetric determinations for air-dry and saturated soil. The factory supplied universal MCAP calibration provided accurate theta (v) estimates for air dry (+/-0.01 m(3) m(-3)) surface and calcic soil materials but not after wetting (approximate to -0.05 m(3) m(-3)). Also, imprecise MCAP sensor positioning during water frequency parameter determination was problematic and biased initial theta (v) measurements. After calibration against TDR, the MCAP theta (v) varied +/-0.01 m(3) m(-3) from measured theta (v) for air-dry and saturated conditions for both soil materials, which were then pooled to obtain one calibration. Column resaturation with saline water affected permittivity and elevated MCAP theta (v) approximate to0.25 m(3) m(-3) above the available pore space. Cyclical soil temperature fluctuations of 15 degreesC induced similar fluctuations in indicated theta (v) throughout the column (0.04 m(3) m(-3) for MCAP and 0.02 m(3) m(-3) for TDR), which was attributed to variations in permittivity. C1 USDA ARS, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. Texas Agr Expt Stn, Lubbock, TX 79401 USA. RP Baumhardt, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, PO Drawer 10, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. NR 20 TC 82 Z9 88 U1 2 U2 11 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 64 IS 6 BP 1940 EP 1946 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 385VA UT WOS:000166023900006 ER PT J AU Eghball, B AF Eghball, B TI Nitrogen mineralization from field-applied beef cattle feedlot manure or compost SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID ION-EXCHANGE RESINS; SOIL; TRANSFORMATIONS; AVAILABILITY; PHOSPHORUS; NUTRIENT; CARBON AB To apply manure or compost to fulfill N requirements of a crop, the amount of N mineralized in actual field conditions needs to be determined. Nitrogen mineralization from composted and non-composted beef cattle feedlot manure applied to no-till and conventional tillage systems was determined under field conditions for 3 yr. Manure, composted manure, and inorganic fertilizer were applied to provide for N needs of corn. A no-treatment check was also included. An in situ resin method was used to determine N mineralization from a soil receiving manure, compost, and no treatment during the growing season (June-October). Of the organic N applied the previous autumn, approximate to 11% was mineralized from composted manure and 21% from noncomposted manure during the succeeding growing season. Lower N availability from compost reflects the loss of easily convertible N compounds during composting and the presence of stable N compounds. Nitrogen mineralization was similar in the no-till and conventional tillage systems even though manure and compost were surface-applied in the no-till. Nitrogen mineralization was significantly, but not closely (R-2 = 0.21), related to thermal unit (cumulative mean daily temperature >0 degreesC). Mineralization rate constants indicated that availability of residual manure and compost N was less than expected. The in situ mineralization approach seems to be a good method of measuring N mineralization during the growing season or during periods when the soil is not frozen or excessively dry. Nitrogen mineralization needs to be considered when manure and compost are used for an environmentally acceptable crop production system. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Eghball, B (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 24 TC 110 Z9 120 U1 2 U2 21 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 64 IS 6 BP 2024 EP 2030 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 385VA UT WOS:000166023900017 ER PT J AU Carpenter-Boggs, L Pikul, JL Vigil, MF Riedell, WE AF Carpenter-Boggs, L Pikul, JL Vigil, MF Riedell, WE TI Soil nitrogen mineralization influenced by crop rotation and nitrogen fertilization SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID MICROBIAL BIOMASS; BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES; ORGANIC-MATTER; AVAILABILITY; MANAGEMENT; TEMPERATURE; RESIDUES; SYSTEMS; INDEXES; TILLAGE AB An estimate of soil mineralizable N is needed to determine crop needs for N fertilizer. The objective of this research was to estimate soil net N mineralization in soils maintained in continuous corn (Zea mays L.) (CC), corn-soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] (CS), and corn-soybean-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)/alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)-alfalfa (CSWA) rotations that have been managed since 1990 with zero N (0N), low N (LN), and high N (HN) fertilization. Soil samples were taken from 0- to 20-cm depth in plots planted to corn in 1998. In order to produce more realistic time-series data of net N mineralization, soils were incubated in filtration units in a variable-temperature incubator (VTI) that mimicked field soil temperatures under a growing corn canopy. Rotation and N fertilization significantly affected net N mineralization in soil samples. Cumulative net N mineralized in a 189-d field temperature incubation averaged 133 +/- 6 kg ha(-1) in CC, 142 +/- 5 kg ha(-1) in CS, and 189 +/- 5 kg ha(-1) in CSWA. Across rotations, average net N mineralized was 166 +/- 9 kg ha(-1) in ON plots, 147 +/- 10 kg ha(-1) in LN plots, and 152 +/- 10 kg ha(-1) in HN plots. Inclusion of a legume, particularly alfalfa, in the rotation increased net N mineralized. Generally, more net N was mineralized from plots receiving no fertilizer N than from soil with a history of N fertilization. Variable-temperature incubation produced realistic time series data with low sample variability. C1 USDA ARS, N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, Morris, MN 56267 USA. USDA ARS, No Grains Insert Res Lab, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. USDA ARS, Cent Plains Resources Management Res Lab, Akron, CO 80720 USA. RP Carpenter-Boggs, L (reprint author), USDA ARS, N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, Morris, MN 56267 USA. NR 41 TC 59 Z9 62 U1 2 U2 35 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 64 IS 6 BP 2038 EP 2045 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 385VA UT WOS:000166023900019 ER PT J AU Ma, QL Hook, JE Wauchope, RD Dowler, CC Johnson, AW Davis, JG Gascho, GJ Truman, CC Sumner, HR Chandler, LD AF Ma, QL Hook, JE Wauchope, RD Dowler, CC Johnson, AW Davis, JG Gascho, GJ Truman, CC Sumner, HR Chandler, LD TI GLEAMS, Opus, PRZM2 beta, and PRZM3 simulations compared with measured atrazine runoff SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID TILLAGE SYSTEMS; MODEL PREDICTIONS; FIELD CONDITIONS; COASTAL-PLAIN; PESTICIDE; SOIL; TRANSPORT; RAINFALL; GROUNDWATER; EQUILIBRIUM AB High-intensity storms that occur shortly after chemical application have the greatest potential to cause chemical runoff We examined how effectively current chemical transport models GLEAMS, Opus, PRZM2 beta, and PRZM3 could predict water runoff and runoff losses of atrazine [6-chloro-N-ethyl-N'-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine] under such conditions, as compared with observations from a controlled field runoff experiment. The experiment was conducted for 2 yr using simulated rainfall on two 14.6- by 42.7-m plots within a corn (Zea mays L.) held on Tifton loamy sand (fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Plinthic Kandiudults) under conventional tillage practices. For each plot-year, atrazine was applied as surface spray immediately after planting and followed by a 50-mm, 2-h simulated rainfall 24 h later. A similar preapplication rainfall and four subsequent rainfalls during the growing season were also applied. Observed water runoff averaged 20% of the applied rainfall. Less runoff occurred from freshly tilled soil or under full canopy cover; more runoff occurred when nearly bare soil had crusted. Observed total seasonal atrazine runoff averaged 2.7% of that applied, with the first posttreatment event runoff averaging 89% of the total. GLEAMS, Opus, PRZM2 beta and PRZM3 adequately predicted water runoff amounts, with normalized root mean square errors of 29, 29, 31, and 31%, respectively. GLEAMS and PRZM3 predicted atrazine concentrations in runoff within a factor of two of observed concentrations. PRZM2 beta overpredicted atrazine concentrations. Opus adequately predicted atrazine concentrations in runoff when it was run with an equilibrium adsorption submodel, but significantly underestimated atrazine concentrations when it was run with a kinetic sorption submodel. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, Soil Phys & Pesticide Res Unit, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. USDA ARS Nematodes, Weeds & Crops Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. USDA ARS, Insect Biol & Pest Management Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. USDA ARS, SE Watershed Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80524 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Grain Insect Res Lab, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. RP Hook, JE (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, POB 748, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RI Davis, Jessica/C-1903-2013 NR 49 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 64 IS 6 BP 2070 EP 2079 PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 385VA UT WOS:000166023900023 ER PT J AU Shipitalo, MJ Gibbs, F AF Shipitalo, MJ Gibbs, F TI Potential of earthworm burrows to transmit injected animal wastes to tile drains SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CLAY SOIL; NO-TILL; TRANSPORT; CHANNELS; INFILTRATION; EFFLUENT; NITRATE; WATER; FLOW AB Subsurface injection of animal manure is a best management practice (BMP) that reduces odors and promotes efficient nutrient usage. In tile-drained fields, however, injected wastes have been observed emerging from tile outlets shortly after application. This appears to be a particular concern in no-till fields where Lumbricus terrestris L. are often numerous. Our objective was to determine if burrows created by this earthworm species can contribute to rapid movement of injected wastes to tile drains. A turbine blower was used to force smoke into a 0.6 m-deep tile line in a no-till field and 20 burrows 0.02 to 0.5 m from the tile that emitted smoke, and 18 burrows 0.8 to 4.7 m from the tile that did not produce smoke were flagged. A Mariotte device filled with dyed water was then used to measure infiltration rate for each burrow. Afterwards, plastic replicas of the burrows were made so their proximity to the tile and geometrical properties could be determined. Average infiltration rate for smoke-emitting burrows (128 mt min(-1)) was twice that of the more distant burrows. Moreover, dyed water was observed in the tile when added to smoke-emitting burrows, but not when added to burrows that did not produce smoke. Thus, earthworm burrows in close proximity to tile lines may expedite transmission of injected wastes offsite. Movement of injected wastes to tiles via earthworm burrows and other preferential now paths may be reduced by using precision farming to avoid waste application near tile lines or by modifying application procedures. C1 USDA ARS, N Appalachian Expt Watershed, Coshocton, OH 43812 USA. USDA, NRCS, Findlay, OH 45840 USA. RP Shipitalo, MJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, N Appalachian Expt Watershed, POB 488, Coshocton, OH 43812 USA. OI Shipitalo, Martin/0000-0003-4775-7345 NR 32 TC 74 Z9 76 U1 4 U2 19 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 64 IS 6 BP 2103 EP 2109 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 385VA UT WOS:000166023900027 ER PT J AU Steiner, IL Schomberg, HH Unger, PW Cresap, J AF Steiner, IL Schomberg, HH Unger, PW Cresap, J TI Biomass and residue cover relationships of fresh and decomposing small grain residue SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CROP RESIDUE; SOIL COVER; TILLAGE; PREDICTION; FIELDS AB Maintaining residue cover provides diverse conservation benefits. Exponential relationships have been developed to estimate cover from biomass of randomly distributed, flat residues, but a large portion of crop biomass remains standing after harvest. Our objective was to determine how relationships between biomass and soil cover change in no-tillage small grain fields as residues decompose and shift from standing to flat. Winter and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and spring oat (Avena sativa L.) were grown at Bushland, TX, on Pullman clay loam (fine, mixed thermic Torrertic Paleustoll) in 12 field plots in three randomized complete blocks. For each crop, differential seeding rate, fertilization, and irrigation produced a range of biomass. During decomposition, differential irrigation increased environmental variability (13, 5, and 0 applications to sub-sub-plots). Ash-free residue biomass was measured seven times in 14 mo, after taking photographs to determine soil cover of l-mz sites. For crop-date combinations, coefficients were determined from total (k(1), m(2) g(-1)) or flat (k(f), m(2) g(-1)) biomass. Regression indicated k(t) increased with time (P < 0.0001 for all crops, except spring wheat with P < 0.0041). Across crops, the relationship k(t) = 0.0037 + 0.000047 . DAH (r(2) = 0.54, P < 0.0001) indicated that decomposition affects cover provided by total biomass. Across crops, the weak relationship k(f) = 0.0136 + 0.000023 DAH (r(2) = 0.17, P < 0.016) indicated that cover could be estimated from pat biomass with k(f) = 0.0175 for extended periods. These findings can improve estimation of residue cover for no-tillage fields and indicate that residue orientation should be considered in biomass-to-cover relationships. C1 USDA ARS, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. USDA ARS, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. RP Steiner, IL (reprint author), USDA ARS, 1420 Expt Stn Rd, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. EM jsteiner@arches.uga.edu NR 26 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 4 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 EI 1435-0661 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 64 IS 6 BP 2109 EP 2114 PG 6 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 385VA UT WOS:000166023900028 ER PT J AU Brejda, JJ Moorman, TB Karlen, DL Dao, TH AF Brejda, JJ Moorman, TB Karlen, DL Dao, TH TI Identification of regional soil quality factors and indicators: I. Central and southern high plains SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID DRYLAND CROPPING SYSTEMS; DIRECT EXTRACTION METHOD; WATER STORAGE; MICROBIAL-C; CULTIVATION; EFFICIENCY; RESOURCES; PROGRAM; CARBON AB Appropriate indicators for assessing soil quality on a regional scale using the National Resource Inventory (NRI) are unknown. Oar objectives were to (i) identify soil quality factors present at a regional scale, (ii) determine which factors vary significantly with land use, and (iii) select soil attributes within these factors that can be used as soil quality indicators for regional-scale assessment. Ascalon (fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Aridic Argiustoll) and Amarillo (fine-loamy, mixed, thermic Aridic Paleustalf) soils were sampled from a statistically representative subset of NRI sample paints within the Central and Southern High Plains Major Land Resource Areas (MLRA) and analyzed for 20 soil attributes. Factor analysis was used to identify soil quality factors, and discriminant analysis was used to identify the factors and indicators most sensitive to land use within each MLRA. In the Central High Plains, five soil quality factors were identified, with the organic matter and color factors varying significantly with land use. Discriminant analysis selected total organic C (TOC) and total N as the most sensitive indicators of soil quality at a regional scale. In the Southern High Plains, six factors were identified, with water stable aggregate (WSA) content, TOC, and soil salinity varying significantly with land use. Discriminant analysis selected TOC and WSA content as the most sensitive indicators of soil quality in the Southern High Plains. Total organic C was the only indicator that consistently showed significant differences between land uses in both regions. C1 USDA ARS, Wheat Sorghum & Forage Res Unit, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. RP Brejda, JJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Wheat Sorghum & Forage Res Unit, 344 Keim Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 33 TC 138 Z9 151 U1 5 U2 27 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 64 IS 6 BP 2115 EP 2124 PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 385VA UT WOS:000166023900029 ER PT J AU Brejda, JJ Karlen, DL Smith, JL Allan, DL AF Brejda, JJ Karlen, DL Smith, JL Allan, DL TI Identification of regional soil quality factors and indicators: II. Northern Mississippi Loess Hills and Palouse Prairie SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID DIRECT EXTRACTION METHOD; MICROBIAL-C; RESOURCES AB Diversity of soil series present in a region may hinder identification of soil quality factors and indicators at a regional scale. Our objectives were (i) to identify soil quality factors for a diverse population of soils at the regional scale, (ii) to determine which factors vary significantly with land use, (iii) to select indicators from these factors that can be used with the National Resource Inventory (NRI) for monitoring soil quality, and (iv) to compare these results to a similar study involving only a single Soil series. One hundred eighty-six points representing 75 soil series in the Northern Mississippi Valley Loess Halls and 149 points representing 58 son series in Palouse and Net Perce Prairies were sampled from a statistically representative subset of NRI sample points and analyzed for 20 soil attributes. Factor analysis was used to identify soil quality factors and discriminant analysis was used to identify factors and indicators most sensitive to land use within each region. In the Northern Mississippi Valley Loess Hills, five soil quality factors were identified. Discriminant analysis selected potentially mineralizable N (PMN), microbial biomass C (MBC), warier stable aggregates (WSA), and total organic C (TOC) as the most discriminating attributes between land uses. In the Palouse and Net Perce Prairies, six factors were identified. Discriminant analysis selected TOC and total N as the most discriminating attributes between land uses. The soil quality factors were similar among three of the four regions, but TOC was the only indicator common to all regions for distinguishing among land uses. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Wheat Sorghum & Forage Res Unit, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Brejda, JJ (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Wheat Sorghum & Forage Res Unit, 344 Keim Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 29 TC 76 Z9 83 U1 0 U2 11 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 64 IS 6 BP 2125 EP 2135 PG 11 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 385VA UT WOS:000166023900030 ER PT J AU Norvell, WA Wu, J Hopkins, DG Welch, RM AF Norvell, WA Wu, J Hopkins, DG Welch, RM TI Association of cadmium in durum wheat grain with soil chloride and chelate-extractable soil cadmium SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SWISS-CHARD; POTATO-TUBERS; AVAILABILITY; SUNFLOWER; SULFATE; ZINC AB Cadmium uptake by food crops needs to be understood in order to limit Cd accumulation in the food chain. Cadmium is a potentially toxic heavy metal with no known benefit to humans, and plant foods are the predominant sources of Cd in human diets. In this study, 124 paired samples of soil and grain were collected from a field of durum wheat [Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.] cultivar Munich in northeastern North Dakota. This field on the Langdon Research Extension Center was selected for study because it provided a range in soil pH and salinity. Cadmium in the durum grain ranged widely from 0.025 to 0.359 mg kg(-1). Accumulation of Cd in grain was strongly and positively associated with soil salinity as represented by soluble chloride, soluble sulfate, or extractable Na, and also with chelate-extractable Cd. Relationships to salinity were curvilinear. Concentrations of Cd in grain were not closely related to soil pH. The relationship of Cd in grain to the logarithm of water-extractable soil Cl- (Cl-w) was especially close. A predictive model based on chelate-extractable Cd and logCl(w)(-) in soil accounted for 66% of the variability of Cd in grain. Based on these results, and published work for other crops, we believe that the accumulation of Cd in durum wheat grain is enhanced by Cl- in the soil. Although the mechanism is not clear, It is likely to involve increased solubility or availability of soil Cd resulting from the formation of chloro-complexes in soil solution. C1 USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Dept Soil Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Norvell, WA (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 32 TC 110 Z9 129 U1 3 U2 13 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 64 IS 6 BP 2162 EP 2168 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 385VA UT WOS:000166023900035 ER PT J AU Haywood, JD Pearson, HA Grelen, HE Popham, TW AF Haywood, JD Pearson, HA Grelen, HE Popham, TW TI Effects of date and frequency of burning on southern bayberry (Myrica cerifera) in central Louisiana SO TEXAS JOURNAL OF SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Big Thicket Science Conference CY OCT 07-10, 1999 CL BEAUMONT, TX SP Big Thicket Assoc, Big Thicket Conservat Assoc, Natl Pks & Conservat Assoc, SW Pks & Momuments Assoc, Nat Conservancy Texas, Temple Inland Inc, Entergy Inc, William Marsh Rice Univ, Texas Pks & Wildlife Dept, Natl Pk Serv (Big Thicket Natl Preserve), US Geol Survey (Natl Wetlands Res Ctr), USDA Forest Serv (Natl Forests & Grasslands Texas), Beaumont Convent & Visitors Bur ID FIRE AB Myrica cerifera (southern bayberry or waxmyrtle) is one of the most common shrubs in the longleaf pine/bluestem forest type in the West Gulf Coastal Plain. During controlled burns, individual plants can burn intensely because the wax coated foliage and fruits are very flammable. However, Myrica cerifera can survive fires on frequently burned sites by resprouting vigorously from the root collar. To determine how burning influences the: development of Myrica cerifera, this study compared several burning dates (1 March, 1 May and 1 July) and fire frequencies (one, two and three year intervals) on a site in central Louisiana. Myrica cerifera plants generally survived all burning treatments, with only two plants dying over right growing seasons (1.3% mortality). Burning kept average shrub height at or below the initial preburn heights and significantly below the height of the nonburned plants. Final average heights and diameters of Myrica cerifera decreased significantly as the burning frequency increased and the date of burning was delayed into the growing season. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. RP Haywood, JD (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. EM dhaywood@fs.fed.us NR 24 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU TEXAS ACAD SCI PI KERRVILLE PA CMB 6252, SCHREINER UNIV, KERRVILLE, TX 78028-5697 USA SN 0040-4403 J9 TEX J SCI JI Tex. J. Sci. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 52 IS 4 SU S BP 33 EP 42 PG 10 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 404JK UT WOS:000167094100003 ER PT J AU Clarke, SR Evans, RE Billings, RF AF Clarke, SR Evans, RE Billings, RF TI Influence of pine bark beetles on the West Gulf Coastal Plain SO TEXAS JOURNAL OF SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Big Thicket Science Conference CY OCT 07-10, 1999 CL BEAUMONT, TEXAS SP Big Thicket Assoc, Big Thicket Conservat Assoc, Natl Pks & Conservat Assoc, SW Pks & Momuments Assoc, Nat Conservancy Texas, Temple Inland Inc, Entergy Inc, William Marsh Rice Univ, Texas Pks & Wildlife Dept, Natl Pk Serv (Big Thicket Natl Preserve), US Geol Survey (Natl Wetlands Res Ctr), USDA Forest Serv (Natl Forests & Grasslands Texas), Beaumont Convent & Visitors Bur ID FRONTALIS ZIMMERMAN COLEOPTERA; SOUTHERN PINES; SCOLYTIDAE; FOREST AB The southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis), the: black turpentine beetle (D. terebrans) and three: species of Ips battles (lps avulsus. I. grandicollis and I. calligraphus). compost the guild of pint bark beetles in the West Gulf Coastal Plain. Spatial, temporal and host resource partitioning: among these species is summarized. Historically, the members of the bark beetle guild acted as disturbance agents, working in concert with fire to maintain a vegetation mosaic heavily dominated by longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) or shortleaf pint: (P. echinata) woodlands and forests. These forest types were relatively resistant to large infestations of southern pine beetle (SPB). This study proposes that mortality caused by the other guild members was more prevalent for lent: periods of time, and that human alteration of forests in terms of species composition and structure has created conditions conducive for SPB outbreaks. The anthropogenic increase in the frequency and magnitude of SPB outbreaks has masked the historical and current roles of the other guild members. Finally, a discussion is: presented as to how interactions between the guild members can potentially affect their population cycles. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Lufkin, TX 75901 USA. RP Clarke, SR (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, 701 N 1st St, Lufkin, TX 75901 USA. NR 95 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU TEXAS ACAD SCI PI LUBBOCK PA BOX 43151, LUBBOCK, TX 79409-3151 USA SN 0040-4403 J9 TEX J SCI JI Tex. J. Sci. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 52 IS 4 SU S BP 105 EP 126 PG 22 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 404JK UT WOS:000167094100009 ER PT J AU Rudolph, DC Ely, CA AF Rudolph, DC Ely, CA TI The influence of fire on lepidopteran abundance and community structure in forested habitats of eastern Texas SO TEXAS JOURNAL OF SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Big Thicket Science Conference CY OCT 07-10, 1999 CL BEAUMONT, TX SP Big Thicket Assoc, Big Thicket Conservat Assoc, Natl Pks & Conservat Assoc, SW Pks & Momuments Assoc, Nat Conservancy Texas, Temple Inland Inc, Entergy Inc, William Marsh Rice Univ, Texas Pks & Wildlife Dept, Natl Pk Serv (Big Thicket Natl Preserve), US Geol Survey (Natl Wetlands Res Ctr), USDA Forest Serv (Natl Forests & Grasslands Texas), Beaumont Convent & Visitors Bur ID MANAGEMENT; BUTTERFLIES; PRAIRIE AB Transect surveys were used to examine the influence of fire on lepidopteran communities (Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea) in forested habitats in eastern Texas. Lepidopteran abundance was greater in pint forests where prescribed fire maintained an open mid and understory compared to forests where fire had less impact on forest structure. Abundance of nectar sources paralleled this: pattern of abundance. Taxonomic groups of Lepidoptera varied across forest types in patterns coincident with their dependence on nectar sources and tendency to fly in shaded habitats. C1 US Forest Serv, Wildlife Habitat & Silvicultural Lab, So Res Stn, USDA, Nacogdoches, TX 75962 USA. RP US Forest Serv, Wildlife Habitat & Silvicultural Lab, So Res Stn, USDA, Nacogdoches, TX 75962 USA. EM crudolph01@fs.fed.us NR 30 TC 5 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU TEXAS ACAD SCI PI KERRVILLE PA CMB 6252, SCHREINER UNIV, KERRVILLE, TX 78028-5697 USA SN 0040-4403 J9 TEX J SCI JI Tex. J. Sci. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 52 IS 4 SU S BP 127 EP 138 PG 12 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 404JK UT WOS:000167094100010 ER PT J AU Vigo, TL AF Vigo, TL TI Textile renaissance SO TEXTILE CHEMIST AND COLORIST & AMERICAN DYESTUFF REPORTER LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Vigo, TL (reprint author), USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 47 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC TEXTILE CHEMISTS COLORISTS PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA PO BOX 12215, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA SN 1526-2847 J9 TEXT CHEM COLOR AM D JI Text. Chem. Color Am. Dyest Rep. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 32 IS 11 BP 34 EP 37 PG 4 WC Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Textiles SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 376YP UT WOS:000165485100004 ER PT J AU Hardin, IR Cao, H Wilson, SS Akin, DE AF Hardin, IR Cao, H Wilson, SS Akin, DE TI Decolorization of textile wastewater by selective fungi SO TEXTILE CHEMIST AND COLORIST & AMERICAN DYESTUFF REPORTER LA English DT Article DE decolorization; enzymes; fungi; wastewater ID PHANEROCHAETE-CHRYSOSPORIUM; AZO DYES; STREPTOMYCES; DECOLORATION; PEROXIDASE AB A way to decolorize wastewater that eliminates the need for inorganic oxidizing agents such as ozone or precipitating agents such as polymeric flocculants is described. This biological approach is unique to the industry and builds on expertise gained from experience with white-rot fungi (e.g., Phanerochaete chrysosporium) that have been isolated and characterized. Enzymes such as laccases and manganese peroxidases can cleave aromatic rings. These have potential for destroying dyes though individual enzymes capable of breaking down one type of dye molecular structure may be blocked from attacking another dye structure. Another drawback of the specific enzyme approach may be the rate of reaction. The approach in this research takes advantage of the environmentally friendly action of enzymes and uses entire microorganisms to decolorize wastewater. C1 Univ Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA USA. RP Hardin, IR (reprint author), Univ Georgia, 321 Dawson Hall, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 20 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC TEXTILE CHEMISTS COLORISTS PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA PO BOX 12215, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA SN 1526-2847 J9 TEXT CHEM COLOR AM D JI Text. Chem. Color Am. Dyest Rep. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 32 IS 11 BP 38 EP 42 PG 5 WC Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Textiles SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 376YP UT WOS:000165485100005 ER PT J AU Dong, F Song, J Naess, SK Helgeson, JP Gebhardt, C Jiang, J AF Dong, F Song, J Naess, SK Helgeson, JP Gebhardt, C Jiang, J TI Development and applications of a set of chromosome-specific cytogenetic DNA markers in potato SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE chromosome identification; physical mapping; FISH; BAC; molecular cytogenetics; potato ID IN-SITU HYBRIDIZATION; BACTERIAL ARTIFICIAL CHROMOSOME; RIBOSOMAL-RNA GENES; RFLP MAPS; WHEAT; TOMATO; GENOME; SEQUENCES; BARLEY; ORGANIZATION AB Reliable and easy to use techniques for chromosome identification are critical for many aspects of cytogenetic research. Unfortunately, such techniques are not available in many plant species, especially those with a large number of small chromosomes. Here we demonstrate that fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) signals derived from bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) can be used as chromosome-specific cytogenetic DNA markers for chromosome identification in potato. We screened a potato BAC library using genetically mapped restriction fragment length polymorphism markers as probes. The identified BAC clones were then labeled as probes for FISH analysis. A set of 12 chromosome-specific BAC clones were isolated and the FISH signals derived from these BAC clones serve as convenient and reliable cytological markers for potato chromosome identification. We mapped the 5S rRNA genes, the 45S rRNA genes, and a potato late blight resistance gene to three specific potato chromosomes using the chromosome-specific BAC clones. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Plant Pathol, USDA ARS, Plant Dis Resistance Res Unit, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Max Planck Inst Zuchtungsforsch, D-50829 Cologne, Germany. RP Jiang, J (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Jiang, Jiming/A-9614-2009 NR 39 TC 118 Z9 131 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 101 IS 7 BP 1001 EP 1007 DI 10.1007/s001220051573 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 376XU UT WOS:000165482700001 ER PT J AU Kianian, SF Phillips, RL Rines, HW Fulcher, RG Webster, FH Stuthman, DD AF Kianian, SF Phillips, RL Rines, HW Fulcher, RG Webster, FH Stuthman, DD TI Quantitative trait loci influencing beta-glucan content in oat (Avena sativa, 2n=6x=42) SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE oat; QTL analysis; beta-glucan; oil content; coupling-phase QTL ID BARLEY-GRAIN; CULTIVARS; LINKAGE; GENOME; LINES; MAPS; GENOTYPES; MARKERS; RICE; RATS AB The beta -glucan content of oat grain is of interest due to its positive human health role as a dietary component influencing serum cholesterol levels and its relation to the energy intake of livestock feed. Two recombinant inbred populations sharing a common parent (Kanota x Ogle and Kanota x Marion), and containing 137 individual lines each, were used to identify genomic regions that influence the beta -glucan content in cultivated oat. Single-factor ANOVA, a backward elimination process, simple interval mapping (SIM) and simplified composite interval mapping (sCIM) were used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Regions on linkage groups 11 and 14 of the hexaploid oat RFLP map influenced beta -glucan levels in both populations and over environments. Other genomic regions were identified whose effects varied depending on the genetic background, but were significant over measurements for a given population. Kanota and Ogle exhibit similar beta -glucan levels and each parent contributed about the same number of positive beta -glucan alleles in the Kanota x Ogle cross. Marion is higher in beta -glucan content than Kanota and contributed all of the positive alleles in the Kanota x Marion cross. Three of the beta -glucan QTL regions identified have been previously implicated as having a significant influence on the great oil content in oat. These correlated QTL regions were either in coupling phase, with a region from one parent having the same effect on both traits, or were in repulsion phase. Identification of coupling- and repulsion-phase QTL regions for beta -glucan and oil content facilitates the use of markers in manipulating these traits in oat breeding. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, Inst Plant Mol Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, USDA, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Food Sci & Nutr, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Quaker Oats Co, John Stuart Res Labs, Barrington, IL 60010 USA. RP Kianian, SF (reprint author), N Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 39 TC 25 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 101 IS 7 BP 1039 EP 1048 DI 10.1007/s001220051578 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 376XU UT WOS:000165482700006 ER PT J AU Yu, Y Tomkins, JP Waugh, R Frisch, DA Kudrna, D Kleinhofs, A Brueggeman, RS Muehlbauer, GJ Wise, RP Wing, RA AF Yu, Y Tomkins, JP Waugh, R Frisch, DA Kudrna, D Kleinhofs, A Brueggeman, RS Muehlbauer, GJ Wise, RP Wing, RA TI A bacterial artificial chromosome library for barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and the identification of clones containing putative resistance genes SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE barley; BAC library; P-loop genes; resistance-gene analog (RGA) ID CYST-NEMATODE RESISTANCE; DISEASE-RESISTANCE; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; PATHOGEN RESISTANCE; MAIZE GENOME; YAC LIBRARY; MLO GENE; CONSTRUCTION; RICE; REGIONS AB Modern cultivated barley is an important cereal crop with an estimated genome size of 5000 Mb. To develop the resources for positional cloning and structural genomic analyses in barley, we constructed a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library for the cultivar Morex using the cloning enzyme HindIII. The library contains 313334 clones (816 384-well plates). A random sampling of 504 clones indicated an average insert size of 106 kbp (range=30-195 kbp) and 3.4% empty vectors. Screening the colony filters for chloroplast DNA content indicated an exceptionally low 1.5% contamination with chloroplast DNA. Thus, the library provides 6.3 haploid genome equivalents allowing a >99% probability of recovering any specific sequence of interest. High-density filters were gridded robotically using a Genetix Q-BOT in a 4x4 double-spotted array on 22.5-cm(2) filters. Each set of 17 filters allows the entire library to be screened with 18432 clones represented pel filter. Screening the library with 40 single copy probes identified an average 6.4 clones per probe, with a range of 1-13 clones per probe. A set of resistance-gene analog (RGA) sequences identified 121 RGA-containing BAC clones representing 20 different regions of the genome with an average of 6.1 clones per locus. Additional screening of the library with a P-loop disease resistance primer probe identified 459 positive BAC clones. These data indicate that this library is a valuable resource for structural genomic applications in barley. C1 Clemson Univ, Genom Inst, BAC EST Resource Ctr, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Scottish Crop Res Inst, Dundee DD2 2DA, Scotland. Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, USDA ARS, Corn Insects & Crop Genet Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Tomkins, JP (reprint author), Clemson Univ, Genom Inst, BAC EST Resource Ctr, Room 100 Jordan Hall, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. OI Wing, Rod/0000-0001-6633-6226 NR 65 TC 157 Z9 164 U1 2 U2 9 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 101 IS 7 BP 1093 EP 1099 DI 10.1007/s001220051584 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 376XU UT WOS:000165482700012 ER PT J AU Winter, P Benko-Iseppon, AM Huttel, B Ratnaparkhe, M Tullu, A Sonnante, G Pfaff, T Tekeoglu, M Santra, D Sant, VJ Rajesh, PN Kahl, G Muehlbauer, FJ AF Winter, P Benko-Iseppon, AM Huttel, B Ratnaparkhe, M Tullu, A Sonnante, G Pfaff, T Tekeoglu, M Santra, D Sant, VJ Rajesh, PN Kahl, G Muehlbauer, FJ TI A linkage map of the chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genome based on recombinant inbred lines from a C-arietinumxC-reticulatum cross: localization of resistance genes for fusarium wilt races 4 and 5 SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE chickpea; genetic map; molecular markers; fusarium wilt; disease resistance genes ID TAGGED MICROSATELLITE SITES; DISEASE-RESISTANCE; ISOZYME POLYMORPHISM; MOLECULAR MARKERS; DNA MARKERS; SEQUENCE; RFLP; INHERITANCE; AFLP; POPULATIONS AB An integrated molecular marker map of the chickpea genome was established using 130 recombinant inbred Lines from a wide cross between a cultivar resistant to fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. emend. Snyd. &. Hans f. sp. ciceri (Padwick) Snyd gr Hans, and an accession of Cicer reticulatum (PI 489777), the wild progenitor of chickpea. A total of 354 markers were mapped on the RILs including 118 STMSs, 96 DAFs, 70 AFLPs, 37 ISSRs, 17 RAPDs, eight isozymes, three cDNAs, two SCARs and three loci that confer resistance against different races of fusarium wilt. At a LOD-score of 4.0, 303 markers cover 2077.9 cM in eight large and eight small linkage groups at an average distance of 6.8 cM between markers. Fifty one markers (14.4%) were unlinked. A clustering of markers in central regions of linkage groups was observed. Markers of the same class, except for ISSR and RAPD markers, tended to generate subclusters. Also, genes for resistance to races 4 and 5 of fusarium wilt map to the same linkage group that includes an STMS and a SCAR marker previously shown to be linked to fusarium wilt race 1, indicating a clustering of several fusarium-wilt resistance genes around this locus. Significant deviation from the expected 1 : 1 segregation ratio was observed for 136 markers (38.4%, P<0.05). Segregation was biased towards the wild progenitor in 68% of the cases. Segregation distortion was similar for all marker types except for ISSRs that showed only 28.5% aberrant segregation. The map is the most extended genetic map of chickpea currently available. It may serve as a basis for marker-assisted selection and map-based cloning of fusarium wilt resistance genes and other agronomically important genes in future. C1 Univ Frankfurt, Bioctr, D-60439 Frankfurt, Germany. Univ Fed Pernambuco, CCB, BR-50732970 Recife, PE, Brazil. USDA, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. CNR, Ist Germoplasma, I-70126 Bari, Italy. Natl Chem Lab, Plant Mol Biol Unit, Poona 411008, Maharashtra, India. RP Winter, P (reprint author), Univ Frankfurt, Bioctr, Marie Curie Str 9, D-60439 Frankfurt, Germany. RI Tullu, Abebe/B-2722-2012; OI SONNANTE, GABRIELLA/0000-0003-0993-6828 NR 50 TC 181 Z9 195 U1 0 U2 9 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 101 IS 7 BP 1155 EP 1163 DI 10.1007/s001220051592 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 376XU UT WOS:000165482700020 ER PT J AU Horan, DL Kershner, JL Hawkins, CP Crowl, TA AF Horan, DL Kershner, JL Hawkins, CP Crowl, TA TI Effects of habitat area and complexity on Colorado River cutthroat trout density in Uinta Mountain streams SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; BROOK TROUT; SALVELINUS-FONTINALIS; BROWN TROUT; WOODY DEBRIS; CLARKI; FEATURES; RECOVERY; FISHES; HETEROGENEITY AB Habitat degradation has reduced the complexity and connectivity of streams on the north slope of the Uinta Mountains in northeastern Utah. These changes have diminished the historical range of Colorado River cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki pleuriticus, isolated the populations of this subspecies, and perhaps increased its risk of extinction. We assessed the effects of fragment area and habitat complexity on Colorado River cutthroat trout density. We studied 88 reaches in 4 isolated stream fragments. At the fragment scale, both the density of adults and habitat complexity increased significantly as fragment size increased. In the smaller fragments, the density of adults was lower while that of juveniles was higher. Habitat differed substantially among fragments. At the reach scale, the density of adults was positively related to elevation, the percentage of undercut banks, and mean substrate particle size and negatively related to residual pool depth and the extent of large woody debris. The density of juveniles was positively related to the extent of large woody debris and negatively related to residual pool depth and stream width. The habitat complexity index was weakly related to adult density at the reach scale. We were not able to distinguish the influence of habitat area or complexity on the density of adults, but a population living in an isolated stream fragment with low habitat complexity probably requires more area to persist than a population of the same size living in a highly complex habitat. C1 US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Boise, ID 83702 USA. Utah State Univ, US Forest Serv, Fish Ecol Unit, Fisheries & Wildlife Dept & Ecol Ctr, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Horan, DL (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Boise, ID 83702 USA. RI Crowl, Todd/C-9576-2011; Hawkins, Charles/A-4530-2008 OI Hawkins, Charles/0000-0003-1247-0248 NR 71 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 129 IS 6 BP 1250 EP 1263 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2000)129<1250:EOHAAC>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 405DB UT WOS:000167141400003 ER PT J AU Burrell, KH Isely, JJ Bunnell, DB Van Lear, DH Dolloff, CA AF Burrell, KH Isely, JJ Bunnell, DB Van Lear, DH Dolloff, CA TI Seasonal movement of brown trout in a southern Appalachian river SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SALMO-TRUTTA L; RAINBOW-TROUT; FOOD LIMITATION; STREAM; TRANSMITTERS; HABITAT; SUMMER; BROOK AB Radio telemetry was used to evaluate the seasonal movement, activity level, and home range size of adult brown trout Salmo trutta in the Chattooga River watershed, one of the southernmost coldwater stream systems in the United States. In all, 27 adult brown trout (262-452 mm total length) were successfully monitored from 16 November 1995 to 15 December 1996. During the day, adult brown trout were consistently found in small, well-established home ranges of less than 270 m in stream length. However, 8 of a possible 18 study fish made spawning migrations during a 2-week period in November 1996. The daytime locations of individual fish were restricted to a single pool or riffle-pool combination, and fish were routinely found in the same location over multiple sampling periods. Maximum upstream movement during spawning was 7.65 km, indicating that brown trout in the Chattooga River have the ability to move long distances. Spawning brown trout returned to their pres- pawning locations within a few days after spawning. Brown trout maintained larger home ranges in winter than in other seasons. When spawning-related movement was deleted from the analysis, brown trout moved more on a weekly basis in fall than in summer. Brown trout were more active in fall and winter than in spring and summer. Apart from spawning migrations, displacement from established home ranges was not observed for any fish in the study. Although summer water temperatures reached and exceeded reported upper thermal-preference levels, brown trout did not move to thermal refuge areas in nearby tributaries during the stressful summer periods. C1 Clemson Univ, Dept Aquaculture Fisheries & Wildlife, US Geol Survey, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Forest Resources, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Aquaculture Fisheries & Wildlife, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Forest Resources, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Colwater Fisheries Res Unit, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Isely, JJ (reprint author), Clemson Univ, Dept Aquaculture Fisheries & Wildlife, US Geol Survey, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. NR 27 TC 33 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 22 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 129 IS 6 BP 1373 EP 1379 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2000)129<1373:SMOBTI>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 405DB UT WOS:000167141400014 ER PT J AU Zuo, Y Erbach, DC Marley, SJ AF Zuo, Y Erbach, DC Marley, SJ TI Soil structure evaluation by using a fiber-optic sensor SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE soil structure; fiber optics; sensor aggregate size; tillage; soil quality ID PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES AB Soil structure is an important measure of soil quality that significantly affects crop production, water-use efficiency, and soil erosion. More effective techniques to measure soil structure are needed to determine if a tillage operation achieves the desired result and whether soil management practices are improving or degrading soil structure. A fiber-optic displacement sensor was used to scan the surface of bulk samples of soil aggregates. The soil was air dried and sieved to aggregate size fractions of < 0.18, 0.18-0.25, 0.25-0.5, 0.5-1, 1-2, 2-4, and 4-8 mm. The sensor following a blade to level the surface at a constant distance beneath the sensor tip, was moved at 5.08 mm/s by a universal testing machine. Voltage output of the sensor was recorded with data acquisition software at sampling rates of 10, 100, and 200 Hz. Mean sensor output voltage decreased significantly (P = 0.05) as aggregate size increased. Values measured for the aggregate size fractions, in the order listed above, were 4.6, 3.1, 2.5, 1.5, 0.8 and 0.2 V, respectively. Data sampling rate had negligible effect on mean output voltage. The number of peaks in the sensor output signal was affected by aggregate size, but was comparatively independent of the gap between sensor and soil surface. Data sampling rate should be greater than 20 readings/mm in order to use the number of peaks in the sensor output signal for discriminating among aggregates of the sizes evaluated in this research. The results indicated that the fiber-optic soil structure sensor may have potential for use in evaluating soil structure. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Program Staff, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, Ames, IA USA. Shanxi Agr Univ, Taigu, Shanxi, Peoples R China. RP Erbach, DC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Program Staff, 5601 Sunnyside Ave,Rm 4-2234, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 13 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1317 EP 1322 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 402EJ UT WOS:000166972800002 ER PT J AU Rosa, UA Upadhyaya, SK Josiah, M Koller, M Mattson, M Pelletier, MG AF Rosa, UA Upadhyaya, SK Josiah, M Koller, M Mattson, M Pelletier, MG TI Analysts of a tomato yield monitor SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE yield monitor yield map; weigh roller frequency response; impulse response; roller misalignment AB A continuous mass flow type tomato yield monitor was analyzed to determine its frequency response characteristics and to get some insight into the design requirements. A continuous beam theory was employed to model a taut conveyor. The impulse response of this device was evaluated and verified experimentally, The analysis clearly showed the effect of misalignment of idler rollers with respect to the weigh roller on the load cell readings and a method of overcoming this problem. Moreover, it also showed the effect of weigh span length in relation to the adjacent span lengths on the accuracy of the system, The model identified design parameters critical to the development of a continuous mass flow type yield monitor that has desired frequency response and spatial resolution. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Davis, CA 95616 USA. USDA, Cotton & Ginning Prod Lab, Lubbock, TX USA. RP Upadhyaya, SK (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, 3036 Bainer Hall, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 4 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1331 EP 1339 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 402EJ UT WOS:000166972800004 ER PT J AU Holt, GA Barker, GL Baker, RV Brashears, A AF Holt, GA Barker, GL Baker, RV Brashears, A TI Characterization of cotton gin byproducts produced by various machinery groups used in the ginning operation SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE cotton; cotton ginning; byproducts; trash; gin trash ID RESIDUES; PLANT AB Byproducts produced from cotton gins have commonly been referred to as trash since they were deemed to have little value. However in some areas of the cotton belt, the byproducts have been utilized successfully. Cotton gin byproducts (CGB) have been fed to livestock, used to make compost, bedding for daily cattle, or applied back on the land to add humus To the soil. Over the years, extensive research has been performed in evaluating and creating uses for CGB. Almost without exception, all research pertaining to utilization of CGB has evaluated or measured some aspect of the product to determine a desired or needed characteristic pertaining to a specific research objective or goal. Currently cotton gins produce various streams of byproducts due to the design and layout of the equipment used in the ginning process. In most every case, the byproducts are combined into a single waste stream and sent to a central location. The objective of this research was to characterize the various parameters of the individual waste streams prior to their being combined, to ascertain if the ginning equipment was sorting the byproducts into components that had more desirable characteristics to potential end users. Our results showed that the extractors, lower gin motes, gin stand feeder, overflow separator and lint cleaners produced a product with more desirable characteristics for livestock feeding and fuel utilization than those byproducts from the inclined cleaners and unloading system. C1 USDA ARS, Cotton Harvesting & Ginning Res Lab, Lubbock, TX 79403 USA. RP Holt, GA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Cotton Harvesting & Ginning Res Lab, Rt 3,Box 215, Lubbock, TX 79403 USA. NR 25 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1393 EP 1400 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 402EJ UT WOS:000166972800010 ER PT J AU Funk, PA Gillum, MN Hughs, SE Pelletier, MG AF Funk, PA Gillum, MN Hughs, SE Pelletier, MG TI Mass flow measurement of seed cotton SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE seed cotton; flow measurement; belt conveyor AB Systems obtaining real-time mass flow data were developed to support cotton gin automation. The experimental systems used the attenuation of optical and ultrasonic signals, inertia, and air pressure differences caused by changes in potential energy. A conveyor belt standard indicated real-time accuracy while a truck scale standard verified accuracy integrated over rime. Conveying air velocity pressure and vertical pipe air pressure differential most accurately reflected mass flow. Their estimate of mass flow rate in real time was within 10% of the belt scale. Both systems are inexpensive to make and easy to add to an existing cotton gin. C1 USDA ARS, So Plains Area, Cotton Prod & Proc Res Unit, Lubbock, TX USA. USDA ARS, SW Cotton Ginning Res Lab, So Plains Area, Mesilla Pk, NM 88047 USA. RP Funk, PA (reprint author), USDA ARS, SW Cotton Ginning Res Lab, So Plains Area, POB 578,Mesilla Pk, Mesilla Pk, NM 88047 USA. NR 12 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1401 EP 1407 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 402EJ UT WOS:000166972800011 ER PT J AU Thistle, HW AF Thistle, HW TI The role of stability in fine pesticide droplet dispersion in the atmosphere: A review of physical concepts SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE spray dispersion; atmospheric stability; turbulence; droplet ID DRIFT; AIRCRAFT; MODEL AB The investigation of the role of atmospheric stability in the atmospheric dispersion of pesticide sprays and powders has largely been approached from an empirical standpoint. This article discusses the physical basis underlying the observed results relying on work done by boundary layer meteorologists and air pollution engineers. An examination of the turbulence equation, atmospheric turbulence spectra, and simple applied modeling techniques based on accumulated data all lead to the conclusion that atmospheric stability will influence droplet dispersion through reduced mixing as the atmosphere becomes more stable. The magnitude and interaction of stability with spray application parameters requires further study. C1 US Forest Serv, FHTET, USDA, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Thistle, HW (reprint author), US Forest Serv, FHTET, USDA, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. NR 21 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1409 EP 1413 PG 5 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 402EJ UT WOS:000166972800012 ER PT J AU Jin, CX Romkens, MJM Griffioen, F AF Jin, CX Romkens, MJM Griffioen, F TI Estimating Manning's roughness coefficient for shallow overland flow in non-submerged vegetative filter strips SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE Manning's roughness coefficient; overland flow; vegetative filter strips ID BUFFER STRIPS; RUNOFF; FEEDLOT AB Results of an experimental study showed that overland flow in non-submerged vegetative filter strips can be described by the Petryk and Bosmajian's modified Manning's formula with a variable roughness coefficient. The roughness coefficient is made up of the shear stress caused by the boundary roughness and the drag force caused by the vegetative elements. The resistance due To vegetation was related to vegetation density and flow depth. For small flow rates, the shear stress at the boundary played the major role. As the pow rare increased, the drag force due to the vegetative elements became dominant. The model can be used to estimate flow velocity in vegetative filter strips (VFS). C1 USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. RP Jin, CX (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, POB 1157, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. NR 28 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1459 EP 1466 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 402EJ UT WOS:000166972800018 ER PT J AU Harmel, RD Richardson, CW King, KW AF Harmel, RD Richardson, CW King, KW TI Hydrologic response of a small watershed model to generated precipitation SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE weather generation; watershed modeling; hydrology ID SIMULATION AB Watershed models such as SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) simulate water quality impacts of land and water resource management alternatives. To simulate these impacts, long-term daily rainfall data are necessary. In the absence of measured rainfall data, watershed models use weather generators to simulate rainfall events. The objective of this study is to examine several daily precipitation generators in terms of the hydrologic response of SWAT SWAT is generally applied to large river basins but has been validated and applied on the small watershed scale as well. Daily rainfall inputs included a 60-year measured rainfall record from 1939 to 1998 for Riesel, Texas, in the heart of the Blackland Prairie, and data generated with the precipitation components of three weather generation programs: WGEN, WXGEN, and USCLIMATE. Measured and generated rainfall were input into SWAT and run for a 53 ha watershed near Riesel, Texas. Rainfall totals, extreme rainfall events, and the resulting hydrologic responses of runoff volume and peak flows were then examined. For this study scenario, WXGEN was able to more closely match observed rainfall than WGEN and USCLIMATE, In terms of resulting SWAT hydrologic response, WXGEN rainfall best reproduced runoff volumes simulated with measured rainfall, and USCLIMATE performed better in reproducing peak runoff rates. These are important results as probabilities of exceeding runoff volume or peak flow thresholds are often questions of interest in watershed projects. C1 USDA ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, Temple, TX 76502 USA. RP Harmel, RD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, 808 E Blackland Rd, Temple, TX 76502 USA. RI Harmel, Daren/L-5162-2013 NR 15 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1483 EP 1488 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 402EJ UT WOS:000166972800021 ER PT J AU Bonta, JV Goyal, VC AF Bonta, JV Goyal, VC TI Comparison of drip-flow/low-flow measuring devices for infiltrometer runoff measurements SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE infiltration; infiltrometer; spatial variability; hydrology; GIS; instrumentation ID SPATIAL VARIABILITY AB Runoff is generated on landscapes in a deterministic and random, bur unquantifiable manner; and measurements of the spatial variability of infiltration and seepage under natural-precipitation conditions are highly desirable. Runoff from small natural-precipitation infiltrometer plots (0.25 m(2)) under natural conditions can be merely drip flows, or they can be larger flows when runoff is produced simultaneously from high-intensity rains and seepage. A study of a drip-flow/low-flow nozzle/rotor flow-measuring system that met design requirements for runoff measurement is presented Comparison of different nozzle configurations led to the selection of the rotor of a Price current meter, in combination with a unique nozzle that incorporated a drip diverter, an internal flow baffle, and drip-control silicone beads. The best nozzle/rotor combination yielded a rating curve with a resolution less than design requirements, and worked well with flows as high as similar to6 L min(-1), greater than design requirements. A combined function using linear segments for low flows, and a 4th degree polynomial for high flows, comprised the raring curve. The average residual error about the function was 0.113 L min(-1). Unsteady pow tests with the nozzle showed that the rating curve and nozzle/rotor assembly worked well, with the median error in volume of -21 ml for 12 synthesized "events". The device is a standalone measuring system that can be placed anywhere on the landscape, and only electrical pulses, representing rotor-rotation speed require measurement. The nozzle/rotor system can be used for other applications in which drip and low flows need to be measured, such as for rain gauges, percolation flows from lysimeters, spring flows, etc. C1 USDA ARS, N Appalachian Expt Watershed, Coshocton, OH 43812 USA. Natl Hydrol Res Inst, Hydrol Instrumentat Div, Roorkee, Uttar Pradesh, India. RP Bonta, JV (reprint author), USDA ARS, N Appalachian Expt Watershed, POB 488, Coshocton, OH 43812 USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1489 EP 1498 PG 10 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 402EJ UT WOS:000166972800022 ER PT J AU Tucker, MA Thomas, DL Bosch, DD Vellidis, G AF Tucker, MA Thomas, DL Bosch, DD Vellidis, G TI GIS-based coupling of GLEAMS and REMM. Hydrology: I. Development and sensitivity SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE hydrologic modeling; water table; hydrology; runoff; hydraulic conductivity ID MODEL; POLLUTION; SYSTEMS; BUFFER; RUNOFF AB Movement of water from agricultural fields and into adjacent riparian areas is an important process in minimizing pollution for a large percentage of agricultural lands. Models have been developed for upland agricultural areas and for riparian zones. Creating a flexible structure for linking two different models is both desirable and needed for complete analysis of the systems. Since water is the primary mechanism for pollutant transport, creating a system which manages both surface and subsurface water movement is a first priority An integrated model system was developed for joining the hydrologic portions of GLEAMS and REMM in a cascaded format to determine the fate of surface and subsurface water leaving an upland cultivated area and traversing a riparian forest. Data was managed within a GIS to aid in inputting and manipulating both spatial and nonspatial model parameters. Transfer of subsurface flow from the upland model to the riparian model was achieved through Darcy's equation. Partitioning of the flow was based on the hydraulic conductivity of the different layers and the depth of the water table, The model system was able to account for saturated zones encountered in the riparian area by raising the water table. The model system responded as would be expected under relatively extreme changes in precipitation for both shallow groundwater levels and runoff The model system also exhibited expected behavior under different leaf area index (LAI) parameters within the forest. The shallow groundwater levels and runoff were not drastically affected, but the levels of response were within the range of expectations. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. USDA ARS, SE Watershed Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Kelly Mfg Co, Tifton, GA USA. RP Thomas, DL (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 29 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1525 EP 1534 PG 10 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 402EJ UT WOS:000166972800026 ER PT J AU Tucker, MA Thomas, DL Bosch, DD Vellidis, G AF Tucker, MA Thomas, DL Bosch, DD Vellidis, G TI GIS-based coupling of GLEAMS and REMM hydrology: II. Field test results SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE water quality; models ID COASTAL-PLAIN; TRANSPORT; BUFFER; RUNOFF AB Agricultural fields border riparian areas in many locations. These riparian areas provide important filtering capabilities for agricultural chemicals and sediment leaving upland agricultural areas. Several models have been developed for upland agricultural areas and for riparian zones. The need to integrate such models through a flexible structure which represents the field conditions is highly desirable. Since water is the primary mechanism for pollutant transport, the system must be capable of managing both surface and subsurface water movement. The hydrology components of the upland agriculturally oriented wafer quality model, GLEAMS, and the riparian ecosystem management model, REMM, were coupled through a GIS to allow evaluation of agricultural and forest management impacts on water movement for typical field situations in the southeastern Coastal Plain. Programs and subroutines were developed to allow delineation of field areas, identification and maintenance of data based on the field map, and incorporation of data to the input data format for each model. The model system was capable of representing the shallow groundwater levels from forest management practices of clear-cut, thinned, and mature forests in field comparisons with measured values from the Gibbs Research Farm near Tifton, Georgia, for 27 months of comparison data between 1992 and 1994. Simulated monthly average shallow groundwater levels were within 0.14, 0.08, and 0.25 m of measured groundwater levels for the clear-cut, thinned, and mature forest treatments, respectively. Correlation results for the same treatments indicated at least an r(2) of 0.78 for all simulated versus measured monthly shallow ground water results. The model system did nor respond as well in representing field conditions on total monthly runoff. Average monthly differences in total simulated runoff were 0.73, 1.19, and 0.48 cm lower (highly significantly) than measured results for the clear-cut, thinned, and mature forest management treatments from the Gibbs Farm site, respectively. No correlation was indicated between simulated and measured total runoff The model system did, however; indicate the runoff trends expected due to changes in forest management. As the number of trees and canopy increased, runoff decreased. The model system has the potential of providing a cost effective method of incorporating multiple model characteristics into management practice evaluations. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Kelly Mfg Co, Tifton, GA USA. USDA ARS, SE Watershed Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Thomas, DL (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 20 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1535 EP 1544 PG 10 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 402EJ UT WOS:000166972800027 ER PT J AU Bjorneberg, DL Aase, JK Westermann, DT AF Bjorneberg, DL Aase, JK Westermann, DT TI Controlling sprinkler irrigation runoff, erosion, and phosphorus loss with straw and polyacrylamide SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE sprinkler irrigation; surface residue; PAM; erosion control ID SILT LOAM SOIL; TILLAGE SYSTEMS; CONSERVATION TILLAGE; WATER CHEMISTRY; FURROW EROSION; INFILTRATION; AMENDMENTS; RAINFALL; POLYMERS; RESIDUE AB Controlling runoff and soil erosion are important for maintaining soil productivity and reducing off-site impairment due to sediment and nutrient enrichment. Previous research has shown that crop residue and polyacrylamide (PAM) can reduce runoff and soil erosion. We compared the combined effects of surface residue and PAM on runoff soil loss, and phosphorus loss from sprinkler irrigated soil in the laboratory We hypothesized that surface residue would enhance the effectiveness of sprinkler-applied PAM by allowing PAM to stabilize the soil surface with less disturbance by water drops. Steel boxes (1.5 m long, 1.2 m wide, and 0.2 m deep) were filled with Roza loam (fine, smectitic, mesic xerertic Haplocambids) and irrigated at 80 mm h (-1) for 15 min. Wheat straw was applied for two separate tests (70% and 30% straw cover). The PAM was applied at 0, 2 or 4 kg ha (-1) during the first irrigation, followed by two wafer-only irrigations. Applying PAM to straw-covered soil controlled runoff erosion, and phosphorus losses equally or better than using either PAM or straw alone. The 70% straw cover reduced cumulative runoff for the three irrigations 75 to 80% compared to 30 to 50% reduction with PAM alone. Polyacrylamide alone or 30% surface cover alone produced similar results, both reducing cumulative runoff 10 to 20% compared to untreated bare soil. Since runoff erosion and phosphorus loss were reduced when PAM and surface residue were used individually and to a greater extent when used together management choices should depend on overall costs and control needed to meet water quality and production goals. C1 USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. RP Bjorneberg, DL (reprint author), USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, 3796 N 3600 E, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. NR 37 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1545 EP 1551 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 402EJ UT WOS:000166972800028 ER PT J AU Lentz, RD Sojka, RE AF Lentz, RD Sojka, RE TI Applying polymers to irrigation water: Evaluating strategies for furrow erosion control SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE water-soluble polyacrylamide; PAM; soil erosion; sediment; infiltration ID POLYACRYLAMIDE; SOIL; INFILTRATION; ADSORPTION; FIELDS AB Adding dilute quantities of moderate-charge-density anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) to furrow irrigation water can greatly reduce runoff soil losses and, in some cases, increase net infiltration. We evaluated different strategies for adding PAM to irrigation water to determine which was most effective. The PAM was applied to irrigation water in gated irrigation pipe as dry granules, or to furrow inflows as a stock solution. Treatment efficacy varied primarily with irrigation inflow-rate, PAM concentration in irrigation water duration of furrow exposure, and total PAM applied. The most effective erosion-control treatments either (1) applied an initial dose of PAM at 10 mg L-1 in irrigation inflows only during the furrow advance period; (2) applied an initial 5 mg L-1 dose. then reapplied PAM for 5 to 15 min episodically at similar concentrations; or (3) continually applied 1 to 2 mg L-1 to irrigation inflows. The full-advance treatment reduced sediment loss by 93%, compared to 60% for the continuous 0.25 mg L-1 PAM application when slopes were 1 to 2%. Dry and solution applications controlled erosion about equally. The PAM applications were economical and effective methods for controlling furrow-irrigation induced erosion, under a broad range of field conditions. C1 USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. RP Lentz, RD (reprint author), USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, 3793 N 3600 E, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. NR 28 TC 28 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1561 EP 1568 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 402EJ UT WOS:000166972800030 ER PT J AU Gilley, JE Risse, LM AF Gilley, JE Risse, LM TI Runoff and soil loss as affected by the application of manure SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE animal waste; erosion; land application; manure application; runoff; runoff volume; soil loss ID POULTRY LITTER; FEEDLOT MANURE; PHOSPHORUS; TILLAGE; FERTILIZER; MANAGEMENT; NITROGEN AB Manure has been used effectively to improve crop production and soil properties because it contains nutrients and organic matter. While it is generally accepted that the improved soil properties associated with manure application lead to changes in runoff and soil erosion, few studies have quantified these impacts. Water quality models used to assess watershed management and estimate total maximum daily load must accurately predict loading rates from fields where manure has been applied. This study was conducted to assemble and summarize information quantifying the effects of manure application on runoff and soil loss resulting from natural precipitation events, and to develop regression equations relating runoff and soil loss to annual manure application rates, For selected locations at which manure was added annually, runoff was reduced from 2 to 62%, and soil loss decreased from 15 to 65% compared to non-manured sites. Measured runoff and soil loss values were reduced substantially as manure application rates increased. Regression equations were developed relating runoff and soil loss to manure application for rates ranging from 11 to 45 Mg ha(-1), and slope lengths varying from 21 to 24 m. The equations can be used in estimating environmental impacts or to account for manure applications in water quality modeling efforts. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Gilley, JE (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, LW Chase Hall,Rm 251, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 32 TC 77 Z9 88 U1 2 U2 15 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1583 EP 1588 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 402EJ UT WOS:000166972800032 ER PT J AU Bakhsh, A Kanwar, RS Karlen, DL Cambardella, CA Colvin, TS Moorman, TB Bailey, TB AF Bakhsh, A Kanwar, RS Karlen, DL Cambardella, CA Colvin, TS Moorman, TB Bailey, TB TI Tillage and nitrogen management effects on crop yield and residual soil nitrate SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE chisel plow; no-till; preplant nitrogen; corn; soybean; water quality ID SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE WATER; CORN YIELD; ROOT-ZONE; QUALITY; SYSTEM; FLOW; GROUNDWATER; FERTILIZER; COLUMNS; IOWA AB Tillage and N management can have great impact on crop yield and off-site transport of nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N). This six-year field study on tile-drained Clyde-Kenyon-Floyd soils in northeast Iowa was conducted to quantify corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max (L.)Merr) yield and residual soil NO3-N. Eight treatments (chisel plow vs no-tillage by preplant versus late-spring N-management for both corn and soybean phases of a rotation) were evaluated using a randomized complete block design. Preplant N was applied by injecting liquid urea-ammonium nitrate solution (UAN) at a rate of 110 kg N ha(-1). Late-spring soil-test based N-rates averaged 179 and 156 kg N ha(-1) for no-till and chisel treatments, respectively. No additional N was applied to soybean. Average corn yield on chisel plots was significantly (P = 0.05) higher than with no-tillage for both preplant (7.9 vs 6.9 Mg ha(-1)) and late-spring (8.6 vs 8.1 Mg ha(-1)) N-management, Average soybean yield where corn had received preplant N (3.6 Mg ha(-1)) was significantly (P = 0.05) greater than where late-spring N-management (3.4 Mg ha(-1)) was used. Residual tillage effects did not significantly (P = 0.05) affect soybean yield. The average residual soil NO3-N to a depth of 1.2 m following corn was significantly (P = 0.05) lower for preplant (21 kg N ha(-1)) than late spring (29 kg N ha(-1)) N-management under no-till system, presumably reflecting differences in N application rates. Residual soil NO3-N following soybean was significantly (P = 0.05) lower in no-till (28 kg N ha(-1)) than chisel (37 kg N ha(-1)) plots. Average over-winter changes in residual soil NO3-N were greatest in corn plots previously fertilized with a single preplant application (+13 to 18 kg N ha(-1)) and most variable following soybean in plots where corn was fertilized based on late-spring nitrate test (LSNT) values (-8.5 to +6.3 kg N ha(-1)). Therefore development of efficient N-management strategies may require complete understanding of N-cycling processes taking place in the soil profile over winter months. The results of the study demonstrate that chisel plow increased corn yield with late-spring N-management and with preplant N when compared to no-till system. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Stat, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Bakhsh, A (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, 125B Davidson Hall, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 34 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1589 EP 1595 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 402EJ UT WOS:000166972800033 ER PT J AU Bosch, DD Truman, CC Leonard, RA AF Bosch, DD Truman, CC Leonard, RA TI Atrazine and carbofuran transport through the vadose zone in the Claiborne aquifer recharge area SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE soils; aquifers; pesticide; transport; water quality; atrazine; carbofuran ID ALACHLOR DISSIPATION; 2-COMPARTMENT MODEL; SOIL; GROUNDWATER; METOLACHLOR; IRRIGATION; MOVEMENT; RUNOFF; WATER; CORN AB A 1-ha field plot with a sandy surface soil, located near Plains, Georgia, was studied for three years (from 1993 to 1995) to evaluate pesticide transport in the vadose zone. Vadose zone soil samples were collected 23 times: prior to the initial 1993 pesticide application, each year at approximately 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 44 days after pesticide application, each fall after harvest, and in the spring of 1995 prior to planting. The samples were analyzed for atrazine, carbofuran, deethylatrazine (DEA), and deisopropylatrazine (DIA). Atrazine and carbafuran in the active root zone (< 100 cm) degraded rapidly. Overall, the higher concentration levels of atrazine, DEA, DIA, and carbofuran were limited to the top 25 cm of the profile and to the period from 1 to 30 days after application. On the average, by 30 days after application 83% of the atrazine and 96% of the carbofuran had degraded. By 44 days after application, virtually all of the pesticides in the top 250 cm of the soil had degraded. Atrazine was found to be more persistent than was carbofuran with a half life approximately twice that for carbofuran. A two-stage model with a variable dissipation rate for the period up to 44 days after pesticide application and a second dissipation rate far periods greater than that was found to fit the data better than a single stage model. For the first 44 days after application, the first-order decay rate with a half life of 12 days was found to fit the field data for atrazine within the soil profile. A first-order decay rate with a half life of approximately 6 days fit the observed carbofuran data best. The dissipation rate decreased rapidly after the first 44 days. When a two-stage dissipation process was assumed, the dissipation rate coefficient decreased from 0.059 to 0.006 (days(-1)) for atrazine, while for carbofuran it decreased from 0.110 to 0.018 (days(-1)). Observed levels of the atrazine metabolites DIA and DEA were highest in the top 1 cm of the soil. There appeared to be some movement or creation of the metabolites at lower depths in the profile later in the growing season, bur not at large concentrations. C1 USDA ARS, SE Watershed Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Bosch, DD (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Watershed Res Lab, POB 946, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 29 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1609 EP 1620 PG 12 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 402EJ UT WOS:000166972800035 ER PT J AU Kang, S Delwiche, SR AF Kang, S Delwiche, SR TI Moisture diffusion coefficients of single wheat kernels with assumed simplified geometries: Analytical approach SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE wheat; moister; diffusion; tempering ID VAPOR DIFFUSIVITY; CORN AB Using a combination of soaking data and an analytical solution of the diffusion equation, moisture diffusion coefficients of single wheat kernels were determined for nine commercial varieties representing six marker classes of U.S. wheat. Two geometric conditions, the whole kernel as a prolate spheroid, and the endosperm (also modeled as prolate spheroidal) and pericarp as separate components, were examined Values from the analytical solution for a sphere were adjusted by a geometrical correction factor to more closely represent the response of a prolate spheroid. The ranges in diffusion coefficients were 0.39 x 10(-10) to 1.04 x 10(-10) m(2)/s for endosperm and 0.04 x 10(-10) to 0.28 x 10(-10) m(2)/s for pericarp. Compared to the pericarp, moisture diffused more rapidly in the endosperm, Soft wheats tended to have a more permeable pericarp layer than hard wheats, which resulted in a greater overall rate of diffusion, despite the endosperm of these two groups being nearly equivalent in diffusion coefficient value. C1 USDA ARS, Instrumentat & Sensing Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Delwiche, SR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Instrumentat & Sensing Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Bldg 303,BARC-E,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 22 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1653 EP 1659 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 402EJ UT WOS:000166972800039 ER PT J AU Kim, S Schatzki, TF AF Kim, S Schatzki, TF TI Apple watercore sorting system using X-ray imagery: I. Algorithm development SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE apples; red delicious; watercore damage; X-ray imaging; neural nets; feature extraction; two-dimensional imaging ID DETECTING WATERCORE AB Watercore is an internal disorder that leads to breakdown of tissue and possibly loss or downgrade of the product. It is very difficult to determine whether an apple contains watercore or not, especially in the early stages, based solely on external information, since watercore does not alter external texture until after severe internal breakdown. In this study, we explored the possibility of using two-dimensional (2-D) X-ray imaging to detect internal watercore damage in apples. The algorithm to detect Red 'Delicious' watercore apples consists of two stages, the first stage extracts features from the apple x-ray. image and the second stage categorizes apples into different watercore levels using the features identified. A total of eight features were extracted from an x-ray scanned apple image and these features were fed into neural network classifier to categorize them into three different classes, clean, mild, and severe. The results showed that the system was able to correctly recognize apples into clean and severe categories within 5-8% false positive and negative ratios. The result also showed that the algorithm was able to recognize apples independent of apple orientation, but only if the stem-calyx axis made a fixed angle with the x-ray beam. Sorting at random apple orientation was not tested. The estimated speed of the system, if implemented on a DSP board, will be fast enough to keep up with the current apple processing line. C1 USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Schatzki, TF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 24 TC 35 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1695 EP 1702 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 402EJ UT WOS:000166972800045 ER PT J AU Nelson, SO Bartley, PG AF Nelson, SO Bartley, PG TI Measuring frequency- and temperature-dependent dielectric properties of food materials SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE dielectric properties; foods; radio frequencies; microwave; permittivity; temperature dependence; frequency dependence ID PERMITTIVITY MEASUREMENTS; AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS; COMPLEX PERMITTIVITY; RF; WATER AB A technique employing an open-ended coaxial-line probe, network analyzer and a sample temperature control device, designed for use with the coaxial-line probe, is described for measuring frequency- and temperature-dependent dielectric properties of food materials. Results of measurements on a macaroni and cheese food product are presented as an example at frequencies of 27, 40, 915, and 1800 MHz for the temperature range from 5 to 100 degreesC. Dielectric constant decreases with increasing temperature, although more slowly in the 5 to 30 degreesC range at microwave frequencies of 915 and 1800 MHz than at the lower dielectric heating frequencies of 27 and 40 MHz. The dielectric loss factor increases with increasing temperature although it shows much less temperature dependence at the microwave frequencies. C1 USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. Old Dominion Univ, Coll Engn & Technol, Dept Engn Technol, Norfolk, VA USA. RP Nelson, SO (reprint author), USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 16 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1733 EP 1736 PG 4 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 402EJ UT WOS:000166972800050 ER PT J AU Gilley, JE Spare, DP Koelsch, RK Schulte, DD Miller, PS Parkhurst, AM AF Gilley, JE Spare, DP Koelsch, RK Schulte, DD Miller, PS Parkhurst, AM TI Phototrophic anaerobic lagoons as affected by copper and zinc in swine diets SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE anaerobic bacteria; lagoon effluent; manure management practices; odor control; swine lagoon waste ID PIGS AB Odor emissions from anaerobic lagoons containing large populations of phototrophic bacteria are usually minimal. This study was conducted to determine whether copper (123 ppm) and zinc (2,310 ppm) in diets fed to weanling pigs for therapeutic purposes affect phototrophic conditions within lagoons. Column reactors containing 47 L of swine lagoon sludge and supernatant were used to represent lagoons. The reactors were placed in an environmental chamber maintained at 24 degrees C. Copper zinc, and control manure were added to the reactors at a volatile solids loading rate of 128 g(vs) m(-3) da(-1) using a hydraulic retention time of 32.5 days. Bacteriochlorophyll a, copper, reduction-oxidation potential, salinity, sulfate, sulfide, and zinc were then measured for at least 99 days. Sulfide, total copper and total zinc were the only parameters to be significantly impacted. The copper and zinc concentrations in the sludge increased but that of supernatant in the individual reactors changed little during the study period. However the addition of dietary copper significantly increased the concentrations of sulfides in the supernatant, creating a condition that appeared tonic to phototrophic bacteria. In contrast, a decrease in sulfide concentration resulted from the addition of dietary zinc, resulting in an environment that may have been favorable to phototrophic bacteria. Thus, to minimize potential odor concerns, zinc rather than copper may be the best choice as a dietary supplement for weanling pigs. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Keller Bliesner Engn, Logan, UT USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Biol Syst Engn, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Biometry, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Gilley, JE (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, LW Chase Hall,Rm 251, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 26 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1853 EP 1859 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 402EJ UT WOS:000166972800065 ER PT J AU Chao, K Gates, RS Sigrimis, N AF Chao, K Gates, RS Sigrimis, N TI Fuzzy logic controller design for staged heating and ventilating systems SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE broiler; energy conservation; environment control; greenhouse; HVAC; knowledge based systems engineering; simulation ID STEM ROSE PRODUCTION; ECONOMIC OPTIMIZATION; MODEL AB Conventional stage controllers (CSC) for interior environment control of agricultural facilities are prevalent and well suited for slowly varying loads, smaller facilities with few stages of control, and in cases where "discrete proportional control" is deemed adequate. Ad hoc implementation schemes for using the same CSC over a range in size of building heating and ventilating systems, from one hearing and cooling stage to many are practiced in the industry. A fuzzy logic controller (FLC) was developed to satisfy a broad spectrum of installation sizes without any modification. Principles for designing an environment controller that can mimic CSC behavior over a broad range of system size were applied. By adjusting a single additional input this controller provides users with a trade-off between energy use and control precision. Simulations were conducted using the same FLC in a greenhouse and a broiler house; these two examples were selected for their considerable difference in magnitude of energy transfer and loads. Disturbances investigated included: variations in outside temperature, internal heat load (or solar load), and step changes in set point temperature. FLC system responses are compared with a representative CSC for stability, overshoot and mean square error from set point temperature. The FLC was able to keep the root-mean-square errors to 1.0 to 4.0 degreesC, depending on different energy use settings. The FLC provided useful improvements in performance over a CSC, and is readily implemented in modem electronic controllers with floating point arithmetic capability. C1 Univ Kentucky, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, Lexington, KY 40546 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Instrumentat & Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Agr Univ Athens, Dept Agr Engn, Athens, Greece. RP Gates, RS (reprint author), Univ Kentucky, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, 213 Agr Engn Bldg, Lexington, KY 40546 USA. RI Gates, Richard/M-4367-2014 OI Gates, Richard/0000-0003-2812-1739 NR 49 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1885 EP 1894 PG 10 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 402EJ UT WOS:000166972800068 ER PT J AU Yang, C Everitt, JH Bradford, JM Escobar, DE AF Yang, C Everitt, JH Bradford, JM Escobar, DE TI Mapping grain sorghum growth and yield variations using airborne multispectral digital imagery SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE image classification; precision agriculture; remote sensing; spatial variability; yield monitor ID MANAGEMENT AB Airborne digital imagery is becoming an increasingly important data source for precision agriculture. In this study, airborne digital imagery and yield monitor data were used to map plant growth and yield variability. Color-infrared (CIR) images were acquired from a grain sorghum field five times during the 1998 growing season, and yield monitor data were also collected from the field during harvest. The images were georeferenced and then classified into zones of homogeneous spectral response using unsupervised classification procedures. The images and unsupervised classification maps clearly revealed the consistency and change of plant growth patterns over the growing season. Correlation analyses showed grain yield was significantly related to the individual near-infrared (NIR), red, and green bands of the CIR images and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) for the five dates. Stepwise linear regression was also used to relate yield to the three bands for each of the five dates, and the three images obtained at and after the peak growth produced higher R-2-values (0.64, 0.66, and 0.61) than the other two early season images (0.39 and 0.37), Yield maps generated from the three best images agreed well with a yield map from the yield monitor data. These results demonstrated that airborne digital imagery can be a very useful data source for detecting plant growth and yield variability for precision agriculture. C1 USDA ARS, Kika Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Yang, C (reprint author), USDA ARS, Kika Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, 2413 E Highway 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 23 TC 36 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1927 EP 1938 PG 12 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 402EJ UT WOS:000166972800073 ER PT J AU Evett, SR AF Evett, SR TI The TACQ computer program for automatic time domain reflectometry measurements: I. Design and operating characteristics SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE SCADA; TDR; time domain reflectometry; bulk electrical conductivity; soil water content; waveform interpretation; soil temperature ID SOIL-WATER CONTENT; ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY; ELECTROMAGNETIC DETERMINATION; MOISTURE; PROBES; SYSTEM; LINES AB Despite the increased use of time domain reflectometry (TDR) for measurement of soil water content and bulk electrical conductivity (BEC), there are few public releases of software for TDR system control. The TACO program, under development since the early 1990s on a wide variery of soils, allows control of multiplexed systems supporting up to 256 TDR probes. The program is DOS-based to ease creation of low-power embedded completer systems; and to eliminate resource conflicts and timing difficulties inherent to multi-tasking, Windows-based operating systems. So that it can be easily used in embedded systems, the program was written to run with as little as 640 kbytes of RAM and I Mbyte of expanded memory, and with a variety of graphics standards and CPUs ranging from 80186 to Pentium. Embedded computer systems based on the PC-104 specification have been implemented using TACQ; and the program has been integrated into a supervisory control and data acquisition system (SCADA)for irrigation scheduling and control, Using a parallel port, the program controls multiplexers from both Campbell Scientific (Logan, Utah), and Dynamax (Houston, Texas); and it allows reading of probes in any user-defined order if using the latter The user has complete control over multiplexer address assignments, interconnection of multiplexers, and probe locations on each multipler;er; including individual settings for probe length, window width, averaging, distance to each probe, gain, and type of data acquired (waveform, travel time, apparent permittivity, water content, relative voltages for bulk electrical conductivity, or a combination of these). interfaces to TDR instruments including Tektronix 1502 (modified), 1502B, and 1502C cable testers are implemented through an RS-232 port, Concurrent temperature data may also be acquired (ComputerBoards models CIO-DASx). System power control is implemented through the computer's own power management capabilities, and through direct control of power to the TDR instrument and video subsystem where applicable, thus allowing creation of very low-power systems. The program is stable and suitable for use in environmental measurement systems that are unattended for long periods of lime. Waveform interpretation methods are discussed in the second paper in this series. C1 USDA ARS, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. RP Evett, SR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, 2300 Expt Stn Rd, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. NR 28 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1939 EP 1946 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 402EJ UT WOS:000166972800074 ER PT J AU Evett, SR AF Evett, SR TI The TACQ computer program for automatic time domain reflectometry measurements: II. Waveform interpretation methods SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE TDR; time domain reflectometry; computer program; soil water content; waveform interpretation; bulk electrical conductivity; BEC ID SOIL-WATER CONTENT; ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY; ELECTROMAGNETIC DETERMINATION; PROBES; MOISTURE; SYSTEM; LINES AB Despite the increased use of rime domain reflecrometry (TDR) for measurement of soil water content and bulk electrical conductivity (BEC), there are few public releases of software for TDR system control. Even though graphical interpretation of the waveform to find pulse travel times is key to success with the method, the few published descriptions of computer methods are incomplete. The TACQ program, under development since the early 1990s on a wide variety of soils, allows control of multiplexed systems supporting up to 256 TDR probes. Waveform interpretation methods are user-controlled and allow interpretation using various methods reported in the literature or methods available only in TACQ. The default methods allow automatic interpretation of waveforms from a variety of media including loose, air-dry soil, and wet clay. The present study shows that interpretation methods can have a large effect on reported water contents, The additive effects can result in water content change errors as large as 0.08 m(3) m(-3) as the soil wets and dries, and as TDR system temperature changes over a season. Thus, the interpretation methods used should be reported in rigorous studies involving TDR water content determination, calibration, and temperature effects. The TACQ program, and documentation, may be downloaded from http://www.cprl.ars.usda.gov/programs/. C1 USDA ARS, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. RP Evett, SR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, 2300 Expt Stn Rd, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. NR 23 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1947 EP 1956 PG 10 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 402EJ UT WOS:000166972800075 ER PT J AU Daly, C Taylor, GH Gibson, WP Parzybok, TW Johnson, GL Pasteris, PA AF Daly, C Taylor, GH Gibson, WP Parzybok, TW Johnson, GL Pasteris, PA TI High-quality spatial climate data sets for the United States and beyond SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE climate maps; spatial climate; precipitation; temperature; GIS; PRISM ID PRECIPITATION; RUNOFF AB A number of peer-reviewed, spatial climate data sets of excellent quality and detail for the United States are now available. The data sets are suitable for a variety of modeling, analysis, and decision-making activities. These products are the result of collaboration between Oregon State University's Spatial Climate Analysis Service and USDA NRCS, NOAA Office of Global Programs, NOAA National Climatic Data Center NASA, Environment Canada, and other agencies. The development of these high-quality maps was made possible through the development and use of PRISM, a knowledge-based climate analysis system that uses point climate data, a digital elevation model, and other spatial data sets to generate gridded, GIS-compatible estimates of annual, monthly and event-based climatic elements. Mapped elements currently available for the United Stares include 1961-1990 mean monthly and annual precipitation, maximum and minimum temperature, dew point temperature, relative humidity: snowfall, heating and cooling degree days, growing degree days, median last spring and first fall frost dates, median freeze-free season length, and others. In addition, century-long gridded time series of monthly precipitation and minimum and maximum temperature for the lower 48 states will be available in 2001. Map products for other countries, including China and Canada, are nearing completion. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Geosci, Spatial Climate Anal Serv, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USDA, NRCS Natl Water & Climate Ctr, Portland, OR USA. RP Daly, C (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Geosci, Spatial Climate Anal Serv, 316 Strand Agr Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 29 TC 79 Z9 85 U1 1 U2 25 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1957 EP 1962 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 402EJ UT WOS:000166972800076 ER PT J AU Panter, KE Stegelmeier, BL AF Panter, KE Stegelmeier, BL TI Reproductive toxicoses of food animals SO VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-FOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE LA English DT Article ID LAYING HENS; LIVESTOCK; CATTLE; MALFORMATIONS AB Reproductive dysfunction has many potential causes. In this article, the authors discuss toxicants that have been shown to affect reproduction, with emphasis on food-producing animals and fowl. The discussion is brief and written to provide a resource for clinicians, students, and scientists by focusing on toxicant-induced reproductive dysfunction and discussing the toxicant, source, clinical effects, and Livestock species known or suspected to be affected. C1 ARS, USDA, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, Logan, UT 84341 USA. RP Panter, KE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, 1150 E 1400 N, Logan, UT 84341 USA. NR 38 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0749-0720 J9 VET CLIN N AM-FOOD A JI Vet. Clin. N. Am.-Food Anim. Pract. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 16 IS 3 BP 531 EP + PG 16 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 371YE UT WOS:000165206200010 PM 11084991 ER PT J AU Masot, AJ Kelling, CL Lopez, O Sur, JH Redondo, E AF Masot, AJ Kelling, CL Lopez, O Sur, JH Redondo, E TI In situ hybridization detection of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in the lung of experimentally infected lambs SO VETERINARY PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bovine respiratory syncytial virus; in situ hybridization; lambs; lung ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; FUSION PROTEIN; ULTRASTRUCTURAL FEATURES; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION; CONVENTIONAL CALVES; MESSENGER-RNA; YOUNG CALVES; PNEUMONIA; LESIONS; PATHOGENESIS AB We studied the distribution of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) RNA in lungs of experimentally inoculated lambs by in situ hybridization at different times postinoculation. The probe used for in situ hybridization was prepared by reverse transcription of BRSV RNA, followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the cDNA. Twenty-five Merino lambs of both sexes with a live weight of 17 +/- 3 kg received an intratracheal inoculation of 20 mi saline solution containing 1.26 x 10(6) TCID50 BRSV (strain NMK7)/ml. Lambs were slaughtered 1, 3, 7, 11, and 15 days postinoculation (PID). Bronchial and bronchiolar epithelial cells were positive for BRSV nucleic acid by ISH at 1, 3, 7, and 11 PID. However, alveolar epithelial cells contained positive cells at 1, 3, and 7 PID. Cells containing viral RNA were detected from 1 to 11 PID in exudate within bronchial and bronchiolar lumina and from 3 to 7 PID in alveolar exudates. Positive hybridization signals were identified in interstitial mononuclear cells and in bronchi-associated lymphoid tissue from 3 to 11 PID. Mononuclear cells were located in peribronchiolar tissue and interalveolar septa. The highest signal intensity in positive cells was observed at 3 and 7 PID, coinciding with the most important histopathological findings. C1 Univ Extremadura, Sch Vet Med, Unidad Histol & Anat Pathol, Caceres, Spain. Univ Nebraska, Dept Vet & Biomed Sci, Lincoln, NE USA. Univ Buenos Aires, Fac Ciencias Vet, Are Inmunol, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. RP Masot, AJ (reprint author), Fac Vet, Caceres 10071, Spain. OI Lopez, Osvaldo/0000-0002-1290-722X; Redondo, Eloy/0000-0001-7702-5300 NR 38 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER COLL VET PATHOLOGIST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0300-9858 J9 VET PATHOL JI Vet. Pathol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 37 IS 6 BP 618 EP 625 DI 10.1354/vp.37-6-618 PG 8 WC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences SC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences GA 375LM UT WOS:000165400900007 PM 11105951 ER PT J AU Thomas, PE Lawson, EC Zalewski, JC Reed, GL Kaniewski, WK AF Thomas, PE Lawson, EC Zalewski, JC Reed, GL Kaniewski, WK TI Extreme resistance to Potato leafroll virus in potato cv, Russet Burbank mediated by the viral replicase gene SO VIRUS RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Plant Virus Epidemilolgy Symposium CY APR 11-16, 1999 CL ALMERIA, SPAIN SP Int Soc Plant Pathol, Plant Virus Epidemiol Comm DE Potato leaf roll virus; transformation replicase gene; cry3A insect control gene; Aphid vector; Myzus persicae; sprout test ID COAT PROTEIN GENE; COLUMBIA BASIN; TOMATO HYBRIDS; DISEASE; MULTIPLICATION; IMMUNITY; SPREAD AB High levels of field resistance to Potato leafroll virus (PLRV; Genus: Polerovirus; Family: Luteoviridae) were achieved by expression of the unmodified, full-length PLRV replicase gene in potato plants cv. Russet Burbank. A high degree of resistance was also achieved, but less frequently, by expression of a truncated construct of the replicase gene. In limited testing, neither miss-frame nor antisense constructs of the replicase gene conferred resistance. The degree of resistance expressed among different transformant lines ranged from near immunity to full susceptibility. Resistance to the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say) was combined with resistance to PLRV by expression of the cry3A insect control protein gene from Bacillus thuringiensis var. tenebrionis in combination with the unmodified, full-length, viral replicase gene. Resistance was expressed as a reduced incidence of infection detectable by foliage symptoms or serological tests. Reduced incidence of infection was not associated with a decrease in virus antigen concentration in the few plants of resistant lines that became infected. Virus was not detected in the foliage of symptomless plants but was detected in progeny plants produced from the tubers of inoculated but symptomless test plants of some resistant lines. The resistance was effective under natural exposure and against plant-to-plant spread of PLRV by the aphid vector, Myzus persicae Sulzer. Three of the resistant lines selected in these studies were released and are now in commercial production. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. Monsanto Co, St Louis, MO 63198 USA. NatureMark Co, Boise, ID 83706 USA. Hermiston Agr Res & Extens Ctr, Hermiston, OR 97838 USA. RP Thomas, PE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, 24106 N Bunn Rd, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. NR 39 TC 23 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1702 J9 VIRUS RES JI Virus Res. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 71 IS 1-2 BP 49 EP 62 DI 10.1016/S0168-1702(00)00187-8 PG 14 WC Virology SC Virology GA 389QN UT WOS:000166249400006 PM 11137161 ER PT J AU Ravelonandro, M Scorza, R Callahan, A Levy, L Jacquet, C Monsion, M Damsteegt, V AF Ravelonandro, M Scorza, R Callahan, A Levy, L Jacquet, C Monsion, M Damsteegt, V TI The use of transgenic fruit trees as a resistance strategy for virus epidemics: the plum pox (sharka) model SO VIRUS RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Plant Virus Epidemilolgy Symposium CY APR 11-16, 1999 CL ALMERIA, SPAIN SP Int Soc Plant Pathol, Plant Virus Epidemiol Comm DE Prunus domestica; Plum pox virus; pathogen-derived-resistance; co-suppression ID COAT PROTEIN GENE; MEDIATED RESISTANCE; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; APHID TRANSMISSION; PRUNUS-DOMESTICA; CAPSID PROTEIN; PLANT-VIRUS; POTYVIRUS; INFECTION; RNA AB Sharka or plum pox, caused by Plum pox virus (PPV: genus Potyvirus; Family Potyviridae), is the most serious disease of Prunus. Most cultivated Prunus species are highly susceptible and conventional breeding has not produced highly resistant and commercially acceptable varieties. Success in developing virus-resistant herbaceous crops through genetic engineering led us to investigate this approach for resistance to PPV. Our programme aims to develop a biotechnological approach to PPV control that is effective and shown to be environmentally safe. The programme began with the cloning of the PPV coat protein (CP) gene and the development of a transformation system for plum (Prunus domestica). The CP construct was first tested in Nicotiana benthamiana in which it proved effective in producing transgenic plants with varying levels of CP expression. Some of these plants, particularly low PPV CP expressers, were resistant to PPV, or recovered from initial infection. Based on these results plum was transformed using the Agrobacterium tumefaciens system and both low and high PPV CP-expressing transgenic plum lines were obtained. These were inoculated with PPV by bud grafts in the greenhouse. Line C-5 proved to be highly resistant. It contained multiple copies of the insert, produced low levels of PPV CP mRNA, no detectable CP and the insert appeared to be methylated. These characteristics all suggest that the resistance of the C-5 clone is based on post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). Field tests of C-5 and other transgenic lines in Poland, Romania and Spain have demonstrated that such trees when inoculated by bud-grafts allow a low level of PPV multiplication, from which they rapidly recover. C-5 plants exposed to natural infection for 3 years did not become infected, whereas control trees were infected in the first year. Hybrid plums having the C-5 PPV CP insert inherited from C-5 are virus-resistant, demonstrating the usefulness of C-5 as a parent in developing new PPV-resistant plum varieties. Research is in progress on the biorisks of PPV CP transgenic plants. Gene constructs that either produce no CP or CP that cannot be transmitted by aphids have been developed, tested in N. benthamiana and transferred to plum. Studies have begun on the potential for synergistic interactions between the PPV CP gene and the other common viruses of Prunus spp. In the future we will be participating in investigating the toxicity or/and the allergenicity of transgenic fruit products and, more importantly, transgenic lines will be developed that express transgenes only in vegetative parts of the plant and not in the fruit. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 INRA, Ctr Rech Bordeaux, Pathol Vegetale Stn, F-33883 Villenave Dornon, France. ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, USDA, Kearneysville, WV USA. APHIS Plant Protect & Quarantine Plant Methods La, Beltsville, MD USA. ARS, USDA, Ft Detrick, MD USA. RP Ravelonandro, M (reprint author), INRA, Ctr Rech Bordeaux, Pathol Vegetale Stn, BP 81, F-33883 Villenave Dornon, France. RI jacquet, Christophe/B-2563-2009 NR 48 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1702 J9 VIRUS RES JI Virus Res. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 71 IS 1-2 BP 63 EP 69 DI 10.1016/S0168-1702(00)00188-X PG 7 WC Virology SC Virology GA 389QN UT WOS:000166249400007 PM 11137162 ER PT J AU Wisler, GC Duffus, JE AF Wisler, GC Duffus, JE TI A century of plant virus management in the Salinas Valley of California, 'East of Eden' SO VIRUS RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Plant Virus Epidemilolgy Symposium CY APR 11-16, 1999 CL ALMERIA, SPAIN SP Int Soc Plant Pathol, Plant Virus Epidemiol Comm DE Beet curly top virus; beet leafhopper (Circulifer tenellus); Lettuce mosaic virus; Sugarbeet virus yellows; aphid vectors; beet rhizomania; Beet necrotic yellow vein virus; Polymyxa betae; lettuce dieback; Tomato bushy stunt virus; soil-borne virus; crop-free period ID YELLOW VEIN VIRUS AB The mild climate of the Salinas Valley, CA lends itself well to a diverse agricultural industry. However, the diversity of weeds, crops and insect and fungal vectors also provide favorable conditions for plant virus disease development. This paper considers the incidence and management of several plant viruses that have caused serious epidemics and been significant in the agricultural development of the Salinas Valley during the 20th century. Beet curly top virus (BCTV) almost destroyed the newly established sugarbeet industry soon after its establishment in the 1870s. A combination of resistant varieties, cultural management of beet crops to provide early plant emergence and development, and a highly coordinated beet leafhopper vector scouting and spray programme have achieved adequate control of BCTV. These programmes were first developed by the USDA and still operate. Lettuce mosaic virus was first recognized as causing a serious disease of lettuce crops in the 1930s. The virus is still a threat but it is controlled by a lettuce-free period in December and a seed certification programme that allows only seed lots with less than one infected seed in 30 000 to be grown. 'Virus Yellows' is a term used to describe a complex of yellows inducing viruses which affect mainly sugarbeet and lettuce. These viruses include Beet yellows virus and Beet western yellows virus. During the 1950s, the complex caused significant yield losses to susceptible crops in the Salinas Valley. A beet-free period was introduced and is still used for control. The fungus-borne rhizomania disease of sugarbeet caused by Beet necrotic yellow vein virus was first detected in Salinas Valley in 1983. Assumed to have been introduced from Europe, this virus has now become widespread in California wherever beets are grown and crop losses can be as high as 100%. Movement of infested soil and beets accounts for its spread throughout the beet-growing regions of the United States. Control of rhizomania involves several cultural practices, but the use of resistant varieties is the most effective and is necessary where soils are infested. Rhizomania-resistant varieties are now available that perform almost as well as the non-resistant varieties under non-rhizomania conditions. Another soil-borne disease termed lettuce dieback, caused by a tomato bushy stunt-like tombusvirus, has become economically limiting to romaine and leaf lettuce varieties. The virus has no known vector and it seems to be moved through infested soil and water. Heavy rains in the past 4 years have caused flooding of the Salinas River and lettuce fields along the river have been affected severely by dieback. Studies are now in progress to characterize this new virus and identify sources of resistance. Agriculture in the Salinas Valley continues to grow and diversify, driven by demands for 'clean', high quality food by the American public and for export. The major aspects of plant virus control, including crop-free periods, breeding for resistance, elimination of inoculum sources, and vector control will continue to be vital to this expansion. Undoubtedly, the advances in crop production through genetic manipulation and advances in pest management through biological control will eventually become an important part of agricultural improvement. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. RP Wisler, GC (reprint author), USDA ARS, 1636 E Alisal St, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. NR 24 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1702 J9 VIRUS RES JI Virus Res. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 71 IS 1-2 BP 161 EP 169 DI 10.1016/S0168-1702(00)00196-9 PG 9 WC Virology SC Virology GA 389QN UT WOS:000166249400015 PM 11137170 ER PT J AU Satchivi, NM Wax, LM Stoller, EW Briskin, DP AF Satchivi, NM Wax, LM Stoller, EW Briskin, DP TI Absorption and translocation of glyphosate isopropylamine and trimethylsulfonium salts in Abutilon theophrasti and Setaria faberi SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE glyphosate; Abutilon theophrasti Medic. ABUTH, velvetleaf; Setaria faberi Hermm. SETFA, giant foxtail; uptake; translocation; isopropylamine; trimethylsulfonium; formulation ID BINDWEED CONVOLVULUS-ARVENSIS; COMMON MILKWEED; PURPLE NUTSEDGE; SURFACTANT; EFFICACY; METABOLISM; ADJUVANTS; TOXICITY; PLANTS AB Growth chamber and laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate foliar absorption and translocation of the isopropylamine (Ipa) or trimethylsulfonium (Tms) salts of glyphosate in Abutilon theophrasti and Setaria faberi. Glyphosate was applied at 250 g ai ha(-1). Absorption of C-14-glyphosate in both formulations increased similarly in both species over 72 h. Seventy-two hours after treatment (HAT), A. theophrasti absorbed 26% of applied C-14 of both formulations, whereas S. faberi absorbed 43% of both formulations. The addition of 1% ammonium sulfate (AMS) to both formulations increased the amount of herbicide absorbed to 35% in A. theophrasti and 60% in S. faberi 72 HAT. Translocation of absorbed C-14-glyphosate in both formulations (with or without AMS) was greater for S. faberi than A. theophrasti 72 HAT. For A. theophrasti, 17% of C-14 absorbed in Ipa and Tms formulations were translocated out of the treated leaf, whereas additions of AMS increased the amount translocated to 25 and 23% for Ipa and Tms, respectively. The largest portion of translocated C-14 moved to tissues above the treated leaf. For S. faberi, 37% of absorbed C-14 in both Ipa and Tms formulations were translocated out of the treated leaf 72 HAT, whereas 42% translocated when 1% AMS was added to both formulations. In S. faberi, the largest portion of C-14-glyphosate translocated to tissues below the treated leaf. In summary, no differences were found between Ipa and Tms formulations in both weed species. C1 Univ Illinois, USDA ARS, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Stoller, EW (reprint author), Univ Illinois, USDA ARS, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 40 TC 27 Z9 31 U1 3 U2 9 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 48 IS 6 BP 675 EP 679 DI 10.1614/0043-1745(2000)048[0675:AATOGI]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 388LT UT WOS:000166182800006 ER PT J AU Webster, TM Cardina, J Woods, SJ AF Webster, TM Cardina, J Woods, SJ TI Apocynum cannabinum interference in no-till Glycine max SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Apocynum cannabinum L. APCCA, hemp dogbane; Glycine max (L.) Merr., soybean; competition; perennial weed; yield loss; APCCA ID YIELD LOSS; WEED; COMPETITION; CORN AB Field studies were conducted in three site-years to measure no-till Glycine max yield loss in relation to Apocynum cannabinum vegetative shoot density. Apocynum cannabinum densities of 28 to 40 shoots m(-2) reduced predicted G. max yield 58 to 75% and 62 to 94% with the rectangular hyperbolic and linear regression models, respectively. Differences between locations were attributed to rainfall and temperatures, with delayed G. max canopy closure and higher yield loss where soil moisture remained high and temperatures were relatively cool. Application of these predictive G. max yield loss equations to field populations of A. cannabinum showed that between 19 and 36% and 20 and 29% G. max yield loss could be expected from within A. cannabinum patches for the rectangular hyperbolic and linear regression models, respectively. The rectangular hyperbolic regression model appeared to describe the relation between G. max yield loss and A. cannabinum density accurately; however, the model appeared to be dominated by the initial linear phase. This may indicate a lack of high levels of intraspecific competition among A. cannabinum shoots. The results of this study indicate that there is a strong linear relation between G. max yield loss and A. cannabinum shoot density. We conclude that the biological basis for the use of the rectangular hyperbolic model for creeping perennial weeds is questionable. C1 Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Dept Hort & Crop Sci, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. Ohio State Univ, Agr Tech Inst, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. RP Webster, TM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Crop Protect & Management Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31794 USA. RI Webster, Theodore/A-4468-2009 OI Webster, Theodore/0000-0002-8259-2059 NR 22 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 48 IS 6 BP 716 EP 719 DI 10.1614/0043-1745(2000)048[0716:ACIINT]2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 388LT UT WOS:000166182800012 ER PT J AU Pester, TA Westra, P Anderson, RL Lyon, DJ Miller, SD Stahlman, PW Northam, FE Wicks, GA AF Pester, TA Westra, P Anderson, RL Lyon, DJ Miller, SD Stahlman, PW Northam, FE Wicks, GA TI Secale cereale interference and economic thresholds in winter Triticum aestivum SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Secale cereale L. SECCE, rye; Triticum aestivum L., wheat; crop-weed competition; decision aids; feral rye; winter wheat; yield loss model ID CORN ZEA-MAYS; ANNUAL GRASSES; PIGWEED AMARANTHUS; COMPETITION; EMERGENCE; STABILITY; SYSTEMS; DENSITY; MODELS; TIME AB Secale cereale is a serious weed problem in winter Triticum aestivum-producing regions. The interference relationships and economic thresholds of S. cereale in winter T. aestivum in Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, and Wyoming were determined over 4 yr. Winter T. aestivum density was held constant at recommended planting densities for each site. Target S. cereale densities were 0, 5, 10, 25, 50, or 100 plants m(-2) Secale cereale-winter T. aestivum interference relationships across locations and years were determined using a negative hyperbolic yield loss function. Two parameters-I, which represents the percent yield loss as S, cereale density approaches zero, and A, the maximum percent yield loss as S, cereale density increases-were estimated for each data set using nonlinear regression. Parameter I was more stable among years within locations than among locations within years, whereas maximum percentage yield loss was more stable across locations and years. Environmental conditions appeared to have a role in the stability of these relationships. Parameter estimates for I and A were incorporated into a second model to determine economic thresholds. On average, threshold values were between 4 and 5 S. cereale plants m(-2); however, the large variation in these threshold values signifies considerable risk in making economic weed management decisions based upon these values. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Bioagr Sci & Pest Management, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USDA ARS, Cent Great Plains Res Stn, Akron, CO 80720 USA. Univ Nebraska, Panhandle Res & Extens Ctr, Scottsbluff, NE 69361 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Plant Sci, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Kansas State Univ, Agr Res Ctr, Hays, KS 67601 USA. Univ Nebraska, W Cent Res & Extens Ctr, N Platte, NE 69101 USA. RP Pester, TA (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Bioagr Sci & Pest Management, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 24 TC 22 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 5 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 48 IS 6 BP 720 EP 727 DI 10.1614/0043-1745(2000)048[0720:SCIAET]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 388LT UT WOS:000166182800013 ER PT J AU Webster, TM Cardina, J Woods, SJ AF Webster, TM Cardina, J Woods, SJ TI Spatial and temporal expansion patterns of Apocynum cannabinum patches SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Apocynum cannabinum L. APCCA, hemp dogbane; Glycine max (L.) Merr., soybean; GDU; growing degree units; patch expansion; perennial weed; spatial dynamics AB There is little information published on patch expansion of perennial weeds and none for Apocynum cannabinum. Studies were conducted to measure the between-season and in-season expansion patterns of natural A. cannabinum patches over three growing seasons. Regression analysis indicated strong relations between patch area in consecutive years 1996 to 1997 (r(2) = 0.81) and 1997 to 1998 (r(2) = 0.76). Patches less than 20 m(2) in 1996 increased in area by more than 100% in 1997 during a fallow season. However, parches decreased in size 6 to 51% between 1997 and 1998 when Glycine max was grown. Evidence suggested that a late-season mowing of the A. cannabinum patches in 1997 contributed more to the decline in patch area than competition from G, max during the 1998 season. The relations between patch area and growing degree units (r(2) = 0.97) indicated that greater than 89% of the terminal patch expansion occurred prior to the accumulation of 435 growing degree units (GDU) (June 19, 1997; May 31, 1998; June 9, 30-yr average), with minimal patch expansion between 435 and 1,000 GDU. Patches were at 50% of their final area on May 27, 1997, and May 14, 1998, a time when only 22% of the A. cannabinum population had emerged (r(2) = 0.99). Knowledge of patch size and expansion could help growers time weed scouting, to account for the later emergence patterns of this species, as well as assist in timing appropriate weed management efforts. This information could also be used in conjunction with aerial photographs to project potential patch size for sire-specific management of this weed. C1 Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Dept Hort & Crop Sci, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. Ohio State Univ, Agr Tech Inst, Dept Agr Technol, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. RP Webster, TM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Crop Protect & Management Res Unit, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RI Webster, Theodore/A-4468-2009 OI Webster, Theodore/0000-0002-8259-2059 NR 15 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 48 IS 6 BP 728 EP 733 DI 10.1614/0043-1745(2000)048[0728:SATEPO]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 388LT UT WOS:000166182800014 ER PT J AU Li, JM Kremer, RJ AF Li, JM Kremer, RJ TI Rhizobacteria associated with weed seedlings in different cropping systems SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Amaranthus retroflexus L. AMARE, redroot pigweed; Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq. IPOHE, ivyleaf morningglory; Setaria faberi Herrm. SETFA, giant foxtail; Zea mays L., corn; Lactuca sativa L. 'Blackseeded simpson', lettuce; Glycine max (L.) Merr., soybean; Fragaria virginiana L., strawberry; Triticum aestivum L., wheat; fertility management; integrated weed management; soil microorganisms; soil organic matter; crop rotation; tillage; L. sativa bioassay ID INHIBITORY PSEUDOMONADS; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; BIOCONTROL AGENTS; MICROBIAL BIOMASS; WINTER-WHEAT; SOIL; GROWTH; MICROORGANISMS; BACTERIA; ECOLOGY AB Rhizobacteria isolated from the rhizospheres of dominant weed species in six representative cropping systems and one native prairie ecosystem in mid-Missouri were screened for phytotoxicity on Lactuca sativa seedlings and their host plants in the laboratory. The proportions of deleterious rhizobacteria (DRB) were compared among different cropping systems to determine possible effects of crop management practices on the occurrence of DRB. Phytotoxicity screening on L. sativa seedlings revealed that an integrated crop management system with a Zea mays-Glycine max-Triticum aestivum cover crop rotation under no-tillage had the highest proportion of DRB at 25.3%, followed by an organic farming system with continuous Fragaria virginiana (strawberry) and organic amendments under minimum tillage at 22.9%. A continuous cool-season grass-legume meadow with no agrochemical inputs had the lowest proportion of DRB at 13%. Crop management practices that maintained high soil organic matter had higher proportions of DRB compared to cropping systems with lower organic matter. Phytotoxicity screening on host plants greatly reduced the proportion of rhizobacteria characterized as DRB, likely because of the high sensitivity of L. sativa seedlings to phytotoxins. Although screening on L. sativa is an effective method to detect phytotoxic rhizobacteria, our research indicates that it is essential to test selected cultures on their host weed species for accurate assessment of their occurrence in the field. Using this approach, we found that crop management practices influence the occurrence of DRB naturally associated with weed seedlings. Results suggest that crop production systems can be developed to favor soil microorganisms such as DRB that affect weed growth and thereby become important considerations in overall weed management. C1 Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Soil & Atmospher Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Kremer, RJ (reprint author), Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. EM kremerr@missouri.edu NR 32 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 3 U2 10 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 EI 1550-2759 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 48 IS 6 BP 734 EP 741 DI 10.1614/0043-1745(2000)048[0734:RAWWSI]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 388LT UT WOS:000166182800015 ER PT J AU Wolf, TM Harrison, SK Hall, FR Cooper, J AF Wolf, TM Harrison, SK Hall, FR Cooper, J TI Optimizing postemergence herbicide deposition and efficacy through application variables in no-till systems SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE imazethapyr; metalaxyl, N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(methoxyacetyl)alanine methyl ester; Triticum aestivum L., wheat; Amaranthus hybridus L. AMACH, smooth pigweed; Setaria faberi Herrm. SETFA, giant foxtail; carrier volume; droplet rebound; droplet size; electrostatics; spray retention ID SPRAY IMPACTION; DROPLET SIZE; ABSORPTION; VOLUME; PERFORMANCE; RETENTION AB Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effects of application factors and standing Triticum aestivum stubble on herbicide spray deposition and efficacy in a simulated no-till environment. Spray deposition on weeds was reduced in the presence of stubble, and deposition losses on Amaranthus hybridus were greater than those on Setaria faberi. Spray penetration through stubble was significantly enhanced with electrostatic charging of a fine hydraulic spray. The combination of 45 kV electrostatic charge and 50 cm nozzle spacing produced maximum spray deposition on weeds and resulted in a 96% and 345% increase in deposition on A. hybridus and S. faberi, respectively, compared to the uncharged controls. Deposit reduction from standing stubble was greater at travel speeds of 16 km h(-1) (36 to 52%) than 8 km h(-1) (9 to 38%). On a dry weight and plant density basis, weeds retained more spray than was retained by stubble, yet stubble, at average densities, was capable of capturing 9 to 12% of total applied spray dose per unit area. Bounce studies of individual droplets of water or imazethapyr plus adjuvant mixture demonstrated that I: aestivum straw had a general affinity for all spray droplets, exhibiting no rebound even for 800-mum water droplets. Setaria faberi foliage exhibited poor retention of droplets: both 350- and 800-mum water droplets as well as 800-mum droplets of imazethapyr plus adjuvant mixture rebounded. Only 350-mum herbicide mixture droplets were retained by S. faberi. Amaranthus hybridus retained all droplets. In broadcast spraying, British Crop Protection Council "Medium" quality sprays were poorly retained by S. faberi compared to "Fine" sprays, whereas A. hybridus retained both sprays equally well. However, imazethapyr spray deposits resulting from coarser sprays were more efficacious on S. faberi than fine spray deposits, a difference that was not observed for A. hybridus. C1 Agr & Agri Food Canada, Saskatoon Res Ctr, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada. Ohio State Univ, Dept Hort & Crop Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Ohio State Univ, Lab Pest Control Applicat Technol, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, USDA ARS, Applicat Technol Res Unit, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. RP Wolf, TM (reprint author), Agr & Agri Food Canada, Saskatoon Res Ctr, 107 Sci Pl, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada. NR 38 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 48 IS 6 BP 761 EP 768 DI 10.1614/0043-1745(2000)048[0761:OPHDAE]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 388LT UT WOS:000166182800019 ER PT J AU Bailey, BA Collins, R Anderson, JD AF Bailey, BA Collins, R Anderson, JD TI Factors influencing the herbicidal activity of Nep1, a fungal protein that induces the hypersensitive response in Centaurea maculosa SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE glyphosate, monoisopropylamine salt of glyphosate; 2,4-D, sodium salt of 2,4-D; Centaurea maculosa Lam. CENMA, spotted knapweed; Fusarium oxysporum; Nep1; bioherbicide; elicitor; hypersensitive response ID FUSARIUM-OXYSPORUM; ETHYLENE BIOSYNTHESIS; NECROSIS; LEAVES; ENDOXYLANASE; ELICITOR; TOBACCO AB The fungal protein Nep1, produced by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyli in liquid culture, caused extensive necrosis to Centaurea maculosa when water solutions of Nep1 (5 mug ml(-1)) and an organosilicone surfactant (1,1,1,3,5,5,5-heptamethyltrisiloxanyl propyl-methoxy-poly[ethylene oxide]) were applied as foliar sprays. Nep1 did not cause necrosis when applied with a nonionic surfactant or organosilicone surfactant plus unrefined corn oil. Plant age, protein concentration, organosilicone surfactant concentration, and the presence of a dew period influenced the amount of necrosis caused by Nep1. The addition of an 18-h dew period after treatment resulted in an increase of 10% or more in foliar necrosis at the 0.313 and 1.25 mug ml(-1) (0.40 and 1.62 g ai ha(-1)) Nep1 concentrations. Increasing the spray volume from 123 ml m(-2) (1,291.3 L ha(-1)) to 516 ml m(-2) (5,165.2 L ha(-1)) more than doubled the amount of foliar necrosis caused by the 0.313 mug ml(-1) (0.40 g ai ha(-1) vs. 1.62 g ai ha(-1)) Nep1 concentration. A maximum necrosis rating of 95% was reached by 1.25 mug ml(-1) Nep1 applied at 516 ml m(-2) (6.46 g ai ha(-1)) followed by an 18-h dew period. Nep1 (6.46 g ai ha(-1)) remained active when coapplied to Centaurea maculosa with the herbicides 2,4-D or glyphosate (0.13 to 2.58 kg ai ha(-1)), causing foliar necrosis prior to the herbicides killing Centaurea maculosa. An increase in the organosilicone surfactant concentration from 1 to 2 ml ai L(-1) was required to achieve levels of Nep1-induced necrosis on Centaurea maculosa acclimated to direct sun comparable to levels achieved on greenhouse-grown plants. Repeated application of Nep1 (6.48 g ai ha(-1)) 3 wk after an initial treatment (6.48 g ai ha(-1)) prevented the recovery of acclimated Centaurea maculosa. Greater damage was caused to acclimated Centaurea maculosa when Nep1 was applied near the middle of the day (80% necrosis at 10:00 A.M. and 85% necrosis at 2:00 P.M.) compared to early or late in the day (25% necrosis at 6:00 A.M, and 10% necrosis at 6:00 P.M.). C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Biocontrol Plant Dis Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Weed Sci Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Bailey, BA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Biocontrol Plant Dis Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM baileyb@ba.ars.usda.gov NR 18 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 3 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 48 IS 6 BP 776 EP 785 DI 10.1614/0043-1745(2000)048[0776:FITHAO]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 388LT UT WOS:000166182800021 ER PT J AU Eswaran, H Beinroth, FH Virmani, SM AF Eswaran, H Beinroth, FH Virmani, SM TI Resource management domains: a biophysical unit for assessing and monitoring land quality SO AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Satellite Symposium on Land Quality at the 16th International Congress of Soil Science CY AUG, 1998 CL MONTPELLIER, FRANCE SP World Bank DE resource management domains; decision support systems AB With the advent of information technology there is a renewed interest to define and identify homogenous food production systems. International donor agencies, such as the World Bank and the US Agency for International Development, are especially interested in public/private partnerships to develop and integrate information including the socio-economic/cultural contexts of farm systems to improve knowledge about food systems, nationally to globally. The International Agricultural Research Centers, non-government organizations and national institutions require a spatial-temporal-hierarchical information system describing farm systems and communities from the 'nation to the farm'. Agri-business requires methods to evaluate the performance of crop systems in varied environments in countries and/or around the world. As the society is stratified by different information needs, decisions must be made about the units of study and the hierarchy of information integration. The proposed hierarchy, developed on the tenets of hierarchy theory, implies that optimization of biodiversity, ecosystem health and integrity, commodity production, or maintaining soil quality, are each articulated based on the objectives that apply to the planning area. Management goals, therefore, determine the planning area to be defined, the goods and services, and the desired conditions of the ecosystem. Defined biophysical units, such as resource management domains (RMDs), serve as a common denominator for synthesis of information which could be shared by a range of disciplines, such as hydrology, geomorphology, pedology, crop science, economics, sociology, land-use planning, and production technology In this approach, system dynamics or temporal variations are de-emphasized with the assumption that each RMD has attained an equilibrium or quasi-equilibrium within the planning horizon of the society. This is due to the practical purpose for which land resource assessments are generally made. However, if time periods of 50 or more years are considered, the concept must be refined. The latter approach is required for assessments of forest ecosystems. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Univ Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, PR USA. Int Crops Res Inst Semi Arid Trop, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. RP Eswaran, H (reprint author), USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 13 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-8809 J9 AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON JI Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. PD OCT 31 PY 2000 VL 81 IS 2 SI SI BP 155 EP 162 DI 10.1016/S0167-8809(00)00189-4 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 355JM UT WOS:000089382600009 ER PT J AU Russo, GT Cupples, LA Otvos, JD Wilson, PW Reaven, P Schaefer, EJ Ordovas, JM AF Russo, GT Cupples, LA Otvos, JD Wilson, PW Reaven, P Schaefer, EJ Ordovas, JM TI The paraoxonase (PON) 192r allele may be a protective GHD risk factor in women: The Framingham Offspring Study SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, JM, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Boston, MA USA. N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02118 USA. VA Med Ctr, Phoenix, AZ USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD OCT 31 PY 2000 VL 102 IS 18 SU S MA 1355 BP 276 EP 277 PG 2 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 367QE UT WOS:000090072301350 ER PT J AU Lichtenstein, AH Ausman, LM Jalbert, SM Schaefer, EJ AF Lichtenstein, AH Ausman, LM Jalbert, SM Schaefer, EJ TI Postprandial response to diets enriched in hydrogenated fats or butter SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD OCT 31 PY 2000 VL 102 IS 18 SU S MA 1852 BP 380 EP 380 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 367QE UT WOS:000090072301847 ER PT J AU Lopez-Miranda, J Galluzzi, JR Marin, C Bravo, D Paz, E Gomez, P Perez-Martinez, P de La Puebla, RAF Ordovas, JM Perez-Jimenez, F AF Lopez-Miranda, J Galluzzi, JR Marin, C Bravo, D Paz, E Gomez, P Perez-Martinez, P de La Puebla, RAF Ordovas, JM Perez-Jimenez, F TI The Ala54Thr polymorphism at the fatty acid binding protein-2 locus is associated with insulin sensitivity in response to dietary fat. SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Hosp Reina Sofia, Cordoba, Spain. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, JM, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD OCT 31 PY 2000 VL 102 IS 18 SU S MA 3393 BP 701 EP 702 PG 2 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 367QE UT WOS:000090072303385 ER PT J AU Perez-Martinez, P Paz, E Lopez-Miranda, J Fuentes, F Sanchez, E Paez, J Marin, C Bravo, D Gomez, P Ordovas, JM Perez-Jimenez, F AF Perez-Martinez, P Paz, E Lopez-Miranda, J Fuentes, F Sanchez, E Paez, J Marin, C Bravo, D Gomez, P Ordovas, JM Perez-Jimenez, F TI A Mediterranean diet high in monounsaturated fat and a low-fat (NCEP-I) diet improve the endothelial function of hypercholesterolemic subjects as compared with a saturated-fat rich diet. SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Hosp Reina Sofia, Cordoba, Spain. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD OCT 31 PY 2000 VL 102 IS 18 SU S MA 3397 BP 702 EP 702 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 367QE UT WOS:000090072303389 ER PT J AU Lopez-Miranda, J Paz, E Marin, C Perez-Martinez, P Gomez, P Bravo, D Ordovas, JM Perez-Jimenez, F AF Lopez-Miranda, J Paz, E Marin, C Perez-Martinez, P Gomez, P Bravo, D Ordovas, JM Perez-Jimenez, F TI Diet induced changes in LDL particle size are mediated by variation at the ApoE locus. SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Hosp Reina Sofia, Cordoba, Spain. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD OCT 31 PY 2000 VL 102 IS 18 SU S MA 3401 BP 703 EP 703 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 367QE UT WOS:000090072303399 ER PT J AU Schaefer, EJ McNamara, JR Selhub, J Bostom, AG Collins, D Rubins, HB Robins, SJ AF Schaefer, EJ McNamara, JR Selhub, J Bostom, AG Collins, D Rubins, HB Robins, SJ TI Gemfibrozil treatment raised homocysteine concentrations in VA-HIT. SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 New England Med Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, HNRCA, USDA, JM, Medford, MA 02155 USA. Brown Univ, Providence, RI 02912 USA. VA Med Ctr, New Haven, CT USA. VAMC, Minneapolis, MN USA. Boston Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02118 USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD OCT 31 PY 2000 VL 102 IS 18 SU S MA 4067 BP 847 EP 847 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 367QE UT WOS:000090072304058 ER PT J AU Shigaki, T Hirschi, K AF Shigaki, T Hirschi, K TI Characterization of CAX-like genes in plants: implications for functional diversity SO GENE LA English DT Article DE Arabidopsis; Ca2+/H+ antiporter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; vacuole ID SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; CA2+/H+ ANTIPORT; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; MESSENGER-RNA; MEMBRANE; CA2+-ATPASE; CALCIUM; CELLS; IDENTIFICATION; SENSITIVITY AB Transporter-mediated Ca2+ efflux from the cytoplasm is an important component of plant signal transduction. To elucidate the diversity and role of Ca2+/H+ in controlling plant cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations, homologs of CAX (for calcium exchanger) genes were cloned from Zea mays and Arabidopsis thaliana cDNA libraries. The A. thaliana homolog of CAX (AtHCX1) is 77% identical to CAX1 while the Z. mays homolog of CAX (ZmHCX1) is 64% identical to CAX1 in amino acid sequence. AtHCX1 transcripts appeared to be expressed in all tissues, and levels of AtHCX1 RNA increased after Ca2+ or Na+ treatment. When expressed in yeast mutants defective in vacuolar Ca2+ uptake, ZmHCX1 and AtHCX1 failed to suppress the Ca2+ sensitivity of these strains. These results imply that CAX-like genes may have functions in plant ion homeostasis that differ from those of previously characterized CAX genes. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Plant Physiol Grp, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Hirschi, K (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Plant Physiol Grp, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. FU NIGMS NIH HHS [1R01 GM57427]; PHS HHS [5 P30] NR 35 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1119 J9 GENE JI Gene PD OCT 31 PY 2000 VL 257 IS 2 BP 291 EP 298 DI 10.1016/S0378-1119(00)00390-5 PG 8 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 376JG UT WOS:000165454000013 PM 11080595 ER PT J AU Waters, WR Palmer, MV Pesch, BA Olsen, SC Wannemuehler, MJ Whipple, DL AF Waters, WR Palmer, MV Pesch, BA Olsen, SC Wannemuehler, MJ Whipple, DL TI MHC class II-restricted, CD4(+) T-cell proliferative responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from Mycobacterium bovis-infected white-tailed deer SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE white-tailed deer; Mycobacterium bovis; CD4(+) cells; MHC class II antigens ID TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION; IFN-GAMMA; MICE; ANTIGEN; RESISTANCE; IMMUNITY; BCG; VACCINATION; ACTIVATION; DEFICIENT AB White-tailed deer are significant wildlife reservoirs of Mycobacterium bovis for cattle, predators, and, potentially, humans. Infection of cattle with M, bovis stimulates an antigen-specific T-cell response, with both CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells implicated in protective immunity. Few studies, however, have examined lymphocyte subset responses to experimental M. bovis infection of white-tailed deer. In this study, a flow cytometric proliferation assay was used to determine the relative contribution of individual peripheral blood mononuclear cell subsets of M. bovis-infected white-tailed deer in the recall response to M. bovis antigen. Naive deer were challenged with M. bovis by cohabitation with infected deer. These M. bovis-challenged deer developed significant in vivo (delayed-type hypersensitivity) and in vitro (proliferative) responses to M, bovis purified protein derivative (PPD). At necropsy, typical tuberculous lesions containing M. bovis were detected within lungs and lung-associated lymph nodes of infected deer. The predominant subset of lymphocytes that proliferated in response to in vitro stimulation with PPD was the CD4(+) subset. Minimal proliferative responses were detected from CD8(+), gamma delta6 TCR+, and B-cells. Addition of monoclonal antibodies specific for MHC II antigens, but not MHC I or CD1 antigens, abrogated the proliferative response. Together, these findings indicate that while CD4(+) cells from infected deer proliferate in the recall response to M. bovis antigens, this response is not sufficient to clear Arl. bovis and immunologic intervention may require stimulation of alternate subsets of lymphocytes. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Bacterial Dis Livestock Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. ARS, USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Periparturient Dis Cattle Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Iowa State Univ, Vet Med Res Inst, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Waters, WR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Bacterial Dis Livestock Unit, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 36 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD OCT 31 PY 2000 VL 76 IS 3-4 BP 215 EP 229 DI 10.1016/S0165-2427(00)00212-9 PG 15 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA 378AE UT WOS:000165558200005 PM 11044555 ER PT J AU Bachelet, D Lenihan, JM Daly, C Neilson, RP AF Bachelet, D Lenihan, JM Daly, C Neilson, RP TI Interactions between fire, grazing and climate change at Wind Cave National Park, SD SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE simulation model; biogeography; biogeochemistry; carbon cycle; Ponderosa pine; grasslands ID PLANT-HERBIVORE INTERACTIONS; MIXED-GRASS PRAIRIE; SOUTH-DAKOTA; BLACK-HILLS; VEGETATION; DYNAMICS; BIOMASS; MODEL; DOGS AB Projected changes in global climate have important ramifications for the future of national parks and other reserves set aside to conserve ecological uniqueness. We explored potential implications of climatic changes on lifeform distribution and growth at Wind Cave National Park (WCNP), South Dakota, which lies on a climatically determined ecotone between grassland and forest. Fire, promoted by healthy grasslands, is a negative feedback limiting tree development because it kills seedlings and consumes live foliage thus reducing tree growth and survival. Historical records show that fire suppression has enhanced forest expansion. On the other hand, livestock grazing reduces grass biomass and fuel loads thus indirectly reducing fire frequency and enhancing the expansion of forests or woodlands. Natural fires and moderate grazing by native herbivores have maintained the coexistence of trees and grasses but climatic variations affecting the area's water resources can lead to dominance by either lifeform. We used a dynamic vegetation model (DVM) MC1 to simulate the interactions between climatic changes, natural fire regime, and grazing pressure and their impact on the biogeographical and biogeochemical characteristics of the park. We used one future climate projection (HADCM2SUL) which simulates warmer weather by the end of the next century: the temperature increase would constrain the growth of trees that rely on the availability of deep water, favor shrub and grass development and promote a shift from forests to woodlands. Woody encroachment of shrubs in grasslands areas, enhanced by grazing, was only held in check by frequent natural fires in the simulation. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Bioresource Engn, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Geosci, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Bachelet, D (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Bioresource Engn, Forestry Sci Lab, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM bachelet@fsl.orst.edu RI Neilson, Ronald/A-8588-2009 NR 20 TC 53 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 EI 1872-7026 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD OCT 30 PY 2000 VL 134 IS 2-3 BP 229 EP 244 DI 10.1016/S0304-3800(00)00343-4 PG 16 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 367ZE UT WOS:000090092000008 ER PT J AU Ma, DL Gordh, G Zalucki, MP AF Ma, DL Gordh, G Zalucki, MP TI Biological effects of azadirachtin on Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) fed on cotton and artificial diet SO AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE antifeedant effects; azadirachtin; cotton; Helicoverpa armigera; physiological effects ID INDICA AB Neonates acid second instars of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) were fed for 4 days on potted cotton plants (Gossypium hirstum L.) sprayed with formulated neem (Azadiracta indica . Juss.) extract (3% azadirachtin emulsifiable concentrate). High mortality of larvae was observed on both treated plants and controls. Surviving larvae were transferred to an untreated artificial diet to assess the physiological effects caused by postdigestion of azadirachtin-treated cotton. Growth retardation, including reduced larval and pupal weight and prolongation of development occurred in all treatments. Growth inhibition by azadirachtin was dose-dependent. Physiological effects found in larvae fed on the artificial diet included difficulty in moulting between various instars, formation of larval-pupal intermediates acid abnormal pupae. The present study indicates a potential for field control of H. armigera by using neem. High losses of larvae while feeding on cotton in controls are discussed. C1 USDA ARS, Kika Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RI Zalucki, Myron/G-7983-2012 OI Zalucki, Myron/0000-0001-9603-7577 NR 19 TC 10 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 7 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE ASIA PI CARLTON PA 54 UNIVERSITY ST, P O BOX 378, CARLTON, VICTORIA 3053, AUSTRALIA SN 1326-6756 J9 AUST J ENTOMOL JI Aust. J. Entomol. PD OCT 27 PY 2000 VL 39 BP 301 EP 304 DI 10.1046/j.1440-6055.2000.00180.x PN 4 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 375ND UT WOS:000165405500013 ER PT J AU Silverstein, JT Wolters, WR Shimizu, M Dickhoff, WW AF Silverstein, JT Wolters, WR Shimizu, M Dickhoff, WW TI Bovine growth hormone treatment of channel catfish: strain and temperature effects on growth, plasma IGF-I levels, feed intake and efficiency and body composition SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article DE recombinant growth hormone; genetic effects; temperature effects ID SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; FOOD-INTAKE; INSULIN; CHICKEN; TSHAWYTSCHA; FAT; PERFORMANCE; ENDOCRINE; RESPONSES; INJECTION AB Channel catfish from two strains, USDA-103 and Norris, were reared in circular 800-1 tanks and injected once weekly with 2.5 mu g recombinant bovine growth hormone (rbGH) per gram body weight, or the saline vehicle. In addition to the rbGH, and strain treatments, half the tanks were supplied with well water of 26.0 degrees C and the other half received water of 21.7 degrees C. Growth rate, plasma insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) levels, feed consumption and body fatness of the fish injected with rbGH were higher than in saline-injected controls. Strain and temperature effects were also significant. Feed consumption was significantly greater with growth hormone treatment, higher temperature, and in the USDA-103 strain of catfish. Feed efficiency was significantly better in rbGH-injected fish. The effect of temperature on feed efficiency was also significant, higher temperature treatments performed better. Growth hormone enabled channel catfish to grow better at lower and higher temperatures than saline-treated counterparts. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, Catfish Genet Res Unit, Thad Cochran Natl Warmwater Aquaculture Ctr, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Fisheries, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Silverstein, JT (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Catfish Genet Res Unit, Thad Cochran Natl Warmwater Aquaculture Ctr, POB 38, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 40 TC 78 Z9 83 U1 2 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD OCT 25 PY 2000 VL 190 IS 1-2 BP 77 EP 88 DI 10.1016/S0044-8486(00)00387-2 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 349AP UT WOS:000089021900006 ER PT J AU Flerchinger, GN Cooley, KR AF Flerchinger, GN Cooley, KR TI A ten-year water balance of a mountainous semi-arid watershed SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE precipitation; snow; hydrologic balance; semi-arid rangeland; evapotranspiration ID TEMPORALLY VARYING SNOWMELT; GROUNDWATER RESPONSE; SOIL-TEMPERATURE; SUBSURFACE FLOW; SHAW MODEL; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; VARIABILITY; IMPACTS; FLUXES; FIELD AB Quantifying water balance components, which is particularly challenging in snow-fed, semi-arid regions, is crucial to understanding the basic hydrology of a watershed. In this study, a water balance was computed using 10 years of data collected at the Upper Sheep Creek Watershed, a 26-ha semi-arid mountainous sub-basin within the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed in southwest Idaho, USA. The approach computed a partial water balance for each of three landscape units and then computed an aggregated water balance for the watershed. Runoff and change in ground water storage were not distinguishable between landscape units. Precipitation, which occurs predominantly as snow, was measured within each landscape unit directly and adjusted for drifting. Spatial variability of effective precipitation was shown to be greater during years with higher precipitation. Evapotranspiration, which accounted for nearly 90% of the effective precipitation, was estimated using the Simultaneous Heat and Water (SHAW) Model and validated with measurements from Bowen ratio instruments. Runoff from the watershed was correlated to precipitation above a critical threshold of approximately 450 mm of precipitation necessary to generate runoff (r(2) = 0.52). The average water balance error was 46 mm, or approximately 10% of the estimated effective precipitation for the ten-year period. The error was largely attributed to deep percolation losses through fractures in the basalt underlying the watershed. Simulated percolation of the water beyond the root zone correlated extremely well with measured runoff (r(2) = 0.90), which is derived almost entirely from subsurface flow. Above a threshold of 50 mm, approximately 67% of the water percolating beyond the root zone produces runoff. The remainder was assumed to be lost to deep percolation through the basalt. This can have important ramifications in addressing subsurface flow and losses when applying a snowmelt runoff model to simulate runoff and hydrologic processes in the watershed. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, USDA, Boise, ID 83712 USA. RP Flerchinger, GN (reprint author), ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, USDA, 800 Pk Blvd,Suite 105, Boise, ID 83712 USA. NR 33 TC 62 Z9 68 U1 2 U2 28 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD OCT 25 PY 2000 VL 237 IS 1-2 BP 86 EP 99 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00299-7 PG 14 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 366WR UT WOS:000090029700006 ER PT J AU Sloop, KW Schiller, AM Smith, TPL Blanton, JR Rohrer, GA Meier, BC Rhodes, SJ AF Sloop, KW Schiller, AM Smith, TPL Blanton, JR Rohrer, GA Meier, BC Rhodes, SJ TI Biochemical and genetic characterization of the porcine Prophet of Pit-1 pituitary transcription factor SO MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article DE growth; homeodomain; mapping; paired; trophic hormone ID AMES DWARF GENE; HORMONE DEFICIENCY; ANTERIOR-PITUITARY; GROWTH-HORMONE; GENOMIC STRUCTURE; LH-BETA; MUTATION; HOMEODOMAIN; EXPRESSION; DELETION AB Prophet of Pit-1 (Prop-1) is a paired class homeodomain transcription factor that is specifically expressed in the pituitary gland. Mutations in the Prop-1 gene cause compound pituitary diseases in mouse models and human patients. We have cloned and analyzed the porcine ortholog of Prop-1. Analysis of cDNAs revealed that the porcine Prop-1 secluence is similar to the mouse and human proteins within the homeodomain and carboxyl terminus, but the amino terminus is poorly conserved. The Prop-1 gene consists of three exons and two introns and spans 3.8 kilobases of genomic DNA. In addition, we mapped Prop-1 to the q arm of pig chromosome two. During development, Prop-1 is expressed at the time of pituitary organogenesis. In the adult, expression was observed at low levels only in the pituitary gland. The porcine Prop-1 protein displays similar biochemical, DNA binding, and transcriptional activities to human PROP-1. We conclude that, although the structural divergence between the porcine and human PROP-1 molecules may indicate some distinct functions, the porcine Prop-1 gene encodes a pituitary transcription factor with similar overall activities to the human ortholog. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Indiana Univ Purdue Univ, Dept Biol, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA. ARS, Prod Syst Res Unit, USDA, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE USA. RP Rhodes, SJ (reprint author), Indiana Univ Purdue Univ, Dept Biol, 723 W Michigan St, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA. NR 50 TC 19 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0303-7207 J9 MOL CELL ENDOCRINOL JI Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. PD OCT 25 PY 2000 VL 168 IS 1-2 BP 77 EP 87 DI 10.1016/S0303-7207(00)00318-X PG 11 WC Cell Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Cell Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 369JK UT WOS:000165062000008 PM 11064154 ER PT J AU Harari, AR Brockmann, HJ Landolt, PJ AF Harari, AR Brockmann, HJ Landolt, PJ TI Intrasexual mounting in the beetle Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.) SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE mating systems; alternative strategies; reproductive success ID METHYL FARNESOATE LEVELS; MALE-LIKE FEMALES; DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; MATING-BEHAVIOR; PLUMAGE COLOR; ROVE BEETLE; BODY-SIZE; MIMICRY; COLEOPTERA AB The weevil Diaprepes abbreviatus shows three kinds of same-sex mountings: males mount other unpaired males, males mount males already engaged in copulation and females mount other females. Four hypotheses were evaluated in order to explain same-sex matings by males: ii) female mimicry by inferior males, iii) dominance of larger males which affects the behaviour of small males, (iii) sperm transfer in which smaller males gain some reproductive success by 'hitchhiking' their sperm with the sperm of larger males, and (iv) poor sex recognition. Data from mate choice and sperm competition experiments rejected the female mimicry, dominance and sperm transfer hypotheses and supported the poor sex recognition hypothesis. Mic tested three hypotheses in order to explain female mounting behaviour: ii) females mimic male behaviour in order to reduce sexual harassment by males, (ii) females mount other females in order to appear larger and thereby attract more and larger males for mating, and (iii) female mimicry of males. The results of our mate choice experiments suggested that the female mimicry of males hypothesis best explains the observed female mounting behaviour. This result is also consistent with the poor sex recognition hypothesis which is the most likely explanation for male and female intrasexual mating behaviour in many insect species. C1 USDA ARS, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Zool, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Harari, AR (reprint author), Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, Dept Entomol, POB 6, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. EM aharari@netvision.net.il RI harari, ally/C-6566-2011 NR 56 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 20 PU ROYAL SOC PI LONDON PA 6-9 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 0962-8452 J9 P ROY SOC B-BIOL SCI JI Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. PD OCT 22 PY 2000 VL 267 IS 1457 BP 2071 EP 2079 PG 9 WC Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 368DN UT WOS:000090102600007 PM 11416911 ER PT J AU Bannantine, JP Stabel, JR AF Bannantine, JP Stabel, JR TI HspX is present within Mycobacterium paratuberculosis-infected macrophages and is recognized by sera from some infected cattle SO VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Mycobacterium paratuberculosis; Johne's disease; macrophages; antigens; cattle-bacteria ID AVIUM SUBSP PARATUBERCULOSIS; LONG-TERM CULTIVATION; JOHNES-DISEASE; DIAGNOSIS; ANTIGENS; PROTEIN; TUBERCULOSIS; SILVATICUM; ANTIBODIES; LEPRAE AB A portion of the gene encoding HspX has been previously identified as a sequence specific to Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis thereafter referred to as M. paratuberculosis) based on DNA hybridization experiments. In this study, rabbit antisera were raised against a recombinant protein of HspX fused to the Escherichia coli maltose binding protein (MBP/HspX). Immunoblots of lysates of M. paratuberculosis-infected macrophages probed with the rabbit antisera showed that HspX was present within infected macrophages of bovine and murine origin. This observation was confirmed by immunofluorescence microscopy of infected macrophages. Lysates of E. coli expressing HspX without the MBP fusion partner were loaded onto preparative SDS-PAGE gels and used to determine whether infected cattle generated a humoral immune response to the antigen. Sera from four of 24 paratuberculous cows (17%) detected HspX. No reactivity was present in sera from control cows. While HspX may be immunogenic during infection in some cows, the protein is not secreted and it does not stimulate cell-mediated immunity. Collectively, these data give a preliminary characterization of the first described M. paratuberculosis protein identified within infected macrophages. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Bannantine, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. OI Bannantine, John/0000-0002-5692-7898 NR 28 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1135 J9 VET MICROBIOL JI Vet. Microbiol. PD OCT 20 PY 2000 VL 76 IS 4 BP 343 EP 358 DI 10.1016/S0378-1135(00)00247-9 PG 16 WC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences SC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences GA 360RJ UT WOS:000089680800003 PM 11000531 ER PT J AU Ruby, KW Griffith, RW Gershwin, LJ Kaeberle, ML AF Ruby, KW Griffith, RW Gershwin, LJ Kaeberle, ML TI Haemophilus somnus-induced IgE in calves vaccinated with commercial monovalent H-somnus bacterins SO VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Haemophilus somnus; bacterins; cattle-bacteria; IgE ID RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS; PASTEURELLA-HAEMOLYTICA; MICROPOLYSPORA-FAENI; BORDETELLA-PERTUSSIS; LUNG; RESPONSES; DISEASE; EXPOSURE; CATTLE AB The ability of commercially available Haemophilus somnus bacterins to elicit an immunoglobulin E (IgE) response was examined in healthy calves using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and western blotting techniques. Thirty five calves were utilized in this study. Calves in Group 1 (n = 7) did not receive any H. somnus vaccination and served as negative controls. Calves in each of Groups 2-5 (rt = 7 each) were vaccinated on days 0 (primary) and 14 (booster) with one of four commercially available H. somnus bacterins. Sera were harvested on days 0 and 14 and at weekly intervals for a total of 45 days. Sera were tested for the presence of IgE antibodies using a bovine IgE-specific ELISA, Low levels of H, somnus-specific IgE were detected by ELISA in all animals prior to the initiation of the study. All bacterins induced IgE levels that were significantly higher than control levels. Two bacterins elicited higher IgE levels at all time points. Sera were adsorbed against washed whole cells of either Salmonella typhimurium, P. multocida, or H. somnus or extracts of H. somnus. ELISA absorbance values were significantly decreased by adsorption with washed whole cells or extracts of H. somnus, whereas adsorption with other gram-negative bacteria only minimally decreased ELISA absorbance values. These results indicate that commercially available H, somnus bacterins can induce IgE antibody as early as 14 days post-vaccination. This IgE can be detected 45 days after the primary vaccination. Results also indicate that H, somnus-specific IgE antibodies can be found in serum of some cattle, possibly induced by existing or previous sensitization. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Vet Serv, Ctr Vet Biol Licensing & Policy Dev, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Iowa State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Microbiol & Prevent Med, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Dept Pathol Microbiol & Immunol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Ruby, KW (reprint author), USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Vet Serv, Ctr Vet Biol Licensing & Policy Dev, 510 S 17th St,Suite 104, Ames, IA 50010 USA. EM kevin.w.ruby@usda.gov NR 29 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1135 J9 VET MICROBIOL JI Vet. Microbiol. PD OCT 20 PY 2000 VL 76 IS 4 BP 373 EP 383 DI 10.1016/S0378-1135(00)00257-1 PG 11 WC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences SC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences GA 360RJ UT WOS:000089680800005 PM 11000533 ER PT J AU Davis, CD Newman, S AF Davis, CD Newman, S TI Inadequate dietary copper increases tumorigenesis in the Min mouse SO CANCER LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Min mice; copper; intestinal cancer ID ABERRANT CRYPT FOCI; PROTEIN-KINASE-C; INTESTINAL NEOPLASIA; COLON-CANCER; SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS; COLORECTAL-CANCER; APC GENE; MUTATIONS; RAT AB Multiple intestinal neoplasia (Min) mice are a good model for the investigation of the effects of dietary alterations on genetic susceptibility for intestinal cancer. In the current study, nursing dams and their pups were placed on an AIN-93G diet containing either 1 or 6 ppm copper. The pups were maintained on the same concentration of dietary copper after weanling until they were 13-weeks-old. Animals fed copper deficient diets had a significantly (P < 0.0003) higher small intestine tumor incidence and a significantly (P < 0.04) higher small intestine tumor burden than animals fed adequate dietary copper. Therefore, inadequate dietary copper can increase the spontaneous tumorigenesis that occurs in the Min mouse. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Davis, CD (reprint author), USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, POB 9034,Univ Stn, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 40 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0304-3835 J9 CANCER LETT JI Cancer Lett. PD OCT 16 PY 2000 VL 159 IS 1 BP 57 EP 62 DI 10.1016/S0304-3835(00)00531-0 PG 6 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 396XM UT WOS:000166663300008 PM 10974406 ER PT J AU Baker, CJ Deahl, K Domek, J Orlandi, EW AF Baker, CJ Deahl, K Domek, J Orlandi, EW TI Scavenging of H2O2 and production of oxygen by horseradish peroxidase SO ARCHIVES OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE catalase; catalatic; hydrogen peroxide; peroxidase; reactive oxygen; superoxide ID HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; OXIDATIVE BURST; ACTIVE OXYGEN; SUPEROXIDE; PLANTS; MYELOPEROXIDASE; PATHOGENESIS; MECHANISMS; GENERATION; CATALASE AB Peroxidases catalyze many reactions, the most common being the utilization of H2O2 to oxidize numerous substrates (peroxidative mode). Peroxidases have also been proposed to produce H2O2 via utilization of NAD(P)H, thus providing oxidant either for the first step of lignification or for the "oxidative burst" associated with plant-pathogen interactions. The current study with horseradish peroxidase characterizes a third type of peroxidase activity that mimics the action of catalase; molecular oxygen is produced at the expense of H2O2 in the absence of other reactants. The oxygen production and H2O2-scavenging activities had temperature coefficients, Q(10), of nearly 3 and 2, which is consistent with enzymatic reactions. Both activities were inhibited by autoclaving the enzyme and both activities had fairly broad pH optima in the neutral-to-alkaline region. The apparent K-m values for the oxygen production and H2O2-scavenging reactions were near 1.0 mM H2O2. Irreversible inactivation of horseradish peroxidase by exposure to high concentrations of H2O2 coincided with the formation. of an absorbance peak at 670 nm. Addition of superoxide dismutase (SOD) to reaction mixtures accelerated the reaction, suggesting that superoxide intermediates were involved. It appears that horseradish peroxidase is capable of using H2O2 both as an oxidant and as a reductant. A model is proposed and the relevance of the mechanism in plant-bacterial systems is discussed. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 ARS, Microbiol & Plant Pathol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, Vegetable Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Baker, CJ (reprint author), ARS, Microbiol & Plant Pathol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 26 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 11 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0003-9861 J9 ARCH BIOCHEM BIOPHYS JI Arch. Biochem. Biophys. PD OCT 15 PY 2000 VL 382 IS 2 BP 232 EP 237 DI 10.1006/abbi.2000.2013 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 367PN UT WOS:000090070800010 PM 11068874 ER PT J AU Lovett, GM Traynor, MM Pouyat, RV Carreiro, MM Zhu, WX Baxter, JW AF Lovett, GM Traynor, MM Pouyat, RV Carreiro, MM Zhu, WX Baxter, JW TI Atmospheric deposition to oak forests along an urban-rural gradient SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CANOPY INTERACTIONS; DRY DEPOSITION; PRECIPITATION CHEMISTRY; DECIDUOUS FOREST; MAJOR IONS; NITROGEN; THROUGHFALL; ECOSYSTEMS; POLLUTANTS; NITRATE AB To determine the patterns of atmospheric deposition and throughfall in the vicinity of a large city, bulk deposition, oak forest throughfall, and particulate dust deposition were measured at sites along a transect within and to the north of New York City. Concentrations and fluxes of NO3-, MH4+, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42-, and Cl- in throughfall all declined significantly with distance from the city, while hydrogen ion concentration and flux increased with distance from the city. Most of the change in concentrations and fluxes occurred within 45 km of the city. Throughfall deposition of inorganic N was twice as high in the urban sites as compared to the suburban and rural sites. Bulk deposition patterns were similar to those of throughfall, but changes along the transect were much less pronounced. The water-extractable component of dust deposition to Petri plates also was substantially higher in the urban sites for Ca2+,Mg2+, SO42-, NO3-, and Cl-. The dust particles had little alkalinity, suggesting that alkaline aerosols were neutralized by acidic gases in the atmosphere. We propose that dust emissions from New York City act like an "urban scrubber", removing acidic gases from the atmosphere and depositing them on the city as coarse particle dry deposition. Despite the urban scrubber effect, most of the dry deposition of nitrate was from gaseous nitrogen oxides, which were in much higher concentration in the city than in rural sites. Excess deposition of nutrients and pollutants could be important for the nutrient budgets of forests in and near urban areas. C1 Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, US Forest Serv, USDA, Baltimore, MD 21227 USA. Fordham Univ, Louis Calder Ctr, Armonk, NY 10504 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. RP Lovett, GM (reprint author), Inst Ecosyst Studies, Box AB, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. RI Lovett, Gary/H-3800-2013; Mason, Robert/A-6829-2011; OI Lovett, Gary/0000-0002-8411-8027 NR 39 TC 118 Z9 130 U1 6 U2 51 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD OCT 15 PY 2000 VL 34 IS 20 BP 4294 EP 4300 DI 10.1021/es001077q PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 365UZ UT WOS:000089970000006 ER PT J AU Baldwin, VC Peterson, KD Clark, A Ferguson, RB Strub, MR Bower, DR AF Baldwin, VC Peterson, KD Clark, A Ferguson, RB Strub, MR Bower, DR TI The effects of spacing and thinning on stand and tree characteristics of 38-year-old Loblolly Pine SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.); spacing; thinning; taper; volume; biomass; branches; foliage; crown architecture AB The effects of early and continuous density control on the characteristics of mature loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) were measured at age 38 and analyzed. Trees in plots planted at spacings of 1.8x1.8, 2.4x2.4, 2.7x2.7, 3.0x3.0, and 3.7x3.7 m were either left unthinned or thinned every 5 years beginning at age 18, to residual basal areas of 27.5, 23.0, 18.4, and 13.8 m(2) ha(-1). Toes thinned from plot buffer zones at age 38 were selected to represent a final harvest cross-section of each treatment for evaluation of hole form, component biomass, and crown architecture. Volume and biomass of cut trees from all thinnings were included with the age 38 data fur stand level yield comparisons. Results show thinning effects were generally more pronounced than spacing effects. Trees of the same diameter at breast height and total height from heavily thinned stands had more cylindrical lower boles, more upper stem taper, longer crowns with more and larger branches, more total foliage, and hence more biomass than trees from unthinned or lightly thinned stands. All levels of thinning increased the yield of the stand in terms of foliage and branch biomass, while only light or moderate thinning increased bole biomass and volume yields. The magnitude of these differences are presented. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Asheville, NC 28802 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Weyerhaeuser Co, Hot Springs, AR 71802 USA. RP Baldwin, VC (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, POB 2680, Asheville, NC 28802 USA. NR 23 TC 55 Z9 68 U1 1 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD OCT 15 PY 2000 VL 137 IS 1-3 BP 91 EP 102 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00340-0 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 353HU UT WOS:000089269400009 ER PT J AU Brockway, DG Outcalt, KW AF Brockway, DG Outcalt, KW TI Restoring longleaf pine wiregrass ecosystems: Hexazinone application enhances effects of prescribed fire SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Review DE Pinus palustris mill.; Aristida beyrichiana Trin. & Rupr.; Quercus laevis Walt; foliar cover; plant species diversity; sandhills ID CENTRAL FLORIDA; PLANT-COMMUNITIES; SITE-PREPARATION; FOREST; VEGETATION; DYNAMICS; SANDHILL; HISTORY; SEASON; PERSISTENCE AB A longleaf pine wiregrass ecosystem in the sandhills of north central Florida,, upon which turkey oak gained dominance following a wildfire, was treated with applications of hexazinone (1.1 or 2.2 kg/ha) in May 1991. All applications successfully reduced competition front oaks in the overstory and understory (mortality >80%), resulting in progressive increases in the foliar cover of wiregrass, all graminoids and forbs through time. Broadcast application caused a decline in forb cover and species richness during the initial growing season, which recovered by the following year. The 2.2 kg/ha spot application resulted in an increase in species richness, while evenness declined with the continuing expansion of wiregrass. The entire site was then burned in June 1995 by prescribed fin, which caused a widespread decrease in the cover of oaks, shrubs, wiregrass, all graminoids and forbs and plant species richness. In the following year, forb cover increased and oak cover remained significantly lower on plots treated with the combination of hexazinone plus fire than on fire-only plots. The overall cover of forbs, graminoids, shrubs and longleaf pines continued to increase through time. Broadcast application initially exposed a greater number of understory plants to direct contact with herbicide, posing a higher mortality risk than may be acceptable in restoration efforts. Although recovery occurred in subsequent years, the lower selectivity of broadcast application makes it a less suitable restoration technique. Spot application of hexazinone was more selective in its effects upon the plant community. The 2.2 kg/ha spot application produced increases in the cover of wiregrass, all graminoids and forbs and the highest levels of species richness and diversity. The 2.2 kg/ha application rate was also most effective in controlling woody plant competition and is therefore recommended for restoring longleaf pine wiregrass ecosystems in sandhills and similar environments. Hexazinone application followed by prescribed fire accelerates the rate of ecosystem restoration over that achievable by using fire alone. The ecological benefits of controlling competition and rebalancing floristic composition rapidly achieved through this combination of treatments would likely require many cycles of prescribed fire, if used as an individual treatment, over a period of several decades. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, USDA, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, USDA, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Brockway, DG (reprint author), US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, USDA, 520 Devall Dr, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. EM dbrockway_srs-auburn@fs.fed.us NR 131 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 8 U2 34 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD OCT 15 PY 2000 VL 137 IS 1-3 BP 121 EP 138 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00321-7 PG 18 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 353HU UT WOS:000089269400012 ER PT J AU Kanesa-thasan, N Smucny, JJ Hoke, CH Marks, DH Konishi, E Kurane, I Tang, DB Vaughn, DW Mason, PW Shope, RE AF Kanesa-thasan, N Smucny, JJ Hoke, CH Marks, DH Konishi, E Kurane, I Tang, DB Vaughn, DW Mason, PW Shope, RE TI Safety and immunogenicity of NYVAC-JEV and ALVAC-JEV attenuated recombinant Japanese encephalitis virus - poxvirus vaccines in vaccinia-nonimmune and vaccinia-immune humans SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE Japanese encephalitis virus; recombinant poxviruses; vaccinia immunity ID RABIES GLYCOPROTEIN; IMMUNIZATION; LYMPHOCYTES; VACCINATION; CANDIDATES; RESPONSES; EFFICACY; VECTORS; ADULTS; TRIAL AB A controlled, randomized, double-blind clinical trial evaluated whether two attenuated recombinant poxviruses with identical Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) gene insertions, NYVAC-JEV and ALVAC-JEV, were safe and immunogenic in volunteers. Groups of 10 volunteers distinguished by vaccinia immune status received two doses of each vaccine. The vaccines appeared to be equally safe and well tolerated in volunteers, but more reactogenic than licensed formalin-inactivated JE and placebo vaccines given as controls. NYVAC-JEV and ALVAC-JEV vaccine recipients had frequent occurrence of local warmth, erythema, tenderness, and/or arm pain after vaccination. There was no apparent effect of vaccinia immune status on frequency or magnitude of local and systemic reactions. NYVAC-JEV elicited antibody responses to JEV antigens in recipients but ALVAC-JEV vaccine poorly induced antibody responses. However, NYVAC-JEV Vaccine induced neutralizing antibody responses only in vaccinia-nonimmune recipients while vaccinia-immune Volunteers failed to develop protective antibodies (5/5 vs. 0/5 seroconversion, p < 0.01). These data suggest that preexisting immunity to poxvirus vector may suppress antibody responses to recombinant gene products. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Walter Reed Army Inst Res, DCD&I, Dept Virus Dis, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Aventis Pasteur USA, Swiftwater, PA USA. Kobe Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med Zool, Chuo Ku, Kobe, Hyogo 850, Japan. Univ Massachusetts, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Worcester, MA 01655 USA. Walter Reed Army Inst Res, Dept Biostat & Math, Washington, DC 20307 USA. Armed Forces Res Inst Med Sci, Dept Virol, Bangkok 10400, Thailand. USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, Yale Arbovirus Res Unit, New Haven, CT 06510 USA. RP Kanesa-thasan, N (reprint author), Walter Reed Army Inst Res, DCD&I, Dept Virus Dis, 503 Robert Grant Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 31 TC 75 Z9 78 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD OCT 15 PY 2000 VL 19 IS 4-5 BP 483 EP 491 DI 10.1016/S0264-410X(00)00191-2 PG 9 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 365CH UT WOS:000089930500017 PM 11027812 ER PT J AU Conner, AH AF Conner, AH TI Predicting the reactivity of phenolic compounds with formaldehyde under basic conditions: An Ab initio study SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE chemical computation; ab initio; semiempirical; phenol; formaldehyde; adhesive ID ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIALS; CATALYST TYPE; CHARGES; RESINS; MECHANISMS; MOLECULES; KINETICS AB A method is needed to predict which compounds, from the many alternative phenolic compounds, might be best for making polymeric phenolic systems. Kinetic data for the reaction of a series of phenolic compounds with formaldehyde using a base catalysis are available in the literature. Semiempirical calculations, using RHF/PM3, and ab initio calculations, using RHF/6-31G, RHF/6-31+G, and B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,p), were performed on the series of phenolic compounds to determine their relative reactivities. Atomic charges were determined for the phenolate anions. For each compound, I summed the absolute value of the calculated, negative charges residing on carbon atoms of the phenolic ring at which the HOMO was located and at which no substituent was present to cause steric interference with the reaction. The sum of the charges for each compound was then regressed against the log of the relative reaction rate for that compound. The sum of charges from PM3-based calculations gave poor correlation with reactivity. The sums of charges calculated by the CHelpG and Merz-Kollman/Singh methods at the ab initio levels of theory give excellent correlations with reactivity of the phenolics toward formaldehyde. Based on the calculated charges, estimates of the relative reactivity at each of the reactive sites on each of the phenolic compounds were determined. (C) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Conner, AH (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 36 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0021-8995 J9 J APPL POLYM SCI JI J. Appl. Polym. Sci. PD OCT 10 PY 2000 VL 78 IS 2 BP 355 EP 363 DI 10.1002/1097-4628(20001010)78:2<355::AID-APP150>3.0.CO;2-3 PG 9 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 343JP UT WOS:000088699500015 ER PT J AU van Goudoever, JB Stoll, B Henry, JF Burrin, DG Reeds, PJ AF van Goudoever, JB Stoll, B Henry, JF Burrin, DG Reeds, PJ TI Adaptive regulation of intestinal lysine metabolism SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS; AMINO-ACIDS; WHOLE-BODY; FED PIGLETS; DIETARY; PIGS; RAT; NITROGEN; KINETICS; TISSUES AB The metabolism of dietary essential amino acids by the gut has a direct effect on their systemic availability and potentially limits growth. We demonstrate that, in neonatal pigs bearing portal and arterial catheters and fed a diet containing 23% protein [high protein (HP) diet], more than half the intake of essential amino acids is metabolized by the portal-drained viscera (PDV). Intraduodenal or i.v. infusions of [U-C-13]-lysine were used to measure the appearance across and the use of the tracer by the PDV. In HP-fed pigs, lysine use by the PDV was derived almost entirely from the arterial input. In these animals, the small amount of dietary lysine used in first pass was oxidized almost entirely. Even so, intestinal lysine oxidation (24 mu mol/kg per h) accounted for one-third of whole-body lysine oxidation (77 mu mol/kg per h). Total lysine use by the PDV was not affected by low protein (LP) feeding (HP, 213 mu mol/kg per h; LP,186 mu mol/kg per h), In LP-fed pigs, the use of lysine by the PDV accounted for more than 75% of its intake, In contrast to HP feeding, both dietary and arterial lysines were used by the PDV of LP-fed pigs in nearly equal amounts. Intestinal lysine oxidation was suppressed completely. We conclude that the PDV are key organs with respect to amino acid metabolism and that the intestines use a disproportionately large amount of the dietary supply of amino acids during protein restriction. C1 Baylor Univ, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, DOA,Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Reeds, PJ (reprint author), Baylor Univ, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, DOA,Dept Pediat, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 34 TC 107 Z9 108 U1 2 U2 8 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD OCT 10 PY 2000 VL 97 IS 21 BP 11620 EP 11625 DI 10.1073/pnas.200371497 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 363GA UT WOS:000089825700090 PM 11016965 ER PT J AU Lupiani, B Hunt, H Silva, R Fadly, A AF Lupiani, B Hunt, H Silva, R Fadly, A TI Identification and characterization of recombinant subgroup J avian leukosis viruses (ALV) expressing subgroup A ALV envelope SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID MYELOID LEUKOSIS; SARCOMA-VIRUSES; GERM LINE; ENV GENE; CHICKENS; RETROVIRUSES; PROVIRUSES; SEQUENCES AB Three recombinant avian leukosis subgroup J viruses, ADOL 5701A, ADOL 5701A Delta, and ADOL 6803A, carrying a subgroup A envelope have been isolated and characterized. These viruses were identified by their ability to replicate in DF-1/J, a recombinant chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cell line expressing the subgroup J envelope that is resistant to subgroup J replication. Flow cytometric analysis of DF-1/J cells infected with ADOL 5701 and ADOL 6803, two subgroup J isolates, indicated cross-reactivity with subgroup A chicken polyclonal serum. Based on published sequences of subgroups A and J isolates, we designed a series of primers to PCR amplify the envelope and LTR of these viruses. PCR products were obtained when the forward primer was specific for subgroup A gp85 envelope protein gene and the reverse primer was specific for subgroup J LTR. Sequence analysis of the PCR products indicated that these viruses had a subgroup A gp85, a subgroup E gp37, and a subgroup J LTR. Interestingly, these Viruses had previously been propagated in CEF from the alv6 chicken line, a line that carries a replication defective recombinant endogenous virus expressing a subgroup A envelope (RAV 0-A(1)). Sequence analysis of RAV 0-A(1) gp85 and gp37 envelope proteins indicated that they were almost identical to those of the recombinants ADOL 5701A and ADOL 6803A. These results indicate that these three recombinant viruses arose by recombination between exogenous subgroup J isolates and a recombinant defective endogenous Virus with subgroup A envelope. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. RP Lupiani, B (reprint author), USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, 3606 E Mt Hope Rd, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. RI Lupiani, Blanca/A-5267-2011 NR 28 TC 32 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD OCT 10 PY 2000 VL 276 IS 1 BP 37 EP 43 DI 10.1006/viro.2000.0539 PG 7 WC Virology SC Virology GA 367XY UT WOS:000090088300005 PM 11021992 ER PT J AU Kassenborg, H Danila, R Snippes, P Wiisanen, M Sullivan, M Smith, KE Crouch, N Medus, P Weber, R Korlath, J Ristinen, T Lynfield, R Hull, HF Pahlen, J Boldingh, T Elfering, K Hoffman, G Lewis, T Friedlander, A Heine, H Culpepper, R Henchal, E Ludwig, G Rossi, C Teska, J Ezzell, J Eitzen, E AF Kassenborg, H Danila, R Snippes, P Wiisanen, M Sullivan, M Smith, KE Crouch, N Medus, P Weber, R Korlath, J Ristinen, T Lynfield, R Hull, HF Pahlen, J Boldingh, T Elfering, K Hoffman, G Lewis, T Friedlander, A Heine, H Culpepper, R Henchal, E Ludwig, G Rossi, C Teska, J Ezzell, J Eitzen, E TI Human ingestion of Bacillus anthracis - Contaminated meat - Minnesota, August 2000 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 813-816, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Roseau Cty Home Hlth Care, Roseau, Dominica. Minnesota Board Anim Hlth, St Paul, MN USA. Minnesota Dept Agr, St Paul, MN 55107 USA. USA, Med Res Inst Infect Dis, Washington, DC USA. Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Washington, DC USA. CDC, Epidemiol Program Off, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Kassenborg, H (reprint author), Minnesota Dept Hlth, Minneapolis, MN 55414 USA. NR 6 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD OCT 4 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 13 BP 1644 EP 1646 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 357KY UT WOS:000089501900011 ER PT J AU Evans, JJ Shoemaker, CA Klesius, PH AF Evans, JJ Shoemaker, CA Klesius, PH TI Experimental Streptococcus iniae infection of hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops X Morone saxatilus) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) by nares inoculation SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article DE infectivity; Streptococcus iniae; hybrid striped bass; tilapia; nare; eye; mortality; disease signs ID EDWARDSIELLA-ICTALURI; CHANNEL CATFISH; MORTALITIES; FISH; PUNCTATUS; AGENT AB Streptococcus iniae infection was evaluated in hybrid striped bass and tilapia following experimental, bilateral inoculation of a virulent isolate of S. iniae onto their eyes or into their nares. Inoculation of eyes did not result in mortality or disease signs in either species. In contrast, mortality and disease signs were observed in both species following nares inoculation Hybrid striped bass were susceptible to 4.8 x 10(3) S. iniae colony forming units (CEU), an inoculum 100 times lower than that affecting tilapia. We observed decreased mortality of hybrid striped bass administrated 4.8 x 10(5) CFU dose of S. iniae. Following S. iniae infection, the disease signs observed in hybrid striped bass and tilapia were erratic, serpentine, rising and falling, and head-up swimming, slow acceptance or refusal of food, lethargy and darkened skin. We did not observe exophthalmia, eye opacity or body curvature. We were able to recover S. iniae from either nares, eyes, brains, or head kidney of 87.5% and 66.7% of the morbid hybrid striped bass and tilapia, respectively. Both hybrid striped bass and tilapia produced significant anti-streptococcal titers 14 days post nares inoculation with 4.8 x 10(3) CFU of S. iniae. Successful experimental S. inaie infection of fish following nares inoculation suggest that nares may be a potential route of S. iniae infection in cultured fish species. This route of experimental infection for S. iniae has not been previously described in fish. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, Aquat Anim Hlth Res Lab, Chestertown, MD 21620 USA. RP Evans, JJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Aquat Anim Hlth Res Lab, 300 Washington Ave, Chestertown, MD 21620 USA. NR 28 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD OCT 2 PY 2000 VL 189 IS 3-4 BP 197 EP 210 DI 10.1016/S0044-8486(00)00376-8 PG 14 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 344QF UT WOS:000088769800001 ER PT J AU Jacob, RA AF Jacob, RA TI Folate, DNA methylation, and gene expression: factors of nature and nurture SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Editorial Material ID POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; DEFICIENCY; HOMOCYSTEINE; METABOLISM; DAMAGE; ACID; RAT C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Pomol, USDA ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Jacob, RA (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Pomol, USDA ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 14 TC 33 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 72 IS 4 BP 903 EP 904 PG 2 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 357JF UT WOS:000089494200003 PM 11010929 ER PT J AU Roughead, ZK Hunt, JR AF Roughead, ZK Hunt, JR TI Adaptation in iron absorption: iron supplementation reduces nonheme-iron but not heme-iron absorption from food SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE iron supplementation; heme iron; nonheme iron; iron absorption; fecal ferritin; serum ferritin; adaptation; meat; erythrocyte incorporation; humans; anemia; iron deficiency; hemoglobin; hematocrit ID FERRITIN EXCRETION; COLORECTAL-CANCER; SERUM FERRITIN; WHOLE DIET; STORES; WOMEN; RISK; METABOLISM; CAPACITY; BALANCE AB Background: Results of cross-sectional studies suggest that in healthy people, iron absorption adapts to meet physiologic needs and stabilize iron stores, but this has nor been adequately tested in longitudinal studies. Objective: We tested whether heme- and nonheme-iron absorption decrease in response to increased iron intake and whether iron stores reach a steady state. Design: In a randomized, placebo-controlled trial, heme- and nonheme-iron absorption by healthy men and women (n = 57) were measured before and after 12 wk of supplementation with 50 mg Fe/d as ferrous sulfate. Serum and fecal ferritin were measured during supplementation and for 6 mo thereafter. Results: Initially, both heme- and nonheme-iron absorption were inversely associated with serum ferritin concentration. Volunteers who took iron supplements. even those with serum ferritin < 21 mu g/L (n = 5), adapted to absorb less nonheme iron (3.2% at week 12 compared with 5.0% at week 0, P < 0.001) but not less heme iron from a beef-based meal. Serum ferritin concentration :vas slightly but significantly higher after iron supplementation than after placebo (difference = 13 mu g/L). This higher ferritin concentration persisted for 26 mo after supplementation, except in subjects with low iron stores, whose serum ferritin returned to baseline within 3 mo. Fecal ferritin excretion increased 2.5-fold (P < 0.04) during supplementation. Conclusions: Healthy individuals, even those with low iron tores. had reduced nonheme-iron absorption from food in response to iron supplementation. Despite this partial adaptation, iron stores were greater after iron supplementation than after placebo and this difference was sustained, except in individuals with the lowest iron stores. C1 ARS, USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Roughead, ZK (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, 2420 2nd Ave N,POB 9034, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 40 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 72 IS 4 BP 982 EP 989 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 357JF UT WOS:000089494200015 PM 11010941 ER PT J AU Hoffman, DJ Sawaya, AL Coward, WA Wright, A Martins, PA de Nascimento, C Tucker, KL Roberts, SB AF Hoffman, DJ Sawaya, AL Coward, WA Wright, A Martins, PA de Nascimento, C Tucker, KL Roberts, SB TI Energy expenditure of stunted and nonstunted boys and girls living in the shantytowns of Sao Paulo, Brazil SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE energy requirements; children; stunting; developing countries; girls; obesity; shantytowns; Brazil ID DOUBLY-LABELED WATER; RESTING METABOLIC-RATE; WEIGHT-GAIN; CHILDREN; OBESITY; OVERWEIGHT; INFANTS; HUMANS; RISK AB Background: Stunting increases the risk of obesity in developing countries. particularly in girls and women, but the underlying reason is not known. Objective: Our objective was to test the hypothesis that stunted children have lower energy expenditure than do nonstunted children, a factor that has predicted an increased risk of obesity in other high-risk populations. Design: A cross-sectional study was conducted in shantytown children from Sao Paulo, Brazil. Twenty-eight stunted children aged 8-11 y were compared with 30 nonstunted children with similar weight-for-height. Free-living total energy expenditure (TEE) was measured over 7 d by using the doubly labeled water method. In addition, resting energy expenditure (REE) was measured by indirect calorimetry and body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Results: There were no significant associations between stunting and any measured energy expenditure parameter, including REE adjusted for weight ((x) over bar +/- SEM: 4575 +/- 95 compared with 4742 +/- 91 kJ/d, in stunted and nonstunted children, respectively) and TEE adjusted for weight (8424 +/- 239 compared with 8009 +/- 221 kJ/d, in stunted and nonstunted children, respectively). In multiple regression models that included fat-free mass and fat mass, girls had significantly lower TEE than did boys (P < 0.05) but not significantly lower REE (P = 0.17). Conclusions: There was no association between stunting and energy expenditure after differences between groups in body size and composition were accounted for. However, the girls had lower TEE than did boys, which may help to explain the particularly high risk of obesity in stunted adolescent girls and women in urban areas of developing countries. C1 Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, BR-04023900 Sao Paulo, Brazil. Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Jean Mayer US Dept Agr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. MRC, Cambridge, England. RP Sawaya, AL (reprint author), Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, Rua Botucatu 862,Vila Clementino, BR-04023900 Sao Paulo, Brazil. RI Martins, Paula/E-7161-2011; Tucker, Katherine/A-4545-2010; Sawaya, Ana/D-3845-2014; OI Martins, Paula/0000-0002-3857-1656; Tucker, Katherine/0000-0001-7640-662X NR 42 TC 81 Z9 84 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 72 IS 4 BP 1025 EP 1031 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 357JF UT WOS:000089494200021 PM 11010947 ER PT J AU Masia, R Aneshansley, D Nagel, W Nachman, RJ Beyenbach, KW AF Masia, R Aneshansley, D Nagel, W Nachman, RJ Beyenbach, KW TI Voltage clamping single cells in intact Malpighian tubules of mosquitoes SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-RENAL PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE yellow fever mosquito; shunt resistance; potassium channel; barium; leucokinin ID YELLOW-FEVER MOSQUITO; AEDES-AEGYPTI; K+ TRANSPORT; CONDUCTANCE; ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; SECRETAGOGUES; EPITHELIUM; SECRETION; JUNCTIONS; DIURESIS AB Principal cells of the Malpighian tubule of the yellow fever mosquito were studied with the methods of two-electrode voltage clamp (TEVC). Intracellular voltage (V(pc)) was -86.7 mV, and input resistance (R(pc)) was 388.5 k Omega (n = 49 cells). In six cells, Ba(2+) (15 mM) had negligible effects on V(pc), but it increased R(pc) from 325.3 to 684.5 k Omega (P < 0.001). In the presence of Ba(2+), leucokinin-VIII (1 mu M) increased V(pc) to 2101.8 mV (P < 0.001) and reduced R(pc) to 340.2 k Omega (P < 0.002). Circuit analysis yields the following: basolateral membrane resistance, 652.0 k Omega; apical membrane resistance, 340.2 k Omega; shunt resistance (R(sh)), 344.3 k Omega; transcellular resistance, 992.2 k Omega. The fractional resistance of the apical membrane (0.35) and the ratio of transcellular resistance and R(sh) (3.53) agree closely with values obtained by cable analysis in isolated perfused tubules and confirm the usefulness of TEVC methods in single principal cells of the intact Malpighian tubule. Dinitrophenol (0.1 mM) reversibly depolarized V(pc) from -94.3 to -10.7 mV (P < 0.001) and reversibly increased R(pc) from 412 to 2,879 k Omega (P < 0.001), effects that were duplicated by cyanide (0.3 mM). Significant effects of metabolic inhibition on voltage and resistance suggest a role of ATP in electrogenesis and the maintenance of conductive transport pathways. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Biomed Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Agr & Biol Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Munich, Dept Physiol, D-80336 Munich, Germany. USDA, VERU, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Beyenbach, KW (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Biomed Sci, VRT 8014, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM kwb1@cornell.edu NR 30 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 1931-857X J9 AM J PHYSIOL-RENAL JI Am. J. Physiol.-Renal Physiol. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 279 IS 4 BP F747 EP F754 PG 8 WC Physiology; Urology & Nephrology SC Physiology; Urology & Nephrology GA 356EF UT WOS:000089430800017 PM 10997925 ER PT J AU Loeb, SC Tainter, FH Cazares, E AF Loeb, SC Tainter, FH Cazares, E TI Habitat associations of hypogeous fungi in the southern appalachians: Implications for the endangered northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus coloratus) SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID FOREST REMNANTS; WESTERN OREGON; FIR FORESTS; FOOD-HABITS; SPOROCARPS; CALIFORNIA AB Sporocarps of hypogeous mycorrhizal fungi (truffles) are the major food of northern flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus). The two subspecies of northern flying squirrels that occur in the southern Appalachians, G. s. coloratus and G. s. fuscus, are endangered species which are primarily found in the ecotone between high-elevation spruce-fir and northern hardwood forests. Our objective was to determine the microhabitat and macrohabitat characteristics associated with the presence and abundance of truffles in suitable habitat for northern flying squirrels. We sampled for truffles in 24-26, 1-m(2) plots on each of 10 northern flying squirrel sites in North Carolina and measured micro- and macrohabitat characteristics associated with sample plots and sites. Elaphomyces granulatus was the most common species of truffle found (78.7%). Red spruce (Picea rubra) was significantly more likely to be one of the three closest trees to plots with truffles. Further, spruce was the most important species in plots with truffles, followed by beech (Fagus grandifolia), red oak (Quercus rubra) and yellow birch (Betula lutea), whereas the most important species in plots with no truffles were beech, followed by yellow birch, spruce and red oak. At the macrohabitat (site) level, spruce was the most important species in sites with high truffle production followed by beech and red oak, whereas the most important species in sites with low truffle production were beech, yellow birch, spruce and rhododendron (Rhododendron spp.). Significant variables entered into a linear regression model predicting the number of truffles in a site were the importance Values of fir (Abies fraseri), spruce and silverbell (Halesia carolina). Our data suggest that spruce-fir or mixed spruce-fir/hardwood stands are important foraging sites for northern flying squirrels in the southern Appalachians. C1 Clemson Univ, Dept Forest Resources, USDA, Forest Serv,So Res Stn, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Loeb, SC (reprint author), Clemson Univ, Dept Forest Resources, USDA, Forest Serv,So Res Stn, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. NR 41 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 3 U2 9 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 144 IS 2 BP 286 EP 296 DI 10.1674/0003-0031(2000)144[0286:HAOHFI]2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 370HY UT WOS:000165118500006 ER PT J AU Hanula, JL Engstrom, RT AF Hanula, JL Engstrom, RT TI Comparison of red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis) nestling diet in old-growth and old-field longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) habitats SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID SOUTH-CAROLINA; FOREST AB Automatic cameras were used to record adult red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis) nest Visits with food for nestlings. Diet of nestlings on or near an old-growth longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) remnant in southern Georgia was compared to that in longleaf pine stands established on old farm fields in western South Carolina. Diets of nestlings were expressed as percent nest visits and percent prey biomass. The method of calculating nestling diet composition had little effect on the relative ranking of prey. Roaches (Blattaria: Blatellidae) were the most common arthropod fed to nestlings, ranging from 35-57% of the prey brought to nest cavities by adults or 55-73% of the prey biomass. Other common prey were spiders, centipedes and caterpillars. The latter were primarily larvae of coneworms (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae, Dioryctria spp.) that bore into and feed on pine cones. Scorpions (Scorpiones: Buthidae, Centruroides sp.), an unusual prey, were recorded several times at the south Georgia location. Morisita's index (C) of diet overlap showed a high degree of similarity in nestling diets among years in the old-growth remnant (C = 0.91 to 0.94), as well as a high degree of similarity in the diets of nestlings among woodpecker groups within locations and between old-growth and old-field habitats (C = 0.89-0.95). Our study shows that old trees on relatively undisturbed sites provide the same prey as younger trees growing on old farm fields and the relative importance of the different prey was similar for both habitats. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Tall Timbers Res Stn, Tallahassee, FL 32312 USA. RP Hanula, JL (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, 320 Green St, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 17 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 6 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 144 IS 2 BP 370 EP 376 DI 10.1674/0003-0031(2000)144[0370:CORCWP]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 370HY UT WOS:000165118500014 ER PT J AU Matos, CAP Thomas, DL Young, LD Gianola, D AF Matos, CAP Thomas, DL Young, LD Gianola, D TI Genetic analyses of lamb survival in Rambouillet and Finnsheep flocks by linear and threshold models SO ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE heritability; lambs; linear models; maternal effects; survival; threshold models ID SIRE EVALUATION; LITTER SIZE; CATEGORICAL-DATA; SHEEP BREEDS; MORTALITY; REPEATABILITY; EFFICIENCY; DYSTOCIA; CATTLE; SYSTEM AB Data on lamb survival from birth to weaning of Rambouillet and Finnsheep were analysed with sire-maternal grandsire linear (LM) and threshold (TM) models. Models for the Rambouillet included the effects of year, type of birth, age of dam and sex as fixed effects and sire, maternal grandsire and residual as random effects. For the Finnsheep, fixed effects were year-age of dam combination, type of birth-rearing and sex, and random effects were sire, maternal grandsire and residual. Restricted maximum likelihood (REML) and marginal maximum likelihood (MML) estimates of variance and covariance components were obtained under LA I and TM, respectively. The performance of LM and Till was assessed in terms of goodness of fit and predictive ability. Within the Rambouillet breed, heritabilities of additive direct (0.06), additive maternal (0.04) and total effects (0.13) obtained with Till were 2, 1.3 and 1.9 times greater than those obtained with LM, respectively. For the Finnsheep data, estimated heritabilities of direct (0.17), maternal (0.26) and total (0.34) effects using TM were 1.9, 1.4 and I ti times greater than the estimates using LM, respectively Estimated genetic correlation between direct and maternal effects was 0.14 for the Finnsheep with both the LM and TM. Higher genetic correlations between direct and maternal effects (0.44 and 0.62 with LM and TM, respectively) were obtained for the Rambouillet data. Goodness of fit and predictive ability of the models used with the Finnsheep data were better than for the models used with the Rambouillet data, but within breed, no sizable or significant differences were detected between LM and Till. Results indicate that maternal effects were important in lamb survival to weaning; especially in the more prolific Finnsheep breed. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Anim Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Thomas, DL (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Anim Sci, 256 Anim Sci Bldg,1675 Observ Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Thomas, David/H-4923-2011 NR 34 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 5 PU BRITISH SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI PENICUIK PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, PO BOX 3, PENICUIK EH26 ORZ, MIDLOTHIAN, SCOTLAND SN 1357-7298 J9 ANIM SCI JI Anim. Sci. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 71 BP 227 EP 234 PN 2 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 364RB UT WOS:000089905500004 ER PT J AU Wise, RR Sassenrath-Cole, GF Percy, RG AF Wise, RR Sassenrath-Cole, GF Percy, RG TI A comparison of leaf anatomy in field-grown Gossypium hirsutum and G-barbadense SO ANNALS OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE cotton; leaf anatomy; leaf development; photosynthesis; Gossypium hirsutum; Gossypium barbadense ID CANOPY PHOTOSYNTHESIS; STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE; SOLAR-RADIATION; COTTON LEAVES; AGE; EFFICIENCY; EXPANSION; ORIGIN AB Gossypium hirsutum L. (upland cotton) and G. barbadense L. (Pima cotton) are two of the most important fibre producing cotton species in cultivation. When grown side-by-side in the field, G. hirsutum has higher photosynthetic and transpiration rates (Lu et al., 1997. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 24: 693-700). The present study was undertaken to determine if the differences in physiology can be explained by leaf and canopy morphology and anatomy. Scanning electron microscopy was used to compare the leaf anatomy of field-grown upland ('Delta' and 'Pine Land 50') and Pima ('S6') cotton. Compared to G. hirsutum, mature leaves of G. barbadense are larger and thinner, with a thinner palisade layer. G. barbadense leaves show significant cupping or curling which allows for a more even absorption of insolation over the course of the day and much more light penetration into the canopy. Although G. barbadense leaves have a 70-78 % higher stomatal density on both the abaxial and the adaxial surfaces, its stomates are only one third the size of those of C. hirsutum. This results in G. barbadense having only about 60 % of the stomatal surface area per leaf surface area compared to G. hirsutum. These results are indicative of the anatomical and physiological differences that may limit the yield potential of G. barbadense in certain growing environments. (C) 2000 Annals of Botany Company. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biol, Oshkosh, WI 54901 USA. ARS, USDA, APTRU, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. ARS, USDA, Cotton Res Ctr, Maricopa Agr Ctr, Maricopa, AZ 85239 USA. RP Wise, RR (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biol, Oshkosh, WI 54901 USA. NR 35 TC 23 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 13 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0305-7364 J9 ANN BOT-LONDON JI Ann. Bot. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 86 IS 4 BP 731 EP 738 DI 10.1006/anbo.2000.1235 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 359EY UT WOS:000089599600004 ER PT J AU Waters, WR Frydman, B Marton, LJ Valasinas, A Reddy, VK Harp, JA Wannemuehler, MJ Yarlett, N AF Waters, WR Frydman, B Marton, LJ Valasinas, A Reddy, VK Harp, JA Wannemuehler, MJ Yarlett, N TI [N-1,N-12]bis(ethyl)-cis-6,7-dehydrospermine: a new drug for treatment and prevention of Cryptosporidium parvum infection of mice deficient in T-cell receptor alpha SO ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY LA English DT Article ID IN-VITRO; POLYAMINE BIOSYNTHESIS; NEONATAL MICE; BEEF-CATTLE; CHEMOTHERAPY; RESISTANCE; DAIRY; KIDS AB Cryptosporidium parvum infection of T-cell receptor alpha (TCR-alpha)-deficient mice results in a persistent infection. In this study, treatment with a polyamine analogue (SL-11047) prevented C. parvum infection in suckling TCR-alpha-deficient mice and cleared an existing infection in older mice. Treatment,vith putrescine, while capable of preventing infection, did not clear C. parvum from previously infected mice. These findings provide further evidence that polyamine metabolic pathways are targets for new anticryptosporidial chemotherapeutic agents. C1 ARS, Bacterial Dis Livestock Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. ARS, Periparturient Dis Cattle Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Madison, WI 53711 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Sch Med, Dept Lab Med, Madison, WI 53711 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Sch Med, Dept Oncol, Madison, WI 53711 USA. SLIL Biomed Corp, Madison, WI 53711 USA. Iowa State Univ, Vet Med Res Inst, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Pace Univ, Haskins Labs, New York, NY 10038 USA. RP Waters, WR (reprint author), ARS, Bacterial Dis Livestock Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. EM rwaters@nadc.ars.usda.gov FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI45739-01, AI43931] NR 40 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0066-4804 J9 ANTIMICROB AGENTS CH JI Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 44 IS 10 BP 2891 EP 2894 DI 10.1128/AAC.44.10.2891-2894.2000 PG 4 WC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 355TK UT WOS:000089402300054 PM 10991882 ER PT J AU Pilarska, D McManus, M Hajek, AE Herard, F Vega, FE Pilarski, P Markova, G AF Pilarska, D McManus, M Hajek, AE Herard, F Vega, FE Pilarski, P Markova, G TI Introduction of the entomopathogenic fungus Entomophaga maimaiga Hum., Shim. & Sop. (Zygomycetes : Entomophthorales) to a Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera : Lymantriidae) population in Bulgaria SO ANZEIGER FUR SCHADLINGSKUNDE-JOURNAL OF PEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID AMERICAN GYPSY-MOTH; HOST-RANGE AB The entomopathogenic fungus Entomophaga maimaiga was introduced into a L. dispar population situated in South Bulgaria for the first time in Europe. It was found that of all larvae collected in the five experimental plots, 6.3 % contained conidia and resting spores of E. maimaiga, 14.2 % contained parasitoids and 2.3 % were infected with nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV). The presence of the fungus in cadavers collected from each experimental plots and on five of the six collection dates was observed. C1 Bulgarian Acad Sci, Inst Zool, Sofia 1000, Bulgaria. US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Ctr Forest Hlth Res, Hamden, CT USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Entomol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. USDA ARS, European Mol Control Lab, St Gely Du Fesc, France. USDA ARS, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Beltsville, MD USA. Bulgarian Acad Sci, Inst Plant Physiol, BU-1113 Sofia, Bulgaria. Bulgarian Acad Sci, Forest Res Inst, BU-1113 Sofia, Bulgaria. RP Pilarska, D (reprint author), Bulgarian Acad Sci, Inst Zool, 1 Tzar Osvoboditel, Sofia 1000, Bulgaria. NR 7 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1436-5693 J9 ANZ SCHADL-J PEST SC JI Anz. Schadlingskd.-J. Pest Sci. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 73 IS 5 BP 125 EP 126 PG 2 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 372XV UT WOS:000165260100002 ER PT J AU Miller, AJ Bayles, DO Eblen, BS AF Miller, AJ Bayles, DO Eblen, BS TI Cold shock induction of thermal sensitivity in Listeria monocytogenes SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SUBLETHAL HEAT-SHOCK; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; SCOTT-A; SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSES; GROWTH TEMPERATURE; GROUND-BEEF; RESISTANCE; ADAPTATION; THERMOTOLERANCE AB Cold shock at 0 to 15 degrees C for 1 to 3 h increased the thermal sensitivity of Listeria monocytogenes. In a model broth system, thermal death time at 60 degrees C was reduced by up to 45% after L. monocytogenes Scott A was cold shocked for 3 h, The duration of the cold shock affected thermal tolerance more than did the magnitude of the temperature downshift. The Z values were 8.8 degrees C for controls and 7.7 degrees C for cold-shocked cells. The D values of cold-shocked cells did not return to control levels after incubation for 3 h at 28 degrees C followed by heating at 60 degrees C, Nine L. monocytogenes strains that were cold shocked for 3 h exhibited D,, values that were reduced by 13 to 37%. The D-value reduction was greatest in cold-shocked stationary-phase cells compared to cells from cultures in either the lag or exponential phases of growth. In addition, cold-shocked cells were more likely to be inactivated by a given heat treatment than nonshocked cells, which were more likely to experience sublethal injury. The D values of chloramphenicol-treated control cells and chloramphenicol-treated cold-shocked cells were no different from those of untreated cold-shocked cells, suggesting that cold shock suppresses synthesis of proteins responsible for heat protection. In related experiments, the D values of L. monocytogenes Scott A were decreased 25% on frankfurter skins and 15% in ultra-high temperature milk if the inoculated products were first cold shocked, Induction of increased thermal sensitivity in L. monocytogenes by thermal flux shows potential to become a practical and efficacious preventative control method. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Miller, AJ (reprint author), US FDA, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, Mail Stop HFS-32,200 C St SW, Washington, DC 20204 USA. NR 47 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 66 IS 10 BP 4345 EP 4350 DI 10.1128/AEM.66.10.4345-4350.2000 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 360CW UT WOS:000089649700025 PM 11010880 ER PT J AU Bayles, DO Tunick, MH Foglia, TA Miller, AJ AF Bayles, DO Tunick, MH Foglia, TA Miller, AJ TI Cold shock and its effect on ribosomes and thermal tolerance in Listeria monocytogenes SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; LOW-TEMPERATURES; HEAT-RESISTANCE; FATTY-ACID; GROWTH; MICROORGANISMS; INACTIVATION; DENATURATION; ADAPTATION AB Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and fatty acid analysis were used to determine how cold shocking reduces the thermal stability of Listeria monocytogenes, Additionally, antibiotics that can elicit production of cold or heat shock proteins were used to determine the effect of translation blockage on ribosome thermal stability. Fatty acid profiles showed no significant variations as a result of cold shock, indicating that changes in membrane fatty acids were not responsible for the cold shock-induced reduction in thermal tolerance. Following a 3-h cold shock from 37 to 0 degrees C, the maximum denaturation temperature of the 50S ribosomal subunit and 70S ribosomal particle peak was reduced from 73.4 +/- 0.1 degrees C (mean +/- standard deviation) to 72.1 +/- 0.5 degrees C (P less than or equal to 0.05), indicating that cold shock induced instability in the associated ribosome structure. The maximum denaturation temperature of the 30S ribosomal subunit peak did not show a significant shift in temperature (from 67.5 +/- 0.4 degrees C to 66.8 +/- 0.5 degrees C) as a result of cold shock, suggesting that either 50S subunit or 70S particle sensitivity was responsible for the intact ribosome fragility. Antibiotics that elicited changes in maximum denaturation temperature in ribosomal components also elicited reductions in thermotolerance. Together, these data suggest that ribosomal changes resulting from cold shock may be responsible for the decrease in D value observed when L. monocytogenes is cold shocked. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Bayles, DO (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RI Tunick, Michael/C-9761-2010 NR 27 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 66 IS 10 BP 4351 EP 4355 DI 10.1128/AEM.66.10.4351-4355.2000 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 360CW UT WOS:000089649700026 PM 11010881 ER PT J AU Fields, MW Mallik, S Russell, JB AF Fields, MW Mallik, S Russell, JB TI Fibrobacter succinogenes S85 ferments ball-milled cellulose as fast as cellobiose until cellulose surface area is limiting SO APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DIGESTION; KINETICS AB Fibrobacter succinogenes S85 grew rapidly on cellobiose (0.31 h-l) and the absolute rate of increase in fermentation acids was 0.68 h(-1). Cultures that were provided with ban-milled cellulose initially produced fermentation acids and microbial protein as fast as those provided with cellobiose, but the absolute cellulose digestion rate eventually declined. If the inoculum size was increased, the kinetics decayed from first to zero order (with respect to cells) even sooner, but in each case the absolute rate declined after only 20 to 30% of the cellulose had been fermented. Congo red binding indicated that the cellulose surface area of individual cellulose particles was not decreasing, and the transition of ball-milled cellulose digestion corresponded with the appearance of unbound cells in the culture supernatant. When bound cells from partially digested cellulose were removed and the cellulose was re-incubated with a fresh inoculum, the initial absolute fermentation rate was as high as the one observed for undigested cellulose and cellobiose. Based on these results, cellulose digestion by F. succinogenes S85 appears to be constrained by cellulose surface area rather than cellulase activity per se. C1 Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Microbiol Sect, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Russell, JB (reprint author), Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 18 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0175-7598 J9 APPL MICROBIOL BIOT JI Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 54 IS 4 BP 570 EP 574 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 368WF UT WOS:000090139900017 PM 11092634 ER PT J AU Liu, YL Chen, YR AF Liu, YL Chen, YR TI Two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy study of visible and near-infrared spectral variations of chicken meats in cold storage SO APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE two-dimensional correlation analysis; visible/NIR spectroscopy; chicken meat; storage; myoglobin; discoloration; tenderization ID POULTRY CARCASSES; CLASSIFICATION; PATTIES; PORK AB This paper reports the generalized two-dimensional (2D) visible/ near-infrared (Vis/NIR) correlation spectroscopy study of chicken meats in cold storage. The 2D visible correlation analysis revealed that, besides the previously reported three absorption bands around 445, 485, and 560 nm ascribed to DeoxyMb, MetMb, and OxyMb, there is an additional band around 635 nm that could he assigned to SulfMb, a product from the reaction of myoglobin with HIS generated by bacteria. Unlike the spectral intensity reduction of the 440 and 560 nm bands, the intensities of the 490 and 635 am bands increase with storage time. The asynchronous 2D visible correlation spectra indicated that OxyMb and MetMb produce SulfMb first; then complicated reactions such as the oxygenation and oxidization of DeoxyMb and the oxidization of OxyMb follow as storage is prolonged. In addition, several close and separated hands appearing around the 440, 490, and 560 coordinates could be a result of the changes in the molecular environment of the heme pigment portion. Hence, the decreasing intensity and the splitting of the 440 and 560 nm bands are responsible for the discoloration of meats. The 2D correlation spectra in the NIR region showed that the O-H/N-H bands change their spectral intensity before the C-H groups during the storage, suggesting a coordination process for hydrophilic O-H and N-H groups. It revealed two main possibilities: (1) water species interact with other meat components, and (2) the meat proteins undergo proteolysis and denaturation processes, which is associated with the development of tenderization during storage (aging). In addition, the asynchronous spectra correlating the spectral bands in both the visible and NIR regions suggested that the discoloration occurs earlier than other developments, such as tenderization process. C1 ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Chen, YR (reprint author), ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 24 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 2 U2 9 PU SOC APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY PI FREDERICK PA 201B BROADWAY ST, FREDERICK, MD 21701 USA SN 0003-7028 J9 APPL SPECTROSC JI Appl. Spectrosc. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 54 IS 10 BP 1458 EP 1470 DI 10.1366/0003702001948600 PG 13 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy GA 366VL UT WOS:000090026900009 ER PT J AU Gelman, DB Borovsky, D AF Gelman, DB Borovsky, D TI Aedes aegypti TMOF modulates ecdysteroid production by prothoracic glands of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar SO ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE trypsin modulating oostatic factor; peptide; molting hormone synthesis; ecdysone; PTTH; prothoracic gland; Lepidoptera ID EUROPEAN CORN-BORER; OSTRINIA-NUBILALIS LEPIDOPTERA; LARVAL-PUPAL DEVELOPMENT; MANDUCA-SEXTA L; TOBACCO HORNWORM; OOSTATIC FACTOR; JUVENILE-HORMONE; ECDYSONE; HEMOLYMPH; TITER AB Trypsin modulating oostatic factor (TMOF) is a decapeptide that inhibits the biosynthesis of trypsin-like enzymes in the midgut of several insect species and, as such, serves as a dipteran oostatic hormone. In vitro incubation of lepidopteran prothoracic glands with Aedes aegypti. TMOF revealed that this decapeptide, in the presence of brain extract, modulates ecdysteroid production. The modulatory effect was highly dependent on both the concentration of TMOF and brain extract. Typically TMOF was stimulatory in the presence of lower concentrations of Lymantria dispar brain extract (0.01 and 0.025 brain equivalent), and either neutral or inhibitory at higher concentrations (0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 brain equivalent) of extract. In the presence of European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) brain extract, TMOF also exhibited modulatory effects, effects that again were dependent on the concentrations of both brain extract and TMOF present in the incubation medium. At 1.5 brain equivalents, TMOF was inhibitory at all but the highest concentration tested (5x10(-6) M), at 1.0 brain equivalent, TMOF was stimulatory at 10(-6) M and at 0.5 brain equivalents, TMOF did not significantly affect PTG synthesis of ecdysteroids. Results suggest the presence of a modulatory peptide(s), which fine tunes the synthesis and release of ecdysteroids by PTGs in accordance with the insect's developmental/physiological requirements. Published 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc(dagger). C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Insect Biocontrol Lab, PSI, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Florida, Inst Food & Agr Sci, Florida Med Entomol Lab, Vero Beach, FL 32962 USA. RP Gelman, DB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Insect Biocontrol Lab, PSI, Rm 322,306 Beltsville, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 33 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0739-4462 J9 ARCH INSECT BIOCHEM JI Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 45 IS 2 BP 60 EP 68 DI 10.1002/1520-6327(200010)45:2<60::AID-ARCH2>3.0.CO;2-F PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology GA 378QB UT WOS:000165594100002 PM 11093243 ER PT J AU Corella, D Saiz, C Guillen, M Portoles, O Mulet, F Gonzalez, JI Ordovas, JM AF Corella, D Saiz, C Guillen, M Portoles, O Mulet, F Gonzalez, JI Ordovas, JM TI Association of TaqIB polymorphism in the cholesteryl ester transfer protein gene with plasma lipid levels in a healthy Spanish population SO ATHEROSCLEROSIS LA English DT Article DE cholesteryl ester transfer protein; genetic polymorphisms; high density lipoproteins; coronary heart disease ID HIGH-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; PUBLIC-HEALTH; CETP GENE; ENVIRONMENTAL-FACTORS; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; APOLIPOPROTEIN-E; HDL-CHOLESTEROL; MARITAL-STATUS; PREVENTION AB Genetic variants at the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) locus have been associated with CETP activity and mass, as well as plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and apolipoprotein A-I levels. We have examined allele frequencies and lipid associations for the common CETP TaqIB polymorphism in a sample of 514 healthy subjects (231 men, mean age 37.4 years, and 283 women, mean age 35.7 years) residing in Valencia (Spain). The frequency of the less common TaqIB2 allele (0.351; 95% CI: 0.322-0.380) was significantly lower than those reported for Northern European populations. Consistent with previous studies, we found a significant association of the TaqIB polymorphism with HDL-C levels. Homozygotes for the B1 allele had lower HDL-C levels than subjects carrying the B2 allele (P trend < 0.001 and 0.002, for men and women, respectively). No statistically significant genotype effects were observed for any of the other lipid measures. Multivariate models including TaqIB genotype, body mass index, smoking, alcohol, physical activity, marital status and education were fitted to predict HDL-C levels. The TaqIB polymorphism was consistently an independent predictor of HDL-C levels (P ( 0.001), and explained 5.8% of its variance. To evaluate gene-environmental interactions, first order interaction terms were tested into the multivariate model. No statistically significant interactions between the TaqIB genotypes and smoking, alcohol, physical activity or education were detected. In conclusion, we observed a significant association of the TaqIB polymorphism with HDL-C levels, which remained consistent across different levels of behavioral factors. Moreover, we found that the TaqIB2 allele frequency was lower in our sample than in other European populations, which could be a contributing factor to the unexpectedly high prevalence of coronary heart disease observed in the region of Valencia. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, JM Human Nutr REs Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ Valencia, Sch Med, Dept Publ Hlth, Genet & Mol Epidemiol Unit, Valencia, Spain. RP Ordovas, JM (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, JM Human Nutr REs Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL54776] NR 48 TC 70 Z9 78 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0021-9150 J9 ATHEROSCLEROSIS JI Atherosclerosis PD OCT PY 2000 VL 152 IS 2 BP 367 EP 376 DI 10.1016/S0021-9150(99)00477-3 PG 10 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 360DK UT WOS:000089651000010 PM 10998464 ER PT J AU Budnik, JM Ryan, MR Thompson, FR AF Budnik, JM Ryan, MR Thompson, FR TI Demography of Bell's Vireos in Missouri grassland-shrub habitats SO AUK LA English DT Article ID NEST PREDATION; BROOD PARASITISM; NEOTROPICAL MIGRANT; SEASONAL FECUNDITY; PASSERINE BIRDS; FRAGMENTATION; SURVIVAL; SUCCESS; FOREST AB Numbers of Bell's Vireos (Vireo bellii) have declined throughout much of the breeding range in recent years, yet little information exists to determine factors that are causing these declines. We studied Bell's Vireos nesting in grassland-shrub habitats at two study areas in central Missouri to determine reproductive performance, survival, and population growth potential. Birds were color banded and observed during the breeding seasons of 1996, 1997, and 1998 to determine seasonal fecundity. We monitored 124 breeding pairs (127 pair years) and 213 nests. Density declined from 1.00 to 0.80 territories per 10 ha at the first site and increased from 1.11 to 1.33 at the second site during the study. Mean nesting success was 31 +/- SE of 0.03% overall and ranged from 13 to 42% among years and study areas; 57% of the pairs fledged at least one young. Low annual production was a function of high rates of nest predation (41% of all nests observed, accounting for 44 to 78% of daily nest mortality annually) and nest parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater; 29% of nests observed, 17 to 37% of daily nest mortality annually). Mean seasonal fecundity was 1.60 young fledged per pair per year (range 1.00 to 1.79). Annual survival of adults was 61 +/- 0.04% and was higher than previously reported. We used our estimates of seasonal fecundity and annual survival of adults to determine the finite rate of increase (lambda) for our study population. Our study areas seemingly comprised sink habitats (lambda = 0.85). Thus, the vireos on our study areas likely were limited by low reproductive success. Population declines also may be caused by habitat loss, which highlights the need for investigation of historical and current rates of loss of grassland-shrub habitat. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Res Stn, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Ryan, MR (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. EM ryanmr@missouri.edu NR 44 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 EI 1938-4254 J9 AUK JI AUK PD OCT PY 2000 VL 117 IS 4 BP 925 EP 935 DI 10.1642/0004-8038(2000)117[0925:DOBSVI]2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 367PK UT WOS:000090070500006 ER PT J AU Reddy, SM Witter, RL Gimeno, I AF Reddy, SM Witter, RL Gimeno, I TI Development of a quantitative-competitive polymerase chain reaction assay for serotype 1 Marek's disease virus SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE herpesvirus; Marek's disease; MDV; quantitative-competitive PCR ID HERPESVIRUS; CELLS AB We have developed a quantitative-competitive (QC) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of Marek's disease virus (MDV) DNA. The assay utilizes a competitor DNA that differs from the viral DNA of interest by having a small insertion. The competitor DNA acts as an internal standard for the estimation of viral DNA in an unknown sample. The amount of viral DNA in a sample is quantitated by coamplification in the presence of a known amount of competitor DNA. The same PCR primers that amplify the viral DNA also amplify the competitor DNA. When the amount of competitor is equal to the: amount of viral DNA in a sample, there is equal amplification of the competitor and the virus. Thus, we are able to quantitate the viral DNA in an unknown sample. To establish the utility of this assay, in vivo correlations between virulence and virus replication were studied. Our data demonstrated that a more virulent strain of MDV (648A) replicated better in thymus during cytolytic infection than did a less virulent strain (GA). However, no differences in virus titer were observed when these two viruses were propagated in tissue culture. Our data are consistent with the generally held idea that "hot" strains of MDV replicate earlier and better in birds. Thus, QC-PCR is extremely specific and sensitive to measure MDV DNA over a wide range and can be applied to in vivo studies of viral pathogenesis. C1 USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. RP Reddy, SM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. NR 12 TC 18 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD OCT-DEC PY 2000 VL 44 IS 4 BP 770 EP 775 DI 10.2307/1593048 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 389ET UT WOS:000166226200003 PM 11195630 ER PT J AU Suarez, DL Schultz-Cherry, S AF Suarez, DL Schultz-Cherry, S TI The effect of eukaryotic expression vectors and adjuvants on DNA vaccines in chickens using an avian influenza model SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE DNA vaccines; liposomes; cytomegalovirus; promoters; adjuvants ID DIRECT GENE-TRANSFER; PLASMID DNA; SKELETAL-MUSCLE; VIRUS CHALLENGE; A VIRUSES; PROTECTION; HEMAGGLUTININ; IMMUNIZATION; VACCINATION; INJECTION AB Vaccination of poultry with naked plasmid DNA has been successfully demonstrated with several different poultry pathogens, but the technology needs to be further developed before it can be practically implemented. Many different methods can conceivably enhance the efficacy of DNA vaccines, and this report examines the use of different eukaryotic expression vectors with different promoters and different adjuvants to express the influenza hemagglutinin protein. Four different promoters in five different plasmids were used to express the hemagglutinin protein of an H5 avian influenza virus, including two different immediate early cytomegaloviruses (CMVs), Rous sarcoma virus, chicken actin, and simian virus 40 promoters. All five constructs expressed detectable hemagglutinin protein in cell culture, but the pCI-neo HA plasmid with the CMV promoter provided the best response in chickens when vaccinated intramuscularly at 1 day of age on the basis of antibody titer and survivability after challenge with a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus at 6 wk postinoculation. A beneficial response was observed in birds boostered at 3 wk of age, in birds given larger amounts of DNA, and with the use of multiple injection sites to administer the vaccine. With the use of the pCI-neo construct, the effects of different adjuvants designed to increase the uptake of plasmid DNA, including 25% sucrose, diethylaminoethyl dextran, calcium phosphate, polybrene, and two different cationic liposomes, were examined. Both liposomes rested enhanced antibody titers as compared with the positive controls, but the other chemical adjuvants decreased the antibody response as compared with the control chickens that received just the plasmid alone. The results observed are promising for continued studies, but continued improvements in vaccine response and reduced costs are necessary before the technology can be commercially developed. C1 USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Suarez, DL (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, 934 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 27 TC 49 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD OCT-DEC PY 2000 VL 44 IS 4 BP 861 EP 868 DI 10.2307/1593058 PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 389ET UT WOS:000166226200013 PM 11195640 ER PT J AU Witter, RL Bacon, LD Hunt, HD Silva, RF Fadly, AM AF Witter, RL Bacon, LD Hunt, HD Silva, RF Fadly, AM TI Avian leukosis virus subgroup J infection profiles in broiler breeder chickens: Association with virus transmission to progeny SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE avian leukosis; myeloid leukosis; virus; eradication; transmission; epidemiology; chicken ID LYMPHOID LEUKOSIS; MYELOID LEUKOSIS; HPRS-103 STRAIN; ERADICATION; GENE; ALV AB Profiles of infection with avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) and factors that predict virus transmission to progeny were studied. Eggs from an infected broiler breeder flock were hatched at the laboratory. The flock was reared in a floor pen, transferred to laying cages at 22 wk, and inseminated to produce fertile eggs. A cohort of 133 chickens was tested at frequent intervals over a 62-wk period for virus, viral antigens, or antibodies in plasma, cloacal swabs, egg albumen, and embryos. Virus was detected in 7% of chicks at hatch but spread rapidly so that virtually all chicks became infected between 2 and 8 wk of age. Mortality due to myeloid leukosis and related tumors was 22%. Over 40% of the chicks developed persistent infections, whereas the remainder experienced transient infections. Five types of infection profiles were recognized. Novel responses included hens that were positive for virus intermittently or started late in life to shed viral antigens into the cloaca. ALV-J was isolated from 6% of 1036 embryos evaluated between 26 and 62 wk. However, over 90% of the virus-positive embryos were produced between 29 and 34 wk of age. Of 80 hens that produced embryos, 21 produced at least one infected embryo and were identified as transmitters. All but one transmitter hen would have been detected by a combination of viremia, cloacal swab, and albumen tests conducted between 18 and 26 wk However, virus was transmitted to embryos from hens that were not persistently viremic or that rarely shed viral group-specific antigen into the albumen of their eggs, intermittent patterns of both antigen shedding and virus transmission to embryos were observed in some hens. These results validate current screening procedures to identify potential transmitter hens and provide some suggestions for improvement bur also show chat identification of all transmitter hens by such procedures is unlikely. Thus, eradication programs based solely on dam testing may be less effective than those where dam testing is combined with procedures to mitigate early horizontal transmission in progeny chicks. C1 USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. RP Witter, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, 3606 E Mt Hope Rd, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. NR 38 TC 25 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD OCT-DEC PY 2000 VL 44 IS 4 BP 913 EP 931 DI 10.2307/1593066 PG 19 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 389ET UT WOS:000166226200021 PM 11195648 ER PT J AU Swayne, DE Beck, JR Zaki, S AF Swayne, DE Beck, JR Zaki, S TI Pathogenicity of West Nile virus for turkeys SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE turkeys; West Nile virus; pathogenicity AB In the fall of 1993, West Nile virus (WNV) was isolated during an outbreak of neurologic disease in humans, horses, and wild and zoological birds in New York, Connecticut, and New Jersey. Turkeys could potentially be a large reservoir for WNV because of the high-density turkey farming and the presence of large wild turkey populations in the eastern seaboard of the United States. Little is known about the pathogenicity of WNV in domestic or wild turkeys. Specific-pathogen-free S-wk-old turkeys were inoculated subcutaneously with 10(33) mean tissue culture infective doses of a WNV strain isolated from the index case in a New York crow. No clinical signs were observed in the turkeys over the 21 days of the experiment. One turkey died abruptly at 8 days postinoculation (DPI). Many turkeys developed viremia between 2 and 10 DPI, but the average level of virus was very low, less than needed to efficiently infect mosquitos. Low levels of WNV were detected in feces on 4 and 7 DPI, bur no virus was isolated from oropharyngeal swabs. WNV was nor transmitted from WNV-inoculated to contact-exposed turkeys. All WNV-inoculatcd poults seroconvert ed on 7 DPI. In the turkey that died, WNV was not isolated from intestine, myocardium, brain, kidney, or cloacal and oropharyngeal swabs, bur sparse viral antigen was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry in the heart and spleen. Turkeys in contact with WNV-inoculated turkeys and sham-inoculated controls lacked WNV specific antibodies, and WNV was nor isolated from plasma and cloacal and oropharyngeal swabs. These data suggest that WNV lacks the potential to be a major new disease of turkeys and that turkeys will not be a significant amplifying host for infecting mosquitos. C1 USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Swayne, DE (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, 934 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 13 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD OCT-DEC PY 2000 VL 44 IS 4 BP 932 EP 937 DI 10.2307/1593067 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 389ET UT WOS:000166226200022 PM 11195649 ER PT J AU Toquin, D Bayon-Auboyer, MH Senne, DA Eterradossi, N AF Toquin, D Bayon-Auboyer, MH Senne, DA Eterradossi, N TI Lack of antigenic relationship between French and recent North American non-A/non-B turkey rhinotracheitis viruses SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE turkey rhinotracheitis; avian pneumovirus; antigenic relationship ID AVIAN PNEUMOVIRUS; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; DIFFERENTIATION; STRAINS AB Twelve turkey rhinotracheitis viruses (TRTVs) including the Colorado isolate and two French non-A/non-B viruses were serologically compared. Six enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) antigens derived from subgroup A, subgroup B, a French non-A/non-B, and the Colorado TRTVs were used. Virus neutralization (VN) tests were performed with four Ma-104-adapted viruses derived from subgroup A, subgroup B, a French non-A/non-B, and the Colorado viruses. French strains isolated since 1995 were assigned to subgroup B in both ELISA and VN, whereas those isolated in 1985 and 1986 appeared more diverse: two strains belonged to subgroup B, one to subgroup A, and two others appeared antigenically different from both the A and B subgroups and are classified as non-A/non-B. The Colorado strain appeared different from these three groups of TRTVs. Assignment to subgroup A or B was confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, but neither the French non-A/non-B strains nor the Colorado virus could be classified with the subgroup-specific G-based primers. These results suggest chat at least three antigenically different viruses were present in France in 1985-86 and that the Colorado strain is different from all European TRTVs. Further serologic and phylogenic studies will be necessary to evaluate their actual prevalences and relationships. C1 AFSSA Ploufragan, French Agcy Food Safety, Avian Virol Immunol & Parasitol Unit, F-22440 Ploufragan, France. USDA, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Vet Serv, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Toquin, D (reprint author), AFSSA Ploufragan, French Agcy Food Safety, Avian Virol Immunol & Parasitol Unit, BP 53, F-22440 Ploufragan, France. NR 21 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD OCT-DEC PY 2000 VL 44 IS 4 BP 977 EP 982 DI 10.2307/1593075 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 389ET UT WOS:000166226200030 PM 11195657 ER PT J AU Kogut, MH AF Kogut, MH TI Cytokines and prevention of infectious diseases in poultry: a review SO AVIAN PATHOLOGY LA English DT Review ID ENTERITIDIS-IMMUNE LYMPHOKINES; MYELOMONOCYTIC GROWTH-FACTOR; COLONY-STIMULATING FACTORS; CHICKEN INTERFERON-GAMMA; DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC-ACID CLONING; AVIAN INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE; MESSENGER RIBONUCLEIC-ACID; NECROSIS-FACTOR-ALPHA; STEM-CELL FACTOR; SALMONELLA-ENTERITIDIS AB Cytokines are soluble, low molecular weight polypeptides and glycopeptides produced by a broad range of cell types of haematopoietic and nonhaematopoietic origin that have suppressive or enhansive effects on cellular proliferation, differentiation, activation, and motility. Like hormones, cytokines mediate cellular responses through autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine activities. Both inflammatory responses and specific immune responses to invasive microbes, which were evolved to protect the host from pathogens, are controlled by a complex network of cytokines. As regulators of the initiation and maintenance of host defenses, cytokines ultimately determine the type of response generated and the effector mechanisms generated to mediate resistance. As effector molecules, cytokines are produced transiently and locally to control the amplitude and duration of the response. Likewise, excessive or insufficient production of a cytokine or cytokines may contribute significantly to the pathophysiology of disease. Therefore, cytokines play pivotal but paradoxical roles in both in the regulation of inflammation and immunity. The use of exogenous cytokines against infectious agents in poultry medicine has centered on: (a) their use as adjuvants for vaccines, (b) their direct effects on inducing protection against infections and/or the undesired effects of immune responses elicited by pathogens, and (c) their ability to stimulate the ontogeny and activation of neonatal host defenses. This monograph will review what has been reported about the use of cytokines in poultry in these three main areas. C1 USDA ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Kogut, MH (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 132 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 6 PU CARFAX PUBLISHING PI BASINGSTOKE PA RANKINE RD, BASINGSTOKE RG24 8PR, HANTS, ENGLAND SN 0307-9457 J9 AVIAN PATHOL JI Avian Pathol. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 29 IS 5 BP 395 EP 404 DI 10.1080/030794500750047135 PG 10 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 382BU UT WOS:000165799200002 PM 19184830 ER PT J AU Entry, JA Strasbaugh, CA Sojka, RE AF Entry, JA Strasbaugh, CA Sojka, RE TI Wood chip-polyacrylamide medium for biocontrol bacteria decreases Verticillium dahliae infection on potato SO BIOCONTROL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biocontrol; polyacrylamide cores; Verticillium dahliae; Streptomyces lydicus; Pseudomona corrugata ID METHYL-BROMIDE; FUNGAL ROOT; SOIL; PSEUDOMONAS; ACRYLAMIDE; RHIZOPLANE; NITROGEN; STRAINS; WILT AB The lack of consistent success of biological control of soilborne plant pathogens may be due to the introduction of the organism into a foreign environment. The hypothesized that wood chip-polyacrylamide (PAM) cores surrounding host plant roots could alter the soil environment to favour growth of introduced biocontrol microorganisms, thereby reducing Verticillium dahliae infection of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in a greenhouse. A 7 cm diameter x 15 cm deep hole (core) was drilled in the center of a 20 x 30 cm deep pot (1.9 kg) containing soil infested with V. dahliae inoculum. Cores were then filled with wood chip-PAM-biocontrol organism mixtures. Soils that had Streptomyces lydicus inoculated into wood chip-PAM cores had lower levels of V. dahliae symptoms (V-vis) and V. dahliae isolations (V-iso) than all other treatments in three soils. V-vis and V-iso on plants growing in soils amended with S. lydicus or Pseudomona corrugata inoculated into the soil itself (without wood chip-PAM cores) did not differ from soils that were unamended with these biocontrol organisms. V. dahliae biomass was lower in wood chip-PAM col es inoculated with S. lydicus than control or wood chip-PAM cores without biocontrol bacteria. Soils with wood chip-PAM cores inoculated with S. lydicus or P. corrugata generally had higher microbial biomass/V. dahliae biomass (MB/VB) ratios than control soils, ol soils with S. lydicus or P. corrugata inoculated into the soil. Wood chip-PAM cores alone and wood chip-PAM cotes inoculated with S. lydicus had higher MB/VB ratios than wood chip-PAM cores inoculated with P. corrugata. V-vis and V-iso were curvilinearly correlated with the MB/VB ratios in negative relationships, respectively (r(2) = 0.58, r(2) = 0.68). As the MB/VB ratio increased V-vis and V-iso decreased. Although field studies and economic evaluations are necessary, amending soil with wood chips-PAM and a biocontrol bacterium may be a valuable method to increase the effectiveness of biocontrol organisms. C1 ARS, USDA, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. Univ Idaho, Res & Extens Ctr, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. RP Entry, JA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, 3793 N,3600 E, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. NR 40 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 3 PU CARFAX PUBLISHING PI BASINGSTOKE PA RANKINE RD, BASINGSTOKE RG24 8PR, HANTS, ENGLAND SN 0958-3157 J9 BIOCONTROL SCI TECHN JI Biocontrol Sci. Technol. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 10 IS 5 BP 677 EP 686 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 368RX UT WOS:000090132300012 ER PT J AU Center, TD Van, TK Rayachhetry, M Buckingham, GR Dray, FA Wineriter, SA Purcell, MF Pratt, PD AF Center, TD Van, TK Rayachhetry, M Buckingham, GR Dray, FA Wineriter, SA Purcell, MF Pratt, PD TI Field colonization of the melaleuca snout beetle (Oxyops vitiosa) in south Florida SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE Everglades; invasive plants; Myrtaceae; bioagent establishment; classical biological control; weed control; dispersal; release strategies ID BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL AGENT; AUSTRALIAN WEEVIL; CURCULIONIDAE; QUINQUENERVIA; COLEOPTERA AB The Australian melaleuca snout beetle, Oxyops vitiosa Pascoe, a biological control agent of Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S. T. Blake, was first released in south Florida during spring 1997. Field-emerged adults appeared 3 months later, which affirmed survival of pupae despite occasional flooding Releases at 12 other locations totaled more than 1500 adults and 6700 larvae by June 1998. Populations established at nine sites in Dade, Broward, Lee, Collier, Palm Beach, and Glades Counties. Habitats with short hydroperiods, intermediate stages of melaleuca invasion, and dry winter conditions engendered field colony development, whereas releases failed at aquatic sites. Even small releases (60 adults) produced populations at favorable sites. Abundant young foliage facilitated establishment, whereas soil type seemed unimportant: colonies developed at typical "glades" sites characterized by organic soils and at pineland sites with sandy soils. Larvae predominated during October to May, coincident with flushes of plant growth. In contrast, only adults remained during summer, except at a site that was periodically mowed. The new growth induced by mowing supported a persistent year-round larval population. This demonstrated that population trends are influenced more by plant phenology than by climatic conditions, possibly reflecting adaptation to the nonseasonal climatic oscillations (El Nino) of Australia. Transect sampling estimated the population at more than 2000 adults and 22,000 larvae, 1 year after release of 3300 larvae. Numbers swelled to almost 80,000 adults and over 15,000 larvae by June 1999 and to nearly 83,000 adults and 137,000 larvae by January 2000. Weevils dispersed throughout the 8.1-ha site but remained concentrated near release plots during the first 18 months. Ease of establishment and slow dispersal suggests an optimal strategy of many small releases at carefully selected but widely dispersed sites. Adults and larvae were subsequently relocated to other areas, and O. vitiosa is now widely established in southern Florida. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 USDA ARS, Invas Plant Res Lab, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. Univ Florida, Ft Lauderdale Res & Educ Ctr, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Entomol & Nematol, Gainesville, FL 32614 USA. CSIRO, Div Entomol, Long Pocket Labs, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068, Australia. RP Center, TD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Invas Plant Res Lab, 3205 Coll Ave, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. RI Purcell, Matthew/C-2098-2008 NR 19 TC 65 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD OCT PY 2000 VL 19 IS 2 BP 112 EP 123 DI 10.1006/bcon.2000.0856 PG 12 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 364XU UT WOS:000089920000003 ER PT J AU Miller, NW Nechols, JR Horak, MJ Loughin, TM AF Miller, NW Nechols, JR Horak, MJ Loughin, TM TI Photoperiodic regulation of seasonal diapause induction in the field bindweed moth, Tyta luctuosa (Lepidoptera : noctuidae) SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE Tyta luctuosa; Convolvulus arvensis; field bindweed; classical biological control; diapause induction; photoperiod; phenology; voltinism ID CONVOLVULUS-ARVENSIS AB Field and laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the influence of photoperiod on diapause induction in an Italian population of the moth Tyta luctuosa (Denis and Schiffermuller), which has been released as a potential biological control agent of field bindweed in North America. In the laboratory, the percentage of pupae that entered diapause at 25 degrees C was related inversely to photoperiod. Most, and possibly all, instars were sensitive to photoperiod. Sensitivity increased as a function of both the larval stage of development and the duration of exposure to diapause-inducing short day lengths. Soil-inhabiting, late fifth instars and pupae did not respond to photoperiod. All insects underwent diapause when reared in the laboratory at 13.5:10.5 (L:D) h. The critical photoperiod (50% diapause) was estimated to be between L:D 15:9 and 15.5:8.5 h. About 20% of T. luctuosa entered diapause under the longest day length (16:8 [L:D] h), indicating a strong tendency for diapause in this population. When T. luctuosa was field-reared under natural day lengths and temperatures, a variable but generally high percentage underwent diapause from spring to late summer. Under the shorter day lengths of August and early September, most of the insects entered diapause and the variation was lower. A variable diapause response may represent an adaptation to periods of unpredictable bindweed quality during summers in southern Europe. Our findings have immediate utility for developing mass-rearing and release strategies for T. luctuosa. In addition, they will allow better predictions of its phenology and population dynamics if this species becomes established in North America. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Entomol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Agron, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Stat, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Miller, NW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, POB 4459, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. NR 25 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD OCT PY 2000 VL 19 IS 2 BP 139 EP 148 DI 10.1006/bcon.2000.0854 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 364XU UT WOS:000089920000005 ER PT J AU Ponder, F Li, FM Jordan, D Berry, EC AF Ponder, F Li, FM Jordan, D Berry, EC TI Assessing the impact of Diplocardia ornata on physical and chemical properties of compacted forest soil in microcosms SO BIOLOGY AND FERTILITY OF SOILS LA English DT Article DE earthworms; aggregation; soil disturbance; bulk density; organic matter ID EARTHWORM CASTS; ORGANIC-MATTER; POPULATIONS; PHOSPHORUS; NITROGEN; INFILTRATION; ENRICHMENT; GRASSLAND; DENSITY; BIOMASS AB The influence of compaction on Diplocardia ornata (Smith) burrowing and casting activities, soil aggregation, and nutrient changes in a forest soil were investigated using pot microcosms. Treatments included two levels each of compaction, organic matter, and earthworms. Both burrowing and casting activities were more abundant in uncompacted soil than in compacted soil. Bulk density decreased in microcosms of compacted soil containing D. ornata from 1.76 g cm(-3) to 1.49 g cm(-3) over the study period. The overall percent of aggregates in the same size classes in compacted soil was less than the percent of aggregates in uncompacted soil. The mean percent of aggregates in earthworm casts for size classes 0.25-1.00 mm was higher for compacted soil than for uncompacted soil. The reverse was true for aggregates in class sizes 2.00-4.00 mm. Soil compaction also affected soil microbial biomass carbon and soil inorganic N concentrations. These results indicate that the burrowing and casting activities of earthworms in compacted forest soils, as in soils of agricultural and pastured lands, can help ameliorate disturbed soils by improving aggregation, reducing bulk density, and increasing nutrient availability. C1 Lincoln Univ, USDA, Forest Serv, Jefferson City, MO 65102 USA. Univ Alberta, Dept Agr Food & Nutr Sci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada. Univ Missouri, Sch Nat Resources, Dept Soil & Atmospher Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Entomol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Ponder, F (reprint author), Lincoln Univ, USDA, Forest Serv, 208 Foster Hall, Jefferson City, MO 65102 USA. EM fponder@fs.fed.us NR 57 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0178-2762 J9 BIOL FERT SOILS JI Biol. Fertil. Soils PD OCT PY 2000 VL 32 IS 2 BP 166 EP 172 DI 10.1007/s003740000232 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 379AX UT WOS:000165619700012 ER PT J AU Blanco, JM Gee, G Wildt, DE Donoghue, AM AF Blanco, JM Gee, G Wildt, DE Donoghue, AM TI Species variation in osmotic, cryoprotectant, and cooling rate tolerance in poultry, eagle, and peregrine falcon spermatozoa SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article DE male sexual function; seasonal reproduction; sperm; sperm motility and transport ID ACTIVATION-ENERGY; CRYOPRESERVATION; GLYCEROL; CELLS; PERMEABILITY; SPERM; SEMEN; FOWL AB Potential factors influencing spermatozoa survival to cryopreservation and thawing were analyzed across a range of the following avian species: domestic chicken (Gallus domesticus), domestic turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), Bonelli's eagle (Hieraaetus fasciatus), imperial eagle (Aquila adalberti, and peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus). Studies focused on spermatozoa tolerance to the following: 1) osmotic stress, 2) different extracellular concentrations of the cryoprotectant dimethylacetamide (DMA), 3) equilibration times of 1 versus 4 h, 4) equilibration temperature of 4 versus 21 degrees C, and 5) rapid versus slow cooling before cryopreservation and standard thawing. Sperm viability was assessed with the live/dead stain (SYBR-14/propidium iodine). Sperm viability at osmolalities greater than or equal to 800 mOsm was higher (P < 0.05) in raptor than poultry semen. Return to isotonicity after exposure to hypertonicity (3000 mOsm) decreased (P < 0.05) number of viable spermatozoa in chicken, turkey, and golden and Bonelli's eagle spermatozoa but not in imperial eagle or peregrine falcon spermatozoa. Differences were found in spermatozoa resistance to hypotonic conditions, with eagle species demonstrating the most tolerance. Semen, equilibrated for 1 h (4 degrees C) in diluent containing DMA (greater than or equal to 2.06 M), experienced decreased (P < 0.05) spermatozoa survival in all species, except the golden eagle and peregrine falcon. Number of surviving spermatozoa diminished progressively with increasing DMA concentrations in all species. Increased equilibration temperature (from 4 to 21 degrees C) markedly reduced (P ( 0.05) spermatozoa survival in all species except the Bonelli's eagle and turkey. Rapid cooling was detrimental (P < 0.05) to spermatozoa from all species except the imperial eagle and the chicken. These results demonstrate that avian spermatozoa differ remarkably in response to osmotic changes, DMA concentrations, equilibration time, temperature, and survival after fast or slow freezing. These differences emphasize the need for species-specific studies in the development and enhancement of assisted breeding for poultry and endangered species. C1 USDA ARS, LPSI, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Smithsonian Inst, Conservat & Res Ctr, Natl Zool Pk, Front Royal, VA 22630 USA. CERI, Ctr Studies Iberian Raptors, Toledo, Spain. RP Donoghue, AM (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, PPSR, ARS, USDA,Poultry Sci Ctr O304, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. NR 38 TC 91 Z9 97 U1 3 U2 14 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 63 IS 4 BP 1164 EP 1171 DI 10.1095/biolreprod63.4.1164 PG 8 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 357GC UT WOS:000089489300028 PM 10993841 ER PT J AU Shaver, GR Canadell, J Chapin, FS Gurevitch, J Harte, J Henry, G Ineson, P Jonasson, S Melillo, J Pitelka, L Rustad, L AF Shaver, GR Canadell, J Chapin, FS Gurevitch, J Harte, J Henry, G Ineson, P Jonasson, S Melillo, J Pitelka, L Rustad, L TI Global warming and terrestrial ecosystems: A conceptual framework for analysis SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID INTERNATIONAL TUNDRA EXPERIMENT; CLIMATE-CHANGE; CARBON STORAGE; ARCTIC TUNDRA; NITROGEN DYNAMICS; UPLAND SOILS; RESPONSES; CO2; TEMPERATURE; PLANTS C1 Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Ecosyst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. CSIRO, GCTE Int Project Off, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Ecol & Evolut, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Energy & Resources Grp, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ British Columbia, Dept Geog, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2, Canada. Univ York, Dept Biol, York YO10 5YW, N Yorkshire, England. Univ Copenhagen, Dept Plant Ecol, Copenhagen, Denmark. Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Ecosyst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Appalachian Lab, Frostburg, MD 21532 USA. US Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, USDA, Pownal, ME 04069 USA. RP Shaver, GR (reprint author), Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Ecosyst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM gshaver@mbl.edu; Pep.Candell@dwe.csiro.au; fschapin@lter.uaf.edu; jgurvtch@life.bio.sunysb.edu; jharte@socrates.berkeley.edu; ghenry@geog.ubc.ca; pi2@bot.ku.dk; svenj@bot.ku.dk; jmelillo@mbl.edu; pitelka@al.umces.edu; rustad@maine.edu RI Canadell, Josep/E-9419-2010; OI Canadell, Josep/0000-0002-8788-3218; Chapin III, F Stuart/0000-0002-2558-9910 NR 67 TC 362 Z9 400 U1 14 U2 150 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0006-3568 EI 1525-3244 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD OCT PY 2000 VL 50 IS 10 BP 871 EP 882 DI 10.1641/0006-3568(2000)050[0871:GWATEA]2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 367PA UT WOS:000090069600013 ER PT J AU Smith, TPL Godtel, RA Lee, RT AF Smith, TPL Godtel, RA Lee, RT TI PCR-based setup for high-throughput cDNA library sequencing on the ABI 3700 (TM) automated DNA sequencer SO BIOTECHNIQUES LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Smith, TPL (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Spur 18D,POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 0 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU EATON PUBLISHING CO PI NATICK PA 154 E. CENTRAL ST, NATICK, MA 01760 USA SN 0736-6205 J9 BIOTECHNIQUES JI Biotechniques PD OCT PY 2000 VL 29 IS 4 BP 698 EP + PG 2 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 363XP UT WOS:000089863200005 PM 11056794 ER PT J AU Pearson, DE AF Pearson, DE TI Evidence of autumn breeding in Red Squirrels, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus, in western Montana SO CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE breeding behavior; Montana; Red Squirrel; Tamiasciurus hudsonicus AB Red Squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) routinely breed biannually in eastern North America, but normally breed once annually in western North America. However, a postpartum estrus resulting in two breeding seasons per year has been documented within the maritime region of British Columbia. I present two accounts of Red Squirrel behavior suggestive of autumn breeding in Red Squirrels in western Montana, and supporting evidence from the literature suggesting that late-season breeding resulting from a postpartum estrus may occur periodically in Red Squirrels within the Rocky Mountains. C1 US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP Pearson, DE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, POB 8089, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS CLUB PI OTTAWA PA PO BOX 35069, WESTGATE PO, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1Z 1A2, CANADA SN 0008-3550 J9 CAN FIELD NAT JI Can. Field-Nat. PD OCT-DEC PY 2000 VL 114 IS 4 BP 703 EP 704 PG 2 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 431CG UT WOS:000168613900021 ER PT J AU Hessburg, PF Hansen, EM AF Hessburg, PF Hansen, EM TI Infection of Douglas-fir by Leptographium wageneri SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE LA English DT Article DE black-stain root disease; Leptographium wageneri; Verticicladiella wagnerii; infection courts; wounding; vascular wilt ID STAIN ROOT DISEASE; VERTICICLADIELLA-WAGENERI; HYLASTES-NIGRINUS AB In three related experiments, root systems of 2-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings were dip-inoculated with a viscous blend of Leptographium wageneri var. pseudotsugae Harrington and Cobb spores and hyphal fragments and planted in a sterile potting medium. Infection frequency and points of entry were evaluated for dormant seedlings and seedlings that had been active for 4 and 8 weeks. All putative black stain infections and other areas of sapwood discoloration were free-hand sectioned and examined with a bright-field microscope and phase-contrast optics. This technique was shown to be 100% reliable in a prior experiment with 223 inoculated Douglas-fir seedlings that paired microscope examinations with pathogen isolation. In this study, all lesions were sectioned and examined at 250-1000 diameters magnification for the presence of L. wageneri var. pseudotsugae hyphae and characteristic pathological anatomy. Complete root system dissections revealed that L. wageneri var. pseudotsugae infected roots through wounds and natural openings where a direct path to the xylem was exposed and never penetrated living cortical or cambial tissues to infect its host. Among the dormant inoculated seedlings, 63% of infections occurred through wounds associated with nursery handling. Wound infection frequency decreased to zero in seedlings inoculated 8 weeks after coming out of dormancy. Seedlings inoculated 4 and 8 weeks after coming out of dormancy were most frequently infected through openings occurring at sites of new lateral root initiation. Infection of dead fine root stubs suggested that during periods of increased fine root mortality, these sites may be important for the new infection of healthy trees and egress from already diseased trees. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Hessburg, PF (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, 1133 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. NR 37 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4026 J9 CAN J BOT JI Can. J. Bot.-Rev. Can. Bot. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 78 IS 10 BP 1254 EP 1261 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 376FJ UT WOS:000165447300002 ER PT J AU Zimmerman, CE Reeves, GH AF Zimmerman, CE Reeves, GH TI Population structure of sympatric anadromous and nonanadromous Oncorhynchus mykiss: evidence from spawning surveys and otolith microchemistry SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION; SOCKEYE-SALMON; BROWN TROUT; SALVELINUS-ALPINUS; GENETIC-EVIDENCE; NERKA; RESIDENT; TRUTTA; DIVERGENCE; MIGRATION AB Reproductive isolation between steelhead and resident rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was examined in the Deschutes River, Oregon, through surveys of spawning timing and location. Otolith microchemistry was used to determine the occurrence of steelhead and resident rainbow trout progeny in the adult populations of steelhead and resident rainbow trout in the Deschutes River and in the Babine River, British Columbia. In the 3 years studied, steelhead spawning occurred from mid March through May and resident rainbow trout spawning occurred from mid March through August. The timing of 50% spawning was 9-10 weeks earlier for steelhead than for resident rainbow trout. Spawning sites selected by steelhead were in deeper water and had larger substrate than those selected by resident rainbow trout. Maternal origin was identified by comparing Sr/Ca ratios in the primordia and freshwater growth regions of the otolith with a wavelength-dispersive electron microprobe. In the Deschutes River, only steelhead of steelhead maternal origin and resident rainbow trout of resident rainbow trout origin were observed. In the Babine River, steelhead of resident rainbow trout origin and resident rainbow trout of steelhead maternal origin were also observed. Based on these findings, we suggest that steelhead and resident rainbow trout in the Deschutes River may constitute reproductively isolated populations. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Zimmerman, CE (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Forestry Sci Lab, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. OI Zimmerman, Christian/0000-0002-3646-0688 NR 42 TC 112 Z9 113 U1 7 U2 22 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 57 IS 10 BP 2152 EP 2162 DI 10.1139/cjfas-57-10-2152 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 371PX UT WOS:000165188300019 ER PT J AU Olivas-Garcia, JM Cregg, BM Hennessey, TC AF Olivas-Garcia, JM Cregg, BM Hennessey, TC TI Genotypic variation in carbon isotope discrimination and gas exchange of ponderosa pine seedlings under two levels of water stress SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID USE EFFICIENCY; STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE; NEEDLE MORPHOLOGY; FIELD PERFORMANCE; PICEA-MARIANA; GROWTH; DROUGHT; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; SOIL; RESISTANCE AB As part of a program to select ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) genotypes for improved drought tolerance, we examined physiological and morphological characteristics of 12 half-sib families of ponderosa pine from four seed sources; New Mexico, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Wyoming. We analyzed genetic variation in carbon isotope discrimination (Delta), photosynthetic gas exchange, needle morphology, and growth of 2-year-old seedlings from the four seed sources grown under two levels of moisture availability. To gain a better understanding of within-provenance variation and identify opportunities to refine selection strategies, we also examined family within seed source variation in the traits. Water stress significantly (P < 0.05) reduced net photosynthesis (A), needle conductance to water vapor (gwv), carbon isotope discrimination (Delta), and growth of the seedlings as compared to well-watered seedlings. However, instantaneous water use efficiency (A/gwv) did not differ between water treatments. Seedlings from New Mexico had significantly lower gwv and higher A/gwv than seedlings from the other sources. Carbon isotope discrimination was lowest for seedlings from New Mexico and Nebraska. Families within seed sources varied significantly in A, gwv, stomatal density, needle length, height increment, and Delta. Carbon isotope discrimination was significantly correlated with gwv but not with A, supporting results from mature trees suggesting that variation in Delta in ponderosa pine is more related to gwv than to A. Seed source + water treatment interactions were not observed for any of the traits analyzed. These results support our previous assertion that genotype + environment interaction in Delta of mature ponderosa pine trees from these sources grown in Nebraska and Oklahoma was related to factors other than moisture availability. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Forestry Fisheries & Wildlife, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Rocky Mt Forest & Range Expt Stn, Natl Agroforestry Ctr, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Forestry, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Cregg, BM (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Hort, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NR 37 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 15 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 30 IS 10 BP 1581 EP 1590 DI 10.1139/cjfr-30-10-1581 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 366QU UT WOS:000090016700009 ER PT J AU Saari, JT AF Saari, JT TI Copper deficiency and cardiovascular disease: role of peroxidation, glycation, and nitration SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE copper; heart; circulation; peroxidation; glycation; nitric oxide ID NITRIC-OXIDE SYNTHASE; DIETARY COPPER; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; END-PRODUCTS; CARDIAC-HYPERTROPHY; RAT PLATELETS; FEMALE MICE; HEART; GLYCOSYLATION; INDUCTION AB Dietary copper deficiency causes a variety of cardiovascular deficits. Systemic effects include high blood pressure, enhancement of inflammation, anemia, reduced blood clotting, and possibly arteriosclerosis. Effects on specific organs or tissues include weakened structural integrity of the heart and blood vessels, impairment of energy use by the heart, reduced ability of the heart to contract, altered ability of blood vessels to control their diameter and grow, and altered structure and function of circulating blood cells. In some instances, the cause of a defect can be directly attributed to reduced activity of a specific copper-dependent enzyme. However, three nonspecific mechanisms of damage have been implicated in cardiovascular defects of copper deficiency. They are peroxidation, the interaction of oxygen-derived free radicals with lipids and proteins (possibly DNA); glycation, the nonenzymatic glycosylation of proteins; and nitration, the interaction of nitric oxide and its metabolites with peptides and proteins. Though independently these mechanisms present great potential for damage, the possibility that they may interact presents an added reason for concern. Furthermore, the fact that at least two of these mechanisms are associated with diabetes and aging suggests that copper deficiency may exacerbate deficits associated with these two conditions. C1 ARS, USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Saari, JT (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. EM jsaari@gfhnrc.ars.usda.gov NR 93 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 2 U2 3 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4212 J9 CAN J PHYSIOL PHARM JI Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 78 IS 10 BP 848 EP 855 DI 10.1139/cjpp-78-10-848 PG 8 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Physiology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Physiology GA 357ZW UT WOS:000089533600011 PM 11077985 ER PT J AU Campbell, TA AF Campbell, TA TI Molecular analysis of genetic variation among alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and Medicago ruthenica clones SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE alfalfa; genetic resources; Medicago ruthenica; Medicago sativa; microsatellite; simple sequence ID SEQUENCE REPEAT DNA; INNER-MONGOLIA; GENUS MEDICAGO; POLYMORPHISMS; GERMPLASM; MARKERS; BARLEY AB Medicago ruthenica (L.) Ledebour is an allogamous diproid (2n = 2x = 16) perennial indigenous to Siberia, Mongolia and Manchuria with a remarkable ability to survive mechanical and physiological stress. The possibility of hybridizing alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and M. ruthenica is being investigated. The objective of the current research was to conduct a molecular assessment of genetic relatedness and inter- and intra-specific genetic variation in cultivated alfalfa (2n = 4x = 32) and M. ruthenica. Seventeen alfalfa clones, selected randomly from the broad-based population W10- AC3, and 17 agronomically superior M. ruthenica clones, tracing to 17 collection sites in Inner Mongolia, were studied using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD), Anchored Microsatellite Priming (AMSP), and Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) analyses of genomic DNA. Mean genetic distances (GD) within M. ruthenica and alfalfa clones were 0.5 and 0.56, respectively, based on RAPD/AMSP data, and 0.29 and 0.40, respectively, based on SSR data. Alfalfa and M. ruthenica were genetically distant (RAPD/AMSP GD = 0.73); however, this difference does not necessarily preclude the possibility of interspecific hybridization, although the use of techniques such as bridge crossing, embryo culture rescue and/or protoplast fusion may be necessary. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Soybean & Alfalfa Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Campbell, TA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Soybean & Alfalfa Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 22 TC 3 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 6 PU AGR INST CANADA PI OTTAWA PA SUITE 907 151 SLATER ST, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1P 5H4, CANADA SN 0008-4220 J9 CAN J PLANT SCI JI Can. J. Plant Sci. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 80 IS 4 BP 773 EP 779 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 387LA UT WOS:000166123000013 ER PT J AU Genovese, KJ Anderson, RC Harvey, RB Nisbet, DJ AF Genovese, KJ Anderson, RC Harvey, RB Nisbet, DJ TI Competitive exclusion treatment reduces the mortality and fecal shedding associated with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection in nursery-raised neonatal pigs SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE LA English DT Article ID WEANED PIGS; COLONIZATION; SALMONELLA; CULTURE; DIARRHEA; CHICKS; ANIMALS; PIGLETS AB We have previously reported that the administration of a competitive exclusion culture (PCF-1), derived from the cecal microflora of a young, healthy pig and maintained in a continuous flow fermentation system to neonatal pigs resulted in a decrease in the incidence of fecal shedding and cecal colonization by Salmonella cholerasuis in pigs at weaning. In the present experiment, we describe the effects of the administration of a derivative of the PCF-1 culture, RPCF, against an enterotoxigenic E. coli infection in neonatal pigs raised off-sow. The administration of RPCF at 12 and 24 hours after birth resulted in significant (P < 0.05) reductions in mortality, incidence of fecal shedding, and in gut colonization by E. coli when compared to control values. The RPCF reduced mortality from 17.5%, observed in untreated pigs, to 4.4% in RPCF-treated gigs. Fecal shedding of E. coli was reduced significantly (P < 0.05) in RPCF-treated pigs between Days 1 and 3 post-challenge. These results indicate that the RPCF culture is effective against one of the most important causes of neonatal scours (E. coli infections) in piglets. C1 USDA ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Genovese, KJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 21 TC 31 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 2 PU CANADIAN VET MED ASSOC PI OTTAWA PA 339 BOOTH ST ATTN: KIMBERLY ALLEN-MCGILL, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1R 7K1, CANADA SN 0830-9000 J9 CAN J VET RES JI Can. J. Vet. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. Vet. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 64 IS 4 BP 204 EP 207 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 363YN UT WOS:000089865400002 PM 11041496 ER PT J AU Song, J Medline, A Mason, JB Gallinger, S Kim, YI AF Song, J Medline, A Mason, JB Gallinger, S Kim, YI TI Effects of dietary folate on intestinal tumorigenesis in the Apc(Min) mouse SO CANCER RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID FAMILIAL ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS; DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE-TREATED RATS; COLON-CANCER; COLORECTAL-CANCER; MIN MICE; ULCERATIVE-COLITIS; MURINE MODEL; NEOPLASIA MICE; FOLIC-ACID; APC GENE AB Dietary folate appears to be inversely related to colorectal cancer risk, This study investigated the effects of dietary intervention with folate on the development of intestinal polyps in Min (Apc+/-) mice. Weanling Min mice were fed diets containing 0, 2 (basal requirement), 8, or 20 mg folate/kg diet, At 3 and 6 months of dietary intervention, 50% of the mice From each group were sacrificed, and the small intestine and colon were analyzed for polyps and aberrant crypt foci (ACF), Serum folate concentrations accurately reflected dietary folate levels (P < 0.001). At 3 months, no significant difference in the average number of total small intestinal polyps was observed among the four groups. However, increasing dietary folate levels significantly reduced the number of ileal, but not duodenal or jejunal, polyps in a dose-dependent manner (P-trend = 0.001); folate supplementation at 20 mg/kg diet was associated with a 68-78% reduction in the number of deal polyps compared with the other three diets (P < 0.007). The number of ileal polyps was inversely correlated with serum folate concentrations (P = 0.03). At 3 months, increasing dietary folate levels significantly decreased the number of colonic ACF in a dose-dependent manner (P = 0.05); the control and two folate supplemented diets significantly reduced the number of colonic ACF by 75-100% compared with the folate-deficient diet (P < 0.04). The number of colonic ACF was inversely correlated with serum folate concentrations (P = 0.05). No significant difference in the number of colonic adenomas was observed among the four groups at 3 months. At 6 months, no significant differences in the average number of total small intestinal, duodenal, and jejunal polyps, colonic adenomas, and colonic ACF were observed among the four groups. However, the folate-deficient diet had a 62-76% lower number of ileal polyps compared with the control and two Folate-supplemented diets (P < 0.003). Serum folate concentrations, but not dietary folate levels, were directly correlated with the number of ileal polyps (P = 0.006). These data suggest that dietary folate supplementation suppresses the development of ileal polyps and colonic ACF in this model. However, at later time points, folate supplementation appears to have an opposite effect on heal polyps. These data generally support the role of folate in intestinal tumorigenesis suggested in epidemiological studies and chemical carcinogen animal models. Notwithstanding the limitations associated with this model, these data suggest that the optimal timing and dose of folate intervention need to be determined for safe and effective Folate chemoprevention. C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Med, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada. Univ Toronto, Dept Nutr Sci, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada. Univ Toronto, Dept Pathol, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada. Univ Toronto, Dept Surg, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada. St Michaels Hosp, Dept Med, Div Gastroenterol, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada. Mt Sinai Hosp, Samuel Lunenfeld Res Inst, Ctr Canc Genet, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Medford, MA 02155 USA. Tufts Univ, New England Med Ctr, Sch Med, Dept Med,Div Gastroenterol, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, New England Med Ctr, Sch Med, Dept Med,Div Clin Nutr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Kim, YI (reprint author), Univ Toronto, Dept Med, Room 7258,Med Sci Bldg,1 Kings Coll Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada. RI Gallinger, Steven/E-4575-2013 FU NCI NIH HHS [1-UO1 CA63812-01] NR 67 TC 193 Z9 194 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH PI BIRMINGHAM PA PO BOX 11806, BIRMINGHAM, AL 35202 USA SN 0008-5472 J9 CANCER RES JI Cancer Res. PD OCT 1 PY 2000 VL 60 IS 19 BP 5434 EP 5440 PG 7 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 362HG UT WOS:000089772100023 PM 11034085 ER PT J AU Onwulata, CI Konstance, RP Strange, ED Smith, PW Holsinger, VH AF Onwulata, CI Konstance, RP Strange, ED Smith, PW Holsinger, VH TI High-fiber snacks extruded from triticale and wheat formulations SO CEREAL FOODS WORLD LA English DT Article ID TWIN-SCREW EXTRUSION; SUGAR-BEET FIBER; CORN MEAL; PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; DIETARY FIBER; COOKING; PRODUCT; MOISTURE; STARCH; FLOUR AB High-fiber snack bars, containing either 20 or 40% oat bran, were created by twin-screw extrusion cooking of products containing either wheat or triticale flour. In addition to oat bran and wheat or triticle flour, the products were formulated with whey proteins, sugar, and milk powder. The effects of extrusion temperature, fiber level, and flour type on textural properties were determined. The formulations were extruded at both low (120 degreesC) and high (140 degreesC) temperatures, and water was added at a rate of 12.8 mL/min during extrusion to bring the moisture content to approximately 20%. Extrusion temperature did not affect textural properties, triticale products were harder than wheat products, and extruded products with 40% added fiber were significantly (P < 0.05) harder than products with 20% added fiber. The extruded snacks studied are comparable in texture to most snack bars currently on the market, but they provide significantly higher fiber. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Onwulata, CI (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 26 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0146-6283 J9 CEREAL FOOD WORLD JI Cereal Foods World PD OCT PY 2000 VL 45 IS 10 BP 470 EP 473 PG 4 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 368LV UT WOS:000090119200007 ER PT J AU Ordovas, JM AF Ordovas, JM TI Genetic polymorphisms and activity of cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP): Should we be measuring them? SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY AND LABORATORY MEDICINE LA English DT Review DE cholesteryl ester transfer protein; high density lipoproteins; genetic polymorphisms; coronary heart disease; lipoproteins ID HIGH-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; DEPENDENT DIABETES-MELLITUS; CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; B-CONTAINING LIPOPROTEINS; LIPID TRANSFER PROTEIN; PLASMA; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; INHIBITION; LOCUS; DETERMINANT AB Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) is a plasma glycoprotein that mediates the transfer of cholesteryl ester from high density lipoproteins (HDL) to triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in exchange for triglycerides. Several approaches are currently being used in research laboratories to measure its activity and/or mass. However, these assays are not standardized and it is not possible to compare data from different laboratories. Also. we lack enough information to assess the value of this variable as a coronary heart disease (CHD) predictor. Several genetic variants at CETP locus have been identified and they have been generally associated with increased HDL-cholesterol concentrations. However, there is no consensus about the association of this CETP-related increase in HDL-cholesterol and protection against CHD. Nevertheless, the most recent evidence from the common CETP-Taql-B polymorphism shows that the lower CETP activity associated with the presence of this polymorphism decreases CHD risk in men. Based on this and previous evidence, there has been an interest in the development of CETP inhibitors as a tool to increase HDL-cholesterol, thus reducing CHD risk. However, it should be noted that the evidence about the cardioprotective role of these drugs is not yet available. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Lipid Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Ordovas, JM (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Lipid Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 NR 51 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU WALTER DE GRUYTER & CO PI BERLIN PA GENTHINER STRASSE 13, D-10785 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1434-6621 J9 CLIN CHEM LAB MED JI Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 38 IS 10 BP 945 EP 949 DI 10.1515/CCLM.2000.139 PG 5 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA 384LA UT WOS:000165942900001 PM 11140626 ER PT J AU Haight, RG Ralls, K Starfield, AM AF Haight, RG Ralls, K Starfield, AM TI Designing species translocation strategies when population growth and future funding are uncertain SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CONSERVATION; OPTIMIZATION; MANAGEMENT; VIABILITY; RECOVERY AB When translocating individuals to found new populations, managers must allocate limited funds among release and monitoring activities that differ in method, cost, and probable result. In addition, managers are increasingly expected to justify the funding decisions they have made. Within the framework of decision analysis, we used robust optimization to formulate and solve different translocation problems in which both population growth and future funding were uncertain. Performance criteria included maximizing: mean population size and minimizing the risk (1) of undesirable population-size outcomes. Robust optimization provided several insights into the design of translocation strategies: (1) risk reduction is obtained at the expense of mean population size; (2) as survival of released animals becomes more important, funds should be allocated to release methods with lower risks of failure, regardless of costs; (3) the performance gain from monitoring drops as the proportion of a fixed budget required to pay for monitoring increases; and (4) as the likelihood of obtaining future funding increases, more of the existing budget should be spent on building release capacity rather than saved for future operating costs. These relationships highlight the importance of performance criteria and economic costs in determining optimal release and monitoring strategies. C1 US Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Smithsonian Inst, Natl Zool Pk, Washington, DC 20008 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Haight, RG (reprint author), US Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, 1992 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 19 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 13 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 14 IS 5 BP 1298 EP 1307 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99414.x PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 363CL UT WOS:000089816800015 ER PT J AU Motil, KJ AF Motil, KJ TI Infant feeding: a critical look at infant formulas SO CURRENT OPINION IN PEDIATRICS LA English DT Review ID POLYUNSATURATED FATTY-ACIDS; PLASMA AMINO-ACIDS; HUMAN-MILK; PRETERM INFANTS; PREMATURE-INFANTS; TERM INFANTS; DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACIDS; SUPPLEMENTED FORMULA; RANDOMIZED TRIAL; ACUTE DIARRHEA AB Commercially available infant formulas serve as the best alternative to human milk when breastfeeding is not possible. Infant formulas are designed specifically to mimic the composition of human milk or the functional aspects of human milk feeding. This review highlights the issues related to the composition of infant formulas. The most hotly debated issue currently is whether to add long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids to infant formulas. Other controversial topics include the safety and efficacy of soy-based protein formulas, protein quantity and quality as they relate to the infant's nutritional needs and feeding tolerance, and the replacement of lactose with other carbohydrate sources for specialized infant formulas, Recent modifications in the fat blend of infant formulas have led to improved fat digestibility. However, the full spectrum of benefits associated with the addition of nucleotides, awaits further study. Modifications to infant formulas are made when the preponderance of scientific evidence suggests that the compositional change will better meet the nutritional needs of the infant, (C) 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc. C1 Baylor Univ, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Texas Childrens Hosp, Sect Gastroenterol & Nutr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Motil, KJ (reprint author), Baylor Univ, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. EM kmotil@bcm.tmc.edu NR 56 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 18 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1040-8703 J9 CURR OPIN PEDIATR JI CURR. OPIN. PEDIATR. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 12 IS 5 BP 469 EP 476 DI 10.1097/00008480-200010000-00009 PG 8 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 353YK UT WOS:000089302900009 PM 11021413 ER PT J AU Klubnikin, K Annett, C Cherkasova, M Shishin, M Fotieva, I AF Klubnikin, K Annett, C Cherkasova, M Shishin, M Fotieva, I TI The sacred and the scientific: Traditional ecological knowledge in Siberian river conservation SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE Altai Republic; conservation; grassland; headwaters; Katun River; Ob River; pastoralist; perestroika; Russia; Siberian rivers; steppe; Traditional Ecological Knowledge ID MERCURY AB The Katun River originates in the steppe of the Altai Mountains in Siberia. One of the major headwaters of the Ob River, the Katun is considered central to the culture of the indigenous Altaians. The Katun Valley contains large numbers of important cultural sires, dating from the Neolithic and representing some of the earliest human settlement in Russia. Modern-day Altaians still observe traditional ceremonies honoring the river and springs throughout the watershed and utilize traditional ecological knowledge in their management of the land and water resources. Russian and international scientists have identified the Altai Mountains as a region of high plant diversity and endemism, and as important habitat for endangered species such as the snow leopard. The Katun River itself contains species of threatened and endangered fishes, and its headwaters are part of the unusual Mongolian ichthyofaunal province that is characterized by high levels of Endemism. The same regions are considered by the Altaian people to be special or sacred and are recognized by Western scientists as having great value for conservation. During the era of perestroika, a hydroelectric dam was to be built on the Katun. The large dam, a vestige of the earlier Soviet plan for the Project of the Century, would have devastated significant agricultural, ecological, recreational, and cultural resources. The indigenous Altaian people would have lost much of their sacred and cultural landscape. The Katun dam project united indigenous people, well-known Siberian writers, and scientists in protest, which became so heated that it engaged the international community, with lasting effects on Russian society. The magnitude of the protest illustrates the importance of the Altai Mountain region to all of Russia. The active participation of indigenous Altaians reflected their traditional willingness to rake action against political decisions that negatively impacted the environmental, cultural, and religious values of their homeland. Their involvement also reflected the new wave of awareness under perestroika that underscored a greater respect and autonomy for indigenous peoples in Russia. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Univ Kansas, Ctr Russian & E European Studies, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. Socioecol Union, Ctr Independent Ecol Program, Moscow 115407, Russia. Fund 21st Century Altai, Gorno Altaisk, Russia. RP Annett, C (reprint author), Haskell Indian Nat Univ, Haskell Environm Res Studies Ctr, Lawrence, KS 66046 USA. NR 59 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 3 U2 22 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 10 IS 5 BP 1296 EP 1306 DI 10.2307/2641285 PG 11 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 361VK UT WOS:000089744800007 ER PT J AU Chambers, JC AF Chambers, JC TI Seed movements and seedling fates in disturbed sagebrush steppe ecosystems: Implications for restoration SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE depressions; disturbance; litter mulch; restoration seed attributes; seed dispersal; seed entrapment; seed retention; seedling emergence and establishment; semiarid ecosystems; shrubs; soil particle size; surface ID SOIL; MORPHOLOGY; DISPERSAL; ESTABLISHMENT; GERMINATION; PATTERNS; GRASSES; PERSISTENCE; SURVIVAL; RESERVES AB Understanding species establishment patterns and community structure following disturbance, and developing effective restoration methods requires knowledge of both the movements and fates of seeds. I used a restoration experiment in a severely disturbed sagebrush steppe ecosystem near Kemmerer, Wyoming to examine the effects of soil surface characteristics and seed morphology on seed entrapment and retention, and the effects of soil surface characteristics on soil water potential and seedling emergence and survival. Seeds of native species with awns, mucilaginous seedcoats, wings, hairy pappi, or no appendages were sown over soil surface treatments consisting of silty loam sail, sand, gravel, surface mulch, shrub mimics, and large and small holes. Seeds that lacked appendages and that had small surface areas did not exhibit significant horizontal movement or redistribution. Seeds with appendages that resulted in exposure of a large surface area to the wind did exhibit significant redistribution, despite apparent adaptations for seed burial or retention. When the entire seed population was considered, the effectiveness of the treatments for trapping and retaining seeds was large holes > small holes greater than or equal to gravel greater than or equal to shrub mimics > soil greater than or equal to sand. Surface mulch neither gained nor lost seeds. The most effective treatments for seedling emergence had among the least negative soil water potentials and included large holes, surface mulch, and sand. Gravel provided an inadequate growing medium, and both shrub mimics and small holes accumulated fine-textured soils resulting in highly negative water potentials and low seedling emergence. Once a seedling emerged, the probability of survival was reasonably high (56.3% over 2 yr) regardless of treatment. This study indicates that soil surfaces that trap and retain high densities of seeds with large surface areas may have little or no effect on seeds with small surface areas, and may or may not result in high seedling emergence and survival. Restoring diverse native ecosystems requires creating soil surface features that can trap and retain seeds with varying morphologies as well as provide favorable conditions for seedling establishment. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Reno, NV 89512 USA. RP Chambers, JC (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 920 Valley Rd, Reno, NV 89512 USA. NR 50 TC 107 Z9 110 U1 3 U2 35 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 10 IS 5 BP 1400 EP 1413 DI 10.2307/2641294 PG 14 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 361VK UT WOS:000089744800016 ER PT J AU McIntosh, BA Sedell, JR Thurow, RF Clarke, SE Chandler, GL AF McIntosh, BA Sedell, JR Thurow, RF Clarke, SE Chandler, GL TI Historical changes in pool habitats in the Columbia River Basin SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Review DE aquatic restoration; Columbia River Basin; cumulative effects; decline of aquatic ecosystems; historical changes; habitat simplification; land use history; management emphasis; pool habitats ID LARGE WOODY DEBRIS; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA STREAMS; NORTHEASTERN OREGON; CHANNEL HYDRAULICS; GRAVEL CHANNELS; CHINOOK SALMON; EASTERN OREGON; MORPHOLOGY; WASHINGTON; DISTURBANCE AB An historical stream survey (1934-1945) was compared with current surveys (1987-1997) to assess changes in pool frequencies in the Columbia River Basin. We surveyed 2267 km of 122 streams across the basin, representing a wide range of lithologies, stream sizes, land use histories, ownerships, and ecoregions. Based on pool classes inherited from the historical surveys, the frequencies of large (greater than or equal to 20 m(2) and greater than or equal to 0.9 m depth) and deep (greater than or equal to 20 m(2) and greater than or equal to 1.8 m depth) pools have decreased significantly (P < 0.01) since the 1930s. We classified streams as natural or commodity based on their watershed management and land use histories. Natural streams were in watersheds minimally affected by human activities (e.g., wilderness or roadless designation, limited entry), with only 12% having roads in riparian areas. Commodity streams were defined as having watersheds managed predominantly for extraction of resources via timber harvest, livestock grazing, and other human activities. Ninety percent of these streams had roads in the riparian areas. In natural streams, large-pool frequencies increased or remained the same in 96% of the streams (88% for deep pools). In commodity streams. large- and deep-pool frequencies decreased in 52% and 54% of the streams, respectively. Despite differences in stream size and the level of human activities, the magnitude and direction of these changes were consistent. Land ownership did not influence trends; pools decreased significantly on both private and public lands. Only where entire watersheds or headwaters were designated as wilderness or roadless areas did pools consistently remain unchanged or increase. Pool frequencies decreased in all ecoregions except the North Cascades ecoregion. We developed regional histories of human activities for the Columbia River Basin. Human activity histories were typically of low spatial resolution and available for broad geographic areas only; we rarely were able to obtain information at the scale of individual watersheds. Consequently, we were unable to test the relationship between temporal and spatial patterns in human activities and their influence on site-specific trends in pools. Despite our inability to isolate causal mechanisms, management emphasis and human activities clearly influenced trends in pools. We conclude that the persistent effects of human activities have simplified stream channels and reduced large- and deep-pool frequencies in watersheds outside of designated wilderness and roadless areas in the Columbia River Basin. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Boise, ID 83702 USA. RP McIntosh, BA (reprint author), Oregon Dept Fish & Wildlife, 28655 Highway 34, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 128 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 14 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 10 IS 5 BP 1478 EP 1496 DI 10.2307/2641299 PG 19 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 361VK UT WOS:000089744800021 ER PT J AU Williams, DW Liebhold, AM AF Williams, DW Liebhold, AM TI Spatial synchrony of spruce budworm outbreaks in eastern North America SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Choristoneura fumiferana; cross correlation; dispersal; forest defoliator outbreaks; lattice model; Moran effect; regional weather patterns; spatial population dynamics; spatial synchrony; spatially autocorrelated disturbance; spruce budworm ID POPULATION-DYNAMICS; FOREST LEPIDOPTERA; BUTTERFLY POPULATION; LARGE-SCALE; MOTH; FLUCTUATIONS; PATTERNS; EVENTS; CYCLES AB We investigated the spatial synchrony of outbreaks of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, over much of its outbreak range in eastern North America during the period 1945-1988. Spatial synchrony decreased with distance between local populations and approached zero near 2000 km. Investigation of the synchrony of local population time series with cluster analysis revealed a pattern of geographically distinct blocks of clusters oriented along an east-west axis. Spatial synchrony also was identified in monthly temperature and precipitation time series at 18 weather stations over the same time period and geographical range as the spruce budworm outbreaks. Cross correlations decreased linearly with distance between stations and approached zero near 3000 km and 1800 km, respectively. We developed a spatially explicit lattice model for a single species occupying multiple patches. Within patches, the model had first order logistic dynamics, and patches were linked by dispersal that depended upon their separation distances. Both local and regional stochasticity (i.e., a Moran effect) were present. The modeled lattice had the same spatial configuration as the outbreak region to facilitate investigating the relative effects of a Moran effect and dispersal on spatial synchrony. Simulations with and without a simple region-wide Moran effect and three levels of dispersal did not produce the decrease in spatial synchrony with distance observed with spruce budworm time series. However, when run at the highest dispersal rate, those simulations produced cluster maps similar to that observed for spruce budworm defoliation. Simulations with a spatially autocorrelated disturbance that had either zero or high local variability and three levels of dispersal produced decreases in spatial synchrony with distance similar to that observed in the historical data. When run at the highest dispersal rate, simulations yielded cluster maps similar to the cluster map for defoliation. We discuss the potential significance of the spatially autocorrelated disturbance factor in understanding regional insect outbreaks. We also consider the plausibility of dispersal rates used in our simulations. We suggest in conclusion that spruce budworm outbreaks were synchronized by a combination of a spatially autocorrelated Moran effect and a high dispersal rate. C1 USDA Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Newtown Sq, PA 19073 USA. USDA Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP USDA Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, 11 Campus Blvd,Suite 200,Newton Sq, Newtown Sq, PA 19073 USA. RI Liebhold, Andrew/C-1423-2008 OI Liebhold, Andrew/0000-0001-7427-6534 NR 56 TC 93 Z9 95 U1 7 U2 33 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0012-9658 EI 1939-9170 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD OCT PY 2000 VL 81 IS 10 BP 2753 EP 2766 DI 10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[2753:SSOSBO]2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 365VD UT WOS:000089970400009 ER PT J AU Moraes, RM Burandt, C Ganzera, M Li, XL Khan, I Canel, C AF Moraes, RM Burandt, C Ganzera, M Li, XL Khan, I Canel, C TI The American mayapple revisited - Podophyllum peltatum - Still a potential cash crop? SO ECONOMIC BOTANY LA English DT Article DE Podophyllum; Berberidaceae; etoposide; teniposide; aryltetralin lignans ID ARYLTETRALIN LIGNANS; ETOPOSIDE; BERBERIDACEAE; BIOSYNTHESIS; REPRODUCTION; HEXANDRUM AB Podophyllum peltatum, was reexamined for its potential tial use in the commercial production of podophyllotoxin, a lignan used in the semisynthesis of important anticancer drugs. A survey of the natural population of the American mayapple, Podophyllum peltatum, was conducted in order to identify, high-yielding genotypes. Plants were collected from the eastern and central United States. The lignan content of leaf blades and rhizome material of the collected specimens was characterized by aqueous extraction followed by HPLC analysis. Podophyllotoxin and alpha -peltatin appeared most prominently among the lignans obtained Leaf blades were generally richer in podophyllotoxin than rhizomes. Several high-yielding accessions were identified the blades of which contained 4.0-5.6% podophyllotoxin. A negative correlation was observed between podophyllotoxin and peltatin content in the blades. The combination of high biosynthetic capacity and preferential accumulation of podophyllotoxin in leaves of mayapple makes this plant an excellent candidate for agricultural production of podophyllotoxin. C1 Univ Mississippi, Sch Pharm, Pharmaceut Sci Res Inst, Natl Ctr Nat Prod Res, University, MS 38677 USA. Univ Mississippi, Sch Pharm, Dept Pharmacognosy, University, MS 38677 USA. USDA ARS, NPURU, Natl Ctr Nat Prod Res, University, MS 38677 USA. RP Moraes, RM (reprint author), Univ Mississippi, Sch Pharm, Pharmaceut Sci Res Inst, Natl Ctr Nat Prod Res, University, MS 38677 USA. OI Ganzera, Markus/0000-0002-7407-9060 NR 23 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 3 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 USA SN 0013-0001 J9 ECON BOT JI Econ. Bot. PD OCT-DEC PY 2000 VL 54 IS 4 BP 471 EP 476 DI 10.1007/BF02866546 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 403VU UT WOS:000167063800008 ER PT J AU Feather, PM Shaw, WD AF Feather, PM Shaw, WD TI The demand for leisure time in the presence of constrained work hours SO ECONOMIC INQUIRY LA English DT Article AB This article presents a labor supply model designed to address situations of overemployment or underemployment in the labor market. Previous labor supply models have taken the possibility of work hour constraints into consideration but typically assumed that the existence of fixed work hours only influenced the decision of labor force participation. This ignores situations in which individuals choose to be employed at fixed-hour jobs even though these jobs do not offer the desired work hours. (JEL J22). C1 USDA, ERS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Appl Econ & Stat, Reno, NV 89557 USA. RP Feather, PM (reprint author), USDA, ERS, 1800 M St NW, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 25 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 2 PU WESTERN ECONOMIC ASSOC INT PI HUNTINGTON BEACH PA 7400 CENTER AVE SUITE 109, HUNTINGTON BEACH, CA 92647-3039 USA SN 0095-2583 J9 ECON INQ JI Econ. Inq. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 38 IS 4 BP 651 EP 661 DI 10.1093/ei/38.4.651 PG 11 WC Economics SC Business & Economics GA 362RJ UT WOS:000089791800010 ER PT J AU Wu, L Banuelos, G Guo, X AF Wu, L Banuelos, G Guo, X TI Changes of soil and plant tissue selenium status in an upland grassland contaminated by selenium-rich agricultural drainage sediment after ten years transformed from a wetland habitat SO ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY LA English DT Article ID FIELD; WATER AB A field survey was conducted in 1989, 1994, and 1999 in order to monitor the soil and vegetation Se concentrations at the Kesterson upland grassland contaminated by Se-rich drainage sediment. The rate of Se dissipation estimated by the change of soil Se concentration, via volatilization, found to be about 1.1% per year. Soil water-extractable Se increased in 1994, but greatly reduced in 1999, The increase of soil Se concentration in the top 15 cm of soil at the fresh-soil fill sites indicates that the plants were able to effectively take up the soluble soil Se from the lower soil profile and to deposit it on the top of the field. This process may reduce the rate of leaching of soil Se. Overall, the concentration of soil water-soluble Se was relatively low and it is unlikely that problems of transport of Se from the Kesterson soil to the adjacent uncontaminated environment by leaching can occur. Plant tissue Se concentration was found to coincide with the soil mater-extractable Se concentration. The average plant tissue Se concentration and soil water-extractable Se detected in 1999 was about 10 mug Se g(-1) and 110 mug Se kg(-1) dry weight, respectively, and the estimated bioaccumulation value of this upland grassland is less than 10% of the previous wetland habitat. Therefore, the existing Kesterson grassland should not be at high risk to the environment. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Hort, Davis, CA 95616 USA. ARS, USDA, Water Management Res Lab, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. RP Wu, L (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Hort, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 19 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 15 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0147-6513 J9 ECOTOX ENVIRON SAFE JI Ecotox. Environ. Safe. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 47 IS 2 BP 201 EP 209 DI 10.1006/eesa.2000.1948 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 365QW UT WOS:000089962800013 PM 11023699 ER PT J AU Bosch, J Kemp, WP Peterson, SS AF Bosch, J Kemp, WP Peterson, SS TI Management of Osmia lignaria (Hymenoptera : Megachilidae) populations for almond pollination: Methods to advance bee emergence SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Osmia lignaria; development; wintering; rearing methods; almond pollination ID PROPINQUA CRESSON; FIELD EXPERIMENTS; NESTING SUCCESS; APPLE ORCHARDS AB The objective of this study was to find one or more rearing methods that would allow us to release Osmia lignaria Say populations from natal nests to pollinate February-flowering almonds, Prunus amygdalus Batsch, in California's Central Valley. We exposed three phenologically distinct O. lignaria populations (early-, mid-, and late-flying) to different temperature treatments through development and wintering for a total of nine rearing treatments. These treatments combined three approaches to obtain early Lee emergence: (1) exposing bees to warmer or fluctuating temperatures, or both, during development; (2) exposing bees to warmer wintering temperatures: and (3) using early-flying lee populations from Central Valley California latitudes. Extended periods of high prewintering temperatures resulted in apparent fat bod, consumption of prewintering adults and reductions in springtime adult longevity. In general, temperature treatments that promoted rapid immature development, and thus longer wintering periods, resulted in earlier spring emergence patterns of bees well timed with bloom period of almonds. Warmer wintering periods also resulted in earlier emergence. In addition to providing good Ice-bloom synchrony, several treatments also yielded vigorous emerging populations, rapid establishment and nesting, and population increases. The potential importance of our results to anticipated increases in the demand for pollination services in California's Central Valley almonds is discussed. C1 Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Bee Biol & Systemat Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Int Pollinat Syst, Visalia, CA 93291 USA. RP Bosch, J (reprint author), Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Bee Biol & Systemat Lab, 5310 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322 USA. OI Bosch , Jordi/0000-0002-8088-9457 NR 29 TC 36 Z9 39 U1 6 U2 26 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 29 IS 5 BP 874 EP 883 DI 10.1603/0046-225X-29.5.874 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 366YW UT WOS:000090034700003 ER PT J AU Venette, RC Naranjo, SE Hutchison, WD AF Venette, RC Naranjo, SE Hutchison, WD TI Implications of larval mortality at low temperatures and high soil moistures for establishment of pink bollworm (Lepidoptera : Gelechiidae) in southeastern United States cotton SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Pectinophora gossypiella; diapause; biological invasions; demography; risk AB The pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), remains a significant pest of cotton (Gossypium spp.) in the southwestern United States, but is not known to he established in the primary cotton production areas of the southeastern United States. Absence of P. gossypiella may. be the result of federal regulatory action (eg, monitoring, quarantine, and eradication), climate, or other ecological factors. The objectives of this study were to determine how low temperatures; and high soil moisture common to the southeastern United States might affect mortality of diapausing, preconditioned, and nondiapausing larvae of P. gossypiella. In constant temperature incubators set between 22 and 5 degreesC (0% moisture, 0:24 [L:D] h), nondiapausing prepupal (fourth or fifth instar) larvae died more quickly at lower temperatures. At 5 degreesC, 90% of the cohort was dead after 12 d. Similarly, prepupal larvae that had been reared under diapause inducing conditions (20 degreesC, 10:14 [L:D] h) since neonate stage also died more quickly at lower temperatures. A separate developmental assay indicated that the larvae were not in diapause. In this case, 26 d at 5 degreesC were required to achieve 90% mortality. For diapausing, prepupal larvae collected from the field, mortality was greater at 5 degreesC than at any other temperature tested, but larvae could withstand 5 degreesC for 60 d before 90% of the cohort died. In response to moisture, as soils at 10 degreesC became saturated ( >195% gravimetric soil moisture), most diapausing larvae (approximate to 60%) died within the first 10 d of the experiment. These studies suggest that diapausing, late instar larvae of P. gossypiella are more resilient to the effects of low temperature than nondiapausing individuals and are able to tolerate high soil moisture for moderate lengths of time. Temperatures and soil moistures in the southeastern United States are not sufficiently cold or wet to completely preclude establishment of P. gossypiella. C1 Univ Minnesota, USDA, APHIS, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Entomol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Midwest Ecol Risk Assessment Ctr, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, USDA, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Venette, RC (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, USDA, APHIS, 1980 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 26 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 29 IS 5 BP 1018 EP 1026 DI 10.1603/0046-225X-29.5.1018 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 366YW UT WOS:000090034700019 ER PT J AU Pratt, PD Croft, BA AF Pratt, PD Croft, BA TI Overwintering and comparative sampling of Neoseiulus fallacis (Acari : Phytoseiidae) on ornamental nursery plants SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Neoseiulus fallacis; diapause; Tetranychidae; biological control ID MITES; DISPERSAL; DIAPAUSE AB The predatory mite Neoseiulus fallacis (Garman) is an important biological control agent of spider mites in many agroecosystems, including ornamental nurseries. In this study, sampling methods, tendencies to overwinter among a range of plant types, and the effect of winter protective practices were assessed for N. fallacis females. Ten spider mite-infested plant species representing a range of five plant types (conifer, shade tree, evergreen shrub, deciduous shrub, herbaceous perennial) were inoculated with 100 adult female N. fallacis in late autumn. Early the following spring, N. fallacis was extracted from each plant species by either washing plant parts (leaves, branches, trunks-crowns) in 70% ethanol and filtering contents or placing plant parts into separate Berlese funnels for 5 d. The washing method extracted more N. fallacis than the funnel method. When comparing overwintering among a range of plant types, higher densities of N. fallacis were extracted from conifers > evergreen shrubs > herbaceous perennials = deciduous shrubs = shade trees. With respect to overwintering location of N. fallacis within plants, higher densities of N. fallacis were recovered on leaves than trunks-crowns; branches were intermediate. Densities of N. fallacis were positively correlated with those of their spider mite prey. Higher densities of N. fallacis were collected from plants that were held in a greenhouse versus those left unprotected or under a sheet of polyethylene plastic. Manipulating overwintering sites for the conservation of phytoseiid natural enemies is discussed. C1 ARS, USDA, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Entomol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Pratt, PD (reprint author), ARS, USDA, 3205 Coll Ave, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. NR 29 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 29 IS 5 BP 1034 EP 1040 DI 10.1603/0046-225X-29.5.1034 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 366YW UT WOS:000090034700021 ER PT J AU Poprawski, TJ Greenberg, SM Ciomperlik, MA AF Poprawski, TJ Greenberg, SM Ciomperlik, MA TI Effect of host plant on Beauveria bassiana- and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus-induced mortality of Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Homoptera : Aleyrodidae) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Beauveria bassiana; Paecilomyces fumosoroseus; Trialeurodes vaporariorum; white-flies; tritrophic level interactions; fungal entomopathogens ID ALPHA-TOMATINE; ALLELOCHEMICALS; DEUTEROMYCOTINA AB Conidial suspensions of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Wize) Brown & Smith were tested for pathogenicity to third-instar nymphs of Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) reared on cucumber and tomato plants. Nymphs were highly susceptible to infection by both fungi after a one-time application of conidia onto cucumber plants. In contrast, insects reared on tomato plants were significantly less susceptible to infection. We hypothesized that the glycoalkaloid tomatine might have been involved in antimicrobiosis on tomato leaves. Tomatine mixed with Noble agar at five concentrations was tested for its effects on germination of conidia of both fungi. Germination of conidia of B. bassiana was only slightly affected at the two highest concentrations of tomatine. In contrast, germination of conidia of P. fumosoroseus was completely inhibited at 500 and 1,000 ppm of tomatine. The in vitro tolerance of tomatine by B. bassiana contradicted our in vivo data. Sequestered tomatine by T. vaporariorum nymphs would explain, at least partially, the insect's defense against the pathogens. That little in vitro inhibition of B. bassiana was found supported the hypothesis that B. bassiana was inhibited only in vivo, after the penetration process. Inhibition of P. fumosoroseus might have occurred on the insect's cuticle before penetration, as evidenced by the complete inhibition of spore germination in vitro in the presence of tomatine at 500 and 1,000 ppm. An explanation for the differential in vitro sensitivity of B. bassiana and P. fumosoroseus to tomatine is being sought. C1 ARS, Beneficial Insects Res Unit, USDA, Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Texas Agr Expt Stn, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Poprawski, TJ (reprint author), ARS, Beneficial Insects Res Unit, USDA, Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, 2413 E Highway 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 36 TC 37 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 11 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 29 IS 5 BP 1048 EP 1053 DI 10.1603/0046-225X-29.5.1048 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 366YW UT WOS:000090034700023 ER PT J AU McGuire, MR Behle, RW Goebel, HN Fry, TC AF McGuire, MR Behle, RW Goebel, HN Fry, TC TI Calibration of a sunlight simulator for determining solar stability of Bacillus thuringiensis and Anagrapha falcifera nuclear polyhedrovirus SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE light; solar simulator; entomopathogen; residual activity ID GYPSY-MOTH LEPIDOPTERA; VIRUS; FORMULATIONS; SCREENS AB The effect of light on survival of entomopathogens is well described and efforts are underway to develop formulations that may protect an entomopathogen from damage by sunlight. The availability of solar simulators allows for year-round testing of solar protectants. A commercial formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner and an unformulated baculovirus isolated from Anagrapha falcifera (Kirby) were exposed to various amounts of light from a solar simulator or the sun to determine the relative effect of each source on loss of insecticidal activity. Rate of pathogen degradation was essentially the same for both light sources when original activity remaining was regressed against total energy (as measured by joules/m(2)). The amount of time required to reduce activity was different, however, because of a difference in total energies produced by the solar simulator and natural sunlight. Virus was approximately two times more sensitive to light than bacteria. To obtain 50% reduction of virus activity, exposure to 1.8 x 10(7) joules was required, whereas 3.2 x 10(7) joules was necessary to achieve a similar loss of activity for B. thuringiensis. The importance of reporting energy levels from various solar simulators is discussed. C1 ARS, Bioact Agents Res Unit, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP McGuire, MR (reprint author), ARS, Bioact Agents Res Unit, USDA, 1815 N Univ, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 13 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 29 IS 5 BP 1070 EP 1074 DI 10.1603/0046-225X-29.5.1070 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 366YW UT WOS:000090034700026 ER PT J AU Shapiro, DI McCoy, CW Fares, A Obreza, T Dou, H AF Shapiro, DI McCoy, CW Fares, A Obreza, T Dou, H TI Effects of soil type on virulence and persistence of entomopathogenic nematodes in relation to control of Diaprepes abbreviatus (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Steinernema riobrave; Heterorhabditis bacteriophora; Diaprepes abbreviatus; soil type; biological control ID ENTOMOGENOUS NEMATODES; STEINERNEMA-GLASERI; ROOT WEEVILS; RHABDITIDA; HETERORHABDITIDAE; CARPOCAPSAE; INFECTIVITY; TEXTURE; CITRUS; EFFICACY AB The Diaprepes root weevil Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.) is a major pest of citrus, ornamentals, and vegetables in Florida and the Caribbean. Entomopathogenic nematodes can provide substantial control of the root feeding larvae, hut their efficacy can be affected by soil type. Our objective was to determine the effects of three soil types on the control of D. abbreviatus with Steinernema riobrave (Cabanillas Poinar & Raulston) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar. In the laboratory we measured nematode virulence and persistence in a Marl, Ridge (entisol), and Flatwoods (spodosol) soil. The Marl soil contains a high silt and clay content (80 and 15%, respectively), whereas the other soils are >93% sand and typical soils of citrus production in Florida. The virulence of S. riobrave was greater than H. bacteriophora in all soils. Both nematode species exhibited greater virulence and persistence in Marl soil compared with sandy soils. Nematode virulence was greater in the spodosol than in the entisol soil. Oxygen levels (in the cups) were not significantly different among the soils. Further research is required to determine the cause of these trends and the applicability of these findings under different water tensions and under field conditions. C1 Univ Florida, Ctr Citrus Res & Educ, Lake Alfred, FL USA. RP Shapiro, DI (reprint author), ARS, SE Fruit & Tree Nut Res Lab, USDA, Byron, GA 31008 USA. NR 34 TC 27 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 8 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 29 IS 5 BP 1083 EP 1087 DI 10.1603/0046-225X-29.5.1083 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 366YW UT WOS:000090034700028 ER PT J AU Chavez, DJ Tynon, JF AF Chavez, DJ Tynon, JF TI Triage law enforcement: Societal impacts on National Forests in the west SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE communication; crime; domestic terrorism; law enforcement AB Uses of outdoor natural areas, like National Forests in the United States, have been undergoing change. Some changes, including criminal activities and domestic terrorism, may have quite important impacts to outdoor enthusiasts and managers. Activities include some relatively traditional management challenges, like arson and thefts, and newer challenges. such as domestic violence and murder. To better understand the prevalence and impacts of these activities, selected managers in the western United Slates were interviewed in summer and fall 1998. Results indicate criminal activities and domestic terrorism are found in both urban-interface and rural sites. The most prevalent challenges were arson, criminal damage, domestic violence, dumping of household trash and landscape materials, marijuana cultivation. satanic cult activity, and thefts. Not as prevalent but found in almost all study sites were body dumping, extremist group activity gang activity, murders, and suicides. Managers felt that most outdoor recreationists were unaffected by the activities. Most managers noted the increasing prevalence and the costs to management in time, personnel, and in other ways. They noted that their job had ceased being one of natural resources law enforcement and became one of "city" law enforcement. The findings of the study raise serious issues that require additional research. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Resources, Forest Recreat Resources Program, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Chavez, DJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, 4955 Canyon Crest Dr, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. NR 14 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 26 IS 4 BP 403 EP 407 DI 10.1007/s002670010097 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 352ND UT WOS:000089224000006 ER PT J AU Lundquist, JE Lindner, L AF Lundquist, JE Lindner, L TI Test of a model to assess the condition of lodgepole pine stands SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE monitoring forest condition; forest health; decision making; old growth; forest pests; forest diseases; forest insects AB A predictive model for assessing stand condition as a function of suitability for achieving specified management objectives was originally developed using a data set for only 28 stands. In this study, we evaluate the model using an operational-sized data set composed of currently collected stand inventory data for 238 stands in the Snowy Range of the Medicine Bow National Forest in southern Wyoming. We compared its predictions of old growth suitability to results of a separate special old growth survey. Stands were characterized as profiles of variables derived from stand inventory data, and plotted as points in two-dimensional space where similarity between stands was reflected by the distance between their points. Results suggest the model is useful for classifying stand condition using relatively large sets of data currently collected during routine stand inventories. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Med Bow Natl Forest, Laramie, WY USA. RP Lundquist, JE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 240 W Prospect Rd, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 19 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 26 IS 4 BP 421 EP 426 DI 10.1007/s002670010099 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 352ND UT WOS:000089224000008 ER PT J AU Padgett, PE Kee, SN Allen, EA AF Padgett, PE Kee, SN Allen, EA TI The effects of irrigation on revegetation of semi-arid coastal sage scrub in southern California SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE vegetation restoration; seedling survival; species evenness ID POSTFIRE SEEDLING ESTABLISHMENT; GERMINATION; RANGELAND AB To test the appropriateness and applicability of irrigation for restoration of coastal sage scrub, a semi-arid vegetation type native to southern California, a field study comparing four irrigation schedules-no irrigation, spring irrigation only, summer irrigation only, and irrigation year round as needed-was established. A seed mixture of six native shrub species was broadcast, and the effect of irrigation on emergence and establishment was evaluated. Restoration of arid and semi-arid vegetation is challenging because of the severe environmental conditions inherent to these ecosystems. In particular, the low and unpredictable nature of precipitation can limit the chances for successful establishment of perennial species. Under conditions where supplemental irrigation is available, irrigation may make the difference between successful or failed restoration. However, increasing the availability of water through irrigation may result in poor plant adaptation to surviving arid conditions or only temporary success followed by failure once supplemental water is withdrawn. In this study. irrigation stimulated germination in the irrigated plots about a month earlier than the plots dependent on natural rainfall, but this had little lasting effect. Spring and summer irrigation did not improve survival compared to the plots receiving no supplemental water. The largest effect of irrigation was a reduction in survival of several species grown under irrigated conditions as compared to nonirrigated conditions. In plots where water was applied all year long a single species, Artemisia californica, represented nearly 100% of the species present at the end of two growing seasons. Irrigation may speed revegetation under some conditions, but was not very effective in establishing natural vegetation structure. C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Bot & Plant Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. RP Padgett, PE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Fire Res Lab, 4955 Canyon Crest Dr, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. NR 33 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 22 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 26 IS 4 BP 427 EP 435 DI 10.1007/s002670010100 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 352ND UT WOS:000089224000009 ER PT J AU Hrubovcak, J LeBlanc, M Eakin, BK AF Hrubovcak, J LeBlanc, M Eakin, BK TI Agriculture, natural resources and environmental accounting SO ENVIRONMENTAL & RESOURCE ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE agriculture; natural resources; and environmental accounting ID ECONOMIC DEPRECIATION; FARMLAND AB In this paper, we develop a theoretically consistent framework to incorporate the environmental effects of agricultural production and the depletion of natural capital caused by agricultural production into the existing income accounts. We apply the framework and adjust the income attributed to the agricultural sector and economy-wide net national product (NNP) for the United States. Estimated adjustments to the income attributed to agriculture are in the range of $4 billion and have declined as a percentage of net farm income since 1982. C1 USDA, Global Change Program Off, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Hrubovcak, J (reprint author), USDA, Global Change Program Off, 14th & Independence Ave SW,Stop 3814, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 40 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0924-6460 J9 ENVIRON RESOUR ECON JI Environ. Resour. Econ. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 17 IS 2 BP 145 EP 162 DI 10.1023/A:1008392511721 PG 18 WC Economics; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 355XU UT WOS:000089414500002 ER PT J AU Foglia, TA Jones, KC Sonnet, PE AF Foglia, TA Jones, KC Sonnet, PE TI Selectivity of lipases: isolation of fatty acids from castor, coriander, and meadowfoam oils SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF LIPID SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE fatty acid selectivity hydrolysis; esterification; petroselinic acid; ricinoleic acid; eicosa-5-enoic acid; docosenoic acids ID GAMMA-LINOLENIC ACID; QUANTITATIVE-ANALYSIS; CATALYZED HYDROLYSIS; RAPESEED OIL; ERUCIC-ACID; TRIACYLGLYCEROLS; ESTERIFICATION; CHROMATOGRAPHY; BORAGE AB The lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis of castor, coriander, and meadowfoam oils was studied in a two-phase water/oil system. The lipases from Candida rugosa and Pseudomonas cepacia released all fatty acids from the triglycerides randomly, with the exception of castor oil. In the latter case, the P. cepacia lipase discriminated against ricinoleic acid. The lipase from Geotrichum candidum discriminated against unsaturated acids having the double bond located at the Delta -6 (petroselinic acid in coriander oil) and Delta -5 (meadowfoam oil) position or with a hydroxy substituent (ricinoleic acid). The expression of the selectivities of the G. candidum lipase was most pronounced in lipase-catalyzed esterification reactions, which was exploited as part of a two-step process to prepare highly concentrated fractions of the acids. In the first step the oils were hydrolyzed to their respective free fatty acids, in the second step a selective lipase was used to catalyze esterification of the acids with l-butanol. This resulted in an enrichment of the targeted acids to approximately 95-98% in the unesterified acid fractions compared to the 70-90% content in the starting acid fractions. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Foglia, TA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 19 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 4 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1438-7697 J9 EUR J LIPID SCI TECH JI Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 102 IS 10 BP 612 EP 617 DI 10.1002/1438-9312(200010)102:10<612::AID-EJLT612>3.3.CO;2-L PG 6 WC Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 372MG UT WOS:000165237000003 ER PT J AU Warren, ML Burr, BM Walsh, SJ Bart, HL Cashner, RC Etnier, DA Freeman, BJ Kuhajda, BR Mayden, RL Robison, HW Ross, ST Starnes, WC AF Warren, ML Burr, BM Walsh, SJ Bart, HL Cashner, RC Etnier, DA Freeman, BJ Kuhajda, BR Mayden, RL Robison, HW Ross, ST Starnes, WC TI Diversity, distribution, and conservation status of the native freshwater fishes of the southern United States SO FISHERIES LA English DT Article ID WATER FISHES; VIRGINIA; FAUNA; BIODIVERSITY; NORTHERN; THREATS; TEXAS AB Southeastern Fishes Council Technical Advisory Committee reviewed the diversity, distribution, status of all native freshwater and diadromous 51 major drainage units of the south- United States. The Southern United States supports more native fishes than any area of comparable size on the North America continent north of Mexico, but also has a high proportion of its fishes need of conservation action. The review included 662 native freshwater and diadromous fishes and marine fishes that are significant components of freshwater ecosystems. Of this total, 560 described, freshwater fish species are documented, and 49 undescribed species are included provisionally pending formal description. Described subspecies (86) are recognized within 43 species, 6 fishes have undescribed subspecies, and 9 others are recognized as complexes of undescribed taxa. Extinct, endangered, threatened, or vulnerable status is recognized for 28% (187 taxa) of southern freshwater and diadromous fishes. To date, 3 southern fishes are known to be extinct throughout their ranges, 2 are extirpated from the study region, and 2 others may be extinct. Of the extant southern fishes, 41 (6%) are regarded as endangered, 46 (7%) are regarded as threatened, and 101 (15%) are regarded as vulnerable. Five marine fishes that frequent fresh water are regarded as vulnerable. Our assessment represents a 75% increase in jeopardized southern fishes since 1989 and a 125% increase in 20 years. The trend for fishes in the southern United States is clear; jeopardizes fishes are successively being moved from the vulnerable category to that of imminent threat of extinction. C1 US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Forest Hydrol Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. RP Warren, ML (reprint author), US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Forest Hydrol Lab, 1000 Front St, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. RI Bart, Henry/L-5354-2014 OI Bart, Henry/0000-0002-5662-9444 NR 72 TC 195 Z9 206 U1 5 U2 41 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0363-2415 J9 FISHERIES JI Fisheries PD OCT PY 2000 VL 25 IS 10 BP 7 EP 31 DI 10.1577/1548-8446(2000)025<0007:DDACSO>2.0.CO;2 PG 25 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 358QX UT WOS:000089569600002 ER PT J AU Shelver, WL Smith, DJ AF Shelver, WL Smith, DJ TI Evaluation of commercial immunoassays for cross-reactivity to clenbuterol stereoisomers and bovine metabolites SO FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS LA English DT Article DE clenbuterol; evaluation; immunoassay; metabolites; stereo-selectivity ID BETA-ADRENERGIC AGONISTS; PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ILLEGAL USE; RESIDUES; CALVES; RADIOIMMUNOASSAY; URINE; LIVER; VEAL; PHARMACOKINETICS AB Several commercially available immunoassay kits have been developed to detect the beta-adrenergic agonist clenbuterol HCl. Technical materials supplied with the kits do not generally report cross-reactivity with clenbuterol metabolites. Use of such kits to quantitate clenbuterol might lead to an overestimation of parent drug if metabolites were present. The objective of this study was to measure the cross-reactivity of clenbuterol metabolites with several commercially available clenbuterol immunoassays. Three clenbuterol-glucuronide conjugates, clenbuterol-sulphamate, 4-amino-3,5-dichloro-hippuric acid (clenbuterol-hippurate), and purified clenbuterol-stereoisomers were tested for cross-reactivity. The clenbuterol-sulphamate metabolite showed significant cross-reactivity (42-77%), but clenbuterol-hippurate showed very little competition (<0.2%) towards clenbuterol. Clenbuterol-glucuronides had little (0.1-1.6%) cross-reactivity. In addition, (R)-, (S)-, and racemic clenbuterol were used to determine the stereospecificity of the kits. Both (R) and (S)-clenbuterol competed for binding in two of the kits, however, in one kit the (S)- clenbuterol stereoisomer had an affinity 100 times greater than the (R) stereoisomer. The presence of significant quantities of the sulphamate metabolite of clenbuterol in a biological matrix would cause an overestimation of the amount of parent clenbuterol. This study illustrates the inherent problems of using unvalidated immunoassays for quantitation purposes. C1 USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Shelver, WL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, POB 5674,Univ Stn, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 32 TC 6 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 6 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND SN 0265-203X J9 FOOD ADDIT CONTAM JI Food Addit. Contam. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 17 IS 10 BP 837 EP 845 DI 10.1080/026520300420402 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology; Toxicology GA 355TM UT WOS:000089402500003 PM 11103267 ER PT J AU McWilliams, ML Blankemeyer, JT Friedman, M AF McWilliams, ML Blankemeyer, JT Friedman, M TI The folic acid analogue methotrexate protects frog embryo cell membranes against damage by the potato glycoalkaloid alpha-chaconine SO FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cell membranes; alpha-chaconine; methotrexate; L-monapterin; frog embryos; potatoes ID DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY; XENOPUS EMBRYOS; VITAMIN-A; SOLANINE; RATS; ALKALOIDS; GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE; TOXICOLOGY; SALMONELLA; RESISTANCE AB As part of an effort to improve the safety of plant foods, a need exists to more clearly delineate the mechanisms of toxicities of glycoalkaloids, which may be present in Solanum plant species such as potatoes, tomatoes and eggplants. alpha-Chaconine is a major glycoalkaloid present in potatoes. To assess the possible influence of structure of pteridine derivatives on toxicity of potato glycoalkaloids, a previous study that demonstrated the protective effects of folic acid against the Solanum glycoalkaloid alpha-chaconine-induced toxicity on Xenopus laevis frog embryo cell membranes was extended to two folate analogues-a synthetic compound widely used as a therapeutic agent methotrexate, and naturally occurring L-monapterin. Adverse effects on embryos were evaluated by observing changes in membrane potentials with an electrochromic dye, di-4-ANEPPS, as a fluorescent probe For the integrity of the membranes. Methotrexate decreased alpha-chaconine-induced polarization, as did folic acid. This decrease may result from an alteration of membrane conformations that prevents the binding of the glycoalkaloid to the membrane receptor sites, and/or from effects on folic acid metabolism. In contrast, L-monapterin did not significantly reduce the alpha-chaconine-induced toxicity. The possible significance of those results to food safety is discussed. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd.. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Microbiol & Mol Genet, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Friedman, M (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 37 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-6915 J9 FOOD CHEM TOXICOL JI Food Chem. Toxicol. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 38 IS 10 BP 853 EP 859 DI 10.1016/S0278-6915(00)00090-9 PG 7 WC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology SC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology GA 359WV UT WOS:000089635800001 PM 11039318 ER PT J AU Kvenberg, J Stolfa, P Stringfellow, D Garrett, ES AF Kvenberg, J Stolfa, P Stringfellow, D Garrett, ES TI HACCP development and regulatory assessment in the United States of America SO FOOD CONTROL LA English DT Article DE HACCP; food safety; critical control points; critical limits; pathogen reduction; regulatory; risk; verification; validation AB Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) is internationally recognized as the best method of assuring product safety by controlling foodborne safety hazards. Currently, within the USA, the FDA has mandated HACCP for fish and fishery products and is proposing mandating HACCP for fruit and vegetable juices. The USDA has mandated Pathogen Reduction/HACCP requirements for meat and poultry processing, and the NMFS Seafood Inspection Program operates a voluntary HACCP program for seafood plants. The requirements for mandatory implementation and proposed regulations represent a significant change in the manner in which foods are regulated for food safety and necessitate a new understanding of the different roles and responsibilities between the food industries and the regulatory agencies within the USA. Each agency will approach the evaluation process differently given their unique legislative authorities and programmatic operations. Nevertheless, each agency agrees that HACCP is the best food control system of choice and is committed to improve food safety requirements. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US FDA, Div HACCP Programs, HFS 615, Washington, DC 20204 USA. USDA, FSIS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Seafood Inspect Lab, Pascagoula, MS 39568 USA. RP Kvenberg, J (reprint author), US FDA, Div HACCP Programs, HFS 615, 200 St SW, Washington, DC 20204 USA. NR 30 TC 15 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0956-7135 J9 FOOD CONTROL JI Food Control PD OCT PY 2000 VL 11 IS 5 BP 387 EP 401 DI 10.1016/S0956-7135(99)00090-0 PG 15 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 314BL UT WOS:000087034200010 ER PT J AU Hessburg, PF Smith, BG Salter, RB Ottmar, RD Alvarado, E AF Hessburg, PF Smith, BG Salter, RB Ottmar, RD Alvarado, E TI Recent changes (1930s-1990s) in spatial patterns of interior northwest forests, USA SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE change detection; landscape assessment; spatial patterns; reference variation; ecosystem health; forest health; fire exclusion; disturbance regimes ID EVENNESS; ECOLOGY; HISTORY AB We characterized recent historical and current vegetation composition and structure of a representative sample of subwatersheds on all ownerships within the interior Columbia River basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins. For each selected subwatershed, we constructed historical and current vegetation maps from 1932 to 1966 and 1981 to 1993 aerial photos, respectively. Using the raw vegetation attributes, we classified and attributed cover types, structural classes, and potential vegetation types to individual patches within subwatersheds. We characterized change in vegetation spatial patterns using a suite of class and landscape metrics, and a spatial pattern analysis program. We then translated change in vegetation patterns to change in patterns of vulnerability to wildfires, smoke production, and 21 major forest pathogen and insect disturbances. Results of change analyses were reported for province-scale ecological reporting units (ERUs). Here, we highlight significant findings and discuss management implications. Twentieth century management activities significantly altered spatial patterns of physiognomies, cover types and structural conditions, and vulnerabilities to fire, insect, and pathogen disturbances. Forest land cover expanded in several ERUs, and woodland area expanded in most. Of all physiognomic conditions, shrubland area declined most due to cropland expansion, conversion to semi- and non-native herblands, and expansion of forests and woodlands. Shifts from early to late seral conifer species were evident in forests of most ERUs; patch sizes of forest cover types are now smaller, and current land cover is more fragmented. Landscape area in old multistory, old single story, and stand initiation forest structures declined with compensating increases in area and connectivity of dense, multilayered, intermediate forest structures. Patches with medium and large trees, regardless of their structural affiliation are currently less abundant on the landscape. Finally, basin forests are now dominated by shade-tolerant conifers, and exhibit elevated fuel loads and severe fire behavior attributes indicating expanded future roles of certain defoliators, bark beetles, root diseases, and stand replacement fires. Although well intentioned, 20th-century management practices did not account for landscape-scale patterns of living and dead vegetation that enable forest ecosystems to maintain their structure and organization through time, or for the disturbances that create and maintain them. Improved understanding of change in vegetation spatial patterns, causative factors, and links with disturbance processes will assist managers and policymakers in making informed decisions about how to address important ecosystem health issues. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Bend, OR 97701 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. RP Hessburg, PF (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, 1133 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. NR 48 TC 76 Z9 83 U1 8 U2 31 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD OCT 1 PY 2000 VL 136 IS 1-3 BP 53 EP 83 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00263-7 PG 31 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 351NT UT WOS:000089165600005 ER PT J AU Busse, MD AF Busse, MD TI Suitability and use of the N-15-isotope dilution method to estimate nitrogen fixation by actinorhizal shrubs SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Ceanothus velutinus; Purshia tridentata; isotope dilution; symbiotic effectiveness; reference species; ponderosa pine ID N-15 ISOTOPE-DILUTION; N-2 FIXATION; CASUARINA-EQUISETIFOLIA; DINITROGEN FIXATION; BLACK ALDER; PINE SITE; QUANTIFICATION; PLANT; SOIL; N-2-FIXATION AB Nitrogen fixation rates were estimated by the N-15-isotope dilution method for Ceanothus velutinus and Purshia tridentata in the understory of central Oregon ponderosa pine forests. Field rates were measured in small pole-, large pole-, and sawtimber-sized pine stands using two shrubs (Arctostaphylos patula, Ribes cereum) and one graminoid (Carex rossii) as non-fixing reference species. Shrub cover ranged from 23 to 59% for Ceanothus and from 9 to 15% for Purshia. Foliage samples were collected monthly following two applications of N-15 ammonium sulfate (5 kg N ha(-1) at 10 atom% N-15) to compare N uptake patterns and determine the fraction of N derived from fixation (Ndff). Several violations of the underlying assumption of the isotope dilution method that N fixing and reference plants have access to similar pools of soil N-15 were identified. These included non-uniform distribution of N-15 in the soil profile and dissimilarities in rooting volumes, N uptake patterns, and plant ages between the reference and N fixing plants. Despite these compromises, there were only minor differences in percentage of Ndff when calculated independently using each reference species. Low N-15 uptake by Ceanothus and Purshia evidently negated the requirement that N fixing and reference plants have comparable spatial and temporal access to soil N-15. Both Ceanothus and Purshia were highly effective, obtaining more than 80% of their N from fixation regardless of pine stand, shrub cover, or shrub age. Annual N fixation by Ceanothus ranged from 4 to 15 kg ha(-1) year(-1). This rate is lower than previously reported for Ceanothus in other ecosystems in the western United States, yet is sufficient to replace N losses from disturbances such as prescribed fire. Purshia fixed considerably less N, ca. 1 kg ha(-1) year(-1), roughly equivalent to the rate of atmospheric N deposition in central Oregon. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Redding, CA 96001 USA. RP Busse, MD (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, 2400 Washington Ave, Redding, CA 96001 USA. NR 39 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD OCT 1 PY 2000 VL 136 IS 1-3 BP 85 EP 95 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00264-9 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 351NT UT WOS:000089165600006 ER PT J AU Welch, NT Waldrop, TA Buckner, ER AF Welch, NT Waldrop, TA Buckner, ER TI Response of southern Appalachian table mountain pine (Pinus pungens) and pitch pine (P-rigida) stands to prescribed burning SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE prescribed burning; pine-oak forests; table mountain pine; pitch pine; southern Appalachian mountains ID OAK FORESTS; NEW-YORK; FIRE; COMMUNITIES; USA AB Southern Appalachian table mountain pine (Pinus pungens) and pitch pine (P. rigida) forests require disturbance for regeneration. Lightning-ignited fires and cultural burning practices provided the disturbance that prehistorically and historically maintained these forests. Burning essentially ceased on public lands in the early twentieth century when fire suppression became the primary fire management initiative of federal land managers. The last five to six decades of forest succession in the absence of fire have allowed chestnut oak (Quercus prinus), scarlet oak (Q. coccinea), and red maple (Acer rubrum) to dominate both midstory and understory strata and to become poised to invade table mountain pine and pitch pine canopies. This study examined first-year responses of three 60-80-year-old southern Appalachian table mountain pine and pitch pine stands to prescribed fire. Prior to burning, mean canopy (woody stems greater than or equal to 2.5 cm DBH), understory (all shrubs and saplings <2.5 cm DBH), and ground layer (all vascular species less than or equal to 1 m in height) species richness values ranged 6-8 species/0.02 ha, 2-3 species/0.01 ha, and 1-3 species/m(2), respectively. Mean pre-burn basal area ranged from 23 to 32 m(2)/ha for the three stands. Canopy and understory densities averaged 1500-1900 and 70-120 stems/ha, respectively Mean pre-burn ground layer cover ranged from 28 to 77% per metre square. There were no pine seedlings present in the pre-burn ground layer. On all sites, burning top-killed some overstory and midstory fire-intolerant species such as sassafras (Sassafras albidum), red maple, and white pine (Pinus strobus). Numerous sprouts of these species appeared in the post-burn understory and ground layers. Canopy species richness was significantly lower (45%) whereas understory and ground layer species richness were significantly higher (two times pre-burn values) following most bums. All three bums significantly reduced canopy basal area (20-30%), canopy density (50-70%), and ground layer cover (40-70%) but increased understory density (two times pre-burn values). Table mountain pine (8000 seedlings/ha) and pitch pine regeneration (15 000 seedlings/ha) was observed following two of these burns but the seedlings were not likely to survive due to shading and competition from overstory, midstory, and understory strata. Future burns to restore similar stands must open the forest canopy, reduce accumulated litter and duff layers, and expose regenerative basal buds of hardwoods to lethal temperatures in order to lessen post-burn sprouting. Prescribed burns that do not accomplish these goals may further encourage succession towards hardwood-dominated stands as sprouts of understory hardwoods grow into midstory and overstory strata. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Forestry Fisheries & Wildlife, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Clemson, SC 29643 USA. RP Welch, NT (reprint author), Indiana Univ, Sch Publ & Environm Affairs, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. EM niwelch@indiana.edu NR 42 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD OCT 1 PY 2000 VL 136 IS 1-3 BP 185 EP 197 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00291-1 PG 13 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 351NT UT WOS:000089165600014 ER PT J AU Wolfe, R Moseley, C AF Wolfe, R Moseley, C TI Small-diameter log evaluation for value-added structural applications SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Three species of small-diameter logs from the Klamath/Siskiyou Mountains and the Cascade Range in southwest Oregon were tested for their potential for value-added structural applications. The logs were tested in bending and compression parallel to the grain. Strength and stiffness values were correlated to possible nondestructive evaluation grading parameters and compared to values derived from published values based on tests of small-diameter clear wood of the test species. For the test sample, specific gravity and static bending modulus of elasticity were good indicators of strength. Growth rate, however, was poorly correlated to specific gravity, strength, and stiffness. The results suggest that the conventionally derived design values based on published small clear strength values are appropriate for bending but nonconservative for axial compressive strength. At present, established round timber specifications, modified to place limits on the presence of crown wood, would be sufficient for selection of small-diameter structural timbers. Ifa more tightly controlled strength limit is desirable for a specific application, static modulus of elasticity appears to be the most reliable indicator of strength of small-diameter logs. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Rogue Inst Ecol & Econ, Ashland, OR USA. RP Wolfe, R (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 23 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 2 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 50 IS 10 BP 48 EP 58 PG 11 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 367UV UT WOS:000090080600010 ER PT J AU Vick, CB Okkonen, EA AF Vick, CB Okkonen, EA TI Durability of one-part polyurethane bonds to wood improved by HMR coupling agent SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB In a previous study on the strength and durability of a new class of wood adhesives called one-part polyurethanes, four commercial one-part polyurethanes, along with a resorcinol-formaldehyde adhesive representing a standard of performance, were compared in bonds to yellow birch and Douglas-fir in a series of industry-accepted tests (7). The polyurethanes all performed essentially the same: high in dry and wet strength but low in wet wood failure and resistance to delamination. In the study described in this paper, we look at improving the durability of polyurethane bonds to wood by priming before bonding with a hydroxymethylated resorcinol (HMR) coupling agent that is known to enhance adhesion of all thermosetting wood adhesives. The HMR dramatically increased the wet wood failure and resistance to delamination of polyurethanes that were found deficient in the previous study, to levels comparable with the highly durable resorcinol adhesive. One-part polyurethane adhesives met the strength and durability requirements of the most rigorous of tests, specifically American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard D 2559 (3), when wood surfaces were primed with the HMR coupling agent. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 9 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 8 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 50 IS 10 BP 69 EP 75 PG 7 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 367UV UT WOS:000090080600012 ER PT J AU Roliadi, H Hse, CY Choong, ET Shupe, TF AF Roliadi, H Hse, CY Choong, ET Shupe, TF TI Gluability of out-of-service utility poles SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB This investigation determined the gluability of weathered, out-of-service southern yellow pine (SYP) (Pinus spp.) utility poles. Three types of adhesives were used: resorcinol-phenol formaldehyde (RPF), polyvinyl acetate (PVA), and casein. The poles consisted of two service duration groups: 5 and 25 years. Longer weathering caused greater reduction in creosote content, especially in the outer and upper portions, but resulted in better gluability. Gluability of 25-year service life poles was the best and most comparable to untreated SYP. Five-year in-service poles and freshly treated poles showed less favorable gluability. Superior gluability was obtained using RPF followed consecutively by PVA and casein. In reutilization of out-of-service poles into engineered wood products, pieces that have retained sufficient creosote to be effective against decay should be placed into ground contact. Similarly, pieces of poles with lower creosote content, and consequently better gluability, would be better utilized in non-ground contact areas of engineered wood products. Latewood percentage and angle of growth ring to the glueline also affected gluability. Latewood correlated positively with shear strength and negatively with wood failure. The lower the angle of the growth ring, the higher the shear and the greater the wood failure. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Sch Forestry Wildlife & Fisheries, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. US Forest Serv, So Res Sta, USDA, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. RP Roliadi, H (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Sch Forestry Wildlife & Fisheries, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 50 IS 10 BP 76 EP 81 PG 6 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 367UV UT WOS:000090080600013 ER PT J AU LeDoux, CB AF LeDoux, CB TI Matching skidder size to wood harvested to increase hardwood fiber availability: A case study SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Integrating what we know about growing trees with what we know about harvesting them can increase the economic availability of wood fiber and add value to future crops. Results for the oak/hickory forest type in West Virginia show that up to 1,735.61 ft.(3)/ac. of wood fiber can be harvested 10 years sooner than usual by simply matching the size of the machine to the size of the wood harvested. Specifically, the study focused on the gains that can be made by matching the size of machines to size of the wood harvested, by utilizing harvesting machines better and more efficiently, and by training machine operators to be more efficient. Gains of up to 40 percent in present net worth can be attained by early thinning of a stand when harvesting machines are matched to wood size harvested. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Sta, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP LeDoux, CB (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Sta, 180 Canfield St, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 50 IS 10 BP 86 EP 90 PG 5 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 367UV UT WOS:000090080600015 ER PT J AU McAlister, RH Powers, HR Pepper, WD AF McAlister, RH Powers, HR Pepper, WD TI Mechanical properties of stemwood and limbwood of seed orchard loblolly pine SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Tests were made on micro-bending specimens prepared from stem and limb sections of 11 rust-resistant loblolly pines from a central Georgia seed orchard. A fair correlation (/r/ = 0.45 to 0.55) emerged between the stemwood and limbwood modulus of elasticity (MOE) and stemwood and limbwood modulus of rupture (MOR) values. An excellent correlation (/r/ = 0.8 to 0.9) appeared between the MOE and MOR of the stemwood and also between the MOE and MOR of the limbwood. Including specimen specific gravity (SG) did not increase the prediction power of the regression equation. Further work on at least 30 forest-grown trees is planned. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Sta, Asheville, NC 28802 USA. RP McAlister, RH (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Sta, Asheville, NC 28802 USA. NR 7 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 50 IS 10 BP 91 EP 94 PG 4 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 367UV UT WOS:000090080600016 ER PT J AU Yu, GX Wise, RP AF Yu, GX Wise, RP TI An anchored AFLP- and retrotransposon-based map of diploid Avena SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE AFLP; Bare-1 retrotransposon; sequence-specific-amplification polymorphism (S-SAP); resistance-gene analog; crown-rust resistance; Pca; Gramineae; grass anchor probe ID FRAGMENT-LENGTH-POLYMORPHISMS; RESISTANCE GENES; LINKAGE MAP; DISEASE-RESISTANCE; PUCCINIA-CORONATA; CONFERRING RESISTANCE; PATHOGEN RESISTANCE; MEIOTIC INSTABILITY; DIVERGENT SELECTION; BACTERIAL-BLIGHT AB A saturated genetic map of diploid oat was constructed based on a recombinant inbred (RI) population developed from a cross between Avena strigosa (Ceral Introduction, C.I. 3815) and A. wiestii (C.I. 1994). This 513-locus map includes 372 AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) and 78 S-SAP (sequence-specific-amplification polymorphism) markers, 6 crown-rust resistance loci, 8 resistance-gene analogs (RGAs), one morphological marker, one RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) marker, and is anchored by 45 grass-genome RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) markers. This new A. strigosa X A. wiestii RI map is colinear with a diploid Avena map from an A. atlantica X A. hirtula F-2 population. However, some linkage blocks were rearranged as compared to the RFLP map derived from the progenitor A. strigosa X A. wiestii F-2 population. Mapping of Bare-1-like sequences via sequence-specific AFLP indicated that related retrotransposons had considerable heterogeneity and widespread distribution in the diploid Avena genome. Novel amplified fragments detected in the RI population suggested that some of these retrotransposon-like sequences are active in diploid Avena. Three markers closely linked to the Pca crown-rust resistance cluster were identified via AFLP-based bulk-segregant analysis. The derived STS (sequence-tagged-site) marker, Agx4, cosegregates with Pc85, the gene that provides resistance specificity to crown-rust isolate 202 at the end of the cluster. This framework map will be useful in gene cloning, genetic mapping of qualitative genes, and positioning QTL (quantitative trait loci) of agricultural importance. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Interdepartmental Genet Program, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Wise, RP (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Interdepartmental Genet Program, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 55 TC 45 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 3 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD OCT PY 2000 VL 43 IS 5 BP 736 EP 749 PG 14 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 358AA UT WOS:000089534000002 PM 11081962 ER PT J AU Redinbaugh, MG Jones, TA Zhang, YT AF Redinbaugh, MG Jones, TA Zhang, YT TI Ubiquity of the St chloroplast genome in St-containing Triticeae polyploids SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE interspecies hybridization; cytoplasmic inheritance ID GRASS FAMILY POACEAE; MOLECULAR-DATA SETS; NUCLEOLAR DOMINANCE; GENES; NDHF; PHYLOGENY; SEQUENCES; GRAMINEAE; HYBRIDS AB Interspecific hybridization occurs between Tritceae species in the grass family (Poaceae) giving rise to allopolyploid species. To examine bias in cytoplasmic DNA inheritance in these hybridizations, the sequence of the 3' end of the chloroplast ndhF gene was compared among 29 allopolyploid Triticeae species containing the St nuclear genome in combination with the H, I, Ns, P, W, Y, and Xm nuclear genomes. These ndhF sequences were also compared with those from diploid or allotetraploid Triticeae species having the H, I, Ns, P, W, St, and Xm genomes. The cpDNA sequences were highly similar among diploid, allotetraploid, allohexaploid, and allooctoploid Triticeae accessions containing the St nuclear genome, with 0-6-nucleotide (nt) substitutions (0-0.8%) occurring between pairs of species. Neighbor-joining analysis of the sequences showed that the ndhF DNA sequences from species containing the St nuclear genome formed a strongly supported clade. The data indicated a strong preference for cpDNA inheritance from the St nuclear genome-containing parent in hybridizations between Triticeae species. This preference was independent of the presence of the H, I, Ns, P, W, and Xm nuclear genomes, the geographic distribution of the species, and the mode of reproduction. The data suggests that hybridizations having the St-containing parent as the female may be more successful. C1 Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, USDA ARS, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Dept Plant Pathol, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Redinbaugh, MG (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, USDA ARS, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. RI Redinbaugh, Margaret/A-3611-2013 NR 28 TC 53 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 4 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD OCT PY 2000 VL 43 IS 5 BP 846 EP 852 DI 10.1139/gen-43-5-846 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 358AA UT WOS:000089534000015 PM 11081975 ER PT J AU Uri, ND Bloodworth, H AF Uri, ND Bloodworth, H TI Global climate change and the effect of conservation practices in US agriculture SO GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE-HUMAN AND POLICY DIMENSIONS LA English DT Article ID SOIL ORGANIC-MATTER; CONVENTIONAL-TILLAGE; FILTER STRIPS; UNITED-STATES; CARBON; ROTATION; PRODUCTIVITY; HAPLUDULT; PROGRAMS; NITROGEN AB The use of conservation practices by agriculture in the United States will enhance soil organic carbon and potentially increase carbon sequestration. This, in turn, will decrease the net emission of carbon dioxide. A number of studies exist that calibrate the contribution of various individual, site-specific conservation practices on changes in soil organic carbon. There is a general absence, however. of a comprehensive effort to measure objectively the contribution of these practices including conservation tillage, the Conservation Reserve Program, and conservation buffer strips to an change in soil organic carbon. This paper fills that void. After recounting the evolution of the use of the various conservation practices, it is estimated that organic carbon in the soil in 1998 in the United States attributable to these practices was about 12.2 million Mt. By 2008, there will be an increase of about 25%. Given that there is a significant potential for conservation practices to lead to an increase in carbon sequestration, there are a number of policy options that can be pursued. These include education and technical assistance, financial assistance, research and development, land retirement, and regulation and taxes. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Nat Resources Conservat Serv, RID, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Nat Resources Conservat Serv, USDA, Washington, DC USA. RP Uri, ND (reprint author), Nat Resources Conservat Serv, RID, USDA, Rm 1-2118A,5601 Sunnyside Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Abbitt, Sarah/H-9700-2012 NR 61 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0959-3780 J9 GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG JI Glob. Environ. Change-Human Policy Dimens. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 10 IS 3 BP 197 EP 209 DI 10.1016/S0959-3780(00)00023-6 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies; Geography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geography GA 368KQ UT WOS:000090116500004 ER PT J AU Yasuda, K Kizu, H Molyneux, RJ Asano, N Fan, JQ AF Yasuda, K Kizu, H Molyneux, RJ Asano, N Fan, JQ TI Novel -L-fucosidase inhibitors from the barks of Angylocalyx pynaertii (Leguminosae) SO GLYCOBIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CUNY Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Human Genet, New York, NY 10029 USA. Hokuriku Univ, Fac Pharmaceut Sci, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 9201181, Japan. USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Yasuda, K (reprint author), CUNY Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Human Genet, New York, NY 10029 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0959-6658 J9 GLYCOBIOLOGY JI Glycobiology PD OCT PY 2000 VL 10 IS 10 MA 62 BP 1093 EP 1094 PG 2 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 360JN UT WOS:000089664300074 ER EF