FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Gilloteaux, J Szczepanski, M AF Gilloteaux, J Szczepanski, M TI The fibre dimensions of uterine smooth muscle of the rabbit following treatment by female sex steroids SO TISSUE & CELL LA English DT Article DE estradiol; medroxyprogesterone; myometrium; rabbit; smooth muscle ID GAP-JUNCTIONS; HUMAN MYOMETRIUM; RAT MYOMETRIUM; PROGESTERONE; ESTROGEN; UTERUS; PREGNANCY; PARTURITION; RECEPTORS; ESTRADIOL AB The effects of female sex hormones on the dimensions of myometrial smooth muscle fibres were studied by using ovariectomized rabbits, After one month of treatment, the fiber dimensions of the outer myometrial layer were measured, using cryostat sections, Calculated smooth muscle fiber volume was found to be in the sequence: control < medroxyprogesterone < estradiol < estradiol + medroxyprogesterone < estradiol alone. The measurements show that medroxyprogesterone-treated uteri contain the narrowest and the longest smooth muscle fibres, while estradiol treatment have the largest cells. This study complements previous observations in showing that medroxyprogesterone alone, or in combination with other modulators, contributes to sustain pregnancy by increasing internal resistance of estradiol-primed myometrial smooth muscle fiber fascicles. Our discussion, based on recent literature, shows that this resistance is ultimately controlled by changes in the myometrium innervation, in the repression of some controlling myofibrillar components, in the expression of specific membrane receptors and ionic channels, and in favoring the: switching of molecular connexins in gap junctions, making P paramount in maintaining pregnancy. Moreover, other recent observations have also shown that probably an hcG-like hormone actually control P receptors expression in myometrial smooth muscles. (C) 2000 Harcourt Publishers Ltd. C1 Lake Erie Coll Osthepath Med, Dept Anat, Erie, PA 16509 USA. NE Ohio Univ, Coll Med, Rootstown, OH 44272 USA. APHIS Vet Serv, USDA, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. RP Gilloteaux, J (reprint author), Lake Erie Coll Osthepath Med, Dept Anat Basic Med Sci, 1858 W Grandview Blvd, Erie, PA 16509 USA. NR 60 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU CHURCHILL LIVINGSTONE PI EDINBURGH PA JOURNAL PRODUCTION DEPT, ROBERT STEVENSON HOUSE, 1-3 BAXTERS PLACE, LEITH WALK, EDINBURGH EH1 3AF, MIDLOTHIAN, SCOTLAND SN 0040-8166 J9 TISSUE CELL JI Tissue Cell PD JUN PY 2000 VL 32 IS 3 BP 243 EP 248 DI 10.1054/tice.2000.0112 PG 6 WC Anatomy & Morphology; Cell Biology SC Anatomy & Morphology; Cell Biology GA 354FK UT WOS:000089319000006 PM 11037795 ER PT J AU Ryan, MG AF Ryan, MG TI Introduction to BOREAS special issue SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material DE Boreal Ecosystem Atmosphere Study; boreal forest; carbon flux; carbon sequestration; global carbon cycle; remote sensing ID ATMOSPHERIC CO2; FOREST; SENSITIVITY; RESPIRATION; CLIMATE AB Carbon flux attributed to the boreal forest biome significantly impacts the global carbon cycle. The multi-scale Boreal Ecosystem Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) was initiated to investigate exchanges between boreal forests and the atmosphere, to examine the effects of increased atmospheric CO2 concentration on boreal forests, to develop and improve process models to describe exchanges between boreal forests and the atmosphere, and to develop methods for the large-scale application of these models. Field measurements have shown that boreal ecosystems differ significantly from their temperate and tropical counterparts with respect to seasonality, productivity and biosphere-atmosphere interactions. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Grad Degree Program Ecol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Ryan, MG (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 240 W Prospect Rd, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RI Ryan, Michael/A-9805-2008 OI Ryan, Michael/0000-0002-2500-6738 NR 21 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA 202, 3994 SHELBOURNE ST, VICTORIA, BC V8N 3E2, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 20 IS 11 BP 709 EP 711 PG 3 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 325HT UT WOS:000087670700001 ER PT J AU McDowell, NG Marshall, JD Hooker, TD Musselman, R AF McDowell, NG Marshall, JD Hooker, TD Musselman, R TI Estimating CO2 flux from snowpacks at three sites in the Rocky Mountains SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE snow; soil-surface CO2 flux; winter CO2 flux ID SOIL RESPIRATION; CARBON-DIOXIDE; CHAMBER METHODS; BOREAL FOREST; IN-SITU; CH4; CLIMATE; WINTER; EFFLUX; N2O AB Soil surface CO2 flux (F-s) is the dominant respiratory flux in many temperate forest ecosystems. Snowpacks increase this dominance by insulating the soil against the low temperature to which aboveground components are exposed. However, measurement of F-s in winter may be impeded by snow cover. Likewise, developing annual F-s models is complicated by seasonal variation in root and microbial metabolism. We compared three methods of measuring sub-snow F-s: ( 1) dynamic chamber measurements at the upper snowpack surface (F-snow), (2) dynamic chamber measurements at the soil surface via snowpits (F-soil), and (3) static estimates based on measured concentrations of carbon dioxide ([CO2]) and conductance properties of the snowpack (F-diffusional) Methods were compared at a mid-elevation forest in northeastern Washington, a mid-elevation forest in northern Idaho, and a high-elevation forest and neighboring meadow in Wyoming. The methods that minimized snowpack disturbance, F-diffusional and F-snow, yielded similar estimates of F-s. In contrast, F-soil yielded rates two to three times higher than F-snow at the forested sites, and seven times higher at the subalpine meadow. The ratio F-soil/F-snow increased with increasing snow depth when compared across all sites. Snow removal appears to induce elevated soil flux as a result of lateral CO2 diffusion into the pit. We chose F-snow as our preferred method and used it to estimate annual CO2 fluxes. The snowpack was present for 36% of the year at this site, during which time 132 g C m(-2), or 17% of the annual flux, occurred. We conclude that snowpack CO2 flux is quantitatively important in annual carbon budgets for these forests and that the static and dynamic methods yield similar and reasonable estimates of the flux, as long as snowpack disturbance is minimized. C1 Univ Idaho, Dept Forest Resources, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Dept Nat Resource Sci, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP McDowell, NG (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Dept Forest Resources, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. NR 32 TC 57 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 7 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA 202, 3994 SHELBOURNE ST, VICTORIA, BC V8N 3E2, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 20 IS 11 BP 745 EP 753 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 325HT UT WOS:000087670700005 ER PT J AU McCool, SF Guthrie, K Smith, JK AF McCool, SF Guthrie, K Smith, JK TI Building consensus: Legitimate hope or seductive paradox? SO USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION RESEARCH PAPER RMRS LA English DT Article DE ecosystem management; human dimension; consensus; public involvement; public participation ID NORTHWEST; CONFLICT AB To understand how participants in a natural resource planning situation described the nature of consensus, we interviewed scientists, agency planners and managers, and public representatives in two planning processes on the Bitterroot National Forest in west-central Montana. While most interviewees felt the agency had included affected interests and felt that the problem could be resolved through public participation, disagreements about the problem definition occurred, Most could "live with" the decision of the agency, but some could not. People varied in their capacity to assimilate the information presented at public meetings, interviewees varied in their interpretation of whether a consensus was arrived at in the two public involvement processes investigated, but most agreed that it was an essential step in planning. C1 Univ Montana, Sch Forestry, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. USDA ARS, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Fire Sci Lab, Missoula, MT USA. RP McCool, SF (reprint author), Univ Montana, Sch Forestry, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. NR 34 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 3 PU ROCKY MT RESEARCH STATION PI OGDEN PA 324 25TH ST, OGDEN, UT 84401 USA J9 USDA FOR SERV RM R S JI USDA For. Serv. RM. RS. Res. Paper RMRS PD JUN PY 2000 IS RP-25 BP 1 EP + PG 15 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 347UN UT WOS:000088947700001 ER PT J AU Archibald, DD Akin, DE AF Archibald, DD Akin, DE TI Use of spectral window preprocessing for selecting near-infrared reflectance wavelengths for determination of the degree of enzymatic retting of intact flax stems SO VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE flax; retting; NIR; linear regression; wavelength selection; spectral windows ID USITATISSIMUM L. STEMS; TRANSFORM; MICROSPECTROSCOPY AB A near-infrared reflectance (NIRR) method suitable for air-dried intact flax stems was developed for determination of Fried's test degree-of-retting scores. Performance statistics for preferred wavelength sets from 2 to 12 wavelengths are reported, and 7-, 9-, or 12-wavelength models are recommended. The wavelength sets are taken from the 1432- to 2468-nm spectral range. Calibration samples were prepared by retting flax stems for various lengths of time in an enzyme/chelator solution. Spectral properties of specimens were measured under varying conditions of hydration, stem orientation, and optical geometry, and calibration models were constructed to be insensitive to these effects. Root mean squared model errors were estimated by full cross-validation (RMSECV) that was modified to ensure the independence of each test sample relative to its calibration set. For the 12-wavelength model, the correlation (R(2)) between predicted and measured is 0.946 and RMSECV is 0.20 for smosthed Fried's test scores spanning the four visual score levels, 0 to 3, from under-to over-retted. The 12-wavelength NIRR method has lower error than Fried's test scores produced by one observer in a single-blind experiment, where the root mean squared repeatability error is estimated to be 0.25. Furthermore, even the smallest wavelength set has excellent success in classifying enzyme-retted flax stems as either under- or over-retted. Wavelength sets were determined by a novel procedure that first located representative spectral windows by testing the performance of all possible spectral ranges, and then selected the optimum combinations of wavelengths from each window. It is shown that this procedure was able to find multiple linear regression wavelength models that substantially outperform full-spectral partial least squares regression models of similar dimensionality, and furthermore, that the method facilitates observation of the most relevant spectral variations. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, Qual Assessment Res Unit, USDA, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Archibald, DD (reprint author), ARS, Qual Assessment Res Unit, USDA, Athens, GA 30604 USA. EM darch@qaru.ars.usda.gov NR 14 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0924-2031 J9 VIB SPECTROSC JI Vib. Spectrosc. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 23 IS 2 BP 169 EP 180 DI 10.1016/S0924-2031(99)00090-9 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Physical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 323XX UT WOS:000087591200003 ER PT J AU Clausen, CA AF Clausen, CA TI Isolating metal-tolerant bacteria capable of removing copper, chromium, and arsenic from treated wood SO WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE bacteria; bioremediation; CCA; recycling ID CHLOROPHENOL-CONTAMINATED SOIL; PENTACHLOROPHENOL AB Bioremediation of chromated copper arsenate-treated waste wood with one or more metal tolerant bacteria is a potential method of naturally releasing metals from treated wood fibre. Sampling eight environments with elevated levels of copper, chromium, and arsenic resulted in the isolation of 28 bacteria with the capability of releasing one or more of the components from chromated copper arsenate-treated wood. The isolates represent 13 species of 8 different genera of soil-inhabiting bacteria. Three isolates, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus FN02, Aureobacterium esteroaromaticum VV03, and Klebsiella oxytoca CC08, were able to release 98% of the chromium, which is the most difficult component of chromated copper arsenate tu remove from treated wood. Bacillus licheniformis CC01 released the highest percentage of copper, 93%, from treated wood. Eleven isolates, including Bacillus licheniformis CC01 and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus FN 02, released 44% to 48% of the arsenic. C1 Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Clausen, CA (reprint author), Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 17 TC 46 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0734-242X J9 WASTE MANAGE RES JI Waste Manage. Res. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 18 IS 3 BP 264 EP 268 DI 10.1034/j.1399-3070.2000.00128.x PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 320TY UT WOS:000087417500008 ER PT J AU Martin, CW Likens, GE Buso, DC AF Martin, CW Likens, GE Buso, DC TI Comparison of long-term precipitation chemistry measurements at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE acidic deposition; acid rain; NADP; precipitation chemistry ID ATMOSPHERIC-DEPOSITION-PROGRAM; NATIONAL-TRENDS-NETWORK; PRECISION; SITES; BULK AB From 1978 through 1989, a wet-only precipitation collector operated for the National Atmospheric Deposition Program, an independant wet-only collector, and a bulk precipitation collector were co-located at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF) in central New Hampshire. A second bulk precipitation collector was maintained at another location within the HBEF. There were statistically significant differences between the chemistry from co-located wet-only collections for Ca2+, K+, NH4+, pH, and NO3-. The differences for K+ and pH though statistically significant were very small but consistant. The differences for Ca2+ were related to early contamination problems, and differences in NH4+ and NO3- were related to episotic events. Bulk precipitation was significantly richer in K+ than wet-only precipitation. There were no differences for any ions between the bulk collections at the two locations. While there were minor differences, after 1981 when the contamination problems had been resolved, data from all collectors at all locations adequately characterized the precipitation chemistry of the site. C1 US Forest Serv, NE Forest Expt Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. RP Martin, CW (reprint author), Hubbard Brook Expt Forest, RR 1 Box 779, Campton, NH 03223 USA. NR 17 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 7 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 120 IS 3-4 BP 359 EP 379 DI 10.1023/A:1005258723010 PG 21 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 314TA UT WOS:000087072600012 ER PT J AU Krumins, V Line, M Wheaton, F AF Krumins, V Line, M Wheaton, F TI Fluid velocity distribution in nitrifying trickling filters: Mathematical model and NMR calibration SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE trickling filters; biofilm; NMR; flow distribution; modeling ID BIOFILM AB Modeling trickling filter performance requires knowledge of the distribution of flow velocities within the packed column. A probability density function (PDF) is developed for the likelihood of finding a given Row (Reynolds number) over a point on the packing material surface. The model predicts an exponential relationship between the Reynolds number and the probability of finding that flow rate. Wetted area, minimum flow rate to wet the packing material, and maximum flow rate before flooding of the packing material are calculated by methods presented by other authors. The PDF is subject to the constraints that the sum of probabilities for all non-zero flow rates must equal the wetted fraction, the sum of all local flows must equal the total flow applied to the filter, and only Reynolds numbers between the minimum and maximum are possible. Miniature trickling filters (25.4 mm in diameter, with 6.4 mm spherical polystyrene packing) are used to verify the filter flow models. Six nitrifying biofilm-coated filters and eleven new (no biofilm) filters are imaged using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to characterize the flow through the filter. NMR images are taken while a nutrient medium trickles over the columns at superficial flow rates of 75, 150, and 300 m/d. Addition of a bi-polar velocity-encoding gradient in the NMR sequence allows water velocity measurement. The occurrence of Reynolds numbers calculated from the images agreed with the model predictions within 1.4% for low Re (<30) and within 0.3% for the higher Reynolds numbers (>30). (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Maryland, Biol Resources Engn Dept, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. USDA ARS, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Krumins, V (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Biol Resources Engn Dept, 1464 Anim Sci Agr Engn Bldg, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 13 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 3 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 34 IS 8 BP 2337 EP 2345 DI 10.1016/S0043-1354(99)00397-8 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 306UG UT WOS:000086614600018 ER PT J AU Castelli, RM Chambers, JC Tausch, RJ AF Castelli, RM Chambers, JC Tausch, RJ TI Soil-plant relations along a soil-water gradient in great basin riparian meadows SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE riparian; water-table; degree day; redox potential; vegetation classification; indicator species ID CANONICAL CORRESPONDENCE-ANALYSIS; REDOX POTENTIAL MEASUREMENTS; VEGETATION; INDICATORS; FOREST; DECLINE; ORDER AB Throughout the western states, riparian ecosystems have been affected by water diversions or spring and seep developments that decrease the quantity of instream flows and result in lowered water-tables. Water extraction is especially damaging in arid and semi-arid regions where the presence of instream and ground-water flows are crucial to riparian vegetation. We examined the temporal and spatial relationships between hydrologic gradients, vegetation, and soils in two central Nevada riparian meadows in order to identify plant species and environmental variables that can serve as indicators of water-table status. Species frequency and aerial cover, ground-cover composition, depth to water-table, and soil morphological and physical properties were measured along hydrologic gradients within two riparian meadow complexes. TWINSPAN, cluster, and multivariate discriminant analyses classified the vegetation into four ecosystem types. These occurred along the hydrologic gradient and included, from wettest to driest, wet meadow, mesic meadow, dry meadow, and basin big sagebrush meadow types. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicated that the variables most strongly related to plant species frequency within both meadows were those associated with depth to water-table. Integrative variables, including the number of days that depth to watertable was less than 30 cm and less than 70 cm, and degree-days of anaerobiosis were most closely related to the wet and mesic meadow vegetation types. The range in depth to water-table, elevation, and aerial cover of gravel and litter were all related to the dry and sagebrush meadow vegetation types. Indicator species associated with particular water-table regimes were identified for each vegetation type based on two-way ordered tables. Carer nebrascensis, an obligate riparian species, occurred at water-tables of 0-30 cm below the surface and was the most reliable indicator of shallow water-tables. Large temporal and spatial variability in water-table depths for the mesic and dry meadow types suggests that species associated with these types could be used only to indicate broad ranges in water-table depth. Integrative environmental variables that incorporated the temporal variation in water-tables (i.e., days that depth to water-table was less than 30 and 70 cm; degree days of anaerobiosis; range in water-table depth during the growing season) demonstrated closer relationships to the vegetation types than water-table alone. They were also more sensitive to the spatial and temporal differences in water-tables than individual plant species or vegetation types. Environmental and integrative environmental variables may respond more quickly to changes in local hydrology than plant species and are possibly more sensitive indicators of both current water-table status and potential vegetation. C1 Univ Nevada, Dept Environm & Resource Sci, Reno, NV 89512 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Reno, NV 89512 USA. RP Castelli, RM (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Dept Environm & Resource Sci, 1000 Valley Rd, Reno, NV 89512 USA. NR 52 TC 72 Z9 80 U1 3 U2 25 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD JUN PY 2000 VL 20 IS 2 BP 251 EP 266 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020[0251:SPRAAS]2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 326RG UT WOS:000087748100003 ER PT J AU Hardy, PC Morrison, ML AF Hardy, PC Morrison, ML TI Factors affecting the detection of elf owls and western screech owls SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE broadcast surveys; detection rates; elf owl; Micrathene whitneyi; moon phase; Otus kennicottii; Sonoran Desert; western screech owl ID VOCALIZATIONS; BROADCAST; BEHAVIOR; ARIZONA AB Although elf owls (Micrathene whitneyi) and western screech owls (Otus kennicotti) are of management interest because of their potential to serve as barometers of environmental change, factors affecting the detection of these species have not been quantified. We conducted point counts for elf owls and western screech owls from 1994 to 1996 in the Sonoran Desert, southwestern Arizona. We assessed whether owls were more detectable when broadcasts were used than when they were not, and how temporal, lunar, weather, and biological variables affected detection rates. We assessed factors that potentially varied within a night (weather, time, presence of other owls) separately from those that did not vary within a night (date, moon phase). Elf owls and western screech owls were more likely (P<0.001) to be detected when conspecific broadcasts were used than when broadcasts were not used. Within the breeding season, detection rates of elf owls were greatest during the late advertising period (11 April to 30 April) between the first-quarter and third-quarter moon phases. Detection rates of screech owls did not differ among moon phases or dates (P>0.40). Controlling for moon phase and date, elf owls were most frequently detected during calm (wind <5 mph), moonlit conditions. Increased detection rates of western screech owls were associated with decreased wind speed, temperature, and cloud cover. We recommend that conspecific broadcasts be used during surveys to increase detection rates for both species. Elf owls should be surveyed during the late advertising period between the first-quarter and third-quarter moon. C1 Univ Arizona, Program Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, Sch Renewable Nat Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Hardy, PC (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, POB 4276, Quincy, CA 95971 USA. NR 30 TC 18 Z9 21 U1 4 U2 12 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SUM PY 2000 VL 28 IS 2 BP 333 EP 342 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 330ZA UT WOS:000087990800006 ER PT J AU Dolbeer, RA Wright, SE Cleary, EC AF Dolbeer, RA Wright, SE Cleary, EC TI Ranking the hazard level of wildlife species to aviation SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE aircraft; airport; aviation; bird strike; deer; goose; safety; vulture AB Aircraft collisions with birds and other wildlife are a serious economic and safety problem. However, all wildlife species are not equally hazardous to aviation. in implementing programs to reduce wildlife hazards, airport operators need guidance on the relative risk posed by various species so that management actions can be prioritized by the most hazardous species. Our objective was to rank various wildlife species as to their relative hazard to aircraft. We selected 21 species or species groups (e.g., gulls [Larus spp.]) for which there were greater than or equal to 17 strike reports in the Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) Wildlife Strike Database for civil aircraft in the United States, 1991-1998. We ranked the 21 groups for relative hazard to aircraft based on the percentage of strikes causing damage, major damage, and an efiect-on-flight. Deer (Cervidae, primarily Odocoileus virginianus), Vultures (Carhartidae), and geese (Anserini, primarily Branta canadensis) were ranked 1, 2, and 3, respectively, in the composite ranking for most hazardous species groups. Based on the relative hazard score, deer were clearly the most hazardous group, with the second (vultures) and third (geese) groups being only 52 to 63% as hazardous as deer. The 3 lowest-ranked groups (19-21; blackbirds-startings [Icerinae-Sturnus vulgaris], sparrows [Emberizidae excluding Icterinae, Passeridae], and swallows [Hirundinidae]) were only 2 to 9% as hazardous as deer. Relative hazard score was strongly related (P<0.07) to mean body mass for the 21 species groups. Vultures and ospreys (Pandion haliaetus) showed a greater-than-expected hazard score relative to their mean body masses, whereas coyotes (Canis latrans) showed a less-than-expected rating. We believe this initial hazard rating system provides a useful guide to assist airport operators in prioritizing management actions to reduce strike hazards. These ratings should be used in conjunction with site-specific wildlife surveys to determine relative abundance and use patterns of wildlife species for the airports in question. A critical action needed to improve the rating system is to increase the identification of species struck by aircraft, which presently stands at <50%. C1 Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, USDA, Sandusky, OH 44870 USA. Off Airport Safety & Stand, Fed Aviat Adm, Washington, DC 20591 USA. RP Dolbeer, RA (reprint author), Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, USDA, 6100 Columbus Ave, Sandusky, OH 44870 USA. NR 18 TC 80 Z9 94 U1 5 U2 33 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SUM PY 2000 VL 28 IS 2 BP 372 EP 378 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 330ZA UT WOS:000087990800011 ER PT J AU Belant, JL Tyson, LA Mastrangelo, PA AF Belant, JL Tyson, LA Mastrangelo, PA TI Effects of lethal control at aquaculture facilities on populations of piscivorous birds SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Ardea alba; Ardea herodias; aquaculture; double-crested cormorant; great blue heron; lethal control; Phalacrocorax auritus; southeastern United States; wildlife damage management ID DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANTS; PHALACROCORAX-AURITUS; UNITED-STATES AB We used depredation permit records to document the extent of lethal control at aquaculture facilities in a 9-state region of the southeastern United States from 1987 to 1995, and used Christmas Bird Count (CBC) data (1987-1995) to evaluate the effects of this program on winter populations of piscivorous birds. During these 9 years, 904 depredation permits (including 21 species) were issued, primarily for double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) (94% of permits issued), great blue herons (Ardea herodias) (80%), and great egrets (Ardea alba) (60%). For all species and years, 108,701 birds were authorized to be taken; of these, 64,011(59%) were reported taken, primarily double-crested cormorants (55%), great blue herons (21%), and great egrets (13%). Most (74-78%) of these species were taken in Arkansas. Overall, actual take did not exceed 65% of the authorized take for any species. For stales where double-crested cormorants, great blue herons, or great egrets were taken, there was no negative association (r greater than or equal to- 0.42, P greater than or equal to 0.26) between number of birds taken annually and the respective mean number of birds observed/CBC that same year. Also, number of these species taken annually represented <3% of the respective continental breeding populations. We conclude that number of double-crested cormorants, great blue herons, and great egrets taken with depredation permits at aquaculture facilities in the southeastern United States did not adversely affect regional winter or continental breeding populations of these species. C1 Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Sandusky, OH 44870 USA. Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Belant, JL (reprint author), US Natl Pk Serv, Denali Natl Pk & Preserve, POB 9, Denali Pk, AK 99755 USA. NR 29 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 11 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SUM PY 2000 VL 28 IS 2 BP 379 EP 384 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 330ZA UT WOS:000087990800012 ER PT J AU Gassett, JW Folk, TH Alexy, KJ Miller, KV Chapman, BR Boyd, FL Hall, DI AF Gassett, JW Folk, TH Alexy, KJ Miller, KV Chapman, BR Boyd, FL Hall, DI TI Food habits of Cattle Egrets on St. Croix, US Virgin Islands SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article AB Cattle Egrets (Bubulcus ibis) expanded their range greatly during the twentiethth century, making localized food habit studies necessary to determine their impact in newly invaded ecosystems. We examined 44 Cattle Egret stomachs collected in January 1993 from Alexander Hamilton Airport on St. Croix island, U.S. Virgin Islands. Orthopterans and lepidopterans were the most prevalent invertebrate food items. The St. Croix anole (Anolis acutu) was the major vertebrate prey. Meat scraps and ticks occurred in minor quantities. C1 Univ Georgia, Daniel B Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Wildlife Serv, USDA, APHIS, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Wildlife Serv, USDA, APHIS, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Gassett, JW (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Daniel B Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 16 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 112 IS 2 BP 268 EP 271 DI 10.1676/0043-5643(2000)112[0268:FHOCEO]2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 325JF UT WOS:000087671900013 ER PT J AU King, DI Champlin, TB Champlin, PJ AF King, DI Champlin, TB Champlin, PJ TI An observation of cooperative breeding in the Ovenbird SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article AB During June and July, 1999, we observed two male Ovenbirds (Seiurus aurocapillus) caring for recently fledged Ovenbird chicks from the same nest in what we believe was the outcome of a polyandrous relationship. If so, the circumstances surrounding this observation are similar to the only other published account of polyandry in this species. We suggest that the reason for the adoption of this behavior may be related to a shortage of females. If this is the cast, then polyandry may be more widespread in Ovenbirds than previously thought because we regularly observed unmated mole Ovenbirds on our study plots, indicating that the conditions favoring polyandry (limited access to females) occur relatively frequently. C1 Univ Massachusetts, USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Bartlett Expt Forest, Bartlett, NH 03812 USA. RP King, DI (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 112 IS 2 BP 287 EP 288 DI 10.1676/0043-5643(2000)112[0287:AOOCBI]2.0.CO;2 PG 2 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 325JF UT WOS:000087671900021 ER PT J AU Biesinger, Z Powell, J Bentz, B Logan, J AF Biesinger, Z Powell, J Bentz, B Logan, J TI Direct and indirect parametrization of a localized model for the mountain pine beetle - lodgepole pine system SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE bark beetles; parameterization; spatial models ID PONDEROSAE HOPKINS COLEOPTERA; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; BARK BEETLES; SCOLYTIDAE; DYNAMICS; FOREST; AGGREGATION; OUTBREAKS; DISPERSAL; STANDS AB The dynamic interaction between mountain pine beetles (MPB) and one of its hosts is reviewed briefly. The 'local' projection of a partial differential equation model describing this interaction is employed in model parameter estimation. Methods and assumptions for estimating non-fitted parameter values are given. Assigning values to non-fitted parameters, direct and indirect parametrization techniques are employed to estimate remaining parameter values. The indirect method is quickly and easily applied to many data sets but requires some assumptions and model simplifications. The direct method requires fewer assumptions but is computationally intensive. The results of these two techniques are compared and evaluated. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Utah State Univ, Dept Math & Stat, Logan, UT 84322 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Logan Forestry Sci Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Forest Resources, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Biesinger, Z (reprint author), Utah State Univ, Dept Math & Stat, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 66 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD MAY 30 PY 2000 VL 129 IS 2-3 BP 273 EP 296 DI 10.1016/S0304-3800(00)00240-4 PG 24 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 335TX UT WOS:000088261800013 ER PT J AU Robichaud, PR Hungerford, RD AF Robichaud, PR Hungerford, RD TI Water repellency by laboratory burning of four northern Rocky Mountain forest soils SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Soil Water Repellency CY SEP 02-04, 1998 CL WAGENINGEN, NETHERLANDS SP Royal Netherlands Acad Arts & Sci, Netherlands Integrat Soil Res Programme Subsidy, Australian Dept Ind Sci & Tourism, Alerra DE hydrophobicity; soil heating; water drop penetration time; water repellent ID FIRE; SUBSTANCES AB Highly variable water repellent soil conditions have been reported after forest fires. We examined interactions among heating, soil water content and soil texture on water repellency. Undisturbed, 305 mm diameter cores were collected in the field from four soils commonly referred to as ash-cap, mixed ash-cap, no ash-cap and granitic soils. Three artificial burning treatments and a control (no heat) and two soil water contents were evaluated under laboratory conditions. Twenty water drops were placed on each soil layer starting at the surface and continuing at 10 mm intervals to a depth of 70 mm; and the times to infiltrate were recorded. The dry control treatment was more water repellent than the wet control treatment. The dry, low heat treatment was the most repellent, 10-20 mm below the soil surface with mean water drop penetration times greater than 60 s. Repellency decreased as the heating increased. In wet soils of the high heat treatment, a water repellent layer was generally detected 30-50 mm below the soil surface. Presumably, hydrophobic substances were translocated along the temperature gradient which cooled at depth (<50 mm) causing condensation on the soil particles. Water repellency after prescribed fire: would probably be minimal because long heating times are not common. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Intermt Fire Sci Lab, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP Robichaud, PR (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, 1221 S Main St, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. NR 26 TC 68 Z9 71 U1 4 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD MAY 29 PY 2000 VL 231 SI SI BP 207 EP 219 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00195-5 PG 13 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 326LF UT WOS:000087736400017 ER PT J AU Robichaud, PR AF Robichaud, PR TI Fire effects on infiltration rates after prescribed fire in Northern Rocky Mountain forests, USA SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Soil Water Repellency CY SEP 02-04, 1998 CL WAGENINGEN, NETHERLANDS SP Royal Netherlands Acad Arts & Sci, Netherlands Integrat Soil Res Programme Subsidy, Australian Dept Ind Sci & Tourism, Alerra DE water repellent; rainfall simulation; forest fire; hydraulic conductivity ID RUNOFF; FLOW; SOIL; SITE AB Infiltration rates in undisturbed forest environments are generally high. These high infiltration rates may be reduced when forest management activities such as timber harvesting and/or prescribed fires are used. Post-harvest residue burning is a common site preparation treatment used in the Northern Rocky Mountains, USA, to reduce forest fuels and to prepare sites for natural and artificial tree regeneration. Prescribed burn operations attempt to leave sites with the surface condition of a low-severity burn. However, some of the areas often experience surface conditions associated with a high-severity burn which may result in hydrophobic or water repellent conditions. In this study, infiltration rates were measured after logging slash was broadcast burned from two prescribed burns. The two sites were in Northern Rocky coniferous forests of Douglas-fir/lodepole pine and 93 mm h(-1) within the three surface conditions found after the burn: unburned-undisturbed areas, low-severity burn areas and high-severity burn areas. Runoff hydrographs from the rainfall simulations were relatively constant from the plots that were in unburned-undisturbed areas and in areas subjected to a low severity burn. These constant runoff rates indicate constant hydraulic conductivity values for these surface conditions even though there was variation between plots. Hydrographs from the rainfall simulation plots located within areas of high-severity burn indicate greater runoff rates than the plots in low-severity burn areas especially during the initial stages of the first rainfall event. These runoff rates decreased to a constant rate for the last 10 min of the event. These results indicate hydrophobic or water I repellent soil conditions, which temporarily cause a 10-40% reduction in hydraulic conductivity values when compared to a normal infiltrating soil condition. Since variability was high for these forest conditions, cumulative distribution algorithms of hydraulic conductivity provide a means to account fur the inherent variability associated with these hillslopes and different surface conditions cause by fire. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. RP Robichaud, PR (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, 1221 S Main St, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. NR 32 TC 178 Z9 184 U1 4 U2 43 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD MAY 29 PY 2000 VL 231 SI SI BP 220 EP 229 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00196-7 PG 10 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 326LF UT WOS:000087736400018 ER PT J AU Cary, JW Rajasekaran, K Jaynes, JM Cleveland, TE AF Cary, JW Rajasekaran, K Jaynes, JM Cleveland, TE TI Transgenic expression of a gene encoding a synthetic antimicrobial peptide results in inhibition of fungal growth in vitro and in planta SO PLANT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Aspergillus flavus; Colletotrichum destructivum; disease resistance; Nicotiana tabacum; synthetic peptide; transgenic; Verticillium dahliae ID SYRINGAE PV TABACI; CECROPIN-A; RESISTANCE; ANTIBIOTICS; PATHOGENS; TOBACCO; PROTEINS; ATTACIN; DEFENSE; FORMS AB Transgenic tobacco plants producing the synthetic antimicrobial peptide D4E1, encoded by a gene under the control of an enhanced cauliflower mosaic virus 35S RNA promoter, were obtained by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Successful transformation was demonstrated by PCR and Southern hybridization analysis of tobacco DNAs. Expression of the synthetic D4E1 gene was shown by RT-PCR of tobacco mRNA. Crude protein extracts from leaf tissue of transformed plants significantly reduced the number of fungal colonies arising from germinating conidia of Aspergillus flavus and Verticillium dahliae by up to 75 and 99%, respectively, compared to extracts from plants transformed with pBI121. Compared to negative controls, tobacco plants expressing the D4E1 gene showed greater levels of disease resistance in planta to the fungal pathogen, Colletotrichum destructivum, which causes anthracnose. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, Food & Feed Safety Res Unit, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. Demegen Inc, Pittsburgh, PA 15221 USA. RP Cary, JW (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, Food & Feed Safety Res Unit, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 37 TC 74 Z9 79 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0168-9452 J9 PLANT SCI JI Plant Sci. PD MAY 29 PY 2000 VL 154 IS 2 BP 171 EP 181 DI 10.1016/S0168-9452(00)00189-8 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 321CK UT WOS:000087437200008 ER PT J AU Wartelle, LH Marshall, WE Toles, CA Johns, MM AF Wartelle, LH Marshall, WE Toles, CA Johns, MM TI Comparison of nutshell granular activated carbons to commercial adsorbents for the purge-and-trap gas chromatographic analysis of volatile organic compounds SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE granular activated carbons; adsorbents; sample handling; volatile organic compounds; alkylbenzenes; acetone; benzene toluene ID MOLECULAR-SIEVES; SORBENTS AB Granular activated carbons (GACs) made from agricultural by-products were investigated as adsorbents for short path thermal desorption gas chromatographic analysis of selected polar and nonpolar organic compounds. GACs made from macadamia nut, black walnut and hazelnut shells were compared to four commercially available adsorbents, namely, Tenax TA, Carboxen 569, Carbosieve Sm and coconut charcoal for their properties in purge-and-trap analysis. Adsorption values and breakthrough volumes were calculated for compounds from C-3 and C-6-C-10. GACs derived from macadamia nut shells were found to adsorb and desorb between 80% (benzene) and 277% (ethylbenzene) more acetone (C,), benzene (C,), toluene (C-7), ethyl- (C-8), n-propyl- (C-9), or sec.-butylbenzenes (C-10) purged from water at the 100 ppb level than the commercial adsorbents tested. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. Northeastern Univ, Dept Chem, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Calif State Univ Chico, Coll Agr, Chico, CA 95929 USA. RP Wartelle, LH (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687,1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 15 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 3 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD MAY 26 PY 2000 VL 879 IS 2 BP 169 EP 175 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(00)00290-9 PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 320CR UT WOS:000087384200007 PM 10893033 ER PT J AU Lim, C Klesius, PH Li, MH Robinson, EH AF Lim, C Klesius, PH Li, MH Robinson, EH TI Interaction between dietary levels of iron and vitamin C on growth, hematology, immune response and resistance of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) to Edwardsiella ictaluri challenge SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article DE iron; ascorbic acid; hematology; immune response; disease resistance ID TROUT SALMO-GAIRDNERI; ASCORBIC-ACID; DISEASE RESISTANCE; ATLANTIC SALMON; SULFATE; MINERALS; REQUIREMENT; ABSORPTION; DEFICIENCY; METHIONINE AB Nine egg-white-based diets supplemented with three levels of vitamin C from L-ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate (0, 50 and 3000 mg/kg) for each of the three levels of iron from iron methionine (0, 30 and 300 mg/kg) were each fed to juvenile channel catfish in triplicate aquaria twice daily to apparent satiation for 14 weeks. Fish fed with iron-deficient diets had decreased weight gain, feed conversion and survival. Supplementation of ascorbic acid to the iron-deficient diets further decreased weight gain and survival. Feed conversion was not significantly affected by dietary level of vitamin C or iron and vitamin C interaction. No gross signs of vitamin C deficiency were observed. Total cell count (TCC), red blood cell count (RBC), hematocrit (HCT) and hemoglobin (Hb) were significantly lower for fish fed the iron deficient diet. TCC and RBC significantly increased when 3000 mg of vitamin C/kg was added. However, in the absence of dietary iron, supplementation of ascorbic acid resulted in significant decrease in HCT and Hb values. Hepatic iron concentration increased with increasing dietary level of iron. Supplementation of high level of ascorbic acid to the diet containing 300 mg/kg of supplemental iron significantly increased the liver iron content. Liver ascorbate increased with increasing dietary level of ascorbic acid. Dietary level of iron and the interaction between iron and vitamin C had no effect on liver content of vitamin C. Mean macrophage migration in the absence or presence of Edwardsiella ictaluri exoantigen was significantly higher for fish fed the iron supplemented diets. The significant effect of vitamin C was obtained only when high level (3000 mg/kg) was used. Neither dietary levels of iron nor vitamin C or their interaction influenced survival of juvenile channel catfish against E. ictaluri 14-day post challenge. However. the onset of mortality was earlier for fish fed the iron-deficient diet. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Aquat Anim Hlth res Lab, MSA, Auburn, AL 36830 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Thad Cochran Natl Warmwater Aquaculture Ctr, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Lim, C (reprint author), USDA ARS, Aquat Anim Hlth res Lab, MSA, POB 952, Auburn, AL 36830 USA. NR 59 TC 50 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD MAY 25 PY 2000 VL 185 IS 3-4 BP 313 EP 327 DI 10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00352-X PG 15 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 305NP UT WOS:000086547200012 ER PT J AU Rodriguez, LL Bunch, TA Fraire, M Llewellyn, ZN AF Rodriguez, LL Bunch, TA Fraire, M Llewellyn, ZN TI Re-emergence of vesicular stomatitis in the western United States is associated with distinct viral genetic lineages SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID VIRUS NEW-JERSEY; FERAL SWINE; EVOLUTION; COLORADO; OUTBREAK; POPULATIONS AB Phylogenetic analysis of partial phosphoprotein and glycoprotein gene sequences showed that a single genetic lineage of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) serotype New Jersey (NJ) caused the 1995 and 1997 outbreaks of vesicular stomatitis (VS) in the western United States. While distinct from VSV-NJ strains causing previous outbreaks in the western United States and those circulating in feral swine in the southeastern United States, this lineage was closely related to viral lineages circulating in the Mexican states of Guerrero, Veracruz, and Oaxaca in 1996, 1989, and 1984 respectively. In 1997 and 1998, VSV serotype Indiana 1 (IN1) re-emerged in the western United States after 30 years. Viruses causing these outbreaks grouped within a single genetic lineage distinct from VSV-IN1 isolates causing outbreaks in the western United States in 1929 and 1956 but closely related to a strain circulating in the state of Colima in central Mexico in 1997. Our data showed that sporadic VS outbreaks in the western United States are caused by genetically distinct viral lineages closer to those circulating in enzootic areas of central and southern Mexico than to those causing previous outbreaks in the United States. The genetic evidence and temporal distribution of outbreaks are not consistent with a pattern of long-term maintenance of VSV in the western United States. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. Exot Anim Dis Commiss, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Colorado State Univ, Dept Environm Hlth, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Rodriguez, LL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, POB 848, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. NR 34 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD MAY 25 PY 2000 VL 271 IS 1 BP 171 EP 181 DI 10.1006/viro.2000.0289 PG 11 WC Virology SC Virology GA 317XM UT WOS:000087252300019 PM 10814582 ER PT J AU Lee, LF Wu, P Sui, DX Ren, DL Kamil, J Kung, HJ Witter, RL AF Lee, LF Wu, P Sui, DX Ren, DL Kamil, J Kung, HJ Witter, RL TI The complete unique long sequence and the overall genomic organization of the GA strain of Marek's disease virus SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID HERPES-SIMPLEX VIRUS; RESTRICTION ENZYME MAP; GLYCOPROTEIN-B; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; DNA-SEQUENCE; SHORT REGION; GENES; IDENTIFICATION; MEQ; REPEAT AB We have determined the DNA sequence of the unique long (UL) region and the repeat long (RL) region in the genome of serotype 1 GA strain of Marek's disease virus (MDV), a member of the alpha-herpesvirus family. With this information, the complete nucleotide sequence of GA-MDV is now known, The entire GA-MDV genome is predicted to be about 174 kbp in size, with an organization of TRL-UL-IRL-IRS-US-TRS. typical of a alpha-herpesvirus. The UL sequence contains 113,508 bp and has a base composition of 41.7% G + C, A total of 67 ORFs were identified completely within the UL region, among which 55 are homologous to genes encoded by herpes simplex virus-1. Twelve of them are unique with presently unknown functions. The sequence of RL reported here together with those published earlier reveal the major structural features of the RL, Virtually all of the ORFs encoded by RL are specific to serotype I of MDV, These ORFs are likely to contribute to some of the unique biological properties of MDV. Among the proteins encoded by MDV-specific ORFs are Meg, a jun/fos family of transcriptional factor implicated in transformation and latency, virus-encoded interleukin-8 a CXC chemokine, and pp38 and pp24, two phosphoproteins with undefined functions. There is also a putative lipase gene (LORF2) that has homologies in HPRS-24 (serotype II) strain of MDV and in various avian adenoviruses. An additional unique feature of MDV is the presence of long terminal repeat remnant sequences of avian retrovirus reticuloendotheliosis virus. These remnant sequences are derived from the U3-enhancer region through ancestral insertions by reticuloendotheliosis virus proviruses. C1 USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Ctr Canc, Sacramento, CA 95810 USA. RP Lee, LF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, 3606 E Mt Hope Rd, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. RI Kung, Hsing-Jien/C-7651-2013 FU NCI NIH HHS [CA 46613] NR 50 TC 139 Z9 151 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD MAY 23 PY 2000 VL 97 IS 11 BP 6091 EP 6096 DI 10.1073/pnas.97.11.6091 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 319BG UT WOS:000087318700075 PM 10823954 ER PT J AU Doss, RP Oliver, JE Proebsting, WM Potter, SW Kuy, SR Clement, SL Williamson, RT Carney, JR DeVilbiss, ED AF Doss, RP Oliver, JE Proebsting, WM Potter, SW Kuy, SR Clement, SL Williamson, RT Carney, JR DeVilbiss, ED TI Bruchins: Insect-derived plant regulators that stimulate neoplasm formation SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID COLEOPTERA; PISORUM; BIOSYNTHESIS; OVIPOSITION AB Pea weevil (Brochus pisorum L.) oviposition on pods of specific genetic lines of pea (Pisum sativum L.) stimulates cell division at the sites of egg attachment. As a result, tumor-like growths of undifferentiated cells (neoplasms) develop beneath the egg. These neoplasms impede larval entry into the pod. This unique form of induced resistance is conditioned by the Np allele and mediated by a recently discovered class of natural products that we have identified from both cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus F,) and pea weevil, These compounds, which we refer to as "bruchins," are long-chain alpha,omega-diols, esterified at one or both oxygens with 3-hydroxypropanoic acid. Bruchins are potent plant regulators, with application of as little as 1 fmol (0.5 pg) causing neoplastic growth on pods of all of the pea lines tested. The bruchins are, to our knowledge, the first natural products discovered with the ability to induce neoplasm formation when applied to intact plants. C1 USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Hort, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Zool, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Pharm, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Insect Chem Ecol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Reg Plant Introduct Stn, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. KOSAN Biosci, Hayward, CA 94545 USA. RP Doss, RP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. OI Carney, John/0000-0002-0461-8890 NR 31 TC 116 Z9 128 U1 2 U2 37 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD MAY 23 PY 2000 VL 97 IS 11 BP 6218 EP 6223 DI 10.1073/pnas.110054697 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 319BG UT WOS:000087318700097 PM 10811915 ER PT J AU Shearman, AM Ordovas, JM Cupples, LA Schaefer, EJ Harmon, MD Shao, YJ Keen, JD DeStefano, AL Joost, O Wilson, PWF Housman, DE Myers, RH AF Shearman, AM Ordovas, JM Cupples, LA Schaefer, EJ Harmon, MD Shao, YJ Keen, JD DeStefano, AL Joost, O Wilson, PWF Housman, DE Myers, RH TI Evidence for a gene influencing the TG/HDL-C ratio on chromosome 7q32.3-qter: a genome-wide scan in the Framingham Study SO HUMAN MOLECULAR GENETICS LA English DT Article ID HIGH-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; LEMLI-OPITZ SYNDROME; QUANTITATIVE-TRAIT LOCI; CORONARY-ARTERY DISEASE; LINKAGE ANALYSIS; TANGIER-DISEASE; HDL CHOLESTEROL; PLASMA-LIPIDS; RISK; TRIGLYCERIDES AB Some studies show that plasma triglyceride (TG) levels are a significant independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). TG levels are inversely correlated with high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, and their metabolism may be closely interrelated. Therefore, the TG/HDL-C ratio may be a relevant CVD risk factor. Our analysis of families in the Framingham Heart Study gave a genetic heritability estimate for log(TG) of 0.40 and for log(TG/HDL-C) of 0.49, demonstrating an important genetic component for both. A 10 cM genome-wide scan for log(TG) level and log(TG/HDL-C) was carried out for the largest 332 extended families of the Framingham Heart Study (1702 genotyped individuals). The highest multipoint variance component LOD scores obtained for both log(TG) and log(TG/ HDL-C) were on chromosome 7 (at 155 cM), where the results for the two phenotypes were 1.8 and 2.5, respectively. The 7q32.3-qter region contains several candidate genes, Four other regions with multipoint LOD scores greater than one were identified on chromosome 3 [LOD score for log(TG/HDL-C) = 1.8 at 140 cM], chromosome 11 [LOD score for log(TG/HDL-C) = 1.1 at 125 cM], chromosome 16 [LOD score for log(TG) = 1.5 at 70 cM, LOD score for log(TG/HDL-C) = 1.1 at 75 cM] and chromosome 20 [LOD score for log(TG/HDL-C) = 1.7 at 35 cM, LOD score for log(TG) = 1.3 at 40 cM]. These results identify loci worthy of further study. C1 MIT, Ctr Canc Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Lipid Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Sch Med, Boston, MA 02118 USA. Sch Publ Hlth, Boston, MA 02118 USA. RP Shearman, AM (reprint author), MIT, Ctr Canc Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL-54776, P01-HL41484]; NICHD NIH HHS [N01-HD-38038] NR 27 TC 91 Z9 91 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0964-6906 J9 HUM MOL GENET JI Hum. Mol. Genet. PD MAY 22 PY 2000 VL 9 IS 9 BP 1315 EP 1320 DI 10.1093/hmg/9.9.1315 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 319RD UT WOS:000087354800006 PM 10814713 ER PT J AU Zhou, NN Senne, DA Landgraf, JS Swenson, SL Erickson, G Rossow, K Liu, L Yoon, KJ Krauss, S Webster, RG AF Zhou, NN Senne, DA Landgraf, JS Swenson, SL Erickson, G Rossow, K Liu, L Yoon, KJ Krauss, S Webster, RG TI Emergence of H3N2 reassortant influenza A viruses in North American pigs SO VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Animal Influenza (ESVV) CY MAY 16-18, 1999 CL GHENT UNIV, GHENT, BELGIUM SP European Soc Vet Virol, Bayer, Belgian Minist Agr, Boehringer Ingelheim, Fort Dodge, Fund Sci Res Flanders, Hoechst Roussel Vet, Intervet & Merial HO GHENT UNIV DE swine; H3N2; influenza viruses; reassortants; human-avian-swine ID A VIRUSES; GENETIC REASSORTMENT; HEMAGGLUTININ GENE; SWINE; EVOLUTION; TRANSMISSION; HUMANS; ORIGIN; CHINA; H1N1 AB In late summer through early winter of 1998, there were several outbreaks of respiratory disease in the swine herds of North Carolina, Texas, Minnesota and Iowa. Four viral isolates from outbreaks in different states were analyzed, both antigenically and genetically. All of the isolates were identified as H3N2 influenza viruses with antigenic profiles similar to those of recent human H3 strains. Genotyping and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the four swine viruses had emerged through two different pathways. The North Carolina isolate is the product of genetic reassortment between human and swine influenza viruses, while the others arose from reassortment of human, swine and avian viral genes. The hemagglutinin genes of the four isolates were all derived from the human H3N2 virus circulating in 1995. It remains to be determined if either of these recently emerged viruses will become established in the pigs in North America and whether they will become an economic burden. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 St Jude Childrens Res Hosp, Dept Virol & Mol Biol, Memphis, TN 38105 USA. USDA, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Ames, IA 50010 USA. N Carolina Dept Agr & Consumer Serv, Rollins Anim Dis Diagnost Lab, Raleigh, NC 27605 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Vet Diagnost Med, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Vet Diagnost Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Jiangxi Med Coll, Dept Microbiol, Nanchang, Jiangxi, Peoples R China. RP Webster, RG (reprint author), St Jude Childrens Res Hosp, Dept Virol & Mol Biol, 332 N Lauderdale, Memphis, TN 38105 USA. EM robert.webster@stjude.org FU NCI NIH HHS [CA21765]; NIAID NIH HHS [AI95357, AI29680] NR 34 TC 58 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1135 J9 VET MICROBIOL JI Vet. Microbiol. PD MAY 22 PY 2000 VL 74 IS 1-2 BP 47 EP 58 DI 10.1016/S0378-1135(00)00165-6 PG 12 WC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences SC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences GA 316BV UT WOS:000087148200005 PM 10799777 ER PT J AU Swayne, DE Perdue, ML Beck, JR Garcia, M Suarez, DL AF Swayne, DE Perdue, ML Beck, JR Garcia, M Suarez, DL TI Vaccines protect chickens against H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza in the face of genetic changes in field viruses over multiple years SO VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Animal Influenza (ESVV) CY MAY 16-18, 1999 CL GHENT UNIV, GHENT, BELGIUM SP European Soc Vet Virol, Bayer, Belgian Minist Agr, Boehringer Ingelheim, Fort Dodge, Fund Sci Res Flanders, Hoechst Roussel Vet, Intervet & Merial HO GHENT UNIV DE avian influenza; chickens; immunity; influenza; vaccine ID EFFICACY AB Inactivated whole avian influenza (AI) virus vaccines, baculovirus-derived AI haemagglutinin vaccine and recombinant fowlpoxvirus-AI haemagglutinin vaccine were tested for the ability to protect chickens against multiple highly pathogenic (HP) H5 AI viruses. The vaccine and challenge viruses, or their haemagglutinin protein components, were obtained from field AI viruses of diverse backgrounds and included strains obtained from four continents, six host species, and isolated over a 38-year-period. The vaccines protected against clinical signs and death, and reduced the number of chickens shedding virus and the titre of the virus shed following a HP H5 AI virus challenge. Immunization with these vaccines should decrease AI virus shedding from the respiratory and digestive tracts of Al virus exposed chickens and reduce bird-to-bird transmission. Although most consistent reduction in respiratory shedding was afforded when vaccine was more similar to the challenge virus, the genetic drift of avian influenza virus did not interfere with general protection as has been reported for human influenza viruses. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, USDA, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Swayne, DE (reprint author), ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, USDA, 934 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 15 TC 75 Z9 77 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1135 J9 VET MICROBIOL JI Vet. Microbiol. PD MAY 22 PY 2000 VL 74 IS 1-2 BP 165 EP 172 DI 10.1016/S0378-1135(00)00176-0 PG 8 WC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences SC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences GA 316BV UT WOS:000087148200016 PM 10799788 ER PT J AU Raw, AS Jang, EB AF Raw, AS Jang, EB TI Enantioselective synthesis of ceralure B-1, ethyl cis-5-iodo-trans-2-methylcyclohexane-1-carboxylate SO TETRAHEDRON LA English DT Article DE insects; asymmetric synthesis; regiochemistry ID MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT-FLY; TEPHRITIDAE; TRIMEDLURE; ATTRACTION; ISOMERS; DIPTERA; ENANTIOMERS AB Ethyl (1R, 2R, SR)-5-iodo-2-methylcyclohexane-1-carboxylate is a potent attractant for the Mediterranean fruit fly. This compound was stereoselectively synthesized on a multigram scale in nine steps in 15% yield. Key steps of the synthesis involved an asymmetric Diels-Alder reaction, iodolactonization, stereoselective reduction of the carbonyl, and inversion of configuration with iodide. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, PSI, Insect Chem Ecol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Trop Fruit & Vegetable Res Lab, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. RP Raw, AS (reprint author), USDA ARS, PSI, Insect Chem Ecol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 19 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0040-4020 J9 TETRAHEDRON JI Tetrahedron PD MAY 19 PY 2000 VL 56 IS 21 BP 3285 EP 3290 DI 10.1016/S0040-4020(00)00219-2 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA 314AN UT WOS:000087032100002 ER PT J AU Bergmire-Sweat, D Marengo, L Pendergrass, P Hendricks, K Garcia, M Drumgoole, R Baldwin, T Kingsley, K Walsh, B Lang, S Prine, L Busby, T Trujillo, L Perrotta, D Hathaway, A Jones, B Jaiyeola, A AF Bergmire-Sweat, D Marengo, L Pendergrass, P Hendricks, K Garcia, M Drumgoole, R Baldwin, T Kingsley, K Walsh, B Lang, S Prine, L Busby, T Trujillo, L Perrotta, D Hathaway, A Jones, B Jaiyeola, A CA CDC TI Escherichia coli O111 : H8 outbreak among teenage campers - Texas, 1999 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 321-324, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Texas Dept Hlth, Austin, TX 78756 USA. Tarrant Cty Hlth Dept, Ft Worth, TX 76101 USA. USDA, Food Sagety Inspect Svc, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Foodbourne & Diarrheal Dis Br, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Bergmire-Sweat, D (reprint author), Texas Dept Hlth, Austin, TX 78756 USA. NR 1 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 17 PY 2000 VL 283 IS 19 BP 2517 EP 2517 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 312VL UT WOS:000086964600011 ER PT J AU Sachinvala, ND Winsor, DL Hamed, OA Maskos, K Niemczura, WP Tregre, GJ Glasser, W Bertoniere, NR AF Sachinvala, ND Winsor, DL Hamed, OA Maskos, K Niemczura, WP Tregre, GJ Glasser, W Bertoniere, NR TI The physical and NMR characterizations of allyl- and crotylcelluloses SO JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART A-POLYMER CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE tri-O-allylcellulose; tri-O-crotylcellulose; 2D-NMR; DQF-COSY; TOCSY; HSQC; HMBC ID SUBSTITUTED CELLULOSE ETHERS; TRANSITION TEMPERATURE TG; AMINE EPOXY SYSTEM; CORRELATION SPECTROSCOPY; SOLID-STATE; C-13-NMR; H-1-NMR; SENSITIVITY; DERIVATIVES; METHYLCELLULOSE AB Tri-O-allylcellulose (degree of polymerization, DP similar to 112) was prepared in similar to 91% yield, and tri-O-crotylcellulose (DP similar to 138) was prepared in similar to 56% yield from microcrystalline cellulose (DP similar to 172, and polydispersity index, PDI similar to 1.95) using modified literature methods. Number-average molecular weight (M-n = 31,600), weight-average molecular weight (M-w = 191,800), and PDI = 6.07 data suggested that tri-O-allylcellulose may be crosslinking in air to generate branched chains. The polymer was stabilized with 100 ppm butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT). The material without BHT experienced glass transition (T-g, differential-scanning calorimetry, DSC) between -2 and +3 degrees C, crosslinked beyond 100 degrees C, and degraded at 298.6 degrees C (by thermogravimetric analysis, TGA). M-n (45,100), M-w (118,200), PDI (2.62), and thermal data (T-g - 5 to +3 degrees C, melting point 185.8 degrees C, recrystallization 168.9 degrees C, and degradation 343.6 degrees C) on tri-O-crotylcellulose suggested that the polymer was formed with about the same polydispersity as the starting material and is heat stable. While allylcellulose generated continuous flexible yellow films by solution casting, crotylcellulose precipitated from solution as brittle white flakes. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) data on allylcellulose films (T-g - 29.1 degrees C, Young's modulus 5.81 x 10(8) Pa) suggest that the material is tough and flexible at room temperature. All H-1 and C-13 resonances in the NMR spectra were identified and assigned using the following methods: Double-quantum filter correlation spectroscopy (DQF COSY) was used to assign the network of seven protons in the anhydroglucose portion of the repeat unit. The proton assignments were verified and confirmed by total correlation spectroscopy (TOCSY). A combination of heteronuclear single-quantum coherence (HSQC) and C-13 spectroscopies were used to identify all bonded carbon-hydrogen pairs in the anhydroglucose portion of the repeat unit, and assign the carbon nuclei chemical shift values. Heteronuclear multiple bond correlation (HMBC) spectroscopy was used to connect the resonances of methines and methylenes at positions 2, 3, and 6 to the methylene resonances of the allyl ethers. TOCSY was used again to identify the fifteen H-1 resonances in the three pendant allyl groups. Finally, a combination of HSQC, HMBC, and C-13 spectroscopies were used to identify each carbon in the allyl pendants at 2, 3, and 6. Because of line broadening and signal overlap, we were unable to identify the conformational arrangement about the C5 and C6 bond in tri-O-allyl- and tri-O-crotylcelluloses. (C) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.* C1 ARS, Cotton Text Chem Res Unit, So Reg Res Ctr, USDA, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. ARS, Hawaii Agr Res Ctr, New Orleans Off, SRRC,USDA, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. Tulane Univ, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Chem, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Wood Sci & Forest Prod, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Sachinvala, ND (reprint author), ARS, Cotton Text Chem Res Unit, So Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 89 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 8 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0887-624X J9 J POLYM SCI POL CHEM JI J. Polym. Sci. Pol. Chem. PD MAY 15 PY 2000 VL 38 IS 10 BP 1889 EP 1902 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0518(20000515)38:10<1889::AID-POLA770>3.0.CO;2-Z PG 14 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 306ZP UT WOS:000086628900076 ER PT J AU Storz, J Purdy, CW Lin, XQ Burrell, M Truax, RE Briggs, RE Frank, GH Loan, RW AF Storz, J Purdy, CW Lin, XQ Burrell, M Truax, RE Briggs, RE Frank, GH Loan, RW TI Isolation of respiratory bovine coronavirus, other cytocidal viruses, and Pasteurella spp from cattle involved in two natural outbreaks of shipping fever SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID FEEDLOT CATTLE; ENTERIC CORONAVIRUSES; TRYPSIN TREATMENT; TRACT DISEASE; CALVES; INFECTIONS; PNEUMONIA; SAMPLES; CELLS AB Objective-To identify cytocidal viruses and Pasteurella spp that could be isolated from cattle involved in 2 natural outbreaks of shipping fever. Animals-105 and 120 castrated male 4- to 8-month-old feedlot cattle involved in 1997 and 1998 outbreaks, respectively. Procedures-Nasal swab specimens and blood samples were collected, and cattle were vaccinated on arrival at an order-buyer barn from 4 local auction houses. Four days later, they were transported to a feedlot, and additional nasal swab specimens and blood samples were collected. Nasal swab specimens were submitted for virus isolation and bacterial culture; blood samples were submitted for measurement of respiratory bovine coronavirus (RBCV) hemagglutinin inhibition titers. Results-93 of 105 cattle and 106 of 120 cattle developed signs of respiratory tract disease during 1997 and 1998, respectively, and RBCV was isolated from 81 and 89 sick cattle, respectively while at the order-buyer's barn or the day after arrival at the feedlot. During the 1997 outbreak, bovine herpesvirus 1 was isolated from 2 cattle at the order-buyer's barn and from 5 cattle 7 and 14 days after arrival at the feedlot, and parainfluenza virus 3 was isolated from 4 cattle 14 days after arrival at the feedlot. During the 1998 outbreak, bovine herpesvirus 1 was isolated from 2 cattle at the order-buyer's barn and on arrival at the feedlot and from 5 cattle 7 and 14 days after arrival at the feedlot, and parainfluenza virus 3 was isolated from 1 animal the day of, and from 18 cattle 7 and 14 days after, arrival at the feedlot. Pasteurella spp was cultured from 4 and 6 cattle at the order-buyer's barn and from 92 and 72 cattle on arrival at the feedlot during the 1997 and 1998 outbreaks, respectively. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Results suggest that RBCV may play a causative role in outbreaks of shipping fever in cattle. More than 80% of the sick cattle shed RBCV at the beginning of 2 outbreaks when the Pasteurella spp infection rate was low. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Sch Vet Med, Dept Vet Microbiol & Parasitol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. ARS, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, USDA, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Storz, J (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Sch Vet Med, Dept Vet Microbiol & Parasitol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 29 TC 43 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 15 PY 2000 VL 216 IS 10 BP 1599 EP 1604 DI 10.2460/javma.2000.216.1599 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 313DC UT WOS:000086984200028 PM 10825949 ER PT J AU Wu, SJ Koller, CN Miller, DL Bauer, LS Dean, DH AF Wu, SJ Koller, CN Miller, DL Bauer, LS Dean, DH TI Enhanced toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry3A delta-endotoxin in coleopterans by mutagenesis in a receptor binding loop SO FEBS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Bacillus thuringiensis; Cry toxin; delta-endotoxin; Coleopteran ID INSECTICIDAL CRYSTAL PROTEINS; DIAMONDBACK MOTH LEPIDOPTERA; BORDER MEMBRANE-VESICLES; SITE-DIRECTED MUTATIONS; VAR SAN-DIEGO; BOMBYX-MORI; DOMAIN-II; IRREVERSIBLE BINDING; HELIOTHIS-VIRESCENS; VAR TENEBRIONIS AB We used site-directed mutagenesis to modify the Bacillus thuringiensis cry3A gene in amino acid residues 350-354. Two mutant toxins, Al (R(345)A,Y350F,Y351F) and A2 (R(345)A,Delta Y-350,Delta Y-351), showed significantly improved toxicity against Tenebrio molitor (yellow mealworm). The mutant toxin Al was also more potent against both Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Colorado potato beetle) and Chrysomela scripta (cottonwood leaf beetle), while A2 displayed enhanced toxicity only in L, decemlineata, Competitive binding assays of L, decemlineata brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) revealed that binding affinities for the Al and A2 mutant toxins were ca, 2.5-fold higher than for the wild-type Cry3 toxin, Similar binding assays with C. scripta BBMV revealed a ca, 5-fold lower dissociation rate for the Al mutant as compared to that of Cry3A, (C) 2000 Federation of European Biochemical Societies. C1 Ohio State Univ, Dept Biochem, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Entomol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Ctr Integrated Plant Syst, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Res Stn, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. RP Dean, DH (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Dept Biochem, 484 W 12th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI 29092] NR 49 TC 31 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0014-5793 J9 FEBS LETT JI FEBS Lett. PD MAY 12 PY 2000 VL 473 IS 2 BP 227 EP 232 DI 10.1016/S0014-5793(00)01505-2 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Cell Biology GA 315RM UT WOS:000087126800023 PM 10812080 ER PT J AU Jenkins, JL Lee, MK Valaitis, AP Curtiss, A Dean, DH AF Jenkins, JL Lee, MK Valaitis, AP Curtiss, A Dean, DH TI Bivalent sequential binding model of a Bacillus thuringiensis toxin to gypsy moth aminopeptidase N receptor SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID BRUSH-BORDER MEMBRANE; INSECTICIDAL CRYSTAL PROTEINS; AMINO-ACID-RESIDUES; DELTA-ENDOTOXIN; MANDUCA-SEXTA; CRY1AC TOXIN; DOMAIN-III; IRREVERSIBLE BINDING; HELIOTHIS-VIRESCENS; BOMBYX-MORI AB Specificity for target insects of Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal Cry toxins is largely determined by toxin affinity for insect midgut receptors. The mode of binding for one such toxin-receptor complex was investigated by extensive toxin mutagenesis, followed by realtime receptor binding analysis using an optical biosensor (BIAcore), Wild-type Cry1Ac, a three-domain, lepidopteran-specific toxin, bound purified gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) aminopeptidase N (APN) biphasically, Site 1 displayed fast association and dissociation kinetics, while site 2 possessed slower kinetics, yet tighter affinity. We empirically determined that two Cry1Ac surface regions are involved in in vivo toxicity and APN binding. Mutations within domain III affected binding rates to APN site 1, whereas mutations in domain II affected binding rates to APN site 2, Furthermore, domain III contact is completely inhibited in the presence of N-acetylgalactosamine, indicating loss of domain III binding eliminates all APN binding. Based upon these observations, the following model is proposed. A cavity in lectin-like domain III initiates docking through recognition of an N-acetylgalactosamine moiety on L. dispar APN, Following primary docking, a higher affinity domain II binding mechanism occurs, which is critical for insecticidal activity. C1 Ohio State Univ, Dept Mol Genet, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Biochem, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. RP Dean, DH (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Dept Mol Genet, Biol Sci Bldg,484 W 12th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. OI Jenkins, Jeremy/0000-0001-9795-0771 FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI29092] NR 72 TC 84 Z9 100 U1 4 U2 11 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0021-9258 J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD MAY 12 PY 2000 VL 275 IS 19 BP 14423 EP 14431 DI 10.1074/jbc.275.19.14423 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 313NZ UT WOS:000087006900058 PM 10799525 ER PT J AU Ehrlich, KC Montalbano, BG Pinero, D Keller, NP AF Ehrlich, KC Montalbano, BG Pinero, D Keller, NP TI Role of PacC in expression or aflatoxin pathway genes. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Plant Pathol & Microbiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAY 11 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 8 MA 116 BP A1330 EP A1330 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 313NH UT WOS:000087005400146 ER PT J AU Erb, JL Wittliff, JL Larsen, GL Magner, J Garber, EAE AF Erb, JL Wittliff, JL Larsen, GL Magner, J Garber, EAE TI Determination of the presence of estrogenic compounds in water associated with frog malformations using an evanescent field fluorometry based biosensor SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 IA Inc, Ann Arbor, MI 48106 USA. Univ Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292 USA. USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. MN Pollut Control Agcy, St Paul, MN 55155 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAY 11 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 8 MA 913 BP A1470 EP A1470 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 313NH UT WOS:000087005400944 ER PT J AU Jarvill-Taylor, KJ Anderson, RA Graves, DJ AF Jarvill-Taylor, KJ Anderson, RA Graves, DJ TI A cinnamon hydroxychalcone mimics the actions of insulin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Iowa State Univ, Ames, IA 50010 USA. USDA ARS, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAY 11 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 8 MA 220 BP A1348 EP A1348 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 313NH UT WOS:000087005400250 ER PT J AU Kelicen, P Paulson, KE AF Kelicen, P Paulson, KE TI Effect of nitrone spin-trapping agent PBN on SRC activity in human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, HNRC, Genet Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Hacettepe Univ, Fac Pharm, Dept Pharmacol, TR-06100 Ankara, Turkey. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAY 11 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 8 MA 312 BP A1364 EP A1364 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 313NH UT WOS:000087005400344 ER PT J AU Obin, M Gong, X Taylor, A AF Obin, M Gong, X Taylor, A TI A ubiquitin degron within transducin beta-gamma (T beta gamma). SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, HNRCA, JMUSDA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAY 11 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 8 MA 1011 BP A1487 EP A1487 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 313NH UT WOS:000087005401042 ER PT J AU Shang, F Deng, G Wu, CN Gong, X Nowell, TR Smith, D Laursen, RA Taylor, A AF Shang, F Deng, G Wu, CN Gong, X Nowell, TR Smith, D Laursen, RA Taylor, A TI The origin of the two isoforms of ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1) SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, HNRC, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Boston Univ, Boston, MA 02215 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAY 11 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 8 MA 1242 BP A1528 EP A1528 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 313NH UT WOS:000087005401273 ER PT J AU Suzuki, YJ Kitta, K Remeika, J Day, RM Blumberg, JB AF Suzuki, YJ Kitta, K Remeika, J Day, RM Blumberg, JB TI Thiol antioxidants delay hepatocyte growth factor activation of MAP kinase in cardiac myocytes. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. New England Med Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAY 11 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 8 MA 818 BP A1454 EP A1454 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 313NH UT WOS:000087005400851 ER PT J AU Taylor, A Shang, F Nowell, TR AF Taylor, A Shang, F Nowell, TR TI Ubiqutin dependent removal of oxidatively damaged proteins from cells SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, HNRC, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAY 11 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 8 MA 7 BP A1312 EP A1312 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 313NH UT WOS:000087005400037 ER PT J AU Wong, DWS Batt, SB Robertson, GH AF Wong, DWS Batt, SB Robertson, GH TI Isolation of a raw starch binding fragment from barley alpha-amylase. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAY 11 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 8 MA 609 BP A1418 EP A1418 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 313NH UT WOS:000087005400640 ER PT J AU Xiu, M Huang, CY Paulson, KE AF Xiu, M Huang, CY Paulson, KE TI p38 MAP kinase pathway regulates [GSH] SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, HNRCA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAY 11 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 8 MA 822 BP A1454 EP A1454 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 313NH UT WOS:000087005400853 ER PT J AU Seifert, KA Gams, W Crous, PW Samuels, GJ AF Seifert, KA Gams, W Crous, PW Samuels, GJ TI Molecules, morphology and classification: Towards monophyletic genera in the Ascomycetes - Introduction SO STUDIES IN MYCOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Agr & Agri Food Canada, Res Branch, Eastern Cereal & Oilseed Res Ctr, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada. Cent Bur Schimmelcultures, NL-3740 AG Baarn, Netherlands. Univ Stellenbosch, Dept Plant Pathol, ZA-7602 Matieland, South Africa. ARS, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Seifert, KA (reprint author), Agr & Agri Food Canada, Res Branch, Eastern Cereal & Oilseed Res Ctr, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada. RI Crous, Pedro/H-1489-2012 OI Crous, Pedro/0000-0001-9085-8825 NR 0 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU CENTRAALBUREAU SCHIMMELCULTURE PI BAARN PA PO BOX 273, 3740 AG BAARN, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-0616 J9 STUD MYCOL JI Stud. Mycol. PD MAY 10 PY 2000 IS 45 BP 1 EP 4 PG 4 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 327JE UT WOS:000087790100001 ER PT J AU Seifert, KA Samuels, GJ AF Seifert, KA Samuels, GJ TI How should we look at anamorphs? SO STUDIES IN MYCOLOGY LA English DT Article DE pleomorphic fungi; synanamorphs; nomenclature; morphological systematics; clonal populations; hybridization ID GIBBERELLA-FUJIKUROI; GENERIC NAMES; SP. NOV.; FUSARIUM; FUNGI; PHYLOGENY; CLASSIFICATION; HYBRIDIZATION; SYNANAMORPHS; SPECIATION AB Biological, taxonomic and nomenclatural aspects of anamorphs in the Ascomycetes are considered. Anamorphs serve dispersive or survival functions in ascomycete life cycles. Some are narrowly or broadly distributed, reproductively isolated clones, derived from sexually competent populations. Strictly asexually reproducing lineages probably occur, although cryptic sexuality has now been demonstrated for some 'anamorphic species'. Some anamorphic species are apparently hybrids between known sexually or asexually reproducing species. Anamorphs are phenotypes that can be interpreted as organs produced as part of a fungal life cycle. Examples of morphological continua among anamorphs of closely related holomorphs argue against the sometimes arbitrary tendency to emphasize certain features as 'anamorph generic characters'. Synanamorphs can be categorized as mononematous, conidiomatal, mycelial, germination, survival, yeast-like, spermatial and vegetative anamorphs, which may represent expressions of different sets of genes and thus not always be homologous. Fungal taxonomy should move towards unit nomenclature, but we believe that anamorphic taxonomic names will still be used in some form in this taxonomic system. C1 Agr & Agri Food Canada, Eastern Cereal & Oilseed Res Ctr, Res Branch, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada. ARS, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Seifert, KA (reprint author), Agr & Agri Food Canada, Eastern Cereal & Oilseed Res Ctr, Res Branch, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada. NR 73 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU CENTRAALBUREAU SCHIMMELCULTURE PI BAARN PA PO BOX 273, 3740 AG BAARN, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-0616 J9 STUD MYCOL JI Stud. Mycol. PD MAY 10 PY 2000 IS 45 BP 5 EP 18 PG 14 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 327JE UT WOS:000087790100002 ER PT J AU Rossman, AY AF Rossman, AY TI Towards monophyletic genera in the holomorphic Hypocreales SO STUDIES IN MYCOLOGY LA English DT Article DE anamorph-teleomorph correlation; genus concept; phylogeny; Bionectriaceae; Hypocreaceae; Nectriaceae ID HYPOMYCES; CLASSIFICATION; PHYLOGENY; FUNGI AB Within the hypocrealean lineages, monophyletic genera are emerging that encompass both sexual and asexual fungi. A recent monograph of three of the major families of the Ascomycete order Hypocreales included 56 teleomorph genera, many of which correlate with anamorph genera. Within the Nectriaceae, most of the 20 genera exhibit an equivalence in sexual and asexual generic concepts. In the Bionectriaceae, many of the associated anamorphs of the 30 genera are relatively nondescript, acremonium-like and are not useful for defining genera. The Hypocreaceae consist primarily of the genus Hypocrea with Trichoderma anamorphs and Hypomyces with a diverse array of anamorphs. A few anomalous species allied with Hypocrea have gliocladium-like or verticillium-like anamorphs; in these cases, both the teleomorph and the anamorph are often atypical for their respective genera. Groups of species within Hypomyces correspond to a limited degree with anamorph and biological characteristics, particularly host. C1 ARS, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Rossman, AY (reprint author), ARS, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 27 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU CENTRAALBUREAU SCHIMMELCULTURE PI BAARN PA PO BOX 273, 3740 AG BAARN, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-0616 J9 STUD MYCOL JI Stud. Mycol. PD MAY 10 PY 2000 IS 45 BP 27 EP 34 PG 8 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 327JE UT WOS:000087790100004 ER PT J AU Poldmaa, K AF Poldmaa, K TI Generic delimitation of the fungicolous Hypocreaceae SO STUDIES IN MYCOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Hypocrea; Hypomyces; Arachnocrea; Protocrea; Sphaerostilbella; 28S rDNA; phylogeny ID HYPOMYCES; PHYLOGENY; TAXONOMY AB The fungicolous species of the Hypocreaceae are distributed among six genera. Hypocrea and Hypomyces are distinguished by several unique teleomorph and anamorph characters. Arachnocrea, Protocrea and Sphaerostilbella share combinations of characters found in Hypocrea and Hypomyces. The phylogenetic relationships of species of these genera are assessed by analyses of large subunit rDNA sequences. Informal groups are outlined in Hypomyces, as well as ideas on developing more reliable generic concepts for this complex. C1 Inst Zool & Bot, EE-51014 Tartu, Estonia. ARS, USDA, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Poldmaa, K (reprint author), Inst Zool & Bot, Riia 181, EE-51014 Tartu, Estonia. EM kadri@nt.ars-grin.gov NR 38 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU CENTRAALBUREAU SCHIMMELCULTURE PI UTRECHT PA UPPSALALAAN 8, 3584 CT UTRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-0616 J9 STUD MYCOL JI Stud. Mycol. PD MAY 10 PY 2000 IS 45 BP 83 EP 94 PG 12 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 327JE UT WOS:000087790100008 ER PT J AU Johnston, CE Johnson, DL AF Johnston, CE Johnson, DL TI Sound production in Pimephales notatus (Rafinesque) (Cyprinidae) SO COPEIA LA English DT Article ID WATER GOBIIDS PISCES; FATHEAD MINNOW; BEHAVIOR; PROMELAS; FISHES; CARE AB Male Pimephales notatus produce sounds during aggression associated with the breeding season. Females were not found to produce sounds during this study. Males produced sounds while in the nest cavity, chasing other fish, and during escalated aggressive displays. We identified four sound types characterized by differences in pulse duration and interval, which may be part of a continuum of sound parameters. The sound types were produced singly, in series, or as complex sounds composed of various combinations of three of the sound types. Complex sounds were made under all behavioral contexts and by all males studied. The mechanism of sound production in this species is unknown. C1 Auburn Univ, Dept Fisheries & Allied Aquacultures, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Univ Texas, Sect Integrat Biol, Austin, TX 78712 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Oxford, MS USA. RP Johnston, CE (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Dept Fisheries & Allied Aquacultures, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. NR 19 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER SOC ICHTHYOLOGISTS HERPETOLOGISTS PI CHARLESTON PA UNIV CHARLESTON, GRICE MARINE LABORATORY, 205 FORT JOHNSON RD, CHARLESTON, SC 29412 USA SN 0045-8511 J9 COPEIA JI Copeia PD MAY 8 PY 2000 IS 2 BP 567 EP 571 DI 10.1643/0045-8511(2000)000[0567:SPIPNR]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 314KU UT WOS:000087055600027 ER PT J AU Burrage, T Kramer, E Brown, F AF Burrage, T Kramer, E Brown, F TI Structural differences between foot-and-mouth disease and poliomyelitis viruses influence their inactivation by aziridines SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE foot-and-mouth disease virus; poliovirus; aziridines; inactivation ID BINARY ETHYLENIMINE; VACCINE; GLYCOPROTEINS; ANTIBODIES; POLIOVIRUS; EPITOPES; SERUM AB Inactivation of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) and poliovirus by ethyleneimine (EI) and N-acetylethyleneimine (AEI) has been studied at 25 degrees and at 37 degrees C and in different ionic conditions. FMDV is inactivated rapidly in 100 mM Tris pH 7.6 by each reagent at both temperatures. Poliovirus is also inactivated rapidly in 100 mM Tris by EI at both temperatures and by AEI at 37 degrees C. However, it is inactivated much more slowly by AEI at 25 degrees C; but if the virus is first incubated overnight at 2 degrees C with AEI before transferring to 25 degrees C inactivation then proceeds rapidly. Moreover, the rate of inactivation at 25 degrees C is markedly increased if the virus is suspended in 1 mM Tris. We had interpreted these differences as being due to the greater penetrability of poliovirus (i) in 100 mM Tris at 37 degrees C compared with 25 degrees C and (ii) at lower ionic strength. This interpretation has been confirmed by electron microscopy of FMDV and poliovirus particles stained with phosphotungstic acid. At the elevated temperature, poliovirus had an average diameter of 34 +/- 0.21 nm and the slain outlined the nucleic acid core and the individual subunits, whereas at 25 degrees C it averaged 28 +/- 0.13 nm and the stain did not penetrate the particle. This study also showed that the particle diameter alters with changes in buffer concentration, being 28 +/- 0.13 nm in 100 mM Tris, 31 +/- 0.16 nm in 10 mM Tris and 34 i 0.21 nm in 1 mM Tris. The changes in poliovirus are reversible as addition of 1/10 volume of 1 M Tris to the virus in 1 mM Tris resulted in the return of the diameter to 28 i 0.13 nm. FMDV, on the other hand, was less sensitive to osmotic differences as its particle diameter only varied by 7% over the 100-fold change in buffer concentration compared with the 22% change observed for poliovirus. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. RP Brown, F (reprint author), USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. NR 21 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD MAY 8 PY 2000 VL 18 IS 22 BP 2454 EP 2461 DI 10.1016/S0264-410X(99)00542-3 PG 8 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 313BN UT WOS:000086978600019 PM 10738103 ER PT J AU Martinez-Garcia, JF Huq, E Quail, PH AF Martinez-Garcia, JF Huq, E Quail, PH TI Direct targeting of light signals to a promoter element-bound transcription factor SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID DISRUPTS CIRCADIAN-RHYTHMS; LOOP-HELIX PROTEIN; PHYTOCHROME-A; GENE-EXPRESSION; G-BOX; CONSTITUTIVE EXPRESSION; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; BZIP PROTEIN; TRANSDUCTION; SPECIFICITY AB Light signals perceived by the phytochrome family of sensory photoreceptors are transduced to photoresponsive genes by an unknown mechanism. Here, we show that the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor PIF3 binds specifically to a G-box DNA-sequence motif present in various Light-regulated gene promoters, and that phytochrome B binds reversibly to G-box-bound PIF3 specifically upon light-triggered conversion of the photoreceptor to its biologically active conformer. We suggest that the phytochromes may function as integral Light-switchable components of transcriptional regulator complexes, permitting continuous and immediate sensing of changes in this environmental signal directly at target gene promoters. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. ARS, USDA, Ctr Plant Gene Express, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Quail, PH (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. OI Martinez-Garcia, Jaime/0000-0003-1516-0341 NR 43 TC 393 Z9 434 U1 3 U2 26 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD MAY 5 PY 2000 VL 288 IS 5467 BP 859 EP 863 DI 10.1126/science.288.5467.859 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 311DN UT WOS:000086869600039 PM 10797009 ER PT J AU Asano, N Nash, RJ Molyneux, RJ Fleet, GWJ AF Asano, N Nash, RJ Molyneux, RJ Fleet, GWJ TI Sugar-mimic glycosidase inhibitors: natural occurrence, biological activity and prospects for therapeutic application SO TETRAHEDRON-ASYMMETRY LA English DT Review ID ASPARAGINE-LINKED OLIGOSACCHARIDES; ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITORS; LYSOSOMAL STORAGE DISEASE; HYACINTHOIDES-NON-SCRIPTA; RAY CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; N-CONTAINING SUGARS; CASTANOSPERMUM-AUSTRALE; ENDOPLASMIC-RETICULUM; XANTHOCERCIS-ZAMBESIACA; MANNOSIDASE INHIBITOR AB Alkaloids mimicking the structures of monosaccharides are now believed to be widespread in plants and microorganisms, and these sugar mimics inhibit glycosidases because of a structural resemblance to the sugar moiety of the natural substrate. Naturally occurring sugar mimics with a nitrogen in the ring are classified into five structural classes: polyhydroxylated piperidines, pyrrolidines, indolizidines, pyrrolizidines and nortropanes. Glycosidases are involved in a wide range of important biological processes, such as intestinal digestion, post-translational processing of glycoproteins and the lysosomal catabolism of glycoconjugates. The realization that alkaloidal sugar mimics might have enormous therapeutic potential in many diseases such as viral infection, cancer and diabetes has led to increasing interest and demand for these compounds. Most of these effects can be shown to result from the direct or indirect inhibition of glycosidases. The glycosphingolipid (GSL) storage diseases are relatively rare hereditary disorders that are severe in nature and frequently fatal. Possible strategies for the treatment of these lysosomal storage diseases include enzyme replacement therapy, gene therapy and substrate deprivation. Recently, quite a new therapy for lysosomal storage diseases has been reported, namely a 'chemical chaperone therapy' for Fabry disease. In this report, the structural basis for the specificity of inhibition of alkaloidal sugar mimics and their current and potential application to biomedical problems will be reviewed. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Hokuriku Univ, Fac Pharmaceut Sci, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 9201181, Japan. Inst Grassland & Environm Res, Aberystwyth SY23 3EB, Dyfed, Wales. USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Univ Oxford, Dyson Perrins Lab, Oxford OX1 3QY, England. RP Asano, N (reprint author), Hokuriku Univ, Fac Pharmaceut Sci, Ho 3 Kanagawa Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 9201181, Japan. NR 194 TC 852 Z9 867 U1 8 U2 101 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0957-4166 J9 TETRAHEDRON-ASYMMETR JI Tetrahedron: Asymmetry PD MAY 5 PY 2000 VL 11 IS 8 BP 1645 EP 1680 DI 10.1016/S0957-4166(00)00113-0 PG 36 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Chemistry, Organic; Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 319WB UT WOS:000087365400001 ER PT J AU McKenney-Easterling, M DeWalle, DR Iverson, LR Prasad, AM Buda, AR AF McKenney-Easterling, M DeWalle, DR Iverson, LR Prasad, AM Buda, AR TI The potential impacts of climate change and variability on forests and forestry in the Mid-Atlantic Region SO CLIMATE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE forests; climate change; species distribution; forest management; Mid-Atlantic Region ID NORTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; MODEL; CO2 AB As part of the Mid-Atlantic Regional Assessment, an evaluation is being made of the impacts of climate variability and potential future climate change on forests and forestry in the Mid-Atlantic Region. This paper provides a brief overview of the current status of forests in the region, and then focuses on 2 components of this evaluation: (1) modeling of the potential impacts of climate change on tree species' distributions, and (2) a survey of how extreme weather events affect forests and forest land management in the region. The tree distribution modeling indicates that climate change may result in large increases in the amount of forest dominated by oak and pine, and large decreases in maple/beech/birch forest, assuming that trees are able to migrate in pace with climate change. The forest management survey results suggest that the major impacts of severe weather on forest operations currently are related more to extreme precipitation and high wind events than to temperature extremes. The implications of these results for future climate change are discussed. C1 Penn State Univ, Ctr Integrated Reg Assessment, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Sch Forest Resources, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. RP McKenney-Easterling, M (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Ctr Integrated Reg Assessment, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RI Buda, Anthony/B-4860-2013; Iverson, Louis/C-7554-2009 OI Iverson, Louis/0000-0001-9501-471X NR 44 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 6 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0936-577X J9 CLIMATE RES JI Clim. Res. PD MAY 2 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 3 BP 195 EP 206 DI 10.3354/cr014195 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 326ZD UT WOS:000087766400006 ER PT J AU Yu, JJ Woloshuk, CP Bhatnagar, D Cleveland, TE AF Yu, JJ Woloshuk, CP Bhatnagar, D Cleveland, TE TI Cloning and characterization of avfA and omtB genes involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis in three Aspergillus species SO GENE LA English DT Article DE averufin; methyltransferase; mycotoxins; O-methylsterigmatocystin; SAM-binding motif; secondary metabolites ID O-METHYLTRANSFERASE; CYTOCHROME-P-450 MONOOXYGENASE; PARASITICUS; STERIGMATOCYSTIN; PATHWAY; CONVERSION; NIDULANS; CLUSTER; FLAVUS; DIHYDRODEMETHYLSTERIGMATOCYSTIN AB The biosynthesis of aflatoxins (B-1, G(1), B-2, and G(2)) is a multi-enzyme process controlled genetically by over 20 genes. In this study, we report the identification and characterization of the avfA gene, which was found to be involved in the conversion of averufin (AVF) to versiconal hemiacetal acetate (VHA), in Aspergillus parasiticus and A. flavus; a copy of avfA gene was also cloned from a non-aflatoxin producing strain A. sojae. Complementation of an averufin-accumulating, non-aflatoxigenic mutant strain of A. parasiticus, SRRC 165, with the avfA gene cloned from A. flavus, restored the ability of the mutant to convert AVF to VHA and to produce aflatoxins B-1, G(1), B-2, and G(2). Sequence analysis revealed that a single amino acid replacement from aspartic acid to asparagine disabled the function of the enzyme in the mutant strain SRRC 165. The A. parasiticus avfA was identified to be a homolog of previously sequenced, but functionally unassigned transcript, stcO, in A. nidulans based on sequence homology at both nucleotide (57%) and amino acid (55%) levels. In addition to avfA, another aflatoxin pathway gene, omtB, encoding for an O-methyltransferase involved in the conversion of demethylsterigmatocystin (DMST) to sterigmatocystin (ST) and dihydrodemethylsterigmatocystin (DHDMST) to dihydrosterigmatocystin (DHST), was cloned from A. parasiticus, A. flavus, and A. sojae. The omtB gene was found to be highly homologous to stcP from A. nidulans, which has been reported earlier to be involved in a similar enzymatic step for the sterigmatocystin formation in that species. RT-PCR data demonstrated that both the avfA and avfA1 as well as omtB genes in A. parasiticus were expressed only in the aflatoxin-conducive medium. An analysis of the degrees of homology for the two reported genes between the Aspergillus species A. parasiticus, A. flavus, A. nidulans and A. sojae was conducted. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Yu, JJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 31 TC 41 Z9 51 U1 3 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1119 J9 GENE JI Gene PD MAY 2 PY 2000 VL 248 IS 1-2 BP 157 EP 167 DI 10.1016/S0378-1119(00)00126-8 PG 11 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 315JZ UT WOS:000087111700017 PM 10806361 ER PT J AU Cao, X Sessa, DJ Wolf, WJ Willett, JL AF Cao, X Sessa, DJ Wolf, WJ Willett, JL TI Static and dynamic solution properties of corn amylose in N,N-dimethylacetamide with 3% LiCl SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID NONRANDOMLY BRANCHED MACROMOLECULES; INVERTING LAPLACE TRANSFORM; LIGHT-SCATTERING; STARCH FRACTIONS; POLYMER-SOLUTIONS; TRANSLATIONAL DIFFUSION; ANGULAR-DEPENDENCE; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; EXAMPLES; BEHAVIOR AB Static and dynamic light scattering techniques were used to study the solution properties of corn amylose in N,N-dimethylacetamide with 3% (w/v) LiCl. Static properties show three distinguishable regions, which are designated as the dilute, the semidilute, and the concentrated regimes. The concentrations at which these transitions occur are designated as the overlap concentration c* and the semidilute-concentrated transition concentration c**. Two master curves are used successfully to fit the static data in the dilute and semidilute regimes. Dynamic data show that at c < c*, a single diffusion motion representing the translational diffusion of the amylose macromolecule is present in the solution. A c > c*, two dynamic motions are observed: a fast diffusion representing the cooperative diffusion and a slow one representing the cluster diffusion. The slow diffusion motion is found to follow the "stretched exponential" diffusion law. The fast diffusion motion is found to have two distinguishable concentration dependence patterns: its concentration dependence at c > c** is stronger than that at c < c**. The relative amounts of these two modes are also analyzed in terms of their concentration dependence. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, MWA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Bradley Univ, Dept Chem, Peoria, IL 61625 USA. RP Willett, JL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, MWA, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 39 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD MAY 2 PY 2000 VL 33 IS 9 BP 3314 EP 3323 DI 10.1021/ma9918248 PG 10 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 311FX UT WOS:000086875000020 ER PT J AU Soule, MJ Shepherd, KD AF Soule, MJ Shepherd, KD TI An ecological and economic analysis of phosphorus replenishment for Vihiga Division, western Kenya SO AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE soil fertility; ecological economics; simulation model; cost-benefit analysis; Kenya ID NUTRIENT BALANCES; HIGHLANDS; SYSTEMS AB Soil scientists have identified phosphorus deficiency as a major constraint to improved maize and bean yields in the highland areas of western Kenya. This study evaluated the economic costs and benefits as well as ecological impacts of different phosphorus replenishment strategies from both a farm-level and a regional perspective using an economic-ecological simulation model. The study associated soil properties with representative farm types and showed how the impact of soil fertility replenishment depends on initial soil conditions as well as the resource endowment level of the farmer. Two hundred and ten different strategies for phosphorus replenishment with different sources of phosphorus applied at various levels were analyzed for seven farm types. The farm-level analysis showed that phosphorus replenishment was generally profitable for farms with low and medium pH (4.9-6.2) soils, but not for farms with high pH (6.2-7.0) soils. A regional analysis showed that benefits were higher when phosphorus replenishment was targeted to farmers with low and medium resource endowments on low and medium pH soils rather than spread evenly across all soil and farm types. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, Serv Econ Res, Resource Econ Div, Washington, DC 20036 USA. ICRAF, Int Ctr Res Agroforestry, Nairobi, Kenya. RP Soule, MJ (reprint author), USDA, Serv Econ Res, Resource Econ Div, Room S4171,1800 M St NW, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 25 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0308-521X J9 AGR SYST JI Agric. Syst. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 64 IS 2 BP 83 EP 98 DI 10.1016/S0308-521X(00)00015-9 PG 16 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA 324NF UT WOS:000087627700002 ER PT J AU Sadler, EJ Bauer, PJ Busscher, WJ AF Sadler, EJ Bauer, PJ Busscher, WJ TI Site-specific analysis of a droughted corn crop: I. Growth and grain yield SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID TILLAGE AB Soil in the southeastern USA Coastal Plain exhibits marked variation, especially near shallow depressions called Carolina Bays. This variation causes correspondingly severe variation in yield, particularly for corn (Zea mays L.) during drought. Though important to precision farming, these features often are overlooked in 1:20 000 scale county soil surveys, They are visible in 1:1200 stale soil surveys, but the ability to explain yield variation using soil map units at this scale must be unequivocally demonstrated before committing resources to such a detailed survey. Our objectives were (i) to compare paired samples of four soil map units to determine if grain yield variation were sufficiently explained to be of practical value, and (ii) to extend this evaluation to include data with greater spatial coverage. Corn grain yields were measured at 209 sites in an 8-ha field, including two Carolina Bays near Florence, SC. Site-specific effects of soil variation on crop phenology, biomass, and yield components were measured at 11 sites during a drought. Variations in yield components were large and sometimes compensatory (e.g., kernel number and mass), with distinctly different routes to sometimes similar final grain yields. Multiple sites within map units were frequently different at alpha = 0.05. Analysis of variance for grain yield on soil map unit was statistically significant (P < 0.001) but of limited explanatory value (r(2) = 0.16). We conclude that to create soil management zones for precision farming, one must augment even detailed soil map units with additional spatial data, such as yield maps. C1 USDA ARS, Coastal Plains Soil Water & Plant Res Ctr, Florence, SC 29501 USA. RP Sadler, EJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Coastal Plains Soil Water & Plant Res Ctr, 2611 W Lucas St, Florence, SC 29501 USA. NR 20 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 92 IS 3 BP 395 EP 402 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 355UY UT WOS:000089408000001 ER PT J AU Sadler, EJ Bauer, PJ Busscher, WJ Millen, JA AF Sadler, EJ Bauer, PJ Busscher, WJ Millen, JA TI Site-specific analysis of a droughted corn crop: II. Water use and stress SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AB In the southeastern USA Coastal Plain, spatial variation in soils causes extreme spatial variation in grain yield, as seen in yield maps. Corn (Zea mays L.) appears to be particularly susceptible to soil variation, especially during periods of drought. Our objectives were to compare variation in water use and stress of corn within and among soil map units. In one field, at two sites in each of four map units, we measured site-specific effects of soil variation on crop water use from 40 d after planting until after maturity using a time-domain reflectometer (TDR). On 4 d during vegetative growth, drought stress was evaluated on eight transects using infrared thermometer (IRT) measurements of canopy temperature (T-c). During the most severe drought, visibly stressed areas had canopy-air temperature differences (T-c - T-a) > 10 degrees C, yet other areas remained <2 degrees C. Two days after a 46-mm rain, T-c - T-a was near zero over the whole field, indicating little water stress. The time series of TDR measurements produced estimates of daily evapotranspiration, runoff, and infiltration; site-to-site differences in these dominated the water balance. Water stress, inferred from water use, matched that inferred earlier from yield components. In sum, corn at the eight sites arrived at final water use via fundamentally different paths. Further, variation between sites within soils was significant, indicating that soil map units are not homogenous with respect to water relations. These results underscore the need for within-season observations of crop water use and stress to augment interpretation of site-specific yield maps. C1 USDA ARS, Coastal Plains Soil Water & Plant Res Ctr, Florence, SC 29501 USA. RP Sadler, EJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Coastal Plains Soil Water & Plant Res Ctr, 2611 W Lucas St, Florence, SC 29501 USA. NR 18 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 92 IS 3 BP 403 EP 410 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 355UY UT WOS:000089408000002 ER PT J AU Zeng, LH Shannon, MC AF Zeng, LH Shannon, MC TI Effects of salinity on grain yield and yield components of rice at different seeding densities SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SALT TOLERANCE; POPULATION-DENSITY; SEEDED RICE; FERTILITY; RESPONSES; VARIABILITY; MECHANISMS; WHEAT AB One possible management option for growers in dealing with decreases in rice (Oryza sativa L.) production caused by salinity is to compensate yield reduction by increasing seeding density. Our objectives were to investigate the effects of salinity and seeding density on grain yield and yield components, and analyze the relationships of the yield components to final grain yields at different seeding densities under salinity. Plants were grown in the greenhouse in sand irrigated with nutrient solutions. The treatments included seeding densities of 400, 600, and 720 seeds m(-2) and salt levels of 1.0, 3.9, and 6.5 dS m(-1). Salinity effects were highly significant on grain yield, plant stand, seed weight per plant, seed weight per panicle, and spikelets per panicle, but not significant on panicle density, kernel weight, and shoot weight per plant at seeding densities tested. Grain yield was not significantly increased with an increase of seeding density, Plant stand and panicle density were significantly increased, while seed weight per plant, fertility, and harvest index were significantly decreased with increases of seeding densities. The density-dependent seed weight per plant under salinity was explained by the competition within and among plants at high-density populations affected by salinity. Seed weight per panicle accounted for 62% of total variation and contributed more than panicle density to the grain yield under salinity. It was concluded that yield loss under moderate salinities may not be compensated for by increasing seeding density above normal density levels. C1 USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92501 USA. RP Zeng, LH (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92501 USA. NR 37 TC 34 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 92 IS 3 BP 418 EP 423 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 355UY UT WOS:000089408000004 ER PT J AU Colomb, B Kiniry, JR Debaeke, P AF Colomb, B Kiniry, JR Debaeke, P TI Effect of soil phosphorus on leaf development and senescence dynamics of field-grown maize SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID ZEA-MAYS L; ASSIMILATE PRODUCTION; INDIVIDUAL LEAVES; INTERACTIVE WATER; AREA EXPANSION; CORN GROWTH; NITROGEN; YIELD; EFFICIENCY; DURATION AB Phosphorus deficiency generally decreases plant biomass accumulation by limiting interception of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) rather than reducing efficiency of conversion of PAR into dry matter. To document the role of P availability in leaf growth and senescence dynamics in maize (Zea mays L.), a 3-yr field experiment was conducted in southern France with very low, moderate, high, or very high soil test P levels. Leaf appearance rate, individual leaf area, and green fraction changes were recorded at weekly intervals. Rates and duration of expansion and senescence processes were derived independently from fitted logistic functions, Phosphorus deficiency slowed the rate of leaf appearance and reduced the final area of leaves located below the main ear by 18 to 27%, depending on year. The reduction in leaf expansion rates accounted for most of the area reduction over leaf position and years, Senescence rates of the lower leaves were reduced by 29%. The expansion and senescence dynamics of upper leaves were little affected by soil P level. The whole plant peak green leaf area was lower under P-stressed conditions (16%), and its date of occurrence was significantly delayed (6%), Plant senescence rate was reduced by 15 to 33% during most of the grain filling period, Leaf area duration from emergence to complete senescence was reduced by 13.5%, The early effects of P deficiency on leaf dynamics accounted for most of the 7 to 10% reduction in the amount of absorbed PAR, observed as soon as canopy development allowed maximum light interception. C1 INRA, F-31326 Castanet Tolosan, France. USDA ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, Temple, TX 76502 USA. RP Colomb, B (reprint author), INRA, BP 27, F-31326 Castanet Tolosan, France. NR 32 TC 32 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 92 IS 3 BP 428 EP 435 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 355UY UT WOS:000089408000006 ER PT J AU Beran, DD Masters, RA Gaussoin, RE Rivas-Pantoja, F AF Beran, DD Masters, RA Gaussoin, RE Rivas-Pantoja, F TI Establishment of big bluestem and Illinois bundleflower mixtures with imazapic and imazethapyr SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SWITCHGRASS; HERBICIDES; CULTIVARS; ATRAZINE; PRAIRIE; YIELD AB Weeds interfere with establishment of native grasses and legumes. A study was conducted to determine the influence of imazapic(1) [(+/-)-2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-5-methyl-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid] and imazethapyr [2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]5-ethyl-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid] on weed control and establishment of 'Pawnee' big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman var. gerardii Vitman) and Illinois bundleflower [Desmanthus illinoensis (Michx,) MacMill.] planted in three binary mixtures of 220:110, 165:165, and 110:220 pure live seed (PLS) m(-2). Mixtures were seeded st cropland sites near Clay Center, Mead, and Lincoln, NE. Imazapic and imazethapyr were applied at 70 g a.i. ha(-1) before planted species emerged. Imazapic or imazethapyr did not reduce dry matter yields of annual grass weeds, where herbicides were applied in April 1996 at Mead and Clay Center. Both grass and broadleaf weeds were controlled at Lincoln, where herbicides were applied in early June 1996, The herbicides usually improved big bluestem yields and total forage yields in 1996 and 1997 at all sites. Illinois bundleflower yields at Lincoln, where imazapic and imazethapyr were applied, were greater than 3.0 Mg ha(-1) in 1996 and 1997. In 1997, Illinois bundleflower did not survive at Mead and yielded less than 0.5 Mg ha(-1) at Clay Center, regardless of weed control treatment or seed mixture. Imazapic and imazethapyr can improve the establishment of big bluestem and Illinois bundleflower mixtures. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Hort, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Inst Nacl Invest Forestales & Agropecuarias, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico. RP Masters, RA (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 27 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 92 IS 3 BP 460 EP 465 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 355UY UT WOS:000089408000010 ER PT J AU Belesky, DP Turner, KE Ruckle, JM AF Belesky, DP Turner, KE Ruckle, JM TI Influence of nitrogen on productivity and nutritive value of forage chicory SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID GRASSLANDS-PUNA CHICORY; CICHORIUM-INTYBUS L; NITRATE; MANAGEMENT; GROWTH AB Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) is highly productive and responsive to N fertilization under midsummer conditions in the eastern USA. We conducted a field experiment for 3 yr on a Ramsey soil (loamy, siliceous, subactive, mesic Lithic Dystrudept) in southern West Virginia to determine if fertilizer N influenced forage chicory nutritive value and NO3-N concentration. Each N rate (0, 80, 160, 240, or 480 kg N ha(-1)) was replicated three times in a randomized block design. Swards were clipped at 6-wk intervals during the growing season. Swards were virtually pure chicory in the first year (1994) regardless of N rate. By the third year (1996), chicory ranged from about 40% (0 N) to less than 5% (480 kg N ha(-1)) of swards. Botanical composition changes in the sward influenced dry matter (DM) response to N rate and herbage nutritive value. Dry matter production increased with N rate in 1994, but was not affected by N in 1996 when chicory was not a major sward component. More than 70% of total annual DM production in 1994 occurred after the first harvest, but by 1996 was less than 50%, reflecting productivity patterns typical of cool-season swards. Nitrate concentrations in herbage were greatest (3.5 g kg(-1)) in 1995, a relatively dry year, and least (2.3 g kg(-1)) in 1996, when there was less chicory in the sward. Crude protein (CP) and in vitro organic matter disappearance (IVOMD) values indicated high forage quality throughout the course of the experiment. C1 USDA ARS, Apalachian Farming Syst Ctr, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. RP Belesky, DP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Apalachian Farming Syst Ctr, 1224 Airport Rd, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. NR 27 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 92 IS 3 BP 472 EP 478 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 355UY UT WOS:000089408000012 ER PT J AU Pratt, RG AF Pratt, RG TI Diseases caused by dematiaceous fungal pathogens as potential limiting factors for production of bermudagrass on swine effluent application sites SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID COASTAL BERMUDAGRASS; BROILER LITTER; PHOSPHORUS; NITROGEN; SOIL AB Plant diseases that reduce the survival and productivity of forage crops on animal waste disposal sites may limit removal of waste-derived nutrients in harvested hay. However, no studies have documented the occurrence and importance of plant diseases on waste disposal sites in the southeastern USA. During 1998, symptoms of leaf, stem, crown, and root necrosis were observed in common bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] on three swine waste disposal sites in Mississippi. Species of Exserohilum, Bipolaris, and Curvularia grew from 82 to 100% of leaf and stem tissues from symptomatic plants, and six species were identified among 266 isolates. E. rostratum (Drechs.) Leonard & Suggs and B. spicifera (Bainier) Subramanian were most frequent in samples from a severely diseased stand, and C. lunata (Wakk.) Boedijn and C. geniculata (Tracy & Earle) Boedijn were most frequent from moderately and slightly diseased stands. In inoculation experiments, E. rostratum was most virulent and caused extensive necrosis of bermudagrass leaves; B. stenospila (Drechs.) Shoemaker, B. cynodontis (Marignoni) Shoemaker, and B. spicifera were intermediate in virulence; and C. lunata and C. geniculata were least virulent. When samples of healthy and diseased bermudagrass from a severely diseased site were compared for forage production over three harvests in the greenhouse, mean dry matter yields of diseased grass were 37 to 52% of healthy yields. Results indicate that dematiaceous fungal diseases may cause stand decline and yield reduction of bermudagrass on swine effluent application sites, and that E. rostratum and Bipolaris spp. are the most damaging pathogens encountered to date. C1 USDA ARS, Crop Sci Res Lab, Waste Manage & Forage Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Pratt, RG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Crop Sci Res Lab, Waste Manage & Forage Res Unit, POB 5367, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 25 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 92 IS 3 BP 512 EP 517 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 355UY UT WOS:000089408000017 ER PT J AU Bauer, PJ Frederick, JR Bradow, JM Sadler, EJ Evans, DE AF Bauer, PJ Frederick, JR Bradow, JM Sadler, EJ Evans, DE TI Canopy photosynthesis and fiber properties of normal- and late-planted cotton SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID DATE; QUALITY; YIELD; LEAF AB Normal- and late-planted rotten (Gossypium hirsutum L.) often differ in fiber properties, especially those properties related to fiber secondary wall characteristics. This field study was conducted to (i) determine the effect of planting date on fiber properties of bells at two flowering times, and (ii) determine the relationship between fiber properties and canopy photosynthesis during development of those bells. Cotton ('Stoneville 453') was planted on 3 May and 3 June in 1995 and 3 May and 31 May in 1996. Canopy photosynthesis was measured 10 to 12 times on sunny days from initial flowering through the end of the season. Fiber properties were determined on first sympodial position bells that bloomed during the first and fourth week of flowering (WOF). Maximum canopy photosynthesis was 21% higher in 1996 than in 1995 and lint yield was 22% greater in 1996 than in 1995. Within each year, average maximum canopy photosynthesis did not differ between planting dates, although yield was approximately 30% lower for the late planting date each year. Bells from the first WOF generally had lower Lint percent, higher short fiber content, lower elongation, and lower whiteness index than bells from the fourth WOF. Micronaire, immature fiber fraction, and fiber cross-sectional area were linearly related to the amount of canopy photosynthesis that occurred from 15 to 45 d after flowering. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that assimilate supply influences cotton fiber properties associated with secondary wall characteristics. C1 USDA ARS, Coastal Plains Soil & Plant Res Cent, Florence, SC 29501 USA. Clemson Univ, Pee Dec Res & Educ Cent, Florence, SC 29506 USA. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Bauer, PJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Coastal Plains Soil & Plant Res Cent, 2611 W Lucas St, Florence, SC 29501 USA. NR 13 TC 30 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 92 IS 3 BP 518 EP 523 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 355UY UT WOS:000089408000018 ER PT J AU Danka, RG Villa, JD AF Danka, RG Villa, JD TI A survey of tracheal mite resistance levels in US commercial queen breeder colonies SO AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID HONEY-BEES; ACARAPIS-WOODI; APIS-MELLIFERA; INFESTATION; STOCKS AB Eight commercial queen producers from five states submitted brood from 6 to 19 breeder colonies each so that emerging bees could be evaluated for relative resistance to tracheal mites. Young, uninfested bees from each colony of an individual queen producer, and also from colonies of two reference stocks tone known to be resistant to tracheal mites and one known to be susceptible), were simultaneously exposed to mites in infested colonies, then retrieved and dissected to determine resulting mite infestations. Results for the breeder colonies were adjusted to the average results of the resistant and susceptible reference colonies with which they were tested. The 83 breeder colonies varied widely in their responses to tracheal mites. About two-thirds were statistically similar to the resistant reference and one-fourth were similar to the susceptible reference. Three queen producers had 30 of 31 breeder colonies that were classified as resistant. The other five queen producers had breeder colonies that were very variable and of which 40% were susceptible. These susceptible colonies were eliminated from the breeding population based on the test results. C1 USDA ARS, Honey Bee Breeding Genet & Physiol Res Lab, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 USA. RP Danka, RG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Honey Bee Breeding Genet & Physiol Res Lab, 1157 Ben Hur Rd, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 USA. NR 8 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU DADANT & SONS INC PI HAMILTON PA AMER BEE JOURNAL, HAMILTON, IL 62341 USA SN 0002-7626 J9 AM BEE J JI Am. Bee J. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 140 IS 5 BP 405 EP 407 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 308WD UT WOS:000086735100023 ER PT J AU Messonnier, ML Bergstrom, JC Cornwell, CM Teasley, RJ Cordell, HK AF Messonnier, ML Bergstrom, JC Cornwell, CM Teasley, RJ Cordell, HK TI Survey response-related biases in contingent valuation: Concepts, remedies, and empirical application to valuing aquatic plant management SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE survey research; contingent valuation; sample nonresponse bias; sample selection bias ID SAMPLE SELECTION BIAS; NONRESPONSE AB Sample nonresponse and selection biases that may occur in survey research such as contingent valuation applications are discussed and tested. Correction mechanisms for these types of biases are demonstrated. Results indicate the importance of testing and correcting for unit and item nonresponse bias in contingent valuation survey data. When sample nonresponse and selection bias go uncorrected, welfare measures map be overestimated or underestimated contributing to potential errors in resource policy and management decisions. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Agr & Appl Econ, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Econ, Athens, GA 30602 USA. US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, USDA, Athens, GA USA. RP Messonnier, ML (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Agr & Appl Econ, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 18 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 82 IS 2 BP 438 EP 450 DI 10.1111/0002-9092.00037 PG 13 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 317GG UT WOS:000087217200016 ER PT J AU Cooper, JC AF Cooper, JC TI Nonparametric and semi-nonparametric recreational demand analysis SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE bootstrap; count model; Fourier; kernel; nonparametric; PAVA; semi-nonparametric; travel cost method ID ASYMPTOTIC NORMALITY; MODELS; ESTIMATORS; VALUATION AB This paper addresses issues of specification testing for the travel cost method (TCM). Two nonparametric approaches to TCM analysis are presented. In addition, semi-nonparametric count models for TCM are developed. A numerical illustration is provided in which the three methods are applied to an actual TCM data set on waterfowl hunting and the results are compared to those from a parametric analysis. C1 USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Cooper, JC (reprint author), USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 31 TC 10 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 82 IS 2 BP 451 EP 462 DI 10.1111/0002-9092.00038 PG 12 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 317GG UT WOS:000087217200017 ER PT J AU Kelch, D AF Kelch, D TI Farm policy and trade conflict: The Uruguay round and CAP reform. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Book Review C1 USDA, ERS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Kelch, D (reprint author), USDA, ERS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 82 IS 2 BP 480 EP 485 PG 6 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 317GG UT WOS:000087217200020 ER PT J AU Booth, SL Tucker, KL Chen, HL Hannan, MT Gagnon, DR Cupples, LA Wilson, PWF Ordovas, J Schaefer, EJ Dawson-Hughes, B Kiel, DP AF Booth, SL Tucker, KL Chen, HL Hannan, MT Gagnon, DR Cupples, LA Wilson, PWF Ordovas, J Schaefer, EJ Dawson-Hughes, B Kiel, DP TI Dietary vitamin K intakes are associated with hip fracture but not with bone mineral density in elderly men and women SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE vitamin K; phylloquinone; osteoporosis; osteocalcin; apo E genotype; hip fracture; bone mineral density; elderly ID SERUM UNDERCARBOXYLATED OSTEOCALCIN; FOOD FREQUENCY QUESTIONNAIRE; APOLIPOPROTEIN-E; PHYLLOQUINONE VITAMIN-K-1; HEMODIALYSIS-PATIENTS; PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; FRAMINGHAM; RISK; OSTEOPOROSIS; POPULATION AB Background: Vitamin K has been associated with bone mineral density (BMD) and risk of hip fracture. The apolipoprotein (apo) E4 allele (APOE*E4) has been associated with bone fracture through a putative effect on vitamin K transport in blood. Objective: The objective was to determine the associations between vitamin K intake, apo E genotype, BMD, and hip fracture in a population-based cohort of elderly men and women. Design: Dietary vitamin K intake was assessed with a food-frequency questionnaire in 335 men and 553 women (average age: 75.2 y) participating in the Framingham Heart Study in 1988-1989. Incidence of hip fractures was recorded from 1988 to 1995. BMD at the hip, spine, and arm was assessed on 2 separate occasions (1988-1989 and 1992-1993). Comparisons between apo E genotype and BMD were made relative to E4 allele status (at least 1 epsilon 4 allele compared with no epsilon 4 allele). Results: Individuals in the highest quartile of vitamin K intake (median: 254 mu g/d) had a significantly lower fully adjusted relative risk (0.35; 95% CI: 0.13, 0.94) of hip fracture than did those in the lowest quartile of intake (median: 56 mu g/d). There were no associations between vitamin K intake and BMD in either men or women. No association was found between the E4 allele and BMD, and there were no significant interactions between the E4 allele and phylloquinone intake and BMD or hip fracture. Conclusions: Low vitamin K intakes were associated with an increased incidence of hip fractures in this cohort of elderly men and women. Neither low vitamin K intake nor E4 allele status was associated with low BMD. C1 Tufts Univ, JM USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Hebrew Rehabil Ctr Aged Res, Div Aging, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Training Inst, Div Aging, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Boston, MA 02215 USA. NHLBI, Framingham, MA USA. RP Booth, SL (reprint author), Tufts Univ, JM USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RI Tucker, Katherine/A-4545-2010; OI Kiel, Douglas/0000-0001-8474-0310; Tucker, Katherine/0000-0001-7640-662X; Chen, Honglei/0000-0003-3446-7779; Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [N01-HC-38038]; NIAMS NIH HHS [R01 AR/AG 41398] NR 44 TC 204 Z9 218 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 71 IS 5 BP 1201 EP 1208 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 306HH UT WOS:000086590900026 PM 10799384 ER PT J AU Klevay, LM AF Klevay, LM TI Dietary copper and risk of coronary heart disease SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Letter ID ZINC; DEPLETION; PLASMA C1 USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Klevay, LM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, POB 9034, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 14 TC 11 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 71 IS 5 BP 1213 EP 1214 PG 2 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 306HH UT WOS:000086590900033 PM 10799391 ER PT J AU Butte, NF AF Butte, NF TI Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in pregnancy: normal compared with gestational diabetes mellitus SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Maternal Nutrition - New Developments and Implications CY JUN 11-12, 1998 CL CNIT PARIS DEF, PARIS, FRANCE SP Ctr Res & Informat Nutr, French Coll Obstet & Gynecol, Int Ctr Childhood & Family, French Secretary State hlth, CNIT Paris Def HO CNIT PARIS DEF DE carbohydrate; lipid; metabolism; pregnancy; gestational diabetes mellitus; insulin sensitivity; women ID FETAL GROWTH; LONGITUDINAL CHANGES; MATERNAL METABOLISM; GLUCOSE-PRODUCTION; MENSTRUAL-CYCLE; WOMEN; LEPTIN; INSULIN; MANAGEMENT; REPRODUCTION AB This article reviews maternal metabolic strategies for accommodating fetal nutrient requirements in normal pregnancy and in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Pregnancy is characterized by a progressive increase in nutrient-stimulated insulin responses despite an only minor deterioration in glucose tolerance, consistent with progressive insulin resistance. The hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic glucose clamp technique and intravenous-glucose-tolerance test have indicated that insulin action in late normal pregnancy is 50-70% lower than in nonpregnant women. Metabolic adaptations do not fully compensate in GDM and glucose intolerance ensues. GDM may reflect a predisposition to type 2 diabetes or may be an extreme manifestation of metabolic alterations that normally occur in pregnancy. In normal pregnant women, basal endogenous hepatic glucose production (R-a) was shown to increase by 16-30% to meet the increasing needs of the placenta and fetus. Total gluconeogenesis is increased in late gestation, although the fractional contribution of total gluconeogenesis to R-a, quantified from H-2 enrichment on carbon 5 of glucose (65-85%), does not differ in pregnant women after a 16-h fast. Endogenous hepatic glucose production was shown to remain sensitive to increased insulin concentration in normal pregnancy (96% suppression), but is less sensitive in GDM (80%). Commensurate with the increased rate of glucose appearance, an increased contribution of carbohydrate to oxidative metabolism has been observed in late pregnancy compared with pregravid states. The 24-h respiratory quotient is significantly higher in late pregnancy than postpartum. Recent advances in carbohydrate metabolism during pregnancy suggest that preventive measures should be aimed at improving insulin sensitivity in women predisposed to GDM. Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms and consequences of alterations in lipid metabolism during pregnancy. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Butte, NF (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Dept Pediat, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 49 TC 153 Z9 159 U1 0 U2 24 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 71 IS 5 SU S BP 1256S EP 1261S PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 307GA UT WOS:000086644000007 PM 10799399 ER PT J AU Ritchie, LD King, JC AF Ritchie, LD King, JC TI Dietary calcium and pregnancy-induced hypertension: is there a relation? SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Maternal Nutrition - New Developments and Implications CY JUN 11-12, 1998 CL CNIT PARIS DEF, PARIS, FRANCE SP Ctr Res & Informat Nutr, French Coll Obstet & Gynecol, Int Ctr Childhood & Family, French Secretary State hlth, CNIT Paris Def HO CNIT PARIS DEF DE dietary calcium; calcium supplementation; pregnancy; blood pressure; pregnancy-induced hypertension; gestational hypertension; preeclampsia; eclampsia ID RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS; INTRACELLULAR FREE CALCIUM; BLOOD-PRESSURE; PARATHYROID-HORMONE; CLINICAL-TRIAL; ANGIOTENSIN-II; VITAMIN-D; SUPPLEMENTATION; PREECLAMPSIA; WOMEN AB The evidence that calcium plays a role in the etiology, prevention, and treatment of pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) is reviewed. The precise factors involved in the pathogenesis of PIH are unclear, but several alterations in calcium metabolism have been identified. Epidemiologic data suggest an inverse correlation between dietary calcium intake and incidence of PIH. Although evidence suggests a possible beneficial effect of supplemental calcium, contradictions persist in clinical trials of pregnant women. Presently, there is insufficient evidence to support routine calcium supplementation of all pregnant women. However, high-risk groups, such as pregnant teens, populations with inadequate calcium intake, and women at risk of developing PIH, may benefit from consuming additional dietary calcium. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Nutr Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Ritchie, LD (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Nutr Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 38 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 71 IS 5 SU S BP 1371S EP 1374S PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 307GA UT WOS:000086644000023 PM 10799415 ER PT J AU Mosley, AR James, SR Rykbost, KA Hane, DC Stanger, CE Shock, CC Pavek, JJ Corsini, DL Miller, JC Love, SL Thornton, RE Holm, DG Voss, RE AF Mosley, AR James, SR Rykbost, KA Hane, DC Stanger, CE Shock, CC Pavek, JJ Corsini, DL Miller, JC Love, SL Thornton, RE Holm, DG Voss, RE TI Century Russet: A high-yielding fresh market cultivar with Verticillium resistance SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF POTATO RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Solanum tuberosum; variety AB Century Russet, a high-yielding, late-maturing variety suitable for fresh tablestock use, was jointly released in 1995 by Agricultural Experiment Stations in Oregon, Idaho, Washington, Colorado, California, and Texas and the USDA Agricultural Research Service. Extremely high yields have been observed for Century Russet in variety trials conducted in Oregon and throughout the western United States under a wide range of soil and climatic conditions. Century Russet produced 40 percent higher marketable yields than Russet Burbank and 67 percent higher marketable yields than Russet Norkotah in 11 regional trials conducted over a three-year period in seven western states, Uniform tuber shape, high yields of count carton sizes, and attractive tuber appearance make Century Russet well suited for the fresh market industry. It is not recommended for chipping or processing into frozen products because of low solids and dark fry color. Century Russet is highly resistant to Verticillium wilt and consistently develops less hollow heart, brown center, and other internal defects than Russet Burbank. It requires more time between vine kill and harvest than Russet Burbank for adequate tuber maturity and skin set. Bruised Century Russet tubers are susceptible to early blight and Fusarium infection. C1 Oregon State Univ, Cent Oregon Agr Res Ctr, Madras, OR 97741 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Malheur Expt Stn, Klamath Falls, OR 97614 USA. Univ Idaho, ARS, USDA, Aberdeen R&E Ctr, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Hort Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Washington State Univ, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Colorado State Univ, San Luis Valley Res Ctr, Center, CO 81125 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Vegetable Crops, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP James, SR (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Cent Oregon Agr Res Ctr, 850 NW Dogwood Lane, Madras, OR 97741 USA. NR 2 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU POTATO ASSOC AMER PI ORONO PA UNIV MAINE, 5715 COBURN HALL, RM 6, ORONO, ME 04469-5715 USA SN 0003-0589 J9 AM J POTATO RES JI Am. J. Potato Res. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 77 IS 3 BP 161 EP 165 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 315VH UT WOS:000087133300003 ER PT J AU Yencho, GC Kowalski, SP Kennedy, GG Sanford, LL AF Yencho, GC Kowalski, SP Kennedy, GG Sanford, LL TI Segregation of leptine glycoalkaloids and resistance to Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)) in F2 Solanum tuberosum (4x) x S-chacoense (4x) potato progenies SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF POTATO RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE insect resistance; host plant resistance; plant breeding; solanine; chaconine; leptinine ID PROTECTION; BITTER AB Solanum chacoense Bitter is resistant to the Colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). Resistance has been associated with the presence of a rare class of glycoalkaloids, the leptines. In this study, seven tetraploid, F2 S. tuberosum x S. chacoense families were evaluated for foliar production of leptines I and II, leptinines I and II, and alpha-solanine and alpha-chaconine; and screened for resistance to CPB in the laboratory and field. Resistance was correlated with the concentrations of glycoalkaloids on a family and an individual basis. Leptine concentrations ranged from undetectable to a high of 18.0 mg/g dry weight. All of the progeny produced solanine and chaconine. Family 9623 had the highest mean leptine concentration and the lowest mean leaf disk feeding and CPB defoliation levels. Family 9616 had the lowest mean glycoalkaloid concentration and ranked as one of the most susceptible families. Regression analyses of solanine + chaconine, leptine I and II, and leptinine I and II foliar concentrations versus leaf disk consumption and field defoliation revealed that only increased foliar levels of leptines resulted in decreased CPB feeding. The regression models for leptines versus leaf disk consumption and field defoliation were highly significant, accounting for 17% and 26% of the variation in consumption and defoliation, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work reporting the impact of leptine and leptinine concentrations on CPB feeding in tetraploid, S. tuberosum x S. chacoense potato hybrids. Results are discussed within the context of breeding for resistance to CPB. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Vernon James Res & Extens Ctr, Dept Hort Sci, Plymouth, NC 27962 USA. ARS, USDA, Inst Plant Sci, Vegetable Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Entomol, Raleigh, NC 27965 USA. RP Yencho, GC (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Vernon James Res & Extens Ctr, Dept Hort Sci, 207 Res Stn Rd, Plymouth, NC 27962 USA. NR 27 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU POTATO ASSOC AMER PI ORONO PA UNIV MAINE, 5715 COBURN HALL, RM 6, ORONO, ME 04469-5715 USA SN 0003-0589 J9 AM J POTATO RES JI Am. J. Potato Res. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 77 IS 3 BP 167 EP 178 PG 12 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 315VH UT WOS:000087133300004 ER PT J AU Bamberg, JB AF Bamberg, JB TI Germination of gibberellin sensitive Solanum (potato) botanical seeds soaked in GA(3) and re-dried SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF POTATO RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE genebank; hormones; germplasm; acaule; dwarf AB Soaking true seeds of potato species in gibberellin (GA) solution prior to sowing has been shown to enhance germination. However, it is often more convenient to sow dry seeds. Model seedlots were selected which had very high germination when soaked in GA and very low without it (i.e., very dependent on GA). These were assumed to provide a sensitive test for germination decline when GA-treated seeds are re-dried. Re-drying and storage for one week had little effect on final percent germination and no effect on the efficacy of GA for enhancing germination. There appears to be little risk in applying this technique whenever it makes seed sowing more convenient. C1 ARS, USDA, US Potato Genbank, Sturgeon Bay, WI 54235 USA. RP Bamberg, JB (reprint author), ARS, USDA, US Potato Genbank, NRSP-6,4312 Hwy 42, Sturgeon Bay, WI 54235 USA. NR 7 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU POTATO ASSOC AMER PI ORONO PA UNIV MAINE, 5715 COBURN HALL, RM 6, ORONO, ME 04469-5715 USA SN 0003-0589 J9 AM J POTATO RES JI Am. J. Potato Res. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 77 IS 3 BP 201 EP 202 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 315VH UT WOS:000087133300008 ER PT J AU Block, G Miller, M Harnack, L Kayman, S Mandel, S Cristofar, S AF Block, G Miller, M Harnack, L Kayman, S Mandel, S Cristofar, S TI An interactive CD-ROM for nutrition screening and counseling SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID BEHAVIORS; MODEL AB Objectives. The goal of this project was to develop an interactive CDROM for nutrition screening and counseling, designed to produce dietary behavior change in fat and fruit and vegetable intake. Methods. The design was based on principles of relevance to the learner, readiness for change, feedback, individualization, facilitation of skills, and goal setting. It was tested in community settings such as libraries, senior centers, and Women, Infants, and Children clinics. Results. Nearly 80% of the respondents (n = 284), including numerous low-income persons, reported learning something new about nutrition and health or their own dietary habits. More than 50% of those recontacted 2 to 4 weeks later had put some of their dietary goals into practice. Conclusions. This program is useful for dietary screening, feedback, skill building, and motivation in settings in which in-person counseling by nutrition professionals is not feasible. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Interact Design & Dev Inc, Blacksburg, VA USA. Univ Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA. Kaiser Permanente Med Care Program, Oakland, CA USA. USDA, Food & Nutr Serv, Alexandria, VA USA. RP Block, G (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, 426 Warren Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Block, Gladys/E-3304-2010; Kim, Hyung Woo /G-7525-2011 NR 23 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD MAY PY 2000 VL 90 IS 5 BP 781 EP 785 DI 10.2105/AJPH.90.5.781 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 308VN UT WOS:000086733700021 PM 10800430 ER PT J AU Frank, GH Briggs, RE Loan, RW Purdy, CW Zehr, ES AF Frank, GH Briggs, RE Loan, RW Purdy, CW Zehr, ES TI Effects of tilmicosin treatment on Pasteurella haemolytica organisms in nasal secretion specimens of calves with respiratory tract disease SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID MACROLIDE ANTIBIOTIC TILMICOSIN; CALF PNEUMONIA; INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION; COLONIZATION; EFFICACY; TONSILS; CATTLE; OXYTETRACYCLINE; NASOPHARYNX; VACCINATION AB Objective-To determine the effect of tilmicosin treatment on number of Pasteurella haemolytica (PH) organisms in nasal secretion specimens of calves with respiratory tract disease. Animals-206 British mixed-breed beef calves, 2 to 5 months old. Procedure-In 2 separate studies of outbreaks, calves (study 1, n = 101; study 2, n = 105) that developed respiratory tract disease after transport to a feedlot were treated with tilmicosin. Nasal secretion specimens were examined for PH organisms to determine the status of colonization. Results-In both studies, PH serotypes A1 and A6 were isolated. In study 1, tilmicosin treatment eliminated or markedly reduced the number of PH organisms in calves on days 1, 4, and 5 after treatment. In study 2, tilmicosin treatment eliminated PH organisms in calves on days 1, 2, 5, and 6 after treatment. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Overall, tilmicosin treatment increased the number of culture-positive calves that became culture-negative and decreased the number of culture-negative calves that became culture-positive for up to 6 days after treatment. Tilmicosin treatment decreased the number of PH organisms in nasal secretion specimens, which indicated that fewer PH organisms were available to infect the lungs or to infect other calves. By reducing colonization, prophylactic use of tilmicosin before transport or at the time of arrival at a feedlot is likely to reduce the incidence of acute respiratory tract disease in calves for the initial several days after arrival, which is the period when they are most susceptible to infectious organisms. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Texas Vet Med Ctr, Dept Vet Pathobiol, Coll Vet Med, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. USDA ARS, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. RP Frank, GH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 27 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 61 IS 5 BP 525 EP 529 DI 10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.525 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 309UH UT WOS:000086787300009 PM 10803647 ER PT J AU Griffith, SM AF Griffith, SM TI Changes in dry matter, carbohydrate and seed yield resulting from lodging in three temperate grass species SO ANNALS OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE tall fescue; Festuca arundinacea Schreber.; Italian ryegrass; Lolium multiflorum Lam.; perennial ryegrass; L-perenne L.; assimilate partitioning; source-sink ID LOLIUM-PERENNE; STEM; RYEGRASS; NITROGEN; GROWTH; CROP; LEAF AB The adverse effect of lodging on grass seed yield may be attributed, in part, to assimilate limitation during the seed filling period. This investigation examined plant dry matter assimilate partitioning and seed yield as affected by lodging in three species thar are closely related but phenotypically different: tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreber.), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), and perennial ryegrass (L. perenne L.). Studies were performed in field plots at Corvailis, Oregon, USA. Seed yield components (seed number per inflorescence, seed yield per inflorescence. and single seed mass) and leaf, stem (lower, middle, and peduncle) and seed inflorescence dry mass were measured just prior to anthesis to seed maturity. Dry mass and water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) were determined for shoot components. The reduction in dry mass and WSC in leaves and stem components following anthesis was often greater in lodged plants compared to upright plants. The relatively low seed yield depression in lodged tall Fescue suggested a higher compensation potential for partitioning reserve assimilate from leaves and stems to support seed growth and development. This potential does not appear to be present to the same degree in Italian ryegrass and to an even lesser extent in perennial ryegrass. These findings suggest that the potential to compensate for reduced assimilate supply during the period of high assimilate demand by seeds may be attributed, in part, to the total assimilate reserve accumulated prior to photoassimilate reduction caused by the lodged condition. (C) 2000 Annals of Botany Company. C1 Natl Forage Seed Prod Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Griffith, SM (reprint author), Natl Forage Seed Prod Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 23 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0305-7364 J9 ANN BOT-LONDON JI Ann. Bot. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 85 IS 5 BP 675 EP 680 DI 10.1006/anbo.2000.1125 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 313HW UT WOS:000086995100011 ER PT J AU Nardini, A Salleo, S Tyree, MT Vertovec, M AF Nardini, A Salleo, S Tyree, MT Vertovec, M TI Influence of the ectomycorrhizas formed by Tuber melanosporum Vitt. on hydraulic conductance and water relations of Quercus ilex L. seedlings SO ANNALS OF FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE hydraulic conductance; water relations; ectomycorrhiza; Quercus ilex L.; HPFM ID VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZA; PRESSURE-BOMB TECHNIQUE; DOUGLAS-FIR SEEDLINGS; DROUGHT STRESS; GROWTH; ROOT; WHEAT; CONDUCTIVITY; PHOSPHORUS; TURGOR AB The physiological impact of ectomycorrhizal infection was investigated in the association between Tuber melanosporum Vitt. and Quercus ilex L. A number of physiological parameters were investigated on 2-year-old seedlings inoculated for 22 months (I-seedlings) compared to non-inoculated plants (NI-seedlings). I-seedlings had a 100% infection rate in root tips compared to a 25% infection rate in root tips of NT-seedlings. I-seedlings had higher values of net assimilation and stomatal conductance than NI-seedlings. Root hydraulic conductance per unit root surface area of I seedlings was much reduced to 0.44x that of NI-seedlings but had 2.5x more fine root surface area than NI-seedlings. When root conductance was scaled by leaf area, the I-seedlings had 1.27x the root conductance per unit leaf area compared to NI-seedlings. I-seedlings also had significantly higher hydraulic conductances of shoots with leaves, of shoots without leaves and lower leaf blade hydraulic resistances. C1 Univ Trieste, Dipartimento Biol, I-34127 Trieste, Italy. US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Expt Stn, Burlington, VT 05402 USA. RP Nardini, A (reprint author), Univ Trieste, Dipartimento Biol, Via L Giorgieri 10, I-34127 Trieste, Italy. RI Nardini, Andrea/C-6525-2009 NR 47 TC 34 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 15 PU EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER PI PARIS CEDEX 15 PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS CEDEX 15, FRANCE SN 1286-4560 J9 ANN FOR SCI JI Ann. For. Sci. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 57 IS 4 BP 305 EP 312 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 323QY UT WOS:000087577500001 ER PT J AU Evans, JD Pettis, JS Shimanuki, H AF Evans, JD Pettis, JS Shimanuki, H TI Mitochondrial DNA relationships in an emergent pest of honey bees: Aethina tumida (Coleoptera : Nitidulidae) from the United States and Africa SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Apis mellifera; Aethina tumida; mtDNA; phylogeny; invasive pest; molecular systematics ID CYTOCHROME-OXIDASE-I; SEQUENCE DATA; HYMENOPTERA; PHYLOGENY AB The hive beetle Aethina tumida Murray is a new pest of honey bee colonies in North America. Specimens of A. tunida were collected throughout its current range in the southeastern United States, and from several sites in South Africa. A 1018-bp section of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I gene was amplified and sequenced in 26 beetles collected from Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina, and in 14 beetles collected from seven sites in South Africa. Mitochondrial DNA variation between all A. tumida samples was <0.8%, which was still considered within the range expected for a single species. The U.S. samples showed two distinct haplotypes, differing by 6 bp (0.6%). Both haplotypes were found across and within several geographic regions, a result consistent with a single introduction into the United States. However, a broad survey of 151 beetles from their new range revealed significant heterogeneity in haplotype frequencies, perhaps resulting from multiple introductions. Although the data do not allow a precise estimate of the point from which A. tumida were accidentally exported from Africa, the close genetic similarity between beetles from the United States and South Africa indicates that studies conducted on beetle physiology, parasites, and pathogens in South Africa will have a direct bearing on populations now found in the United States. C1 ARS, USDA, Bee Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Evans, JD (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Bee Res Lab, Blg 476 BARC-E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Evans, Jay/C-8408-2012 OI Evans, Jay/0000-0002-0036-4651 NR 19 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 93 IS 3 BP 415 EP 420 DI 10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[0415:MDRIAE]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 359VC UT WOS:000089631900011 ER PT J AU Horton, DR Lewis, TM AF Horton, DR Lewis, TM TI Seasonal distribution of Anthocoris spp. and Deraeocoris brevis (Heteroptera : Anthocoridae, Miridae) in orchard and non-orchard habitats of central Washington SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Heteroptera; Anthocoridae; Miridae; Orius; overwintering; pear psylla ID NATURAL ENEMIES; HOMOPTERA; APHIDIDAE; PREDATORS AB Occurrence of Anthocoris tomentosus Pericart, A. antevolens White, A. whitei Reuter, and Deraeocoris brevis (Uhler) in non-orchard habitats is described for areas adjacent to the pear growing regions of Yakima, WA. The four species were found on a number of tree and shrub species, especially willow, cottonwood, oak, alder, aspen, poplar, and bitterbrush. The four predators differed in degree of specialization. A. whitei was found almost exclusively on antelope bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata Pursh), apparently in close association with an unidentified psyllid. The other two anthocorids were more generalized, but differed in occurrence on some tree species. Adult and immature A. antevolens were common on oak, cottonwood, and poplar. Conversely, A. tomentosus was comparatively uncommon on these species, but was more abundant than A, antevolens on the neighboring willows; immatures of A. tomentosus were never recovered from oak. Adult and immature D. brevis were collected from several species not shown to support populations of Anthocoris spp., suggesting that the mirid is more of a generalist than the anthocorids. Anthocoris spp. were rare in apple orchards, whereas D. brevis was common there. A. tomentosus and A. antevolens showed distinct seasonal changes in plant use. Both species congregated on willow catkins beginning in March, but began to appear on summer hosts (oak, cottonwood, alder, aspen, poplar) in May and June. Some of the movement from willow may have been a result of the disappearance of a univoltine psyllid from this host plant. Traps composed of corrugated cardboard were placed at different sites to collect overwintering predators. A. antevolens and D. brevis were more broadly distributed among plant species than A. tomentosus or A. whitei (the latter restricted to pear and bitterbrush). A. antevolens was very abundant in traps collected from poplar and, cottonwood, apparently because both tree species are important sources of late-summer prey. for this predator. Other miscellaneous Anthocoridae and Deraeocoris spp, were collected while sampling, and lists of these species are provided. Orius tristicolor (White) was common at several sites, and was easily the most abundant anthocorid. in overwintering traps at one intensively sampled orchard. This species was particularly abundant in traps placed in peach trees. Overwintering sea ratios of D. brevis, Anthocoris spp., and O. tristicolor were moderately to strongly female-biased. C1 ARS, USDA, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. RP Horton, DR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. NR 45 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 7 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 93 IS 3 BP 476 EP 485 DI 10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[0476:SDOASA]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 359VC UT WOS:000089631900019 ER PT J AU Zhu, YC Burd, JD Elliott, NC Greenstone, MH AF Zhu, YC Burd, JD Elliott, NC Greenstone, MH TI Specific ribosomal DNA marker for early polymerase chain reaction detection of Aphelinus hordei (Hymenoptera : Aphelinidae) and Aphidius colemani (Hymenoptera : Aphidiidae) from Diuraphis noxia (Homoptera : Aphididae) SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Aphelinus hordei; Aphidius colemani; Diuraphis noxia; biological control; parasitoid; polymerase chain reaction ID DRYLAND CROPPING SYSTEMS; GREAT-PLAINS; PARASITOIDS; BRACONIDAE; SEARCH AB To monitor aphid parasitism by Aphelinus hordei (Kurdjumov) and Aphidius colemani Viereck, we developed specific ribosomal DNA markers to distinguish them from several other cereal aphid parasitoid species and two important host species, the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), and the greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani). Ribosomal DNA sequences for the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) were first cloned and sequenced from A. hordei, A. albipodus Hayat & Fatima, A. asychis Walker, A. varipes (Foerster), A. colemani, D. noxia, and S. graminum. We designed specific primers based on the ITS2 sequences. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of wasp and aphid DNA using these primers, followed by agarose gel electrophoresis, successfully distinguishes A. hordei and A. colemani from all three other Aphelinus species and two aphid species. A 411-bp nucleotide fragment and a 571-bp fragment were amplified only from A. hordei and from A. colemani, respectively, and no such fragments were amplified from any other wasp species or aphids. DNA could be detected at a level as low as 10(-3) adult wasp equivalent for A. hordei and 5 x 10(-4) adult wasp equivalent for A. colemani. The DNA of both species was detectable in parasitized D. noxia 24 h after initial contact with adult parasitoid pairs. C1 ARS, Plant Sci & Water Conservat Res Lab, USDA, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. RP Greenstone, MH (reprint author), ARS, Plant Sci & Water Conservat Res Lab, USDA, 1310 N Western St, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. NR 24 TC 21 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 7 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 93 IS 3 BP 486 EP 491 DI 10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[0486:SRDMFE]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 359VC UT WOS:000089631900020 ER PT J AU Jones, SR AF Jones, SR TI Hair suitability and selection during oviposition by Hypoderma lineatum (Diptera : Oestridae) SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Hypoderma lineatum; oviposition; hair selection; hair suitability; ovipositor ID WARBLE FLY AB Tethered females of the common cattle grub, Hypoderma lineatum (Villers), were allowed to oviposit on Hereford calves. The diameters of hairs selected for oviposition were compared with the diameters of randomly sampled hairs from the back of each animal. Also, the number of eggs attached to a hair was compared with the diameter of the hair to which they were attached. The mean diameter of hairs selected for oviposition was 0.07 +/- 0.002 mm, whereas the mean diameter of randomly sampled hairs was 0.04 +/- 0.001 mm. These means were significantly different, demonstrating that H. lineatum females rejected the more abundant narrow diameter hairs in favor of the relatively scarce larger diameter hairs during oviposition. The number of eggs deposited per hair increased lineally with increasing hair diameter, again demonstrating a propensity for selection of large diameter hairs during oviposition. Measurements of the circular area formed by the opposing, concave, hair grasping surfaces of the 9th sternites and 10th tergites resulted in a mean diameter of 0.10 +/- 0.01 mm, conforming to the diameter of the largest hairs selected during oviposition. The possible selective advantages driving hair selection by H. lineatum are discussed as well as characteristics related to hair suitability and ovipositor tip morphology. C1 ARS, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res Lab, USDA, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. RP Jones, SR (reprint author), ARS, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res Lab, USDA, 2700 Fredericksburg Rd, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 93 IS 3 BP 525 EP 528 DI 10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[0525:HSASDO]2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 359VC UT WOS:000089631900025 ER PT J AU Adams, TS AF Adams, TS TI Effect of diet and mating status on ovarian development in a predaceous stink bug Perillus bioculatus (Hemiptera : Pentatomidae) SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Perillus bioculatus; gonotrophic cycles; ovary scores ID COLORADO POTATO BEETLE; RHODNIUS-PROLIXUS; EGG-PRODUCTION; INDUCTION; RELEASE; INSECTS; HETEROPTERA AB A method is presented to quantitatively score the degree of ovarian maturation in a predacious pentatomid with asynchronous follicle development. The effects of artificial diet and mating status on ovarian maturation rates were examined. Ovarian scores were not influenced by mating status but were significantly lower in females fed the artificial diet. Ovarian follicles start forming when females are 2.3 d old, reaching a peak at 4.5 d. In controls, the rate of new follicle formation decreases after the onset of vitellogenesis. By 4.5 d, all control ovarioles contained at least 1 vitellogenic follicle, and by 9.5 d all ovarioles had chorionated follicles. in contrast, females fed the artificial diet had 40% of the ovarioles with a vitellogenic and chorionated follicle at 10.5 d of age. Mating started when females were 3.5 d old and correlated with the start of vitellogenesis. Two peaks in mating were observed, one at 4.5 d and the other at 9.5 d. Regulatory mechanisms for oogenesis are discussed. C1 ARS, State Univ Stn, USDA, BRL, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Adams, TS (reprint author), ARS, State Univ Stn, USDA, BRL, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 36 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 93 IS 3 BP 529 EP 535 DI 10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[0529:EODAMS]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 359VC UT WOS:000089631900026 ER PT J AU Morales-Ramos, JA Rojas, MG Sittertz-Bhatkar, H Saldana, G AF Morales-Ramos, JA Rojas, MG Sittertz-Bhatkar, H Saldana, G TI Symbiotic relationship between Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera : Scolytidae) and Fusarium solani (Moniliales : Tuberculariaceae) SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Hypothenemus hampei; mycangia; symbiosis; coffee berry borer; ambrosia; ergosterol ID ERGOSTEROL AB We found evidence of a symbiotic relationship between Fusarium solani (Martius) and Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari). Females of H. hampei colonizing coffee beans infested with F. solani produced significantly more progeny than those colonizing sterile beans. Beans infested by F, solani had significant amounts of ergosterol, which was not present in sterile beans. Fecundity and survival of H. hampei was positively correlated with the content of ergosterol in their diet. Other evidence of symbiosis includes the presence of F. solani spores caught in cuticular protuberances, known as asperites, on the pronotal area of female H. hampei. The asperites are nat and arranged in a radial pattern presenting a pronounced inclination directed to the center of this radial pattern which originates at a protuberance on the pronotal area. The asperites appear to increase the chances of fungal deposition on the pronotum when female beetles Lore into infested coffee beans. The existence of a mutualistic association between H. hampei and F, solani and the role of the pronotal structures as primitive mycangia are discussed. C1 ARS, Formosan Subterr Termite Res Unit, USDA, SRRC, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Ctr Electron Microscopy, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. ARS, Beneficial Insects Res Unit, USDA, SARC, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Morales-Ramos, JA (reprint author), ARS, Formosan Subterr Termite Res Unit, USDA, SRRC, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. OI Morales-Ramos, Juan/0000-0002-3506-3859 NR 32 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 2 U2 12 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 93 IS 3 BP 541 EP 547 DI 10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[0541:SRBHHC]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 359VC UT WOS:000089631900028 ER PT J AU Shelly, TE AF Shelly, TE TI Fecundity of female oriental fruit flies (Diptera : Tephritidae): Effects of methyl eugenol-fed and multiple mates SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Bactrocera dorsalis; oviposition; fecundity ID DACUS-CUCURBITAE DIPTERA; MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT; DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; CERATITIS-CAPITATA; SPERM COMPETITION; MATING FREQUENCY; FLY DIPTERA; MELON FLY; BEHAVIOR; PROGENY AB Females of the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), show a strong mating preference for males that have fed previously on methyl eugenol, a compound occurring naturally in various plant families. The current study compared fecundity and fertility (proportion of eggs hatching) of individual females mated to methyl eugenol-deprived males (control) or methyl eugenol-fed males (treated). Based on data collected over an 8-wk period, no differences were detected in female survival, fecundity, or fertility between females mated to control or treated males. In a second experiment, female remating frequency was monitored, and the fecundity of singly versus multiply mated females was compared. Approximately 50% of females remated over 8 wk, and multiple maters laid significantly more eggs than did single maters. Possible explanations for the female preference For methyl eugenol-fed males and the difference in fecundity observed between singly and multiply mated females are discussed. C1 APHIS, USDA, Waimanalo, HI 96795 USA. Univ Hawaii, Hawaiian Evolutionary Biol Program, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Shelly, TE (reprint author), APHIS, USDA, POB 1040, Waimanalo, HI 96795 USA. NR 40 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 6 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 93 IS 3 BP 559 EP 564 DI 10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[0559:FOFOFF]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 359VC UT WOS:000089631900031 ER PT J AU Sappington, TW Spurgeon, DW AF Sappington, TW Spurgeon, DW TI Preferred technique for adult sex determination of the boll weevil (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE boll weevil; Anthonomus grandis; sex determination AB Determining the sex of Loll weevil adults is complicated LS the lack of a discreet, gender-specific, externally visible character. However, the posterior edge of the male's 8th tergite is distinctively notched and can be revealed by gentle probing. Although completely accurate as originally described 35 yr ago, this method has not gained wide acceptance because of the perception that it is too slow for processing large numbers of weevils, and because the original illustrations are not entirely adequate. Here we illustrate the tergal-notch method of sexing with photographs and interpretive drawings. This method is quickly learned and fast enough for most applications. Experienced users in our laboratories routinely sex 200-300 weevils per hour. The common alternative technique of sexing by relative snout characteristics is only 88-90% accurate. C1 ARS, Integrated Farming & Nat Resources Res Unit, USDA, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Sappington, TW (reprint author), ARS, Integrated Farming & Nat Resources Res Unit, USDA, 2413 E Highway 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 32 TC 32 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 93 IS 3 BP 610 EP 615 DI 10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[0610:PTFASD]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 359VC UT WOS:000089631900038 ER PT J AU Horton, DR Hinojosa, T Lewis, TM AF Horton, DR Hinojosa, T Lewis, TM TI Mating preference, mating propensity, and reproductive traits in Anthocoris nemoralis (Heteroptera : Anthocoridae): A comparison of California and United Kingdom populations SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Anthocoris nemoralis; mating activity; assortative mating; preoviposition period; invasive species; biological control ID BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; SEXUAL ISOLATION; PSYLLIDAE; PREDATOR; HEMIPTERA; HOMOPTERA; SELECTION; HOM AB The predatory bug Anthocoris nemoralis (F.) is a common species native to Europe that has become established in several areas of North America. The objectives of this study were to determine whether North American and European insects differed in aspects of mating activity and reproduction. We compared mating preferences, mating propensities, and some life history traits between a European (England) and North American (San Francisco Bay area) population of A. nemoralis; the North American population colonized the source locale apparently between 10 and 30 yr ago. In no-choice and choice assays, the insects showed no preference for mating with insects from the some source population. Both types of assays indicated that insects from the two sources differed in mating propensities: UK females were less likely to mate during a 30-min assay than females from California (irrespective of male source); and California males were less likely to mate than males from the UK (regardless of female source). More than 80% of mated females matured ovaries from all population crosses. Copulation duration was shorter in pairings involving California males (13.8 min) than matings involving UK males (16.9 min). The preoviposition period averaged approximate to 3 d for females from both populations. Insects of both sexes from both populations were able to mate within 24-48 h of adult eclosion. Younger males of both populations copulated longer and were less likely to prompt ovarian maturation in the female than older males. Several characteristics of A. nemoralis, including its generalist feeding habits, rapid maturation, short preoviposition period, and low levels of mating discrimination may help explain why this species has been successful in colonizing new geographic areas. C1 ARS, USDA, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. RP Horton, DR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. NR 53 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 10001 DEREKWOOD LANE, STE 100, LANHAM, MD 20706-4876 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 93 IS 3 BP 663 EP 672 DI 10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[0663:MPMPAR]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 359VC UT WOS:000089631900045 ER PT J AU Collins, AM AF Collins, AM TI Relationship between semen quality and performance of instrumentally inseminated honey bee queens SO APIDOLOGIE LA English DT Article DE Apis mellifera; spermatheca; brood pattern; spermatozoa viability; sperm storage ID LIQUID-NITROGEN; APIS-MELLIFERA; SPERMATOZOA; SPERM AB Techniques to effectively store honey bee semen must meet some minimally acceptable level of spermatozoa survival. To determine this level, honey bel queens were inseminated using various mixes of Fresh and freeze-killed semen, and were allowed to lay eggs in small colonies for three weeks. The queens receiving all freeze-killed spermatozoa (0% fresh) had no spermatozoa in their spermathecae, and produced only drone pupae (unfertilized eggs). The proportions of live and dead spermatozoa (determined by dual fluorescent staining) in the spermathecae of queens receiving 25 to 100% fresh semen were not significantly different at 27 days post-insemination. Queens receiving 50% Fresh semen or more produced only worker pupae (all eggs were fertilized). Therefore, a program to improve storage of semen should only have to reach survival levels of 50% of the spermatozoa to have functional semen. C1 USDA ARS, Bee Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Collins, AM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Bee Res Lab, Bldg 476,Bacr East, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 23 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 12 PU EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER PI PARIS CEDEX 15 PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS CEDEX 15, FRANCE SN 0044-8435 J9 APIDOLOGIE JI Apidologie PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 31 IS 3 BP 421 EP 429 DI 10.1051/apido:2000132 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 338AX UT WOS:000088396900007 ER PT J AU Elzen, PJ Baxter, JR Spivak, M Wilson, WT AF Elzen, PJ Baxter, JR Spivak, M Wilson, WT TI Control of Varroa jacobsoni Oud. resistant to fluvalinate and amitraz using coumaphos SO APIDOLOGIE LA English DT Article DE Varroa jacobsoni; resistance; fluvalinate; coumaphos; amitraz AB We conducted laboratory tests investigating the mortality of mites infesting honey bee colonies in Minnesota after exposure to fluvalinate, amitraz, or coumaphos. Results indicated that these mites were not only resistant to fluvalinate, but also to amitraz. Coumaphos was effective against these resistant mites. A separate field trial was conducted with the same hives as those used in the laboratory test. The field trial supported the laboratory results, showing that mites in Minnesota are resistant to both fluvalinate and amitraz, and that coumaphos is effective in controlling these mites. This represents the First known reported case of amitraz resistance in Varroa jacobsoni in the U.S.A. C1 USDA ARS, Kika Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. Univ Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Elzen, PJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Kika Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, 2413 E Hwy 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 9 TC 72 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 3 PU EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER PI PARIS CEDEX 15 PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS CEDEX 15, FRANCE SN 0044-8435 J9 APIDOLOGIE JI Apidologie PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 31 IS 3 BP 437 EP 441 DI 10.1051/apido:2000134 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 338AX UT WOS:000088396900009 ER PT J AU Gardener, BBM Schroeder, KL Kalloger, SE Raaijmakers, JM Thomashow, LS Weller, DM AF Gardener, BBM Schroeder, KL Kalloger, SE Raaijmakers, JM Thomashow, LS Weller, DM TI Genotypic and phenotypic diversity of phlD-containing Pseudomonas strains isolated from the rhizosphere of wheat SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FLUORESCENT PSEUDOMONADS; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; 2,4-DIACETYLPHLOROGLUCINOL BIOSYNTHESIS; ANTIBIOTIC 2,4-DIACETYLPHLOROGLUCINOL; BIOCONTROL AGENT; PLANT-PATHOGENS; TAKE-ALL; SUPPRESSION; DISEASES; AUREOFACIENS AB Production of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4-DAPG) in the rhizosphere by strains of fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. results in the suppression of root diseases caused by certain fungal plant pathogens, In this study, fluorescent Pseudomonas strains containing phlD, which is directly involved in the biosynthesis of 2,4-DAPG, were isolated from the rhizosphere of wheat grown in soils from wheat-growing regions of the United States and The Netherlands. To assess the genotypic and phenotypic diversity present in this collection, 138 isolates were compared to 4 previously described 2,4-DAPG producers. Thirteen distinct genotypes, one of which represented over 30% of the isolates, were differentiated by whole-cell BOX-PCR. Representatives of this group were isolated from eight different soils taken from four different geographic locations. ERIC-PCR gave similar results overall, differentiating 15 distinct genotypes among all of the isolates. In most cases, a single genotype predominated among isolates obtained from each soil. Thirty isolates, representing all of the distinct genotypes and geographic locations, were further characterized. Restriction analysis of amplified 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed only three distinct phylogenetic groups, one of which accounted for 87% of the isolates. Phenotypic analyses based on carbon source utilization profiles revealed that all of the strains utilized 49 substrates and were unable to grow on 12 others. Individually, strains could utilize about two-thirds of the 95 substrates present in Biolog SF-N plates. Multivariate analyses of utilization profiles revealed phenotypic groupings consistent with those defined by the genotypic analyses. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Root Dis & Biol Control Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Wageningen Univ Agr, Dept Phytopathol, NL-6700 EE Wageningen, Netherlands. RP Gardener, BBM (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Root Dis & Biol Control Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RI McSpadden Gardener, Brian/C-9844-2009; Raaijmakers, Jos/D-1574-2014 OI Raaijmakers, Jos/0000-0003-1608-6614 NR 32 TC 55 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 66 IS 5 BP 1939 EP 1946 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 310BC UT WOS:000086805500027 ER PT J AU Wesley, IV Wells, SJ Harmon, KM Green, A Schroeder-Tucker, L Glover, M Siddique, I AF Wesley, IV Wells, SJ Harmon, KM Green, A Schroeder-Tucker, L Glover, M Siddique, I TI Fecal shedding of Campylobacter and Arcobacter spp. in dairy cattle SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; AEROTOLERANT CAMPYLOBACTER; SP-NOV; THERMOPHILIC CAMPYLOBACTERS; UNPASTEURIZED MILK; RISK-FACTORS; BEEF-CATTLE; JEJUNI; PREVALENCE; BUTZLERI AB Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, and Arcobacter spp. were detected in feces of healthy daily cows by highly specific multiplex-PCR assays. For C. jejuni, at this one-time sampling, cows from 80.6% of farm operations (n = 31) and 37.7% of individual dairy cattle fecal samples (n = 2,085) were positive. Farm management factors were correlated with prevalence in herds in which >25% of cows were positive for C. jejuni. Statistical significance was set at a P of 0.20. Using these criteria, application of manure with broadcast spreaders (P = 0.17), feeding of whole cottonseed or hulls (P = 0.17) or alfalfa (P = 0.15), and accessibility of feed to birds (P = 0.17) were identified as possible risk factors for C. jejuni infection. C. coli was detected in at least one animal in 19.4% of operations and 1.8% of individual cows (II = 2,085). At the herd level, use of broadcaster spreaders was not a risk factor for C. coli infection. For Arcobacter, cows from 71% of daily operations (n = 31) and 14.3% of individual dairy cattle fecal samples (n = 1,682) were positive. At the herd level, for Arcobacter spp., feeding of alfalfa (P = 0.11) and use of individual waterers (P = 0.19) were protective. This is the first description of Arcobacter spp. in clinically healthy dairy cattle and the first attempt to correlate their presence with C. jejuni. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Preharvest Food Safety & Enter Dis Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Natl Vet Serv Labs, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Univ Minnesota, Coll Vet Med, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Vet Diagnost Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Ctr Epidemiol & Anim Hlth, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Tuskegee Univ, Sch Vet Med, Tuskegee, AL 36088 USA. RP Wesley, IV (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Preharvest Food Safety & Enter Dis Res Unit, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 69 TC 165 Z9 167 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 66 IS 5 BP 1994 EP 2000 DI 10.1128/AEM.66.5.1994-2000.2000 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 310BC UT WOS:000086805500035 PM 10788372 ER PT J AU Chen, LF McCormick, SP Hohn, TM AF Chen, LF McCormick, SP Hohn, TM TI Altered regulation of 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol production in Fusarium graminearum SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TRICHOTHECENE BIOSYNTHESIS; GIBBERELLA-ZEAE; SPOROTRICHIOIDES ENCODES; REDUCED VIRULENCE; GENE; MYCOTOXINS; DISRUPTION; 3-O-ACETYLTRANSFERASE; DEOXYNIVALENOL; QUANTITIES AB Most Fusarium graminearum isolates produce low or undetectable levels of trichothecenes in liquid shake cultures, making it difficult to perform biochemical studies of trichothecene biosynthesis, To develop strains with higher levels of trichothecene production under liquid shake conditions we transformed F. graminearum with both a reporter gene containing a homologous trichothecene pathway gene promoter (TRI5) and a gene encoding a heterologous trichothecene pathway transcription factor (TRI6), The TRI5 and TRI6 genes are part of the trichothecene pathway gene clusters of both Fusarium sporotrichioides and F. graminearum. These genes encode trichodiene synthase (encoded by TRI5), the first enzyme in the trichothecene pathway, and a transcription factor (encoded by TRI6) required for pathway gene expression. Transformation of F. graminearum with plasmids containing either an F, graminearum TR15 promoter fragment (FGTRI5(P)) or FGTRI5(P) coupled with the beta-D-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene resulted in the identification of several transformants capable of producing 45 to 200 mg of 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON)/liter in liquid shake culture after 7 days. Increased 15-ADON production was only observed in transformants where plasmid integration occurred through the FGTRI5(P) sequence and was not accompanied by increased GUS expression. 15-ADON production was further increased in liquid culture up to 1,200 mg/liter following introduction of the F. sporotrichioides TRI6 gene (FSTRI16) into F. graminearum. The effects of FSTRI6 on 15-ADON production also depended on plasmid integration via homologous recombination of the FGTRI5(P) fragment and resulted in a 100-fold increase in GUS expression. High-level production of 15-ADON in liquid shake cultures provides a convenient method for large-scale trichothecene preparation, The results suggest that targeting transformation vector integration to FGTRI5(P) alters pathway gene expression and are consistent with the proposed conservation of TRI6 function between Fusarium species. C1 Nanjing Agr Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Nanjing, Peoples R China. ARS, Mycotoxin Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Hohn, TM (reprint author), Novartis Agribusiness Biotechnol Res Inc, 3054 Cornwallis Rd, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. EM tom.hohn@nabri.novartis.com NR 22 TC 7 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 66 IS 5 BP 2062 EP 2065 DI 10.1128/AEM.66.5.2062-2065.2000 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 310BC UT WOS:000086805500045 PM 10788382 ER PT J AU Morgan, UM Xiao, LH Monis, P Fall, A Irwin, PJ Fayer, R Denholm, KM Limor, J Lal, A Thompson, RCA AF Morgan, UM Xiao, LH Monis, P Fall, A Irwin, PJ Fayer, R Denholm, KM Limor, J Lal, A Thompson, RCA TI Cryptosporidium spp. in domestic dogs: the "dog" genotype SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID URBAN DOGS; PARVUM; PUP; PREVALENCE; PARASITES; DISTEMPER; GIARDIA; OOCYSTS AB Genetic and phylogenetic characterization of Cryptosporidium isolates at two loci (18S rRNA gene and heat shock gene) from both Australian and United States dogs demonstrated that dog-derived Cryptosporidium isolates had a distinct genotype which is conserved across geographic areas. Phylogenetic analysis provided support for the idea that the "dog" genotype is, in fact, a valid species. C1 Murdoch Univ, Div Vet & Biomed Sci, State Agr Biotechnol Ctr, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia. Murdoch Univ, WHO, Collaborating Ctr Mol Epidemiol Parasit Infect, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia. Murdoch Univ, Sch Appl Vet Med, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia. Australian Water Qual Ctr, Microbiol Unit, Bolivar, SA 5110, Australia. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. ARS, USDA, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Morgan, UM (reprint author), Murdoch Univ, Div Vet & Biomed Sci, State Agr Biotechnol Ctr, South St, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia. RI Monis, Paul/B-8539-2011; Xiao, Lihua/B-1704-2013; OI Xiao, Lihua/0000-0001-8532-2727; Monis, Paul/0000-0002-9052-4742; Irwin, Peter/0000-0002-0006-8262 NR 29 TC 38 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 66 IS 5 BP 2220 EP 2223 DI 10.1128/AEM.66.5.2220-2223.2000 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 310BC UT WOS:000086805500067 PM 10788404 ER PT J AU Siemens, MC Coates, WE AF Siemens, MC Coates, WE TI Control system for the mobile truss of a cable-drawn farming system SO APPLIED ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE automatic guidance; farm machinery; cable farming; automation ID GUIDANCE AB A control system was developed for indexing and positioning the mobile truss of a cable-drawn farming system. The system was tested over a length of 170 m using a five tower 175 m long, truss assembly A statistical analysis of the test results showed that the probability of position error being controlled to within +/- 12 cm and +/- 24 cm were verified at the 99.7% and 99.99% confidence levels, respectively. Based on these results, it was concluded that the objective of developing an indexing and positioning system capable of providing +/- 24 cm accuracy was achieved. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, Tucson, AZ USA. Univ Arizona, Off Arid Lands Studies, Tucson, AZ USA. RP Siemens, MC (reprint author), USDA ARS, POB 370, Pendleton, OR 97801 USA. NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0883-8542 J9 APPL ENG AGRIC JI Appl. Eng. Agric. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 16 IS 3 BP 211 EP 216 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 318KF UT WOS:000087282500001 ER PT J AU Hoffmann, WC Tom, HH AF Hoffmann, WC Tom, HH TI Effects of lowering spray boom in flight on swath width and drift SO APPLIED ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE sprayers; aerial application; spray boom; drift; turbulence ID AERIAL APPLICATIONS; SIMULATION; DROPLETS AB Drift is one of the major concerns of aerial applicators. With increasing encroachment of urban areas into agricultural lairds and more stringent regulatory conditions, aerial applicators must use new technologies to make applications more efficient A spray boom system for aircraft was designed constructed, and tested The spray boom is lowered by 0.45 m (1.5 ft) and moved forward 0.37 nz (1.2 ft) once the aircraft is in the air The purpose of constructing the system was to increase the distance between the spray release point and the turbulence generated by the trailing edge of the wing. The system components created an additional drag force on the aircraft of 580 N (130 Ib); however; no changes in aircraft performance were noticed. During in-wind swath analysis rests, the effective swath width was increased by 3.6%. A drift test was conducted to compare the drift from the spray system with the boom in the raised (original) versus lowered position. There was 25.9 and 55.9% less deposition at 10 m (32.8 ft) and 310 nz (1017 ft) from the flightline, respectively, with the boom lowered. C1 USDA ARS, Areawide Pest Management Res Unit, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Hoffmann, WC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Areawide Pest Management Res Unit, 2771 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 15 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0883-8542 J9 APPL ENG AGRIC JI Appl. Eng. Agric. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 16 IS 3 BP 217 EP 220 PG 4 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 318KF UT WOS:000087282500002 ER PT J AU Thomson, SJ Smith, LA AF Thomson, SJ Smith, LA TI Evaluation of a control system for isokinetic high volume sampling of airborne spray SO APPLIED ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE sprayers; air sampling; airflow spray drift; air velocity sensing AB An isokinetic air-sampling system was developed to sample spray drift from ground and aerial application equipment, Two identical airflow sensors were used in the system. One sensor detects airflow due to wind speed and the other detects airflow through the sensor due to sampler motor speed. An isokinetic control system was designed to compare sensor outputs and adjust the sampler motor so air speed through the sampler could track wind speed. The design uses the STAMP II microcontroller and original motor control circuitry for reliable and sustained low speed operation necessary to track varying wind. Algorithms were designed to accommodate delays in system response. The controller met the objective of providing isokinetic sampling, as it tracked changing air speeds well in a test environment. The system exhibited good stability at air speeds normally encountered during field application of agrochemicals. C1 USDA ARS, APTRU, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Thomson, SJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, APTRU, POB 36, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0883-8542 J9 APPL ENG AGRIC JI Appl. Eng. Agric. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 16 IS 3 BP 309 EP 314 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 318KF UT WOS:000087282500013 ER PT J AU Yu, J Chang, PK Bhatnagar, D Cleveland, TE AF Yu, J Chang, PK Bhatnagar, D Cleveland, TE TI Genes encoding cytochrome P450 and monooxygenase enzymes define one end of the aflatoxin pathway gene cluster in Aspergillus parasiticus SO APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; SYNTHASE GENE; BIOSYNTHESIS; SEQUENCE; EXPRESSION; CONVERSION; FLAVUS; AFLR; B-1; NIDULANS AB The identification of overlapping cosmids resulted in the discovery of the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway gene cluster in Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. This finding led to the cloning and characterization of one regulatory and 16 structural genes involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis, including the most recent report on the gene, ordA, which has been identified to be involved in the formation of four aflatoxins (B-1, B-2, G(1) and G(2)). However, these genes do not account for all the identified chemical/biochemical steps in aflatoxin synthesis and efforts are underway to identify the genes controlling the other steps. We are also attempting to define the outer boundaries of the aflatoxin pathway gene cluster in the Aspergillus genome. For this goal, we extended sequencing in both directions from the existing (60 kb) aflatoxin pathway gene cluster, beyond the pksA gene at one end and the omtA gene at the other. Within the 25-kb genomic DNA sequence determined at the omtA end of the cluster, several new gene sequences were identified. The recently reported genes, vbs and ordA, were found within this 25-kb region. Two additional genes were also found in this region, a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase encoding gene, tentatively named cypX, and a monooxygenase encoding gene, tentatively named moxY, and these are also reported in this study. The sequence beyond these genes showed a 5-kb noncoding region of DNA followed by the presence of a cluster of genes probably involved in sugar metabolism. Northern blot analysis and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) studies demonstrated that the genes, cypX and MoxY are expressed concurrently with genes involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis. Therefore, the two putative aflatoxin pathway genes cypX and mox Y followed by a 5-kb non-coding region of DNA define one end of the boundary of the aflatoxin pathway gene cluster in A, parasiticus. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Cleveland, TE (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 34 TC 24 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0175-7598 J9 APPL MICROBIOL BIOT JI Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 53 IS 5 BP 583 EP 590 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 322JJ UT WOS:000087506200013 PM 10855719 ER PT J AU Klich, MA Mullaney, EJ Daly, CB Cary, JW AF Klich, MA Mullaney, EJ Daly, CB Cary, JW TI Molecular and physiological aspects of aflatoxin and sterigmatocystin biosynthesis by Aspergillus tamarii and A-ochraceoroseus SO APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NIDULANS; FLAVUS AB Until recently, only three species (Aspergillus flavus, A, parasiticus and A. nomius) have been widely recognized as producers of aflatoxin. In this study we examine aflatoxin production by two other species, A. tamarii and A. ochraceoroseus, the latter of which also produces sterigmatocystin. Toxin-producing strains of A. tamar ii and A. ochraceoroseus were examined morphologically, and toxin production was assayed on different media at different pH levers using thin layer chromatography and a densitometer. Genomic DNA of these two species was probed with known aflatoxin and sterigmatocystin biosynthesis genes from A. flavus, A. parasiticus and A. nidulans. Under the high stringency conditions, A. tamarii DNA hybridized to all four of the A. flavus and ii. parasiticus gene probes, indicating strong similarities in the biosynthetic pathway genes of these three species. The A. ochraceoroseus DNA hybridized weakly to the A. flavus and A. parasiticus verB gene probe, and to two of the three A. nidulans probes. These data indicate that, at the DNA level, the aflatoxin and sterigmatocystin biosynthetic pathway genes for A. ochracearoseus are somewhat different from known pathway genes. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Klich, MA (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 16 TC 50 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0175-7598 J9 APPL MICROBIOL BIOT JI Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 53 IS 5 BP 605 EP 609 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 322JJ UT WOS:000087506200017 PM 10855723 ER PT J AU Pedersen, CA Sterner, RT Goodall, MJ AF Pedersen, CA Sterner, RT Goodall, MJ TI Strychnine alkaloid and avian reproduction: Effects occur at lower dietary concentrations with mallard ducks than with bobwhite quail SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Separate subchronic reproductive toxicity studies were conducted using mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) and northern bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus). Three groups (32/group; 16 male-female pairs) of 17-week-old ducks (F-0 generation) were fed Purina(R) Game Bird Breeder Layena(R) diets containing mean (+/-SD) 33.2 (+/-2.7), 68.9 (+/-1.8), and 140.9 (+/-5.1) mu g/g strychnine for 20 weeks, with some pairs in each group fed control diet during a subsequent 3-week recovery period. Three groups (32/group: 16 male-female pairs) of 19-week-old quail (F-0 generation) were fed similar diets containing mean (+/-SD) 279.2 (+/-10.1), 557.4 (+/-43.5), and 1,113.6 (+/-46.6) mu g/g strychnine for 22 weeks without a recovery period. Separate groups of ducks and quail (32/group; 16 male-female pairs) were also fed control diets (0.0 mu g/g strychnine) in each study. There were 16 weekly collections of eggs for the mallard study (13 for the diet-exposure period and 3 for the recovery period), and 11 collections for the quail study. Eggs laid during the last 13 and 10 weeks of the diet-exposure periods for ducks (plus 3 weeks of the recovery period) and quail, respectively, were incubated. Each hatch of F-1 generation ducklings and chicks was observed for 13 days. Key results were: (1) the no observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs) for F-0 ducks and quail were 33.2 and 1,113.6 mu g/g strychnine, respectively-quail showed no reproductive effects at the current doses; (2) decreased egg production and hatching success occurred for mallard hens fed mean 140.9 mu g/g strychnine diets; and (3) "normal-hatching" ducklings from eggs of F-0 mallards fed mean 140.9 mu g/g strychnine diets suffered greater mortality than ducklings from the other diet groups. Possible mechanisms of strychnine action on avian reproduction are discussed. C1 USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. BioLife Associates Ltd, Neillsville, WI 54456 USA. RP Sterner, RT (reprint author), USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 38 IS 4 BP 530 EP 539 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 300BQ UT WOS:000086233300016 PM 10787105 ER PT J AU Mesnier, M Partiaoglou, N Oberlander, H Porcheron, P AF Mesnier, M Partiaoglou, N Oberlander, H Porcheron, P TI Rhythmic autocrine activity in cultured insect epidermal cells SO ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE insect cell line; production ecdysteroids; EIA; HPLC ID ECDYSTEROID PRODUCTION; GRYLLUS-BIMACULATUS; PROTHORACIC GLANDS; PLODIA-INTERPUNCTELLA; LOCUSTA-MIGRATORIA; ENZYME-IMMUNOASSAY; ALPHA-ECDYSONE; MANDUCA-SEXTA; WING DISKS; IN-VITRO AB It is now well established that ecdysteroids can be produced in insects in the absence of prothoracic glands, In this respect, it has been shown that cells in culture can produce ecdysteroids, Our aims were: (1) to determine whether ecdysteroid target cells of epidermal origin could also be the source of ecdysteroids; (2) to monitor more accurately the kinetics of ecdysteroid production; and (3) to check for possible relationships between this synthetic activity and dynamics of cell division. An insect cell line (IAL-PID2) established from imaginal discs of the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella, with wild-type sensitivity to ecdysteroids was used in our study, Our results showed that the Plodia cell line exhibited autocrine activity, When division of IAL-PID2 cells was synchronized, a rhythmic production of ecdysteroids was observed, However, further experiments indicated that this rhythmicity could be cell autonomous. This led us to anticipate the existence of two cell subpopulations that would be able to produce ecdysteroids rhythmically, a minor one that would be cell cycle serum independent population, and a major population that would need serum growth factors to proliferate and produce ecdysteroids. Qualitative study of the ecdysteroid content of the media clearly showed that ecdysone was the major immunoreactive product, Taken together, our findings clearly show that an insect cell line of epidermal origin is capable of rhythmic autocrine production of ecdysteroids. These results support the hypothesis that alternate sites for ecdysteroid production in vivo may exist and could play a role in local regulation of development. We now plan to determine the cellular basis of this rhythmic autocrine activity and to confirm the existence of growth factor-autonomous cells in the culture as well as the potent role played by ecdysteroids in the cross-talk between various cell subpopulations. Arch, Insect Biochem, Physiol, 44:7-16, 2000. (C) 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Univ Paris 06, Lab Physiol Cellulaire Invertebres, F-75005 Paris, France. USDA, Agr Res Serv, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL USA. RP Porcheron, P (reprint author), Univ Paris 06, Lab Physiol Cellulaire Invertebres, 12 Rue Cuvier, F-75005 Paris, France. NR 45 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0739-4462 J9 ARCH INSECT BIOCHEM JI Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 44 IS 1 BP 7 EP 16 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6327(200005)44:1<7::AID-ARCH2>3.0.CO;2-S PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology GA 308UQ UT WOS:000086731600002 PM 10790181 ER PT J AU Ordovas, JM Cupples, LA Corella, D Otvos, JD Osgood, D Martinez, A Lahoz, C Coltell, O Wilson, PWF Schaefer, EJ AF Ordovas, JM Cupples, LA Corella, D Otvos, JD Osgood, D Martinez, A Lahoz, C Coltell, O Wilson, PWF Schaefer, EJ TI Association of cholesteryl ester transfer protein-TaqIB polymorphism with variations in lipoprotein subclasses and coronary heart disease risk - The Framingham study SO ARTERIOSCLEROSIS THROMBOSIS AND VASCULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cholesteryl ester transfer protein; coronary heart disease; lipoproteins; gene polymorphisms ID ESTER TRANSFER PROTEIN; HIGH-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; PLASMA HDL-CHOLESTEROL; CETP GENE; MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; ENVIRONMENTAL-FACTORS; APOLIPOPROTEIN-B; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; LOCUS; DEFICIENCY AB Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) facilitates the exchange of triglycerides and cholesteryl esters between lipoprotein particles, a key step in reverse cholesterol transport in humans. Variations at the CETP locus have been shown to be determinants of the levels and activity of CETP and high density lipoprotein (HDL) plasma concentration. The associations of the common CETP polymorphism, TaqIB in intron 1, with lipoprotein levels and particle size distribution, CETP activity, and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk were examined in a population-based sample of 1411 men and 1505 women from the Framingham Offspring Study. The B2 allele frequency was 0.444 in men and 0.433 in women, and its presence was significantly (P<0.05) associated with decreased CETP activity. B1B1 men had lower HDL cholesterol (I-IDL-C) levels (1.07 mmol/L) compared with B1B2 (1.14 mmol/L) and B2B2 (1.18 mmol/L) men (P<0.001). Likewise, B1B1 women had lower HDL-C levels (1.40 mmol/L) compared with B1B2 (1.46 mmol/L) and B2B2 (1.53 mmol/L) women (P<0.001). In men, the B2 allele was associated with increased particle size for HDL and low density lipoprotein. In women, a similar effect was demonstrated only for HDL particle size. The odds ratio for prevalent CHD associated with the B2 allele was 0.696 (P=0.035) in men, After adjusting for age, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, diabetes, smoking, alcohol consumption, P-blocker use, total cholesterol, and HDL-C, this odds ratio was 0.735 (P=0.187), suggesting that the protective effect of the B2 allele was due in part to its association with HDL-C levels. No significant protective effects were observed in women. These data demonstrate that variation at the CETP gene locus is a significant determinant of HDL-C levels, CETP activity, and lipoprotein size in this population. Moreover, these effects appear Co translate into a lower CHD risk among those men with the BZ allele. C1 Tufts Univ, Lipid Metab Lab, USDA, JM HNRCA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Boston, MA USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Biochem, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Med, Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA USA. RP Ordovas, JM (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Lipid Metab Lab, USDA, JM HNRCA, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL-54776]; PHS HHS [N01-38038] NR 50 TC 289 Z9 318 U1 0 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1079-5642 J9 ARTERIOSCL THROM VAS JI Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 20 IS 5 BP 1323 EP 1329 PG 7 WC Hematology; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Hematology; Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 314VF UT WOS:000087077700022 PM 10807749 ER PT J AU Campbell, JF Kaya, HK AF Campbell, JF Kaya, HK TI Influence of insect associated cues on the jumping behavior of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernema spp.) SO BEHAVIOUR LA English DT Article ID PAUSE-TRAVEL PREDATOR; FORAGING STRATEGY; PHYMATA-AMERICANA; SEARCH TACTICS; HOST; PATTERNS; BIRDS AB The infective stage juveniles of insect parasitic nematodes in the family Steinernema search for hosts using strategies ranging from ambush to cruise foraging. Infective juveniles attach to passing insects by standing on their tails and contacting an insect directly when standing or by jumping. We determined how species with differing degrees of ambush foraging specialization differ in their behavioral responses to different sources of information. Mechanical contact, air movement, and host associated volatile cues were important triggers of jumping behavior for some species of Steinernema. Three species that are ambush foragers (S. carpocapsae, S. scapterisci, and S. siamkayai) responded to small air movements by increased waving and jumping behavior, and jumps were directionally biased towards the source of the movement. For S. carpocapsae and S. scapterisci, host-associated volatile cues were strong triggers to jump, but host cues did not increase the proportion of S. siamkayai jumping. In contrast, two intermediate foraging species, S. ceratophorum and S. monticolum, did not demonstrate a detectable response to either the air movement or the host cues. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Entomol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Nematol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Campbell, JF (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Biol Res Unit, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RI Campbell, James/J-9901-2012 NR 32 TC 21 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 8 PU BRILL ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA PLANTIJNSTRAAT 2, P O BOX 9000, 2300 PA LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS SN 0005-7959 J9 BEHAVIOUR JI Behaviour PD MAY PY 2000 VL 137 BP 591 EP 609 DI 10.1163/156853900502231 PN 5 PG 19 WC Behavioral Sciences; Zoology SC Behavioral Sciences; Zoology GA 336ZJ UT WOS:000088332600004 ER PT J AU Ortiz-Lopez, A Chang, HC Bush, DR AF Ortiz-Lopez, A Chang, HC Bush, DR TI Amino acid transporters in plants SO BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES LA English DT Review DE amino acid transporter; plasma membrane; symporter; assimilate partitioning; membrane protein; cotransport ID SUGAR-BEET LEAVES; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; SUBSTRATE-SPECIFICITY; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; GENE-EXPRESSION; FUNCTIONAL COMPLEMENTATION; ROOT GRAVITROPISM; PERMEASE; YEAST; CLONING AB Amino acid transporters are essential participants in the resource allocation processes that support plant growth and development. Recent results have identified several new transporters that contribute to a wide array of physiological activities, and detailed molecular analysis has provided fundamental insights into the structure, function and regulation of these integral membrane proteins. C1 Univ Illinois, Photosynth Res Unit, USDA, ARS, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Program Physiol & Mol Plant Biol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Plant Biol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Bush, DR (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Photosynth Res Unit, USDA, ARS, 190 ERML, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 40 TC 70 Z9 75 U1 3 U2 21 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0005-2736 J9 BBA-BIOMEMBRANES JI Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Biomembr. PD MAY 1 PY 2000 VL 1465 IS 1-2 BP 275 EP 280 DI 10.1016/S0005-2736(00)00144-9 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 307XK UT WOS:000086679300018 PM 10748260 ER PT J AU Campbell, JL Hornbeck, JW McDowell, WH Buso, DC Shanley, JB Likens, GE AF Campbell, JL Hornbeck, JW McDowell, WH Buso, DC Shanley, JB Likens, GE TI Dissolved organic nitrogen budgets for upland, forested ecosystems in New England SO BIOGEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE C : N ratio; dissolved organic carbon; dissolved organic nitrogen; nitrogen; stream chemistry; watershed ID SOLUTION CHEMISTRY; STREAM WATER; COSTA-RICA; CARBON; DEPOSITION; PRECIPITATION; SATURATION; OXIDATION; PINE; AMENDMENTS AB Relatively high deposition of nitrogen (N) in the northeastern United States has caused concern because sites could become N saturated. In the past, mass-balance studies have been used to monitor the N status of sites and to investigate the impact of increased N deposition. Typically, these efforts have focused on dissolved inorganic forms of N (DIN = NH4-N + NO3-N) and have largely ignored dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) due to difficulties in its analysis. Recent advances in the measurement of total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) have facilitated measurement of DON as the residual of TDN - DIN. We calculated DON and DIN budgets using data on precipitation and streamwater chemistry collected from 9 forested watersheds at 4 sites in New England. TDN in precipitation was composed primarily of DIN. Net retention of TDN ranged from 62 to 89% (4.7 to 10 kg ha(-1) yr(-1)) of annual inputs. DON made up the majority of TDN in stream exports, suggesting that inclusion of DON is critical to assessing N dynamics even in areas with large anthropogenic inputs of DIN. Despite the dominance of DON in streamwater, precipitation inputs of DON were approximately equal to outputs. DON concentrations in streamwater did not appear significantly influenced by seasonal biological controls, but did increase with discharge on some watersheds. Streamwater NO3-N was the only fraction of N that exhibited a seasonal pattern, with concentrations increasing during the winter months and peaking during snowmelt runoff. Concentrations of NO3-N varied considerably among watersheds and are related to DOC:DON ratios in streamwater. Annual DIN exports were negatively correlated with streamwater DOC:DON ratios, indicating that these ratios might be a useful index of N status of upland forests. C1 US Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, USDA, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Dept Nat Resources, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. US Geol Survey, Montpelier, VT 05601 USA. RP Campbell, JL (reprint author), US Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, USDA, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RI McDowell, William/E-9767-2010; OI McDowell, William/0000-0002-8739-9047; Campbell, John/0000-0003-4956-1696 NR 43 TC 145 Z9 153 U1 3 U2 25 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-2563 J9 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY JI Biogeochemistry PD MAY PY 2000 VL 49 IS 2 BP 123 EP 142 DI 10.1023/A:1006383731753 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 286AZ UT WOS:000085422600002 ER PT J AU Becnel, JJ Johnson, MA AF Becnel, JJ Johnson, MA TI Impact of Edhazardia aedis (Microsporidia : Culicosporidae) on a seminatural population of Aedes aegypti (Diptera : Culicidae) SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE Aedes aegypti; Edhazardia aedis; biological control; microsporidia; Culicidae; mosquito ID DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC-FEVER; HOST-RANGE; AMBLYOSPORIDAE; THAILAND; PATHOGEN AB The effectiveness of the microsporidium Edhazardia aedis (Kudo) to control a seminatural population of Aedes aegypti (L.) was evaluated over a 2-year period. The tests were conducted in a large screened enclosure against an established population of A. aegypti provided caged rabbits as an ad lib. blood supply. In year 1, inoculative release of E. aedis resulted in dispersal of the microsporidium by infected A aegypti females to all containers within the enclosed study site over a 20-week period. In the second year of the study, inundative release of E. aedis produced high larval and adult infections and successfully eliminated the population of A aegypti within 11 weeks of introduction. In both years, a deviation from the typical life cycle that produced horizontally infectious spores was critical for persistence of E. aedis within containers. This study has demonstrated that E. aedis is superbly adapted to A aegypti, having evolved a number of strategies that ensure long-term survival and make it a serious candidate for introduction as a classical biological control agent. C1 USDA ARS, CMAVE, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Becnel, JJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, CMAVE, POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. OI Rotstein, Margaret/0000-0002-5055-8278 NR 16 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD MAY PY 2000 VL 18 IS 1 BP 39 EP 48 DI 10.1006/bcon.1999.0805 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 319QU UT WOS:000087353600005 ER PT J AU Aulakh, MS Khera, TS Doran, JW AF Aulakh, MS Khera, TS Doran, JW TI Mineralization and denitrification in upland, nearly saturated and flooded subtropical soil - I. Effect of nitrate and ammoniacal nitrogen SO BIOLOGY AND FERTILITY OF SOILS LA English DT Article DE denitrification; N mineralization; semiarid subtropical soils; flooded rice systems; nearly saturated rice systems ID WETLAND RICE; OXIDE; EMISSIONS; FERTILIZERS; N2O AB The influence of fertilizer N applied through nitrate and ammoniacal sources on the availability of nitrate, supply of C, and gaseous N losses via denitrification (using acetylene inhibition technique) in a semiarid subtropical soil (Typic Ustochrepts) was investigated in a growth chamber simulating upland [60% water-filled pore space (WFPS)], nearly saturated (90% WFPS), and flooded (120% WFPS) conditions. The rate of denitrification was very low in the upland soil conditions, irrespective of fertilizer N treatments. Increasing water content to nearly saturated and flooded conditions resulted in four- to sixfold higher rates of denitrification within 2 days, suggesting that the denitrifying activity commences quickly. Results of this study reveal that (1) under restricted aeration, these soils could support high rates of denitrification (similar to 6 mg N kg(-1) day(-1)) for short periods when nitrate is present; (2) application of fertilizer N as nitrate enhances N losses via denitrification (similar to 10 mg N kg(-1) day(-1)) - however, the supply of available C determines the intensity and duration of denitrification; (3) when fertilizer N is applied as an ammoniacal form, nitrification proceeds slowly and nitrate availability limits denitrification in flooded soil; (4) the nearly saturated soil, being partially aerobic, supported greater nitrification of applied ammoniacal fertilizer N than flooded soil resulting in higher relative rates of denitrification; and (5) under aerobic soil conditions, 26 mg mineral N kg(-1) accumulated in control soil over a 16-day period, demonstrating a modest capacity of such semiarid subtropical soils, low in organic matter, to supply N to growing plants. C1 Punjab Agr Univ, Dept Soils, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India. Univ Nebraska, USDA, ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Aulakh, MS (reprint author), Punjab Agr Univ, Dept Soils, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India. RI 黄, 宝同/E-6579-2010 NR 27 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 4 U2 20 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0178-2762 J9 BIOL FERT SOILS JI Biol. Fertil. Soils PD MAY PY 2000 VL 31 IS 2 BP 162 EP 167 DI 10.1007/s003740050640 PG 6 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 320KH UT WOS:000087400000011 ER PT J AU Aulakh, MS Khera, TS Doran, JW AF Aulakh, MS Khera, TS Doran, JW TI Mineralization and denitrification in upland, nearly saturated and flooded subtropical soil - II. Effect of organic manures varying in N content and C : N ratio SO BIOLOGY AND FERTILITY OF SOILS LA English DT Article DE denitrification; N mineralization; semiarid subtropical soils; flooded rice systems; water regime ID NITROUS-OXIDE; EMISSIONS; RESIDUE; RICE; N2O AB Nitrogen and carbon mineralization of cattle manure (N=6 g kg(-1); C:N=35), pressmud (N=17.4 g kg(-1); C:N=22), green manure (N=26.8 g kg(-1); C:N=14) and poultry manure (N=19.5 g kg(-1); C:N=12) and their influence on gaseous N losses via denitrification (using the acetylene inhibition technique) in a semiarid subtropical soil (Typic Ustochrepts) were investigated in a growth chamber simulating upland, nearly saturated, and flooded conditions. Mineralization of N started quickly in all manures, except pressmud where immobilization of soil mineral N was observed for an initial 4 days. Accumulation of mineral N in upland soil plus denitrified N revealed that mineralization of cattle manure-, pressmud-, poultry manure- and green manure-N over 16 days was 12, 20, 29 and 44%, respectively, and was inversely related to C:N ratio (R-2=0.703, P=0.05) and directly to N content of organic manure (R-2=0.964, P=0.01). Manure-C mineralized over 16 days ranged from 6% to 50% in different manures added to soil under different moisture regimes and was, in general, inversely related to initial C:N ratio of manure (R-2=0.690, P=0.05). Cumulative denitrification losses over 16 days in control soils (without manure) under upland, nearly saturated, and flooded conditions were 5, 23, and 24 mg N kg(-1), respectively. Incorporation of manures enhanced denitrification losses by 60-82% in upland, 52-163% in nearly saturated, and 26-107% in flooded soil conditions over a 16-day period, demonstrating that mineralized N and C from added manures could result in 2- to 3-fold higher rate of denitrification. Cumulative denitrification losses were maximal with green manure, followed by poultry manure, pressmud and cattle manure showing an increase ill denitrification with increasing N content and decreasing C:N ratio of manure. Manure-amended nearly saturated soils supported 14-35% greater denitrification than flooded soils due to greater mineralization and supply of C. C1 Punjab Agr Univ, Dept Soils, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India. Univ Nebraska, USDA, ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Aulakh, MS (reprint author), Punjab Agr Univ, Dept Soils, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India. RI 黄, 宝同/E-6579-2010 NR 32 TC 32 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 21 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0178-2762 J9 BIOL FERT SOILS JI Biol. Fertil. Soils PD MAY PY 2000 VL 31 IS 2 BP 168 EP 174 DI 10.1007/s003740050641 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 320KH UT WOS:000087400000012 ER PT J AU Kay-Shoemake, JL Watwood, ME Sojka, RE Lentz, RD AF Kay-Shoemake, JL Watwood, ME Sojka, RE Lentz, RD TI Soil amidase activity in polyacrylamide-treated soils and potential activity toward common amide-containing pesticides SO BIOLOGY AND FERTILITY OF SOILS LA English DT Article DE polyacrylamide; soil amidase; carbaryl; diphenamid; naphthalene acetamide ID FURROW EROSION AB Polyacrylamide (PAM) is currently used as an irrigation water additive to significantly reduce the amount of soil erosion that occurs during furrow irrigation of crops. Elevated soil amidase activity specific toward the large PAM polymer has been reported in PAM-treated field soils; the substrate specificity of the induced amidase is uncertain. PAM-treated and untreated soils were assayed for their capacity to hydrolyze the amide bond in carbaryl (Sevin), diphenamid (Dymid), and naphthalene acetamide. Based on results obtained with a soil amidase assay, there was no difference between PAM-treated and untreated soils with respect to the rate of amide bond hydrolysis of any of the agrochemicals tested. It appears that under these assay conditions the PAM-induced soil amidase is not active toward the amide bonds within these molecules. However, carbaryl was hydrolyzed by a different soil amidase. To our knowledge, this is the first soil enzyme assay-based demonstration of the hydrolysis of carbaryl by a soil amidase. C1 Idaho State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Pocatello, ID 83209 USA. ARS, USDA, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. RP Watwood, ME (reprint author), Idaho State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Pocatello, ID 83209 USA. NR 16 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0178-2762 J9 BIOL FERT SOILS JI Biol. Fertil. Soils PD MAY PY 2000 VL 31 IS 2 BP 183 EP 186 DI 10.1007/s003740050643 PG 4 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 320KH UT WOS:000087400000014 ER PT J AU Sreenath, HK Jeffries, TW AF Sreenath, HK Jeffries, TW TI Production of ethanol from wood hydrolyzate by yeasts SO BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE wood hydrolyzate; Pichia stipitis; Candida shehatae; FPL-Y-049; fermentation; optimization; ethanol production; cell recycling ID PICHIA-STIPITIS CBS-5776; D-XYLOSE FERMENTATION; D-GLUCOSE; CANDIDA-SHEHATAE; ACETIC-ACID; SUGARS; INHIBITION; PATHWAY; LIQUOR; GROWTH AB A total of 43 Forest Products Laboratory (FPL) strains of Pichia stipitis and Candida shehatae were tested for their ability to ferment a 1:1 mixture of glucose and xylose to ethanol prior to fermentation of partially deacidified wood hydrolyzates. The starting sugar composition, pH, and concentrations of inhibitors such as acetic acid, furfural, and hydroxy methyl furfural varied from one batch to another. The delay observed in growth and fermentation depended on the amounts of inhibitors present and on the capacity of the strain to resist them. The ethanol production rates and yields obtained with C. shehatae were higher than those with P. stipitis. C. shehatae strain FPL-Y-049 produced up to 34 g/l ethanol from batch VII of wood hydrolyzates. All the glucose, mannose, galactose and xylose in the wood hydrolyzate were consumed during fermentation. Only arabinose was unused. Addition of 10 mg/l zinc to acid hydrolyzate did not affect peak ethanol production, but it did increase rates of sugar utilization and ethanol production. The fermentation of hydrolyzate with recycled cells of C. shehatae Y-049 reduced the fermentation lag and increased the final ethanol concentration. The ethanol production rate was optimum in the pH range of 5.5-6.0, and an ethanol yield of 0.41-0.46 gig was obtained in these fermentations. Because of heterogeneity between wood hydrolyzate batches, ethanol production was found to be influenced by hydrolyzate composition, pH, acetate concentration, amount of cells, and recycling nf cells Published by Elsevier. Science Ltd. C1 US Forest Serv, Inst Microbial Biochem Technol, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biol Syst Engn, Madison, WI USA. RP Jeffries, TW (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Inst Microbial Biochem Technol, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RI Jeffries, Thomas/I-8576-2012 OI Jeffries, Thomas/0000-0001-7408-4065 NR 28 TC 65 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0960-8524 J9 BIORESOURCE TECHNOL JI Bioresour. Technol. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 72 IS 3 BP 253 EP 260 DI 10.1016/S0960-8524(99)00113-3 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels GA 278AZ UT WOS:000084966900008 ER PT J AU Nakayama, M Roh, MS Uchida, K Yamaguchi, Y Takano, K Koshioka, M AF Nakayama, M Roh, MS Uchida, K Yamaguchi, Y Takano, K Koshioka, M TI Malvidin 3-rutinoside as the pigment responsible for bract color in Curcuma alismatifolia SO BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Curcuma alismatifolia; Zingiberaceae; pink bract; anthocyanin; malvidin 3-rutinoside ID ANTHOCYANINS AB Malvidin 3-rutinoside was the only anthocyanin identified from pink bracts of Curcuma alismatifolia cultivars. The concentration of malvidin 3-rutinoside in three cultivars increased as the intensity of the pink color in the bracts increased. C1 Minist Agr Forestry & Fisheries, Natl Res Inst Vegetables Ornamental Plants & Tea, Dept Floriculture, Ano, Mie 5142392, Japan. USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Teikyo Univ, Sch Sci & Engn, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 3208551, Japan. NIVOT, Dept Tea Proc Technol, Shizuoka 4288501, Japan. Kochi Prefectural Agr Res Ctr, Floriculture & Ornamental Plants Sect, Nango Ku, Kochi 7830023, Japan. RP Koshioka, M (reprint author), Minist Agr Forestry & Fisheries, Natl Res Inst Vegetables Ornamental Plants & Tea, Dept Floriculture, 360 Kusawa, Ano, Mie 5142392, Japan. EM masaji@nivot.affrc.go.jp NR 7 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0916-8451 EI 1347-6947 J9 BIOSCI BIOTECH BIOCH JI Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 64 IS 5 BP 1093 EP 1095 DI 10.1271/bbb.64.1093 PG 3 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 320KQ UT WOS:000087400700032 PM 10879491 ER PT J AU Gamble, GR Snook, ME Henriksson, G Akin, DE AF Gamble, GR Snook, ME Henriksson, G Akin, DE TI Phenolic constituents in flax bast tissue and inhibition of cellulase and pectinase SO BIOTECHNOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE flavanoid; flax; NMR; phenolic; retting ID PLANT-CELL WALLS; ENZYME; DELIGNIFICATION; POLYSACCHARIDES; BACTERIA; FIBER; NMR AB Flax bast tissue was sequentially extracted using hexane, propanol, methanol and water as solvents and extracts were analyzed using reverse phase HPLC and C-13 NMR. Results indicated a large variety of aromatic constituents including flavonoids and hydroxy-methoxy cinnamic acids linked to oligosaccharides and hydroxy acids through glycosidic linkages. The extracts inhibited cellulase and pectinase activities and can thus influence retting. C1 ARS, Russell Res Ctr, USDA, Athens, GA 30613 USA. Royal Inst Technol, Dept Pulp & Paper Chem & Technol, S-10044 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Gamble, GR (reprint author), ARS, Russell Res Ctr, USDA, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30613 USA. RI Henriksson, Gunnar/G-3556-2010 NR 24 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 9 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0141-5492 J9 BIOTECHNOL LETT JI Biotechnol. Lett. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 22 IS 9 BP 741 EP 746 DI 10.1023/A:1005608304142 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 331RY UT WOS:000088033500004 ER PT J AU Solaiman, DKY AF Solaiman, DKY TI PCR cloning of Pseudomonas resinovorans polyhydroxyalkanoate biosynthesis genes and expression in Escherichia coli SO BIOTECHNOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE gene expression; PCR cloning; pha genes; polyhydroxyalkanoates; Pseudomonas resinovorans ID BACTERIAL POLYHYDROXYALKANOATES; MOLECULAR ANALYSIS; IDENTIFICATION; RECOMBINATION; METABOLISM; AERUGINOSA; SEQUENCES; EVOLUTION; PROTEINS; ACID AB A ca. 5.5-kb region of Pseudomonas resinovorans genome containing the polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) biosynthesis locus was sequenced. Three complete open-reading-frames (ORFs), i.e., phaCl(Pr), phaZ(Pr), and phaC2(Pr), were identified. Using this sequence information, phaCl(Pr) was PCR-cloned from P. resinovorans genomic DNA and expressed in E. coli as shown by a Nile Red plate assay and gas chromatography/mass spectrometric analysis. C1 ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Solaiman, DKY (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 20 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0141-5492 J9 BIOTECHNOL LETT JI Biotechnol. Lett. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 22 IS 9 BP 789 EP 794 DI 10.1023/A:1005614209342 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 331RY UT WOS:000088033500012 ER PT J AU Wang, TTY Jeng, JJ AF Wang, TTY Jeng, JJ TI Coordinated regulation of two TRAIL-R2/KILLER/DR5 mRNA isoforms by DNA damaging agents, serum and 17 beta-estradiol in human breast cancer cells SO BREAST CANCER RESEARCH AND TREATMENT LA English DT Article DE TRAIL-R2; isoforms; 17 beta-estradiol; mRNA; MCF-7 cells ID FADD-DEPENDENT APOPTOSIS; TRAIL-INDUCED APOPTOSIS; NF-KAPPA-B; TNF FAMILY; DEATH; RECEPTORS; IDENTIFICATION; KILLER/DR5; ACTIVATE; MEMBER AB A search of the Genebank database revealed that there are two distinct gene sequences with the common name of TRAIL-R2/Killer/DR5. Using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), we confirmed the existence of two isoforms of TRAIL-R2/Killer/DR5 mRNA, which we have designated the long and short isoforms based on their electrophoretic mobility. We found that both the long and short mRNA isoforms are ubiquitously expressed in human tissues and cell lines. The long form generally predominates, but the proportion of the two isoforms varies depending on the tissue type. Treatment of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells with the DNA damaging drugs adriamycin, campthothecin, or etoposide causes a coordinated up-regulation of both isoforms. Treatment of the p53-mutant T-47D breast cancer cell line with adriamycin also results in up-regulation of both isoforms, suggesting that adriamycin up-regulates TRAIL-R2/Killer/DR5 expression independent of functional p53. The expression of both mRNA isoforms are increased in MCF-7 cells cultured in charcoal-stripped fetal bovine serum compared to normal serum, suggesting that sex steroid hormones may play a role in the negative regulation of their expression. This was confirmed in MCF-7 cells cultured in stripped serum supplemented with 17 beta-estradiol, which also resulted in a decrease in the mRNA expression of both isoforms. These results demonstrate that the TRAIL-R2/Killer/DR5 gene gives rise to two distinct forms of mRNA, and that these two forms are coordinately regulated by DNA damage and 17 beta-estradiol in human breast cancer cells. The functional significance of the two isoforms remains to be determined. C1 ARS, Phytonutrients Lab, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Wang, TTY (reprint author), ARS, Phytonutrients Lab, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, USDA, Bldg 307,Room 326, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 25 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6806 J9 BREAST CANCER RES TR JI Breast Cancer Res. Treat. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 61 IS 1 BP 87 EP 96 DI 10.1023/A:1006432201432 PG 10 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 323VU UT WOS:000087586300009 PM 10930093 ER PT J AU DeBarr, GL Hanula, JL Niwa, CG Nord, JC AF DeBarr, GL Hanula, JL Niwa, CG Nord, JC TI Synthetic pheromones disrupt male Dioryctria spp. moths in a loblolly pine seed orchard SO CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID MATING DISRUPTION; SEX-PHEROMONE; LEPIDOPTERA; TORTRICIDAE; PYRALIDAE AB Synthetic sex pheromones released in a loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L. (Pinaceae), seed orchard interfered with the ability of male coneworm moths, Dioryctria Zeller spp. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), to locate traps baited with sex pheromones or live females. Pherocon 1C(R) traps baited with synthetic pheromones or live conspecific females were hung near the center of two 1.2-ha circular plots during emergence of Dioryctria amatella (Hulst), Dioryctria disclusa (Heinrich), and Dioryctria merkeli (Mutuura and Munroe). In a paired design, trap catches for the mating-disruption treatment with synthetic pheromone dispensers consisting of three polyvinyl chloride rods placed in every tree were compared with the control treatment. Treatments were alternated at intervals of 2-3 d. Trap catches of D. amatella were reduced by 91% when plots were treated with 2.5 g/ha of Z-11-hexadencenyl acetate. Catches were reduced by 99.5% for D. disclusa and by 97% for D. merkeli when plots were treated with 12.5 g/ha of Z-9-tetradecenyl acetate, whereas catches of D. amatella were unaffected by this mating-disruption treatment. Daily disappearance of Z-9-tetradecenyl acetate from the dispensers averaged 0.46 g/ha or less. Manually placing dispensers on nylon lines in the tops of trees was an effective method for releasing synthetic Dioryctria pheromones in the orchard. These data suggest it may be feasible to prevent mating of Dioryctria spp. in pine seed orchards by using synthetic pheromones for mating disruption, but large-scale tests will be required to demonstrate cone protection. C1 USDA Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Hanula, JL (reprint author), USDA Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, 320 Green St, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 22 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC CANADA PI OTTAWA PA 393 WINSTON AVE, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K2A 1Y8, CANADA SN 0008-347X J9 CAN ENTOMOL JI Can. Entomol. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 132 IS 3 BP 345 EP 351 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 330ZB UT WOS:000087990900009 ER PT J AU Orr, DB Suh, CPC AF Orr, DB Suh, CPC TI Evaluation of inundative releases of Trichogramma exiguum (Hymenoptera : Trichogrammatidae) for suppression of nantucket pine tip moth (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae) in pine (Pinaceae) plantations SO CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; MATING DISRUPTION; SUCCESSES; DENSITY AB Inundative releases of Trichogramma exiguum Pinto and Platner were evaluated for suppression of the Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock), in first-year loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., plantations. Three releases, spaced 7 d apart, were made in three 0.4-ha plots during second-generation R. frustrana egg deposition. Each release included three cohorts of T. exiguum developmentally separated by 25 degree-days. Mean +/- SD field release rate for each cohort was 328 238 +/- 88 379 females/ha. Mean T. exiguum emergence under laboratory conditions for released cohorts was 96 +/- 2%, with 74 +/- 3% females, of which 1 +/- 1% of females displayed brachyptery; female longevity was 18 +/- 3 dr. Field emergence averaged 96 +/- 4%. Parasitism of R. frustrana eggs was significantly increased, ranging from 40 +/- 19 to 73 +/- 22% in ir: exiguum-treated plots and 17 +/- 17 to 67 +/- 21% in control plots. Data from all treated plots combined showed R. frustrana egg survival (hatching) was significantly reduced by 46%, and larval populations were significantly reduced by 60%. There was no significant difference in the percentage of terminals damaged between T. exiguum-treated (31 +/- 16%) and control plots (45 +/- 10%); however, length of terminal damage was significantly lower in treated plots. The percentage of damage to top whorl shoots was significantly lower in T. exiguumtreated plots compared with control plots, but there was no significant difference in length of tunneling damage. Damage to remaining shoots was not significantly different between T. exiguum-treated and control plots. Microhabitat significantly influenced both mean maximum and minimum temperature and the number of consecutive hours per day that were at or above 35 degrees C (critical temperature for T. exiguum survival). Soil surface with no cover had the greatest number of hours at or above 35 degrees C, followed by soil surface with herbaceous cover, and canopies of small trees (0.4 m tall). Canopy habitats in larger trees (0.9-1.8 m tall) had the most moderate temperature conditions. Parasitoid emergence was significantly reduced in response to increasing number of consecutive hours at or above 35 degrees C. Predation of parasitoids prior to emergence was significantly affected by microhabitat and by the length of time capsules were in the field before T. exiguum emergence (i.e., cohort number). C1 N Carolina State Univ, Coll Agr & Life Sci, Dept Entomol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Entomol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Orr, DB (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Coll Agr & Life Sci, Dept Entomol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 27 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC CANADA PI OTTAWA PA 393 WINSTON AVE, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K2A 1Y8, CANADA SN 0008-347X J9 CAN ENTOMOL JI Can. Entomol. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 132 IS 3 BP 373 EP 386 PG 14 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 330ZB UT WOS:000087990900013 ER PT J AU Zabinski, C Wojtowicz, T Cole, D AF Zabinski, C Wojtowicz, T Cole, D TI The effects of recreation disturbance on subalpine seed banks in the Rocky Mountains of Montana SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE LA English DT Article DE seed bank; subalpine; patchy disturbance; recreation impacts ID PLANT-COMMUNITIES; SOIL; FOREST; RESTORATION; VEGETATION; GRASSLAND; VARIABILITY; DYNAMICS; MEADOWS; FIELD AB We investigated the soil seed bank in a subalpine ecosystem with patchy disturbance from camping. Soil cores were collected from three site types, heavily impacted, lightly impacted, and undisturbed, that differed in area of bare ground and depth of surface organic matter. We hypothesized that the density and composition of the seed bank would vary with depth of surface organic matter and distance from established vegetation. Seedling emergence was determined in the greenhouse. Seed density was significantly lower on disturbed sites, averaging 441 seeds/m(2) on heavily impacted sites, 1495 seeds/m(2) on lightly impacted sites, and 4188 seeds/m(2) on undisturbed sites. Seed density declined exponentially with distance from established vegetation and increased with depth of surface organic matter. The number of species present did not vary across site types, but 10 species that occurred on lightly impacted and undisturbed sites were not present on heavily impacted sites. We concluded that disturbance that causes removal of surface organic matter can affect natural revegetation by lowering the density of propagules and affecting the species represented in the seed bank. C1 Univ Montana, Div Biol Sci, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. US Forest Serv, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, USDA, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP Zabinski, C (reprint author), Montana State Univ, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. NR 38 TC 18 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 8 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4026 J9 CAN J BOT JI Can. J. Bot.-Rev. Can. Bot. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 78 IS 5 BP 577 EP 582 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 334CJ UT WOS:000088167300002 ER PT J AU Zarnoch, SJ Bechtold, WA AF Zarnoch, SJ Bechtold, WA TI Estimating mapped-plot forest attributes with ratios of means SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article AB The mapped plot design utilized by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Inventory and Analysis and the National Forest Health Monitoring Programs is described. Data from 2458 forested mapped plots systematically spread across 25 states reveal that 35% straddle multiple conditions. The ratio-of-means estimator is developed as ii method to obtain estimates of forest attributes from mapped plots, along with measures of variability useful for constructing confidence intervals. Basic inventory statistics from North and South Carolina were examined to see if these data satisfied the conditions necessary to qualify the ratio of means as the best linear unbiased estimator. It is shown that the ratio-of-means estimator is equivalent to the Horwitz-Thompson, the mean-of-ratios, and the weighted-mean-of-ratios estimators under certain situations. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Asheville, NC 28802 USA. RP Zarnoch, SJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, POB 2680,200 Weaver Blvd, Asheville, NC 28802 USA. NR 13 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 30 IS 5 BP 688 EP 697 DI 10.1139/cjfr-30-5-688 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 334CC UT WOS:000088166700003 ER PT J AU Kaufmann, MR Regan, CM Brown, PM AF Kaufmann, MR Regan, CM Brown, PM TI Heterogeneity in ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir forests: age and size structure in unlogged and logged landscapes of central Colorado SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID PINE FOREST; FRONT RANGE; PATTERNS; HISTORY; DISTURBANCE; RESTORATION; SETTLEMENT; DYNAMICS AB Tree age and size structures were compared within and among topographic categories in portions of a 35-km(2) unlogged landscape and a comparable adjacent logged landscape. Tree density was generally higher in the logged landscape. One fifth of plots in the unfogged landscape had trees older than 400 years, but no trees older than 400 years remained in the logged landscape plots. Ten recruitment pulses were identified for the unfogged study area, accounting for 49% of all trees measured during 26% of the 421 year survival record. Recruitment pulses in the logged area accounted for fewer trees during a larger amount of time. Most recruitment periods in the unlogged landscape coincided with known past major fires. The mixed-severity historical fire regime created openings that persisted for as long as 148 years. The following components exist in the unlogged landscape: (i) forest patches having a distinct age cap reflecting regeneration following an earlier stand-replacing fire, (ii) uneven-aged forest patches having no evidence of an age cap, (ii) openings created by fire, and (iv) riparian areas. Results suggest that the logged landscape is poised to regain an old-growth age distribution, and tree removal in the logged landscape could restore the size distribution Found in the unlogged landscape. However, the unlogged landscape has openings not found in the logged landscape that should be considered in restoration efforts at a landscape scale. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Kaufmann, MR (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 240 W Prospect Rd, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 52 TC 33 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 8 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 30 IS 5 BP 698 EP 711 PG 14 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 334CC UT WOS:000088166700004 ER PT J AU Spicer, R Gartner, BL Darbyshire, RL AF Spicer, R Gartner, BL Darbyshire, RL TI Sinuous stem growth in a Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) plantation: growth patterns and wood-quality effects SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID PINUS-RADIATA; DEFORMATION AB Stem sinuosity is thought to negatively impact wood quality, but no studies have characterized its vertical and radial effects on wood properties. Here we study wood quality along the entire stem in 25-year-old plantation-grown Douglas-fir (Pseudotsaga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) France) trees (32 trees total) that had been scored for sinuosity at age 12. We also study compression wood formation in the radial direction for one internode that had been scored for sinuosity at age 12 and subsequently produced 13 more annual rings. Trees with highly sinuous leaders at age 12 were more likely to be sinuous in other years, and developed more slope of grain defect (approximately 15% log volume) than less sinuous trees, but did not differ in the size of the pith-containing core. Leaders originally scored as highly sinuous developed more compression wood than control trees but only near the pith. Internode length did not differ among sinuosity classes. The size of the pith deviations (radial distance from centreline) remained constant up the stem despite a decline in internode length. However, the frequency of pith deviations was highest at 10-15 years, when internode length reached a peak. The relationship between temporal patterns of growth rate, sinuosity, and tree biomechanics deserves further attention. C1 Harvard Univ, Biol Labs, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Prod, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, Siskiyou Natl Forest, Brookings, OR 97415 USA. RP Spicer, R (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Biol Labs, 16 Divin Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. EM spicer@oeb.harvard.edu NR 28 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 4 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 30 IS 5 BP 761 EP 768 DI 10.1139/cjfr-30-5-761 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 334CC UT WOS:000088166700010 ER PT J AU Houston, DB Houston, DR AF Houston, DB Houston, DR TI Allozyme genetic diversity among Fagus grandifolia trees resistant or susceptible to beech bark disease in natural populations SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID SYLVATICA L; SPATIAL DIFFERENTIATION; SUBDIVIDED POPULATIONS; F-STATISTICS; BLUE JAYS; FAGACEAE; GROWTH; STANDS; VARIABILITY; DISTANCE AB American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) trees resistant (R = 760) and susceptible (S = 681) to beech bark disease were located and mapped in nine natural stands in West Virginia (WV), Massachusetts (MA), Maine (ME), Nova Scotia (NS), and Prince Edward Island (PEI). Dormant bud tissue collected from each tree was examined by isozyme analysis to characterize the population genetic structure of R and S subpopulations mapped in each of four intensively sampled (R/S) stands, and five additional populations in which only R trees were sampled. Seventeen enzymes (with 9 polymorphic and 14 monomorphic loci) were analyzed to estimate variation across the spatial range of disease occurrence. All populations possessed significant levels of inter- and intra-population diversity; several parameters appeared to increase in magnitude from southwest to northeast across the range. In the R/S stands, percent polymorphic loci averaged 38%, average number of alleles/locus was 1.8 (3.0 for polymorphic loci), and mean expected heterozygosity was 0.165. Most genetic variation resided within populations (97%; G(ST) - 0.03). Analyses of pooled R and S subpopulations demonstrated that observed heterozygosities were up to 26% higher in S trees, i.e., R tree populations exhibited consistent heterozygote deficits. C1 Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Sch Nat Resources, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, No Forest Expt Stn, Hamden, CT 06514 USA. RP Houston, DB (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Sch Nat Resources, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. NR 54 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 7 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 30 IS 5 BP 778 EP 789 DI 10.1139/cjfr-30-5-778 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 334CC UT WOS:000088166700012 ER PT J AU Friend, AL Jifon, JL Berrang, PC Seiler, JR Mobley, JA AF Friend, AL Jifon, JL Berrang, PC Seiler, JR Mobley, JA TI Elevated atmospheric CO2 and species mixture alter N acquisition of trees in stand microcosms SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID CARBON-DIOXIDE; WATER-STRESS; NITROGEN; FOREST; GROWTH; PINE; ENRICHMENT; RESPONSES; SWEETGUM; PRODUCTIVITY AB The potential for elevated atmospheric CO2 to increase forest growth depends on how it affects plant acquisition of soil nitrogen (N) in realistic competitive settings. We grew seedling microcosms in large (0.6-m(2)) boxes of forest soil placed outdoors in CO2-controlled open-top chambers. Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) were grown as single-species stands (monocultures) and as 50:50 pine:sweetgum mixtures, with a factorial combination of CO2 (ambient, twice ambient) and soil water (dry, moist) for two growing seasons. We added N, enriched with N-15, 2 months after planting and used N and N-15 content of microcosm components to evaluate treatment effects. Under ambient CO2, species mixture decreased biomass and N accumulation of pine compared with pine in monoculture. Elevated CO2 partially to fully ameliorated this negative effect of species mixture for pine by increasing its biomass and N accumulation irrespective of competitive setting. Sweetgum biomass and N accumulation were improved in mixed culture (compared with monoculture) under moist conditions. However, only sweetgum biomass (not N) responded positively to increasing CO2. Our study suggests that increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration may provide a competitive advantage to pine growing in mixture with sweetgum in low fertility forest soils. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Dept Forestry, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Univ Florida, Ctr Citrus Res & Educ, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Klamath Falls, OR 97601 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Forestry, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Friend, AL (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, Dept Forestry, POB 9681, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 49 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 5 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 30 IS 5 BP 827 EP 836 DI 10.1139/cjfr-30-5-827 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 334CC UT WOS:000088166700016 ER PT J AU Anekonda, TS Adams, WT Aitken, SN Neale, DB Jermstad, KD Wheeler, NC AF Anekonda, TS Adams, WT Aitken, SN Neale, DB Jermstad, KD Wheeler, NC TI Genetics of cold hardiness in a cloned full-sib family of coastal Douglas-fir SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID FLUSHING TEMPERATURE; BUD-BURST; OREGON; GENECOLOGY; MENZIESII; PHENOLOGY AB Variation in cold-hardiness traits, and their extent of genetic control and interrelationships, were investigated among individuals (clones) within a single large full-sib family of coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) from Oregon. Cold injury to needle, stem, and bud tissues was evaluated in fall 1996 and spring 1997 following artificial freeze testing of detached shoots collected from 4-year-old ramets (rooted cuttings). Variation among clones in cold-injury scores was significant (p < 0.01) for all shoot tissues in both fall and spring and averaged about three times the magnitude previously observed among open-pollinated families of this species. Thus, improving cold hardiness by within-family selection appears to hold much promise. Striking similarities in relative magnitudes of heritability estimates and genetic correlations in the full-sib family, compared with breeding populations, support the following hypotheses about the quantitative genetics of cold hardiness in this species: (i) heritability of cold hardiness (both broad-and-narrow-sense) is stronger in the spring than in the fall; (ii) cold hardiness of different shoot tissues in the same season is controlled by many of the same genes; and (iii) genetic control of fall cold hardiness is largely independent of cold hardiness in the spring. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ British Columbia, Dept Forest Sci, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Hort, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA,Forest Serv,Inst Forest Genet, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Weyerhaeuser Co, Centralia, WA 98531 USA. RP Anekonda, TS (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, 321 Richardson Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 13 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 4 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 30 IS 5 BP 837 EP 840 DI 10.1139/cjfr-30-5-837 PG 4 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 334CC UT WOS:000088166700017 ER PT J AU Knutson, CA AF Knutson, CA TI Evaluation of variations in amylose-iodine absorbance spectra SO CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS LA English DT Article DE variations in spectra; amylose-iodine complex; processing conditions ID CHAIN-LENGTH; MAIZE STARCHES AB Evaluation of the variations in spectra of the amylose-iodine complex of starches and amyloses from various botanical sources provide a useful aid for identification and characterization of these substances. Variations in absorptivity, wavelengths of maximum absorbance, and the slopes of the absorbance peaks provide characteristic data for starches as a result of variations in amylose molecular weight. This data can be used to provide a convenient and relatively rapid means for detecting major differences, as between starches from normal and high amylose maizes, or between raw and modified starches and to evaluate effect of processing conditions. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Knutson, CA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 21 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 4 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0144-8617 J9 CARBOHYD POLYM JI Carbohydr. Polym. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 42 IS 1 BP 65 EP 72 DI 10.1016/S0144-8617(99)00126-5 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Organic; Polymer Science SC Chemistry; Polymer Science GA 282BL UT WOS:000085195900010 ER PT J AU Bechtel, DB Wilson, J AF Bechtel, DB Wilson, J TI Variability in a starch isolation method and automated digital image analysis system used for the study of starch size distributions in wheat flour SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID LIPID CONTENTS; GRANULE; ENDOSPERM; DIMENSIONS; AMYLOSE; BARLEY AB A starch isolation method and digital image analysis system were developed to accurately measure size distributions of the starch populations in wheat. The image analysis system was coupled directly to a light microscope equipped with computer controlled step stage and automatic focus. Automation of data acquisition and processing eliminated some of the labor intensive steps previously required for analyzing starch granule size distributions. This system was used to standardize starch isolation methods and compare variation and precision of the system. Operational variations were determined and statistically assessed. The number of fields of view required for low standard errors and acceptable speed of analysis was determined to be fifty. A major advantage of the system has been the increased resolution. The use of higher magnifications and stage automation allowed the analysis of starch granules as small as 0.84 mu m in diameter while analyzing thousands of starch granules per sample. C1 ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Grain Mkt Res Lab, USDA, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Bechtel, DB (reprint author), ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Grain Mkt Res Lab, USDA, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. NR 24 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 77 IS 3 BP 401 EP 405 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.2000.77.3.401 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 317KZ UT WOS:000087225700024 ER PT J AU Huwe, JK Feil, VJ Zaylskie, RG Tiernan, TO AF Huwe, JK Feil, VJ Zaylskie, RG Tiernan, TO TI An investigation of the in vivo formation of octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 18th Symposium on Halogenated Environmental Organic Pollutants-Dioxin '98 CY AUG 17-21, 1998 CL STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN ID DIBENZOFURANS; CHLOROPHENOLS; IMPURITIES AB The in vivo formation of dioxins from chemical precursors was investigated in rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed pentachlorophenol or a predioxin in peanut oil for 14 days. Mass balance calculations indicated that pentachlorophenol was not converted to dioxins; however, the predioxin, nonachloro-2-phenoxyphenol, was converted to OCDD. Conversion of the predioxin ranged from 0.5% to 153% and depended on the amount of predioxin and OCDD present in the diet. The analytical procedures used for sample preparation did not appear to cause conversion of the predioxin to OCDD. The mechanism for biological conversion may be enzymatic or spontaneous. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, Univ Stn, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. Wright State Univ, Dept Chem, Dayton, OH 45435 USA. RP Huwe, JK (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, Univ Stn, POB 5674, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 18 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 40 IS 9-11 BP 957 EP 962 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00339-2 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 288MA UT WOS:000085565500007 PM 10739032 ER PT J AU Zeng, F Cohen, AC AF Zeng, F Cohen, AC TI Comparison of alpha-amylase and protease activities of a zoophytophagous and two phytozoophagous Heteroptera SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY A-MOLECULAR AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE digestive enzymes; predators; phytophagy; zoophagy; feeding ID ORIGINAL FEEDING-HABITS; PLANT BUG HEMIPTERA; HOST PLANTS; MIRIDAE; PREDATOR; INSECTA AB To better understand the nature of facultative phytophagy in the zoophytophagous Geacoris punctipes (Say), and facultative zoophagy in phytozoophagous Lygus hesperus (Knight) and Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), we compared the activities of both the starch digesting enzyme alpha-amylase and of general proteases in these species. The alpha-amylases and proteases were demonstrated in L. hesperus, L. lineolaris and G. punctipes. The presence of alpha-amylase in the salivary gland complexes of G. punctipes indicates a disposition of this species toward utilization of nutrients that can be derived only from plants, either directly from ingestion of plant macromolecules or from second-hand ingestion of plant material from the digestive system of their prey. The alpha-amylase activity in G. punctipes was much less than those of phytozoophagous L. hesperus and L. lineolaris. The relative importance of amylolytic activity and proteolytic activity is also discussed. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Biol Control & Mass Rearing Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Zeng, F (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biol Control & Mass Rearing Res Unit, POB 5367, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 33 TC 40 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1095-6433 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS A JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A-Mol. Integr. Physiol. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 126 IS 1 BP 101 EP 106 DI 10.1016/S1095-6433(00)00193-8 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Physiology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Physiology; Zoology GA 335XG UT WOS:000088270000010 PM 10908857 ER PT J AU Zeng, FR Cohen, AC AF Zeng, FR Cohen, AC TI Partial characterization of alpha-amylase in the salivary glands of Lygus hesperus and L-lineolaris SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE digestive enzymes; salivary glands; isoelectric points (pl); alpha-amylase inhibitors; pH optimum; Miridae ID TARNISHED PLANT BUG; ORIGINAL FEEDING-HABITS; SPATIAL-ORGANIZATION; SECRETORY MECHANISMS; PERITROPHIC MEMBRANE; SITOPHILUS-ORYZAE; HEMIPTERA INSECTA; DIGESTIVE ENZYMES; HOST PLANTS; MIRIDAE AB The alpha-amylases in the salivary glands of Lygus hesperus Knight and L. lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) were isolated and purified by ion exchange chromatography, and by isoelectric focusing, respectively. The alpha-amylase from L. hesperus had an isoelectric point (pI) of 6.25, and a pH optimum of 6.5. The specific activity of alpha-amylases in the salivary glands of L. hesperus was 1.2 U/mg/ml. The alpha-amylase from L. lineolaris had a pI of 6.54, and a pH optimum of 6.5. The specific activity of alpha-amylase from L. lineolaris was 1.7 U/mg/ml. The activity of alpha-amylase in both species was significantly inhibited by a-amylase inhibitor from wheat and also by EDTA and SDS. Sodium chloride enhanced alpha-amylase activity for both species. The enzyme characteristics and relative activities are discussed in the context of differences phytophagous versus zoophagous habits in these two congeneric species. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 USDA ARS, Biol Control & Mass Rearing Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Zeng, FR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biol Control & Mass Rearing Res Unit, POB 5367, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 42 TC 34 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0305-0491 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS B JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B-Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 126 IS 1 BP 9 EP 16 DI 10.1016/S0305-0491(00)00176-0 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology GA 323BR UT WOS:000087545400002 PM 10825660 ER PT J AU Maier, TJ DeGraaf, RM AF Maier, TJ DeGraaf, RM TI Predation on Japanese Quail vs. House Sparrow eggs in artificial nests: Small eggs reveal small predators SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE artificial nests; nest predation; Peromyscus leucopus; Poecile atricapillus; predator behavior; small nest-predators; Tamias striatus ID FOREST; BIRDS; EDGE; FRAGMENTATION; LANDSCAPE; CHIPMUNKS; HABITAT; SUCCESS; RATES; TIME AB Nest predation studies frequently use eggs such as Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica) to identify potential predators of Neotropical migrants' eggs, but such eggs may be too large or thick-shelled to identify the full complement of potential predators. We compared predation events and predators of Japanese Quail and smaller House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) eggs in paired, camera-monitored ground nests within edges and interiors of 40 mixed-hardwood forest stands in central Massachusetts. House Sparrow eggs were depredated significantly more than Japanese Quail eggs at both forest edges and interiors. Eleven potential predator species disturbed nests, six of which were confirmed as predators. Our use of House Sparrow eggs revealed predation by eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus) and Black-capped Chickadee (Poecile atricapillus), but not by white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus), the most abundant small mammal species in all 40 stands. Neither predator species composition (as detected by camera) nor the frequency of nest predation differed between forest edge and interior. We conclude that the egg type used in artificial nest studies affects both the predation rates and the predator species detected. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Holdsworth Nat Resources Ctr, Northeastern Res Stn, USDA,Forest Serv, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Maier, TJ (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Holdsworth Nat Resources Ctr, Northeastern Res Stn, USDA,Forest Serv, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. NR 45 TC 45 Z9 48 U1 2 U2 10 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD MAY PY 2000 VL 102 IS 2 BP 325 EP 332 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2000)102[0325:POJQVH]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 315VF UT WOS:000087133100010 ER PT J AU Burhans, DE Thompson, FR Faaborg, J AF Burhans, DE Thompson, FR Faaborg, J TI Costs of parasitism incurred by two songbird species and their quality as Cowbird hosts SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE brood parasitism; Molothrus ater; nest desertion; nesting growth; Passerina cyanea; Spizella pusilla ID BROWN-HEADED COWBIRDS; YELLOW WARBLER EGGS; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; BROOD PARASITISM; NEST PREDATION; FLYCATCHERS; DEFENSE; FOREST; IMPACT AB We measured the costs of Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) parasitism incurred by Field Sparrows (Spizella pusilla) and Indigo Buntings (Passerina cyanea). We predicted that the frequent occurrence of nest desertion as a response to cowbird parasitism in Field Sparrows would be reflected by a higher cost of parasitism for that species. We also compared growth and survival of cowbird nestlings between hosts, predicting that they would do poorly at Field Sparrow nests because the latter appear to be avoided by cowbirds. Both species experienced reduced body mass gain in parasitized broods, but only Indigo Bunting suffered reduced tarsus growth. Both species experienced reductions in clutch size, hatching success, and nestling survival due to parasitism. but these losses did not differ among the two hosts. Multiple parasitism did not affect hatching success or nestling survival more than single parasitism for Indigo Buntings. Once accepted, cowbird offspring fared equally well in nests of both species, but almost half of all cowbird eggs Laid in Field Sparrow nests were lost through nest abandonment. As parasitism costs to both species appear to be substantial, the rarity of nest desertion in Indigo Buntings may be due to other factors. Infrequent parasitism of Field Sparrows is consistent with host avoidance by cowbirds but other explanations should be explored. C1 Univ Missouri, USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Div Biol Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Burhans, DE (reprint author), Univ Missouri, USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, 202 Nat Resources Bldg, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 49 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 14 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD MAY PY 2000 VL 102 IS 2 BP 364 EP 373 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2000)102[0364:COPIBT]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 315VF UT WOS:000087133100015 ER PT J AU Whitworth, DL Nelson, SK Newman, SH Van Vliet, GB Smith, WP AF Whitworth, DL Nelson, SK Newman, SH Van Vliet, GB Smith, WP TI Foraging distances of radio-marked Marbled Murrelets from inland areas in southeast Alaska SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Brachyramphus marmoratus; foraging range; Glacier Bay; Marbled Murrelet; radio telemetry; southeast Alaska ID XANTUS; BIRDS AB We radiotagged seven female and two male Marbled Murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus) of undetermined breeding status and followed their movements through the inner passages of northern southeast Alaska during the breeding season (May-July) in 1998. Six of the nine murrelets were detected inland in the early morning hours from 24 June to 17 July. Inland visits for each individual were consistent to a particular location, but short in duration, which precluded locating nest sites. We recorded 46 Locations at sea up to 124 km ((x) over bar = 78 +/- 27 km) from inland sites during the period 19 June to 16 July. We detected murrelets at inland sites and at sea on the same day on 20 occasions with a mean distance between these locations of 75 +/- 42 km. The majority of murrelets were located at sea in western Icy Strait, a productive feeding area at the mouth of Glacier Bay, Alaska. This study provides the first direct evidence that Marbled Murrelets in southeast Alaska are consistently traveling considerable distances between potential nesting and foraging areas. These findings have important implications for murrelet conservation and management efforts in southeast Alaska. C1 Oregon State Univ, Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Nelson, SK (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Nash Hall 104, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 21 TC 24 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 7 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD MAY PY 2000 VL 102 IS 2 BP 452 EP 456 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2000)102[0452:FDORMM]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 315VF UT WOS:000087133100027 ER PT J AU Avery, ML Tillman, EA Humphrey, JS Cummings, JL York, DL Davis, JE AF Avery, ML Tillman, EA Humphrey, JS Cummings, JL York, DL Davis, JE TI Evaluation of overspraying as an alternative to seed treatment for application of Flight Control (R) bird repellent to newly planted rice SO CROP PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE Agelaius phoeniceus; anthraquinone; bird repellent; blackbird; crop damage; rice; seed treatment ID ANTHRAQUINONE AB Anthraquinone is a promising candidate as a repellent to protect newly planted rice from blackbird depredation. Current technology for applying chemicals to rice seed prior to planting might be incompatible with the relatively large volume of bird repellent material needed on rice seeds. Therefore, an alternate method of application, overspraying the field after the seed is planted, could prove more efficient and practical. We examined this approach in pen and field trials. In group pen tests, red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) consistently avoided Flight Control (50% anthraquinone) applications equivalent to 23.3 and 37.21/ha, but were net deterred by 9.31/ha. Several test birds vomited after they fed on treated seeds. In a 0.2 ha flight pen, blackbird flocks removed 58% of rice seed from untreated plots compared to 6% taken from plots sprayed with Flight Control at a rate of 18.61/ha. In southwestern Louisiana, plots of newly planted rice were sprayed with Flight Control at either 9.3 or 18.61/ha. We did not observe blackbird repellency at any of the treated sites. Anthraquinone residues on rice from the test plots indicated that there was insufficient repellent on the seeds in the fields to deter depredating blackbirds. For overspraying to be practical and effective, methods must be: devised to deliver the chemical more efficiently to the planted seeds. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Wildlife Serv, USDA, APHIS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Gainesville, FL 32641 USA. Wildlife Serv, USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Avery, ML (reprint author), Wildlife Serv, USDA, APHIS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 2820 E Univ Ave, Gainesville, FL 32641 USA. NR 13 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0261-2194 J9 CROP PROT JI Crop Prot. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 19 IS 4 BP 225 EP 230 DI 10.1016/S0261-2194(00)00012-0 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 317KV UT WOS:000087225300002 ER PT J AU Jampatong, S Darrah, LL Krause, GF Barry, BD AF Jampatong, S Darrah, LL Krause, GF Barry, BD TI Effect of one- and two-eared selection on stalk strength and other characters in maize SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PLANT-POPULATION; MASS SELECTION; CORRELATED RESPONSES; PROLIFICACY; CORN; DENSITIES; HYBRIDS; CYCLES; YIELD AB Prolificacy associated with higher grain yield in maize (Zea mays L.) has been widely documented. However, one serious concern is that prolificacy appears associated with poor stalk strength and plant standability. The objective of this research was to compare stalk strength and other agronomic characters of one- and two-eared subpopulations derived from three maize populations (MoSQA(S7-H)C8 X Georgia Cow Corn [ACC]; MoSQB(S8-H)C8 x Georgia Cow Corn [BCC]; SI171), Entries were evaluated by using nine combinations of three levels of nitrogen (N) application (90, 180, and 270 kg ha(-1) N) and three levels of plant density (35 800, 47 800, and 59 800 plants ha(-1)). Stalk crushing strength showed significant differences between one- and two-eared subpopulations for ACC and BCC, but it was not significant for SI171, One-cared subpopulations had higher rind penetrometer resistance than two-eared subpopulations for all populations. Two-eared selections generally resulted in poorer root and stalk strength. However, total gain yield of the two-eared subpopulations was significantly higher than that of the one-eared subpopulations for BCC and SI171, but not for ACC. Prolificacy has significant potential as a novel character for grain yield improvement in the future. Selection for prolificacy alone, representing indirect selection for grain yield, would produce undesirable effects on other agronomic characters, especially root and stalk strength. Concurrent improvement for total grain yield, prolificacy, and root and stalk strength by using a standardized, weighted selection index should be used to extract the real benefit of the prolific character. C1 Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Plant Genet Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Kasetsart Univ, Natl Corn & Sorghum Res Ctr, Pakchong 30320, Nakhonratchasim, Thailand. Univ Missouri, Dept Agron, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Stat, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Entomol, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Darrah, LL (reprint author), Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Plant Genet Res Unit, 110 Curtis Hall, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 31 TC 6 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 40 IS 3 BP 605 EP 611 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 355VZ UT WOS:000089410400002 ER PT J AU Bromley, CM Van Vleck, LD Johnson, BE Smith, OS AF Bromley, CM Van Vleck, LD Johnson, BE Smith, OS TI Estimation of genetic variance in corn from F-1 performance with and without pedigree relationships among inbred lines SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID RESTRICTED MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD; MODELS; COMPONENTS AB Estimates of genetic variance are needed for ranking of inbred lines for selection and for prediction of response to selection. The objectives of this study were to determine whether including relationships among inbred lines affects estimates of genetic variance and whether random association among inbred lines mated together affects estimates. Genetic variance was estimated with different models with restricted maximum likelihood for eight traits from matings of inbred lines from two heterotic groups (Iowa Stiff Stalk Synthetic, SSS, and unrelated to SSS, NSSS) of corn (Zea mays L.). For each comparison relationships among one or both of the inbred lines were either considered or ignored. With relationships ignored, variance due to inbred line effects was reduced on average by 33% for SSB inbred lines and 18% for NSSS inbred lines. Estimates were also reduced for variance of SSS inbred lines by 11 to 41% when calculations were done with effects of NSSS inbred lines considered to be fixed and 6 to 31% for variance of NSSS inbred lines with SSS inbred lines considered fixed. The increase in variance with relationships among inbred lines considered indicates that potential gain from selection would be greater than predicted from estimates of variance due to line effects calculated ignoring relationships among lines. Estimates of inbred line variance within a heterotic group were usually smaller when lines in the other group were considered fixed. This result suggests that variance due to line effects can be inflated due to association of inbred lines between heterotic groups. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, USDA, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Pioneer Hi Bred Int Inc, Johnston, IA 50131 USA. RP Bromley, CM (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 15 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 40 IS 3 BP 651 EP 655 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 355VZ UT WOS:000089410400010 ER PT J AU Kim, HS Hartman, GL Manandhar, JB Graef, GL Steadman, JR Diers, BW AF Kim, HS Hartman, GL Manandhar, JB Graef, GL Steadman, JR Diers, BW TI Reaction of soybean cultivars to sclerotinia stem rot in field, greenhouse, and laboratory evaluations SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID IN-FIELD; RESISTANCE AB Sclerotinia stem rot of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], caused by the fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary, recently has increased in importance in the northern U.S. soybean production area. The objective of our study was to determine the effectiveness of three different inoculation techniques in predicting the field reactions of cultivars to sclerotinia stem rot. Eighteen soybean cultivars were field tested in six Michigan environments from 1994 to 1996 and tested in the greenhouse or laboratory with three inoculation methods. The cultivars were inoculated by placing infested oat (Avena sativa L.) seed or mycelial plugs on cotyledons or by placing mycelial plugs on detached leaves. There were significant (P < 0.05) differences in resistance to sclerotinia stem rot among cultivars at all but one field environment and for all inoculation methods. The disease severity ratings based on the inoculations were significantly correlated with the field results, with the exception of one method. Disease severity ratings for the three inoculation methods were significantly correlated with only two exceptions. Cultivars such as Novartis S19-90 and Corsoy 79 consistently had the lowest disease severity ratings in the field tests and for the inoculation methods. Similarly, a number of cultivars were rated as susceptible in all tests. Ratings for cultivars with intermediate reactions were not consistent across tests. The inoculation methods tested can provide some useful information on the resistance of soybean genotypes to sclerotinia stem rot. However, resistance identified by inoculation methods should be confirmed with field tests, since these methods can misclassify the resistance of some cultivars. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Natl Crop Exp Stn, Wheat & Barley Res Div, Suwon 441100, South Korea. Univ Illinois, USDA ARS, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Plant Pathol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Diers, BW (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 16 TC 73 Z9 83 U1 0 U2 4 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 40 IS 3 BP 665 EP 669 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 355VZ UT WOS:000089410400013 ER PT J AU Palmer, RG Sun, H Zhao, LM AF Palmer, RG Sun, H Zhao, LM TI Genetics and cytology of chromosome inversions in soybean germplasm SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB One type of chromosome aberration, an inversion, results in the reverse orientation of genes on a chromosome. Inversions are very useful in genetic linkage tests and have been important in the evolution of certain species of animals and plants. In soybean, three accessions (PIs) with a paracentric chromosome inversion were identified. Our objective was to determine if the paracentric inversions identified in PI 597651 and PI 597652 [Glycine max (L.) Merr., cultivated species] and in PI 407179 (G. soja Siebold & Zucc., wild annual species) were identical. The G. soja inversion was backcrossed into G. max cultivar Hark. The two G. max accessions from China were intercrossed, and based on pollen staining of F-1 and F-2 plants, were considered identical in chromosome structure. However, the G. soja accession had a chromosome structure different from the two G. max accessions. Meiotic studies confirmed the presence of the paracentric inversions. Crosses of PI 597651 with either cultivar Hark or Hark homozygous inversion gave F-1 plants with two to three times as many meiotic cells with chromosome bridges as cells with laggards and fragments. However, crosses of PI 567652 with either cultivar Hark or Hark homozygous inversion gave F-1 plants with about equal numbers of meiotic cells with bridges as cells with laggards and fragments. Therefore, cryptic structural differences between these two Chinese accessions might influence chromosome pairing, crossing over, and segregation. This might explain the different meiotic behaviors in crosses of the two Chinese accessions with Hark and Hark homozygous inversion. C1 Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, CICGR Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Zool Genet, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Jilin Acad Agr Sci, Gongzhuling 136100, Jilin Provence, Peoples R China. RP Palmer, RG (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, CICGR Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 21 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 40 IS 3 BP 683 EP 687 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 355VZ UT WOS:000089410400016 ER PT J AU Pederson, GA Pratt, RG Brink, GE AF Pederson, GA Pratt, RG Brink, GE TI Response to leaf inoculations with Macrophomina phaseolina in white clover SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID WORLD CHECKLIST; PERSISTENCE; VARIETIES; FUNGICIDE AB Summers in the southeastern USA produce a harsh environment for survival of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) stolons. Long periods of drought and hot temperatures are interspersed with rain showers that create ideal conditions for fungal pathogenesis. Previous studies indicated that Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goidanich may be an important pathogen that limits survival of white clover stolons in the summer. The objective of this study was to determine the range in response of 20 white clover cultivars, germplasms, and breeding and naturalized populations for resistance to M. phaseolina using a leaf tissue assay. Discs were cut from leaves excised from 50 plants of each entry and inoculated with an agar plug cut from the margin of a M. phaseolina colony. Leaf discs were scored according to the rate of necrosis induced by the pathogen. The experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block with four replicates and was repeated with 50 additional plants from each entry. Differences in responses of entries to inoculation with M. phaseolina were observed in each run of the experiment. Brown Loam Syn. 2 germplasm and North GA population had the least disease and the greatest number of plants selected as resistant to M. phaseolina. Large-leaf plants selected for resistance gave highly consistent responses when retested, with 35% of the plants having no leaf necrosis following inoculation with M. phaseolina. The leaf tissue assay was not as reliable for selecting consistent resistant phenotypes among small-leaf white clover entries, as 37% of the plants selected as resistant were rated as susceptible upon retesting. Resistance to M. phaseolina was observed in adapted white clover germplasm, and development of new cultivars with this resistance should improve white clover summer survival. C1 ARS, USDA, Crop Sci Res Lab, Waste Mgt & Forage Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Pederson, GA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Crop Sci Res Lab, Waste Mgt & Forage Res Unit, POB 5367, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 18 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 40 IS 3 BP 687 EP 692 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 355VZ UT WOS:000089410400017 ER PT J AU Lamb, JFS Samac, NA Barnes, DK Henjum, KI AF Lamb, JFS Samac, NA Barnes, DK Henjum, KI TI Increased herbage yield in alfalfa associated with selection for fibrous and lateral roots SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID DIVERGENT SELECTION; MORPHOLOGY; CHARACTERS; CULTIVARS AB A positive association between root morphology and herbage yield in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) has been reported previously. To further investigate this association, we created populations that differ in root morphology within four unrelated experimental germplasm sources. Two germplasm sources were divergently selected for lateral root number, and two sources underwent divergent selection for fibrous root mass followed by divergent selection for lateral root number. Selected and unselected populations from all germplasm sources were evaluated for herbage yield, root morphology, fall dormancy response, and disease resistance. Herbage yield was evaluated using eight replicates of a randomized complete block design with a split-plot arrangement of fertilizer rates (0 and 200 kg N ha(-1)) as whole plots and alfalfa populations as subplots. Experiments were established twice at each of two locations in May 1994. Two herbage yield harvests were recorded from one experiment at each location, and plots were dug and evaluated for root traits in fall 1994. Herbage yields were taken from the other experiment at each location twice in 1994 and four times in 1995, and again plots were dug and evaluated for root traits in fall 1995. All populations were evaluated for fall dormancy response in 1994 and disease resistance in 1995 according to standard protocols. Populations selected for more fibrous or lateral roots had greater herbage yield than populations selected for no or few fibrous or lateral roots in all four germplasm sources. No differences in root size or weight, dormancy, or disease resistance were found between fibrous or branch-rooted vs. taprooted populations. Selection for fibrous and lateral roots within these alfalfa germplasms increased herbage yield in the tested environments. C1 Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Pathol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Lamb, JFS (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, 411 Borlaug Hall, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 26 TC 7 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 3 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 40 IS 3 BP 693 EP 699 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 355VZ UT WOS:000089410400018 ER PT J AU Vuong, TD Harper, JE AF Vuong, TD Harper, JE TI Inheritance and allelism analysis of hypernodulating genes in the NOD3-7 and NOD2-4 soybean mutants SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID NITRATE; NODULATION; SUPERNODULATION; NITROGEN; LINES AB Hypermodulating soybean [Glycine mar (L.) Merr.] mutants derived from cv. Williams showed greater early-season dinitrogen fixation potential and partial tolerance to high levels of NO3-. Understanding genetic control is essential to manipulation of this trait. Genetic analysis of the NOD1-3 and NOD4 mutants, and the En6500 mutant, had previously shown that these three mutants were controlled by the same recessive allele at the rj(7) locus. However, genetic control of two additional hypernodulating mutants, NOD3-7 and NOD2-4, remained to be verified. We investigated the inheritance and allelic relationship of these latter mutations in relation to those previously studied. The cultivar Harosoy 63 was crossed to the NOD3-7 and NOD2-4 mutants to produce F-1 hybrids, F-2 progeny, and F-2-derived families. Phenotypic segregation was examined. For allelism tests, hypernodulating progeny exhibiting purple hypocotyl, which were isolated from the F-2 segregants of the crosses with Harosoy 63, were used for crossing with the NOD2-4 mutant. Resulting phenotypes were visually evaluated for hypernodulation at 14 d after planting (DAP) in the greenhouse. The results of genetic analysis indicated that a recessive allele was responsible for hypernodulation in the NOD3-7 and NOD2-4 mutants. Allelism analysis revealed that although the hypernodulating mutants were isolated from independent mutational events, the rj(7) locus controlled NOD-type hypernodulating mutants and the En6500 mutant. C1 ARS, Soybean Maize Germplasm Pathol & Genet Unit, USDA, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Harper, JE (reprint author), ARS, Soybean Maize Germplasm Pathol & Genet Unit, USDA, 1201 W Gregory Dr, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 16 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 40 IS 3 BP 700 EP 703 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 355VZ UT WOS:000089410400019 ER PT J AU Adamsen, FJ Coffelt, TA Nelson, JM Barnes, EM Rice, RC AF Adamsen, FJ Coffelt, TA Nelson, JM Barnes, EM Rice, RC TI Method for using images from a color digital camera to estimate flower number SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID BRASSICA-NAPUS L; SEED YIELD; GROWTH; POLLINATION; NITROGEN; SOIL AB In many plants, flowering is conspicuous in the field, but enumerating flowers is labor intensive, especially when flowers need to be counted on a daily basis. Frequent trips into plot areas and the physical contact with the plants can result in mechanical damage to plants, which can affect results. The objectives of this work were to develop methods using rotor digital images to estimate the numbers of flowers present in a scene captured in a digital image and to do all of the processing in a fully automated mode that would allow the counting of flowers in large numbers of images. Images of lesquerella [Lesquerella fendleri (Gray) Wats.] flowers were made using a color digital camera of field plots during the 1996 to 1997 growing season. An automated system to identify all of the pixels in an image that were flowers and to count the number of flower spots in an image was developed. Processing time for individual images was 3.5 min compared with a minimum of 45 min for manual counts. The automated methods produced results that were highly correlated with the number of flowers in an image as counted by hand. Results of the automated methods accurately tracked the temporal changes in flower number. Multiple counts of the same plants were made by the automated methods without damage to either plants that were counted or the plot. This method has the potential to be used to predict harvest dates from peak flowering, to track the response of flowering to environmental renditions, and to evaluate the effects of cultural practices on flowering. C1 ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, USDA, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. Univ Arizona, Maricopa Agr Ctr, Maricopa, AZ USA. RP Adamsen, FJ (reprint author), ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, USDA, 4331 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 17 TC 29 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 13 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 40 IS 3 BP 704 EP 709 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 355VZ UT WOS:000089410400020 ER PT J AU Tang, Y Sorrells, ME Kochian, LV Garvin, DF AF Tang, Y Sorrells, ME Kochian, LV Garvin, DF TI Identification of RFLP markers linked to the barley aluminum tolerance gene Alp SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ACID-SOIL TOLERANCE; HORDEUM-VULGARE; CHROMOSOME LOCATION; SCALD-RESISTANCE; WHEAT CULTIVARS; LINKAGE MAP; CONSTRUCTION; INHERITANCE; TOXICITY; ISOZYME AB Aluminum (Al) toxicity limits crop productivity in acidic soils. As with many crops, natural genetic variation for Al tolerance has been found in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Al tolerance can be evaluated by replicated field trials, by soil bioassays in pots, or by solution culture methods. To date, alternative marker-assisted methods of Al tolerance selection in barley have not been developed. The goal of this study was to identify molecular markers for Alp, a gene in the barley cv Dayton that confers a high level of Al tolerance. An FZ mapping population was generated from a cross between Dayton and the more aluminum-sensitive cv Harlan Hybrid. Al tolerance in this population was scored by hematoxylin staining, and was confirmed to segregate in a monogenic fashion. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) mapping of Alp was undertaken, and it was localized to the long arm of chromosome 4H, 2.1 cM proximal to the marker Xbcd1117 and 2.1 cM distal to the markers Xwg464 and Xcdo1395. These markers can be used for marker-assisted selection of Al tolerance in barley without the need for field trials, soil bioassays, or solution culture analysis. Further, the linkage between Xcdo1395 and Alp is interesting because this marker is also linked to the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Al tolerance gene Alb, located on the long arm of chromosome 4D. This result is suggestive of the possibility that Al tolerance in barley and wheat may be due to the action of orthologous loci. C1 ARS, USDA, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Breeding, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Garvin, DF (reprint author), ARS, USDA, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. OI Kochian, Leon/0000-0003-3416-089X NR 36 TC 64 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 5 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 40 IS 3 BP 778 EP 782 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 355VZ UT WOS:000089410400031 ER PT J AU Brown-Guedira, GL Thompson, JA Nelson, RL Warburton, ML AF Brown-Guedira, GL Thompson, JA Nelson, RL Warburton, ML TI Evaluation of genetic diversity of soybean introductions and North American ancestors using RAPD and SSR markers SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PEDIGREE ANALYSIS; ISOZYME LOCI; LINKAGE MAP; GERMPLASM; CULTIVARS; COEFFICIENT; PARENTAGE AB The genetic base of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars developed for North America is very narrow. This may threaten the ability of breeders to sustain improvement and increase vulnerability of the crop to pests. The objective of this research was to assess the relationship of 18 major ancestors of North American soybean germplasm with 87 plant introductions (PIs) that are potential new sources of genetic variation for soybean breeding programs. Genetic distances (GD) among the 105 genotypes analyzed were calculated from 109 polymorphic DNA fragments amplified with random oligonucleotide primers and simple sequence repeat (SSR) primer pairs. Two hierarchical clustering algorithms were combined with data resampling and multidimensional scaling (MDS) to evaluate relationships among the genotypes. Genetic distances ranged from 0.08 to 0.76, with a mean of 0.52. Genotypes were placed in 11 clusters on the basis of a consensus of the different methods utilized. Co-occurrence values calculated from the resampling iterations showed that the stability of clusters varied. The most stable grouping was among ancestors that corresponded with known relationships based on pedigree and maturity. Several groups of PIs are distinct from the majority of the ancestors. These genotypes may be useful to breeders wanting to utilize genetically diverse introductions in soybean improvement. C1 Kansas State Univ, USDA ARS, Plant Sci & Entomol Res Unit, Throckmorton Plant Sci Ctr 2001,Dept Agron, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Pioneer Hi Bred Int, Hamel, IL 62046 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, USDA ARS, Plant Physiol & Genet Res Unit, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. CIMMYT, Appl Biotechnol Ctr, Mexico City 06600, DF, Mexico. RP Brown-Guedira, GL (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, USDA ARS, Plant Sci & Entomol Res Unit, Throckmorton Plant Sci Ctr 2001,Dept Agron, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 29 TC 87 Z9 106 U1 1 U2 6 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 40 IS 3 BP 815 EP 823 PG 9 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 355VZ UT WOS:000089410400037 ER PT J AU English, JT Beuselinck, PR AF English, JT Beuselinck, PR TI Methods for evaluating birdsfoot trefoil for susceptibility to foliar and shoot blight caused by Rhizoctonia spp. SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MANAGEMENT AB Production of birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L,.) is limited in humid, temperate regions by foliar and shoot blight caused by Rhizoctonia species. The objective of this study was to develop methods for quantifying blight symptoms on 14 plant introductions and three cultivars of birdsfoot trefoil. Susceptibility was evaluated in the greenhouse on the basis of shoot lesion formation and blight of leaves and apical meristems. On the basis of these symptoms, no entry of this limited collection of birdsfoot trefoil was completely resistant to infection. However, 4 d after inoculation, shoot lesion length differed significantly among entries. Additionally, lesion lengths varied between experiments in relation to environmental conditions. In contrast to shoot lesion length, foliar blight and the time to blight of apical meristems did not vary significantly among entries in either experiment. Shoot lesion development limits foliage production and survival under field conditions and should be considered an important factor in further screening of birdsfoot trefoil for disease resistance. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Microbiol & Plant Pathol, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. ARS, USDA, Plant Genet Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP English, JT (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Microbiol & Plant Pathol, 108 Waters Hall, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 40 IS 3 BP 841 EP 843 PG 3 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 355VZ UT WOS:000089410400042 ER PT J AU Wesenberg, DM Burrup, DE Whitmore, JC Liu, CT AF Wesenberg, DM Burrup, DE Whitmore, JC Liu, CT TI Registration of 'Garnet' barley SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Univ Idaho, USDA ARS, Aberdeen Res & Ext Ctr, Natl Small Grains Germplasm Res Facil, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. Univ Idaho, Tetonia Res & Ext Ctr, Newdale, ID 83436 USA. Univ Idaho, Dept Plant Soil & Entomol Sci, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. RP Wesenberg, DM (reprint author), Univ Idaho, USDA ARS, Aberdeen Res & Ext Ctr, Natl Small Grains Germplasm Res Facil, POB 307, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 40 IS 3 BP 851 EP 851 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 355VZ UT WOS:000089410400045 ER PT J AU Hang, AN Silbernagel, MJ Miklas, PN Hosfield, GL AF Hang, AN Silbernagel, MJ Miklas, PN Hosfield, GL TI Registration of 'LeBaron' small red dry bean SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Washington State Univ, Ctr Irrigated Agr Res & Extens Ctr, USDA ARS, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. Michigan State Univ, USDA ARS, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Hang, AN (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Ctr Irrigated Agr Res & Extens Ctr, USDA ARS, 24106 N Bunn Rd, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. NR 7 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 40 IS 3 BP 853 EP 854 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 355VZ UT WOS:000089410400049 ER PT J AU Simpson, CE Smith, OD Melouk, HA AF Simpson, CE Smith, OD Melouk, HA TI Registration of 'Tamrun 98' peanut SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Texas Agr Expt Stn, Stephenville, TX 76401 USA. TAMU, College Stn, TX USA. USDA, ARS, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. RP Simpson, CE (reprint author), Texas Agr Expt Stn, Stephenville, TX 76401 USA. NR 4 TC 8 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 40 IS 3 BP 859 EP 859 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 355VZ UT WOS:000089410400058 ER PT J AU Baenziger, PS Moreno-Sevilla, B Peterson, CJ Shelton, DR Elmore, RW Klein, RN Baltensperger, DD Nelson, LA McVey, DV Watkins, JE Hatchett, JH AF Baenziger, PS Moreno-Sevilla, B Peterson, CJ Shelton, DR Elmore, RW Klein, RN Baltensperger, DD Nelson, LA McVey, DV Watkins, JE Hatchett, JH TI Registration of 'Culver' wheat SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Plant Pathol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Pathol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Entomol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Baenziger, PS (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RI Baenziger, Peter/C-6490-2014 OI Baenziger, Peter/0000-0002-9109-6954 NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 40 IS 3 BP 862 EP 863 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 355VZ UT WOS:000089410400063 ER PT J AU Samac, DA Lamb, JFS AF Samac, DA Lamb, JFS TI Registration of UMN 3176 alfalfa germplasm SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS; GENETIC-CONTROL C1 Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Pathol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Samac, DA (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, 411 Borlaug Hall, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 40 IS 3 BP 863 EP 864 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 355VZ UT WOS:000089410400064 ER PT J AU Ray, IM Townsend, MS Henning, JA Currier, CG Melton, BA AF Ray, IM Townsend, MS Henning, JA Currier, CG Melton, BA TI Registration of NM-9D11A-AN3 anthracnose resistant alfalfa germplasm SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 New Mexico State Univ, Dept Agron & Hort, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. ARS, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Currier Abstract Co, Artesia, NM 88211 USA. RP Ray, IM (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, Dept Agron & Hort, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 40 IS 3 BP 864 EP 864 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 355VZ UT WOS:000089410400065 ER PT J AU Dierig, DA Tomasi, PM Coffelt, TA Rayford, WE Lauver, L AF Dierig, DA Tomasi, PM Coffelt, TA Rayford, WE Lauver, L TI Registration of a Lesquerella fendleri germplasm with yellow seed coat color SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 ARS, USDA, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. ARS, USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Dierig, DA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, US Water Conservat Lab, 4331 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 40 IS 3 BP 865 EP 866 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 355VZ UT WOS:000089410400067 ER PT J AU Campbell, LG Anderson, AW Dregseth, RJ AF Campbell, LG Anderson, AW Dregseth, RJ TI Registration of F1015 and F1016 sugarbeet germplasms with resistance to the sugarbeet root maggot SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 ARS, USDA, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Dept Entomol, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Campbell, LG (reprint author), ARS, USDA, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 3 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 40 IS 3 BP 867 EP 868 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 355VZ UT WOS:000089410400070 ER PT J AU Allan, RE AF Allan, RE TI Registration of 10 pairs of alloplasmic and euplasmic 'tres' wheat germplasm lines SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Wheat Genet Qual Physiol & Dis Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Allan, RE (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Wheat Genet Qual Physiol & Dis Res Unit, POB 646420, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 40 IS 3 BP 868 EP 869 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 355VZ UT WOS:000089410400071 ER PT J AU Al-Khatib, K Miller, JF AF Al-Khatib, K Miller, JF TI Registration of four genetic stocks of sunflower resistant to imidazolinone herbicides SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID LINES C1 ARS, USDA, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Agron, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Miller, JF (reprint author), ARS, USDA, No Crop Sci Lab, POB 5677, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 4 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 40 IS 3 BP 869 EP 870 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 355VZ UT WOS:000089410400072 ER PT J AU Pratt, J Cooley, JD Purdy, CW Straus, DC AF Pratt, J Cooley, JD Purdy, CW Straus, DC TI Lipase activity from strains of Pasteurella multocida SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NEURAMINIDASE; ORIGIN; CELLS; A-3 AB Thirteen clinical isolates of Pasteurella multocida from a variety of different animals and humans were examined for their ability to produce lipase. Lipase substrates used included Tween 20, Tween 40, Tween 80, and Tween 85. Lipase activity was detected in the filtrates of organisms grown to the exponential phase in Roswell Park Memorial Institute-1640 defined media (RPMI-1640), but activity increased in the filtrates when the cultures were allowed to proceed to the stationary phase. All strains examined (except for serotype 2) showed lipase activity against at least one of the Tweens. Tween 40 was the best substrate to demonstrate lipase activity. Pasteurella multocida serotype 8 produced the most active lipase against Tween 40 (3,561.7 units of activity/mu g of protein). This activity continued to increase after P. multocida entered a stationary growth phase. P. multocida lipase activity was optimal at pH 8.0. Lipase activity of P. multocida serotype 8 was eluted from a Sepharose 2B column at several points, indicating that several lipases may be produced in vitro by this organism. These data demonstrate that clinical isolates of P. multocida produce lipase; therefore, this enzyme should be considered a potential virulence factors for this organism. C1 Texas Tech Univ, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Lubbock, TX 79430 USA. ARS, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, USDA, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. RP Straus, DC (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Lubbock, TX 79430 USA. NR 18 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0343-8651 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 40 IS 5 BP 306 EP 309 DI 10.1007/s002849910061 PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 294XH UT WOS:000085935500004 PM 10706660 ER PT J AU Meigs, JB Ordovas, JM Cupples, LA Singer, DE Nathan, DM Schaefer, EJ Wilson, PWF AF Meigs, JB Ordovas, JM Cupples, LA Singer, DE Nathan, DM Schaefer, EJ Wilson, PWF TI Apolipoprotein E isoform polymorphisms are not associated with insulin resistance - The Framingham Offspring Study SO DIABETES CARE LA English DT Article ID CORONARY-HEART-DISEASE; DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; DEPENDENT DIABETES-MELLITUS; ARTERY DISEASE; RISK FACTOR; E PHENOTYPE; TRIGLYCERIDE LEVELS; PLASMA; HYPERINSULINEMIA; POPULATION AB OBJECTIVE - Insulin resistance and the apolipoprotein (apo) allele e4 have both been associated with coronary heart disease (CHD). We examined the relationship between insulin resistance and apo(e) polymorphisms among participants in the Framingham Offspring Study. RESEARCH DESIGN END METHODS- During 1991-1995, subjects underwent a clinical examination and an oral glucose tolerance test with measurement of fasting and 2-h glucose, insulin levels, and fasting lipid levels. We measured insulin resistance using the homeostasis model, in which insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) = Easting insulin x glucose/22.5. Apo(e) isoforms and phenotypes were determined in 1983-1987 using isoelectric focusing of plasma VLDL. Of the 2,120 subjects with complete HOMA-IR and apo(e) data, 204 with type 2 diabetes were excluded. The remainder were classified with features of the insulin resistance syndrome including impaired glucose tolerance (1997 American Diabetes Association criteria), hypertension (criteria from the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure [6th report]), obesity (BMI >85th percentile), high waist-to-hip ratio (>85th percentile), and high triglyceride and low HDL levels (NCEP-2 criteria). We analyzed data with contingency tables and age- and sex-adjusted logistic regression models. RESULTS - Among the 1,916 subjects, the mean age was 55 (range 28-83 years) and 51% were women. Median HOMA-IR was 6.4 (interquartile range 5.2-8.2), and allele frequencies were 7.8, 79.9, and 12.4% for apo(e) alleles e2, e3, and e4, respectively There were no differences in proportions of apo(e) isoforms or alleles across increasing quintiles of HOMA-IR. A less dramatic increase in proportions occurred with elevated triglycerides associated with increasing HOMA-IR among those with apo(e) isoforms 2/2 and u3 compared with the others (P less than or equal to 0.01 for interaction). Otherwise, apo(e) did not substantially modify associations between insulin resistance and features of the insulin resistance syndrome. CONCLUSIONS - There is no association between apo(e) polymorphisms and insulin resistance. These appear to represent 2 completely independent risk factors for CHD. C1 Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Gen Internal Med Unit S50 9, Dept Med, Div Gen Med, Boston, MA 02114 USA. Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Diabet Unit, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02114 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat & Epidemiol, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Med, Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA USA. RP Meigs, JB (reprint author), Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Gen Internal Med Unit S50 9, Dept Med, Div Gen Med, Boston, MA 02114 USA. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [N01-HC-38083, R01 HL 54776] NR 43 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER DIABETES ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1660 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0149-5992 J9 DIABETES CARE JI Diabetes Care PD MAY PY 2000 VL 23 IS 5 BP 669 EP 674 DI 10.2337/diacare.23.5.669 PG 6 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 313WN UT WOS:000087022800021 PM 10834428 ER PT J AU Sandercock, BK Beissinger, SR Stoleson, SH Melland, RR Hughes, CR AF Sandercock, BK Beissinger, SR Stoleson, SH Melland, RR Hughes, CR TI Survival rates of a neotropical parrot: Implications for latitudinal comparisons of avian demography SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Review DE avian demography; Forpus passerinus; Green-rumped Parrotlet; mark-recapture; multistate models; nonbreeder; site fidelity; social systems; survival; tropical vs. temperate ID LIFE-HISTORY EVOLUTION; CAVITY-NESTING BIRDS; BREEDING DISPERSAL; CAPTURE-RECAPTURE; POPULATION BIOLOGY; SITE-FIDELITY; VARIABLE ENVIRONMENT; HATCHING ASYNCHRONY; SOCIAL-ORGANIZATION; TEMPERATE FORESTS AB Latitudinal variation in avian demography played an important early role in the development of life history theory, especially in the idea of a cost of reproduction. Recent attempts to determine the survivorship of tropical birds with mark-recapture statistics have proved controversial. Here, we use a small neotropical bird, the Green-rumped parrotlet (Forpus passerinus), as a model system for investigating sources of heterogeneity that might bias interspecific comparisons. Mark-resighting data were collected on 1334 adult parrotlets over a decade. We expected adult survival to be low because this parrot lays a large clutch (mean = 7 eggs), is a cavity nester, and breeds in a highly seasonal environment. A two-age-class term in local survival was nonsignificant, indicating that an age or transience effect was unimportant. Local survival of males did not vary annually, but 19.3% of the yearly variation in female survival was explained by rates of nest loss during stages when females were incubating or brooding young. The overall local survival rate of parrotlets (phi = 0.565) was identical to temperate hole-nesting species of the same body size but was lower than that of tropical birds that lay smaller clutches. However, we also detected considerable heterogeneity in parrotlet survival. Females and males that were sighted but did not breed comprised a mean 23.5% and 52.9% of our population, respectively. Using multistate models, we found that breeders had significantly higher probabilities of local survival (phi = 0.678 vs. 0.486), of retaining their status as breeders (psi = 0.719 vs. 0.279), and of detection (p = 0.997 vs. 0.375) than did nonbreeders. Overall, males and females had comparable local survival rates (breeders phi = 0.698 vs. 0.658, nonbreeders phi = 0.536 vs. 0.436). Our estimates of local survival could be affected by breeding dispersal, but site fidelity of parrotlets was strong: 95% of adults moved <500 m in consecutive years. A literature review for tropical birds showed that mark-resighting studies usually report return rates based on resightings of breeding or territorial adults, whereas mist net studies rely on recaptures and pool birds of different age and social status in their calculations of local survival. Future studies should attempt to compare subsets of avian populations that are similar in demography. Because rates of site fidelity and social system may differ among species, these factors must also be considered in interspecific comparisons of avian life histories. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA. Univ N Dakota, Dept Biol, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. Univ Miami, Dept Biol, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. RP Sandercock, BK (reprint author), Univ British Columbia, Dept Forest Sci, Ctr Appl Conservat Biol, 3041-2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. RI Beissinger, Steven/F-3809-2012; Sandercock, Brett/L-1644-2016 OI Sandercock, Brett/0000-0002-9240-0268 NR 127 TC 88 Z9 88 U1 4 U2 34 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD MAY PY 2000 VL 81 IS 5 BP 1351 EP 1370 DI 10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[1351:SROANP]2.0.CO;2 PG 20 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 309XQ UT WOS:000086795100014 ER PT J AU Cavigelli, MA Robertson, GP AF Cavigelli, MA Robertson, GP TI The functional significance of denitrifier community composition in a terrestrial ecosystem SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biodiversity; community composition; denitrification enzyme activity; denitrifier community composition; ecosystem function; Michigan; microbial diversity; nitrate; nitrous oxide; oxygen; pH ID NITROUS-OXIDE EVOLUTION; ATMOSPHERIC TRACE GASES; SOIL DENITRIFICATION; ACETYLENE INHIBITION; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; RAINFALL EVENTS; NITRIC-OXIDE; NITRATE; REDUCTION; N2O AB We tested the hypothesis that soil microbial diversity affects ecosystem function by evaluating the effect of denitrifier community composition on nitrous oxide (N(2)O) production. Denitrification is a major source of atmospheric N(2)O, an important greenhouse gas and a natural catalyst of stratospheric ozone decay. The major environmental controls on denitrification rate and the mole ratio of N(2)O produced during denitrification have been incorporated into mechanistic models, but these models are, in general, poor predictors of, in situ N(2)O flux rates. We sampled two geomorphically similar soils from fields in southwest Michigan that differed in plant community composition and disturbance regime: a conventionally tilled agricultural field and a never-tilled successional field. We tested whether denitrifier community composition influences denitrification rate and the relative rate of N(2)O production [Delta N(2)O/Delta(N(2)O + N(2))], or rN(2)O, using a soil enzyme assay designed to evaluate the effect of oxygen concentration and pH on the activity of denitrification enzymes responsible for the production and consumption of N(2)O. By controlling, or providing in nonlimiting amounts, all known environmental regulators of denitrifier N(2)O production and consumption, we created conditions in which the only variable contributing to differences in denitrification rate and rN(2)O in the two soils was denitrifier community composition. We found that both denitrification rate and rN(2)O differed for the two soils under controlled incubation conditions. Oxygen inhibited the activity of enzymes involved in N(2)O production (nitrate reductase, Nar; nitrite reductase, Nir; and nitric oxide reductase, Nor) to a greater extent in the denitrifying community from the agricultural field than in the community from the successional field. The Nar, Nir, and Nor enzymes of the denitrifying community from the successional field, on the other hand, were more sensitive to pH than were those in the denitrifying community from the agricultural field. Moreover, the denitrifying community in the soil from the successional field had relatively more active nitrous oxide reductase (Nos) enzymes, which reduce N(2)O to N(2), than the denitrifying community in the agricultural field. Also, the shape of the rN(2)O curve with increasing oxygen was different for each denitrifying community. Each of these differences suggests that the denitrifying communities in these two soils art: different and that they do not respond to environmental regulators in the same manner. We thus conclude that native microbial community composition regulates an important ecosystem function in these soils. C1 Michigan State Univ, WK Kellogg Biol Stn, Ctr Microbial Ecol, Hickory Corners, MI 49060 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, Hickory Corners, MI 49060 USA. RP Cavigelli, MA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Ducey, Thomas/A-6493-2011; Robertson, G/H-3885-2011 OI Robertson, G/0000-0001-9771-9895 NR 75 TC 186 Z9 204 U1 8 U2 110 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD MAY PY 2000 VL 81 IS 5 BP 1402 EP 1414 PG 13 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 309XQ UT WOS:000086795100018 ER PT J AU Callaway, RM Sala, A Keane, RE AF Callaway, RM Sala, A Keane, RE TI Succession may maintain high leaf area: Sapwood ratios and productivity in old subalpine forests SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article ID NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; PINE PINUS-ALBICAULIS; LODGEPOLE PINE; MAINTENANCE RESPIRATION; CONTRASTING CLIMATES; BIOMASS DISTRIBUTION; STAND DEVELOPMENT; PONDEROSA PINE; GROWTH FORESTS; CARBON BUDGET AB Old forests are generally believed to exhibit low net primary productivity (NPP) and therefore to be insignificant carbon sinks. This relationship between age and NPP is based, in part, on the hypothesis that the biomass of respiratory tissues such as sapwood increases with age to a point where all photosynthate is required just to maintain existing tissue. However, this theoretical connection between respiration:assimilation ratios and forest productivity is based on age-dependent trends in the sapwood:leaf ratios of individual trees and even-aged stands; it does not take into account such processes in natural forests as disproportional increases in shade-tolerant species over time and multiple-age cohorts. Ignoring succession and structural complexity may lead to large underestimates of the productivity of old forests and inaccurate estimates of the ages at which forest productivity declines. To address this problem, we compared biomass allocation and productivity between whitebark pine, a shade-intolerant, early-successional tree species, and subalpine fir, a shade-tolerant, late-successional species, by harvesting 14 whitebark pines and nine subalpine firs that varied widely in dbh and calculating regression models for dbh vs annual productivity and biomass allocation to leaves, sapwood, and heartwood. Late-successional subalpine fir allocated almost twice as much biomass to leaves as early-successional whitebark pine. Subalpine firs also had a much lower allocation to sapwood and higher growth rates across all tree sizes. We then modeled biomass allocation and productivity for 12 natural stands in western Montana that were dominated by subalpine fir and whitebark pine varying in age from 67 to 458 years by applying the regressions to all trees in each stand. Whole-stand sapwood:leaf ratios and stand productivity increased asymptotically with age. Sapwood:leaf ratios and productivity of whitebark pine in these stands increased for approximately 200-300 years and then decreased slowly over the next 200 years. In contrast, sapwood:leaf ratios of all sizes of subalpine fir were lower than those of pine and productivity was higher. As stands shifted in dominance from pine to fir with age, subalpine fir appeared to maintain gradually increasing rates of whole-forest productivity until stands were approximately 400 years old. These results suggest that forests such as these may continue to sequester carbon for centuries. If shade-tolerant species that predominate late in succession maintain high assimilation-to-respiration ratios in other forests, we may be underestimating production in old forests, and current models may underestimate the importance of mature forests as carbon sinks for atmospheric CO(2) in the global carbon cycle. C1 Univ Montana, Div Biol Sci, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Intermt Fire Sci Lab, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP Callaway, RM (reprint author), Univ Montana, Div Biol Sci, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. EM callaway@selway.umt.edu NR 92 TC 20 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 10 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1432-9840 J9 ECOSYSTEMS JI Ecosystems PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 3 IS 3 BP 254 EP 268 DI 10.1007/s100210000024 PG 15 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 327CB UT WOS:000087774400004 ER PT J AU Thompson, FC AF Thompson, FC TI A new Oriental blera (Diptera : Syrphidae) SO ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS LA English DT Article AB The only known Blera from the Oriental Region is described and named himalaya (HTO The Natural History Museum, London). C1 Smithsonian Inst, Systemat Entomol Lab, USDA ARS, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Thompson, FC (reprint author), Smithsonian Inst, Systemat Entomol Lab, USDA ARS, NHB-168, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NR 3 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ENTOMOL SOC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 1900 BENJ FRANKLIN PARKWAY, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19103-1195 USA SN 0013-872X J9 ENTOMOL NEWS JI Entomol. News PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 111 IS 3 BP 181 EP 184 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 332BE UT WOS:000088052600005 ER PT J AU Usnick, SJ AF Usnick, SJ TI Foraging distance of Pogonomyrmex occidentalis (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) on grazed and ungrazed shortgrass prairies in Colorado SO ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS LA English DT Article ID HARVESTER ANT AB Western harvester ants (Pogonomyrmex occidenralis) are (sic) that preferentially collect certain seeds. In the ants' search for these preferred seeds, their foraging distances can be lengthy. However, the effects of grazing on P. occidentalis foraging distances have not been sufficiently studied. To test whether the ants foraged farther in grazed than in ungrazed sites, I offered commercial seeds (wheat and millet) at varying distances from the nests (6, 10, 12, 15, and 18m). Western harvester ants foraged significantly greater distances in grazzed sites than in ungrazed sites. I conclude that the ants foraged farther to collect their preferred seeds in grazed ecosystems because there is more bare ground a consequence of grazing. C1 USDA ARS, High Plains Grassland Res Stn, Cheyenne, WY 82009 USA. RP Usnick, SJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, 141 Expt Stn Rd, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 10 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER ENTOMOL SOC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 1900 BENJ FRANKLIN PARKWAY, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19103-1195 USA SN 0013-872X J9 ENTOMOL NEWS JI Entomol. News PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 111 IS 3 BP 201 EP 205 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 332BE UT WOS:000088052600009 ER PT J AU Lemly, AD Kingsford, RT Thompson, JR AF Lemly, AD Kingsford, RT Thompson, JR TI Irrigated agriculture and wildlife conservation: Conflict on a global scale SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Review DE agricultural irrigation; wetlands; wildlife conservation; water policy; environmental economics; ecosystem management ID SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; RISK ASSESSMENT; ARID AUSTRALIA; RIVER MURRAY; FRESH-WATER; ARAL SEA; WETLANDS; VALUES; CALIFORNIA; SELENIUM AB The demand for water to support irrigated agriculture has led to the demise of wetlands and their associated wildlife for decades. This thirst for water is so pervasive that many wetlands considered to be hemispheric reserves for waterbirds have been heavily affected; for example, the California and Nevada wetlands in North America, the Macquarie Marshes in Australia, and the Aral Sea in central Asia. These and other major wetlands have lost most of their historic supplies of water and some have also experienced serious impacts from contaminated subsurface irrigation drainage. Now mere shadows of what they once were in terms of biodiversity and wildlife production, many of the so-called "wetlands of international importance" are no longer the key conservation strongholds they were in the past. The conflict between irrigated agriculture and wildlife conservation has reached a critical point on a global scale. Not only has local wildlife suffered, including the extinction of highly insular species, but a ripple effect has impacted migratory birds worldwide. Human societies reliant on wetlands for their livelihoods are also bearing the cost. Ironically, most of the degradation of these key wetlands occurred during a period of time when public environmental awareness and scientific assertion of the need for wildlife conservation was at an all-time high. However, designation of certain wetlands as "reserves for wildlife" by international review boards has not slowed their continued degradation. To reverse this trend, land and water managers and policy makers must assess the true economic costs of wetland loss and, depending on the outcome of the assessment. use the information as a basis for establishing legally enforceable water rights that protect wetlands from agricultural development. C1 Virginia Tech Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Coldwater Fisheries Res Unit, So Res Stn,US Forest Serv, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. New S Wales Natl Parks & Wildlife Serv, Hurstville, NSW 2220, Australia. UCL, Dept Geog, Wetland Res Unit, London WC1H 0AP, England. RP Lemly, AD (reprint author), Virginia Tech Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Coldwater Fisheries Res Unit, So Res Stn,US Forest Serv, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RI Thompson, Julian/A-4781-2010 NR 179 TC 136 Z9 149 U1 6 U2 122 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0364-152X EI 1432-1009 J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 25 IS 5 BP 485 EP 512 DI 10.1007/s002679910039 PG 28 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 298AW UT WOS:000086118000003 ER PT J AU Johnston, JJ Goldade, DA Kohler, DJ Cummings, JL AF Johnston, JJ Goldade, DA Kohler, DJ Cummings, JL TI Determination of white phosphorus residues in ducks: An atomic emission detection/compound-independent calibration-based method of generating residue data for risk assessment and environmental monitoring SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PREDATORS; SEDIMENTS; P-4 AB Analysis of phosphorus concentrations in the gizzards of ducks harvested from munitions sites is necessary to ascertain if acute phosphorus toxicity was the cause of death and to estimate potential secondary hazards to predators and scavengers, such as eagles that readily consume the dead ducks. Gas chromatography/atomic emission detection analysis permitted compound-independent quantification of white phosphorus standards following analysis of the stable phosphorus-containing compound triethyl phosphate. The white phosphorus standards were then used to quantify white phosphorus residues in duck gizzard extracts by gas chromatography/flame photometric detection analysis. For gizzards containing less than 0.01 mu g of phosphorus, quantification was based on a three-point calibration curve. For gizzards containing 0.01 mu g or more of white phosphorus, single-point calibration was used. Mean recoveries for phosphorus-fortified (0.03-3000 mu g) gizzards ranged from 73 to 91%. The method limit of detection was 0.013 mu g of phosphorus. This method was successfully applied to the quantification of white phosphorus in ducks collected from Eagle River Flats, AK. Potential applications to risk assessment and environmental monitoring are also discussed. C1 USDA, APHIS,WS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Analyt Chem Project, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. USDA, APHIS,WS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Bird Res Program, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Johnston, JJ (reprint author), USDA, APHIS,WS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Analyt Chem Project, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 16 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY 1 PY 2000 VL 34 IS 9 BP 1856 EP 1861 DI 10.1021/es991050a PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 309XL UT WOS:000086794500050 ER PT J AU Arnold, RW AF Arnold, RW TI Reflections SO EURASIAN SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Arnold, RW (reprint author), USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTERPERIODICA PI BIRMINGHAM PA PO BOX 1831, BIRMINGHAM, AL 35201-1831 USA SN 1064-2293 J9 EURASIAN SOIL SCI+ JI Eurasian Soil Sci. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 33 IS 5 BP 560 EP 565 PG 6 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 315XJ UT WOS:000087138000015 ER PT J AU Rhoads, ML Fetterer, RH Hill, DE Urban, JF AF Rhoads, ML Fetterer, RH Hill, DE Urban, JF TI Trichuris suis: A secretory chymotrypsin/elastase inhibitor with potential as an immunomodulator SO EXPERIMENTAL PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chymotrypsin (EC3.4.21.1) inhibitor; elastase (EC3.4.21.36) inhibitor; chymase inhibitor; cathepsin G inhibitor; nematode; in vitro cultivation; excretory/secretory products; Apis mellifera; honeybee ID MAST-CELL CHYMASE; SERINE-PROTEASE INHIBITOR; PROTEINASE-INHIBITORS; REACTIVE-SITE; IN-VIVO; NEMATODE; INFLAMMATION; EXPRESSION; SEQUENCE; LEX032 AB A serine protease inhibitor, termed TsCEI, was purified from adult-stage Trichuris suis by acid precipitation, affinity chromatography (elastase-agarose), and reverse-phase HPLC. The molecular weight of TsCEI was estimated at 6.437 kDa by laser desorption mass spectrometry. TsCEI potently inhibited both chymotrypsin (K-i = 33.4 pM) and pancreatic elastase (K-i = 8.32 nM). Neutrophil elastase, chymase (mouse mast cell protease-1, mMCP-1), and cathepsin C were also inhibited by TsCEI, whereas trypsin, thrombin, and factor Xa were not. The cDNA-derived amino acid sequence of the mature TsCEI consisted of 58 residues including 9 cysteine residues with a molecular mass of 6.196 kDa. TsCEI displayed 48% sequence identity to a previously characterized trypsin/chymotrypsin inhibitor of T. suis, TsTCI. TsCEI showed 36% sequence identity to a protease inhibitor from the hemolymph of the honeybee Apis mellifera. Sequence similarity was also detected with the trypsin/thrombin inhibitor of the European frog Bombina bombina, the elastase isoinhibitors of the nematode Anisakis simplex, and the chymotrypsin/elastase and trypsin inhibitors of the nematode Ascaris suum. The inhibitors of T. suis, an intestinal parasite of swine, may function as components of a parasite defense mechanism by modulating intestinal mucosal mast cell-associated, protease-mediated, host immune responses. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. OI Urban, Joseph/0000-0002-1590-8869 NR 41 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0014-4894 EI 1090-2449 J9 EXP PARASITOL JI Exp. Parasitol. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 95 IS 1 BP 36 EP 44 DI 10.1006/expr.2000.4502 PG 9 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 327XA UT WOS:000087818700005 PM 10864516 ER PT J AU Rychlik, JL Russell, JB AF Rychlik, JL Russell, JB TI Mathematical estimations of hyper-ammonia producing ruminal bacteria and evidence for bacterial antagonism that decreases ruminal ammonia production SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ruminal bacterium; ammonia production; hyper-ammonia producing bacterium; protein ID ACID-FERMENTING BACTERIA; RUMEN MICROORGANISMS; PROTEOLYTIC ACTIVITY; AMINO-ACIDS; DEGRADATION; PEPTIDES; MONENSIN; PROTEIN; FERMENTATION; DEAMINATION AB Mixed ruminal bacteria (MRB) from cattle fed hay produced ammonia from protein hydrolysate twice as fast as MRB from cattle fed mostly grain, and a mathematical model indicated that cattle fed hay had approximately four-fold more hyper ammonia-producing ruminal bacteria (HAB). HAB had a high maximum velocity of ammonia production (V-max) and low substrate affinity (high K-m), but simulations indicated that only large changes in V-max or K-m would cause a lar _pe deviation in HAB numbers. Some carbohydrate-fermenting ruminal bacteria produced ammonia at a slow rate (CB-LA), but many of the isolates had almost no activity (CB-NA). The model indicated that the ratio of CB-LA to CB-NA had little impact on HAB numbers. Validations based on predicted ratios of HAB, CB-LA and CB-NA over-predicted the specific activity of ammonia production by MRB, but co-culture incubations indicated that washed MRB From cattle fed grain could inhibit HAB. Because autoclaved MRB had virtually Ilo effect on HAB and the incubations were always carried out at pH 7.0, the inhibition was not simply a chemical effect (e.g.. low pH). Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Microbiol Sect, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Russell, JB (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 41 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-6496 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL ECOL JI FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 32 IS 2 BP 121 EP 128 DI 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2000.tb00706.x PG 8 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 318AR UT WOS:000087261700005 ER PT J AU Alig, RJ Adams, DM McCarl, BA Ince, PJ AF Alig, RJ Adams, DM McCarl, BA Ince, PJ TI Economic potential of short-rotation woody crops on agricultural land for pulp fiber production in the united states SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB A model of the U.S. forestry and agricultural sectors is used to simulate the consequences of growing short-rotation woody crops on agricultural lands as a fiber source for pulp and paper production. Hybrid poplar, a short-rotation woody crop, annually produces 4 to 7 dry tons per acre of hardwood pulpwood over a 6- to 10-year rotation. When harvested, the material competes with pulpwood from traditional forests. The model-estimated optimal acreage varies from 1.5 to 2.8 million acres, less than 1 percent of cultivated U.S. cropland and less than 1 percent of U.S. existing timberland. That acreage generates about 10 to 1 6 million dry tons per year, depending on decade, and represents about 40 percent of current U.S. hardwood pulpwood output. The short-rotation woody crop production causes reallocation of existing forest lands across forest species types and ownerships. This level of short-rotation woody crop production reduces the timber management intensity of U.S. forests and promotes migration of some existing timberland into agricultural production. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Forestry, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Agr Econ, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Alig, RJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, 3200 SW Jefferson, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RI McCarl, Bruce/E-9445-2011 NR 19 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 2 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 50 IS 5 BP 67 EP 74 PG 8 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 315MA UT WOS:000087116500010 ER PT J AU Lewis, VR Power, AB Haverty, MI AF Lewis, VR Power, AB Haverty, MI TI Laboratory evaluation of microwaves for control of the western drywood termite SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CRYPTOTERMES BREVIS ISOPTERA; HIGH-TEMPERATURES; INSECT CONTROL; KALOTERMITIDAE; FIELD AB Lethal effects of microwaves on the western drywood termite, Incisitermes minor (Hagen), were evaluated under laboratory conditions. Douglas-fir 2 by 4 boards were artificially infested with 75 drywood termite workers, 25 in each of three routed-out galleries. The boards containing termites were randomly assigned to microwave ovens rated at 500, 1,000, and 2,000 watts (W). All ovens had the same wavelength frequency: 2.4 GHz. Seventy boards were treated: 25 each for the 500-W oven and the 1,000-W oven, and 20 for the 2,000-W oven. Boards were randomly chosen and oriented within ovens and were treated with one of five treatment times. The treatment times varied with the wattage of oven and ranged from 20 to 150 seconds. Untreated boards (controls) were also prepared to measure nontreatment sources of termite mortality. All boards were split open 1 day after treatment, and counts were made of live and dead termites. Termite mortality exceeded 84 percent for all treated boards irrespective of oven wattage. Higher wattage ovens had higher termite mortality levels. However, the difference was not significant. Variance in mortality for treated boards was considerable. Only for the last three treatment times did means for all treated boards reach 100 percent mortality. The results suggest drywood termites can escape the lethal effects of microwaves. Although the exact mechanism of escape is not known, additional laboratory studies measuring changes in temperature using optically heat sensitive devices and water vials confirmed unequal heat distribution within ovens. Results of this study support the variation in mortality during an earlier field study using commercial microwave devices for controlling drywood termite infestations in structures. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Div Insect Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, Berkeley, CA 94701 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Forest Prod Lab, Richmond, CA 94804 USA. RP Lewis, VR (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Div Insect Biol, 201 Wellman Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 33 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 2 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 50 IS 5 BP 79 EP 87 PG 9 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 315MA UT WOS:000087116500012 ER PT J AU Hof, J Bevers, M AF Hof, J Bevers, M TI Optimizing forest stand management with natural regeneration and single-tree choice variables SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE integer programming; spatial optimization; seed trees; sustainability ID MODEL; OPTIMIZATION; ALGORITHM AB This article addresses the any-aged forest management problem with individual trees as the choice variables in integer programming models. In order to sustain the forest using natural regeneration, spatial proximity of seed trees is required for harvesting to take place in these models. This problem requires integer variables to avoid harvesting part of a tree, but it is remarkably integer-friendly. Solvability of large models is thus explored, along with the patterns of solution that can be recognized in smaller models. Results from these exploratory models are sensitive to initial forest conditions and do not display the steady state conditions typically assumed for uneven-aged management in the literature. C1 US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Hof, J (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, 2150A Ctr Ave, Ft Collins, CO USA. NR 19 TC 8 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 6 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 46 IS 2 BP 168 EP 175 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 437PX UT WOS:000169003700002 ER PT J AU Clark, MM Meller, RD McDonald, TP AF Clark, MM Meller, RD McDonald, TP TI A three-stage heuristic for harvest scheduling with access road network development SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE forest planning; forest roads; spatial constraints; area-restricted planning; spanning trees ID RANDOM SEARCH ALGORITHM; SITE ACCESS; AREA; CONSTRAINTS; PLANS AB In this article we present a new model for the scheduling of forest harvesting with spatial and temporal constraints. Our approach is unique in that we incorporate access road network development into the harvest scheduling selection process. Due to the difficulty of solving the problem optimally, we develop a heuristic that consists of a solution construction stage and two solution improvement stages. We call our approach INROADS and compare it to three other approaches by employing hypothetical example problems with 225 stands (or cut blocks) over a three-period planning horizon. Thirteen example forests that vary in terms of stand value and spatial dispersion are used to evaluate our heuristic, which outperforms the other approaches tested. C1 Auburn Univ, Dept Ind & Syst Engn, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, USDA, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. RP Clark, MM (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Dept Ind & Syst Engn, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. NR 25 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 46 IS 2 BP 204 EP 218 PG 15 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 437PX UT WOS:000169003700005 ER PT J AU Brown, G Reed, P AF Brown, G Reed, P TI Validation of a forest values typology for use in national forest planning SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE forest values; forest planning; value typology AB Public values for national forestlands are assumed to underlie preferences for actual forest use and define the context for forest planning and decision making, but the relationship between preferences and attitudes toward forest management activities and public forest values (both use and nonuse values) is not well understood. Using data from a survey of Alaskan residents in the Chugach National Forest plan revision process, the relationship between attitudes toward forest management actions and forest values is examined using a variety of statistical procedures. Key findings indicate that: (1) survey respondents were able to identify with 13 distinct forest values based on a modified forest value typology developed by Rolston and Coufal (1991), (2) no obvious latent structure of variables or constructs emerged from factor analysis of the 13 forest values indicating that the forest value typology may not be easily simplified without compromising the exclusiveness of measured forest values, (3) small, but statistically significant correlations were found between attitudes toward specific forest management practices such as logging and mining and held forest values, and (4) forest values are modestly predictive of respondent preferences for specific forest planning decisions. C1 Alaska Pacific Univ, Dept Environm Sci, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. US Forest Serv, Chugach Natl Forest, USDA, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Brown, G (reprint author), Alaska Pacific Univ, Dept Environm Sci, 4101 Univ Dr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. NR 16 TC 89 Z9 95 U1 4 U2 7 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 46 IS 2 BP 240 EP 247 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 437PX UT WOS:000169003700008 ER PT J AU Busse, MD Simon, SA Riegel, GM AF Busse, MD Simon, SA Riegel, GM TI Tree-growth and understory responses to low-severity prescribed burning in thinned Pinus ponderosa forests of central Oregon SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Ponderosa pine; spring underburning; site productivity; crown scorch; root mortality; Purshia tridentata; plant diversity ID NORTHEASTERN OREGON; MICROBIAL BIOMASS; VEGETATION FIRES; SHORT-TERM; NITROGEN; BITTERBRUSH; SOIL; MECHANISMS; CALIFORNIA; MORTALITY AB The growth of ponderosa pine and associated understory vegetation was evaluated for a 6 yr period following spring underburning of surface fuels. Underburn and control (unburned) plots were paired at 15 replicate sites in pole-sized ponderosa pine forests of central Oregon. The burns were generally low in severity, as noted by low O horizon mass reduction (24%) and tree mortality (6%). A small but significant decline in basal area and volume growth rates of surviving trees was found in the 6 yr following underburning. The reduction in tree growth was related to a combination of crown length reduction, O horizon reduction, and site productivity. More productive stands had the highest proportional reduction in growth due to burning. By comparison, site conditions including stand density, initial basal area, elevation, parent material, and soil fertility were not related to the observed growth reduction. Understory vegetation showed a mixed response to burning. Shrub cover, dominated by Purshia tridentata, declined significantly following burning and remained well below preburn levels for the length of the study, even though one-fourth of all burned Purshia plants successfully resprouted, Total herbaceous vegetation cover and production were unaffected by burning, while species diversity increased slightly, With the exception of the decline in Purshia cover, the results indicate that low-severity prescribed burning has a relatively minor impact on tree-growth and understory response in thinned ponderosa pine stands. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, Redding, CA 96001 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. US Forest Serv, Area Ecol Program, USDA, Bend, OR 97701 USA. RP Busse, MD (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, 2400 Washington Ave, Redding, CA 96001 USA. EM mbusse@c-zone.net; ssimon/r8.nc@fs.fed.us; riegel/r6pnw.deschutes@fs.fed.us NR 67 TC 55 Z9 58 U1 2 U2 24 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 46 IS 2 BP 258 EP 268 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 437PX UT WOS:000169003700010 ER PT J AU Kline, JD Alig, RJ Johnson, RL AF Kline, JD Alig, RJ Johnson, RL TI Fostering the production of nontimber services among forest owners with heterogeneous objectives SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE forest policy; nonindustrial private forest owners; endangered species; carbon sequestration ID CHOICE CONTINGENT VALUATION; CONFIDENCE-INTERVALS; EMPIRICAL MEASURES; WELFARE CHANGE; BEHAVIOR; TIMBER; VALIDATION; LANDOWNERS; DECISION; BENEFITS AB Programs to enhance nontimber services increasingly focus on nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) owners, These owners are believed to possess multiple objectives, causing them to respond to economic forces and policies in complex and unpredictable ways. We examine NIPF owners in western Oregon and western Washington, using a survey to document their forest ownership objectives and willingness to accept incentive payments to forego harvesting to improve wildlife habitat. An empirical model is developed describing owners' willingness to accept incentive payments to delay harvest, as a function of their forest ownership objectives and socioeconomic characteristics. Mean incentive payments necessary to induce owners to forego harvest are higher for owners possessing primarily timber objectives ($301-314/ ha/yr), than for owners possessing both timber and nontimber objectives ($254-257/ ha/yr) or primarily recreation objectives ($185-210/ ha/yr), An estimated supply curve describing the area of NIPF land on which owners would forego harvesting for 10 yr varies from relatively flat to fairly steep. Although many owners would require little or no incentive to forego harvest. others would require a significant incentive. Nontimber services likely could be enhanced by targeting incentive programs or technical assistance toward NIPF owners possessing nontimber objectives. C1 USDA Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Resources, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Kline, JD (reprint author), USDA Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 55 TC 58 Z9 59 U1 6 U2 18 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 46 IS 2 BP 302 EP 311 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 437PX UT WOS:000169003700016 ER PT J AU Vision, TJ Brown, DG Shmoys, DB Durrett, RT Tanksley, SD AF Vision, TJ Brown, DG Shmoys, DB Durrett, RT Tanksley, SD TI Selective mapping: A strategy for optimizing the construction of high-density linkage maps SO GENETICS LA English DT Article ID HUMAN GENOME; POLYMORPHISMS AB Historically, linkage mapping populations have consisted of large, randomly selected samples of progeny from a given pedigree or cell lines from a panel of radiation hybrids. We demonstrate that, to construct a map with high genome-wide marker density, it is neither necessary nor desirable to genotype all markers in el cly individual of a large mapping population, instead, a reduced sample of individuals bearing complementary recombinational or radiation-induced breakpoints may be selected for genotyping subsequent markers from a large, but sparsely genotyped, mapping population. Choosing such a sample can he reduced to a discrete stochastic optimization problem for which the goal is a sample with breakpoints spaced evenly throughout the genome. We have developed several differ ent methods for selecting such samples and have evaluated their performance on simulated and actual mapping populations, including the Lister and Dean Arabidopsis thaliana recombinant inbred population and the GeneBridge 4 human radiation hybrid panel. Our methods quickly and consistently find much-reduced samples with map resolution approaching that of the larger populations from which they are derived. This approach, which we have termed selective mapping, can facilitate the production of high-quality, high-density genome-wide linkage maps. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Breeding, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Math, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Sch Operat Res & Ind Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Vision, TJ (reprint author), Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, Ctr Bioinformat & Comparat Genom, 604 Rhodes Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RI Vision, Todd/B-4867-2010 OI Vision, Todd/0000-0002-6133-2581 NR 34 TC 78 Z9 85 U1 0 U2 6 PU GENETICS PI BALTIMORE PA 428 EAST PRESTON ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21202 USA SN 0016-6731 J9 GENETICS JI Genetics PD MAY PY 2000 VL 155 IS 1 BP 407 EP 420 PG 14 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 311DH UT WOS:000086869200035 PM 10790413 ER PT J AU Moore, JS AF Moore, JS TI Untitled SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Letter C1 USDA, NRCS, Washington, DC 20013 USA. RP Moore, JS (reprint author), USDA, NRCS, Washington, DC 20013 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 38 IS 3 BP 323 EP 323 PG 1 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 326WY UT WOS:000087761300002 ER PT J AU Walthall, CL Halthore, RN Loechel, SE Elman, GC Markham, BL AF Walthall, CL Halthore, RN Loechel, SE Elman, GC Markham, BL TI Measuring aerosol optical thickness with a helicopter-based sunphotometer SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE aerosol optcal thickness; airborne measurements; helicopters; sun photometer ID REFLECTANCES; PLATFORM AB The use of airborne sunphotometers and radiometrically calibrated sensors with fixed wing remote sensing platforms is a reliable method for obtaining atmospherically corrected surface reflectance. Here we describe a variation of such an instrument for use with helicopters. This system tracks the sun once positioned within 30 degrees of the solar disk. The electronics sample fast enough to collect data between passes of the rotor blades. Calibration for converting voltages to atmospheric transmittance was via the Langley plot method and by intercomparison with calibrated surface sunphotometers, Aerosol optical thickness can be inferred at discrete wavelengths in the visible and near-infrared portions of the spectrum. Aerosol optical thickness data collected with the system agrees reasonably well with data collected using other surface-based sunphotometers. C1 USDA ARS, Remote Sensing & Modeling Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Appl Sci, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, Lab Global Remote Sensing Studies, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Corvis Corp, Columbus, MD 21046 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Terr Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Walthall, CL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Remote Sensing & Modeling Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Markham, Brian/M-4842-2013 OI Markham, Brian/0000-0002-9612-8169 NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD MAY PY 2000 VL 38 IS 3 BP 1410 EP 1416 DI 10.1109/36.843035 PG 7 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 320EM UT WOS:000087388900029 ER PT J AU Kamo, K McElroy, D Chamberlain, D AF Kamo, K McElroy, D Chamberlain, D TI Transforming embryogenic cell lines of Gladiolus with either a bar-uidA fusion gene or cobombardment SO IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY-PLANT LA English DT Article DE monocot transformation; reporter gene; selectable marker gene; beta-glucuronidase ID TRANSGENIC WHEAT; MICROPROJECTILE BOMBARDMENT; HERBICIDE RESISTANCE; EXPRESSION SYSTEMS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; RICE PLANTS; MAIZE; CALLUS; GUSA; REGENERATION AB Embryogenic cell lines of Gladiolus were bombarded with the bar-uidA fusion gene under the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter (pDM327) or cobombarded with uidA under the CaMV 35S promoter (pBCG) and bar under the CaMV 35S promoter (pDM307). Over 500 cell lines were isolated for either die fusion gene or cobombarded cells following selection on Murashige and Skoog's medium supplemented with 2 mg l(-1) (9 mu M) 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 6 mg l(-1) phosphinothricin. The optimum DNA concentration for isolating stable transformants was one-tenth that for optimal isolation of lines with gus expression, and three times as many cell lines were isolated following cobombardment as compared to bombardment with the bar-uidA fusion gene. Three times as many cell lines (72% of the cell lines) containing the bar-uidA fusion gene expressed gus as compared to cobombarded cell lines (23%) following histological staining. Cw expression ceased after 1 yr in culture for 5% of the cell lines containing the fusion gene and 3% of the cobombarded cell lines. The bifunctionality and utility of the bar-uidA fusion gene were demonstrated, accompanied by enhanced gus expression. C1 USDA, Natl Arboretum, Floral & Nursery Plants Res Unit, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. CSIRO, Div Plant Ind, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. DEKALB Genet Corp, Mystic, CT 06355 USA. Queensland Univ Technol, Ctr Mol Biotechnol, Brisbane, Qld 4060, Australia. RP Kamo, K (reprint author), USDA, Natl Arboretum, Floral & Nursery Plants Res Unit, B-010A Room 238 BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. OI Kamo, Kathryn/0000-0001-6862-2410 NR 34 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC IN VITRO BIOLOGY PI LARGO PA 9315 LARGO DR WEST, STE 25, LARGO, MD 20774 USA SN 1054-5476 J9 IN VITRO CELL DEV-PL JI In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol.-Plant PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 36 IS 3 BP 182 EP 187 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology SC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology GA 338AN UT WOS:000088396100006 ER PT J AU Castillon, J Cornish, K AF Castillon, J Cornish, K TI A simplified protocol for micropropagation of guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray) SO IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY-PLANT LA English DT Article DE shoot cultures; acclimation; Sorbarod; cellulose plugs ID INVITRO-PROPAGATION; CULTURE AB A simple, efficient protocol for in vitro micropropagation of guayule is reported. Shoot cultures were maintained on MS (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) medium supplemented with 1.0 mg l(-1) (4.4 mu M) 6-benzylaminopurine and 0.025 mg l(-1) (0.13 mu M) alpha-naphthaleneacetic acid. Excised shoots were treated for 14-18 h with 100 mg l(-1) (492.1 mu M) indole-3-butyric acid in 0.5 x MS salts to induce rooting. The shoots were subsequently inserted into cellulose plugs which were packed in sterile, ventilated plastic culture vessels and moistened with 0.5 x MS medium without growth regulators. Use of cellulose plugs, liquid medium and ventilated culture vessels facilitated acclimation. Rooted shoots were transplanted into potting medium and acclimated to greenhouse conditions by covering with a cloche for 2 d, followed by daily watering for the first week. C1 Agr Res Serv, Western Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Cornish, K (reprint author), Agr Res Serv, Western Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RI Cornish, Katrina/A-9773-2013 NR 24 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC IN VITRO BIOLOGY PI LARGO PA 9315 LARGO DR WEST, STE 25, LARGO, MD 20774 USA SN 1054-5476 J9 IN VITRO CELL DEV-PL JI In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol.-Plant PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 36 IS 3 BP 215 EP 219 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology SC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology GA 338AN UT WOS:000088396100012 ER PT J AU Rurangirwa, FR Stiller, D Palmer, GH AF Rurangirwa, FR Stiller, D Palmer, GH TI Strain diversity in major surface protein 2 expression during tick transmission of Anaplasma marginale SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID DERMACENTOR-ANDERSONI; CYCLIC RICKETTSEMIA; CATTLE; VARIANTS; INFECTION AB Specific major surface protein 2 (MSP2) variants are expressed by Anaplasma marginale within the tick salivary gland and, following transmission, are expressed during acute rickettsemia. In previous work, we have shown that a restricted pattern of MSP2 variants is expressed in the salivary glands of Dermacentor andersoni ticks infected with the South Idaho strain of A. marginale. Now we demonstrate that the identical restriction does not apply to two other strains of A. marginale, and that different variants are also expressed when the same strain is transmitted by different Dermacentor spp. This indicates that antigenic diversity among strains is maintained in tick transmission and may be a significant constraint to MSP2 vaccine development. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Program Vector Borne Dis, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. ARS, Anim Dis Res Unit, USDA, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. ARS, USDA, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. RP Palmer, GH (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Program Vector Borne Dis, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI044005, R01 AI44005] NR 26 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 68 IS 5 BP 3023 EP 3027 DI 10.1128/IAI.68.5.3023-3027.2000 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 305ZX UT WOS:000086572600087 PM 10769008 ER PT J AU Ametaj, BN Nonnecke, BJ Horst, RL Beitz, DC AF Ametaj, BN Nonnecke, BJ Horst, RL Beitz, DC TI Effects of retinoic acid and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 on IFN-gamma secretion by mononuclear leukocytes from nulliparous and postparturient dairy cattle SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR VITAMIN AND NUTRITION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE interferon-gamma; retinoic acid; 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3; postparturient cow ID PARTURIENT PARESIS; INTERFERON-GAMMA; X-RECEPTORS; PERIPARTURIENT PERIOD; 13-CIS-RETINOIC ACID; THYROID-HORMONE; VITAMIN-A; COWS; 9-CIS; LYMPHOCYTES AB Individual and combined effects of several isomers of retinoic acid (RA) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 (1,25-(Oh)(2)D-3) on interferon-Psi (IFN-gamma) secretion by blood mononuclear leukocytes (MNL) from nulliparous and postparturient Holstein cattle were evaluated in vitro. In the first experiment, effects on incubation period ( 24 to 72 hours) and time of supplementation (0 to 32 hours) with all-trans, 9-cis, 13-cis-, and 9,13-dicis-RAs (0 to 100 nM) on IFN-gamma secretion by pokewood mitogen (PWM)-stimulated (0 and 10 mu g/ml) MNL from nulliparous cattle were evaluated. In the second experiment, MNL from postparturient cows (bled at 0,2,4 and 16 days postpartum) were stimulated with PWM (0 and 10 mu g/ml) in the presence of RA isomers (9-cis- or 9,13-dicis-RA; 0 to 100 nM), 1,25-(OH)(2)D-3 (0 to 100 nM), or with combinations of these metabolites. The results show that individual isomers of RA had no effect on IFN-gamma secretion by PWM-stimulated MNL from nulliparous or postparturient cows. Furthermore, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 inhibited IFN-gamma secretion by MNL from nulliparous and postparturient dairy cows; however, the degree of inhibition was greater when 9-cis- and 9,13-dicis-RA were also present in the cultures. Finally mononuclear leukocytes from postparturient dairy cows produced substantially less IFN-gamma than did MNL from nulliparous cattle. It is concluded that retonoic acids individually did not affect the capacity of leukocytes from dairy cattle to secrete IFN-gamma. This result is in marked contrast to studies in monogastric species indicating that RAs inhibit IFN-gamma secretion by peripheral blood T cells. Inhibition of IFN-gamma secretion by 1,25-(OH)(2)-D-3 was potentiated by 9-cis- and 9,13-di-cis-retonoics acids, suggesting that an excess of dietary vitamins A and D may compromise further the naturally immunosuppressed postparturient dairy cow. Additional research is neccessary to determine if the combined effects of these metabolites on IFN-gamma secretion represent an increased susceptibility of the dairy cow to infectious diseases during the periparturient period. Lower secretion of IFN-gamma by MNL from postparturient dairy cows, relative to nulliparous cattle, suggests that recently-calved cows are naturally immunosupressed. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Midw Area, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Anim Sci, Nutrit Physiol Grp, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Nonnecke, BJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Midw Area, POB 70,2300 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 42 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 4 PU VERLAG HANS HUBER PI BERN 9 PA LANGGASS-STRASSE 76, CH-3000 BERN 9, SWITZERLAND SN 0300-9831 J9 INT J VITAM NUTR RES JI Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 70 IS 3 BP 92 EP 101 DI 10.1024/0300-9831.70.3.92 PG 10 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 326VK UT WOS:000087757500003 PM 10883402 ER PT J AU Melcher, PJ Cordell, S Jones, TJ Scowcroft, PG Niemczura, W Giambelluca, TW Goldstein, G AF Melcher, PJ Cordell, S Jones, TJ Scowcroft, PG Niemczura, W Giambelluca, TW Goldstein, G TI Supercooling capacity increases from sea level to tree line in the Hawaiian tree species Metrosideros polymorpha SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE supercooling; freezing resistance; Metrosideros polymorpha; tree line; Hawaii; nuclear magnetic resonance; plasticity ID GIANT ROSETTE PLANTS; FREEZING TOLERANCE; ALTITUDINAL GRADIENT; WATER; AVOIDANCE; ELEVATION; TEMPERATURES; TIMBERLINE; HARDINESS; LEAVES AB Population-specific differences in the freezing resistance of Metrosideros polymorpha leaves were studied along an elevational gradient from sea level to tree line (located at ca. 2500 m above sea level) on the east flank of the Mauna Loa volcano in Hawaii. In addition, we also studied 8-yr-old saplings grown in a common garden from seeds collected from the same held populations. Leaves of low-elevation field plants exhibited damage at -2 degrees C, before the onset of ice formation, which occurred at -5.7 degrees C. Leaves of high-elevation plants exhibited damage at ca. -8.5 degrees C, concurrent with ice formation in the leaf tissue, which is typical of plants that avoid freezing in their natural environment by supercooling. Nuclear magnetic resonance studies revealed that water molecules of both extra- and intracellular leaf water fractions from high-elevation plants had restricted mobility, which is consistent with their low water content and their high levels of osmotically active solutes. Decreased mobility of water molecules may delay ice nucleation and/or ice growth and may therefore enhance the ability of plant tissues to supercool. Leaf traits that correlated with specific differences in supercooling capacity were in part genetically determined and in part environmentally induced. Evidence indicated that lower apoplastic water content and smaller intercellular spaces were associated with the larger supercooling capacity of the plant's foliage at tree line. The irreversible tissue-damage temperature decreased by ca. 7 degrees C from sea level to tree line in leaves of field populations. However, this decrease appears to be only large enough to allow M. polymorpha trees to avoid leaf tissue damage from freezing up to a level of ca. 2500 m elevation, which is also the current tree line location on the east flank of Mauna Loa. The limited freezing resistance of M. polymorpha leaves may be partially responsible for the occurrence of tree line at a relatively low elevation in Hawaii compared with continental tree lines, which can be up to 1500 m higher. If the elevation of tree line is influenced by the inability of M. polymorpha leaves to supercool to lower subzero temperatures, then it will be the first example that freezing damage resulting from limited supercooling capacity can be a factor in tree line formation. C1 Univ Hawaii, Dept Bot, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. US Forest Serv, Inst Pacific Isl Forestry, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. Univ Hawaii, Dept Chem, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Hawaii, Dept Geog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Goldstein, G (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Dept Bot, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. OI Giambelluca, Thomas/0000-0002-6798-3780 NR 40 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 5 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-5893 J9 INT J PLANT SCI JI Int. J. Plant Sci. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 161 IS 3 BP 369 EP 379 DI 10.1086/314271 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 330TZ UT WOS:000087978400004 ER PT J AU Wood, DF Cornish, K AF Wood, DF Cornish, K TI Microstructure of purified rubber particles SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE microstructure; rubber particles; microscopy; high-resolution SEM; field-emission SEM; cryo-SEM; TEM ID PRENYL TRANSFERASE-ACTIVITY; PARTHENIUM-ARGENTATUM GRAY; PHA INCLUSION-BODIES; ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; HEVEA-BRASILIENSIS; SURFACE-STRUCTURE; FICUS-ELASTICA; BOUNDARY-LAYER; GUAYULE; LATEX AB Purified rubber particles from Hevea brasiliensis (Brazilian rubber tree), Parthenium augentatum (guayule), Ficus elastica (Indian rubber tree), and Euphorbia lactiflua were examined and compared using conventional scanning electron microscopy (SEM), field-emission SEM, cryo-SEM, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Rubber particles of all four species were spherical; they varied in size and had a uniform homogeneous material, the rubber core, surrounded by a contiguous monolayer (half-unit) membrane. Frozen-hydrated and/or untreated particles from H. brasiliensis and P, argentatum deformed and fused readily, whereas those from F. elastica and E. lactiflua retained their spherical shapes. These results indicate that the surface components of the H. brasiliensis and P. argentatum particles are more fluid than those of E elastica or E, lactiflua. When fixed in aldehyde, F. elastica particles retained their spherical exterior shapes but had hollow centers, whereas H. brasiliensis and P, argentatum particles completely collapsed. In aldehyde-osmium tetroxide-fixed material, the rubber core of F. elastica was poorly preserved in some particles in which only a small amount of the rubber core remained adhering to the monolayer membrane, leaving a hollow center. Euphorbia lactiflua particles were well preserved in terms of retaining the rubber core; however, the membrane was not as easily discernible as it was in the other three species. Both H, brasiliensis and P. argentatum were well preserved following fixation; their cores remained filled with rubber, and their monolayer membranes were defined. The addition of potassium permanganate to the fixation-staining regime resulted in higher-contrast micrographs and more well defined monolayer membranes. C1 ARS, USDA, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Wood, DF (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RI Cornish, Katrina/A-9773-2013 NR 26 TC 32 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 14 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-5893 J9 INT J PLANT SCI JI Int. J. Plant Sci. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 161 IS 3 BP 435 EP 445 DI 10.1086/314269 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 330TZ UT WOS:000087978400011 ER PT J AU Palys, T Berger, E Mitrica, I Nakamura, LK Cohan, FM AF Palys, T Berger, E Mitrica, I Nakamura, LK Cohan, FM TI Protein-coding genes as molecular markers for ecologically distinct populations: the case of two Bacillus species SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE species demarcation; sequence cluster; Bacillus; bacteria ID 16S RIBOSOMAL-RNA; LACTIC-ACID BACTERIA; DNA PROBES; SP-NOV; EVOLUTIONARY DIVERGENCE; SEQUENCE DETERMINATION; VARIABLE REGIONS; IDENTIFICATION; SUBTILIS; EXCHANGE AB Bacillus globisporus and Bacillus psychrophilus are one among many pairs of ecologically distinct taxa that are distinguished by very few nucleotide differences in 16S rRNA gene sequence. This study has investigated whether the lack of divergence in 16S rRNA between such species stems from the unusually slow rate of evolution of this molecule, or whether other factors might be preventing neutral sequence divergence at 16S rRNA as well as every other gene. B. globisporus and B. psychrophilus were each surveyed for restriction-site variation in two protein-coding genes. These species were easily distinguished as separate DNA sequence clusters for each gene. The limited ability of 16S rRNA to distinguish these species is therefore a consequence of the extremely slow rate of 16S rRNA evolution. The present results, and previous results involving two Mycobacterium species, demonstrate that there exist closely related species which have diverged long enough to have formed clearly separate sequence clusters for protein-coding genes, but not for 16S rRNA. These results support an earlier argument that sequence clustering in protein-coding genes could be a primary criterion for discovering and identifying ecologically distinct groups, and classifying them as separate species. C1 Wesleyan Univ, Dept Biol, Middletown, CT 06459 USA. ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Cohan, FM (reprint author), Wesleyan Univ, Dept Biol, Middletown, CT 06459 USA. NR 39 TC 50 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AE, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1466-5026 J9 INT J SYST EVOL MICR JI Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 50 BP 1021 EP 1028 PN 3 PG 8 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 316PK UT WOS:000087176500009 PM 10843041 ER PT J AU Caudales, R Wells, JM Butterfield, JE AF Caudales, R Wells, JM Butterfield, JE TI Cellular fatty acid composition of cyanobacteria assigned to subsection II, order Pleurocapsales SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cellular fatty acids; cyanobacteria; Pleurocapsales ID BLUE-GREEN-ALGAE; PURIFICATION; ANABAENA AB The cellular fatty acid composition of five of the six genera of unicellular cyanobacteria in subsection II, Pleurocapsales (Dermocarpa, Xenococcus, Dermocarpella, Myxosarcina and the Pleurocapsa assemblage) contained high proportions of saturated straight-chain fatty acids (26-41% of the total) and unsaturated straight chains (40-67%). Isomers of 16:1 were the main monounsaturated acid component (11-59%). Polyunsaturated acids were present at trace levels (0.1% or less) in Xenococcus and Myxosarcina. at concentrations of less than 7% in Dermocarpa, Dermocarpella, Pleurocapsa and CCMP 1489, and at high concentrations (35% or more) in Chroococcidiopsis. Chroococcidiopsis was also different in terms of the percentage of 16:1 isomers (10-12%) compared to other genera (30-59%), and in terms of total 16-carbon and 18-carbon fatty acids. In general, the composition and heterogeneity of fatty acids in the order Pleurocapsales was similar to that reported for the unicellular cyanobacteria of subsection I, order Chroococcales. C1 ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Cook Coll, Dept Biochem & Microbiol, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. RP Wells, JM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 27 TC 20 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AE, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1466-5026 J9 INT J SYST EVOL MICR JI Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 50 BP 1029 EP 1034 PN 3 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 316PK UT WOS:000087176500010 PM 10843042 ER PT J AU Gelman, DB Hu, JS Kochansky, JP AF Gelman, DB Hu, JS Kochansky, JP TI Irradiation of Colorado potato beetle eggs - effect on parasitism by the wasp Edovum puttleri SO INVERTEBRATE REPRODUCTION & DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE Colorado potato beetle; eggs; irradiation; preservation; parasitization; Edovum puttleri ID GAMMA-RADIATION; TEPHRITIDAE; DIPTERA; FLY AB In order to extend the period of time during which Colorado potato beetle (CPB) eggs are suitable hosts for the parasitic wasp Edovum puttleri, CPB eggs were subjected to various doses of gamma radiation between 2.5 x 10(4) and 5.0 x 10(6) rads prior to storage. For given storage times there were specific doses of radiation that resulted in notably, but not significantly, higher percent absolute emergence (number of adult wasps that emerged/total number of CPB eggs exposed to E. putterli). After 7 days of storage, absolute emergence was highest after exposure to 2.5 x 10(4), 4.4 x 10(5) and 1.2 x 10(6) rads; and after 14 days of storage it was highest after exposure to 4.4 x 10(5) and 1.2 x 10(6) rads. For these doses of radiation and storage times, percent absolute emergence was equal to 40 +/- 8%, a value that overlaps the range reported for CPB eggs that have not been irradiated. With increased storage time, absolute emergence dropped below 25%. While storage of irradiated eggs had a negative effect on percent parasitization, it did not affect the percentage of wasps that emerged (percent emergence = number of adult wasps that emerged/number of CPB eggs that were parasitized) from parasitized eggs. Percent emergence from non-irradiated eggs has been reported to average 78%, while in these studies, percent emergence from irradiated eggs typically was greater than 90%. Irradiation and storage of CPB eggs had little effect on the weights of adult wasps, and these wasps appeared to be active and in good condition. However, for unfed adult wasps, longevity decreased with increasing doses and storage times. Gamma irradiation of CPB eggs can be used to kill developing CPB embryos and to prevent deterioration of the host eggs. Our results show that irradiation can increase the period of time (from 72h to 14 days) in which CPB eggs are suitable hosts for rearing E. puttleri. C1 ARS, Insect Biocontrol Lab, USDA, PSI, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, Bee Res Labs, USDA, PSI, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Gelman, DB (reprint author), ARS, Insect Biocontrol Lab, USDA, PSI, Bldg 306,Room 322,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT SCIENCE SERVICES/BALABAN PUBLISHERS PI REHOVOT PA PO BOX 2039, REHOVOT 76120, ISRAEL SN 0168-8170 J9 INVERTEBR REPROD DEV JI Invertebr. Reprod. Dev. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 37 IS 3 BP 259 EP 266 DI 10.1080/07924259.2000.9652426 PG 8 WC Reproductive Biology; Zoology SC Reproductive Biology; Zoology GA 337BD UT WOS:000088336700008 ER PT J AU Pensabene, JW Fiddler, W Donoghue, DJ AF Pensabene, JW Fiddler, W Donoghue, DJ TI Supercritical fluid extraction of atrazine and other triazine herbicides from fortified and incurred eggs SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE triazine herbicides; eggs; supercritical fluid extraction; atrazine ID METABOLITES; PESTICIDES; PRODUCTS; SOIL AB Triazines are a class of important pre-emergent weed herbicides. Some members of this class of herbicides exhibit carcinogenic and immunotoxicity properties, which make their use controversial in areas where animal feed crops are grown. It is therefore important to determine if triazine residues are transported to animal food products in order to ascertain the extent of human exposure. Most of the current herbicide residue extraction methods are time-consuming and solvent intensive. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) using CO2 has been used as a alternative for other residue extraction methods as a replacement for hazardous organic solvents. In this study, 10 triazines were extracted from eggs fortified at 100 ppb using unmodified supercritical CO2 at a pressure of 10000 psi and a temperature of 50 degrees C with off-line collection on a solid phase extraction cartridge containing Florisil. Atrazine recovery averaged 90.4% with an RSD of 3.3%. The other triazines were recovered at mean levels >73%. In a separate feeding study, atrazine and two of its dealkyl metabolites were detected in the egg. The results indicate that SFE is a viable technique for isolating triazine residues from eggs, requiring only 8 mL of solvent for each analysis. C1 ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. US FDA, Ctr Vet Med, Div Anim Res, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Pensabene, JW (reprint author), ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 15 TC 27 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 48 IS 5 BP 1668 EP 1672 DI 10.1021/jf990841t PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 315LV UT WOS:000087116000040 PM 10820076 ER PT J AU Romagni, JG Dayan, FE AF Romagni, JG Dayan, FE TI Measuring asparagine synthetase activity in crude plant extracts SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE asparagine synthetase; aspartate; enzyme activity; regulation; lupine; soybean; pea ID BIOSYNTHESIS; EXPRESSION; SEEDLINGS; LEAVES AB Asparagine synthetase B (AS) is the primary enzyme responsible for asparagine synthesis in plants. Routine biochemical studies of this enzyme's activity have been hindered by several problems including enzyme instability and rapid physiological turnover, endogenous inhibitors, competing pathways, and asparaginase activity. We describe an extraction procedure and assay conditions that protide a reliable, direct assay for the determination of AS activity in crude plant extracts. This assay performed well with several leguminous species and the enzyme preparation retained activity for up to 3 weeks when stored at -80 degrees C. Radio-HPLC detection enabled quantitative measurement of de novo aspargine synthesis in the extracts. Optimal activity was obtained with 1 nM glutamine and 10 mM ATP in the reaction assay. Aminooxyacetic acid (AOA, 1 mM) which prevents the assimilation of aspartate into the TCA cycle, was necessary to measure AS activity in peas, but not in lupine or soybean. C1 ARS, USDA, Nat Prod Utilizat Res Unit, University, MS 38677 USA. RP Romagni, JG (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Nat Prod Utilizat Res Unit, POB 8048, University, MS 38677 USA. RI Dayan, Franck/A-7592-2009 OI Dayan, Franck/0000-0001-6964-2499 NR 15 TC 10 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 48 IS 5 BP 1692 EP 1696 DI 10.1021/jf991006e PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 315LV UT WOS:000087116000044 PM 10820080 ER PT J AU Weimer, PJ Hackney, JM Jung, HJG Hatfield, RD AF Weimer, PJ Hackney, JM Jung, HJG Hatfield, RD TI Fermentation of a bacterial cellulose/xylan composite by mixed ruminal microflora: Implications for the role of polysaccharide matrix interactions in plant cell wall biodegradability SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE cellulose; kinetics; cell wall; ruminal bacteria; xylan ID NATIVE CELLULOSE; FIBER DIGESTION; GAS-PRODUCTION; KINETICS; INVITRO; MAIZE; HEMICELLULOSES; MICROORGANISMS; CRYSTALLINITY; DEGRADATION AB Growth of the cellulose-synthesizing bacterium Acetobacter xylinum ATCC 53524 in media supplemented with 5% (w/v) glucose and 0.2% (w/v) of a water-soluble, nearly linear xylan from tobacco stalks resulted in the synthesis of a highly crystalline composite having a xylose/glucose ratio ranging from 0.06 to 0.24. The digestion of one composite (88% cellulose/12% xylan) by mixed ruminal microflora displayed kinetics of gas production similar to those of an unassociated mixture of the two components added in a xylan/cellulose ratio similar to that of the composite. The data suggest that intimate association of xylan and cellulose, as is typically found in secondary plant cell walls, does not inhibit the rate of digestion of the component polysaccharides. C1 ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, USDA, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Plant Sci Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. US Dairy Forage Res Ctr Cluster, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Bacteriol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Bot, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Agr, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Weimer, PJ (reprint author), ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, USDA, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 39 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 48 IS 5 BP 1727 EP 1733 DI 10.1021/jf991372y PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 315LV UT WOS:000087116000050 PM 10820086 ER PT J AU Marchand, PA Weller, DM Bonsall, RF AF Marchand, PA Weller, DM Bonsall, RF TI Convenient synthesis of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol, a natural antibiotic involved in the control of take-all disease of wheat SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE O-acetylated; total intensity chromatogram (TIC); photodiodide array UV spectroscopy; high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC); mass spectrum (MS); retention time (RT); melting point (mp); phloroglucinol (Phl); 2-acetylphloroglucinol (MAPG); 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG); boron trifluoride-etherate; Pseudomonas fluorescens ID PSEUDOMONAS-FLUORESCENS Q2-87; GAEUMANNOMYCES-GRAMINIS; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; BIOCONTROL AGENT; BIOSYNTHESIS; AUREOFACIENS; RHIZOSPHERE; SUPPRESSION; STRAIN; LOCUS AB 2,4-Diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG) is an antibiotic with broad-spectrum antibacterial and antifungal activities. It is a major determinant in the biological control of several plant diseases. DAPG is produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens both in vitro and in the rhizosphere of wheat. It is involved in the natural suppression of take-all disease known as take-all dec line, which develops in soils following extended monoculture of wheat or barley. A one-step synthesis of DAPG from the commercially available 2-acetylphloroglucinol is described. This reaction involves the direct alkylation of 2-acetylphloroglucinol using acetic anhydride as the acetylation reagent, with boron trifluoride-etherate as the catalyst. This synthesis is simple and produces higher yields of DAPG (90%) as compared with previously described procedures. As ecological concerns are gaining equal status with agricultural concerns, the demand for natural biocontrol measures is increasing. There is tremendous pressure from society on agriculture to reduce the use of pesticides. A discussion is given on the agricultural and ecological importance of this natural antibiotic and its application as an alternative to reduce the use of synthetic pesticides. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Inst Biol Chem, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. ARS, Root Dis & Biol Control Res Unit, USDA, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Bonsall, RF (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 20 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 48 IS 5 BP 1882 EP 1887 DI 10.1021/jf9907135 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 315LV UT WOS:000087116000073 PM 10820109 ER PT J AU Bresnahan, GA Koskinen, WC Dexter, AG Lueschen, WE AF Bresnahan, GA Koskinen, WC Dexter, AG Lueschen, WE TI Influence of soil pH-sorption interactions on imazethapyr carry-over SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE imazethapyr; sorption; desorption; aged residues ID FIELD PERSISTENCE; DESORPTION; IMAZAQUIN; TIME AB Soil pH affects imazethapyr sorption-desorption, which in turn can affect persistence and bioavailability. Long-term imazethapyr carry-over has been observed in soil that is below pH 6.5, resulting in significant sugarbeet damage. Imazethapyr concentration decreased rapidly in held soil, regardless of pH. Despite similar amounts of imazethapyr remaining in aged soils at different pH levels, there were differences in bioavailability, which can be explained by sorption-desorption. At low pH more imazethapyr was sorbed than at high pH, but it readily desorbed. At high pH less imazethapyr was sorbed initially, but it did not readily desorb. Thus, after 3 months, the remaining imazethapyr in low-pH soil was desorbable and bioavailable, resulting in injury to canola and sugarbeet. Liming aged, low-pH soil released bound imazethapyr residues, which would then be degraded and result in less carry-over. C1 N Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. ARS, Soil & Water Management Res Unit, USDA, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Bresnahan, GA (reprint author), N Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Loftsgard Hall, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 18 TC 37 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 48 IS 5 BP 1929 EP 1934 DI 10.1021/jf990543w PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 315LV UT WOS:000087116000081 PM 10820117 ER PT J AU Liu, WP Gan, JY Papiernik, SK Yates, SR AF Liu, WP Gan, JY Papiernik, SK Yates, SR TI Sorption and catalytic hydrolysis of diethatyl-ethyl on homoionic clays SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE sorption; adsorption; diethatyl; diethatyl-ethyl; hydrolysis; montmorillonite; clay; catalytic hydrolysis ID MONTMORILLONITE; COMPONENTS; PESTICIDES; WATER AB Sorption and catalytic hydrolysis of the herbicide diethatyl-ethyl [N-chloroacetyl-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)glycine ethyl ester] on homoionic Na+-, K+-, Ca2+, and Mg;(2+)-montmorillonite clays were studied in aqueous media. The Freundlich sorption coefficient, K-f, measured from isotherms on clay followed the order of Na+ approximate to K+ > Mg2+ approximate to Ca2+. Analysis of FT-IR spectra of diethatyl-ethyl sorbed on clay suggests probable bonding at the carboxyl and amide carbonyl groups of the herbicide. The rate of herbicide hydrolysis in homoionic clay suspensions followed the same order as that for sorption, indicating that sorption may have preceded and thus caused hydrolysis. Preliminary product identification showed that hydrolysis occurred via nucleophilic substitution at the carboxyl carbon, causing cleavage of the ester bond and formation of diethatyl and its dechlorinated derivative, and at the amide carbon, yielding an ethyl ester derivative and its acid. These pathways also suggest that hydrolysis of diethatyl-ethyl was catalyzed by sorption on the clay surface. C1 ARS, Soil Phys & Pesticides Res Unit, USDA, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Gan, JY (reprint author), ARS, Soil Phys & Pesticides Res Unit, USDA, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RI Liu, Weiping/E-9208-2010 OI Liu, Weiping/0000-0002-1173-892X NR 29 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 48 IS 5 BP 1935 EP 1940 DI 10.1021/jf990378k PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 315LV UT WOS:000087116000082 PM 10820118 ER PT J AU Chase, CC Hammond, AC Olson, TA AF Chase, CC Hammond, AC Olson, TA TI Effect of tropically adapted sire breeds on preweaning growth of F-1 Angus calves and reproductive performance of their Angus dams SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE birth weight; cattle breeds; crossbreeding; postpartum interval; sire evaluation; weaning weight ID BEEF-CATTLE; CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS; BIOLOGICAL TYPES; HEAT TOLERANCE; BOS-TAURUS; F1 CALVES; BRAHMAN; SENEPOL; BIRTH; HEREFORD AB The objective of this study was to determine the effect of tropically adapted sire breeds on preweaning growth performance of F-1 calves and on reproductive performance of their Angus dams. Angus (A) cows were bred in two consecutive years (1992 and 1993) by AI using semen from Brahman (B; Bos indicus; n = 10), Senepol (S; Bos taurus; n = 10), and Tuli (T; Sanga; n = 9) bulls, A total of 82 B x A, 85 S x A, and 91 T x A calves were born. The statistical model included the fixed effects of year, sire breed, calf sex, sire breed x calf sex, and cow parity and the random effect of sire within sire breed. Birth weight, weaning weight, 205-d adjusted weaning weight, PLUG from birth to weaning, and hip height at weaning were greater (P < .001) for B x A calves than for S x A or T x A calves. Greater differences were detected between sexes for B x A than for S x A and Tx A (for all traits sire breed x calf sex, P < .05). Sire breed affected (P < .01) the percentage of unassisted calvings (B x A, 87%; S x A, 98%; and T x A, 100%) and tended (P < .10) to affect the percentage of calves that survived until weaning (B x A, 90%; S x A, 94%; and T x A, 98%). Sire breed of calf did not affect (P > .10) length of gestation, and sire breed did not affect the interval from calving to first observed estrus or pregnancy in Angus dams. These results demonstrate that preweaning growth performance of B x A calves was greater than that of either S x A or T x A calves. However, use of Brahman sires on Angus darns led to calving problems and tended to reduce the percentage of calves that survived until weaning. Thus, heavier weaning weights of B x A calves would be an advantage for cow-calf producers marketing calves, but heavier birth weights and calving difficulty attributed to Brahman sires would be a disadvantage. C1 USDA ARS, Brooksville, FL 34601 USA. Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Chase, CC (reprint author), USDA ARS, 22271 Chinsegut Hill Rd, Brooksville, FL 34601 USA. NR 22 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 78 IS 5 BP 1111 EP 1116 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 334ZY UT WOS:000088218000001 PM 10834561 ER PT J AU McClure, KE Solomon, MB Loerch, SC AF McClure, KE Solomon, MB Loerch, SC TI Body weight and tissue gain in lambs fed an all-concentrate diet and implanted with trenbolone acetate or grazed on alfalfa SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE fat; lambs; lean; performance; viscera ID GRAIN GROWING DIETS; VISCERAL ORGAN MASS; CARCASS COMPOSITION; GROWTH; STEERS; PROTEIN; PERFORMANCE; METABOLISM; ACCRETION; RYEGRASS AB Targhee x Hampshire lambs (average BW 23 +/- 1 kg) were used in two experiments to determine the effects of finishing on concentrate with an anabolic implant or forage grazing after concentrate feeding on growth,organ and viscera weights, and carcass tissue accretion. In Exp. 1 and 2 lambs were penned by sex and assigned for slaughter at initial (23 kg), intermediate (37 kg), or end BW (ewes, 47.7; wethers 50.4 kg). From 23 to 37 kg BW, lambs were fed all-concentrate diets in drylot (DL) or grazed on alfalfa (ALF). Experiment 1 was a 2 x 2 factorial with 28 lambs; factors were wether vs ewe lambs and unimplanted vs DL implanted with trenbolone acetate-estradiol benzoate. There were no differences in organ and viscera weights due to implant status. However, ADG (P < .03) and lean gain (P < .02) were greater for implanted than for unimplanted wethers (507 vs 357 g and 1,314 vs 656 g, respectively). Ewes did not respond to the implant. Fat accretion was not affected by implantation. Experiment 2 was a 2 x 3 factorial with 42 lambs; factors were wether vs ewe lambs and drylot during growing and finishing phases (DL-DL) vs drylot during growing and alfalfa grazing during finishing (DL-ALF) vs alfalfa grazing during growing and finishing phases (ALF-ALF). In Exp. 2, ADG of DL-DL lambs was greater (P < .01) than ADG of DL-ALF or ALF-ALF lambs. Lambs on ALF-ALF had smaller (P < .05) livers and rumen/reticulum weights but heavier (P < .04) kidney, omasum, small and large intestine, and cecum weights than those on DL. In Exp. 2, DL-ALF and ALF-ALF lambs had overall hindsaddle lean gain equal to those on DL-DL with less mesenteric fat and 100 g less separable fat. Finishing lambs on alfalfa reduced fat accretion without decreasing lean accretion, whereas trenbolone acetate implants for lambs fed concentrate increased BW gain and lean accretion without affecting fat accretion. C1 Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Dept Anim Sci, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. USDA ARS, Meat Sci Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP McClure, KE (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Dept Anim Sci, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. NR 15 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 78 IS 5 BP 1117 EP 1124 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 334ZY UT WOS:000088218000002 PM 10834562 ER PT J AU Van Vleck, LD Leymaster, KA Jenkins, TG AF Van Vleck, LD Leymaster, KA Jenkins, TG TI Genetic correlations for daily gain between ram and ewe lambs fed in feedlot conditions and ram lambs fed in Pinpointer units SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE genetics; growth; sheep ID ESTIMATING VARIANCE-COMPONENTS; RESTRICTED MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD; PERFORMANCE; MODELS AB When performance is recorded in automated facilities that measure feed intake of individual lambs that are penned in a group, such as Pinpointer units, a legitimate question is the degree to which daily gain is genetically correlated with daily gain achieved under feedlot conditions. Lambs were from a composite population (1/2 Columbia, 1/4 Suffolk, and 1/4 Hampshire germplasm) and of the F-2 or more advanced generations. Data were daily gains of 1,101 rams (PR) fed in Pinpointer units (11 to 17 wk of age) and 2,021 rams (FR) and 3,513 ewes (FE) fed under feedlot conditions (9- or 10-wk period starting at 9 wk of age). The FR and FE lambs were born from 1983 through 1995, whereas the PR lambs were born from 1.986 through 1995, Measurements of daily gain in PR, FR, and FE lambs were considered to represent three correlated traits. Unadjusted means were .411, .406, and .326 kg/d for PR, FR, and FE, respectively. Random effects in the model were animal direct genetic, maternal genetic, and maternal permanent environmental. Fixed effects were associated with age of dam (1 to 6 yr), type of rearing (1 to 4), and contemporary group (test date). Variances due to maternal genetic effects with single-trait analyses were near zero, so those effects were eliminated from the three-trait analysis although a random uncorrelated effect due to dam was included in the model. Estimates of heritability were .22, .14, and .23 for PR, FR, and FE, respectively, with fractions of variance due to dam effects ranging from .02 to .05. Estimates of genetic correlations were .86 for PR with FR, .83 for PR with FE, and 1.00 for FR with FE. Estimated phenotypic variances were similar for PR and FR, but one-third less for FE. The similarity of heritability estimates and estimates of genetic correlations all exceeding .83 suggest that daily gain of rams fed in Pinpointer units will reflect genetic expression for daily gain in both ram and ewe lambs fed under feedlot conditions. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Van Vleck, LD (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, A218 Anim Sci, Lincoln, NE USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 78 IS 5 BP 1155 EP 1158 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 334ZY UT WOS:000088218000007 PM 10834567 ER PT J AU Lee, JW Choi, SB Kim, JS Keown, JF Van Vleck, LD AF Lee, JW Choi, SB Kim, JS Keown, JF Van Vleck, LD TI Parameter estimates for genetic effects on carcass traits of Korean Native Cattle SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef cattle; genetic correlation; heritability; meat quality ID ESTIMATING VARIANCE-COMPONENTS; RESTRICTED MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD; BEEF-CATTLE; GROWTH; MODELS AB Data (n = 1,746) collected from 1985 through 1995 on Korean Native Cattle by the National Livestock Research Institute of Korea were used to estimate genetic parameters for marbling score, dressing percentage, and longissimus muscle area, with backfat thickness, slaughter age, or slaughter weight as covariates. Estimates were obtained with REML. Model 1 included animal genetic and residual random effects. Model 2 was extended to include an uncorrelated random effect of the dam. Model 3 was based on Model 1 but also included sire x region x year-season interaction effects. Model 4 combined Models 2 and 3. All models included fixed effects for region x year-season and age of dam x sex combinations. From single-trait analyses, estimates of heritability with covariates to adjust for backfat thickness, slaughter age, and slaughter weight from Model 4 were, respectively, .10, .08, and .01 for marbling score; .09, .12, and .16 for dressing percentage; and .18, .17, and .24 for longissimus muscle area. From three-trait analyses, estimates of genetic correlations between marbling score and dressing percentage, marbling score and longissimus muscle area, and dressing percentage and longissimus muscle area were, respectively, -.99, .20, and -.11 with backfat thickness as covariate; -.88, .47, and .01 with slaughter age as covariate; and -.03, .39, and .91 with slaughter weight as covariate. Results of this study suggest that choice of covariate (backfat thickness, slaughter age, or slaughter weight) for the model seems to be important for carcass traits for Korean Native Cattle. Including sire x region x year-season interaction effects in the model for marbling score and dressing percentage may be important because whether sire x region x year-season interaction effects were in the model affected estimates of other variance components for the three carcass traits. Whether the maternal effect was in the model had little effect on estimates of other parameters. With backfat thickness and slaughter age end points, selection for increasing marbling score would be expected to result in decreasing dressing percentage for Korean Native Cattle. With slaughter weight as a covariate for end point, increased longissimus muscle area would be associated with increased dressing percentage, and increased marbling score would be related to increased longissimus muscle area. The differences in estimates associated with choice of end point, however, need further study. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci, Nebraska Agr Res Div, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RDA, Natl Livestock Res Inst, Livestock Improvement Dept, Cheonan 330800, South Korea. USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Keown, JF (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci, Nebraska Agr Res Div, A218 Anim Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 11 TC 15 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 78 IS 5 BP 1181 EP 1190 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 334ZY UT WOS:000088218000010 PM 10834570 ER PT J AU Hausman, GJ AF Hausman, GJ TI The influence of dexamethasone and insulin on expression of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein isoforms during preadipocyte differentiation in porcine stromal-vascular cell cultures: Evidence for very early expression of C/EBP alpha SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE adipocytes; glucocorticoids; pigs; transcription factors ID SERUM-FREE CULTURES; GROWTH FACTOR-I; ADIPOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION; GENE-EXPRESSION; TISSUE; BETA AB Expression of CAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) isoforms was examined in. primary cultures of adipose tissue stromal vascular (S-V) cells before and during preadipocyte differentiation. Immunocytochemistry showed that the proportions and numbers of C/EBP alpha-, C/EBP beta-, and C/EBP delta-reactive cells were maximized after seeding and plating from d 0 td 3 in fetal bovine serum (FBS). However, there were few preadipocytes (AD-3+) and fewer cells with lipid and the number of C/EBP alpha-reactive cells clearly exceeded the number of preadipocytes. Seeding and plating in dexamethasone (DEX) + FBS from d 0 to 3 markedly increased the proportions and numbers of preadipocytes and C/EBP alpha-reactive cells compared to seeding and plating in FBS, d 0 to 3. The number of C/EBP alpha- and C/EBP beta-reactive cells and preadipocyte reactivity for C/EBP beta decreased with insulin or DEX treatment, d 3 to 6, following FBS, d 0 to 3. However insulin + DEX treatment, d 3 to 6, maintained the number of C/EBP alpha-reactive cells and either maintained or increased preadipocyte reactivity for C/EBP alpha and C/EBP beta. DEX and! DEX + insulin treatment induced recruitment of a similar number of preadipocytes, but preadipocytes were not reactive for C/EBP alpha and C/EBP beta in DEX-treated cultures. The number of C/EBP delta reactive cells did not change from d 3 to 6 and was not influenced by hormone treatment. After DEX + FBS, d 0 to 3, the high numbers of C/EBP alpha-reactive cells and preadipocytes were maintained by insulin treatment alone. Western blot analysis for C/EBP alpha confirmed the immunocytochemical results. Double staining demonstrated that expression of C/EBP alpha protein was maximized before or at the onset of lipid accretion, whereas expression of C/EBP beta protein was correlated with lipid accretion. These results indicate that coupling or integration of preadipocyte recruitment with C/EBP alpha expression may be, a critical step in glucocorticoid-induced adipogenesis. C1 USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Hausman, GJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 19 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 78 IS 5 BP 1227 EP 1235 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 334ZY UT WOS:000088218000016 PM 10834576 ER PT J AU Lee, KC Azain, MJ Hausman, DB Ramsay, TG AF Lee, KC Azain, MJ Hausman, DB Ramsay, TG TI Somatotropin and adipose tissue metabolism: Substrate and temporal effects SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE adipose tissue; lipid metabolism; pigs; somatotropin ID PORCINE GROWTH-HORMONE; GROWING PIGS; CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS; FINISHING PIGS; INSULIN ACTION; FATTY-ACID; PERFORMANCE; LIPOGENESIS; PITUITARY; INHIBITION AB The purpose of these studies was to determine the time course for changes in feed intake, blood metabolites, and lipogenic activity in adipose tissue in response to the initiation of porcine somatotropin (pST) treatment and following withdrawal from treatment in barrows. An initial study was conducted to determine the impact of chronic pST treatment (4 wk of daily injection; 0 vs 4 mg/d) on adipose tissue lipid metabolism in barrows (initial weight 67 kg). Feed efficiency was improved 27%, backfat thickness was decreased 43%, and glucose and lactate oxidation and incorporation into lipid in adipose tissue was reduced 70 to 86% in pST-treated pigs. Palmitate esterification was decreased 44%, whereas palmitate oxidation was unaffected. In vitro metabolism of lactate, glucose, and palmitate in liver slices was not affected by pST treatment. The time-course for changes in intake and adipose tissue metabolism in response to 7 d of pST (0 vs 4 mg/d) treatment and 7 d of withdrawal was examined in subsequent studies in barrows (initial weight 75 kg). Feed intake during pST treatment was significantly (P < .05) less than in control pigs within 24 h of the initiation of treatment and remained low through 3 d after withdrawal. Adipose tissue biopsies were obtained on d 0, 1, 2, 4, and 7 of the treatment phase and on d 2, 4, and 7 after withdrawal from 7 d of treatment. Maximal inhibition of lipogenesis by pST treatment in adipose tissue in vitro was observed on d 4 (-68%) and d 7 (-69%). Similarly, fatty acid synthase activity declined during the treatment period, with the greatest change noted on d 7 (-26%). After withdrawal from treatment, lipogenesis gradually increased, returning to control values 7 d after withdrawal. Levels of IGF-I began to increase from d 1 to d 7 of treatment, continually decreased during withdrawal, and were normalized by the end of the withdrawal period. Plasma urea nitrogen concentrations decreased during treatment, increased during the withdrawal phase, and were normalized 4 d after the last pST treatment. Overall results indicate that most of the metabolic changes in response to pST occur within 1 wk of treatment and return to pretreatment values after 7 d of withdrawal from treatment. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Anim & Dairy Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Foods & Nutr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA ARS, Growth Biol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Azain, MJ (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Anim & Dairy Sci, Anim Sci Complex, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RI Lee, Kichoon/G-2234-2012 NR 32 TC 12 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 78 IS 5 BP 1236 EP 1246 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 334ZY UT WOS:000088218000017 PM 10834577 ER PT J AU Alvarez, P Spicer, LJ Chase, CC Payton, ME Hamilton, TD Stewart, RE Hammond, AC Olson, TA Wettemann, RP AF Alvarez, P Spicer, LJ Chase, CC Payton, ME Hamilton, TD Stewart, RE Hammond, AC Olson, TA Wettemann, RP TI Ovarian and endocrine characteristics during an estrous cycle in Angus, Brahman, and Senepol cows in a subtropical environment SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef cows; binding proteins; cattle breeds; follicles; FSH; insulin-like growth factor ID GROWTH-FACTOR-I; RECOMBINANT BOVINE SOMATOTROPIN; PLASMA PROGESTERONE CONCENTRATION; GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING-HORMONE; FOLLICLE-STIMULATING-HORMONE; BINDING-PROTEIN ACTIVITY; LACTATING DAIRY-COWS; LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; GRANULOSA-CELLS; BEEF-CATTLE AB To determine breed differences in ovarian function and endocrine secretion, daily rectal ultrasonography was conducted on multiparous lactating Angus (temperate Bos taurus; n = 12), Brahman (tropical Bos indicus; n = 12), and Senepol (tropical Bos taurus; n = 12) cows during an estrous cycle in summer. Blood was collected daily to quantify plasma concentrations of FSH, LH, progesterone, estradiol, GH, insulinlike growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF-II, IGF binding proteins (IGFBP), insulin, glucose, and plasma urea nitrogen (PUN). Numbers of small (2 to 5 mm), medium (6 to 8 mm), and large follicles (greater than or equal to 9 mm) were greater (P < .05) in Brahman than in Angus and(or) Senepol cows. Length of the estrous cycle (SEM = .6 d) was similar (P > .10) among Senepol (20.4 d), Angus (19.5 d), and Brahman (19.7 d) cows. Senepol cows had greater (P < .05) diameters of the corpus luteum (CL) and a delayed regression of the CL as compared with Angus cows. The secondary surge of FSH (between d 1 and 2; d 0 = estrus) was greater in Angus than Brahman or Senepol cows (breed x day, P < .05). Between d 2 and 14 of the estrous cycle, concentrations of progesterone, LH, IGF-III, and binding activities of IGFBP-3, IGFBP-2, and the 27- to 29-kDa IGFBP in plasma did not differ (P > .10) among breeds. Concentrations of GH, IGF-I, insulin, and PUN were greater (P < .001) and binding activities of the 22-kDa and 20-kDa IGFBP tended (P < .10) to be greater in plasma of Brahman than in Angus or Senepol cows. Plasma glucose concentrations were greater (P < .05) in Senepol than in Brahman or Angus cows. In conclusion, Brahman (Bos indicus) and Senepol cows (tropical Bos taurus) had greater numbers of follicles in all size categories and greater diameter of CL than Angus (temperate Bos taurus) cows. These ovarian differences may be due to changes in the pattern of secretion of FSH, insulin, IGF-I, and GH but not LH, IGF-II, or IGFBP-2 or -3. C1 USDA ARS, Brooksville, FL 34601 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Stat, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Anim Sci, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. RP Chase, CC (reprint author), USDA ARS, 22271 Chinsegut Hill Rd, Brooksville, FL 34601 USA. NR 67 TC 53 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 78 IS 5 BP 1291 EP 1302 PG 12 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 334ZY UT WOS:000088218000025 PM 10834585 ER PT J AU Weaver, SA Dixon, WT Schaefer, AL AF Weaver, SA Dixon, WT Schaefer, AL TI The effects of mutated skeletal ryanodine receptors on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function in boars SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE pig; glucocorticoid receptor; cortisol; ACTH; brain; ryanodine receptor ID STRESS-SUSCEPTIBLE PIGS; MALIGNANT HYPERTHERMIA; GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTORS; PORCINE SOMATOTROPIN; FEMALE PIGS; CORTISOL; ACTH; RAT; HALOTHANE; BINDING AB The objectives of the current experiment were to determine whether boars heterozygous for the mutation in skeletal ryanodine receptors (sRyR), known to cause porcine stress syndrome, differed from wild-type boars in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) function. We have examined basal plasma ACTH, cortisol, and corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBC;) concentrations; plasma ACTH and cortisol responses to a nose-snare stressor and at slaughter; dexamethasone suppression of plasma ACTH and cortisol concentrations; and glucocorticoid receptor (Gn) density in the pituitary gland, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and frontal cortex. We have also examined carcass yields, composition, and meat quality to determine whether differences in HPA activity were accompanied by an increased incidence of meat quality characteristics associated with pale, soft, exudative (PSE) meat. Thirty boars either heterozygous or wild-type (n = 15 per genotype) for mutated sRyR were tested for HPA function at 7 mo of age. Heterozygous boars had lower basal plasma ACTH (P < .05) and cortisol (P < .04) concentrations. Integrated basal plasma ACTH and cortisol levels were also lower (P <.05 and P < .005, respectively). Genotype had no significant effect on basal CBG, stressor-induced (nose snare or slaughter) or dexamethasone suppression of plasma ACTH or cortisol concentrations. No differences in immunoreactive GR levels were found in the pituitary gland or any brain region examined. We did find a significant, negative correlation (r = -.62, P < .02) between peak (0800) basal plasma ACTH concentrations and hippocampal GR levels. The alterations in basal HPA function in heterozygous boars were accompanied by lighter body weights (P < .03), decreased carcass fat depth (P < .04), and increased carcass lean yields (P < .02). There was a higher incidence of meat quality characteristics associated with PSE meat in heterozygous boars indicated by higher carcass temperatures (P < .04) and meat brightness (P < .0001) with lower carcass pH at slaughter (P < .03) and after chilling (P < .003). In conclusion, we have found differences in basal and not stressor-induced HPA function between boars heterozygous and wild-type for mutated sRyR. This altered basal HPA activity was accompanied by an increased incidence of meat quality aspects associated with PSE meat in heterozygous boars. C1 Lacombe Res Ctr, Dept Agr Food & Nutr Sci, Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada. Lacombe Res Ctr, Agr & Agri Food Canada, Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada. RP Weaver, SA (reprint author), Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Poultry Sci Bldg, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 45 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 78 IS 5 BP 1319 EP 1330 PG 12 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 334ZY UT WOS:000088218000029 PM 10834589 ER PT J AU Freetly, HC Ferrell, CL AF Freetly, HC Ferrell, CL TI Net flux of nonesterified fatty acids, cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and glycerol across the portal-drained viscera and liver of pregnant ewes SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE ruminants; sheep; metabolism; plasma flow ID ADIPOSE-TISSUE; METABOLISM; SHEEP; GLUCOSE; LACTATION; INSULIN; FETAL AB The objective of this study was to determine the pattern of nutrient flux across portal-drained viscera (PDV) and liver in ewes with varying numbers of fetuses. Catheters were placed in the hepatic portal vein, a branch of the hepatic vein, a mesenteric vein, and the abdominal aorta of each ewe. Plasma flow and net cholesterol, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), and glycerol release across the PDV and liver were determined prior to exposure to rams. Ewes were subsequently mated. Two ewes were not pregnant, six ewes gave birth to singles, and 11 ewes gave birth to twins. Additional measurements were taken 103, 82, 61, 39, 19, and 6 d before parturition. There was a net PDV uptake of nonesterified cholesterol in the nonpregnant ewes and a net release in the ewes with singles and twins. Net nonesterified cholesterol hepatic release did not differ with days from parturition (P = .77). There was a net hepatic release of nonesterified cholesterol in the ewes with twins and a net hepatic uptake in the ewes with singles and in nonpregnant ewes (P = .03). There was a net PDV release of NEFA; however, it did not differ with litter size (P = .59) or days from parturition (P = .63). Hepatic NEFA uptake increased with litter size (P = .03) and increased as gestation progressed (P = .006). There was an interaction (P = .04) between litter size and days from parturition for net PDV glycerol release. Net PDV glycerol release in the nonpregnant ewes decreased over time, but release in pregnant ewes tended to increase over time. Hepatic glycerol uptake increased with litter size and increased as gestation progressed. There was a net PDV uptake of triacylglycerol, but it did not differ with litter size (P = .11) or with days from parturition (P = .06). There was a net hepatic release of triacylglycerol, but it did not differ with litter size (P = .59) or with days from parturition (P = .67). Liver utilization of glycerol and NEFA as substrates for metabolism increases as pregnancy progresses. In the nonpregnant ewe, the combined contribution of glycerol and NEFA carbon accounted for 10% of the carbon taken up by the liver, and in ewes pregnant with twins, the combined contribution accounted for 42% of the carbon uptake 19 d before parturition. In conclusion, these data demonstrate NEFA are an important metabolite when determining carbon balance across the liver and their relative contribution to carbon balance increases as pregnancy progresses. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Freetly, HC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 23 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 78 IS 5 BP 1380 EP 1388 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 334ZY UT WOS:000088218000035 PM 10834595 ER PT J AU Alcantara-Licudine, JP Bui, NL Li, QX McQuate, GT Peck, SL AF Alcantara-Licudine, JP Bui, NL Li, QX McQuate, GT Peck, SL TI Method for determination of xanthene dyes in guava fruits and its application in a field dissipation study SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID CAPILLARY-ZONE-ELECTROPHORESIS; PHLOXINE-B; URANINE; FLY; TEPHRITIDAE; TOXICITY; DIPTERA; COFFEE; WATER AB Xanthene dyes, i.e., phloxine B and uranine or phloxine B alone, are phototoxic to tephritid fruit flies infesting guava fruits. An analytical method was developed for determination of residues of these dyes used in bait solutions for suppression of the tephritid fruit fly population in guava fruits. The procedure involved solvent extraction, anion-exchange cleanup, and determination by liquid chromatography or capillary zone electrophoresis. The dyes were extracted from 50 g guava fruit at 45 degrees C with 400 mL methanol-acetonitrile (1 + 1) and 5 g magnesium oxide added as an alkaline and clarifying agent, The guava extract was adjusted to pH 8.5 and subjected to an amino column cleanup. Average recoveries of xanthene dyes added to guava purees ranged from 77 to 99% for phloxine B and from 79 to 102% for uranine at spiking levels of 0.05-1.00 mu g/g. The method was applied to the determination of phloxine B residues in guava fruits collected from a dye-sprayed orchard. After phloxine B was applied at a rate of 62.5 g/ha for 14 weekly sprayings, it was found on guava fruits at an average concentration of 111 +/- 18 ng/g 4 h after the 11th spraying. The concentration of phloxine B was 426 +/- 94 ng/g in selected fruits with high deposits of the dye 4 h after spraying, Average concentrations of phloxine B 5 days after the 7th and 14th sprayings were 29 +/- 7 and 19 +/- 8 ng/g, respectively. C1 Univ Hawaii, Dept Mol Biosci & Biosyst Engn, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. USDA ARS, Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, Trop Fruit Vegetable & Ornamental Crop Res Lab, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. RP Li, QX (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Dept Mol Biosci & Biosyst Engn, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 18 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 83 IS 3 BP 563 EP 568 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 322GF UT WOS:000087501300004 PM 10868577 ER PT J AU Lehotay, SJ AF Lehotay, SJ TI Analysis of pesticide residues in mixed fruit and vegetable extracts by direct sample introduction/gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID SUPERCRITICAL-FLUID EXTRACTION; LARGE-VOLUME INJECTION; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY AB Direct sample introduction (DSI), or "dirty sample injection," was investigated in the determination of 22 diverse pesticide residues in mixed apple, green bean, and carrot extracts by benchtop gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (DSI/GC/MS-MS). The targeted pesticides, some of which were incurred in the samples, included chlorpyrifos, azinphos-methyl, parathion-methyl, diazinon, terbufos, p,p'-DDE, endosulfan sulfate, carbofuran, carbaryl, propargite, bifenthrin, dacthal, trifluralin, metalaxyl, pendimethalin, atrazine, piperonyl butoxide, diphenylamine, vinclozolin, chlorothalonil, quintozene, and tetrahydrophthalimide (the breakdown product of captan). The analytical DSI method entailed the following steps: (I) blend 30 g sample with 60 mi, acetonitrile for 1 min in a centrifuge bottle; (2) add 6 g NaCl and blend 30 s; (3) centrifuge for 1-2 min; (4) add 5 mt upper layer to 1 g anhydrous MgSO4 in a vial; and (5) analyze 11 mu L extract, using DSI/GC/MS-MS. Sample cleanup is not needed because GC/MS-MS is exceptionally selective for the targeted analytes, and nonvolatile coextracted matrix components do not contaminate the injector or the GC/MS-MS system. Average recoveries of the pesticides were 103 +/- 7% with relative standard deviations of 14 +/- 5% on average, and limits of detection were <2 ng/g for nearly all pesticides studied. The DSI/GC/MS-MS approach for targeted pesticides is quantitative, confirmatory, sensitive, selective, rugged, rapid, simple, and inexpensive. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Lehotay, SJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 23 TC 77 Z9 86 U1 1 U2 18 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 83 IS 3 BP 680 EP 697 PG 18 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 322GF UT WOS:000087501300021 PM 10868593 ER PT J AU Poland, TM Haack, RA AF Poland, TM Haack, RA TI Pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda (Col., Scolytidae), responses to common green leaf volatiles SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY-ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ANGEWANDTE ENTOMOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID BARK BEETLES; OLFACTORY RECOGNITION; HYLURGOPS-PALLIATUS; AMBROSIA BEETLE; SCOTS PINE; COLEOPTERA; AGGREGATION; FOLIAGE AB We tested the hypothesis that green leaf volatiles (GLVs) disrupt the response of overwintered pine shoot beetles, Tomicus piniperda (L.) to multiple-funnel traps baited with the attractive host volatile a-pinene. A combination of four GLV alcohols, 1-hexanol (E)-2-hexen-1-ol (Z)-2-hexen-1-ol, and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, caused 54 and 36% reduction in the number of pine shoot beetles captured in two separate trapping experiments. Similarly, a combination of the four alcohols plus two GLV aldehydes, hexanal and (E)-2-hexenal, caused 38% reduction in the number of pine shoot beetles captured compared with alpha-pinene alone. A blend of the two GLV aldehydes was not disruptive. None of the four GLV alcohols nor the two GLV aldehydes were disruptive when tested individually. The finding that the blend of four GLV alcohols reduced attraction of T. piniperda supports the general hypothesis that GLVs common to nonhost angiosperms are disruptive to conifer-attacking bark beetles (Scolytidae). C1 Michigan State Univ, USDA, N Cent Res Stn, US Forest Serv, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. RP Poland, TM (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, USDA, N Cent Res Stn, US Forest Serv, 1407 S Harrison Rd,Rm 220, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. NR 27 TC 26 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0931-2048 J9 J APPL ENTOMOL JI J. Appl. Entomol.-Z. Angew. Entomol. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 124 IS 2 BP 63 EP 69 DI 10.1046/j.1439-0418.2000.00448.x PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 320YC UT WOS:000087427600002 ER PT J AU Basky, Z Hopper, KR AF Basky, Z Hopper, KR TI Impact of plant density and natural enemy exclosure on abundance of Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov) and Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Hom., Aphididae) in Hungary SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY-ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ANGEWANDTE ENTOMOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID RUSSIAN WHEAT APHID; SOUTHERN FRANCE; HOMOPTERA; ENTOMOPHTHORALES AB A field experiment was carried out in central Hungary to test the impact of plant density and natural enemy exclusion on density of Diuraphis noxia on artificially infested barley plants. As the experimental plants also became infested with high levels of Rhopalosiphum padi, this aphid was studied as well. Densities of both aphid species were higher on caged plants than on uncaged plants. Diuraphis noxia density was higher at low plant density than at high plant density, and the difference was greater on caged plants than on uncaged plants. However, R. padi density did not vary with plant density. Parasitism by insect parasitoids was extremely low (approximately 1% overall) and thus they had little impact on aphid density. Incidence of infection of the aphids by Pandora neoaphidis reached high levels (40-50%). Infection incidence was higher on caged than on uncaged plants for both aphids, and it was higher at high plant density than at low plant density for R. padi. Higher infection incidence at higher aphid density suggests that disease transmission may have been higher at high aphid density. The action of the pathogen cannot explain differences found in aphid densities between caged and uncaged plants because the pathogen was most common where aphids were most abundant. However, aphid density did tend to decline as incidence of infection increased over time. Predator densities were not measured, and mobile predators may have caused the difference in aphid density between caged and uncaged plants. The roles of plant density, predators and P. neoaphidis in limiting D. noxia abundance in Hungary are worth further investigation. C1 Hungarian Acad Sci, Inst Plant Protect, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary. ARS, Beneficial Insect Intro Res Lab, USDA, Newark, DE 19713 USA. RP Basky, Z (reprint author), Hungarian Acad Sci, Inst Plant Protect, POB 102, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary. NR 22 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 5 U2 7 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0931-2048 J9 J APPL ENTOMOL JI J. Appl. Entomol.-Z. Angew. Entomol. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 124 IS 2 BP 99 EP 103 DI 10.1046/j.1439-0418.2000.00434.x PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 320YC UT WOS:000087427600007 ER PT J AU Pekkarinen, A Mannonen, L Jones, BL Niku-Paavola, ML AF Pekkarinen, A Mannonen, L Jones, BL Niku-Paavola, ML TI Production of proteases by Fusarium species grown on barley grains and in media containing cereal proteins SO JOURNAL OF CEREAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Fusarium; protease; cereal; chymotrypsin ID PERS EX PERS; ASPARTIC PROTEINASE; GRAMINEARUM; OXYSPORUM; ENDOPROTEINASE; PATHOGENESIS; PURIFICATION; INHIBITORS; INFECTION; CULTURE AB The production of proteases by the cereal plant pathogens Fusarium culmorum, F. graminearum and F. poae was followed through seven days of cultivation. The fungi were grown in mineral and in gluten culture media, and on autoclaved barley grains. The proteolytic activities of each sample were analysed at pH 2.2, 5.0 and 8.0 and the pH optima of the most active proteases were determined. All of the fungi grown in the gluten medium produced proteases that were active at pH levels between 6 and 10 and were most active at about pH 9.0. Fusarium poae also produced acid protease(s) with pH optima between 3.0 and 3.5 when grown in the gluten medium. No protease activity was detected in the cultures that were grown in the mineral medium, except that a small amount was formed after the glucose substrate was depleted. When grown on the barley grain medium the Fusarium species produced protease activities that were similar to the neutral and alkaline ones present in the gluten cultures, but no pH2.2 protease activity was detected. The alkaline proteases had some characteristics that were similar to those of chymotrypsin. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 USDA ARS, CCRU, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 29 TC 26 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 17 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0733-5210 J9 J CEREAL SCI JI J. Cereal Sci. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 31 IS 3 BP 253 EP 261 DI 10.1006/jcrs.2000.0305 PG 9 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 321QE UT WOS:000087465500003 ER PT J AU McMaster, TJ Miles, MJ Kasarda, DD Shewry, PR Tatham, AS AF McMaster, TJ Miles, MJ Kasarda, DD Shewry, PR Tatham, AS TI Atomic force microscopy of A-gliadin fibrils and in situ degradation SO JOURNAL OF CEREAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE gliadins; atomic force microscopy; scanning probe microscopy; A-gliadin fibrils; self-assembly ID ALPHA-GLIADIN; PROTEINS AB Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been used in air and in aqueous buffer to study the structure of fibrils formed by the self-assembly of A-gliadin protein molecules. The images showed fibrils with a diameter of between 15 and 30 nm and lengths ranging from about 100 nm to 2 mu m. No branched fibrils were observed, and there was no indication of a strong lateral inter-fibril interaction that would result in side-by-side association. Disassembly of the fibrils occurred when the pH of the aqueous buffer was reduced. In contrast the reverse process of fibril assembly and adsorption to the mica surface was less readily observed in situ. Some short fibrils were observed to assemble, but the lengths and densities were considerably less than those obtained by external deposition and drying. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 Univ Bristol, IACR Long Ashton Res Stn, Dept Agr Sci, Bristol BS41 9AF, Avon, England. Univ Bristol, HH Wills Phys Lab, Bristol BS8 1TL, Avon, England. USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Tatham, AS (reprint author), Univ Bristol, IACR Long Ashton Res Stn, Dept Agr Sci, Bristol BS41 9AF, Avon, England. NR 16 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0733-5210 J9 J CEREAL SCI JI J. Cereal Sci. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 31 IS 3 BP 281 EP 286 DI 10.1006/jcrs.2000.0307 PG 6 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 321QE UT WOS:000087465500006 ER PT J AU Haverty, MI Woodrow, RJ Nelson, LJ Grace, JK AF Haverty, MI Woodrow, RJ Nelson, LJ Grace, JK TI Cuticular hydrocarbons of termites of the Hawaiian Islands SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cuticular hydrocarbons; chemotaxonomy; Isoptera; tropical termites; gas chromatography; mass spectrometry; Hawaiian Islands; Pacific termites; olefins; methylalkanes ID FORMOSANUS SHIRAKI ISOPTERA; BRITISH-VIRGIN-ISLANDS; RETICULITERMES ISOPTERA; UNITED-STATES; RHINOTERMITIDAE; LIPIDS; TAXONOMY; KALOTERMITIDAE; PERMEABILITY; GRASSHOPPER AB Seven species of termites (Isoptera) belonging to three families are found in the Hawaiian Islands. The Kalotermitidae include Neotermes connexus Snyder, Cryptotermes brevis (Walker), Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light, Incisitermes immigrans Snyder, and the recently introduced Incisitermes minor (Hagen). Zootermopsis angusticollis (Hagen), a native of the Pacific Coastal region of North America has become established on Maul and is the sole representative of the Termopsidae. The only rhinotermitid known to be established in the Hawaiian Islands is Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki. A closely related species, Coptotermes vastator Light, has been reported from the Hawaiian Islands, but not recently documented. Cuticular hydrocarbon mixtures were characterized for each of the established and introduced species, as well as for C. vastator from Guam. The diversity of the hydrocarbon mixtures was extreme. At least half the hydrocarbons of C, brevis, C. cynocephalus, I. immigrans, and N. connexus are olefins. C. formosanus and C. vastator make no olefins, but methyl-branched alkanes comprise ca. 95% and 85% of their hydrocarbon mixtures, respectively. Blends of abundant hydrocarbons are species-specific and can be used to identify a given taxon without the diagnostic castes, soldiers, or imagoes, Cuticular hydrocarbon mixtures appear to correlate with habitat requirements. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, Berkeley, CA 94701 USA. Univ Hawaii, Dept Entomol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Haverty, MI (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, POB 245, Berkeley, CA 94701 USA. NR 38 TC 24 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 5 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 26 IS 5 BP 1167 EP 1191 DI 10.1023/A:1005479826651 PG 25 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 318WT UT WOS:000087308200006 ER PT J AU Clark, L Bryant, B Mezine, I AF Clark, L Bryant, B Mezine, I TI Bird aversive properties of methyl anthranilate, yucca, Xanthoxylum, and their mixtures SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE aversive properties; methyl anthranilate; yucca; birds; Xanthoxylum ID REPELLENTS; AGENTS AB We tested the bird aversive properties of methyl anthranilate, yucca extracts, and Xanthoxylum spp. extracts in one- and two-bottle drinking assays that used European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). In one- and two-bottle tests, methyl anthranilate proved to be the more potent stimulus in producing an avoidance response. Starlings avoided consuming Xanthoxylum and yucca only in the two-bottle tests. Previous studies showed that yucca was a good adjuvant in stabilizing lipophilic compounds in water. Starlings did not avoid binary mixtures of methyl anthranilate and yucca differently from what would be expected if they were only responding to the solution's methyl anthranilate content. However, yucca enhanced the aversive qualities of Xanthoxylum. The ability to identify mode of action for repellency and synergistic combinations of chemicals derived from natural products for use in repellent mixtures is an important aspect of the development of cost-effective, environmentally safe repellents for use in conflict resolution between humans and wildlife. C1 Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Monell Chem Senses Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Clark, L (reprint author), Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 4101 La Porte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 22 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 5 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 26 IS 5 BP 1219 EP 1234 DI 10.1023/A:1005436111630 PG 16 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 318WT UT WOS:000087308200009 ER PT J AU Dickens, JC AF Dickens, JC TI Sexual maturation and temporal variation of neural responses in adult Colorado potato beetles to volatiles emitted by potato plants SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE insect; olfaction; host plant; development; electroantennogram; Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata potato volatiles ID GREEN LEAF VOLATILES; HOST-PLANT; LEPTINOTARSA-DECEMLINEATA; FEMALE; PERCEPTION; HERBIVORY; RECEPTION; BEHAVIOR; INSECTS; ODORS AB Neural responses of the Colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata to volatiles emitted by potato plants, Solanum tuberosum L were investigated. Amplitudes of electroantennograms to measured amounts of a standard odorant. (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, increased from day of emergence through at least six to eight days of adulthood. Among 20 potato volatiles examined, several constitutive compounds, e.g., the green leaf volatiles (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, and (Z)-3-hexenyl butyrate, and systemic volatiles released primarily in response to insect feeding, e.g., (+/-)-linalool, nonanal, methyl salicylate, and indole, were the most effective stimuli. A statistic called linens age-skew (linear orthogonal polynomial) was used to examine differences in responses to potato volatiles between young and mature CPB. Based on plots of linear age-skew and overall neural responsiveness, 10 volatiles could be identified for which responses increased at a rate similar to or greater than the standard. The results are discussed with regard to the relationship of the CPB to its host plant and developmental studies of insect sensory responses to chemical signals. C1 ARS, USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Plant Sci Inst,Vegetable Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Dickens, JC (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Plant Sci Inst,Vegetable Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Marion-Poll, Frederic/D-8882-2011 OI Marion-Poll, Frederic/0000-0001-6824-0180 NR 42 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0098-0331 EI 1573-1561 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 26 IS 5 BP 1265 EP 1279 DI 10.1023/A:1005492229377 PG 15 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 318WT UT WOS:000087308200012 ER PT J AU Abrams, SA Copeland, KC Gunn, SK Gundberg, CM Klein, KO Ellis, KJ AF Abrams, SA Copeland, KC Gunn, SK Gundberg, CM Klein, KO Ellis, KJ TI Calcium absorption, bone mass accumulation, and kinetics increase during early pubertal development in girls SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM LA English DT Article ID TOTAL-BODY-CALCIUM; OSTEOCALCIN; METABOLISM; RETENTION; MENARCHE; FEMALES; AGE AB To evaluate the changes in calcium and bone mineral metabolism associated with early pubertal development, we performed longitudinal measurements of calcium absorption, calcium kinetics, bone mineral content, and hormonal markers related to puberty in a multiethnic group of girls beginning when they were 7 or 8 yr old. Girls were Tanner stage 1 (breast) at the start of the study. They were placed on a 1200 mg/day dietary calcium intake and studied at approximately 6-month intervals until they reached Tanner stage 2 (breast). Results at that time point (PUB) were compared to values obtained approximately 1 yr earlier (LatePRE) and those 1 yr before that (EarlyPRE). We found an increase in calcium absorption comparing PUB to LatePRE (n = 34; 36.6 +/- 8.7% vs. 30.7 +/- 9.9%; P = 0.002). Using whole body, dual energy, x-ray absorptiometry scanning, we found an increase in calcium gain during the LatePRE to PUB period compared with that during the EarlyPRE to LatePRE period (135 +/- 53 us. 110 +/- 45 mg/day; P = 0.04). Calcium kinetic studies showed a significant increase in the bone calcium deposition rate (V-o+) during the PUB compared to the LatePRE period. Hormonal anal biochemical markers of bone development were also significantly increased at PUB compared to LatePRE. Hormonal activity, as evidenced by the unstimulated LH level, was significantly correlated with calcium gain between the LatePRE and PUB studies and the bone calcium deposition rate in the PUB study. These data demonstrate, using multiple independent methods, an increase in calcium utilization associated with the earliest physical signs of puberty. C1 Baylor Univ, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Endocrinol Sect, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Texas Childrens Hosp, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Alfred I DuPont Hosp Children, Dept Clin Sci, Wilmington, DE 19899 USA. Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Orthopaed & Rehabil, New Haven, CT 06510 USA. RP Abrams, SA (reprint author), Baylor Univ, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. EM sabrams@bcm.tmc.edu OI Abrams, Steven/0000-0003-4972-9233 FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR00188]; NIAMS NIH HHS [AR-43740] NR 20 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENDOCRINE SOC PI CHEVY CHASE PA 8401 CONNECTICUT AVE, SUITE 900, CHEVY CHASE, MD 20815-5817 USA SN 0021-972X EI 1945-7197 J9 J CLIN ENDOCR METAB JI J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 85 IS 5 BP 1805 EP 1809 DI 10.1210/jc.85.5.1805 PG 5 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 337WZ UT WOS:000088387300013 PM 10843156 ER PT J AU Nikolic, B Lee, S Bronson, RT Grusby, MJ Sykes, M AF Nikolic, B Lee, S Bronson, RT Grusby, MJ Sykes, M TI Th1 and Th2 mediate acute graft-versus-host disease, each with distinct end-organ targets SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID BONE-MARROW TRANSPLANTATION; CELL-SURFACE-MOLECULE; T-CELLS; INTERFERON-GAMMA; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; HELPER-CELLS; MURINE MODEL; MICE; EXPRESSION; LEUKEMIA AB STAT4 and STAT6 are transcription factors that play crucial roles in responding to IL-12 and IL-4, respectively. STAT4 gene knockout (STAT(4/4)) mice have markedly reduced Th1 responses and enhanced Th2 responses. STAT6(-/-) mice show the inverse phenotype. We compared the ability of bone marrow transplantation (BMT) with the inclusion of spleen cells from STAT6(-/-), STAT4(-/-), and wildtype (WT) mice to produce graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in lethally irradiated MHC-mismatched recipients. Acute GVHD mortality was more rapid when induced by cells from STAT6(-/-) mice than when induced by STAT4(-/-) cells. However, cells from STAT4-/- and STAT6(-/-) donors both induced delayed GVHD mortality compared with WT controls, or compared with combined STAT4(-/-) and STAT6(-/-) cells, indicating a contribution of both Th1 cells and Th2 cells to acute GVHD. Recipients of STAT6(-/-) BMT showed evidence of acute GVHD with severe diarrhea and marked weight loss. Recipients of STAT4(-/-) BMT showed signs of GVHD with only initial transient weight loss and later development of severe skin GVHD. Histopathology showed that Th2 responses were required for the induction of both hepatic and severe skin GVHD, In contrast, both Th1 cells and Th2 cells were capable of causing intestinal pathology of GVHD. Our studies demonstrate an additive role for Th1 and Th2 cells in producing acute GVHD, and suggest a cytokine-directed approach to treating end-organ manifestations of GVHD. C1 Harvard Univ, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Sch Med,Transplantat Biol Res Ctr, Bone Marrow Transplantat Sect,Surg Serv, Boston, MA 02129 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Immunol & Infect Dis, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Boston, MA USA. RP Sykes, M (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Sch Med,Transplantat Biol Res Ctr, Bone Marrow Transplantat Sect,Surg Serv, MGH E,Bldg 149-5102,13th St, Boston, MA 02129 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [R01 HL049915, HL49915]; NIAID NIH HHS [AI40171, R01 AI040171] NR 57 TC 138 Z9 147 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL INVESTIGATION INC PI ANN ARBOR PA ROOM 4570 KRESGE I, 200 ZINA PITCHER PLACE, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109-0560 USA SN 0021-9738 J9 J CLIN INVEST JI J. Clin. Invest. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 105 IS 9 BP 1289 EP 1298 DI 10.1172/JCI7894 PG 10 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA 311UR UT WOS:000086904500018 PM 10792004 ER PT J AU Dhiman, TR Satter, LD Pariza, MW Galli, MP Albright, K Tolosa, MX AF Dhiman, TR Satter, LD Pariza, MW Galli, MP Albright, K Tolosa, MX TI Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of milk from cows offered diets rich in linoleic and linolenic acid SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE conjugated linoleic acid; milk fat; cow; soybean ID LACTATING DAIRY-COWS; FAT; DERIVATIVES; COTTONSEED; METABOLISM; RUMEN; OIL AB Two experiments were conducted to determine the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of milk from cows offered diets rich in linoleic and linolenic acid. In experiment 1, 36 cows were assigned to a control and five treatment groups. Cows in the control group received a diet containing 51% forage and 49% grain on a dry matter basis. In the treatment group, grain was partly replaced by either 18% raw cracked soybeans, 18% roasted cracked soybeans, 3.6% soybean oil, 2.2% linseed oil, or 4.4% linseed oil. Experimental diets were fed for 5 wk. Average CLA contents in milk fat from wk 2 through 5 were 0.39% in control and 0.37, 0.77, 2.10, 1.58, and 1.63% of total fatty acids in the raw soybean, roasted soybeans, soybean oil, 2.2% linseed oil, and 4.4% linseed oil treatments, respectively. In experiment 2, 36 cows were assigned to a control and 5 treatment groups. Cows in the control group received a diet containing 55% forage and 45% grain. In the treatment groups, grain was partly replaced by soybean oil at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, or by linseed oil at 1.0% of the dietary dry matter. Experimental diets were fed for 5 wk. Average CLA contents in milk fat from wk 2 through 5 were 0.50% in control and 0.75, 0.76, 1.45, 2.08,and 0.73% of total fatty acids in 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 soybean oil and 1.0% linseed oil treatments, respectively. Diets rich in linoleic or linolenic acid can increase CLA content of milk when dietary oil is accessible to the rumen microorganisms. C1 Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Food Res Inst, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Anim Dairy & Vet Sci, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Dhiman, TR (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 30 TC 216 Z9 231 U1 2 U2 15 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 83 IS 5 BP 1016 EP 1027 PG 12 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 313NN UT WOS:000087005900013 PM 10821577 ER PT J AU Wu, Z Satter, LD Sojo, R AF Wu, Z Satter, LD Sojo, R TI Milk production, reproductive performance, and fecal excretion of phosphorus by dairy cows fed three amounts of phosphorus SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE phosphorus requirement; minerals; dairy cows; reproduction ID DRY-MATTER INTAKE; DIETARY PHOSPHORUS; TRUE ABSORPTION; CORN-SILAGE; CALCIUM; RATIONS; ALFALFA AB Milk production was measured and phosphorus (P) excretion in feces was estimated in dairy cows fed three amounts of P. A basal diet was formulated to contain 0.31% P (DM basis). Sodium monophosphate replaced corn in the basal diet to give two additional diets containing 0.40 and 0.49% P. The diets were fed to eight, nine, and nine multiparous Holsteins from the beginning to the end of lactation. Milk yields for the 308-d lactation were 10,790, 11,226, and 11,134 kg for the three treatments, respectively. The lowest milk yield resulted from decreased milk production during late lactation with the 0.31% P group. Reproductive performance of the cows was not related to dietary P content. Fecal P concentration, determined in wk 2, 4, 6, 8, 23, and 40 of lactation, increased as dietary P intake was increased. Cows fed the lowest P diet conserved P by minimizing P excretion in feces and urine, whereas cows in the other two treatments excreted more P through these routes. A reduction in dietary P from 0.49 to 0.40% reduced fecal P excretion by 23%. Apparent P digestibilities of less than 40% are indicative of surplus dietary P. Feeding 0.40% P appeared sufficient to maintain P balance and the level of milk production achieved in this experiment. An example is given which illustrates the relationship between dietary and fecal P. C1 Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Dairy Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Satter, LD (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 42 TC 145 Z9 154 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 83 IS 5 BP 1028 EP 1041 PG 14 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 313NN UT WOS:000087005900014 PM 10821578 ER PT J AU Wu, Z Satter, LD AF Wu, Z Satter, LD TI Milk production during the complete lactation of dairy cows fed diets containing different amounts of protein SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE dairy cows; lactation; milk; protein requirement ID AMINO-ACIDS; CATTLE AB Milk production response to four different amounts of protein supplementation was measured in a complete lactation study utilizing 58 multiparous Holstein cows treated with bovine somatotropin. The four treatments were as follows (the first number is the dietary crude protein content (% of dry matter) during the first 16 wk of lactation and the second number is the protein content for wk 17 to 44 of lactation): 15.4-16.0, 17.4-16.0, 17.4-17.9, and 19.3-17.9. Diets were formulated to maximize the supply of amino acids to the intestine. High moisture ear corn was finely ground to promote ruminal fermentation and microbial protein synthesis, and roasted soybeans and expeller processed soybean meal were used as the protein supplements to provide relatively high amounts of rumen-undegradable protein. Alfalfa silage and corn silage (3:2) provided the forage. Milk production for the 308-d lactation for each of the treatment groups was 10,056, 10,831, 11,095, and 11,132 kg. Cows of this production level fed diets similar to those used in this experiment benefit from dietary protein of approximately 17.5% during the first 30 wk of lactation. A reduction in dietary protein to 16% can be made around wk 30 of lactation. This amount of dietary protein should, with prevailing feed prices, be compatible with maximum profit and a moderate amount of nitrogen excretion to the environment. C1 Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Dairy Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Satter, LD (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 17 TC 58 Z9 61 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 83 IS 5 BP 1042 EP 1051 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 313NN UT WOS:000087005900015 PM 10821579 ER PT J AU Wu, Z Satter, LD AF Wu, Z Satter, LD TI Milk production and reproductive performance of dairy cows fed two concentrations of phosphorus for two years SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE phosphorus; minerals; dairy cow; reproduction ID DIETARY PHOSPHORUS; TRUE ABSORPTION; EARLY LACTATION; CORN-SILAGE; BEEF-COWS; CALCIUM; SHEEP; POSTPARTUM; EXCRETION; ALFALFA AB The performance of lactating Holstein cows in response to P supplementation was determined in a 2-yr study. Each year included confinement feeding for approximately the first two-thirds of lactation and grazing for the remaining one-third of lactation. In yr 1, 42 cows were assigned at calving to a low or high P diet within parity. Fourteen cows from the low P group and 16 cows from the high P group continued with their treatments for a second year. Also in the second year, 12 new cows were included in the low P group and 11 in the high P group. Thus, a total of 95 lactations with 65 cows were used in the trial, and 30 of the cows were used in both years. The dietary P was 0.38 and 0.48% during confinement feeding and approximately 0.31 and 0.44% during grazing for the low and high P treatments (dry basis). When all cows were used to obtain treatment means, milk yield for 308 d of lactation was 9131 and 8860 kg in yr 1, and 9864 and 9898 kg in yr 2 for the low P and high P groups, respectively. Blood serum inorganic P tended to be slightly lower for the low P than for the high P group during most of lactation; all concentrations (5.6 to 7.4 mg/dl) were within normal ranges. Reproductive measures were similar between groups in both years. When just the cows completing two lactations (N = 30) were evaluated, milk yield was 9072 and 8780 kg in yr 1 and 11,457 and 11,358 kg in yr 2 for the low P and high P treatments, respectively. Reducing dietary P from 0.48 to 0.38% for 2 yr did not impair milk production or reproductive performance. C1 Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Dairy Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Satter, LD (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 41 TC 68 Z9 74 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 83 IS 5 BP 1052 EP 1063 PG 12 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 313NN UT WOS:000087005900016 PM 10821580 ER PT J AU Weigel, KA Powell, RL AF Weigel, KA Powell, RL TI Retrospective analysis of the accuracy of conversion equations and multiple-trait, across-country evaluations of Holstein bulls used internationally SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE international conversion; multiple-trait; across-country evaluation ID SIRES AB In 1995, the multiple-trait across country genetic evaluation procedure replaced regression-based conversion equations as the preferred method for international genetic comparisons of dairy bulls. In the present study, February 1999 estimated breeding values of 632 foreign Holstein bulls that were used in Canada, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, Sweden, and the US were compared with January 1995 predictions from home country data only. January 1995 predicted breeding values for each importing country were calculated using three methods: the multiple-trait, across-country evaluation procedure; conversion equations based on the multiple-trait, across-country evaluations; and conversion equations based on the Wilmink method. Mean correlations between 1999 estimated breeding values in the importing countries and 1995 predictions from international data were from 0.76 to 0.81 for all methods. The multiple-trait, across-country evaluation procedure is expected to lead to selection of different bulls, because bulls were allowed to be ranked differently in each country, but no significant increase in accuracy of selection was observed. The lack of improvement in accuracy of prediction was most likely due to limitations in data structure. International genetic comparisons are largely driven by data from a relatively small number of evaluated bulls with exported semen. Data from siblings and more distant relatives provide only weak, indirect genetic links between countries, and inclusion of such data seems to provide a minimal improvement in accuracy. Limitations in data structure might be alleviated by methods that define environments by climate or management factors rather than country borders. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Dairy Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. ARS, Anim Improvement Programs Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Weigel, KA (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Dairy Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 12 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 83 IS 5 BP 1081 EP 1088 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 313NN UT WOS:000087005900019 PM 10821583 ER PT J AU Martens, DA AF Martens, DA TI Management and crop residue influence soil aggregate stability SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Interaction of Biomolecules with Soils held at the Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Agronomy CY OCT 18-22, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MARYLAND SP Amer Soc Agron ID ANION-EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY; PULSED AMPEROMETRIC DETECTION; CELL-WALLS; TILLAGE; ACIDS; CARBON AB Soil management is one of the most important factors influencing the structure of soils. The interaction of management (including tillage and crop rotation history) with soil biochemistry, soil aggregation, and soil humus composition was determined in a native prairie and a producer field situation in 1997. A comparison of a native prairie and an adjacent conventional corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation on the same soil type found that the Webster soil (fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Endoaquoll) after soybean (Cs plant) was lower in monosaccharide content and protein content as determined by ion chromatography, and lower in phenolic acid content than the Webster soil after corn (C-4 plant) or in native prairie as determined by gas chromatography. A wet, nested sieve aggregate stability measurement determined that the prairie soil had a higher mean aggregate size (1.85 mm) when compared with the soil in the presence of decomposing corn (1.0 mm) or soybean (0.34 mm) residues. Mean aggregate size was found to be correlated with soil monosaccharide content (r = 0.75), total soil protein content (r = 0.995***), total soil phenolic acid content (r = 0.997***), and alkaline extractable humic substance content (r = 0.98**). Alkaline extractable humic substances were correlated with the phenolic acid content of the humic substances (r = 0.996***). The results suggest that the decrease in soil stability after soybean growth was due to a decrease in the content of soil humic substances caused by the substantially lower phenolic adds content (humic acid precursors) in the soybean residue. C1 USDA, ARS, SWRC, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP Martens, DA (reprint author), USDA, ARS, SWRC, 2000 E Allen Rd, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. NR 38 TC 52 Z9 60 U1 1 U2 24 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 29 IS 3 BP 723 EP 727 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 355WT UT WOS:000089412100006 ER PT J AU Hess, GR Campbell, CL Fiscus, DA Hellkamp, AS McQuaid, BF Munster, MJ Peck, SL Shafer, SR AF Hess, GR Campbell, CL Fiscus, DA Hellkamp, AS McQuaid, BF Munster, MJ Peck, SL Shafer, SR TI A conceptual model and indicators for assessing the ecological condition of agricultural lands SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE; CROP-ROTATION; SYSTEMS; FRAMEWORK; COMMUNITY; AGROECOSYSTEMS; DEFINITION; MANAGEMENT; NITRATE; GROWTH AB As part of an environmental monitoring and assessment effort, we developed a conceptual model for measuring and assessing the condition and sustainability of agroecosystems. An agroecosystem is a field, pasture, or orchard and the associated border areas. We focused on ecological sustainability and defined the goals for agroecosystems in terms of the values people place on them. The purpose of an agroecosystem is to produce food and fiber. Other desired outcomes can be considered as goals for the larger landscape and the rest of the world, and they sometimes function as constraints on production. Condition is defined by agroecosystem productivity and the degree to which farmers use management and stewardship practices that conserve and protect valued natural resources in the landscape and the rest of the world. An agoecosystem in good condition is productive and is managed to conserve valued resources. Sustainability is the maintenance of good condition over time. We developed indicators that link system condition and sustainability to societal values and goals. These indicators measure productivity, management practices that promote sustainability at the agroecosystem scale, and management practices that promote sustainability at landscape and global scales. Our initial efforts focused on annually harvested herbaceous crops; however, the concepts we used can be adapted to other plant and livestock systems. Our conceptual approach may be used to evaluate the effectiveness of several major programs now being implemented, including the USDA's Environmental Quality Incentive and Conservation Reserve Programs. C1 N Carolina State Univ, EMAP, Agr Lands Resource Grp, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. USDA, Natl Resources Conservat Serv, Raleigh, NC USA. USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Hess, GR (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Forestry, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. EM grhess@ncsu.edu NR 82 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 29 IS 3 BP 728 EP 737 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 355WT UT WOS:000089412100007 ER PT J AU Cupples, AM Sims, GK Hultgren, RP Hart, SE AF Cupples, AM Sims, GK Hultgren, RP Hart, SE TI Effect of soil conditions on the degradation of cloransulam-methyl SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID MICROBIAL ACTIVITY; MOISTURE-CONTENT; TEMPERATURE; CLOMAZONE; SORPTION; ATRAZINE; CARBOFURAN; ADSORPTION; METABOLISM; PRODUCTS AB Herbicide efficacy and environmental fate are often controlled by soil conditions. Aerobic soil laboratory studies were undertaken to determine the degradation of the herbicide cloransulam-methyl [N-(2-carbomethoxy-6-chloro-phenyl)-5-ethoxy-7-fluoro[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine-2-sulfonamide] for a range of soil factors. Treatments included soil temperature (5, 15, 25, 40, and 50 degrees C), moisture (20, 40, and 60% water filled pore space), and soil type. The soils under study were a Drummer silty clay loam (fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Endoaquolls) and a Cisne silt loam (fine, smectitic, mesic Vertic Albaqualfs). Variability in molecular degradation was investigated using two radiolabeled forms ([Phenyl-UL-C-14] and [Pyrimidine-7,9-C-14]). Dissipation of parent compound in soil solution and sorbed phases, formation of radiolabeled metabolites, C-14 mineralization total microbial respiration, and bound residue formation were measured for up to 120 d. Dissipation of parent and formation of bound residues in Drummer soil increased with greater temperatures. The influence of temperature on C-14 mineralization, however, was dependent on position of radiolabel, suggesting that distinct groups of microorganisms degrade different parts of the molecule at higher temperatures. Only C-14 mineralization was influenced by moisture, with response depending on soil type. Increasing moisture resulted in more C-14 mineralization in Drummer, but not Cisne soil, which was attributed to increased microbial access to pesticide at greater moisture contents in Drummer soil. Reduced availability, suggested by greater sorption in Drummer soil, may explain persistence of parent in this soil. Bound residues were more extensive and exhibited greater dependence on biological activity in Cisne soil, owing to enhanced dissipation of parent compound in this soil. C1 USDA ARS, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. RP Sims, GK (reprint author), USDA ARS, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RI Sims, Gerald/A-2500-2008 NR 36 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 29 IS 3 BP 786 EP 794 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 355WT UT WOS:000089412100014 ER PT J AU Hellkamp, AS Bay, JM Campbell, CL Easterling, KN Fiscus, DA Hess, GR McQuaid, BF Munster, MJ Olson, GL Peck, SL Shafer, SR Sidik, K Tooley, MB AF Hellkamp, AS Bay, JM Campbell, CL Easterling, KN Fiscus, DA Hess, GR McQuaid, BF Munster, MJ Olson, GL Peck, SL Shafer, SR Sidik, K Tooley, MB TI Assessment of the condition of agricultural lands in six mid-Atlantic states SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID CONTERMINOUS UNITED-STATES; SYSTEMS AB Indicators of the condition and sustainability of agricultural lands covering 5.5 million ha in six mid-Atlantic states were measured in 1994 and 1995. The primary objective was to collect baseline information against which future data from the region ran be compared. Soil samples and questionnaire data were collected from a random sample of 293 sites. Indicators addressed productivity, management at the agroecosystem scale, and management for the landscape scale on annual crop land. Crop yields were almost 30% higher than those of the 1980s, with a mean observed to expected yield index of 1.27. The mean soil quality index showed moderate quality for supporting plant growth. Non-tilled sites, which were mostly hay, had greater microbial biomass than tilled sites. Just over half of the annual crop land was covered by rotation plans; hay fields accounted for most of the land where one crop was grown continuously. Hay showed a lower use of applied nitrogen than seed crops. Integrated pest management was practiced on less than 20% of annual crop land. Twenty-seven different annual crops were grown in the region, with hay (all types) the dominant crop. Less than 20% of the land where pesticides were applied had high to moderately high potential for pesticides leaching into ground water. This information provides a baseline for long-term monitoring of agricultural lands in the region. C1 N Carolina State Univ, EMAP, Agr Lands Resource Grp, Raleigh, NC USA. USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Raleigh, NC USA. USDA ARS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Hellkamp, AS (reprint author), Duke Clin Res Inst, POB 17969, Durham, NC USA. NR 26 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 29 IS 3 BP 795 EP 804 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 355WT UT WOS:000089412100015 ER PT J AU Zhao, SL Gupta, SC Huggins, DR Moncrief, JF AF Zhao, SL Gupta, SC Huggins, DR Moncrief, JF TI Predicting subsurface drainage, corn yield, and nitrate nitrogen losses with DRAINMOD-N SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID TILE DRAINAGE; TILLAGE; SYSTEMS; MODEL; SOILS AB Nitrate N from artificially drained soils of the upper Midwest USA is finding its way to the Mississippi River and then to the Gulf of Mexico. There is some concern that this nitrate N is causing hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico. The DRAINMOD-N model was used to evaluate the long-term effect of N application rate and drain spacing on corn (Zea mays L.) yield and nitrate N losses. Prior to evaluation, the model was calibrated and then validated against long-term field data from southwestern Minnesota. A 24-yr simulation showed that climate plays a major role in determining drainage, yield, and nitrate N losses from a moderately well-drained Normania day loam (fineloamy, mixed, mesic Aquic Hapludoll) soil under continuous corn. April to August rainfall accounted for 82% of the variation in drainage and 66% of the variation in nitrate N losses during the growing season. Corn yield increased significantly when drain spacing was changed from 56 to 28 m but there was much less increase when changing from 28 to 14 m. During the growing season, drain spacing had little effect on nitrate N losses from this soil. Cost-benefit analysis showed that a 28 m drain spacing was a good design criterion for this soil. For a given drain spacing, an increase in N application rate significantly increased nitrate N losses through drainage. We conclude that efforts to reduce drainage-associated nitrate N Losses from soils with perched water table conditions in the upper Midwest USA should concentrate on identifying N management strategies that increase N use efficiency. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Resource 21, Denver, CO USA. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Gupta, SC (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 38 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 29 IS 3 BP 817 EP 825 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 355WT UT WOS:000089412100018 ER PT J AU Mozaffari, M Rosen, CJ Russelle, MP Nater, EA AF Mozaffari, M Rosen, CJ Russelle, MP Nater, EA TI Chemical characterization of ash from gasification of alfalfa stems: Implications for ash management SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID CALCIUM-CARBONATE EQUIVALENCE; FUEL COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FIRED BOILER ASH; WOOD ASH; FLY-ASH; INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS; SOIL AMENDMENT; LIMING AGENT; PHOSPHORUS AB Electricity generation from biomass is an attractive option from an environmental perspective. Pilot studies have indicated that alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) stems are suitable feedstock for energy generation via gasification. Detailed information on chemical characteristics of the ash generated from gasification of alfalfa stem is required to develop environmentally and economically sound ash management strategies. Alfalfa fly and bottom ashes were characterized with respect to chemical properties that are important in developing ash management practices with emphasis on beneficial utilization as a soil amendment. Mean concentrations of total C, K, Ca, and Cl were 424, 120, 85, and 26 g kg(-1), respectively, in fly ash. In bottom ash, the mean concentrations of C, K, and Ca, were 63, 61, and 193 g kg(-1) Concentrations of total Pb, As, Cd, Co, and Se were below detection limits in both ash types. Naphthalene ranged from 6.2 to 74 mg kg(-1), but concentrations of many other polyaromatic hydrocarbons were low or below mg kg(-1) detection limits. Available K and P in fly ash were 90 to 120 and 8 to 10 g kg(-1), respectively. Mean CaCO3 equivalent value of fly ash was 400 g kg(-1), its electrical conductivity (EC) and pH were 127 dS m(-1) and 11.5, respectively. These results suggest that when managed properly, gasified alfalfa ash could potentially be utilized as a beneficial soil amendment with few potential environmental concerns. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Minnesota Cluster, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Rosen, CJ (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, 439 Borlaug Hall, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 60 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 29 IS 3 BP 963 EP 972 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 355WT UT WOS:000089412100035 ER PT J AU Robbins, CW Freeborn, LL Westermann, DT AF Robbins, CW Freeborn, LL Westermann, DT TI Organic phosphorus source effects on calcareous soil phosphorus and organic carbon SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID AGRICULTURAL PHOSPHORUS; WATER; WHEY AB The loading, solubility, mobility, and plant availability of P is a growing environmental concern to regulators and planners of nutrient management plans, confined animal feeding operations, and wastewater land application permit sites. Insufficient information is available on how P reacts from different organic sources when applied to calcareous soils. A field study was conducted to determine the interactions among P application rate, source, extractability, and soil organic carbon (OC) concentration. A Portneuf silt loam (Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Durinodic Xeric Haplocalcids) topsoil and freshly exposed subsoil were fertilized with monocalcium phosphate (MCP), cheese whey, and dairy manure. Organic matter added with the whey did not influence soil OC concentrations whereas organic matter added with the manure doubled the subsoil OC and increased the topsoil OC concentrations. Bicarbonate and saturation paste extractable ortho- and organic-P concentrations were linearly related to soil OC concentrations but were not related to the amount of ortho- or organic-P added. All forms of P increased more per unit of added P in the order manure > whey > MCP and were correlated with the soil OC concentrations. These results suggest organic waste applications should be managed from soil P test data rather than on P application rates. C1 USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. RP Robbins, CW (reprint author), USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, 3793 North 3600 East, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. RI Ducey, Thomas/A-6493-2011 NR 18 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 29 IS 3 BP 973 EP 978 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 355WT UT WOS:000089412100036 ER PT J AU Nelson, SD Letey, J Farmer, WJ Williams, CF Ben-Hur, M AF Nelson, SD Letey, J Farmer, WJ Williams, CF Ben-Hur, M TI Herbicide application method effects on napropamide complexation with dissolved organic matter SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID SOILS; ADSORPTION; DESORPTION; TRANSPORT; ATRAZINE; PESTICIDES; CHEMICALS; BEHAVIOR; BROMACIL; MODEL AB Napropamide [2-(alpha-naphthoxy)-N,N-diethyl propionamide] has been shown to form soluble complexes with dissolved organic matter (DOM). Batch equilibrium and soil column leaching studies were performed to evaluate the effect of a drying event following herbicide application on napropamide-DOM complex formation. Napropamide was applied directly to the soil and allowed to dry and compared with studies where the herbicide was not allowed to dry. In batch studies the presence of napropamide-DOM complexes was inferred from reduced sorption coefficients measured on extracts of treated soils as compared with those from aqueous solutions. In column studies, drying was shown to induce herbicide movement with the wetting front even when preferential flow pathways were eliminated. The formation of napropamide-DOM complexes was verified by dialysis tubing techniques. Increased napropamide movement through soil was the result of stable napropamide-DOM complexes that lacked an adsorption affinity. Although less than 6% of the total herbicide applied moved by facilitated transport, this amount of rapidly mobile pesticide could significantly increase the potential for ground water contamination. Results suggest that preventing the applied herbicide solution from drying before irrigation could reduce or eliminate the threat of facilitated transport of napropamide by DOM. We suggest that a short irrigation period after herbicide application could allow for herbicide movement beyond the soil surface to deter drying while preventing deep movement of pesticide with the water front. C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Environm Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. RP Nelson, SD (reprint author), USDA ARS, 1700 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 22 TC 17 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 29 IS 3 BP 987 EP 994 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 355WT UT WOS:000089412100038 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Lindsay, DS Venturini, L Venturini, C AF Dubey, JP Lindsay, DS Venturini, L Venturini, C TI Characterization of Sarcocystis falcatula isolates from the Argentinian opossum, Didelphis albiventris SO JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE budgerigars; cell culture; development; polymerase chain reaction; schizonts ID BIRDS; NEURONA; TRANSMISSION; PATHOGENESIS; BUDGERIGAR AB Two isolates of Sarcocystis falcatula were obtained from the lungs of budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) fed sporocysts from two naturally-infected South American opossums (Didelphis albiventris). The two isolates were designated SF-1A and SF-2A. Both isolates induced fatal infections in budgerigars. Both isolates underwent schizogony in African green monkey kidney cells. The structure of schizonts in the lungs of budgerigars was more variable than that observed in cell culture. The two isolates were identified as S. falcatula by the two species-specific Hinf 1 restriction fragments dervied from digestion of a PCR amplification using primers JNB33/JNB54. Thus, the South American opossum. D. albiventris, is a definitive host for S. falcatula. C1 ARS, USDA, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Dept Biomed Sci & Pathobiol, Ctr Mol Med & Infect Dis, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Natl Univ La Plata, Catadra Parasitol, Fac Ciencias Vet, RA-1900 La Plata, Argentina. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Lindsay, David/G-8891-2016 OI Lindsay, David/0000-0002-0592-8321 NR 17 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC PROTOZOOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 1066-5234 J9 J EUKARYOT MICROBIOL JI J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 47 IS 3 BP 260 EP 263 DI 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2000.tb00045.x PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 319QP UT WOS:000087353100009 PM 10847342 ER PT J AU Onwulata, CI Konstance, RP Holsinger, VH AF Onwulata, CI Konstance, RP Holsinger, VH TI Properties of reduced-fat composites of sugar alcohols, whey isolates and pectin SO JOURNAL OF FOOD LIPIDS LA English DT Article ID GELS; POLYSACCHARIDE; CELLULOSE; CHOCOLATE; RHEOLOGY; XANTHAN; SUCROSE; MILKFAT AB The effect of replacing 40% of the sugar with sugar alcohols, as well as replacing 50 to 75% of the fat with whey isolates and pectin in sugar/milk fat composites was investigated Sucrose, sugar alcohols (either sorbitol or lactitol), butter oil, whey isolates and pectins formulated to mimic confectionary products, were converted into syrupy consistencies through an evaporative process. Selected components were mixed (30% solids) and evaporated under vacuum at 60 C for 60 min, leading to the formation of syrup composites with ordered structures. Portions of the composites were cooked further for 60 s, in a microwave oven to <18% moisture, producing toffee-like candies of varying consistency. The reduced fat composites after microwave cooking were significantly (P<0.05) softer than the other products. Sugar alcohol substituted syrups were similar to traditional sucrose syrups, but after microwave cooking, sugar alcohol products became significantly (P<0.05) darker. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Onwulata, CI (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 27 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 5 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 1065-7258 J9 J FOOD LIPIDS JI J. Food Lipids PD MAY PY 2000 VL 7 IS 1 BP 39 EP 50 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4522.2000.tb00159.x PG 12 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 311TG UT WOS:000086901300005 ER PT J AU Durant, JA Corrier, DE Ricke, SC AF Durant, JA Corrier, DE Ricke, SC TI Short-chain volatile fatty acids modulate the expression of the hilA and invF genes of Salmonella Typhimurium SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI; INVASION GENES; ORGANIC-ACIDS; PEYERS-PATCHES; LOW PH; GROWTH; CELLS; BACTERIA; INHIBITION; INDUCTION AB The ability of Salmonella Typhimurium to invade the intestinal mucosal cells is an important step in pathogenesis. This invasion process requires genes encoded on the Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI1). Two transcriptional activators, HilA and InvF, encoded in SPI1 regulate the expression of invasion genes in response to environmental stimuli such as osmolarity, oxygen tension, and pH. During its pathogenic life cycle, Salmonella Typhimurium is also exposed to short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), especially acetate, propionate, and butyrate, in the intestinal lumen, as well as the SCFA used as food preservatives. The effects of SCFA on the expression of hilA and invF-lacZY transcriptional fusions were examined to determine the potential role of SCFA in the pathogenesis of Salmonella Typhimurium. Growth rates were reduced by increasing SCFA concentrations at pH 6 but not at pH 7. At pH 7, hilA and invF expression was induced by acetate but not by propionate or butyrate, while at pH 6, all SCFA induced hilA and invF expression at 1 h. In general, hilA and invF expression levels when compared to respective control responses were higher at 1 h than at 4 and 8 h in the presence of most SCFA concentrations at pH 6. However, expression levels at 4 and 8 h were either similar or higher than the I-h responses for the hilA-lacZY fusion strain in the presence of acetate while exposure to 20 mM propionate yielded similar levels of expression at I, 4, and 8 h. The pH-dependent manner of induction suggests that entry of SCFA into the cell was necessary for induction. We speculate that SCFA may serve as an environmental signal that triggers the expression of invasion genes in the gastrointestinal tract. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. USDA ARS, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Ricke, SC (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 37 TC 59 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 4 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 63 IS 5 BP 573 EP 578 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 312CM UT WOS:000086925700003 PM 10826713 ER PT J AU Cutter, CN Dorsa, WJ Handie, A Rodriguez-Morales, S Zhou, X Breen, PJ Compadre, CM AF Cutter, CN Dorsa, WJ Handie, A Rodriguez-Morales, S Zhou, X Breen, PJ Compadre, CM TI Antimicrobial activity of cetylpyridinium chloride washes against pathogenic bacteria on beef surfaces SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID REDUCE ATTACHED SALMONELLA; ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; PLAQUE; CHLORHEXIDINE; INHIBITION; TRICLOSAN; EFFICACY; SKIN AB Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), a water-soluble, neutral pH, colorless compound, is widely used in oral hygiene products to inhibit bacteria responsible for plaque. Previously, researchers have demonstrated that CPC not only reduces Salmonella Typhimurium on poultry but also prevents cross-contamination. To determine the effectiveness of CPC against pathogens associated with lean and adipose beef surfaces, several spray-washing experiments (862 kPa, 15 s, 35 degrees C) with 1% (wt/vol) CPC were conducted. On lean beef surfaces, CPC immediately reduced 5 to 6 log(10) CFU/cm(2) of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium to virtually undetectable levels (0 log(10) CFU/cm(2)), as well as after 35 days of refrigerated (4 degrees C), vacuum-packaged storage. On adipose beef surfaces, 5 log(10) CFU/cm(2) Salmonella Typhimurium and E. coli O157:H7 were reduced immediately (>2.5 log(10) CFU/cm(2)) with 1% CPC; by day 35 the reduction was <1.3 log(10) CFU/cm(2). Further plate overlay analyses indicated that the effectiveness of CPC against pathogens on adipose surfaces was not hampered by the presence of meat components or fatty acids. Additional chemical and microbiological analyses of 1% CPC-treated beef surfaces subjected to a secondary water wash (following contact times of 0, 5, 10, 15, or 30 min) or grinding did reduce pathogenic bacteria and CPC levels. However, residual CPC levels following any of the treatments were considered excessive for human consumption. Despite the residual levels, this study is the first to demonstrate the effect of CPC on pathogenic bacteria associated with beef surfaces immediately after treatment and also after long-term, refrigerated, vacuum-packaged storage. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. Univ Arkansas Med Sci, Food Safety Grp, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA. RP Cutter, CN (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Food Sci, Borland Lab 111, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 24 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 3 U2 8 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 63 IS 5 BP 593 EP 600 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 312CM UT WOS:000086925700005 PM 10826715 ER PT J AU Cutter, CN AF Cutter, CN TI Antimicrobial effect of herb extracts against Escherichia coli O157 : H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella typhimurium associated with beef SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID PLANT ESSENTIAL OILS; AEROMONAS-HYDROPHILA; SPOILAGE; SURFACES; GROWTH AB The effects of plant extracts against pathogenic bacteria in vitro are well known, yet few studies have addressed the effects of these compounds against pathogens associated with muscle foods. A series of experiments was conducted to determine the effectiveness of a commercially available, generally recognized as safe, herb extract dispersed in sodium citrate (Protecta One) or sodium chloride (Protecta Two) against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes associated with beef. In the first experiment, E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, and L. monocytogenes inoculated onto beef and subjected to surface spray treatments with 2.5% solutions of Protecta One or Protecta Two were not affected by immediate application (day 0) of the herbal extracts. However, after 7 days of storage at 4 degrees C, E. coli O157:H7 was reduced by >1.3 log(10) CFU/cm(2) by Protecta Two; L. monocytogenes was reduced by 1.8 and 1.9 log(10) CFU/cm(2) by Protecta One and Protecta Two, respectively; Salmonella Typhimurium was not reduced >0.3 log(10) CFU/cm(2) by either extract by day 7. In the second experiment, 2.5% Protecta Two (wt/vol or wt/wt) added to inoculated lean and adipose beef trim, processed, and packaged as ground beef chubs (80% lean, 20% adipose), did not reduce pathogen populations >0.5 log(10) CFU/g up to 14 days at 4 degrees C. In the third experiment, surface spray treatments of beef with 2.5% lactic acid or 2.5% solutions of Protecta One or Protecta Two, vacuum packaged, and stored up to 35 days at 4 degrees C did reduce E. coli O157:H7, L. monocytogenes, and Salmonella Typhimurium slightly. These studies suggest that the use of herb extracts may afford some reductions of pathogens on beef surfaces; however, the antimicrobial activity may be diminished in ground beef by adipose components. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Cutter, CN (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Food Sci, Borland Lab 111, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM cnc3@psu.edu NR 28 TC 77 Z9 81 U1 3 U2 12 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X EI 1944-9097 J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 63 IS 5 BP 601 EP 607 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 312CM UT WOS:000086925700006 PM 10826716 ER PT J AU Fett, WF AF Fett, WF TI Naturally occurring biofilms on alfalfa and other types of sprouts SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; MICROBIAL BIOFILMS; INFECTIONS AB Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the cotyledons, hypocotyls, and roots of alfalfa, broccoli, clover, and sunflower sprouts purchased from retail outlets as well as alfalfa sprouts grown in the laboratory using a tray system equipped with automatic irrigation. Biofilms were observed on all plant parts of the four types of commercially grown sprouts. Biofilms were also commonly observed on alfalfa sprouts grown in the laboratory by 2 days of growth. Rod-shaped bacteria of various sizes were predominant on all sprouts examined both as free-living cells and as components of biofilms. Occasionally, cocci-shaped bacteria as well as yeast cells were also present in biofilms. The microbes contained in the biofilms appeared to be attached to each other and to the plant surface by a matrix, most likely composed of bacterial exopolysaccharides. Biofilms were most abundant and of the largest dimensions on cotyledons, sometimes covering close to the entire cotyledon surface (approximately 2 mm in length). Naturally occurring biofilms on sprouts may afford protected colonization sites for human pathogens such as Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157:H7, making their eradication with antimicrobial compounds difficult. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Fett, WF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 17 TC 99 Z9 102 U1 0 U2 12 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 63 IS 5 BP 625 EP 632 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 312CM UT WOS:000086925700010 PM 10826720 ER PT J AU Wynne, RH Oderwald, RG Reams, GA Scrivani, JA AF Wynne, RH Oderwald, RG Reams, GA Scrivani, JA TI Optical remote sensing for forest area estimation SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article ID SATELLITE DATA; AVHRR DATA; COVER; MANAGEMENT AB The air photo dot-count method is now widely and successfully used for estimating;operational forest area in the USDA forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program. Possible alternatives that would provide for more frequent updates, spectral change detection, and maps of forest area include the AVHRR calibration-center technique and various Landsat Thematic Mapper classification algorithms. Should a switch from proven technology be advised, our general recommendation is to conduct several pilot studies that would focus on developing or refining tools and methodologies to allow objective, repeatable, and accurate forest area estimation using multi-spectral earth resource satellite data. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Coll Nat Resources, Dept Forestry, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Asheville, NC USA. Virginia Dept Forestry, Charlottesville, VA USA. RP Wynne, RH (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Coll Nat Resources, Dept Forestry, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NR 16 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 5 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 98 IS 5 BP 31 EP 36 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 418PL UT WOS:000167900500013 ER PT J AU Replogle, J Wahlin, B AF Replogle, J Wahlin, B TI Pitot-static tube system to measure discharges from wells SO JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article AB Pumps are widely used to lift water into canals, and usually spill directly into the canal. Upstream pipe fittings frequently produce a distorted how profile that is detrimental to the proper installation and operation of common pipe meters. Thus, meter calibration may be necessary when the pipe length upstream of the meter is less than recommended. Meter calibrations under field conditions can be difficult and expensive. A simple pitot tube system that can be clamped to the outlet of the pump discharge pipe was built and tested for measuring and calibrating pump discharges under field conditions. It is used to detect the velocity at several points across the pipe diameter; distorted profiles can be measured. Using this information, the meter technician can determine whether a correction in the meter coefficient will suffice and if flow conditioning equipment is working effectively. The system can be constructed using common shop techniques and standard small pipe fittings. Most previous pitot systems required special ports in the pipe or used special concentric tube constructions that are difficult to build. C1 USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Replogle, J (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, 4331 E Broadway rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9429 J9 J HYDRAUL ENG-ASCE JI J. Hydraul. Eng.-ASCE PD MAY PY 2000 VL 126 IS 5 BP 335 EP 346 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2000)126:5(335) PG 12 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 306NZ UT WOS:000086603900003 ER PT J AU Green, KY Ando, T Balayan, MS Berke, T Clarke, IN Estes, MK Matson, DO Nakata, S Neill, JD Studdert, MJ Thiel, HJ AF Green, KY Ando, T Balayan, MS Berke, T Clarke, IN Estes, MK Matson, DO Nakata, S Neill, JD Studdert, MJ Thiel, HJ TI Taxonomy of the caliciviruses SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Human Caliciviruses CY MAR 29-31, 1999 CL ATLANTA, GEORGIA SP Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, US EPA, US FDA, Natl Inst Infect Dis Japan, Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm Protect, NIAID, Publ Hlth Lab Serv, Task Force Child Survival & Dev, USA Med Res & Mat Command, WHO, Merck Res Labs, SmithKline Beecham Biol, Wyeth Lederle Vaccines & Pediat, Natl Ctr Infect Dis ID RABBIT HEMORRHAGIC-DISEASE; HUMAN ENTERIC CALICIVIRUSES; ROUND-STRUCTURED VIRUSES; BROWN HARE SYNDROME; NORWALK-LIKE VIRUS; FELINE CALICIVIRUS; MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; ANIMAL CALICIVIRUSES; INFECTED-CELLS; SEQUENCE AB The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) has recently approved several proposals submitted by the present Caliciviridae Study Group. These proposals include the division of the family into 4 new genera designated Lagovirus, Vesivirus, "Norwalk-like viruses" (NLVs), and "Sapporo-like viruses" (SLVs); the latter 2 genera were assigned temporary names until acceptable names can be determined by the scientific community. The genera have been further divided into the following species: Feline calicivirus and Vesicular exanthema of swine virus(genus Vesivirus), Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus and European brown have syndrome virus (genus Lagovirus), Norwalk virus (genus NLV), and Sapporo virus (genus SLV). In addition, the ICTV approved a proposal to remove the hepatitis E virus from the Caliciviridae into an "unassigned" classification status. C1 NIH, Bethesda, MD 20832 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Russian Acad Med Sci, Inst Poliomyelitis & Viral Encephalitis, Moscow 142782, Russia. Eastern Virginia Med Sch, Norfolk, VA 23501 USA. Univ Southampton, Southampton, Hants, England. Baylor Coll Med, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Sapporo Med Univ, Sch Med, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan. USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Univ Melbourne, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia. Univ Giessen, Inst Virol, D-6300 Giessen, Germany. RP Green, KY (reprint author), NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike,Bldg 7,Room 137, Bethesda, MD 20832 USA. NR 57 TC 217 Z9 235 U1 2 U2 27 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 181 SU 2 BP S322 EP S330 DI 10.1086/315591 PG 9 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 321DH UT WOS:000087439400014 PM 10804145 ER PT J AU Jamroz, RC Guerrero, FD Pruett, JH Oehler, DD Miller, RJ AF Jamroz, RC Guerrero, FD Pruett, JH Oehler, DD Miller, RJ TI Molecular and biochemical survey of acaricide resistance mechanisms in larvae from Mexican strains of the southern cattle tick, Boophilus microplus SO JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE acaricide resistance; carboxylesterases; degenerate RT-PCR; organophosphates; pyrethroids; ticks ID SODIUM-CHANNEL GENE; INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE; PYRETHROID INSECTICIDES; ESTERASE-ACTIVITY; LUCILIA-CUPRINA; CDNA CLONING; HOUSE-FLY; IXODIDAE; CARBOXYLESTERASES; PERMETHRIN AB We examined the larvae of several organophosphate and pyrethroid-resistant Mexican strains of Boophilus microplus using biochemical and molecular tests to investigate the mechanisms conferring acaricide resistance. The electrophoretic profiles of esterase activity in protein extracts from coumaphos and permethrin-resistant strains compared to the susceptible strain revealed distinct differences, which inhibitor studies attributed to carboxylesterases. Esterase hydrolysis assays showed significant enhancement of both total and permethrin hydrolysis in one pyrethroid-resistant strain, with no enhancement in two other strains with very high resistance to pyrethroids. Sequence analysis of sodium channel mRNA fragments in all pyrethroid-resistant strains determined that they did not possess the classic kdr and super-kdr mutations known to confer pyrethroid resistance in several insect species. Using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with degenerate primers designed from conserved regions of insect esterase amino acid sequences, a B. microplus larval cDNA fragment was isolated whose deduced amino acid sequence was significantly similar to esterases from a wide range of species. In Northern blot RNA analysis the cDNA hybridized to a 2.1 kb mRNA that was abundant in all resistant strains except one, in which a very low abundance could provide a marker for the mechanism conferring resistance in this strain. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 ARS, USDA, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res Lab, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. RP Jamroz, RC (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res Lab, 2700 Fredericksburg Rd, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. NR 35 TC 81 Z9 85 U1 2 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-1910 J9 J INSECT PHYSIOL JI J. Insect Physiol. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 46 IS 5 BP 685 EP 695 DI 10.1016/S0022-1910(99)00157-2 PG 11 WC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology SC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology GA 302XV UT WOS:000086392500009 ER PT J AU Matthan, NR Ausman, LM Lichtenstein, AH Jones, PJH AF Matthan, NR Ausman, LM Lichtenstein, AH Jones, PJH TI Hydrogenated fat consumption affects cholesterol synthesis in moderately hypercholesterolemic women SO JOURNAL OF LIPID RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE reduced fat diets; margarines; hydrogenation; trans fatty acids; cholesterol synthesis ID LOW-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; PLASMA-CHOLESTEROL; DIETARY-FAT; DEUTERIUM INCORPORATION; DEUTERATED WATER; HEALTHY-SUBJECTS; STEARIC-ACID; SERUM-LIPIDS; ELAIDIC ACID; HUMANS AB To determine mechanisms by which hydrogenated fat influences plasma lipid levels, 14 women (65-71 yrs with LDL-C greater than or equal to 130 mg.dl(-1)) consumed, for 5-week periods each, a baseline (BL) diet (39% kcal fat, 164 mg chol.1000 kcal(-1)) and reduced fat diets (30% kcal) where two-thirds of the fat was either soybean oil (SO), low trans squeeze (SQM), medium trans tub (TM), or high trans stick (SM) margarines, or butter (BT), Plasma lipid levels were analyzed at the end of each phase. Fractional synthesis rates (FSR) in pools/day (p.d(-1)) and absolute synthesis rates (ASR) in grams/day (g.d(-1)) of free cholesterol (FC) were measured using the deuterium incorporation methodology, Plasma total (P < 0.01) and low density lipoprotein (P < 0.05) cholesterol levels increased with increasing degree of hydrogenation or saturated fat intake. High density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (P < 0.05) were lowest on the SM diet when compared to the BT diet. Low trans SQM (0.081 +/- 0.019 p d(-1)) and medium trans TM (0.086 +/- 0.029 p.d(-1)) diets elicited responses similar to the SO (0.078 +/- 0.024 p.d(-1)) diet, whereas high trans SM (0.053 +/- 0.029 p.d(-1)) diet mimicked the BT (0.062 +/- 0.017 p.d(-1)) and high fat BL (0.053 +/- 0.023 p.d(-1)) diet in its suppression (P < 0.05) of FSR-FC. ASR-FC, which is an approximation of the daily production of newly synthesized cholesterol, showed a trend similar to the FSR-FC data. These results indicate that reduced synthesis is not responsible for the higher plasma TC levels seen with consumption of the SM, BT, and BL diets, and suggest that another mechanism, possibly impairment of the catabolic pathway of cholesterol, is involved. Hydrogenated fat consumption affects cholesterol synthesis in moderately hypercholesterolemic women. C1 McGill Univ, Fac Agr & Environm Sci, Sch Dietet & Human Nutr, St Anne De Bellevue, PQ H9X 3V9, Canada. Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Jones, PJH (reprint author), McGill Univ, Fac Agr & Environm Sci, Sch Dietet & Human Nutr, Macdonald Campus,21111 Lakeshore Rd, St Anne De Bellevue, PQ H9X 3V9, Canada. OI Jones, Peter/0000-0001-5887-2846 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL-54727] NR 36 TC 24 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPID RESEARCH INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0022-2275 J9 J LIPID RES JI J. Lipid Res. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 41 IS 5 BP 834 EP 839 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 314KD UT WOS:000087054200018 PM 10787444 ER PT J AU Alzogaray, RA Carlson, DA AF Alzogaray, RA Carlson, DA TI Evaluation of Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera : Muscidae) behavioral response to human and related odors in a triple cage olfactometer with insect traps SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Stomoxys calcitrans; stable fly; host-location behavior; triple cage olfactometer; human odors ID STABLE FLIES DIPTERA; CARBON-DIOXIDE; FEED-EFFICIENCY; HOST ODORS; FLY; ACETONE; 1-OCTEN-3-OL; CULICIDAE; MOSQUITO AB A triple cage olfactometer provided with insect traps was used for evaluating behavioral responses of Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) females to human skin and breath, CO2, and L-lactic acid analogs. After demonstrating there were no significant differences caused by cage location or time of days, sets of 3 olfactometer tests were performed in a day, every 2 h beginnings at 0900 hours. When a human hand was used as attractant. the attraction (expressed as percentage of trapped flies) increased as a function of the time. an inverted U-shaped relationship between attractancy and air speed was observed, and variation in fly density in the range 25-75 per cage did not affect the attraction response. When human breath was used as attractant the attraction increased linearly as a function of time and it was exhalation frequency dependent when air flow was absent the highest response was observed: and 24- to 38-h-old flies were more attracted than younger and older. When CO2 was tested. activation and orientation and probing behavior were concentration dependent with flows ranging, between 0.0001 and. 0.038 liter s(-1), but attraction was not. No attraction was observed with 10,000 or 1,000 mu g of compounds related to L-lactic acid and several synthetic human odors and related compounds. although orientation was often observed. C1 UNSAM, CONICET, CITEFA, CIPEIN, RA-1603 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Alzogaray, RA (reprint author), UNSAM, CONICET, CITEFA, CIPEIN, Zufriagegui 4380, RA-1603 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. NR 27 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 5 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 37 IS 3 BP 308 EP 315 DI 10.1603/0022-2585(2000)037[0308:EOSCDM]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 359RE UT WOS:000089625200002 PM 15535569 ER PT J AU Carroll, JF AF Carroll, JF TI Responses of adult Ixodes scapularis (Acari : Ixodidae) to urine produced by white-tailed deer of various reproductive conditions SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ixodes scapularis; deer; ticks; kairomone; arrestant; avoidance ID DAMMINI ACARI; TICKS ACARI AB The responses of adult female blacklegged ticks, Ixodes scapularis Say, to urine from white-tailed deer. Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann), belonging to 4 reproductive categories (doe in estrous, doe out of season, reproductive \ dominant\ buck, young buck) and to a mixture of wine from nondominant bucks in rut, young bucks out of rut, and nonestrous does were studied in laboratory behavioral bioassays. In high humidity (approximate to 95% RH) in a glove box there were no statistically significant arrestment responses to any of the 5 types of urine, but an avoidance response was observed to urine from dominant reproductive bucks. When ticks were tested at approximate to 50% RH, with samples of all 5 types of urine in the glove box, significant arrestant responses by the ticks were elicited by urine from does in estrous and by dominant reproductive bucks. When tested without other types of urine in the glove box the urine mixture elicited an arrestant response at 50% RH. In some circumstances, adult I. scapularis may possibly use deer urine as a chemical cue in selecting host-ambush sites. C1 USDA ARS, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Carroll, JF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 15 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 8 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 37 IS 3 BP 472 EP 475 DI 10.1603/0022-2585(2000)037[0472:ROAISA]2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 359RE UT WOS:000089625200028 PM 15535595 ER PT J AU Vesonder, RF Wu, W Weisleder, D Gordon, SH Krick, T Xie, W Abbas, HK McAlpin, CE AF Vesonder, RF Wu, W Weisleder, D Gordon, SH Krick, T Xie, W Abbas, HK McAlpin, CE TI Toxigenic strains of Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium proliferatum isolated from dairy cattle feed produce fumonisins, moniliformin and a new C21H38N2O6 metabolite phytotoxic to Lemna minor L. SO JOURNAL OF NATURAL TOXINS LA English DT Article AB Corn samples suspected of causing refusal-to-eat syndrome in dairy cattle were examined mycologically. Fusarium moniliforme (14 isolates) and F. proliferatum (12 isolates) were the predominant fungi present. These isolates were tested for mycotoxin production on rice at 25 degrees C. Each strain of F. moniliforme produced fumonisin B-1 (FB1: 378-15,600 ppm) and fumonisin B-2 (FB2: 2-1050 ppm). Each strain off. proliferatum produced moniliformin (45-16,000 ppm), FB1 (27-6140 ppm), and FB2 (5-1550 ppm). In addition, a new Fusarium metabolite of molecular composition C21H38N2O6 was produced by 10 of the F. moniliforme isolates and 7 of the F. proliferatum isolates. The metabolite's H-1- and C-13-NMR, HRFAB/MS and IR spectra indicate an alpha amino acid. It is toxic to Lemna minor L. duckweed (LDS50 100 mu g/mL) . C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biochem, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Biochem, CBS, St Paul, MN 55018 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Pathol, St Paul, MN 55018 USA. USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Vesonder, RF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 13 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 5 PU ALAKEN, INC PI FT COLLINS PA 305 W MAGNOLIA ST, STE 196, FT COLLINS, CO 80521 USA SN 1058-8108 J9 J NAT TOXINS JI J. Nat. Toxins PD MAY PY 2000 VL 9 IS 2 BP 103 EP 112 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Toxicology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Toxicology GA 334YX UT WOS:000088215400001 PM 10868338 ER PT J AU Schoch, TK Gardner, DR Stegelmeier, BL AF Schoch, TK Gardner, DR Stegelmeier, BL TI GC/MS/MS detection of pyrrolic metabolites in animals poisoned with the pyrrolizidine alkaloid riddelliine SO JOURNAL OF NATURAL TOXINS LA English DT Article ID GROUNDSEL SENECIO-RIDDELLII; LIVER-TISSUE; TOXICITY; CATTLE; IDENTIFICATION; HEMOGLOBIN; EXPOSURE; HORSES; YAKS AB Pyrrolic metabolites from pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) were detected in liver and dried blood samples using a gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS) selected product-ion monitoring method. A calibration curve was constructed using a protein-metabolite conjugate spiked into dried bovine blood. These spiked samples served as a model for tissues from animals poisoned by the toxic metabolite of PAs. Tissue samples from pigs fed various amounts of the PA alkaloid riddelliine (from Senecio riddellii) were analyzed for pyrrolic metabolites, and the results were applied to the calibration curve to provide a measure of the degree of PA poisoning. Pyrrolic metabolites were detected in liver and blood samples of all poisoned animals at levels between 2 and 64 ppm. Although differences in metabolite levels could be discerned under the reported experimental conditions, the amount detected did not correlate with the dose of riddelliine given; and livers fixed with formalin gave greatly reduced recovery than those same;livers either frozen or freeze dried. C1 ARS, USDA, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, Logan, UT 84341 USA. RP Gardner, DR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, 1150 E 1400 N, Logan, UT 84341 USA. NR 18 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 4 PU ALAKEN, INC PI FT COLLINS PA 305 W MAGNOLIA ST, STE 196, FT COLLINS, CO 80521 USA SN 1058-8108 J9 J NAT TOXINS JI J. Nat. Toxins PD MAY PY 2000 VL 9 IS 2 BP 197 EP 206 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Toxicology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Toxicology GA 334YX UT WOS:000088215400008 PM 10868345 ER PT J AU Torfs, H Shariatmadari, R Guerrero, F Parmentier, M Poels, J Van Poyer, W Swinnen, E De Loof, A Akerman, K Vanden Broeck, J AF Torfs, H Shariatmadari, R Guerrero, F Parmentier, M Poels, J Van Poyer, W Swinnen, E De Loof, A Akerman, K Vanden Broeck, J TI Characterization of a receptor for insect tachykinin-like peptide agonists by functional expression in a stable Drosophila Schneider 2 cell line SO JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE gene expression; G protein-coupled receptor; insect; neurokinin; neuropeptide; tachykinin ID MUSCARINIC ACETYLCHOLINE-RECEPTOR; RECOMBINANT PROTEIN EXPRESSION; MAMMALIAN TACHYKININ; SUBSTANCE-P; CYCLIC-AMP; MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; MYOTROPIC PEPTIDES; CENTRAL COMPLEX; NEUROMEDIN-K; BRAIN AB STKR is an insect G protein-coupled receptor, cloned from the stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans. It displays sequence similarity to vertebrate tachykinin [or neurokinin (NK]) receptors. Functional expression of the cloned STKR cDNA was obtained in cultured Drosophila melanogaster Schneider 2 (S2) cells. Insect tachykinin-like peptides or "insectatachykinins," such as Locusta tachykinin (Lom-TK) III, produced dose-dependent calcium responses in stably transfected S2-STKR cells. Vertebrate tachykinins (or neurokinins) did not evoke any effect at concentrations up to 10(-5) M, but an antagonist of mammalian neurokinin receptors, spantide II, inhibited the Lom-TK III-induced calcium response. Further analysis showed that the agonist-induced intracellular release of calcium ions was not affected by pretreatment of the cells with pertussis toxin. The calcium rise was blocked by the phospholipase C inhibitor U73122. in addition, Lom-TK III was shown to have a stimulatory effect on the accumulation of both inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and cyclic AMP. These are the same second messengers that are induced in mammalian neurokinin-dependent signaling processes. C1 Inst Zool, Lab Dev Physiol & Mol Biol, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium. IRIBHN ULB, Brussels, Belgium. Uppsala Univ, Dept Physiol, Ctr Biomed, Uppsala, Sweden. USDA ARS, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res La, Kerrville, TX 78029 USA. RP Vanden Broeck, J (reprint author), Inst Zool, Lab Dev Physiol & Mol Biol, Naamsestr 59, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium. NR 53 TC 52 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0022-3042 J9 J NEUROCHEM JI J. Neurochem. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 74 IS 5 BP 2182 EP 2189 DI 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.0742182.x PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences & Neurology GA 304CY UT WOS:000086466200045 PM 10800964 ER PT J AU Cui, DM Moldoveanu, Z Stephensen, CB AF Cui, DM Moldoveanu, Z Stephensen, CB TI High-level dietary vitamin A enhances T-helper type 2 cytokine production and secretory immunoglobulin A response to influenza A virus infection in BALB/c mice SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE vitamin A; pneumonia; influenza A virus; Mus musculus; immunoglobulin A; interleukin-10; interferon-gamma ID A-DEPLETED RATS; ANTIBODY-RESPONSE; INTERFERON-GAMMA; CLINICAL-TRIAL; SUPPLEMENTATION; DEFICIENCY; CHILDREN; PNEUMONIA; VACCINE; DIARRHEA AB Vitamin A supplementation during acute pneumonia has not improved recovery in most human clinical trials. We hypothesize that high vitamin A intake may decrease the production of T-helper type-1 (Th1) cytokines and thereby inhibit antiviral responses. Such decreases might impair recovery from viral respiratory infections, We thus examined the effect of three interventions on viral pneumonia: 1) a high level vitamin A [250,000 IU/kg diet or 75,000 retinol equivalents (RE)/kg], or 2) control diet (4000 IU/kg diet or 1200 RE/kg) given before and during infection, and 3) initiating the high level diet upon infection to simulate the adjuvant therapy used in clinical trials. No difference was seen among the interventions in severity of disease (weight loss, lung virus titers and survival). However, both the high level diet group and the group in which vitamin A was increased at the time of infection had greater salivary immunoglobulin (Ig)A responses (geometric means, 166 and 105 mu g/L, respectively) than did the control group (59 mu g/L) (P = 0.0019). In contrast, the serum IgG response was higher in the control group (324 +/- 158 mg/L) than in the high level group (225 +/- 95 mg/L) (P = 0.028), although it did not differ from the group in which the diet was changed upon infection (230 +/- 163 mg/L) (P = 0.084). The production of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), a Th1 cytokine, was lower in the high level diet group (median, 0.153 mu g/L) compared with the control group (median, 0.839 mu g/L) (P = 0.014), whereas the production of interleukin-10 (IL-10), a Th2 cytokine, was higher with the high level diet (median, 0.304 mu g/L) than with the control (median, 0.126 mu g/L) (P = 0.022). This change in the Th1/Th2 pattern was not sufficient to affect recovery from viral pneumonia but may account for the increased IgA and decreased IgG responses seen with high level dietary vitamin A in this study. These data reinforce the lack of utility of vitamin A in treating acute pneumonia in children and suggest that high dose vitamin A supplements may enhance Th2-mediated immune responses, which are particularly beneficial in the case of extracellular bacterial and parasitic infections and IgA-mediated responses to mucosal infections. C1 Univ Alabama, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Int Hlth, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Microbiol, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. RP Stephensen, CB (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, USDA, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. FU NICHD NIH HHS [R01 HD30293] NR 46 TC 54 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 130 IS 5 BP 1132 EP 1139 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 311FC UT WOS:000086873200010 PM 10801909 ER PT J AU Ferreira, ALA Yeum, KJ Liu, C Smith, D Krinsky, NI Wang, XD Russell, RM AF Ferreira, ALA Yeum, KJ Liu, C Smith, D Krinsky, NI Wang, XD Russell, RM TI Tissue distribution of lycopene in ferrets and rats after lycopene supplementation SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE lycopene; testis; prostate; ferrets; rats ID BETA-CAROTENE; TOMATO JUICE; CANCER; CANTHAXANTHIN; ISOMERS; CARCINOGENESIS; ABSORPTION; RETINOIDS; PROSTATE; HUMANS AB To determine lycopene uptake and tissue distribution in ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) and F344 rats, we supplemented orally 4.6 mg/(kg body wt.d) lycopene in a tomato oleoresin-corn oil mixture (experimental groups). After 9 wk of supplementation, the animals were killed and blood and organs were collected, Plasma and tissue carotenoids were extracted and measured using HPLC, Mean concentrations of lycopene (nmol/kg wet tissue) in saponified tissues of ferrets were as follows: liver 933, intestine 73, prostate 12.7 and stomach 9.3, Levels of lycopene (nmol/kg wet tissue) in saponified tissue of rats were as follows: liver 14213, intestine 3125, stomach 78.6, prostate 24 and testis 3.9, When these organs were extracted without saponification, the lycopene levels were lower, except for rat testis. All-trans-lycopene was the predominant isomer found in tomato oleoresin and in the majority of rat tissues, whereas cis-lycopenes were predominant in rat prostate and plasma. This pattern was reversed in ferrets. The results show the following: I) lycopene from tomato oleoresin is absorbed and stored primarily in the liver of both animals; 2) saponification generally improves the extraction of lycopene from most tissues of both animals; 3) cis-lycopene and all-trans-lycopene are the predominant isomers in ferret and rat tissues, respectively; and 4) rats absorb lycopene more effectively than ferrets. C1 Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Jean Mayer US Dept Agr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. UNESP, Fac Med, BR-18618970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil. RP Russell, RM (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Jean Mayer US Dept Agr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 25 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 130 IS 5 BP 1256 EP 1260 PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 311FC UT WOS:000086873200028 PM 10801927 ER PT J AU Park, JB Levine, M AF Park, JB Levine, M TI Intracellular accumulation of ascorbic acid is inhibited by flavonoids via blocking of dehydroascorbic acid and ascorbic acid uptakes in HL-60, U937 and Jurkat cells SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE ascorbic acid; dehydroascorbic acid; U937; HL-60; and Jurkat; flavonoids; glucose transporters (GLUT 1 and GLUT 3) ID GLUCOSE-TRANSPORTER; GLUT1; QUERCETIN; TRANSFORMATION; FAMILY AB In HL-60, U937 and Jurkat cells, the intracellular accumulation of ascorbic acid occurred via uptakes of both dehydroascorbic acid (an oxidized metabolite of ascorbic acid) and ascorbic acid (vitamin G). Dehydroascorbic acid and ascorbic acid were transported into cells by sodium-independent glucose transporters (GLUT 1 and GLUT 3) and sodium-dependent ascorbic acid transporters, respectively. Flavonoids inhibited the intracellular accumulation of ascorbic acid by blocking dehydroascorbic acid and ascorbic acid uptakes in the transformed cells. At flavonoid concentrations of 10-70 mu mol/L, similar to 50% of dehydroascorbic acid uptake was inhibited in the cells. In Jurkat cells, two potent flavonoids (myricetin and quercetin) competitively inhibited dehydroascorbic acid uptake, and K-i values were similar to 14 and 15 mu mol/L, respectively. Because GLUT 1 and GLUT 3 transport dehydroascorbic acid, the inhibition of dehydroascorbic acid uptake by flavonoids was investigated by using Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing rat GLUT 1 or human GLUT 3. Myricetin at concentrations of 22 and 18 mu mol/L, respectively, inhibited half of dehydroascorbic acid uptake in the cells overexpressing GLUT 1 and GLUT 3. Myricetin also inhibited ascorbic acid uptake; inhibition was noncompetitive with K-i = 14 mu mol/L in jurkat cells. These data indicate that flavonoids inhibit both ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid uptake but do so by different mechanisms. These data may contribute to new understanding of the biological effect of flavonoids on the intracellular accumulation of ascorbic acid in human cells. C1 USDA, ARS, BHNRC, Phytonutrients Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NIDDK, Mol & Clin Nutr Sect, Digest Dis Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Park, JB (reprint author), USDA, ARS, BHNRC, Phytonutrients Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 30 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 130 IS 5 BP 1297 EP 1302 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 311FC UT WOS:000086873200035 PM 10801933 ER PT J AU Wood, RJ AF Wood, RJ TI Assessment of marginal zinc status in humans SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Zinc and Health - Current Status and Future Directions CY NOV 04-05, 1998 CL BETHESDA, MARYLAND SP NIH, Amer Dietet Assoc, Amer Soc Clin Nutrit, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, FDA, US Dept Defense, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutrit DE zinc status; metallothionein; zinc-dependent enzymes; differential mRNA display; yeast genetics ID SERUM TRANSFERRIN RECEPTOR; ERYTHROCYTE METALLOTHIONEIN; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; DIETARY ZINC; YOUNG MEN; DEFICIENCY; SUPPLEMENTATION; POPULATION; ABSORPTION; TRANSPORT AB The assessment of marginal zinc status is problematic. Currently, there is no universally accepted single measure to assess zinc status in humans. The development of a reliable measure of marginal or moderate zinc status would be useful for a variety of purposes. For example, a simple, yet sensitive and accurate measure of zinc nutritional status is critically needed to further our limited understanding of the possible associations between zinc status and the risk of developing various chronic diseases and in predicting favorable health outcomes in patient populations. A convenient and reliable zinc assessment tool is needed to identify subpopulations who are at a risk of zinc deficiency and as an objective guidepost to determine the need for initiation of zinc supplementation or zinc fortification of the food supply, as well in the refinement of recommendations of dietary zinc allowances. In frank zinc deficiency, clinical signs and static measures of zinc concentrations in a variety of readily available tissues, such as plasma, various blood cell types and hair, may uniformly confirm the presence of depleted body zinc stores. However, in general, the relative insensitivity or imprecision of these measurements has resulted in general disappointment in their use to assess marginal zinc status. Therefore, the search continues to find a useful and reliable marker of marginal zinc deficiency. In an attempt to speculate on possible future developments in the zinc status assessment field, a number of new and potentially promising approaches to this problem are highlighted. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Mineral Bioavailabil Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Wood, RJ (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Mineral Bioavailabil Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 39 TC 59 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 130 IS 5 SU S BP 1350S EP 1354S PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 311ZP UT WOS:000086917400003 PM 10801942 ER PT J AU Wastney, ME House, WA Barnes, RM Subramanian, KNS AF Wastney, ME House, WA Barnes, RM Subramanian, KNS TI Kinetics of zinc metabolism: Variation with diet, genetics and disease SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Zinc and Health - Current Status and Future Directions CY NOV 04-05, 1998 CL BETHESDA, MARYLAND SP NIH, Amer Dietet Assoc, Amer Soc Clin Nutrit, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, FDA, US Dept Defense, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutrit DE humans; rats; zinc mathematical modeling; compartmental model ID PLASMA-MASS SPECTROMETRY; STABLE-ISOTOPE ZN-70; CAPILLARY-ELECTROPHORESIS; COMPARTMENTAL MODEL; HUMANS; ABSORPTION; NUTRITION; EXCRETION; TRACERS; ZN-65 AB Kinetic studies are used to investigate metabolic processes. By adding an isotope to a system and measuring its movement in the system over time, pool sizes and transport rates can be determined by mathematically modeling the data. This approach enables rate differences to be determined in conditions that have been modified by diet, environment, genetics or disease. Kinetic studies in humans have shown that there are multiple pools of zinc that turnover from minutes to years and that processes, including zinc absorption and excretion, are regulated to maintain tissue levels when zinc intake varies. Animal studies allow for greater understanding of kinetics because more tissues can be sampled and environmental and genetic factors can be controlled. Kinetic studies in animals will provide information on the overexpression or the deletion of genes coding for specific proteins involved in zinc transport and metabolism. The advances that have been made in our understanding of the role of zinc in metabolism have been aided by the development of techniques for measuring isotopes in biological materials. In the future, the kinetics of zinc bound to different compounds will be measured, Modeling will enable this information, at the molecular level, to be integrated with knowledge of zinc metabolism at the cellular, organ and whole body level. To understand more fully the role of zinc in human health, kinetic studies are needed in healthy and disease states to identify differences in metabolic processes. This knowledge can be used as a basis for dietary and therapeutic recommendations. C1 Georgetown Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Div Neonatol, Washington, DC 20007 USA. USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Chem, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Wastney, ME (reprint author), Georgetown Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Div Neonatol, Washington, DC 20007 USA. FU NIDDK NIH HHS [R01-DK53787] NR 33 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 130 IS 5 SU S BP 1355S EP 1359S PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 311ZP UT WOS:000086917400004 PM 10801943 ER PT J AU King, JC Shames, DM Woodhouse, LR AF King, JC Shames, DM Woodhouse, LR TI Zinc homeostasis in humans SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Zinc and Health - Current Status and Future Directions CY NOV 04-05, 1998 CL BETHESDA, MARYLAND SP NIH, Amer Dietet Assoc, Amer Soc Clin Nutrit, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, FDA, US Dept Defense, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutrit DE zinc; zinc homeostasis; zinc absorption; zinc kinetics; zinc excretion ID STABLE ISOTOPE; DIETARY ZINC; ELDERLY MEN; YOUNG MEN; ABSORPTION; EXCRETION; DEFICIENCY; WOMEN; RETENTION; PANCREAS AB Maintaining a constant state of cellular zinc nutrition, or homeostasis, is essential for normal function. In animals and humans, adjustments in zinc absorption and endogenous intestinal excretion are the primary means of maintaining zinc homeostasis, The adjustments in gastrointestinal zinc absorption and endogenous excretion are synergistic. Shifts in endogenous excretion appear to occur quickly with changes in intake just above or below optimal intake. The absorption of zinc responds more slowly, but it has the capacity to cope with large fluctuations in intake. With extremely low zinc intakes or with prolonged marginal intakes, secondary homeostatic adjustments may augment the gastrointestinal changes. These secondary adjustments include changes in urinary zinc excretion, a shift in plasma zinc turnover rates and, possibly, an avid retention of zinc released from selected tissues, such as bone, in other tissues to maintain function. C1 Univ Calif Davis, USDA ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP King, JC (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, USDA ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 35 TC 179 Z9 183 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 130 IS 5 SU S BP 1360S EP 1366S PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 311ZP UT WOS:000086917400005 PM 10801944 ER PT J AU Girgis, R Abrams, SA Castracane, VD Gunn, SK Ellis, KJ Copeland, KC AF Girgis, R Abrams, SA Castracane, VD Gunn, SK Ellis, KJ Copeland, KC TI Ethnic differences in androgens, IGF-I and body fat in healthy prepubertal girls SO JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM LA English DT Article DE ethnic differences; androgens; IGF-I; IGFBP-1; IGFBP-3; body fat; prepubertal healthy girls ID GROWTH FACTOR-I; SOMATOMEDIN-C; DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE-SULFATE; BINDING PROTEIN; SERUM LEVELS; INSULIN; PUBERTY; HORMONE; CHILDREN; AGE AB Objective: To examine ethnic differences in adrenal androgen production, IGF-I, and : IGFBP-1 and -3 in relation to bone age, insulin, and body composition in healthy prepubertal girls. Methods: Serum levels of DHEA-S, androstenedione, IGF-I, and IGFBP-1 and -3 were examined in relation to bone age, insulin, and body composition (determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) in 47 (19 Caucasian, 9 African-American, 19 Mexican-American) healthy prepubertal girls aged 7.5-9.0 years. Results: Age, weight, height, bone age, androstenedione, insulin, glucose:insulin ratios, and IGFBP-3 levels were not statistically different among groups. Mexican-American girls had higher % body fat than African-Americans or Caucasians (P < 0.001). DHEA-S levels in African-Americans were twofold higher than in Caucasians (P = 0.024), although their % body fat was not significantly different (16.1% and 19.4 %, respectively; P = 0.138). DHEA-S levels in Mexican-American girls were intermediate. Bone age and weight were significant covariates for DHEA-S levels, Plasma IGP-I levels were also higher in African-American than in Caucasian or Mexican-American girls (P = 0.009) Covariance analysis showed that IGF-I levels were influenced mainly by ethnicity (P = 0.009) and were independent of bone age. Despite similar insulin levels among groups, IGFBP-1 levels were higher in Caucasians than in Mexican-Americans or African-Americans (P < 0.001). Conclusions: In healthy prepubertal girls, DHEA-S concentrations are higher in African-Americans than in Caucasians or Mexican-Americans, even before any clinical evidence of adrenarche. Furthermore, IGF-I concentrations are higher in African-American girls than in Caucasian or Mexican-American girls which may contribute to the higher DHEA-S levels observed. Conversely, higher DHEA-S and IGF-I levels in African-American girls may be indicative of an influence not only of gonadal but also of adrenal androgens on the GH/IGF-I axis. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Sect Endocrinol & Metab, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Texas Childrens Hosp, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Amarrilo, TX USA. ARS, USDA, Childrens Nutr Ctr, Amarillo, TX USA. RP Girgis, R (reprint author), Univ Alberta, Dept Pediat, Sect Endocrinol & Metab, 2C3 WMC,8440-122 ST NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada. OI Abrams, Steven/0000-0003-4972-9233 FU NCRR NIH HHS [M01RR00188]; NIAMS NIH HHS [R0I AR 43740-01] NR 26 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU FREUND PUBLISHING HOUSE LTD PI LONDON PA STE 500, CHESHAM HOUSE, 150 REGENT ST, LONDON W1R 5FA, ENGLAND SN 0334-018X J9 J PEDIATR ENDOCR MET JI J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 13 IS 5 BP 497 EP 503 PG 7 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Pediatrics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Pediatrics GA 309UJ UT WOS:000086787400006 PM 10803867 ER PT J AU Nichols, BL Nichols, VN Putman, M Avery, SE Fraley, JK Quaroni, A Shiner, M Sterchi, EE Carrazza, FR AF Nichols, BL Nichols, VN Putman, M Avery, SE Fraley, JK Quaroni, A Shiner, M Sterchi, EE Carrazza, FR TI Contribution of villous atrophy to reduced intestinal maltase in infants with malnutrition SO JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC GASTROENTEROLOGY AND NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE glucose transporter mismatch; maltase-glucoamylase; marasmic malnutrition; starch hydrolysis; villous atrophy ID PROTEIN-ENERGY MALNUTRITION; DISACCHARIDASE ACTIVITIES; CHRONIC DIARRHEA; MALNOURISHED CHILDREN; GLUCOSE COTRANSPORTER; INTRACTABLE DIARRHEA; SUCRASE-ISOMALTASE; MUCOSAL INJURY; GLUCOAMYLASE; EXPRESSION AB Background: It has been known for many years that small intestinal maltase activities are reduced in malnourished infants and in other patients with villous atrophy. The recent availability of human maltase-glucoamylase cDNA provides the opportunity to test the hypothesis that villous atrophy accounts for the reduced maltase enzyme activity in malnourished infants. Methods: Mucosal biopsy specimens obtained for clinical evaluation of malnourished infants with poor responses to refeeding were examined by quantitative methods for enzyme activity and mRNA levels. Results: Maltase activity and maltase-glucoamylase mRNA were reduced (approximately 45% of normal). When maltase-glucoamylase message was normalized to villin message, a structural protein expressed only in enterocytes, a preservation of maltase messages in surviving enterocytes was documented. The luminal glucose transporter-villin message was also preserved. Conclusions: The loss of maltase-glocoamylase message paralleled the reduction in villin message and degree of villous atrophy. The reduced maltase-glucoamylase message also paralleled sucrase-isomaltase message, previously found to be decreased in proportion to villous atrophy of malnourished infants. The data directly demonstrate, for the first time, that the terminal steps of starch 1-4 starch digestion and sucrase-isomaltase: 1-6 starch digestion are decreased in malnourished infants, secondary to villous atrophy. These data in prior and present reports suggest that mechanisms underlying the chronic villous atrophy of malnutrition should be a priority for investigations in malnourished infants with slower than expected weight gain during refeeding. (C) 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc. C1 Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Texas Childrens Hosp, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY USA. Tel Aviv Univ, Assaf Harofeh Hosp, Sackler Sch Med, Dept Pediat Gastroenterol, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. Univ Bern, Inst Biochem & Mol Biol, Bern, Switzerland. Univ Sao Paulo, Hosp Clin Fac Med, Inst Crianca, Dept Pediat, Sao Paulo, Brazil. RP Nichols, BL (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 76 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0277-2116 J9 J PEDIATR GASTR NUTR JI J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 30 IS 5 BP 494 EP 502 DI 10.1097/00005176-200005000-00007 PG 9 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Nutrition & Dietetics; Pediatrics SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Nutrition & Dietetics; Pediatrics GA 309HM UT WOS:000086762500007 PM 10817278 ER PT J AU Lapillonne, A Hakme, C Mamoux, V Chambon, M Fournier, V Chirouze, V Lachaux, A AF Lapillonne, A Hakme, C Mamoux, V Chambon, M Fournier, V Chirouze, V Lachaux, A TI Effects of liver transplantation on long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid status in infants with biliary atresia SO JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC GASTROENTEROLOGY AND NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE arachidonic acid; docosahexaenoic acid; essential fatty acids; liver disease; transplantation ID FORMULA; GROWTH; DEFICIENCY; CHILDREN; AGE AB Background: The long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) status of infants with untreated biliary atresia (BA) is known to be poor and is correlated to the severity of the liver disease. Liver transplantation (LT) markedly increases survival of patients with BA but the extent to which this reverses poor LC-PUFA status is not known. Methods: To explore this question, the erythrocyte (red blood cell. RBC) phospholipid content of eight infants with BA who underwent LT was determined 2 months after an initial portoenterostomy, immediately before LT, and 6 and 12 months after LT. Before LT, all infants were fed a protein hydrolysate formula containing medium-chain triglycerides and essential fatty acids. Afterward, they were fed a normal diet for age. The RBC phospholipid content at each time point was compared with that of 28 age-matched control infants. Results: Just before LT, median RBC phospholipid content of C20:4n-6, C20:5n-3, and C22:6n-3 was 25%, 48%, and 30% lower, respectively, than that observed in age-matched control infants. After LT, the RBC phospholipid content of most fatty acids reached normal values by 6 months. However, that of C20:4n-6 and C22:6n-3 contents remained 5% and 15% lower, respectively, than in normal control infants. Twelve months after LT, C20:4n-6 content remained lower than in normal children, but that of C22:6n-3 did not differ. The ratio of C20:3n-6/C20:4n-6, a reflection of Delta-5 desaturase activity, was abnormal compared with normal children before LT (0.17 vs. 0.10, P < 0.009) but normalized by 6 months after LT (0.11 vs. 0.10, not significant). Conclusions: These data show that the abnormal LC-PUFA status of children with BA improves after LT but is not entirely reversed within a year after surgery. They suggest that the abnormal status before LT may be secondary, in part, to low Delta-5 desaturase activity. The extent to which a different pre-and/or post-LT diet can prevent PUFA deficiency and/or hasten recovery of PUFA status remains to be determined. C1 Hop Edouard Herriot, Dept Neonatol, Lyon, France. Hop Edouard Herriot, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Lyon, France. Hop Edouard Herriot, Dept Pediat Gastroenterol & Nutr, Lyon, France. IMEDEX, Chaponost, France. RP Lapillonne, A (reprint author), Baylor Univ, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 26 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0277-2116 J9 J PEDIATR GASTR NUTR JI J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 30 IS 5 BP 528 EP 532 DI 10.1097/00005176-200005000-00012 PG 5 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Nutrition & Dietetics; Pediatrics SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Nutrition & Dietetics; Pediatrics GA 309HM UT WOS:000086762500012 PM 10817283 ER PT J AU Gardner, DR Pfister, JA AF Gardner, DR Pfister, JA TI Late season toxic alkaloid concentrations in tall larkspur (Delphinium spp.) SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE diterpenoid alkaloids; poisonous plants; grazing management ID NORDITERPENOID ALKALOIDS; INFESTED RANGELAND; CATTLE; CONSUMPTION; BARBEYI; SHEEP AB Tall larkspurs [Delphinium barbeyi (L. Huth), D. occidentale (Wats.), D. glaucescens (Rydb.), D. glaucum (Wats.)] pose a serious poisoning threat to cattle on many summer ranges. Livestock producers often defer grazing until larkspur is mature, but specific information is lacking on toxic alkaloid concentrations in larkspur from pod stage to senescence. Tall larkspur leaves and seed pods were collected about every 2 weeks during the pod stage to senescence from marked plants in locations in Utah (Logan and Salina), Idaho (Ashton, Humphrey, and Oakley), Colorado (Yampa and Montrose), and California (Carson Pass) from 1995 to 1997. Toxic alkaloid concentions in pods ((x) over bar = 2.9 mg/g) exceeded leaf alkaloid concentrations ((x) over bar = 1.5 mg/g in all species, but the magnitude of the difference varied among the 4 species. Leaves showed a more rapid decrease in toxic alkaloid concentration with plant maturity compared to pods. Seed pods did not begin to lose substantial amounts of toxic alkaloid until larkspur matured and pods began to dessicate. At seed shatter, D. glaucescens pods retained more toxic alkaloid than the other species, and alkaloid concentration was sufficiently high after pods had shattered (3.5 mg/g) to pose a moderate grazing risk. After seed shatter, the toxic alkaloid concentrations in leaves and pods of D. barbeyi, D. occidentale, and D. glaucum were generally less than 2 mg/g; thus, risk of losing cattle would be low for the remainder of the grazing season. C1 ARS, USDA, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, Logan, UT 84341 USA. RP Gardner, DR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, 1150 E 1400 N, Logan, UT 84341 USA. NR 13 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 53 IS 3 BP 329 EP 334 DI 10.2307/4003441 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 337DA UT WOS:000088341100015 ER PT J AU Vermeire, LT Gillen, RL AF Vermeire, LT Gillen, RL TI Western ragweed effects on herbaceous standing crop in Great Plains grasslands SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Ambrosia psilostachya; plant competition; grazing effects ID INTENSIVE-EARLY STOCKING; PRAIRIE AB Western ragweed [Ambrosia psilostachya DC.], a major forb species in mixed and tallgrass prairies, is considered to have little value for cattle grazing but is an important food item for bobwhite quail [Colinus virginianus]. While often thought to be a strong increaser with grazing pressure,information on the actual relationship between western ragweed and grasses is contradictory. Our objectives were to 1) determine the effect of western ragweed on grass standing crop, and 2) determine the effect of vegetation type and grazing on survival and shoot morphology of western ragweed. Western ragweed did not appear to reduce grass standing crop, Instead, standing crop (40 to 620 kg ha(-1)) and density (6 to 41 shoots m(-2)) of western ragweed were positively related to grass and grass-forb standing crop in mixed prairie. Standing crop of western ragweed was not related to grass standing crop in tallgrass prairie, Competitive thresholds for western ragweed in mixed and tallgrass prairies appear to be above the levels observed in this study, Density of western ragweed shoots decreased over the growing season under bath grazed and ungrazed treatments. Survival of western ragweed shoots from June to September was greater in mixed prairie (81%) than in tallgrass prairie (63%) and was greater in ungrazed (76%) than grazed plots (68%), Western ragweed shoots weighed less per unit of height in tallgrass prairie Western ragweed shoots in ungrazed plots were taller than shoots in grazed plots but weighed less per unit of height. These differences in shoot morphology are consistent with increased competition for light in tallgrass prairie and in ungrazed sites. Western ragweed may not directly reduce grass standing crop but, rather, increase only when grasses are reduced by other stresses such as improper grazing. C1 Texas Tech Univ, Dept Range Wildlife & Fisheries Management, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. ARS, USDA, Woodward, OK 73801 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Vermeire, LT (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, Dept Range Wildlife & Fisheries Management, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. NR 23 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 53 IS 3 BP 335 EP 341 DI 10.2307/4003442 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 337DA UT WOS:000088341100016 ER PT J AU Jensen, KB Asay, KH Johnson, DA Li, BJ AF Jensen, KB Asay, KH Johnson, DA Li, BJ TI Characterization of Siberian wheatgrass germplasm from Kazakhstan (Poaceae : Triticeae) SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE crested wheatgrass; morphology; meiosis; chromosome pairing; taxonomy; forage and seed characteristics ID CRESTED WHEATGRASS AB Siberian wheatgrass [Agropyron fragile (Roth) Candargy] is known for its establishment and persistence on sandy soils under severe water limitations. Morphology, cytology, and forage and seed characteristics were studied on 59 accessions (JA) of Siberian wheatgrass collected on sandy soils in the desert areas of western Kazakhstan. Plants were grown at Nephi, Ut., from 1993 to 1996 and compared with the check cultivars of Vavilov and P-27 Siberian wheatgrass, and Nordan crested wheatgrass [A. desertorum (Fisch. ex Link) Schultes]. All JA-accessions were autotetraploids, 2 (n) under bar = 4 (x) under bar = 28. The most frequently observed meiotic association was 6 bivalents + 4 quadrivalents. The JA-accessions were morphologically diverse, ranging from short to tall in stature and from dark-green, glaucous to blue-green, strongly pubescent. Mean forage yield, crude protein, and dry matter digestibility were generally lower in the JA-accessions than the check varieties. Entry x year interactions were nonsignificant (P > 0.05) for all measured forage variables. Entries were significantly (P < 0.01) different for dry matter production. Seed weight of Vavilov and mean seed weight of JA-accessions were significantly (P < 0.01) greater than that for the check cultivars P-27 and Nordan. Entries that were highly pubescent had the heaviest seed and greatest capacity to emerge from a 7.6-cm planting depth. Seed yield plant(-1) was significantly (P < 0.01) lower in the JA-accessions than cultivars Vavilov, P-27, and Nordan. Sufficient variations exist for seed yield, seed weight, seedling vigor, and forage yield within the JA-accessions to allow for the development of an agronomically suitable, drought tolerant Siberian wheatgrass through selection. C1 Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Xinjiang Acad Anim Sci, Grassland Res Inst, Urumqi 830000, Xinjiang, Peoples R China. RP Jensen, KB (reprint author), Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 16 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 53 IS 3 BP 347 EP 352 DI 10.2307/4003444 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 337DA UT WOS:000088341100018 ER PT J AU Mack, SO Garrett, WM Guthrie, HD AF Mack, SO Garrett, WM Guthrie, HD TI Absence of correlation between in situ expression of cytochrome P450 17 alpha hydroxylase/lyase and 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/(Delta 5-4) isomerase messenger ribonucleic acids and steroidogenesis during pubertal development in the rat testis SO JOURNAL OF STEROID BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Leydig cells; rat; messenger RNA; cytochrome P450; androgen biosynthesis; puberty ID HUMAN CHORIONIC-GONADOTROPIN; LEYDIG-CELLS; ANDROGEN RECEPTORS; LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; RNA LEVELS; TESTOSTERONE; ENZYMES; DIFFERENTIATION; MATURATION; HYBRIDIZATION AB Changes in expression of Leydig cell 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 beta HSD) and 17 alpha-hydroxylase/C17-20 lyase (P450(17 alpha)) messenger RNA (mRNA) during pubertal development have not been well characterized in the rat. In the present study, expression of 3 beta HSD and P450(17 alpha) were determined in frozen sections of testes of immature (days 21 and 28), pubertal (days 45 and 60) and adult (day 90) rats by in situ hybridization using digoxigenin-labeled riboprobes and quantified densitometrically. Measures of steroidogenesis in this study, 3 beta HSD and P450(17 alpha) enzyme activities per testis and plasma testosterone concentration, increased during pubertal development, peaking at 45-60 days of age. Expression of 3 beta HSD protein, a marker for Leydig cell function, was abundantly immunolocalized to the interstitial compartment of the testis. Quantified densitometrically, the amount of 3 beta HSD protein did not vary significantly during pubertal development. Transcripts of 3 beta HSD and P450(17 alpha) were expressed abundantly by clusters of immature Leydig cells in immature animals. However, in contrast to measures of steroidogenesis during pubertal development, mRNA of 3 beta HSD and P450(17 alpha) decreased to undetectable levels at the age of 45 and 60 days, respectively. The decline in mRNA of 3 beta HSD and P450(17 alpha) was confirmed by Northern analysis. Expression of 3 beta HSD and P450(17 alpha) transcripts rebounded in the adult at 90 days and were comparable to levels of expression observed in immature animals. These results show that during pubertal development the steady-state accumulation of mRNA of 3 beta HSD and P450(17 alpha) are not correlated with accumulation of 3 beta HSD protein, enzyme activities of 3 beta HSD and P450(17 alpha), or testosterone secretion. Possible explanations of the depletion of transcripts during pubertal development include: specific inhibition of transcription, increased mRNA instability, or high translational activity. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Howard Univ, Coll Med, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Washington, DC 20059 USA. ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Mack, SO (reprint author), Howard Univ, Coll Med, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Washington, DC 20059 USA. NR 33 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0960-0760 J9 J STEROID BIOCHEM JI J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 73 IS 1-2 BP 19 EP 28 DI 10.1016/S0960-0760(00)00048-0 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 322YA UT WOS:000087535900003 PM 10822021 ER PT J AU Gropper, SS Weese, JO West, PA Gross, KC AF Gropper, SS Weese, JO West, PA Gross, KC TI Free galactose content of fresh fruits and strained fruit and vegetable baby foods: More foods to consider for the galactose-restricted diet SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article C1 Auburn Univ, Dept Nutr & Food Sci, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. USDA ARS, Inst Plant Sci, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Gropper, SS (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Dept Nutr & Food Sci, 328 Spidle Hall, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. NR 15 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER DIETETIC ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 216 W JACKSON BLVD #800, CHICAGO, IL 60606-6995 USA SN 0002-8223 J9 J AM DIET ASSOC JI J. Am. Diet. Assoc. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 100 IS 5 BP 573 EP 575 DI 10.1016/S0002-8223(00)00175-9 PG 3 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 460MF UT WOS:000170310800022 PM 10812385 ER PT J AU Knothe, G AF Knothe, G TI Monitoring a progressing transesterification reaction by fiber-optic near infrared spectroscopy with correlation to H-1 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE biodiesel; fiber-optic probe; fuel quality; near infrared spectroscopy; nuclear magnetic resonance; soybean oil; transesterification; vegetable oils ID OIL METHYL-ESTERS; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION; VEGETABLE-OILS; FREE GLYCEROL; SOYBEAN OIL; QUALITY-CONTROL; RAPESEED OIL; BIODIESEL; KINETICS; METHANOL AB Biodiesel is a promising alternative diesel fuel obtained from vegetable oils, animal fats, or waste oils by transesterifying the oil or fat with an alcohol such as methanol. In an extension of previous work, fiber-optic near infrared spectroscopy was used to quantitatively monitor the transesterification reaction (6-L scale) of a vegetable oil (soybean oil) to methyl soyate. The results were correlated with H-1 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The method described here can be applied to the transesterification of other vegetable oils. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Knothe, G (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 40 TC 160 Z9 163 U1 3 U2 17 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 77 IS 5 BP 489 EP 493 DI 10.1007/s11746-000-0078-5 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 313NB UT WOS:000087004800005 ER PT J AU Compton, DL Laszlo, JA Berhow, MA AF Compton, DL Laszlo, JA Berhow, MA TI Lipase-catalyzed synthesis of ferulate esters SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE alcoholysis; cinnamates; ethyl ferulate; lipase; monoolein; Novozym (R) 435; transesterification; triacylglycerols; triolein ID IMMOBILIZED LIPASE; ESTERIFICATION; FATS; ACID AB Four commercially available esterases were screened for their ability to esterify ferulic acid (4-hydroxy-3-methoxy cinnamate). Novozym(R) 435 was found to be the only one of those screened to convert ferulic acid to ethyl and octyl ferulate at 20 and 14% yields, respectively. The highest percentage conversion was obtained using a 1:1 mole ratio of alcohol to ferulic acid in stirred batch reactions in anhydrous 2-methyl-2-propanol at 60 degrees C using one equivalent (wt/wt based on ferulic acid) of Novozym 435. Increased water content and a higher alcohol/ethyl ferulate ratio had adverse effects on the lipase-catalyzed esterification. The Novozym 435 activity was tested in less polar solvents (anhydrous toluene and hexane) by monitoring the alcoholysis of ethyl ferulate with l-octanol, which resulted in a 50% yield of octyl ferulate. The alcoholysis was improved to 83% by applying a 16 mm Hg vacuum for 5 min every 24 h to remove the ethanol co-product. The optimal alcoholysis parameters were applied to the alcoholysis of ethyl ferulate with monoolein and the transesterification with triolein. The transesterification of ethyl ferulate with triolein in anhydrous toluene produced a combined 44% yield of ferulyl monoolein and ferulyl diolein, a 20% greater yield than that obtained for alcoholysis using monoolein. The highest yield, 77%, of ferulyl monoolein and ferulyl diolein was achieved using a threefold excess of neat triolein. The lipase-catalyzed transesterification of ethyl ferulate with triolein appears to be a technically feasible route to ferulyl-substituted acylglycerols, which are potentially useful sunscreen ingredients. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Biomat Proc Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Bioact Agents Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Compton, DL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Biomat Proc Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 14 TC 104 Z9 115 U1 3 U2 27 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 77 IS 5 BP 513 EP 519 DI 10.1007/s11746-000-0082-9 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 313NB UT WOS:000087004800009 ER PT J AU Haymes, KM Van de Weg, WE Arens, P Maas, JL Vosman, B Den Nijs, APM AF Haymes, KM Van de Weg, WE Arens, P Maas, JL Vosman, B Den Nijs, APM TI Development of SCAR markers linked to a Phytophthora fragariae resistance gene and their assessment in European and North American strawberry genotypes SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Fragaria sp.; pedigree-analysis; resistance-gene-mapping; RAPD; SCAR; red stele root rot ID POLYMORPHIC DNA MARKERS; RAPD MARKERS; IDENTIFICATION; RACES AB Two dominant sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers (linked at 3.0 cM, coupling phase) mere constructed for the strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa ouch,) gene Rpf1. This gene confers resistance to red stele root rot, caused by the soil-horn fungus Phytophthora fragariae Hickman var, fragariae, The SCAR markers were developed originally from the sequence of RAPD OPO-16C((438)) that is Linked in repulsion phase to the Rpf1 allele, This SCAR primer set produced multiple bands in the resistant test progeny and in some of the susceptible progeny; therefore, new SCARs were developed based on the sequence differences among these bands. These new SCARs were linked in coupling phase to the Rpf allele and mapped to the same location as the original RAPD OPO-16C((438)). The SCAR markers, as well as some additional RAPD markers known to be linked to Rpf1, were shown to be highly conserved in linkage to the gene based on examination of 133 European and North American Fragaria L, sp, cultivars and breeding selections. These flanking RAPD and SCAR-PCR markers can be used in breeding programs for the selection of red stele (Rpf1) resistance. C1 Ctr Plant Breeding & Reprod Res, Dept Vegetable & Fruit Crops, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands. ARS, USDA, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Van de Weg, WE (reprint author), Ctr Plant Breeding & Reprod Res, Dept Vegetable & Fruit Crops, POB 16, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands. RI Van de Weg, Eric/G-3225-2011; Vosman, Ben/C-5494-2013; arens, paul/G-5727-2015 OI Van de Weg, Eric/0000-0002-9443-5974; Vosman, Ben/0000-0003-4942-8342; arens, paul/0000-0003-2118-389X NR 30 TC 24 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 125 IS 3 BP 330 EP 339 PG 10 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 333UV UT WOS:000088149900009 ER PT J AU Farnham, MW Grusak, MA Wang, M AF Farnham, MW Grusak, MA Wang, M TI Calcium and magnesium concentration of inbred and hybrid broccoli heads SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Brassica oleracea; Italica Group; doubled-haploids; nutrition ID SNAP BEAN PODS; BRASSICA VEGETABLES; STRESS; ABSORBABILITY; INHERITANCE; EFFICIENCY; TOMATOES; DENSITY; LINES AB Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L,, Italica Group) is a good vegetable source of Ca and Mg, two critical minerals in human nutrition. Studies have shown that bioavailability of Ca from broccoli is comparable to that from milli. Thus, broccoli is an important alternative source of Ca in segments of the population that consume limited amounts of dairy products, Essentially nothing is known about the genetic influence on variation in Ca or Mg concentration of broccoli heads. Thus, the goal of this research was to examine variation in Ca, and also Mg concentrations, in a collection of USDA inbreds and commercial F-1 hybrids. In 1996 and 1997 field studies, significant differences among inbred entries and among hybrid entries were observed for Ca and Mg concentrations of broccoli heads. With hybrids and inbreds, mean head Ca concentrations were approximate to 3.0 mg . g(-1) dry weight (DW), and entries with lowest and highest Ca concentrations differed >2-fold. Mean Mg concentrations of hybrid heads was 2.3 mg . g(-1) DW (range 1.8 to 2.6) and 2.8 mg . g(-1) DW (range 2.2 to 3.7) in 1996 and 1997, respectively. Inbred Lines had mean head Mg concentrations of 2.0 and 2.6 mg . g(-1) DW in the two respective years and ranges in concentration were similar as for hybrids. Analysis of variance indicated significant environment and entry by environment effects for Ca and Mg concentrations of hybrids. With inbreds, a significant entry by environment effect for Ca concentration and environment effect for Mg concentration was also observed. Significant environment and entry by environment effects indic ate that the environmental influence on phenotypic expression of Ca and Mg concentrations may complicate genetic improvement of head mineral concentration. C1 ARS, USDA, Us Vegetable Lab, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Farnham, MW (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Us Vegetable Lab, 2875 Savannah Highway, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. NR 20 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 125 IS 3 BP 344 EP 349 PG 6 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 333UV UT WOS:000088149900011 ER PT J AU Perkins-Veazie, P Clark, JR Huber, DJ Baldwin, EA AF Perkins-Veazie, P Clark, JR Huber, DJ Baldwin, EA TI Ripening physiology in 'Navaho' thornless blackberries: Color, respiration, ethylene production, softening, and compositional changes SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE ethylene; Rubus sp.; climacteric; ACC; ACC oxidase ID 1-AMINOCYCLOPROPANE-1-CARBOXYLIC ACID; MOLECULAR-WEIGHT; CELL-WALLS; FRUIT; ANTHOCYANIN; QUALITY; RUBUS AB Fruit were harvested from an erect, thornless blackberry (Rubus L. subgenus Rubus Watson,'Navaho' to study ripening changes, Soluble solids content increased between the red (unripe) and dull-black (overripe) stages of ripening while titratable acidity decreased sharply between the mottled and shiny-black ripeness stages. Anthocyanin content increased sharply between the mottled and shiny-black stages, Firmness of drupelet and receptacle tissues decreased between the mottled and shiny-black stages of ripeness, In whole blackberries, total uronic acids decreased, and water soluble uronic acids increased between the green-red and shiny-black ripeness stages. Volatile production paralleled ripening changes, and was highest in dull-black fruit, with alcohols and aldehydes predominating. Respiration of intact fruit maintained in water decreased between the green and red ripeness stages and increased at the mottled (part-black) and black ripeness stages. Ethylene production remained below 10 nmol . kg(-1). h(-1) until the dull-black (overripe) stage of maturity. Free 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) and ACC oxidase did not increase in berries until the shiny-black stage, corresponding with the onset of detectable ethylene production. ACC oxidase activity decreased in the drupelet tissue (0.5 to 0.01 mu mol . kg(-1) . h(-1)) and increased in the receptacle tissue (2 to 3.8 mu mol . kg(-1) . h(-1)) as fruit changed from red to dull black. These results indicate that ripening in blackberries may be initiated in the receptacle tissue. Ripening in blackberries is likely independent of ethylene, but ethylene may regulate berry detachment from pedicels. thus controlling timing of fruit harvests. C1 ARS, USDA, S Cent Agr Res Lab, Lane, OK 74555 USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Hort, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Hort Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. ARS, USDA, Subtrop Fruit Prod Lab, Winter Haven, FL 33883 USA. RP Perkins-Veazie, P (reprint author), ARS, USDA, S Cent Agr Res Lab, POB 159, Lane, OK 74555 USA. NR 31 TC 26 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 125 IS 3 BP 357 EP 363 PG 7 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 333UV UT WOS:000088149900013 ER PT J AU McDonald, RE Miller, WR McCollum, TG AF McDonald, RE Miller, WR McCollum, TG TI Canopy position and heat treatments influence gamma-irradiation-induced changes in phenylpropanoid metabolism in grapefruit SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE citrus paradisi; postharvest quality; vapor heat; pitting; PAL activity; phenolic compounds; sterols ID PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA-LYASE; CARIBBEAN FRUIT-FLY; RAY-INDUCED CHANGES; CHILLING INJURY; FLORIDA GRAPEFRUIT; MARSH GRAPEFRUIT; CITRUS-FRUIT; ETHYLENE; SUSCEPTIBILITY; FLAVEDO AB Irradiation is being evaluated as a quarantine treatment of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf. 'Marsh'), but it can cause damage to the fruit. Research was conducted to determine if preirradiation heat treatments would improve fruit; tolerance to irradiation as they improve tolerance to low temperature injury and to determine if canopy position influenced fruit tolerance to irradiation. Initially, grapefruit were irradiated at 0 or 2.0 kGy at a dose rate of 0.14 kGy . min(-1) and selected biochemical changes were monitored over time. There was a marked increase in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity following irradiation. Maximum activity (approximate to 18-fold increase) was attained 24 hours after irradiation. Subsequently grapefruit mere harvested from interior and exterior canopy positions and irradiated at 0 or 1.0 kGy at a dose rate of 0.15 kGy . min(-1) before storage for 4 weeks at 10 degrees C, Following storage, pitting of flavedo was the most evident condition defect noted as a result of irradiation. Fitting was observed on 27% and 15% of irradiated exterior and interior canopy fruit, respectively, whereas there was no pitting on nonirradiated fruit, Heat treatment before irradiation decreased susceptibility. of fruit to damage. Fitting was 26%, 19%,and 17% when fruit were held 2 hours at 20 (ambient), 38 or 42 degrees C respectively. Irradiation-induced PAL activity was reduced by temperature conditioning at 38 or 42 degrees C, Exterior canopy fruit flavedo contained higher levels of total phenols, including flavanols and coumarins compared with interior canopy fruit. Deposition of lignin was not related to canopy position. Neither irradiation nor heat treatment had an effect on total phenols or lignin deposition, Generally, cholesterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, beta-sitosterol, and isofucosterol mere found to be higher in four steryl lipid fractions in exterior canopy fruit compared with interior canopy fruit,Irradiation increased campesterol in the free sterol and steryl glycoside fractions and decreased isofucosterol in the free sterol fraction. Heat treatments had no effect on individual sterol levels. It seems that irradiation causes a stress condition in the fruit, which leads to pitting of peel tissue. Heat treatment before irradiation reduced damaging effects of irradiation. C1 ARS, USDA, US Hort Res Lab, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. RP McDonald, RE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, US Hort Res Lab, 2001 S Rock Rd, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. NR 39 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 3 U2 9 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 125 IS 3 BP 364 EP 369 PG 6 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 333UV UT WOS:000088149900014 ER PT J AU Kim, L Morley, PS McCluskey, BJ Mumford, EL Swenson, SL Salman, MD AF Kim, L Morley, PS McCluskey, BJ Mumford, EL Swenson, SL Salman, MD TI Public Veterinary Medicine: Regulatory Medicine - Oval vesicular lesions in horses without evidence of vesicular stomatitis virus infection SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; ANTIBODIES; OUTBREAK; BOVINE AB Objective-To report clinical and serologic findings in horses with oral vesicular lesions that were consistent with vesicular stomatitis (VS) but apparently were not associated with VS virus (VSV) infection. Design-Serial case study. Animals-8 horses. Procedure-Horses were quarantined after appearance of oral lesions typical of VS. Severity of clinical signs was scored every 2 to 5 days for 3 months. Serum samples were tested for antibodies by use of competitive ELISA (cELISA), capture ELISA for IgM, serum neutralization, and complement fixation (CF). Virus isolation was attempted from swab specimens of active lesions. Results-2 horses with oral vesicular lesions on day 1 had antibodies (cELISA and CF) against VSV; however, results of CF were negative by day 19. Five of the 6 remaining horses were seronegative but developed oral lesions by day 23. Virus isolation was unsuccessful for all horses. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Horses were quarantined for 75 days in compliance with state and federal regulations. However, evidence suggests that oral lesions were apparently not associated with VSV infection. The occurrence in livestock of a vesicular disease that is not caused by VSV could confound efforts to improve control of VS in the United States and could impact foreign trade. Vesicular stomatitis is of substantial economic and regulatory concern. C1 Colorado State Univ, Coll Vet Med & Biomed Sci, Dept Clin Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Ctr Epidemiol & Anim Hlth, USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Vet Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80524 USA. Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Morley, PS (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Coll Vet Med & Biomed Sci, Dept Clin Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. OI Morley, Paul/0000-0001-8138-2714 NR 20 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 1 PY 2000 VL 216 IS 9 BP 1399 EP 1404 DI 10.2460/javma.2000.216.1399 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 308DH UT WOS:000086694900019 PM 10800509 ER PT J AU Wells, SJ Wagner, BA AF Wells, SJ Wagner, BA TI Herd-level risk factors for infection with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in US dairies and association between familiarity of the herd manager with the disease or prior diagnosis of the disease in that herd and use of preventive measures SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; JOHNES-DISEASE; BOVINE PARATUBERCULOSIS; CATTLE; MILK; COWS; PREVALENCE AB Objective-To evaluate associations among herd infection status, herd management practices, and familiarity of the herd manager with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) or prior disease diagnosis in that herd to support development of Johne's disease-control programs. Design-Population-based cross-sectional study. Sample Population-1,004 US dairies, each with greater than or equal to 30 cows, representing 79.4% of US dairy cows. Procedure-Questionnaires were administered to dairy managers, and blood samples were collected from cows during herd visits. Sera were tested for antibodies to M paratuberculosis, using a commercially available ELISA. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate associations between use of management practices, herd disease status, and familiarity of the manager with Johne's disease or prior diagnosis of Johne's disease in that herd. Results-Results from serologic testing revealed that 3.4% of cows and 21.6% of dairy herds were infected with M paratuberculosis. Factors associated with infection included number of cows in herd, region of country, percentage of cows born at other dairies, group housing for periparturient cows, and group housing for preweaned calves. Few preventive practices were positively associated with prior diagnosis of Johne's disease (time of separation of newborn calf from dam) or familiarity of the manager with the disease (teats and udder washed before colostrum collected). Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Risk factors associated with Johne's disease in this study confirmed those management practices generally recommended for disease control. An educational problem, however, is the finding that herd managers familiar with Johne's disease generally use management practices similar to those used by managers unfamiliar with the disease. C1 Univ Minnesota, Coll Vet Med, Dept Clin & Populat Sci, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Ctr Epidemiol & Anim Hlth, Vet Serv, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Wells, SJ (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Coll Vet Med, Dept Clin & Populat Sci, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 22 TC 142 Z9 145 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 1 PY 2000 VL 216 IS 9 BP 1450 EP 1457 DI 10.2460/javma.2000.216.1450 PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 308DH UT WOS:000086694900029 PM 10800519 ER PT J AU Hill, NS Thompson, FN Stuedemann, JA Dawe, DL Hiatt, EE AF Hill, NS Thompson, FN Stuedemann, JA Dawe, DL Hiatt, EE TI Urinary alkaloid excretion as a diagnostic tool for fescue toxicosis in cattle SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID ENDOPHYTE-INFECTED FESCUE; TALL FESCUE; ERGOT ALKALOIDS; COWS; STEERS; METOCLOPRAMIDE; ERGONOVINE; GROWTH; SERUM AB Fescue toxicosis research studies have often included serum prolactin as a physiologic index of the disorder. Serum prolactin has not been used as a clinical measure of fescue toxicosis because of variation associated with sex and physiologic condition of the animal and climatic and seasonal factors. The primary excretory route of the alkaloids responsible for this toxicosis is the urine. Three pasture experiments were conducted to examine serum prolactin and urinary ergot alkaloid variability among steers continuously grazing endophyte-infected (E+) or endophyte-free (E-) tall fescue and among steers that were switched from one pasture form to the other. A fourth grazing experiment was used to examine how to best to manage the steers prior to sampling for urinary ergot alkaloid excretion. Coefficients of variability for urinary alkaloid excretion were consistently lower (46-65%) than serum prolactin (64-142%). Urinary alkaloid excretion patterns changed within 12 hours following switching steers from E+ to E- pasture or visa versa, but serum prolactin was recalcitrant to change. Because it is less variable and more dynamic than serum prolactin, urinary alkaloid excretion can be used for health assessment of steers grazing E+ and E- pastures. Regression analysis established a quadratic relationship between alkaloid excretion and average daily weight gain, with a regression coefficient of 0.86. Urinary alkaloid analysis was useful in determining whether cattle were consuming toxic tall fescue. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Coll Agr & Environm Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA ARS, J Phil Campbell Sr Nat Resource Conservat Ctr, Watkinsville, GA USA. RP Hill, NS (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Coll Agr & Environm Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 21 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 12 IS 3 BP 210 EP 217 PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 312MP UT WOS:000086947300003 PM 10826833 ER PT J AU Rogers, DG Andersen, AA AF Rogers, DG Andersen, AA TI Intestinal lesions caused by a strain of Chlamydia suis in weanling pigs infected at 21 days of age SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID GNOTOBIOTIC PIGS; PSITTACI; SWINE AB The objective of this study was to determine whether a strain of Chlamydia suis shown previously to be an intestinal pathogen in gnotobiotic piglets could cause diarrhea and intestinal lesions in young weanling pigs. Pigs from 2 sows were randomly assigned to 2 groups. Group 1 included 13 pigs that were weaned at 24 hours of age and then housed in isolator units and fed milk replacer and unmedicated starter ration. Group 2 included 8 pigs that nursed their respective sows, consumed unmedicated starter ration, and were weaned at 21 days of age. Ten pigs in group 1 and 6 pigs in group 2 were inoculated orally with 4 x 10(8) inclusion-forming units of C. suis strain R27 at 21 days of age. Control pigs were inoculated with sham inoculum. The pigs were necropsied 5-14 days postinoculation (DPT). None of the Chlamydia-infected pigs developed diarrhea. Villus atrophy was seen histologically in sections of ileum from Chlamydia-infected pigs in both groups 5 and 7 days DPI. Lymphangitis and multiple lymphohistiocytic and neutrophilic aggregates were seen in the submucosa, tunica muscularis, and serosa of the distal jejunum, ileum, and colon from Chlamydia-infected pigs in both groups 5-14 DPI. Immunostaining of sections of distal jejunum, ileum, and colon from infected pigs revealed chlamydial antigen in intestinal epithelium and in foci of lymphangitis/inflammation. The results indicated that C, suis strain R27 can cause intestinal lesions in young weanling pigs, and the lesions are similar to those seen in gnotobiotic piglets. The results also indicated that strain R27 causes asymptomatic intestinal infections in young weanling pigs, at least under the conditions of this study. C1 Univ Nebraska, Vet Diagnost Ctr, Dept Vet & Biomed Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Rogers, DG (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Vet Diagnost Ctr, Dept Vet & Biomed Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 17 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 12 IS 3 BP 233 EP 239 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 312MP UT WOS:000086947300006 PM 10826836 ER PT J AU Anderson, RC Genovese, KJ Harvey, RB Stanker, LH DeLoach, JR Nisbet, DJ AF Anderson, RC Genovese, KJ Harvey, RB Stanker, LH DeLoach, JR Nisbet, DJ TI Assessment of the long-term shedding pattern of Salmonella serovar choleraesuis following experimental infection of neonatal piglets SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID SWINE; TYPHIMURIUM; PIGS; TRANSMISSION AB In the United States, swine salmonellosis is most often attributed to infections by Salmonella serovar choleraesuis. As a host-adapted pathogen rarely found in nonswine sources, S. choleraesuis is thought to be spread primarily via horizontal transmission, with carrier animals playing an important role. Little has been reported regarding infection of neonatal piglets, particularly regarding their potential to become carriers. Evidence reported herein demonstrates that piglets experimentally infected by S. choleraesuis at 2 days of age were capable of shedding the pathogen for up to 85 days postinfection, at which time the study was concluded. This study also presents findings supporting the use of GN-Hajna as a preenrichment medium for the isolation of S. choleraesuis. C1 USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Vet Pathobiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. MS Biosci Inc, Madison, WI 53704 USA. RP Anderson, RC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, Route 5, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 16 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 12 IS 3 BP 257 EP 260 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 312MP UT WOS:000086947300010 PM 10826840 ER PT J AU Kang, YJ Zhou, ZX Wu, HY Wang, GW Saari, JT Klein, JB AF Kang, YJ Zhou, ZX Wu, HY Wang, GW Saari, JT Klein, JB TI Metallothionein inhibits myocardial apoptosis in copper-deficient mice: Role of atrial natriuretic peptide SO LABORATORY INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID NEONATAL MOUSE CARDIOMYOCYTES; SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE ACTIVITY; HEART-FAILURE SUBSEQUENT; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; DOXORUBICIN TOXICITY; UNIFIED PERSPECTIVE; DIMETHYL-SULFOXIDE; OXIDATIVE STRESS; NITRIC-OXIDE; RATS AB Dietary copper restriction causes heart hypertrophy in animal models. Several studies have indicated that this cardiomyopathy is mediated by oxidative stress. Metallothionein (MT), a low molecular weight and cysteine-rich protein, functions in protecting the heart from oxidative injury. We therefore used a cardiac-specific MT-overexpressing transgenic mouse model to test the hypothesis that MT inhibits copper deficiency-induced heart hypertrophy. Dams of both transgenic pups and non-transgenic littermates were fed a copper-adequate or copper-deficient diet, starting on the fourth day post-delivery, and the weanling mice were continued on the dams' diets until they were killed. Heart hypertrophy developed in copper-deficient pups by the fourth week of the combined pre- and post-weaning feeding and aggressively progressed until the end of the experiment (6 weeks), MT overexpression did not prevent the occurrence of heart hypertrophy, but inhibited the progression of this cardiomyopathy, which correlated with its suppression of cardiac lipid peroxidation. Corresponding to the progression of heart hypertrophy, myocardial apoptosis and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) production in the left ventricle were detected in non-transgenic copper-deficient mice; these effects were significantly suppressed in transgenic copper-deficient mice. Measurement of apoptosis by TUNEL assay and Annexin V-FITC confocal microscopy in primary cultures of cardiomyocytes revealed that ANP was largely responsible for the myocyte apoptosis and that MT inhibited ANP-induced apoptosis. The data clearly demonstrate that elevation of MT in the heart inhibits oxidative injury and suppresses the progression of heart hypertrophy in copper deficiency, although it does not block its initiation. The results suggest that MT inhibits the transition from heart hypertrophy to failure by suppressing apoptosis through inhibition of both cardiac ANP production and its apoptotic effect. C1 Univ Louisville, Sch Med, Dept Med, Louisville, KY 40292 USA. Univ Louisville, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, Louisville, KY 40292 USA. Jewish Hosp, Heart & Lung Inst, Louisville, KY USA. Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Louisville, KY USA. USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Kang, YJ (reprint author), Univ Louisville, Sch Med, Dept Med, 511 S Floyd St,MDR 530, Louisville, KY 40292 USA. RI Klein, Jon/B-9833-2013 FU NCI NIH HHS [CA68125]; NHLBI NIH HHS [HL59225] NR 54 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0023-6837 J9 LAB INVEST JI Lab. Invest. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 80 IS 5 BP 745 EP 757 PG 13 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental; Pathology SC Research & Experimental Medicine; Pathology GA 317NX UT WOS:000087232400012 PM 10830785 ER PT J AU Lin, JT Lew, KM Chen, JM Iwasaki, Y McKeon, TA AF Lin, JT Lew, KM Chen, JM Iwasaki, Y McKeon, TA TI Metabolism of 1-acyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine in castor oil biosynthesis SO LIPIDS LA English DT Article ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; RICINOLEIC ACID BIOSYNTHESIS; RICINUS-COMMUNIS L; MICROSOMAL PREPARATIONS; BEAN ENDOSPERM; TRIACYLGLYCEROLS; SUBSTRATE; OLEOYL-12-HYDROXYLASE AB We have examined the role of 2-oleoyl-PE (phosphatidylethanolamine) in the biosynthesis of triacylglycerols (TAG) by castor microsomes. In castor microsomal incubation, the label from C-14-oleate of 1-palmitoyl-2-[1-C-14]oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine is incorporated into TAG containing ricinoleate. The enzyme characteristics, such as optimal pH, and the effect of incubation components of the oleoyl-12-hydroxylase using 2-oleoyl-PE as incubation substrate are similar to those for 2-oleoyl-PC (phosphatidylcholine). However, compared to 2-oleoyl-PC, 2-oleoyl-PE is a less efficient incubation substrate of oleoyl-12-hydroxylase in castor microsomes. Unlike 2-oleoyl-PC, 2-oleoyl-PE is not hydroxylated to 2-ricin-oleoyl-PE by oleoyl-12-hydroxylase and is not desaturated to 2-linoleoyl-PE by oleoyl-12-desaturase. We have demonstrated the conversion of 2-oleoyl-PE to 2-oleoyl-PC and vice versa. The incorporation of label from 2-[C-14]oleoyl-PE into TAC occurs after its conversion to 2-oleoyl-PC, which can then be hydroxylated or desaturated. We detected neither PE-N-monomethyl nor PE-N,N-dimethyl, the intermediates from PE to PC by N-methylation. The conversion of 2-oleoyl-PE to 2-oleoyl-PC likely occurs via hydrolysis to 1,2-diacyl-sn- glycerol by phospholipase C and then by cholinephosphotransferase. This conversion does not appear to play a key role in driving ricinoleate into TAG. C1 USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Nagoya Univ, Dept Biol Mechamisms & Funct, Nagoya, Aichi 464, Japan. RP USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. EM jtlin@pw.usda.gov NR 19 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 0024-4201 EI 1558-9307 J9 LIPIDS JI Lipids PD MAY PY 2000 VL 35 IS 5 BP 481 EP 486 DI 10.1007/s11745-000-547-5 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 323PT UT WOS:000087574700002 PM 10907782 ER PT J AU Rivera, JA Sebranek, JG Rust, RE Tabatabai, LB AF Rivera, JA Sebranek, JG Rust, RE Tabatabai, LB TI Composition and protein fractions of different meat by-products used for petfood compared with mechanically separated chicken (MSC) SO MEAT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE meat by-products; pet food; protein fractions ID COLLAGEN; SYSTEMS AB Pork by-products (lung lobes, kidneys), chicken viscera (head, feet and viscera) and mechanically separated chicken (MSC) were evaluated for proximate composition, protein distribution and connective tissue. Proximate composition varied among meat byproducts and MSG. Pork by-products contained the most crude protein (p < 0.05). Low levels of high ionic strength soluble (HIS) proteins were obtained from meat by-products. Pork lunes and chicken viscera contained the greatest amounts of insoluble (IN) proteins (p < 0.05). Total collagen values were positively correlated to IN proteins, intramuscular collagen (IMC) and elastin. Types proteins (p < 0.05). Total collagen I and III collagen could not be detected by SDS-PAGE for the different meal by-products though collagen solubility appeared to be significant. These results suggest functional property differences between specific by-products are likely when used in petfood product formulations. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Meat Lab 215, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Rust Associates Inc, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Sebranek, JG (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Meat Lab 215, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 28 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0309-1740 J9 MEAT SCI JI Meat Sci. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 55 IS 1 BP 53 EP 59 DI 10.1016/S0309-1740(99)00125-4 PG 7 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 288NU UT WOS:000085570500008 PM 22060904 ER PT J AU Lighthart, B Prier, K Loper, GM Bromenshenk, J AF Lighthart, B Prier, K Loper, GM Bromenshenk, J TI Bees scavenge airborne bacteria SO MICROBIAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article AB An air conditioned wind tunnel system was designed, fabricated, and tested to determine whether tethered bees scavenge microbeads or Bacillus subtilis var. niger spores from aerosols. Tests showed that microbeads and spores were scavenged by bumblebees and honeybees, respectively. Five independent variables and their interactions were used in a stepwise multiple regression. Two of them, the cube root of the electrostatic charge on the honeybee and the dose of the spore aerosol, accounted for most of the statistically significant fit to the model's two dependent variables: the percentage of the dose adsorbed by honeybees and the number of spores adsorbed by the same bees. Both dependent variables increased directly so that an increase in electrostatic charge on the bee (i.e., cube root 32 pC) resulted in an increase (i.e., approximately 1%) in the spore dose adsorbed and the number of spores adsorbed by the bees. It was theorized that the spores were in an adsorption/desorption equilibrium that responded to the concentration "pressure" of the spore aerosol. Further, the charge on the bee affected the adsorption force on the bee's surface, as well as increasing the effective aerosol volume accessible for the bee's scavenging. In short, relating these findings to bees scavenging bacteria from the ambient atmosphere, it appears that the spore exposure (where exposure means the product of the ambient concentration, the time the bee is exposed, and air volume through which the bee flies) controls the number of spores adsorbed by a bee, and the static charge on the bee controls the adsorption/desorption equilibrium and presumably the scavenging volume. C1 Microbial Aerosol Res Lab LLC, Monmouth, OR 97361 USA. Univ Montana, Univ Montana, Dept Biol Sci, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. USDA, ARS, Carl Hayden Bee Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP Lighthart, B (reprint author), Microbial Aerosol Res Lab LLC, 10975 Doll Rd, Monmouth, OR 97361 USA. NR 12 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0095-3628 J9 MICROBIAL ECOL JI Microb. Ecol. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 39 IS 4 BP 314 EP 321 PG 8 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Microbiology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Microbiology GA 331HP UT WOS:000088013200006 ER PT J AU Xu, K Xu, X Ronald, PC Mackill, DJ AF Xu, K Xu, X Ronald, PC Mackill, DJ TI A high-resolution linkage map of the vicinity of the rice submergence tolerance locus Sub1 SO MOLECULAR AND GENERAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE submergence tolerance; flooding; amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fine-scale mapping; rice ID RESISTANCE-GENE ANALOGS; DISEASE-RESISTANCE; NUCLEOTIDE-BINDING; NEMATODE RESISTANCE; AFLP MARKERS; POSITIONAL CLONING; REPEAT CLASS; PROTEIN; BARLEY; ENCODES AB Resistance to submergence stress is an important breeding objective in areas where rice cultivars are subjected to complete inundation for a week or more. The present study was conducted to develop a high-resolution map of the region surrounding the submergence tolerance gene Sub1 in rice, which derives from the Indian cultivar FR13A. Submergence screening of 8-day-old plants of F-3 families kept for 14 days submerged in 60 cm of water allowed an accurate classification of Sub1 phenotypes. Bulked segregant analysis was used to identify AFLP markers linked to Sub1. A population of 2950 F-2 plants segregating for Sub1 was screened with two RFLP markers flanking the Sub1 locus, 2.4 and 4.9 cM away. Submergence tolerance was measured in the recombinant plants, and AFLP markers closely linked to Sub1 were mapped. Two AFLP markers cosegregated with Sub1 in this large population, and other markers were localized within 0.2 cM of Sub1. The high-resolution map should serve as the basis for map-based cloning of this important locus, as it will permit the identification of BAC clones spanning the region. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Agron & Range Sci, USDA ARS, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Plant Pathol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Mackill, DJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Agron & Range Sci, USDA ARS, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RI Mackill, David/C-6368-2014 OI Mackill, David/0000-0003-4224-6781 NR 53 TC 69 Z9 78 U1 1 U2 9 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0026-8925 J9 MOL GEN GENET JI Mol. Gen. Genet. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 263 IS 4 BP 681 EP 689 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 321JJ UT WOS:000087452100016 PM 10852491 ER PT J AU Adkins, S AF Adkins, Scott TI Tomato spotted wilt virus-positive steps towards negative success SO MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Taxonomy : Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is the type member of the plant-infecting Tospovirus genus in the family Bunyaviridae, a large group of predominantly vertebrate-and insect-infecting RNA viruses. Physical properties : Virions are 80-120-nm pleomorphic particles with surface projections composed of two viral glycoproteins, G1 and G2 (Fig. 1). Virion composition is 5% nucleic acid, 70% protein, 5% carbohydrate and 20% lipid. The genome consists of three negative or ambisense ssRNAs designated S (2.9 kb), M (4.8 kb) and L (8.9 kb), with partially complementary terminal sequences that allow the RNA to adopt a pseudocircular or panhandle conformation. Each genomic RNA is encapsidated by multiple copies of the viral nucleocapsid (N) protein to form ribonucleoprotein structures also known as nucleocapsids. The nucleocapsids are enclosed in a host-derived membrane bilayer along with an estimated 10-20 copies of the L protein, the putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Hosts : Over 800 plant species, both dicots and monocots, in more than 80 plant families are susceptible to TSWV (Goldbach and Peters, 1994). The Solanaceae and Compositae families contain the largest numbers of susceptible plant species (Prins and Kormelink, 1998). TSWV also replicates in its insect vector, thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) (Ullman et al., 1993; Wijkamp et al., 1993). Useful web site : http://www4.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/11050003.htm C1 ARS, USDA, US Hort Res Lab, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. RP Adkins, S (reprint author), ARS, USDA, US Hort Res Lab, 2001 S Rock Rd, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. EM SAdkins@ushrl.ars.usda.gov FU USDA-CSRS [91-37302-6295]; USDA Hatch [3864] FX I thank Drs Thomas L. German and Mark E. Hilf for critical review of the manuscript and Ricardo Medeiros for sharing prepublication results. USDA-CSRS Grant 91-37302-6295 and USDA Hatch Grant 3864 supported the author's research while at the Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison. NR 79 TC 53 Z9 57 U1 3 U2 11 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1464-6722 J9 MOL PLANT PATHOL JI Mol. Plant Pathol. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 1 IS 3 BP 151 EP 157 DI 10.1046/j.1364-3703.2000.00022.x PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA V20BQ UT WOS:000208115900001 PM 20572961 ER PT J AU Lieckfeldt, E Kullnig, C Samuels, GJ Kubicek, CP AF Lieckfeldt, E Kullnig, C Samuels, GJ Kubicek, CP TI Sexually competent, sucrose- and nitrate-assimilating strains of Hypocrea jecorina (Trichoderma reesei) from South American soils SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE cellulases; DNA sequences; Hypocreales; transport; utilization ID SECT LONGIBRACHIATUM; RIBOSOMAL DNA; INDUSTRIAL; ANAMORPHS; REVISION; MUTANTS; FUNGI AB Three new strains of Trichoderma reesei, the anamorph of Hypocrea jecorina, are reported from soil in French Guiana and Brazil. Identification of the strains as T. reesei/ H. jecorina was confirmed by analysis of the internal transcribed spacer regions 1 and 2 of the nuclear rDNA cluster and by their ability to produce the teleomorph when mated with the appropriate strains. Hypocrea jecorina is considered to reproduce primarily sexually, as opposed to other Hypocrea and Trichoderma species where asexual reproduction predominates. Like the original isolate of T. reesei, QM 6a, all three new isolates exhibited cellulolytic activities. In contrast to QM 6a, however, they grew on sucrose as sole carbon source and on nitrate as sole nitrogen source, thus indicating that these substrate utilization criteria are not taxonomically reliable in Hypocrea (Trichoderma). The nonutilization of sucrose and nitrate in QM 6a is due to a lack of the uptake system for sucrose and of nitrite reductase activity, respectively, in that culture. Comparison of QM 6a and the three new isolates revealed that all H. jecorina isolates produce intracellular but not extracellular invertase. The potential for using these strains in the improvement of the commercially exploited strain of T. reesei, QM 6a, is discussed. C1 Humboldt Univ, Inst Genet, D-10115 Berlin, Germany. Vienna Univ Technol, Inst Biochem Technol & Mikrobiol, A-1060 Vienna, Austria. USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Humboldt Univ, Inst Genet, Chausseestr 117, D-10115 Berlin, Germany. EM gary@nt.ars-grin.gov NR 36 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 3 PU ALLEN PRESS INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0027-5514 EI 1557-2536 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 92 IS 3 BP 374 EP 380 DI 10.2307/3761493 PG 7 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 316KT UT WOS:000087166700002 ER PT J AU Miller, OK Lodge, DJ Baroni, TJ AF Miller, OK Lodge, DJ Baroni, TJ TI New and interesting ectomycorrhizal fungi from Puerto Rico, Mona, and Guana Islands SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Amanita; Basidiomycetes; Boletus; Greater Antilles; Lactarius; Phlebopos; Phylloporus; Russula; Suillus; systematics ID AMANITA AB A report of putative ectomycorrhizal fungi from Puerto Rico, Mona, and Guana Island in the Greater Antilles includes four species of Amanita, three of which are new species; two Lactarius, one is new, and two species of Boletus, one new. In addition, new distribution records of Phlebopus beniensis, Russula littoralis, Lactarius ferrugineus, a new small spored Phylloporus, and Suillus brevipes with Pinus caribaea are reported. Ectomycorrhizal hosts for ail but the Suillus include Coccoloba uvifera (Polygonaceae) and putative hosts Hymenea courbaril (Caesalpiniaceae) and Andira inermis (Papilionaceae). C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Biol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. US Forest Serv, Ctr Forest Mycol Res, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Luquillo, PR 00773 USA. SUNY Coll Cortland, Dept Biol Sci, Cortland, NY 13054 USA. RP Miller, OK (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Biol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NR 29 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 11 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 92 IS 3 BP 558 EP 570 DI 10.2307/3761516 PG 13 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 316KT UT WOS:000087166700025 ER PT J AU Haywood, JD AF Haywood, JD TI Mulch and hexazinone herbicide shorten the time longleaf pine seedlings are in the grass stage and increase height growth SO NEW FORESTS LA English DT Article DE Pinus palustris Mill.; loblolly pine; P. taeda L.; plantation establishment; competition control; vegetation management AB Herbaceous plant control with mulch or hexazinone herbicide influenced planted longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) seedling total height on a silt loam site in central Louisiana. The site had been sheared and windrowed in 1991 and rotary mowed before three treatments were established in a randomized complete block design: (1) Untreated check: no herbaceous plant control after planting; (2) Five mulches: on each plot, five randomly assigned mulches were placed around seedlings; the mulches were either a mat of cotton, hemlock and polyester, pine straw, woven polypropylene, or perforated polyethylene; and (3) Hexazinone: the herbicide hexazinone at 1.12 kg active ingredient/ha was annually sprayed in the first two growing seasons over the rows of unshielded seedlings. The longleaf seedlings were planted in February 1993. After three growing seasons, seedlings on the mulch and hexazinone treatments were taller than those on the check plots. About 59% of the mulched and hexazinone treated seedlings had grown out of the grass stage (at least 12 cm tall) compared to 17% of the check seedlings. After five growing seasons, the percentage of longleaf pine seedlings out of the grass stage was similar on all treatments and averaged 87%. However, these better growing pines were taller on the mulch and hexazinone treatments (a 142-cm average) than on the checks (78 cm). Pine straw was an ineffective mulch probably because the straw smothered the seedlings. The longleaf saplings were tallest when the perforated polyethylene mat was used. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Asheville, NC 28802 USA. RP Haywood, JD (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Asheville, NC 28802 USA. NR 28 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4286 J9 NEW FOREST JI New For. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 19 IS 3 BP 279 EP 290 DI 10.1023/A:1006673509218 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 307RA UT WOS:000086665700005 ER PT J AU Foster, GS Stelzer, HE McRae, JB AF Foster, GS Stelzer, HE McRae, JB TI Loblolly pine cutting morphological traits: Effects on rooting and field performance SO NEW FORESTS LA English DT Article DE rooted cuttings; vegetative propagation; Pinus taeda; clonal forestry ID PLUM HARDWOOD CUTTINGS; STEM CUTTINGS; HEIGHT GROWTH; SELECTION; DIAMETER; ABILITY AB Shoot cuttings were harvested from four-year-old, loblolly pine hedges in March and September of 1987, and placed into a series of factorial combinations of cutting length, diameter class, and the presence/absence of a terminal bud to assess effects on rooting and field performance. Average rooting in the March trial was 50 percent and only 20 percent for the September trial; however, the best treatment in March yielded 100 percent rooting. Terminal bud status did not appear to influence percent rooting. Shorter cuttings (5.1 or 7.6 cm) with an average diameter of 2 or 3 mm tended to root better and develop more roots. Field performance of the rooted cuttings through age five suggests that the original cutting does not require a terminal bud, but the best set of morphological traits differ depending on bud status. Considering both rooting ability and field growth with an original tip bud present, the best cutting dimensions were 5.1 or 7.6 cm long and 2 or 3 mm in diameter. Without a tip bud present, cutting dimensions were restricted to 7.6 or 10.2 cm long and 3 mm in diameter. Number of main roots was a weak predictor of tree height or dbh at age five. C1 Alabama A&M Univ, USDA, Forest Serv, So Inst Forest Genet, Normal, AL 35762 USA. Int Forest Co, Odenville, AL 35120 USA. RP Foster, GS (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, POB 2680, Asheville, NC 28802 USA. NR 35 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4286 J9 NEW FOREST JI New For. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 19 IS 3 BP 291 EP 306 DI 10.1023/A:1006691808772 PG 16 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 307RA UT WOS:000086665700006 ER PT J AU Mosier, AR Zhu, ZL AF Mosier, AR Zhu, ZL TI Changes in patterns of fertilizer nitrogen use in Asia and its consequences for N2O emissions from agricultural systems SO NUTRIENT CYCLING IN AGROECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE N-fertilizer; nitrous oxide; climate change ID AUTOMATED CHAMBER MEASUREMENTS; FLOODED RICE SOIL; OXIDE EMISSIONS; METHANE; FLUX AB In most soils, formation and emissions of N2O to the atmosphere are enhanced by an increase in available mineral nitrogen (N) through increased rates of nitrification and denitrification. Therefore, addition of N, whether in the form of organic or inorganic compounds eventually leads to enhanced N2O emissions. Global N2O emissions from agricultural systems have previously been related primarily to fertilizer N input from synthetic sources. Little attention has been paid to N input from other N sources or to the N2O produced from N that has moved through agricultural systems. In a new methodology used to estimate N2O emissions on the country or regional scale, that is briefly described in this paper, the anthropogenic N input data used include synthetic fertilizer, animal waste (feces and urine) used as fertilizer, N derived from enhanced biological N-fixation through N-2 fixing crops and crop residue returned to the field. Using FAO database information which includes data on synthetic fertilizer consumption, live animal production and crop production and estimates of N input from recycling of animal and crop N, estimates of total N into Asian agricultural systems and resulting N2O emissions are described over the time period 1961 through 1994. During this time the quantity and relative amounts of different types of materials applied to agricultural soils in Asia as nitrogen (N) fertilizer have changed dramatically. In 1961, using the earliest entry from the FAO database, of the approximately 15.7 Tg of fertilizer N applied to agricultural fields 2.1 Tg N (13.5% of total N applied) was from synthetic sources, approximately 6.9 Tg N from animal wastes, 1.7 Tg N from biological N-fixation, and another 5 Tg N from reutilization of crop residue. In 1994, 40.2 Tg from synthetic fertilizer N (57.8% of total), 14.2 Tg from animal wastes, 2.5 Tg from biological N-fixation and 12.6 Tg from crop residue totalling 69.5 Tg N were utilized within agricultural soils in all Asian countries. The increases in N utilization have increased the emission of nitrous oxide from agricultural systems. Estimated N2O from agricultural systems in Asia increased from about 0.8 Tg N2O-N in 1961 to about 2.1 in 1994. The period of time when increases in N input and resulting N2O emissions were greatest was during 1970-1990. This evaluation of N input into Asian agricultural systems and the resulting N2O emissions demonstrates the large change in global agriculture that has occurred in recent decades. Because of the increased need for food production increases in N input are likely. Although the rate of increase of N input and N2O emissions during the 1990s appears to have declined, we ask if this slowed rate of increase is a general long term trend or if global food production pressures will tend to accelerate N input demand and resulting N2O emissions as we move into the 21st century. C1 ARS, USDA, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Soil Sci, Lab Mat Cycling Pedosphere, Nanjing, Peoples R China. RP Mosier, AR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. EM amosier@lamar.colostate.edu NR 26 TC 16 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 19 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1385-1314 J9 NUTR CYCL AGROECOSYS JI Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 57 IS 1 BP 107 EP 117 DI 10.1023/A:1009716505244 PG 11 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 324BH UT WOS:000087601400011 ER PT J AU Hoffmann, WA Bazzaz, FA Chatterton, NJ Harrison, PA Jackson, RB AF Hoffmann, WA Bazzaz, FA Chatterton, NJ Harrison, PA Jackson, RB TI Elevated CO2 enhances resprouting of a tropical savanna tree SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE savanna; cerrado; fire; elevated CO2; carbohydrate ID GROWTH-RESPONSE; CARBON-DIOXIDE; RESPIRATION; REGROWTH; PLANTS; FIRE; C-4; TEMPERATURE; DEFOLIATION; ENRICHMENT AB The savannas (cerrado) of south-central Brazil are currently,subjected to frequent anthropogenic burning, causing widespread reduction in tree density. Increasing concentrations of atmospheric CO2 could reduce the impact of such frequent burning by increasing the availability of nonstructural carbohydrate, which is necessary for resprouting. We tested the hypotheses that elevated CO2 stimulates resprouting and accelerates replenishment of carbohydrate reserves. Using a factorial experiment, seedlings of a common Brazilian savanna tree, Keilmeyera,ern coriacea, were grown at 350 ppm and 700 ppm CO2 and at two nutrient levels. To simulate burning, the plants were either clipped at 15 weeks or were left unclipped. Among unclipped plants, CO2 and nutrients both stimulated growth, with no significant interaction between nutrient and CO2 effects. Among clipped plants, both CO2 and nutrients stimulated resprouting. However, there was a strong interaction between CO2 and nutrient effects, with CO2 having a significant effect only in the presence of high nutrient availability. Under elevated CO2, carbohydrate reserves remained at higher levels following clipping. Root total nonstructural carbohydrate remained above 36% in all treatments, so carbohydrate reserves did not limit regrowth. These results indicate that under elevated CO2 this species may be better able to endure the high frequency of anthropogenic burning in the Brazilian savannas. C1 Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Duke Univ, Dept Bot, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Harvard Univ, Dept Organism & Evolutionary Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Hoffmann, WA (reprint author), Univ Brasilia, Dept Bot, Caixa Postal 04457, BR-70919970 Brasilia, DF, Brazil. EM hoffmann@unb.br RI Hoffmann, William/E-8894-2010 OI Hoffmann, William/0000-0002-1926-823X NR 30 TC 42 Z9 46 U1 5 U2 20 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD MAY PY 2000 VL 123 IS 3 BP 312 EP 317 DI 10.1007/s004420051017 PG 6 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 328ZX UT WOS:000087882600002 PM 28308585 ER PT J AU Butte, NF Hopkinson, JM Wong, WW Smith, EO Ellis, KJ AF Butte, NF Hopkinson, JM Wong, WW Smith, EO Ellis, KJ TI Body composition during the first 2 years of life: An updated reference SO PEDIATRIC RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY; BONE-MINERAL CONTENT; INFANTS; WATER; DEUTERIUM; CHILDREN; CALCIUM; PLASMA; SALIVA; URINE AB Normative body composition during the first 2 y of life was derived from a prospective study of 76 children. We present I) fat free mass (FFM) and its components, and fat mass (FM), 2) incremental growth rates partitioned into chemical components, and 3) age-specific and gender-specific constants for converting chemical and physical components into FFM for children during the first 2 y of life. A multicomponent model based on measurements of total body water (TBW), total body potassium (TBK) and bone mineral content (BMC) was used to estimate FFM and FM at 0.5, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 mo of age, TBW was determined by deuterium dilution, TBK by whole body counting, and BMC by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. FFM was higher in boys than girls between 0.5-18 mo of age (p less than or equal to 0.05). Percent FM increased on average from 13 to 31% between 0.5 and 3-6 mo, and then gradually declined. Percent FM was significantly higher in girls than in boys at 6 and 9 mo of age (p less than or equal to 0.02). The components of FFM on a percentage basis changed with age (p = 0.001), but not gender. The protein content of FFM increased gradually with age, while TBW declined (p = 0.001). As a percentage of FFM, osseous mineral increased from 2.0 to 3.4% in boys and from 2.1 to 3.3% in girls between 0.5 and 24 mo (p = 0.001). Density and potassium content of FFM increased gradually with age (p = 0.001). These normative body composition data provide an updated reference upon which to assess normal growth and nutritional status of pediatric populations representative of mixed feeding groups during the first 2 y of life. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Butte, NF (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Dept Pediat, 1100 Bates, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 20 TC 183 Z9 186 U1 2 U2 15 PU INT PEDIATRIC RESEARCH FOUNDATION, INC PI BALTIMORE PA 351 W CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 USA SN 0031-3998 J9 PEDIATR RES JI Pediatr. Res. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 47 IS 5 BP 578 EP 585 DI 10.1203/00006450-200005000-00004 PG 8 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 310CA UT WOS:000086807900004 PM 10813580 ER PT J AU Suttle, JC Banowetz, GM AF Suttle, JC Banowetz, GM TI Changes in cis-zeatin and cis-zeatin riboside levels and biological activity during potato tuber dormancy SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article ID MICROTUBER DORMANCY; POSTHARVEST CHANGES; SOLANUM-TUBEROSUM; SEASONAL PATTERN; BUD DORMANCY; CYTOKININS; PLANT; IDENTIFICATION; PHYSIOLOGY; ETHYLENE AB The effects of postharvest storage duration and temperature on endogenous cis-zeatin (cis-Z) and cis-zeatin riboside (cis-ZR) levels in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.,) tubers were determined in relation to tuber bud dormancy. The tubers used in these studies were completely dormant for at least 81 days of storage. Thereafter, tuber bud dormancy diminished gradually and after 165 days of postharvest storage, the tubers were completely non-dormant. Immediately after harvest, endogenous levels of cis-Z and cis-ZR were approximately 25 pmol (g fresh weight)(-1) and 8 pmol (g fresh weight)(-1), respectively. In tubers exiting dormancy but stored at a growth-inhibiting temperature (3 degrees C), endogenous levels of cis-Z rose over threefold after 25 days of storage and remained elevated for the duration of the study. Levels of cis-ZR remained essentially constant during this same period. In tubers transferred to a growth permissive temperature (20 degrees C) prior to use, the rise in endogenous cis-Z was less dramatic and more protracted; increasing twofold after 53 days of storage, No change in cis-Z riboside content was observed in these tubers during this period. Dose-response studies using either cis-Z or Ir trans-Z demonstrated a time-dependent increase in cytokinin sensitivity during postharvest storage. Immediately after harvest, dormant tubers were insensitive to both zeatin isomers, Thereafter, tubers exhibited a dose-dependent increase in premature sprouting following injection with either cytokinin isomer, After injection into dormant tubers, cis-[8-C-14]-zeatin was metabolized primarily to adenine/adenosine and cis-Z riboside, Seven days after injection, less than 10% of the recovered radioactivity was associated with trans-ZR. These results are consistent with a role for endogenous cis-Z (and its derivatives) in the regulation of potato tuber dormancy. C1 ARS, USDA, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. ARS, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Suttle, JC (reprint author), ARS, USDA, No Crop Sci Lab, POB 5677,State Univ Stn, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 31 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 5 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 109 IS 1 BP 68 EP 74 DI 10.1034/j.1399-3054.2000.100110.x PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 318HE UT WOS:000087277200010 ER PT J AU Denbow, DM Meade, S Robertson, A McMurtry, JP Richards, M Ashwell, C AF Denbow, DM Meade, S Robertson, A McMurtry, JP Richards, M Ashwell, C TI Leptin-induced decrease in food intake in chickens SO PHYSIOLOGY & BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article DE leptin; food intake; water intake; chickens ID OBESE GENE-PRODUCT; NEUROPEPTIDE-Y; DOMESTIC-FOWL; MICE; EXPRESSION; INJECTION; INSULIN; BRAIN; RATS AB The effect of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of leptin was investigated using broiler and Single Comb White Leghorn (SCWL)-type chickens. These represent relatively fast- and slow-growing birds, respectively. The i.c.v. injection of leptin decreased food intake in both broilers and Leghorns in a dose-dependent manner. The most efficacious dose appeared to be 10 mu g in both types of chickens. Water intake was generally not affected by leptin, indicating that this effect was not due to general malaise. It appears that leptin can act within the central nervous sytstem of birds to decrease food intake. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Anim & Poultry Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. USDA ARS, Growth Biol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Denbow, DM (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Anim & Poultry Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NR 27 TC 87 Z9 94 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0031-9384 J9 PHYSIOL BEHAV JI Physiol. Behav. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 69 IS 3 BP 359 EP 362 DI 10.1016/S0031-9384(99)00258-9 PG 4 WC Psychology, Biological; Behavioral Sciences SC Psychology; Behavioral Sciences GA 327ZC UT WOS:000087823500017 PM 10869603 ER PT J AU Canel, C Moraes, RM Dayan, FE Ferreira, D AF Canel, C Moraes, RM Dayan, FE Ferreira, D TI Podophyllotoxin SO PHYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE podophyllotoxin; aryltetralin lignan; Podophyllum peltatum; P. emodi; Berberidaceae; antineoplastic drugs; etoposide; etopophos; teniposide; tubulin; topoisomerase ID DIELS-ALDER REACTION; ETOPOSIDE; (-)-PODOPHYLLOTOXIN; SKELETON; LIGNANS; ROUTE AB Podophyllin, an ethanolic extract of Podophyllum peltatum L. or P. emodi Wall (syn. P. hexandnum Royle), is a good source of the aryltetralin-type lignan, podophyllotoxin. The latter compound, as well as its congeners and derivatives exhibit pronounced biological activity mainly as strong antiviral agents and as antineoplastic drugs. The podophyllotoxin derivatives etoposide, etopophos (etoposide phosphate), and teniposide are thus successfully utilized in the treatment of a variety of malignant conditions. Continued research on the Podophyllum lignans is currently focused on structure optimization to generate derivatives with superior pharmacological profiles and broader therapeutic scope, and the development of alternative and renewable sources of podophyllotoxin. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Mississippi, Sch Pharm, NCNPR, University, MS 38677 USA. Univ Mississippi, USDA, ARS, NPURU,Nat Ctr Nat Prod Res, University, MS 38677 USA. RP Ferreira, D (reprint author), Univ Mississippi, Sch Pharm, NCNPR, University, MS 38677 USA. RI Dayan, Franck/A-7592-2009 OI Dayan, Franck/0000-0001-6964-2499 NR 20 TC 212 Z9 222 U1 4 U2 43 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0031-9422 J9 PHYTOCHEMISTRY JI Phytochemistry PD MAY PY 2000 VL 54 IS 2 BP 115 EP 120 DI 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00094-7 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 319UQ UT WOS:000087361200001 PM 10872202 ER PT J AU Bristow, PR Martin, RR Windom, GE AF Bristow, PR Martin, RR Windom, GE TI Transmission, field spread, cultivar response, and impact on yield in highbush blueberry infected with Blueberry scorch virus SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE carlavirus; cultivar reaction; pollen germination; tolerance; vector ID CARLAVIRUS AB Scorch disease caused by Blueberry scorch virus (BlSV) spreads rapidly and radially from foci of infection. Healthy potted blueberry plants became infected when placed next to diseased field bushes from early May through mid-August. The aphid Fimbriaphis fimbriata, collected from infected field bushes, transmitted BlSV to healthy blueberry plants in controlled tests and was regarded as the most important means by which bushes in commercial fields became infected. The rate of spread in the symptomless cv. Stanley appears to be the same as the rate of spread in the cv. Pemberton, which exhibits blight and dieback. Most field bushes showed symptoms during the year following inoculation, but a few did not show symptoms until the second or third year. Many (30 out of 59) cultivars and selections infected with BlSV exhibited severe blighting of flowers and young leaves and dieback of twigs. Three cultivars showed only chlorosis of leaf margins. The virus was also detected in numerous cultivars (26 out of 59) that exhibited no symptoms, and they were considered tolerant of BlSV. The virus had no effect on germination of pollen from several cultivars. BlSV reduced yield in 'Pemberton', with the loss being related to the number of years bushes displayed symptoms. Yield was reduced by more than 85% in the third year of symptom expression. The virus did not significantly reduce the yield of six tolerant cultivars that were infected with the virus but displayed no symptoms. C1 Washington State Univ, Puyallup Res & Extens Ctr, Puyallup, WA 98371 USA. USDA ARS, NW Ctr Small Fruit Res, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RP Bristow, PR (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Puyallup Res & Extens Ctr, 7612 Pioneer Way E, Puyallup, WA 98371 USA. NR 18 TC 27 Z9 32 U1 3 U2 9 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD MAY PY 2000 VL 90 IS 5 BP 474 EP 479 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2000.90.5.474 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 308FE UT WOS:000086699200005 PM 18944552 ER PT J AU Dunkle, LD Levy, M AF Dunkle, LD Levy, M TI Genetic relatedness of African and United States populations of Cercospora zeae-maydis SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE population genetics ID GRAY LEAF-SPOT; DISEASE; MAIZE; CORN AB Two taxonomically identical but genetically distinct sibling species, designated groups I and II, of Cercospora zeae-maydis cause gray leaf spot of maize in the United States. Isolates of the gray leaf spot pathogen from Africa were compared with isolates from the United States by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis and restriction digests of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions and 5.8S ribosomal DNA (rDNA), as well as by morphological and cultural characteristics. The isolates from Africa were morphologically indistinguishable from the U.S. isolates in both groups, but like isolates of group II, they grew more slowly and failed to produce detectable amounts of cercosporin in culture. Analysis of restriction fragments from the ITS and rDNA regions digested with five endonucleases indicated that all of the African isolates shared the profile of the C. zeae-maydis group II population from the eastern United States and, thus, are distinct from the group I population, which is more prevalent in the United States and other parts of the world. Cluster analysis of 85 AFLP loci confirmed that the African and U.S. group II populations were conspecific (greater than 97% average similarity) with limited variability. Among all group II isolates, only 8 of 57 AFLP loci were polymorphic, and none was specific to either population. Thus, although gray leaf spot was reported in the United States several decades prior to the first record in Africa, the relative age of the two populations on their respective continents could not be ascertained with confidence. The absence of C. zeae-maydis group I in our samples from four countries in the major maize-producing region of Africa as well as the greater AFLP haplotype diversity found in the African group II population, however, suggest that Africa was the source of C. zeae-maydis group II in the United States. The overall paucity of AFLP variation in this sibling species further suggests that its origin is recent or that the ancestral population experienced a severe bottleneck prior to secondary migration. C1 Purdue Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, USDA, Agr Res Serv, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Biol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Dunkle, LD (reprint author), Purdue Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, USDA, Agr Res Serv, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 19 TC 31 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD MAY PY 2000 VL 90 IS 5 BP 486 EP 490 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2000.90.5.486 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 308FE UT WOS:000086699200007 PM 18944554 ER PT J AU Li, SX Tam, YK Hartman, GL AF Li, SX Tam, YK Hartman, GL TI Molecular differentiation of Fusarium solani f. sp glycines from other F-solani based on mitochondrial small subunit rDNA sequences SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SUDDEN-DEATH-SYNDROME; UNITED-STATES; PCR PRIMERS; DNA; IDENTIFICATION; OXYSPORUM; NUCLEAR; STRAINS; DISEASE; POLYMORPHISM AB Fusarium solani is a soilborne plant pathogen that infects many different hosts. Within the species, there is some specialization, and a number of forma specialis have been described based on host affiliation. One of these, F. solani f. sp. glycines, infects soybean and causes sudden death syndrome. To differentiate between F. solani f. sp. glycines and other F. solani isolates, a partial sequence of the mitochondrial small subunit (mtSSU) rRNA gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and sequenced from 14 F. solani f. sp. glycines and 24 F. solani isolates from various plant hosts. All F. solani f. sp. glycines isolates had identical sequences. A single, unique insertion of cytosine occurred in all F. solani isolates but not in any of the F. solani f. sp. glycines isolates. Two major lineages, distinguished by sequence divergence and the presence or absence of multiple insertions, occurred in F. solani isolates. Cladistic analysis produced a single most-parsimonious tree with three major clades. The first clade contained all F. solani f. sp. glycines isolates. A second clade grouped together all of the F. solani isolates that had only a single nucleotide insertion difference from the first clade. Genetic distance between these two clades was 0.016. A third clade was formed by five F. solani isolates that had multiple insertions. Isolates in the third clade had a genetic distance of 0.040 from the first and second clades. Based on the sequence data, it is likely that F. solani f. sp. glycines has a shorter evolutionary history than other F. solani isolates that have either single or multiple nucleotide insertions. The differences in nucleotide insertions in part of the mtSSU rRNA gene between F. solani f. sp. glycines and other F. solani isolates provide a direct and reliable way to distinguish isolates off solani. C1 Univ Illinois, Natl Soybean Res Ctr, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Bronx, NY 10461 USA. ARS, USDA, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Hartman, GL (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Natl Soybean Res Ctr, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 38 TC 29 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD MAY PY 2000 VL 90 IS 5 BP 491 EP 497 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2000.90.5.491 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 308FE UT WOS:000086699200008 PM 18944555 ER PT J AU Klassen, MA Keyser, JD Loendorf, LL AF Klassen, MA Keyser, JD Loendorf, LL TI Bird rattle's petroglyphs at writing-on-stone: Continuity in the Biographic rock art tradition SO PLAINS ANTHROPOLOGIST LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting of the Plains-Anthropological-Society CY 1998 CL BISMARCK, ND SP Plains Anthropol Soc DE rock art; Writing-On-Stone; Blackfeet; biographic art; petroglyphs AB Writing-On-Stone is well-known for its Plains Biographic rock art, characterized by distinctive motifs and narrative compositions. Biographic rock art flourished from the Late Prehistoric period throughout the nineteenth century. Although related images were drawn on hides and paper well into the twentieth century, it was unclear whether Biographic rock art also persisted this late. The recent discovery of photographs and narrative of a 1924 trip by Poland Willcomb and Piegan elder Bird Rattle demonstrates that a well-known historic petroglyph at Writing-On-Stone was carved by this Plains warrior as part of the Biographic rock art tradition. Aside from showing a continuity of Biographic rock art well into the twentieth century the positive attribution of these glyphs to an Indian artist supports the use of stylistic criteria to identify rock art ethnicity. Finally, the photographs and notes that Willcomb took on this trip provide significant insight into the sacred nature of Writing-On-Stone. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Portland, OR 97208 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Dept Sociol & Anthropol, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Klassen, MA (reprint author), 2812 Yukon St 1,POB 3623, Vancouver, BC V5Y 3R2, Canada. NR 27 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU PLAINS ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOC PI LINCOLN PA 3201 SOUTH STREET, PO BOX 152, LINCOLN, NE 68506-3266 USA SN 0032-0447 J9 PLAINS ANTHROPOL JI Plains Anthropol. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 45 IS 172 BP 189 EP 201 PG 13 WC Anthropology SC Anthropology GA 320YJ UT WOS:000087418200005 ER PT J AU Vadez, V Sinclair, TR Serraj, R Purcell, LC AF Vadez, V Sinclair, TR Serraj, R Purcell, LC TI Manganese application alleviates the water deficit-induced decline of N-2 fixation SO PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE manganese; nitrogen fixation; soybean; ureide degradation; water deficit ID NITROGENASE ACTIVITY; SOYBEAN PLANTS; WHITE CLOVER; DROUGHT; SOIL; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; TRANSPIRATION; ACCUMULATION; DEGRADATION; ALLANTOATE AB Water deficit is a very serious constraint on N-2 fixation rates and grain yield of soybean (Glycine max Merr,), Ureides are transported from the nodules and they accumulate in the leaves during soil drying. This accumulation appears responsible for a feedback mechanism on nitrogen fixation, and it is hypothesized to result from a decreased ureide degradation in the leaf. One enzyme involved in the ureide degradation, allantoate amidohydrolase, is manganese (Mn) dependent. As Mn deficiency can occur in soils where soybean is grown, this deficiency may aggravate soybean sensitivity to water deficit. In situ ureide breakdown was measured by incubating soybean leaves in a 5 mol m(-3) allantoic acid solution for 9 h before sampling leaf discs in which remnant ureide was measured over time, In situ ureide breakdown was dramatically decreased in leaves from plants grown without Mn. At the plant level, allantoic acid application in the nutrient solution of hydroponically grown soybean resulted in a higher accumulation of ureide in leaves and lower acetylene reduction activity (ARA) by plants grown with 0 mol m(-3) Mn than those grown with 6.6 mol m(-3) Mn. Those plants grown with 6.6 mol m(-3) Mn in comparison with those grown with 52.8 mol m(-3) Mn had, in turn, higher accumulated ureide and lower ARA, To determine if Mn level also influenced N-2 fixation sensitivity to water deficit, a dry-down experiment was carried out by slowly dehydrating plants that were grown in soil under four different Mn nutritions. Plants receiving no Mn had the lowest leaf Mn concentration, 11.9 mg kg(-1), and had N-2 fixation more sensitive to water deficit than plants treated with Mn in which leaf Mn concentration was in the range of 21-33 mg kg(-1). The highest Mn treatments increased leaf Mn concentration to 37.5 mg kg(-1) and above but did not delay the decline of ARA with soil drying, although these plants showed a significant increase in ARA under well-watered conditions. C1 Univ Florida, USDA ARS, Dept Agron, Agron Physiol Lab, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Fac Sci Semlalia, Dept Biol, Lab Physiol Vegetale, Marrakech, Morocco. Univ Arkansas, Altheimer Lab, Dept Crop Soil & Environm Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72703 USA. RP Sinclair, TR (reprint author), Univ Florida, USDA ARS, Dept Agron, Agron Physiol Lab, IFAS Bldg 350,POB 110965, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RI Vadez, Vincent/C-5310-2014 OI Vadez, Vincent/0000-0003-2014-0281 NR 32 TC 25 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0140-7791 J9 PLANT CELL ENVIRON JI Plant Cell Environ. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 23 IS 5 BP 497 EP 505 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3040.2000.00562.x PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 317ZL UT WOS:000087258300006 ER PT J AU Rajasekaran, K Hudspeth, RL Cary, JW Anderson, DM Cleveland, TE AF Rajasekaran, K Hudspeth, RL Cary, JW Anderson, DM Cleveland, TE TI High-frequency stable transformation of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) by particle bombardment of embryogenic cell suspension cultures SO PLANT CELL REPORTS LA English DT Article DE biolistic transformation; cotton; embryogenic cell suspension; Gossypium hirsutum; stable expression ID GENETIC-TRANSFORMATION; MICROPROJECTILE BOMBARDMENT; TRANSGENIC COTTON; CALLUS-CULTURES; DNA TRANSFER; MAIZE CELLS; PLANTS; REGENERATION; RESISTANT; SELECTION AB Stable transformation of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) at a high frequency has been obtained by particle bombardment of embryogenic cell suspension cultures. Transient and stable expression of the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) gene was monitored in cell suspension cultures. Transient expression, measured 48 h after bombardment, was abundant, and stable expression was observed in over 4% of the transiently expressing cells. The high efficiency of stable expression is due to the multiple bombardment of rapidly dividing cell suspension cultures and the selection for transformed cells by gradually increasing the concentrations of the antibiotic Geneticin (G418). Southern analysis indicated a minimum transgene copy number of one to four in randomly selected plants. Fertile plants were obtained from transformed cell cultures less than 3 months old. However, transgenic and control plants from cell cultures older than 6 months produced plants with abnormal morphology and a high degree of sterility. C1 ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. Phytogen, Corcoran, CA 93212 USA. RP Rajasekaran, K (reprint author), ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 36 TC 36 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0721-7714 J9 PLANT CELL REP JI Plant Cell Reports PD MAY PY 2000 VL 19 IS 6 BP 539 EP 545 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 322RF UT WOS:000087522000001 ER PT J AU Chen, CC Chen, YK Hsu, HT AF Chen, CC Chen, YK Hsu, HT TI Characterization of a virus infecting lisianthus SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE electron microscopy; ELISA; immunogold labeling; ultrastructure ID TOMATO AB A virus was isolated in Taiwan from imported lisianthus (Eustoma russellianum) plants bearing viruslike symptoms and was biologically, physically, and serologically characterized. Purified virions are isometric and measure 32 to 33 nm in diameter. The virus from Taiwan is morphologically similar to and serologically related to Lisianthus necrosis necrovirus (LNV) reported in Japan. This lisianthus virus does not have the same host range chat was reported for LNV from Japan, but inoculation studies show that it is a strain of LNV. C1 USDA, Floral & Nursery Plants Res Unit, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Taichung Dist Agr Improvement Stn, Dept Plant Protect, Changhua 515, Taiwan. Natl Chung Hsing Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Taichung 402, Taiwan. RP Hsu, HT (reprint author), USDA, Floral & Nursery Plants Res Unit, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 21 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 84 IS 5 BP 506 EP 509 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.5.506 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 304YQ UT WOS:000086512600002 ER PT J AU Gillaspie, AG Pittman, RN Pinnow, DL Cassidy, BG AF Gillaspie, AG Pittman, RN Pinnow, DL Cassidy, BG TI Sensitive method for testing peanut seed lots for Peanut stripe and Peanut mottle viruses by immunocapture-reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID PATHOGENS; PLATE AB An immunocapture-reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (IC-RT-PCR) method was developed for testing peanut (Arachis hypogaea) seed lots for infection by Peanut stripe virus (PStV) and Peanut mottle virus (PeMV). A small slice was removed from each seed distal to the radicle of a random 100-seed sample, the slices were extracted in buffer and centrifuged, and a portion of the supernatant was incubated in a tube that had been coated with antiserum to either PStV or PeMV. Following immunocapture of the virus, the tube was washed, the RT-PCR mix (with primers designed from conserved sequences within the capsid region of each virus) was placed in the same tubes, and the test completed. Results obtained on 15 previously untested seed lots from the collection indicated good correlation between virus detected by the IC-RT-PCR method and virus detected from the same seed lots by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The IC-RT-PCR method detected three lots infected with PeMV and none with PStV from 106 seed lots grown in Ecuador (results confirmed by ELISA). The IC-RT-PCR method is more sensitive than ELISA (currently used on samples consisting of five seeds), is useful for testing large numbers of seed lots of peanut germ plasm, and could be adapted to test other plants and detect other viruses. C1 ARS, USDA, Plant Genet Resources Conservat Unit, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. Samuel Roberts Noble Fdn Inc, Ardmore, OK 73402 USA. RP Gillaspie, AG (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Plant Genet Resources Conservat Unit, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. NR 15 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 84 IS 5 BP 559 EP 561 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.5.559 PG 3 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 304YQ UT WOS:000086512600013 ER PT J AU Chong, J Leonard, KJ Salmeron, JJ AF Chong, J Leonard, KJ Salmeron, JJ TI A North American system of nomenclature for Puccinia coronata f. sp avenae SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID SP TRITICI; VIRULENCE; CANADA; RESISTANCE AB A nomenclature system for designating virulence phenotypes of Puccinia coronata f, sp. avenae, the causal agent of oat crown rust, is proposed. Sixteen single gene oat (Avena sativa) lines, with seedling resistance genes Pc38, 39, 40, 45, 45, 48, 50, 51, 52, 54, 56 58, 59, 62, 64, and 68, are the primary differentials. The host lines are arranged into groups of four (subset 1 = Pc40, 45, 46, 50; subset 2 = Pc38, 39, 48, 68; subset 3 - Pc51, 52, 58, 59; subset 4 = Pc54, 56, 62, 64). Avirulence and virulence of Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae isolates on each line are indicated by law and high infection types, respectively. A letter from the 16 consonants B through T is assigned to each of the 16 possible combinations of low and high infection types on the four differentials of each subset. Designations for P. coronata f. sp. avenae virulence phenotypes are indicated by a four-letter code for the virulence combinations on all four subsets, one letter fbr each subset. Local differential series are separated from the four-letter code by a dash, followed by an additional letter code describing the virulence combinations of the isolates on the local supplemental differentials. When fewer than four differentials are used in the supplemental series, virulence combination on these differentials for each isolate is described by a listing of the Pc gene(s) to which the isolate was virulent, following the four-letter code and a dash. This nomenclature system for P coronata f. sp, avenae is similar to the nomenclature system in use for P. graminis f. sp. tritici and P. triticina. C1 Agr & Agri Food Canada, Cereal Res Ctr, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9, Canada. Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Cereal Dis Lab, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. INIFAP Campo Expt Sierra Chihuahua, Cd Cuauhtemoc 31500, Chih, Mexico. RP Chong, J (reprint author), Agr & Agri Food Canada, Cereal Res Ctr, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9, Canada. NR 38 TC 49 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 84 IS 5 BP 580 EP 585 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.5.580 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 304YQ UT WOS:000086512600017 ER PT J AU Bassett, CL Nickerson, ML Cohen, RA Rajeevan, MS AF Bassett, CL Nickerson, ML Cohen, RA Rajeevan, MS TI Alternative transcript initiation and novel post-transcriptional processing of a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase gene that responds to short-day photoperiodic floral induction in morning glory (Ipomoea nil) SO PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cryptic intron; flowering; Ipomoea; multiple transcripts; RNA processing; signal transduction ID MESSENGER-RNA ACCUMULATION; FLOWERING-TIME; PHARBITIS-NIL; ABSCISIC-ACID; ARABIDOPSIS; ENCODES; PLANTS; MAIZE; TRANSLATION; ELEMENTS AB A gene (inrpk1) encoding a putative receptor-like protein kinase was isolated from the Japanese morning glory, Ipomoea (Pharbitis) nil Roth. cv. Violet. The receptor-like portion of the largest derived polypeptide contains 26 direct leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) in a single block, and the catalytic portion has all the conserved amino acid residues characteristic of Ser/Thr protein kinases. RNA blot analysis detected multiple transcripts in cotyledons. The largest (4.4 kb) transcript encodes the predicted full length polypeptide (INRPK1), whereas a 1.6 kb transcript apparently originates from a secondary transcription initiation site within the gene and potentially encodes a protein kinase identical to INRPK1, but lacking most of the LRRs. Two transcripts (ca. 2.7 and 2.6 kb) are created by alternative 3'-splicing of a large (ca. 1.4-1.5 kb) cryptic intron in the LRR region, creating one transcript (2.6 kb) potentially encoding a small, secretable polypeptide. The larger transcript encoding a polypeptide identical to INRPK1, but lacking 21 LRRs, predominates in vegetative roots. Competitive PCR indicates that inrpk1 mRNA increases 20-fold in cotyledons in response to a previously given single floral-inducing short-day (SD). No differences of this magnitude were detected in any other organs examined from plants similarly treated. This pattern of expression and differential processing suggests a role for inrpk1 in some aspect of SD photoperiodic-induced flowering in morning glory. C1 ARS, USDA, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NCI, Immunobiol Lab, Frederick Canc Res & Dev Ctr, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. Primedica Inc, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Ctr Dis Control, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Bassett, CL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, 45 Wiltshire Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 64 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4412 J9 PLANT MOL BIOL JI Plant Mol.Biol. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 43 IS 1 BP 43 EP 58 DI 10.1023/A:1006408011873 PG 16 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 332QQ UT WOS:000088085300005 PM 10949373 ER PT J AU Toroser, D Plaut, Z Huber, SC AF Toroser, D Plaut, Z Huber, SC TI Regulation of a plant SNF1-related protein kinase by glucose-6-phosphate SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SUCROSE-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE; INORGANIC-PHOSPHATE; NITRATE REDUCTASE; SPINACH LEAVES; PHOSPHORYLATION; IDENTIFICATION; PURIFICATION; INACTIVATION; INHIBITION; MECHANISM AB One of the major protein kinases (PKIII) that phosphorylates serine-158 of spinach sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS), which is responsible for light/dark modulation of activity, is known to be a member of the SNF1 related family of protein kinases. In the present study, we have developed a fluorescence-based continuous assay for measurement of PKIII activity. Using the continuous assay, along with the fixed-time-point P-32 incorporation assay, we demonstrate that PKIII activity is inhibited by glucose-6-phosphate (Glc-6-P). Relative inhibition by Glc-6-P was increased by decreasing pH from 8.5 to 5.5 and by reducing the concentration of Mg2+ in the assay from 10 to 2 mM. Under likely physiological conditions (pH 7.0 and 2 mM Mg2+), 10 mM Glc-6-P inhibited kinase activity approximately 70%. Inhibition by Glc-6-P could not be ascribed to contaminants in the commercial preparations. Other metabolites inhibited PKIII in the following order: Glc-6-P > mannose-6-P, fructose-1,6P(2) > ribose-5-P, 5-PGA, fructose-6-P. Inorganic phosphate, Glc, and AMP were not inhibitory, and free Glc did not reverse the inhibition by Glc-6-P. Because SNF1-related protein kinases are thought to function broadly in the regulation of enzyme activity and gene expression, Glc-6-P inhibition of PKIII activity potentially provides a mechanism for metabolic regulation of the reactions catalyzed by these important protein kinases. C1 N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Bot, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Huber, SC (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 23 TC 70 Z9 72 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 123 IS 1 BP 403 EP 411 DI 10.1104/pp.123.1.403 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 314FV UT WOS:000087046500038 PM 10806257 ER PT J AU Bartlett, JG Mageean, DM O'Connor, RJ AF Bartlett, JG Mageean, DM O'Connor, RJ TI Residential expansion as a continental threat to US coastal ecosystems SO POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Review ID SAND DUNE ECOSYSTEM; UNITED-STATES; DESERTIFICATION; TRENDS; TRACKS; PATHS AB Spatially extensive analysis of satellite, climate, and census data reveals human-environment interactions of regional or continental concern in the United States. A grid-based principal components analysis of Bureau of Census variables revealed two independent demographic phenomena, alpha-settlement reflecting traditional human settlement patterns and beta-settlement describing relative population growth correlated with recent construction in non-agricultural areas, notably in coastal, desert, and "recreational" counties and around expanding metropolitan areas. Regression tree analysis showed that beta-settlement was differentially associated with five distinct combinations of seasonality, summer heat or cool, intensity of agriculture, and extent of "barren" land. Beta-settlement was greatest in coastal and desert areas, and coincided with national concentrations of threatened and endangered species. C1 Univ Maine, Orono, ME 04469 USA. RP Bartlett, JG (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, SO Global Change Program, Venture Ctr 2, 920 Main Campus Dr,Suite 300, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. NR 107 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC-HUMAN SCIENCES PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1578 USA SN 0199-0039 J9 POPUL ENVIRON JI Popul. Env. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 21 IS 5 BP 429 EP 468 DI 10.1007/BF02436749 PG 40 WC Demography; Environmental Studies SC Demography; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 329CD UT WOS:000087887800001 ER PT J AU Ju, ZQ Duan, YS Ju, ZG AF Ju, ZQ Duan, YS Ju, ZG TI Mono-, di-, and tri-acylglycerols and phospholipids from plant oils inhibit scald development in 'Delicious' apples SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE plant oil; neutral lipids; phospholipids; alpha-tocopherol; scald; apple ID SUPERFICIAL SCALD; ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; CHILLING INJURY; STORED APPLES; ANTIOXIDANT; FARNESENE; PEEL AB Effects of emulsions of plant oils (soybean, corn, olive, peanut, linseed, and cottonseed) and oil components on scald development in 'Delicious' apples (Malus domestica Borkh) were studied. Prestorage treatments with emulsions of different commercial plant oils reduced scald to the same level after 6 months of cold storage but were not as effective as 2000 mg l(-1) diphenylamine (DPA). Oil components affected scald to different degrees. At emulsion strengths of 6 and 9% (w/v) neutral lipids (mono-, di-, and tri-acylglycerols) or phospholipids inhibited scald to DPA treatment levels, while sl-tocopherol at 0.5-3% (w/v) increased scald development. Scald inhibition between saturated and unsaturated neutral lipids or among different acylated neutral lipids was similar. Plant oils stripped of cr-tocopherol at 6 or 9% controlled scald ( < 4%) to DPA treatment levels when blank control developed 60% scald and about 15-20% of unstripped plant oil-treated fruit developed scald. Fruit treated with emulsions of oil or lipids did not show greasiness and did not develop off flavor after storage. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Eureka Biotechnol Co, Dept R&D, Shandong, Peoples R China. Laiyang Agr Coll, Shandong, Peoples R China. RP Ju, ZG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, 1104 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. NR 19 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 19 IS 1 BP 1 EP 7 DI 10.1016/S0925-5214(00)00081-8 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 309BJ UT WOS:000086747100001 ER PT J AU Ju, ZG Curry, EA AF Ju, ZG Curry, EA TI Evidence that alpha-farnesene biosynthesis during fruit ripening is mediated by ethylene regulated gene expression in apples SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE alpha-farnesene biosynthesis; ethylene; gene expression; apples ID SUPERFICIAL SCALD; ARACHIDONIC-ACID; REDUCTASE GENES; ACCUMULATION AB The effect of ethylene regulation on alpha-farnesene biosynthesis in precrimateric 'Delicious' and 'Granny Smith' apples was studied using an ethylene inducer and inhibitor, alpha-farnesene biosynthesis precursors, and protein transcription and translation inhibitors, alpha-Farnesene was not detectable when internal ethylene concentrations were less than 1 mu l l(-1). Correlations between internal ethylene and alpha-farnesene production fit the exponential growth equation and were significant in 'Delicious' (y = e(0.17); r(2) = 0.68) and 'Granny Smith' (y = e(0.18); r(2) = 0.83). When applied at harvest, aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) at 200 mg l(-1) inhibited both internal ethylene accumulation and alpha-farnesene production, whereas ethephon at 200 mg l(-1) accelerated both. Adding ethephon to AVG-treated fruit after 18 days at 20 degrees C induced internal ethylene accumulation and alpha-farnesene production. Ethephon induced alpha-farnesene production in discs from preclimacteric fruit peel as well as AVG-treated fruit peel, but alpha-farnesene was undetectable when cycloheximide (CHI, 50 mM), actinomycin D (Act D, 50 mM), or silver nitrate (150 mg l(-1)) were added to the ethephon-treated discs. In preclimacteric fruit discs at harvest, with or without AVG treatment, alpha-farnesene biosynthesis was induced by 50 mu M mevalonic acid lactone (MAL) or Farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP), but not by hydroxymethylglutaric acid (HMG). Adding CHI or Act D to these discs did not affect the induction of alpha-farnesene by MAL or FPP. (C) Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Ju, ZG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, 1104 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. NR 22 TC 48 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 19 IS 1 BP 9 EP 16 DI 10.1016/S0925-5214(00)00078-8 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 309BJ UT WOS:000086747100002 ER PT J AU Watkins, CB Nock, JF Whitaker, BD AF Watkins, CB Nock, JF Whitaker, BD TI Responses of early, mid and late season apple cultivars to postharvest application of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) under air and controlled atmosphere storage conditions SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE 1-methylcyclopropene; softening; ethylene; quality; storage ID SUPERFICIAL SCALD; ETHYLENE; FRUIT; PROPYLENE; CORTLAND; OXYGEN; PLANTS; LIFE AB The potential for commercial application of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) to maintain quality of 'McIntosh', 'Empire', 'Delicious' and 'Law Rome' apples under air and controlled atmosphere (CA) storage conditions was investigated. These cultivars represent early, mid and late season apples with ripening rates ranging from fast to slow. 1-MCP gas concentrations used were 0.5, 1 and 2 mu l l(-1), generated from measured amounts of Ethylbloc(TM) powder. Fruit of each cultivar were removed from storage at 6 week intervals during 30 weeks in air, or at 8 week intervals during 32 weeks in CA, and evaluated after 1 and 7 days at 20 degrees C. Effects of 1-MCP were greater in CA than air storage. A dose response of internal ethylene concentrations and flesh firmness to 1-MCP was found in 'McIntosh' and 'Law Rome', but 'Delicious' and 'Empire' ripening was generally prevented by all I-MCP concentrations. 1-MCP reduced superficial scald incidence, and accumulations of alpha-farnesene and conjugated trienols during air storage. The results indicate that the efficacy of 1-MCP is affected by cultivar and storage conditions, and that successful commercial utilization of the chemical will require understanding of these relationships. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Fruit & Vegetable Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. ARS, USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Watkins, CB (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Fruit & Vegetable Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 34 TC 316 Z9 364 U1 0 U2 25 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 19 IS 1 BP 17 EP 32 DI 10.1016/S0925-5214(00)00070-3 PG 16 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 309BJ UT WOS:000086747100003 ER PT J AU El-Ghaouth, A Smilanick, JL Wilson, CL AF El-Ghaouth, A Smilanick, JL Wilson, CL TI Enhancement of the performance of Candida saitoana by the addition of glycolchitosan for the control of postharvest decay of apple and citrus fruit SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE antagonist; apple fruit; gray; blue and green mold; Botrytis cinerea; Candida saitoana; citrus; chitosan; glycolchitosan; imazalil; Penicillium expansum; Penicillium digitatum; sodium carbonate; thiabendazole ID BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; BOTRYTIS-CINEREA; CYTOCHEMICAL ASPECTS; BIOCONTROL ACTIVITY; MOLD; CHITOSAN; DISEASES; YEASTS; GREEN AB At a concentration of 0.025% (w/v) chitosan-chloride inhibited spore germination of Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium expansum, and Candida saitoana. In contrast, at 0.5% (w/v) glycolchitosan inhibited spore germination of B. cinerea and P. expansum, but not the growth of C. saitoana in vitro or in apple wounds. The combination of C, saitoana with 0.2% glycolchitosan was more effective in controlling gray and blue mold of apple caused by B. cinerea and P. expansum, respectively, and green mold of oranges and lemons caused by P. digitatum than C. saitoana or 0.2% glycolchitosan alone. The level of control was similar to that obtained with the fungicide imazalil on oranges and lemons. C. saitoana in combination with 0.2% glycolchitosan reduced green mold incidence equally on light green and yellow lemons, while C. saitoana was more effective on light green lemons than on yellow lemons. When applied as a pretreatment, sodium carbonate enhanced the efficacy of all treatments tested against green mold with the greatest effect on light green lemons. Of the treatments tested, pretreatment with sodium carbonate followed by the combination of C. saitoana with 0.2% glycolchitosan was the most effective in controlling green mold of both light green and yellow lemons. (C) Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. Univ De Nouakchott, Fac Sci & Technol, Nouakchott, Mauritania. USDA ARS, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. RP Wilson, CL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, 45 Wiltshire Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 22 TC 85 Z9 93 U1 1 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 19 IS 1 BP 103 EP 110 DI 10.1016/S0925-5214(00)00076-4 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 309BJ UT WOS:000086747100011 ER PT J AU Zhu, JJ Lillehoj, HS Allen, PC Yun, CH Pollock, D Sadjadi, M Emara, MG AF Zhu, JJ Lillehoj, HS Allen, PC Yun, CH Pollock, D Sadjadi, M Emara, MG TI Analysis of disease resistance-associated parameters in broiler chickens challenged with Eimeria maxima SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE avian coccidiosis; sex effect; dose effect; correlation; infection index ID NITRIC-OXIDE PRODUCTION; LESION SCORES; INBRED LINES; TENELLA INFECTIONS; SUSCEPTIBILITY; COCCIDIOSIS; INTERFERON; ACERVULINA; RESPONSES; CYTOKINES AB To determine an optimal dose for coccidial inoculation and to evaluate genetic resistance or susceptibility in individual chickens, broilers were inoculated with four different doses of Eimeria maxima oocysts. Body weight gain, fecal oocyst shedding, concentrations of plasma NO2- + NO3-, carotenoid, and interferon-gamma were measured at two different time periods postinfection. The results showed significant dose and sex effects on most parameters and interaction between dose and sex in some parameters. The dose effects were generally linear; however, some significant quadratic effects were also observed. The measurements from chickens inoculated with 10(4) oocysts displayed the highest correlation coefficients among oocyst shedding, body weight gain, and concentrations of carotenoid and NO2- + NO3-. An infection index, calculated from the correlated parameters, displayed high correlation coefficients with the parameters. The infection index may be a better parameter for evaluating individual genetic resistance against coccidial infection. C1 USDA ARS, Live Stock & Poultry Sci Inst, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Perdue Farms Inc, Salisbury, MD 21802 USA. Univ Delaware, Dept Anim & Food Sci, Newark, DE 19717 USA. RP Lillehoj, HS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Live Stock & Poultry Sci Inst, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. OI YUN, Cheol-Heui/0000-0002-0041-2887 NR 26 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 4 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 79 IS 5 BP 619 EP 625 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 312GZ UT WOS:000086936100002 PM 10824947 ER PT J AU Doerfler, RE Edens, FW McMurtry, JP Qureshi, MA Parkhurst, CR Havenstein, GB AF Doerfler, RE Edens, FW McMurtry, JP Qureshi, MA Parkhurst, CR Havenstein, GB TI Influence of Biochrome (R) on the response of metabolic hormones in PEMS-infected poults SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE poult; enteritis; mortality; hormone; chromium ID GROWTH-FACTOR-I; MORTALITY SYNDROME; HOMOLOGOUS RADIOIMMUNOASSAY; DEVELOPMENTAL-CHANGES; INSULIN; ENTERITIS; CHICKEN AB Poult enteritis and mortality syndrome (PEMS), a disease that affects turkeys between 7 and 28 d of age, causes a severe inflammation of the intestinal tract and is characterized in poults by severe diarrhea, high morbidity, mortality, and stunting. The PEMS-associated mortality and growth depression is related to malabsorption and decreased metabolic activity caused, in part, by a possible insulin deficiency or insensitivity. Insulin receptors are stimulated by the glucose tolerance factor (GTF) that incorporates Cr. Body Cr deficiency can be exacerbated by dietary deficiency and by increased excretion due to stress associated with a diarrheal disease such as PEMS. BioChrome(R) (BC) contains natural, preformed GTF, the bioactive form of Cr. Experiments were conducted in which BC was blended into poult starter feed at 400 ppb during the first 21 d posthatch. Body weights were determined at 1, 7, 14, and 21 d of age, and weekly feed conversions were calculated for each treatment group (control, BC, PEMS, and BC+PEMS). At 6 d posthatch, each PEMS-designated poult was given a 0.1-mL oral gavage of a 10% suspension of feces from PEMS-infected poults. Blood samples were taken via cardiac puncture from four birds per treatment group at 7, 10, 14, 17, and 21 d of age. Radioimmunoassays were con ducted for plasma insulin, glucagon, thyroxine (T-4), and triiodothyronine (T-3) Plasma insulin levels were depressed in PEMS-infected poults from Days 10 through 17, but plasma glucagon levels in the PEMS-infected poults were significantly elevated at 14 and 17 d, after which they returned to control levels in both of the PEMS-infected groups. The T-3 and T-4 levels were depressed through Day 21 in PEMS-infected poults, but with BC treatment these blood hormone levels rebounded by Day 21. Body weights of PEMS-infected poults were increased significantly by the BC treatment but not to the level of noninfected controls. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. USDA ARS, Growth Biol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Edens, FW (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, Box 7608, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 39 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 79 IS 5 BP 661 EP 668 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 312GZ UT WOS:000086936100008 PM 10824953 ER PT J AU May, JD Lott, BD AF May, JD Lott, BD TI The effect of environmental temperature on growth and feed conversion of broilers to 21 days of age SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE temperature; growth; feed : gain; broiler; brooding AB Temperature during rearing is a major factor in production efficiency for broilers. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of five temperature regimens on the growth, feed conversion, and mortality of broilers to 21 d of age; This information is needed to select the most profitable conditions for broiler production. Three trials were conducted in 10 environmental chambers; five chambers were stocked with males, and five were stocked with females. The chambers were initially set at 28, 29, 30, 31, and 32 C followed by daily reductions of 0.3 C for each beginning temperature. The dewpoint was set at 15.7 C throughout the experiments. Lighting was continuous, and feed and water were provided ad libitum. Weight gain and feed conversion were determined at 7, 14, and 21 d, and mortality was recorded as it occurred. Temperature did not affect weight gain or feed conversion for any period, but males were superior to females for these parameters for the 7- to 14-d and 14- to 21-d periods. Temperature affected mortality; most of the deaths occurred during the 0- to 7-d period and at the lowest temperature treatment. These results suggest that mortality is the best indicator of the effect of rearing temperature on performance. C1 USDA ARS, S Cent Poultry Res Lab, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP May, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS, S Cent Poultry Res Lab, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 8 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 79 IS 5 BP 669 EP 671 PG 3 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 312GZ UT WOS:000086936100009 PM 10824954 ER PT J AU Huff, GR Huff, WE Balog, JM Rath, NC AF Huff, GR Huff, WE Balog, JM Rath, NC TI The effect of vitamin D-3 on resistance to stress-related infection in an experimental model of turkey osteomyelitis complex SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE vitamin D-3; stress; infection; turkey; osteomyelitis complex ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI CHALLENGE; CULTURED HUMAN MACROPHAGES; GREEN LIVER DISCOLORATION; TIBIAL DYSCHONDROPLASIA; PHYSIOLOGICAL-RESPONSES; SUPPRESSOR MACROPHAGES; TUBERCLE-BACILLI; IMMUNE-SYSTEM; CHICKENS; DEXAMETHASONE AB Male turkeys immunosuppressed by injection with dexamethasone (DEX) were given supplemental vitamin D-3 in their drinking water in two experiments. In Experiment 1, vitamin D-3 was supplemented at a dosage of either 2,064 IU/kg (low level) or 4,128 IU/kg (high level) in drinking water provided ad libitum only from Days 1 through 5 after hatch. In Experiment 2, vitamin D-3 was provided at the low dosage for the first 5 d after hatch, followed by treatment with the high dosage for 12 h before and 12 h after each stressful event, which included weekly weighings and two DEX treatments. In both experiments, at 5 wk of age half of the birds were given intramuscular injections of 2 mg/kg DEX on 3 alternating d. In Experiment 1, 100 cfu of Escherichia coli was inoculated into the left thoracic airsac at the time of the third DEX injection. All mortalities were examined, and 10 birds per pen were necropsied 2 wk after treatment and examined for lesions of airsacculitis and turkey osteomyelitis complex (TOC). Four birds per pen were bled before necropsy, and white blood cell total counts, differential white blood cell counts, and clinical chemistry values were determined. In Experiment 2, healthy surviving birds were grown for an additional 5-wk period, after which the DEX-treated birds were given a second series of DEX injections and were bled and necropsied 2 wk later. There were no significant effects of vitamin D-3 treatment in combined general linear models analysis of Experiment 1; however, when birds not treated with DEX or E. coli were compared with those treated with both DEX and E. coli, supplementation with the low level of vitamin D-3 significantly decreased TOC incidence. There were no significant effects of vitamin Ds treatment in birds treated with DEX at 5 wk of age in Experiment 2. However, when surviving birds were given a second DEX treatment at 12 wk, vitamin D-3 treatment resulted in significantly lower incidence of mortality, TOC, green liver, isolation of bacteria from tissues, and lower airsacculitis scores and heterophil-to-lymphocyte: ratios than controls. Vitamin D-3 also improved BW, relative weights of the liver and heart, and serum levels of glucose and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) of birds receiving two treatments with DEX. The ability of vitamin D-3 supplementation to protect turkeys from the immunosuppressive effects of multiple DEX treatments emphasizes the role of vitamin D-3 as a prohormone that affects health and disease resistance in turkeys. C1 Univ Arkansas, USDA ARS, Poultry Sci Ctr, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Huff, GR (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, USDA ARS, Poultry Sci Ctr, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. NR 61 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 4 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 79 IS 5 BP 672 EP 679 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 312GZ UT WOS:000086936100010 PM 10824955 ER PT J AU Humes, KS Hardy, R Kustas, WP AF Humes, KS Hardy, R Kustas, WP TI Spatial patterns in surface energy balance components derived from remotely sensed data SO PROFESSIONAL GEOGRAPHER LA English DT Article DE surface energy balance; remote sensing ID SENSIBLE HEAT-FLUX; SEMIARID RANGELANDS; MODELS; PARAMETERIZATION; TEMPERATURE; VEGETATION; SOIL; PRECIPITATION; VARIABILITY; RESISTANCE AB A relatively simple modeling approach for estimating spatially distributed surface energy fluxes was applied to two small watersheds, one in a semi-arid climate region and one in a sub-humid region. This approach utilized a combination of ground-based meteorological data and remotely sensed data to estimate "instantaneous" surface energy fluxes at the time of the satellite or aircraft overpasses. The spatial resolution in the watershed grid cells, which was on the order of 100-400 km, was selected to be compatible with ground measurements used for validation. The model estimates of surface energy fluxes compared well with ground-based measurements of surface flux (typically within approximately 40 Wm(-2)). The model accuracy may be slightly less for bare soil surfaces due to an overestimation of the soil heat Aux. Ln addition to demonstrating the feasibility of computing spatially distributed values of surface energy fluxes, these maps were used to qualitatively infer the dominant factors controlling the energy fluxes for the time period shortly following precipitation events in the basins. For the semi-arid watershed, values of sensible heat flux varied considerably over the watershed and displayed a pattern very similar to that of the spatially variable cumulative precipitation for at least one to eight days prior to the image acquisition. Due to the large fraction of exposed bare soil in a semi-arid ecosystem, even very small precipitation events had a strong influence on the pattern of sensible heat fluxes observed shortly after the event (less than 24 hours). For the sub-humid watershed, the fluxes tended to be more uniform across the watershed, and were influenced by a combination of precipitation total and land cover type. C1 Univ Idaho, Dept Geog, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. Oklahoma Water Resources Board, Oklahoma City, OK USA. USDA ARS, Hydrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Humes, KS (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Dept Geog, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. NR 32 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0033-0124 J9 PROF GEOGR JI Prof. Geogr. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 52 IS 2 BP 272 EP 288 DI 10.1111/0033-0124.00224 PG 17 WC Geography SC Geography GA 315NV UT WOS:000087120600011 ER PT J AU Wergin, WP Ochoa, R Erbe, EF Craemer, C Raina, AK AF Wergin, WP Ochoa, R Erbe, EF Craemer, C Raina, AK TI Use of low-temperature field emission scanning electron microscopy to examine mites SO SCANNING LA English DT Article DE acari; acarology; field emission scanning electron microscopy; low-temperature scanning electron microscopy; mites ID FROZEN; REVISION; ACARINA; TISSUES; SNOW AB Partly because mites are microscopic in size and fragile in nature, acarologists estimate that less than five percent of extant species have been taxonomically described. Recently, data from conventional scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have been used to facilitate the descriptions and complement the information that has been historically obtained with the light microscope. However, the conventional preparation techniques associated with SEM frequently prevent or compromise the results. This study evaluated the use of low-temperature field emission SEM to image mites and their hosts. Results indicated that a modified cryofixation procedure, which was associated with this technique, retained the mites at their living/feeding sites in natural behavioral positions. Furthermore, the turgor of the specimens, even eggs and soft-bodied species, was also maintained. The structure and orientation of delicate structures such as setae, which would be subjected to mechanical damage during conventional chemical fixation, dehydration, and drying, were also preserved after cryofixation. Field emission SEM, which provided useful magnification beyond that attainable with a conventional SEM, also enabled resolution of ultrastructural features, such as tenent hairs on the empodium and pores on the dorsal surface that had not previously been observed. These advantages indicate that the low-temperature field emission SEM can provide important structural data that can be used to study the anatomy, morphology, and bioecology of mites. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Nematol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Systemat Entomol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Plant Protect Res Inst, Agr Res Council, Biosystemat Div, ZA-0001 Pretoria, South Africa. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, Formosan Subterranean Termite Res Unit, New Orleans, LA USA. RP Wergin, WP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Nematol Lab, Bldg 177B, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 43 TC 13 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 7 PU FAMS INC PI MAHWAH PA BOX 832, MAHWAH, NJ 07430-0832 USA SN 0161-0457 J9 SCANNING JI Scanning PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 22 IS 3 BP 145 EP 155 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy GA 326QX UT WOS:000087747200001 PM 10888119 ER PT J AU Zeiliguer, AM Pachepsky, YA Rawls, WJ AF Zeiliguer, AM Pachepsky, YA Rawls, WJ TI Estimating water retention of sandy soils using the additivity hypothesis SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE water retention; soil texture; estimation; sandy soils; additivity ID PARTICLE-SIZE DISTRIBUTION; HYDRAULIC-PROPERTIES; PREDICT; MODEL; MEDIA AB Soil water retention measurements are relatively time-consuming and become impractical when hydrologic estimates are needed for large areas. One approach to soil water retention estimation from readily available data is based on the hypothesis that soil water retention is additive and can be approximated by summing up water retention of pore subspaces related to the soil components. Our objective was to test this hypothesis. In the 'additivity' model used in this work, the main assumptions are: (a) the additivity is applicable to gravimetric water contents, (b) water retention related to a textural fraction can be measured on packed samples consisting exclusively of this fraction's particles, (c) water retention of textural fractions contributes to total soil water retention in proportion to the volumes of pore subspaces related to each fraction. Water retention of packed cores consisting of soil textural fractions was taken from literature. The resultant model did not have fitting parameters. It was tested with samples of sandy soils that were collected in the UNSODA database from seven states of the United States and from seven other countries. The median root-mean squared error (RMSE) constituted 0.017 m(3)m(-3), 0.023 m(3)m(-3), and 0.028 m(3)m(-3) in coarse, medium, and fine sands, respectively. These RMSE are at the lower end of the RMSE range for the regression-based pedotransfer functions found in literature. Slopes and intercepts of the regressions of estimated water contents on measured water did not differ significantly from one and zero at the 0.05 significance level except in one case. The RMSE of the laboratory water retention estimates with additivity model was significantly less than the RMSE of the field water retention estimates from the laboratory water retention data. We discuss possible sources of errors and conclude that the attained accuracy warrants testing the additivity model with other soil data and improving this model to accommodate various types of soil structure and additional soil components. C1 USDA ARS, Hydrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Moscow State Univ Environm Engn, Hydrol Dept, Moscow 127550, Russia. RP Pachepsky, YA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hydrol Lab, Bldg 007,Rm 104,BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM ypachepsky@assr.arsusda.gov OI Zeiliguer, Anatoly/0000-0002-9556-9966; Pachepsky, Yakov/0000-0003-0232-6090 NR 34 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 9 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X EI 1538-9243 J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 165 IS 5 BP 373 EP 383 DI 10.1097/00010694-200005000-00001 PG 11 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 318ZN UT WOS:000087314700001 ER PT J AU Mansell, RS Bloom, SA Sun, G AF Mansell, RS Bloom, SA Sun, G TI A model for wetland hydrology: Description and validation SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE wetland hydrology; model simulation; cypress pond; evapotranspiration; pine forest ID DOUGLAS-FIR STANDS; SOIL-WATER; GROUNDWATER-FLOW; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; FLORIDA; FLATWOODS AB WETLANDS, a multidimensional model describing water now in variably saturated soil and evapotranspiration, was used to simulate successfully 3-years of local hydrology for a cypress pond located within a relatively flat Coastal Plain pine forest landscape. Assumptions included negligible net regional groundwater now and radially symmetric local now impinging on a truncated conical pond, deciduous cypress trees and shallow-rooted perennial undergrowth in the pond area, and pine trees in the upland area as well as within the outer 20% of the wetland area. A minimal observed parameter set of daily rainfall, daily air temperature, soil characteristics, and pond geometry provided model input. The model described temporal patterns of daily pond water and groundwater table elevations with relatively small average signed deviations of -2 and +11 cm, respectively. Potential exists for the model to be utilized as a predictive tool for wetland hydrology, even for conditions where available empirical data for a given site is minimal and appropriate simplifying assumptions are utilized. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Soil & Water Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Raleigh, NC USA. RP Mansell, RS (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Soil & Water Sci, 2169 McCarthy Hall,POB 110290, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. EM rsm@gnv.ifas.ufl.edu NR 36 TC 27 Z9 34 U1 2 U2 18 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 165 IS 5 BP 384 EP 397 DI 10.1097/00010694-200005000-00002 PG 14 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 318ZN UT WOS:000087314700002 ER PT J AU Sikora, LJ Enkiri, NK AF Sikora, LJ Enkiri, NK TI Efficiency of compost-fertilizer blends compared with fertilizer alone SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE ammonium nitrate; urea; biosolids; nitrogen uptake; (15)N; mineralization rate ID AUTOMATED N-15 ANALYSIS; SEWAGE-SLUDGE COMPOST; TALL FESCUE; SOIL; NITROGEN; MINERALIZATION; CARBON; DECOMPOSITION; DIFFUSION; GROWTH AB Combining composts with sufficient fertilizer to meet crop requirements has several benefits over the use of compost as a sole N source, including reduced accumulation in soils of heavy metals, salts, or P. The objective of this research was to End blends of compost and fertilizer that would equal the yield and N uptake of N fertilizer. Biosolids compost-fertilizer blends made to equal 100 mg available N kg(-1) were compared with urea or NH(4)NO(3) fertilizer. Zero to 50% of the blend's available N came from biosolids compost; the remainder came from fertilizer. (15)N- labeled fertilizer was used to determine the proportion of N uptake attributed to fertilizer, Fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb,) was used as the indicator plant. Compost did not increase the efficiency of NH(4)NO(3) fertilizer. The amount of available N provided by urea-compost blends was less than the amount provided by NH(4)NO(3)-compost blends, Urea-compost blends that had 17 to 50% fertilizer equivalents from compost equaled 100% urea. Blends of 50% NH(4)NO(3) and 50% biosolids compost available N or 67% NH(4)NO(3) and the equivalent of 33% biosolids compost N produced greater yields and N uptake by fescue. (15)N analysis suggested that NH(4)NO(3) fertilizer stimulated soil and/or compost mineralization producing more N than predicted from incubation studies of compost N mineralization rates. However, previous studies showed that soil mineralization was not affected by compost, which leads to the conclusion that fertilizer stimulated compost mineralization. Urea did not affect compost similarly, possibly because of a larger active N pool in urea compost blends compared with NH(4)NO(3) compost blends. C1 USDA ARS, Soil Microbial Syst Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Sikora, LJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Soil Microbial Syst Lab, Bldg 001,BARC W,10300 Baltimore Blvd, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM sikoral@ba.ars.usda.gov NR 26 TC 15 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 6 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 165 IS 5 BP 444 EP 451 DI 10.1097/00010694-200005000-00009 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 318ZN UT WOS:000087314700009 ER PT J AU Schaap, MG Leij, FJ AF Schaap, MG Leij, FJ TI Improved prediction of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity with the Mualem-van Genuchten model SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SOIL-WATER RETENTION; PEDOTRANSFER FUNCTIONS; NEURAL NETWORKS; POROUS-MEDIA; FLOW; TEXTURE AB In many vadose zone hydrological studies, it is imperative that the soil's unsaturated hydraulic conductivity is known. Frequently, the Mualem-van Genuchten model (MVG) is used for this purpose because it allows prediction of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity from water retention parameters. For this and similar equations, it is often assumed that a measured saturated hydraulic conductivity (K-5) can be used as a matching point (K-o) while a factor S-e(L) is used to account for pore connectivity and tortuosity (where S-e is the relative saturation and L = 0.5). We used a data set of 235 soil samples with retention and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity data to test and improve predictions with the MVG equation. The standard practice of using K-o = K-s and L = 0.5 resulted in a root mean square error for log(K) (RMSEK) of 1.31. Optimization of the matching point (K.) and L to the hydraulic conductivity data yielded a RMSEK of 0.41. The fitted K-o were, on average, about one order of magnitude smaller than measured K-5. Furthermore, L was predominantly negative, casting doubt that the MVG can be interpreted in a physical way. Spearman rank correlations showed that both K-o and L were related to van Genuchten water retention parameters and neural network analyses confirmed that K-o and L could indeed be predicted in this way. The corresponding RMSEK was 0.84, which was half an order of magnitude better than the traditional MVG model. Bulk density and textural parameters were poor predictors while addition of K-5 improved the RMSEK only marginally. Bootstrap analysis showed that the uncertainty in predicted unsaturated hydraulic conductivity was about one order of magnitude near saturation and larger at lower water contents. C1 USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Schaap, MG (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, 450 W Big Springs Rdd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. NR 40 TC 204 Z9 210 U1 9 U2 69 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 64 IS 3 BP 843 EP 851 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 356MD UT WOS:000089446300005 ER PT J AU Starr, GC Barak, P Lowery, B Avila-Segura, M AF Starr, GC Barak, P Lowery, B Avila-Segura, M TI Soil particle concentrations and size analysis using a dielectric method SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID WATER CONTENT AB Limitations of traditional methods for particle-size analysis warrant the investigation of new techniques. An alternative method based on the difference between the dielectric constant of soil solids (approximate to 4) and dispersing solution (approximate to 81) was developed. We determined changes in suspended sediment concentrations (C) using a coaxial probe placed on the surface of a dispersed soil suspension by monitoring changes in the apparent dielectric constant with time following complete mixing. A single-point calibration for each sample was obtained using the known initial concentration. A refractive index (n) model of the suspension dielectric properties gave the slope of a C vs. n curve for changes in silt-size (0.002-0.05 mm) particles. A magnetic stirring rod was used to homogenize the dispersion, and temperature changes were minimized given the rapid measurement time. Using the dielectric method. particle-size distributions were measured on a 1- to 2-g sample with 400-s settling time because the effective depth of measurement was only 1.5 mm. Wet sieving was used to remove the sand fraction. Comparisons between the silt and clay fractions obtained using the dielectric and pipette methods were in agreement. The combination of speed, automation, small sample size, and nearly continuous data should be balanced against the higher cost of the equipment necessary for the dielectric method. C1 USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, Tombstone, AZ 85638 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Soil Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Madison Coll agr & Life Sci, Madison, WI USA. USDA ARS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Starr, GC (reprint author), USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, POB 213, Tombstone, AZ 85638 USA. NR 21 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 6 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 64 IS 3 BP 858 EP 866 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 356MD UT WOS:000089446300007 ER PT J AU Starr, GC Lowery, B Cooley, ET AF Starr, GC Lowery, B Cooley, ET TI Soil water content determination using a network analyzer and coaxial probe SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID LINES AB A small-volume dielectric constant and soil water content sensor would be desirable in many laboratory experiments. Phase shift of the reflection coefficient in soil and various solutions was measured with a coaxial probe (CP) and a network analyzer operating at a frequency of 795 MHz. The CP had a measurement depth <1 cm, Five soils, varying widely in texture, bulk density, and organic matter content, were tested and comparison was made with other dielectric methods. Synthesized time domain reflectometry (TDR), resonant waveguide, CP, and conventional TDR measurements were in agreement for the sand. A simple mixing model for known dielectrics accurately predicted measurements of the apparent dielectric (K-a) for mixed solutions. A linear function (r(2) = 0.90), fit for the water content of all soil data, had a single measurement root mean square error (RMSE = 0.039 m(3) m(-3)). The uncertainty improved when individual linear soil calibrations (singe measurement RMSE = 0.012 to 0.032; r(2) = 0.95 to 0.99) were used and further improved when repeated measurements were averaged (RMSE = 0.0073 to 0.026; r(2) = 0.97-1.00). The CP method for measuring K-a is fast, simple, linear, easily repeated, and reasonably accurate, indicating that this instrumentation is useful for studying dielectric behavior of soil and various solutions and for rapid determination of soil water content in a small sample. C1 USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, Tombstone, AZ 85638 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Soil Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Starr, GC (reprint author), USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, POB 213, Tombstone, AZ 85638 USA. NR 20 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 64 IS 3 BP 867 EP 872 PG 6 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 356MD UT WOS:000089446300008 ER PT J AU Nay, SM Bormann, BT AF Nay, SM Bormann, BT TI Soil carbon changes: comparing flux monitoring and mass balance in a box lysimeter experiment SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID DYNAMIC CLOSED-CHAMBER; BOREAL ASPEN FOREST; DIOXIDE EFFLUX; CO2 EVOLUTION; GAS-EXCHANGE; RESPIRATION; FLOOR; FIELDS; MANURE AB Direct measures of soil-surface respiration are needed to evaluate belowground biological processes, forest productivity, and ecosystem responses to global change. Although infra-red gas analyzer (IRGA) methods track reference CO2 flows in lab studies, questions remain for extrapolating IRGA methods to field conditions. We constructed 10 box lysimeters with homogenized mixtures of sandy loam and cattle manure and kept them free of plants to create a range of CO2 limes. Infra-red gas analyzer measurements, applied biweekly, were then compared to mass balance-based measures of changes in soil C over 8 mo. The CO2 fluxes measured with IRGA were not significantly different (P < 0.05) from the mass balance measure in 9 of the 10 boxes. The only statistically significant difference was in the lysimeter with the highest initial C content; this box had elevated soil temperatures early in the trial, suggesting a composting effect that may have interfered with IRGA measures. Variations in the mass balance estimates were higher than expected, demonstrating how difficult establishing a true reference in field studies is. We conclude that fluxes of CO2 from soils can be monitored with an IRGA-based chamber system in the field to produce reliable estimates of cumulative C loss. Such field measures will likely be much more variable than laboratory measures, however, and thus will require extensive sampling. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Nay, SM (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 29 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 5 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 64 IS 3 BP 943 EP 948 PG 6 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 356MD UT WOS:000089446300017 ER PT J AU Alva, AK Huang, B Paramasivam, S AF Alva, AK Huang, B Paramasivam, S TI Soil pH affects copper fractionation and phytotoxicity SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID HAMLIN ORANGE TREES; SEWAGE-SLUDGE; SANDY SOILS; CITRUS PRODUCTION; HEAVY-METALS; ZINC; CU; ZN; AVAILABILITY; CHEMISTRY AB Phytotoxicity of copper (Cu) depends on the relative distribution of different chemical forms, which is a function of soil properties, such as soil pH and organic matter content. Sequential fractionation was conducted to partition the total Cu into exchangeable, sorbed, organically bound, precipitate, and residual forms. Three soils were sampled from existing citrus groves and 0 to 400 mg Cu kg(-1) were added. The soils used were: Myakka fine sand (sandy, siliceous, hyperthermic Aeric Haplaquods; pH = 5.7), Candler fine sand (hyperthermic, uncoated, Typic Quartzipsamments; pH = 6.5), and Oldsmar fine sand (sandy, siliceous, hyperthermic Alfic Arenic Haplaquods; pH = 8.2). Phytotoxicity of added Cu was evaluated using citrus rootstock (Swingle citrumelo) seedlings grown for 330 d. In Cu-unamended soils, the major portion of the total Cu was in the organically bound form in the low pH soils. However, in the high pH soil, the precipitate form was the dominant form. As the rate of Cu increased, the concentration of the readily soluble Cu forms (exchangeable; sorbed forms) increased in the low pH soils, that is, from 0.8 to 89.5 mg kg(-1) (8.4-25.3% of total Cu) in the Myakka soil, and from 2.2 to 70.3 mg kg(-1) (3.1-20.3% of total Cu) in the Candler soil. In the high pH Oldsmar soil, however, the concentration of readily soluble Cu forms increased only from 1.1 to 5.3 mg kg(-1). In relation to the total Co content this was equivalent to a decrease from 5.2 to 1.5%. The citrus seedling growth was negatively correlated with Cu concentrations in the readily soluble forms and positively correlated with those of the precipitate form. A 20% decrease in the top and root weights occurred at 2.5 mg kg(-1) of readily soluble Cu in the Candler soil (pH = 6.5). The critical concentration was lower (1.7 mg kg(-1)) for root growth on the Myakka soil (pH = 5.7). The critical Cu concentration in the leaves varied from 60 to 68 mg kg(-1), while that in the roots was 62 mg kg(-1) in the Myakka soil, but increased to 270 mg kg(-1) in the Candler soil. This study demonstrated that the readily soluble form of Cu Is the most phytotoxic, and an increase in the precipitate form is, thus, responsible for a reduction in Cu phytotoxicity. C1 USDA ARS, PWA, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. Acad Sinica, Inst Soil Sci, Nanjing 210008, Peoples R China. Univ Florida, Ctr Agr Res & Educ, Inst Food & Agr Sci, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 USA. RP Alva, AK (reprint author), USDA ARS, PWA, 24106 N Bunn Rd, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. EM aalva@tricity.wsu.edu NR 33 TC 78 Z9 90 U1 2 U2 18 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 64 IS 3 BP 955 EP 962 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 356MD UT WOS:000089446300019 ER PT J AU Brejda, JJ Moorman, TB Smith, JL Karlen, DL Allan, DL Dao, TH AF Brejda, JJ Moorman, TB Smith, JL Karlen, DL Allan, DL Dao, TH TI Distribution and variability of surface soil properties at a regional scale SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID NATIONAL RESOURCES INVENTORY; DIRECT EXTRACTION METHOD; SPATIAL VARIABILITY; MICROBIAL-C; SAMPLE-SIZE; VARIABLES AB Information on the probability distribution and variability of soil properties at a regional stale could improve the ability of the USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) to monitor soil condition using the National Resources Inventory (NRI). Our objective was to evaluate the hypothesis that the probability distribution of 17 physical, chemical, and biological soil properties are: (i) normally distributed, or (ii) log-normally distributed at a regional stale, and to estimate the magnitude of change that may be detected assuming either a normal or log-normal distribution. Samples were collected irrespective of soil series from two Major Land Resource Areas (MLRAs) (no. 9 and 105), and from the Ascalon (fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Aridic Argiustoll) and Amarillo (fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, thermic Aridic Paleustalf) soils in MLRA 67 and 77, using the NRI sampling design. Most soil properties were non-normally distributed, with the frequency of non-normality varying between MLRAs. Confining sampling to a single soil series did not consistently improve the precision with which soil properties were estimated. Log transformation resulted in normal distributions for most soil properties and reduced variability two- to threefold. However, a few soil properties remained non-normally distributed. Soil pH may be monitored at the regional scale with a high degree of precision. Small changes in soil C content (3-8% of the regional mean) may be detected using Log, transformed total organic C as the indicator. Sampling soil properties as part of the NRI should improve NRCS' ability to monitor soil rendition on a regional stale. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Wheat Sorghum & Forage Res Unit, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. USDA ARS, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. RP Brejda, JJ (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Wheat Sorghum & Forage Res Unit, 344 Keim Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 35 TC 66 Z9 77 U1 0 U2 10 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 64 IS 3 BP 974 EP 982 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 356MD UT WOS:000089446300022 ER PT J AU Busscher, WJ Frederick, JR Bauer, PJ AF Busscher, WJ Frederick, JR Bauer, PJ TI Timing effects of deep tillage on penetration resistance and wheat and soybean yield SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID COASTAL-PLAIN SOIL; NORFOLK SANDY LOAM; ROOT-GROWTH; CONE INDEX AB In many southeastern Coastal Plain soils, subsoil pans have strengths that restrict root growth. To reduce strengths, soils are deep tilled annually, and perhaps biannually for double cropping. We evaluated the effect of deep tillage in fall, in spring, or at both times on strength of a Goldsboro loamy sand (fine loamy, siliceous, thermic Aquic Kandiudult) and on the yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and drilled soybean [Glycine mar (L.) Merr.] in a double-cropped system. Treatments consisted of all combinations of surface tillage (disked and not dished) and deep tillage (no deep tillage, paratillage before wheat planting, before soybean planting, and before both) in four replicates. Soil strengths, measured as cone indices, showed that dished, non-deep-tilled treatments resulted in a pan at the 20- to 30-cm depth, generally associated with an E horizon. In more recently and more frequently deep-tilled treatments, mean profile cone indices were 0.31 to 0.36 MPa lower than treatments not deep tilled or deep tilled for the previous growing season. If soil was deep tilled only once a year, it was 0.26 MPa softer when tilled only in spring than when tilled only in fall. Deep tillage at the beginning of either season reduced soil cone indices and improved wheat and soybean yields over other treatments. Deep tillage at the beginning of both seasons maintained the softest soil. For every megapascal decrease In mean profile cone index, wheat yields increased 1.5 to 1.7 Mg ha(-1) and soybean yields increased 1.1 to 1.8 Mg ha(-1). C1 USDA ARS, Coastal Plain Res Ctr, Florence, SC 29501 USA. Clemson Univ, Florence, SC 29506 USA. RP Busscher, WJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Coastal Plain Res Ctr, 2611 W Lucas St, Florence, SC 29501 USA. NR 18 TC 54 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 15 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 64 IS 3 BP 999 EP 1003 PG 5 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 356MD UT WOS:000089446300025 ER PT J AU Franzluebbers, AJ Wright, SF Stuedemann, JA AF Franzluebbers, AJ Wright, SF Stuedemann, JA TI Soil aggregation and glomalin under pastures in the Southern Piedmont USA SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI; WATER-STABLE AGGREGATION; ORGANIC-MATTER; STABILITY; TILLAGE; CARBON; CORN; NITROGEN; BIOMASS; PROTEIN AB Soil aggregation is important for maintaining soil surface integrity and allowing water to infiltrate, rather than runoff and cause erosion. The effect of grazing animals on soil aggregation compared with other conservation management strategies in the Southern Piedmont USA is not well known. We tested a hypothesis that grazing animals might negatively affect soil aggregation characteristics. Water-stable macroaggregates (>0.25 mm), mean-weight diameter, and their stabilities were (i) similar between conservation-tillage cropping and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)-common bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.) pasture; (ii) similar between 15- to 19-yr-old grazed and hayed hybrid bermudagrass; (iii) 7 to 14% greater in 30-yr-old than in 10-yr-old grazed tall fescue and hybrid bermudagrass pastures; (iv) similar among long-term grazingland, hayland, and forestland; and (v) 5 to 11% lower under cattle grazing than under monthly haying or unharvested management during the first 4 yr following conversion of cultivated cropland to pastureland. Water-stable aggregate distribution at a depth of 0 to 50 mm was 0.30 +/- 0.07 g g(-1) in the 1.0- to 4.75-mm class, 0.46 +/- 0.07 g g(-1) in the 0.25- to 1.0-mm class, 0.15 +/- 0.02 g g(-1) in the 0.05- to 0.25-mm class, and 0.07 +/- 0.01 g g(-1) in the <0.05-mm class, averaged across management systems and replications (n = 56). Total glomalin of the 1.0- to 4.75-mm dry-stable aggregate class was highly related to whole soil organic C content, but neither of these properties was particularly well related with water-stable macroaggregation, mean-weight diameter, or their stabilities. We conclude, overall, that grazing of pastures in the Southern Piedmont USA has little detrimental effect on soil aggregate distribution and stability and is comparable in soil conservation with other land conservation strategies. C1 USDA ARS, J Phil Campbell Sr Nat Resource Conservat Ctr, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Soil Microbial Syst Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Franzluebbers, AJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, J Phil Campbell Sr Nat Resource Conservat Ctr, 1420 Expt Stn Rd, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. NR 26 TC 63 Z9 74 U1 2 U2 22 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 64 IS 3 BP 1018 EP 1026 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 356MD UT WOS:000089446300028 ER PT J AU Delgado, JA Follett, RF Shaffer, MJ AF Delgado, JA Follett, RF Shaffer, MJ TI Simulation of nitrate-nitrogen dynamics for cropping systems with different rooting depths SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SOIL NITRATE; NLEAP AB Most agricultural systems in the San Luis Valley of south-central Colorado include rotations that have props with different rooting depths. The previous version of Nitrate Leaching and Economic Analysis Package (NLEAP), 1.10, was only capable of simulating the effect of management practices on the rooting zone of each crop to the nearest 0.30-m increment. Therefore, a new version of NLEAP was needed to simulate the effect of best management practices (BMPs) on residual soil NO3--N (RSN) for the root zone of each crop grown in the region and for a similar soil depth for these systems (e.g., 0-0.91 m). The improved NLEAP version 1.20 simulates maximum rooting depth to the nearest 0.03 m and RSN in multiple soil depths. These new features allowed us to simulate the effect of BMPs on RSN for the root zones of shallower-rooted crops such as lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) (0-0.37 m), potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) (0-0.40 m), and deeper-rooted crops such as small grains (0-0.61 to 0-0.84 m). NLEAP simulated RSN for a soil depth identical for all of these cropping systems (0-0.91 m) (P < 0.001). This new version ran be used by extension agents, farmers, consultants, and others to evaluate the effect of BMPs on soil NO3--N dynamics for different rooting zones and for similar soil depths in the agricultural system, a capability that was not available with the previous version of NLEAP. C1 USDA ARS, Soil Plant Nutrient Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Delgado, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Soil Plant Nutrient Res Unit, Fed Bldg,POB E,301 S HOwes, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 16 TC 20 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 5 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 64 IS 3 BP 1050 EP 1054 PG 5 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 356MD UT WOS:000089446300032 ER PT J AU Moir, WH Ludwig, JA Scholes, RT AF Moir, WH Ludwig, JA Scholes, RT TI Soil erosion and vegetation in grasslands of the Peloncillo Mountains, Mew Mexico SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB We report soil erosion and vegetation cover in montane desert grassland pastures where livestock grazing had been discontinued at least 5 yr prior to our initial measurements in 1977. Changes in soil surface elevation measured with a precision transit level during a 9- to 13-yr period are compared with changes in vegetation cover and surface hydrological features. We describe changes in soil surface elevation on 10 transects situated on an active hillslope gully system, across two hillslope ravines, and on an intracanyon alluvial landform. Overall we measured a small rate (0.8 mm yr(-1)) of sediment accumulation across the four study locations. On most slopes, sediment additions were balanced by sediment losses (transportation slopes), or changes in surface elevation along transects were insignificant. A portion of one transect was denudational, with a net loss rate for 12 yr of 3.9 mm yr(-1). Another transect accumulated sediments at 6.8 mm yr(-1) during an 11-yr interval. The dynamics of sediment transport are not explained by vegetation cover alone. Rather, cover, slope gradient, ground surface roughness, soil depth, and soil infiltration rates interact to regulate sediment transport during and after storm events. There was no evidence that past livestock grazing affected the measured erosion rates. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mtn Res Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. CSIRO, Div Wildlife & Ecol, Darwin, NT, Australia. Biores Ranch, Rodeo, NM 88056 USA. RP Moir, WH (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mtn Res Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RI Ludwig, John/D-4686-2011 NR 22 TC 9 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 6 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 64 IS 3 BP 1055 EP 1067 PG 13 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 356MD UT WOS:000089446300033 ER PT J AU Qualls, RG Haines, BL Swank, WT Tyler, SW AF Qualls, RG Haines, BL Swank, WT Tyler, SW TI Soluble organic and inorganic nutrient fluxes in clearcut and mature deciduous forests SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SITKA SPRUCE PLANTATION; STREAM WATER; SOIL; NITROGEN; PINE; DECOMPOSITION; ADSORPTION; ECOSYSTEMS; CHEMISTRY; DRAINAGE AB The mechanisms by which forest ecosystems retain or lose soluble inorganic nutrients after disturbance are well known, but substantial amounts of soluble organic nutrients may also be released from cut vegetation. Our objective was to compare the leaching of dissolved organic and inorganic nutrients in cut and mature forest stands and to develop hypotheses about factors controlling the retention of soluble organic nutrients after disturbance. Solution chemistry was measured for 2 yr after clearcutting a small area in the surrounding undisturbed deciduous forest on a reference watershed at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory in the Appalachian Mountains. Concentrations of dissolved organic C (DOC) and N (DON) in slash leachate were 2.6 to 3.2 times the concentrations in throughfall from undisturbed forest. Concentrations in forest poor, A horizon, and B horizon solutions from cut plots were 1.1 to 3.8 times those from undisturbed forest. Dissolved organic P (DOP) concentrations in cut plots were 3.1 and 3.6 times those of uncut plots in solutions from slash and forest floor, respectively, but did not differ in mineral soil. Fluxes of DOG, DON, and DOP in all strata were greater in cut plots than uncut plots. Fluxes of DON were greater than those of ammonium plus nitrate N in all strata of both cut and uncut plots. We hypothesize that the well-recognized retention mechanisms for inorganic nutrients combine with equilibrium adsorption of dissolved organic matter to efficiently buffer against leaching of both soluble inorganic and organic nutrients after clearcutting. C1 Univ Nevada, Dept Environm & Resource Sci, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Bot, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Coweeta Hydrol Lab, Otto, NC USA. RP Qualls, RG (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Dept Environm & Resource Sci, MS 370, Reno, NV 89557 USA. NR 46 TC 73 Z9 89 U1 3 U2 28 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 64 IS 3 BP 1068 EP 1077 PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 356MD UT WOS:000089446300034 ER PT J AU Hajnos, M Korsunskaia, L Pachepsky, Y AF Hajnos, M Korsunskaia, L Pachepsky, Y TI Soil pore surface properties in managed grasslands SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE water vapor; adsorption; fractal surface; grassland; Gray Forest soil ID NITROGEN ADSORPTION DATA; FRACTAL DIMENSION; ORGANIC-MATTER; AGGREGATE STABILITY; CHEMICAL-PROPERTIES; POROUS MATERIALS; WATER-VAPOR; ISOTHERM; SORPTION; PARAMETERS AB Properties of pore surfaces control adsorption and transport of water and chemicals in soils. Parameters are needed to recognize and monitor changes in pore surfaces caused by differences in soil management. Data on gas adsorption in soils can be compressed into parameters characterizing (a) area available to a particular adsorbate, and (b) surface roughness or irregularity. Our objectives were to see (a) whether models of adsorption on fractal surfaces are applicable to water vapor adsorption in soils in the capillary condensation range, and (b) whether differences in long-term management of grasslands are reflected by soil pore surface properties. Water vapor adsorption was measured in Gray Forest soil (Udic Argiboroll, Orthic Greyezem, clay loam) samples taken at four plots, where a long-term experiment on grassing arable land had been carried out for 12 years. The experiment had 2x2 design. Factors were 'harvest-no-harvest' and 'fertilizer-no-fertilizer', The hay was cut after over-seeding in harvested treatments every year. Ammonium nitrate, superphosphate, and potassium chloride were applied annually after the snowmelt to get the total amount of nutrients of 60 kg ha(-1). The monolayer adsorption capacity was estimated from the Braunauer-Emmett-Teller model. A fractal Frenkel-Halsey-Hill model of adsorption on a fractal surface, and a thermodynamic adsorption model were applied in the range of relative pressures from 0.7 to 0.98 and provided good fit of data. Values of the surface fractal dimension D-s were in the range from 2.75 to 2.85. Removal of carbohydrates resulted in increase of D-s. Differences in management practices did not affect values of D-s in the scale range studied, whereas the monolayer capacity was affected. Both fertilization and harvesting resulted in an increase of the monolayer capacity, with the largest increase observed in soil that was fertilized but not harvested. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, BA, NRI, RSML,Hydrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Inst Agrophys, PL-20536 Lublin, Poland. Inst Phys Chem & Biol Problems Soil Sci, Pushchino 142292, Russia. RP Pachepsky, Y (reprint author), USDA ARS, BA, NRI, RSML,Hydrol Lab, Bldg 007,Rm 104,BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. OI Pachepsky, Yakov/0000-0003-0232-6090 NR 53 TC 18 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 55 IS 1-2 BP 63 EP 70 DI 10.1016/S0167-1987(00)00099-4 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 331FZ UT WOS:000088008800004 ER PT J AU Williams, JD Wilkins, DE Douglas, CL Rickman, RW AF Williams, JD Wilkins, DE Douglas, CL Rickman, RW TI Mow-plow crop residue management influence on soil erosion in north-central Oregon SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE conservation tillage; residue management; rainfall simulation; soil erosion; infiltration; frozen soil; freeze-thaw cycles; winter-wheat/summer-fallow ID NORTHEASTERN OREGON; FARMING SYSTEMS; WHEAT REGION; FERTILIZER; RUNOFF AB Soil loss from dryland farms on the Columbia Plateau in Oregon and Washington (USA) results primarily from rain falling on frozen, cultivated soil. Soils are most susceptible to erosion when moldboard plowed, summer-fallowed, repeatedly rod-weeded or cultivated, and fall planted to winter-wheat. These tillage practices are used because they help control weed and disease infestations and consistently produce good crops. Unfortunately, they also destroy soil structure and lead to considerable soil loss by water erosion. Conservation-tillage-practices have not been widely accepted because of associated weed and disease problems. A new conservation system using crop residue management, the mow-plow system, has shown promise for weed control. The moldboard plow is the primary tillage tool, but standing crop residue is cut ahead of the plow and distributed onto the adjacent plowed surface. The system requires a single pass of the equipment. We evaluated runoff and erosion responses in two levels of residue application in the mow-plow (L similar to 23% and H similar to 36% cover), traditional moldboard plow, and chisel plow winter-wheat/summer-fallow systems near Pendleton, OR, USA. Following extended periods of subfreezing air and soil temperatures, we simulated rainfall at 9, 13, and 19 mm h(-1) and collected runoff to evaluate water and soil loss as the soil thawed. Runoff was not significantly different among treatments. For each of the three rainfall intensities, the chisel plow treatment provided the best protection against soil erosion at 0.11, 0.39, and 0.95 Mg ha(-1) h(-1), followed closely by the mow-plow (H) 0.26, 0.55, and 0.90 Mg ha(-1) h(-1). The moldboard plow treatment was the least effective treatment for erosion control (0.57, 1.38, and 3.76 Mg ha(-1) h(-1)). The erosion response from the mow-plow (L) treatment was variable and not statistically different from the moldboard plow treatment (0.33, 2.49, and 1.71 Mg ha(-1) h(-1)). These results demonstrate the importance of maintaining cover on the soil surface. The mow-plow system, where adequate straw residue is available, is superior to moldboard plow system for soil conservation. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, PWA, Columbia Plateau Conservat Res Ctr, Pendleton, OR 97801 USA. RP Williams, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS, PWA, Columbia Plateau Conservat Res Ctr, POB 370, Pendleton, OR 97801 USA. NR 27 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 55 IS 1-2 BP 71 EP 78 DI 10.1016/S0167-1987(00)00100-8 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 331FZ UT WOS:000088008800005 ER PT J AU Everitt, JH Escobar, DE Webster, CF Lonard, RI AF Everitt, JH Escobar, DE Webster, CF Lonard, RI TI Light reflectance characteristics and film image relations among three aquatic plant species SO TEXAS JOURNAL OF SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL-PARAMETERS; LEAVES AB Radiometric canopy light reflectance measurements were made on three aquatic plant species in Lake Texana near Edna in southeast Texas. Plant species studied included waterhyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), American lotus (Nelumbo lutea) and hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata). Reflectance measurements were made at the visible green (0.52-0.60 mu m), visible red (0.63-0.69 mu m), and near-infrared (NIR) (0.76-0.90 mu m) wavelengths. Reflectance values differed significantly (P = 0.05) among the three species at all three wavelengths. Differences in reflectance were primarily attributed to variable foliage coloration and vegetative density; however, the NIR reflectance of hydrilla was also contributed to by a large percentage of the plant being below the water surface. Color-infrared (CIR) aerial photographs of the three species showed that they could be readily differentiated. Reflectance measurements were related to the image tonal responses of the plant species on CIR film. C1 USDA ARS, Integrated Farming & Nat Resources Unit, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Everitt, JH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Integrated Farming & Nat Resources Unit, 2413 E Highway 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 17 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU TEXAS ACAD SCI PI LUBBOCK PA BOX 43151, LUBBOCK, TX 79409-3151 USA SN 0040-4403 J9 TEX J SCI JI Tex. J. Sci. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 52 IS 2 BP 153 EP 158 PG 6 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 325JG UT WOS:000087672000009 ER PT J AU Blanchard, EJ Graves, EE Batiste, SL AF Blanchard, EJ Graves, EE Batiste, SL TI Enzymatic hydrolysis of modified cotton SO TEXTILE CHEMIST AND COLORIST & AMERICAN DYESTUFF REPORTER LA English DT Article DE cellulase; cotton; durable press; enzymatic hydrolysis ID FABRICS AB Chemical modification of cotton with methylolamide or polycarboxylic acid crosslinking agents and subsequent treatment with cellulase results in substrates with physical properties that are dependent on the degree of crosslinking and concentration of the enzymatic treatment. Physical properties of cotton are altered by chemical modification with crosslinking agents as indicated by tensile strength loss, but enzymatic hydrolysis also causes weight loss. These indicators, as well as glucose analysis of the enzyme solution, are useful for determining the effects of enzymatic activity on cellulose. Some reactive dyed cotton fabrics show resistance to enzymatic hydrolysis, but substantially more protection is achieved with even low concentration levels of conventional finishing agents. Properties of dyed or finished cotton fabrics after treatment with various concentration levels of cellulase are presented. C1 USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Blanchard, EJ (reprint author), USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 11 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSN TEXT CHEM COLOR PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA PO BOX 12215, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA SN 1526-2847 J9 TEXT CHEM COLOR AM D JI Text. Chem. Color Am. Dyest Rep. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 32 IS 5 BP 37 EP 41 PG 5 WC Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Textiles SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 317YR UT WOS:000087255300006 ER PT J AU Lillemo, M Morris, CF AF Lillemo, M Morris, CF TI A leucine to proline mutation in puroindoline b is frequently present in hard wheats from Northern Europe SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE Triticum aestivum L.; wheat; puroindoline; mutations; endosperm hardness ID KERNEL HARDNESS; ENDOSPERM TEXTURE; GRAIN HARDNESS; SPRING WHEAT; POLAR LIPIDS; FRIABILIN; STARCH; SOFTNESS; POLYPEPTIDES; INHERITANCE AB Endosperm hardness in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is determined by one major genetic factor, the Hardness (Ha) gene on the short arm of chromosome 5D. Grain hardness has previously been reported to result from either a failure to express puroindoline a (Pina-D1b) or a glycine to serine mutation at position 46 in puroindoline b (Pinb-D1b). In this study, which involves a large survey of 343 wheat genotypes of mostly Northern European origin, we report two new mutations in puroindoline b associated with hard endosperm. These were characterized as involving a leucine to proline change at position 60 (Pinb-D1c), and a tryptophan to arginine change at position 44 (Pinb-D1d), respectively. While the former seems to be widely distributed in germplasm around the world, the latter was only found in three winter wheats from Sweden and Netherlands. As discussed in the paper, the three known mutations in puroindoline b can be considered ''loss-of-function" mutations (i.e. soft to hard), and structural analysis may serve to predict that their dramatic effect on wheat grain texture is a result of reduced lipid-binding ability. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Food Sci & Human Nutr Facil E E202, Western Wheat Qual Lab, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Agr Univ Norway, Dept Hort & Crop Sci, N-1432 Aas, Norway. RP Morris, CF (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Food Sci & Human Nutr Facil E E202, Western Wheat Qual Lab, POB 646394, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 30 TC 131 Z9 159 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 100 IS 7 BP 1100 EP 1107 DI 10.1007/s001220051392 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 323VW UT WOS:000087586500013 ER PT J AU Adams, SB Frissell, CA Rieman, BE AF Adams, SB Frissell, CA Rieman, BE TI Movements of nonnative brook trout in relation to stream channel slope SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS; RESTRICTED MOVEMENT; INVADING ORGANISMS; INTRODUCED FISHES; COLORADO STREAMS; RAINBOW-TROUT; BULL TROUT; POPULATIONS; SPREAD; RIVER AB We provide new insights on the ability of naturalized brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis to ascend steep, headwater streams in the western USA. We tested hypotheses that upstream movements by brook trout are limited or absent in reaches of steep streams and are more prevalent and longer in gradually sloping streams. We compared brook trout movements in headwater streams in Idaho at sites with varied channel slopes (averages of <1-12%). After eradicating fish from 200-m stream sections, we assessed immigration of marked fish into these sections. Contrary to our hypothesis, upstream movements were more prevalent than downstream movements during the summer, even in steep streams. Marked brook trout ascended stream channels with slopes of 13% that extended for more than 67 m and 22% for more than 14 m; they also ascended a 1.2-m-high falls. Nearly vertical falls, rather than steep slopes per se, apparently inhibited upstream movements. Our hypothesis that upstream movements would decrease with increasing channel slope was partially supported; fish did nor move as far upstream in steep as in gradual sites, and upstream movements through steep channels were dominated by larger fish (>135 mm total length). Immigration by marked fish smaller than 95 mm was uncommon in all sites. Slopes up to 13% do not ensure against upstream dispersal, although other mechanisms may inhibit brook trout invasion in steep channels. In very steep channels, fewer dispersing fish and slower upstream movement rates may increase the time required for successful invasion and reduce its likelihood of occurrence. C1 Univ Montana, Flathead Lake Biol Stn, Polson, MT 59860 USA. Univ Montana, Div Biol Sci, Polson, MT 59860 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Boise, ID 83702 USA. RP Adams, SB (reprint author), US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, 1000 Front St, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. NR 61 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 129 IS 3 BP 623 EP 638 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2000)129<0623:MONBTI>2.3.CO;2 PG 16 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 349ZX UT WOS:000089076500001 ER PT J AU Kirk, IW AF Kirk, IW TI Aerial spray drift from different formulations of glyphosate SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE aerial sprays; aircraft; drift; glyphosate; formulations; agricultural chemicals ID DEPOSITION AB Glyphosate and similar herbicides have facilitated low and no-till production systems through more effective management of winter weeds before planting spring-seeded crops. Crop cultivars tolerant to specific herbicides are also more readily available. Increased use of these systems and their requirements for timely herbicide applications have increased the acreage of herbicides applied by aircraft. Manufacturers of glyphosate have also made some changes in rite product formulations in an effort to provide improved efficacy, and convenience. A combination of these and other factors have increased the incidence and raised awareness of spray drift from aerial applications of glyphosate. This study was conducted to provide information in response to those concerns. Four spray mixes of glyphosate from three different formulations were included in an extensive field study to determine relative drift propensity of the spray mixes from the different formulations. There were no meaningful differences in spray deposition, spray drift, and atomization in a wind tunnel between the glyphosate formulations of Rounndup(R) and Roundup Ultra(R). C1 USDA ARS, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Kirk, IW (reprint author), USDA ARS, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 10 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 43 IS 3 BP 555 EP 559 PG 5 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 330BN UT WOS:000087943100004 ER PT J AU Cullum, RF McGregor, KC Mutchler, CK Johnson, JR Boykin, DL AF Cullum, RF McGregor, KC Mutchler, CK Johnson, JR Boykin, DL TI Soybean yield response to tillage, fragipan depth, and slope length SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE soil productivity; crop yield; soybean; tillage; slope length; erosion ID SOIL; EROSION; CORN AB Soybean (Glycine max) yield from continuous no-till and conventional-till systems were measured for 24 years on 12 pairs of 30.5-m long up-and-down-hill plots. The plots were located on shallow Loring (Typic Fragiudalf) silt loam soil that was under-lain by a restrictive fragipan. The no-till provided minimal erosion and the conventional-till provided excessive erosion, After the first three years, no-till yields exceeded those from conventional-till for the remainder of the study. This report deals with soybean yields that were measured from sequential 7.6-m slope segments designated as A, B, C, and D from the top to the bottom of each plot. The average fragipan depths in the spring of 1985 were 42, 38, 37, and 30 cm in the conventional-till plots and 46, 44, 35, and 30 cm for the no-till plots for each of these respective segments. The effective slope length for runoff travel distance on segments A through D were 7.6, 15.2, 22.8, and 30.5 m, respectively. Tillage, year effective slope length, and fragipan depth significantly affected crop yield during the 1984 to 1997 study period. Both increase in slope length and decrease in fragipan depth produced lower yield in both tillage systems with greater yield reduction from the conventional-till practice. An exponential equation fitted to the differences of no-till and conventional-till average yield reflected that no-till soybean yield exceeded conventional-till soybean yield by about 70% after 14 years. Predicted erosion per unit area (RUSLE, version 1.06) within segments B, C, and D for conventional-till increased 54, 85, and 108%, respectively, as compared to that within segment A. The increase was only 12.5% for no-till segments B, C, and D as compared to that within segment A. The estimated accumulated depth of soil loss from each slope segment A, B, C, and D for conventional-till represented a net decrease in fragipan depth of about 2, 5, 8, and 10%, respectively: from 1984 to 1997. No-till produced no estimated significant changes to depth of fragipan during the study, period. The authors believe the data suggest that greater erosion from conventional-till on the lower slope segments contributed to a decrease in soil productivity on these soils. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Mississippi Agr & Forestry Expt Stn, Holly Springs, MS USA. USDA ARS, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Cullum, RF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, POB 1157, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. NR 20 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 43 IS 3 BP 563 EP 571 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 330BN UT WOS:000087943100005 ER PT J AU Flanagan, DC Nearing, MA AF Flanagan, DC Nearing, MA TI Sediment particle sorting on hillslope profiles in the WEPP model SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE soil erosion; sediment deposition; sediment enrichment AB The USDA-ARS Water Erosion Prediction Project is a major effort to improve estimates of soil detachment, transport, and deposition on agricultural hillslopes, as well as to estimate the amount and size distribution of the sediment leaving the field. The WEPP hillslope model computes both detachment and deposition on a total sediment load basis, though the model also estimates information on sediment particle sizes. This article describes the mathematical equations that predict the sediment particle sorting in WEPP for both interrill and rill areas on a hill slope, and presents a discussion on the advantages and disadvantages of the techniques. It also examines the amount of predicted particle sorting as affected by various model input parameters. Soil type, random roughness, rainfall intensity, slope length, slope gmdierrr, and slope shape were all found to affect the predicted size distribution of sediment leaving a hillslope. Comparison of model results to measured data show that the technique described in this article represents the trends in sediment particle sorting observed in field experiments, with r(2) values between observed and predicted size fractions ranging from 0.44 to 0.97. C1 NSERL, USDA ARS, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Flanagan, DC (reprint author), NSERL, USDA ARS, 1196 Bldg SOIL, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 16 TC 35 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 43 IS 3 BP 573 EP 583 PG 11 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 330BN UT WOS:000087943100006 ER PT J AU Saxton, K Chandler, D Stetler, L Lamb, B Claiborn, C Lee, BH AF Saxton, K Chandler, D Stetler, L Lamb, B Claiborn, C Lee, BH TI Wind erosion and fugitive dust fluxes on agricultural lands in the Pacific northwest SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE wind erosion; wind tunnel; dust; emission; PM10; Columbia Plateau ID COLUMBIA PLATEAU; TRANSPORT AB With recent emphasis of agricultural wind erosion and associated dust emissions impacting downwind air quality, there is mt increased need for a prediction method to estimate dust emissions and ambient particle concentrations on a wind event basis. Most current wind erosion methods predict average annual or seasonal erosion amounts, and only very approximate estimates of suspended dust emissions are available. A project in the Columbia Plateau of eastern Washington State was initiated to develop an empirical method to estimate dust emissions for this region. Field measurements, wind tunnel tests, and laboratory analyses were combined to provide an empirical,wind erosion equation and a related vertical flux dust emission model. While based on measured data, the model has not been independently verified When combined with a transport-dispersion model and calibrated estimates of downwind particulate concentrations compared reasonably with those measured. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. S Dakota Sch Mines & Technol, Rapid City, SD USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Saxton, K (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. EM ksaxton@wsu.edu RI Chandler, David/E-4543-2013 OI Chandler, David/0000-0002-8662-2892 NR 35 TC 59 Z9 62 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL & BIOLOGICAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 43 IS 3 BP 623 EP 630 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 330BN UT WOS:000087943100012 ER PT J AU Bennett, SJ Casali, J Robinson, KM Kadavy, KC AF Bennett, SJ Casali, J Robinson, KM Kadavy, KC TI Characteristics of actively eroding ephemeral gullies in an experimental channel SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE ephemeral gullies; soil loss; soil moisture; erosion rates ID CONCENTRATED-FLOW EROSION; RILL EROSION; SOIL-EROSION; RESISTANCE; MOISTURE; SPAIN; MODEL; RATES AB The formation of ephemeral gullies can significantly increase soil losses from agricultural lands and severely impact farm productivity yet few data exist on the physical characteristics of actively eroding gullies. The objectives of the current study were to examine the time variation of gully morphology and sediment load in response to a range of overland flow discharges and the impact of soil moisture content and soil density on erosion rates. Preformed ephemeral gullies were constructed at field scale in a large experimental channel using the same cohesive soil but at two different moisture contents and bulk densities. For the bed with relatively high soil moisture content and bulk density clear-water flows caused low rates of erosion. detachment-limited flows prevailed, and bed degradation was uniform along the flume. For the bed with relatively low soil moisture content and bulk density, comparable clear-water flows caused high rates of erosion, both detachment-limited and transport-limited flows prevailed, and bed degradation was greater in the upstream reaches. In both experiments, erosion caused the gullies to incise, to significantly increase gully bottom width, and to steepen gully sidewalls. These results compare favorably with field studies of ephemeral gullies, and the hydraulics and sediment transport processes observed are similar to those reported for actively eroding rills. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. Univ Publ Navarra, Dept Projects & Rural Engn, Navarra 31006, Spain. USDA ARS, Plant Sci & Water Conservat Res Lab, Stillwater, OK USA. RP Bennett, SJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, POB 1157, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. EM bennett@sedlab.olemiss.edu NR 57 TC 47 Z9 51 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL & BIOLOGICAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 43 IS 3 BP 641 EP 649 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 330BN UT WOS:000087943100014 ER PT J AU Srinivasan, MS Wittman, MA Hamlett, JM Gburek, WJ AF Srinivasan, MS Wittman, MA Hamlett, JM Gburek, WJ TI Surface and subsurface sensors to record variable runoff generation areas SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE surface saturation areas; infiltration excess runoff; saturation excess runoff; subsurface saturation sensor; surface runoff sensor; watershed dynamics ID STORM AB Hydrologic processes related to runoff generation during rainfall events are being studied in a small ridge and valley watershed in east-central Pennsylvania. To record the dynamics of the near-surface water table (top 45 cm) and the occurrence and dynamics of surface saturation and runoff generation areas, two types of sensors, subsurface saturation and surface runoff, were designed. These two types of sensors are an improvement over an earlier version of saturation sensor. The newly designed subsurface saturation sensor is a printed circuit board with sensing pins to indicate the depth of water-table as it exceeds six different preset depths (1, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 45 cmfrom the surface). The surface runoff sensor; a miniature V-notch weir, is a "yes-no " sensor that indicates whether or not there is surface runoff: Sixty-three subsurface saturation and 42 surface runoff sensors were installed in a 20 m x 40 m hillslope adjacent to a headwater stream, All sensors were connected to data-loggers for automated continuous data collection. This field application proved that these sensors are easy-to-install and cost effective as compared to shallow wells. The performance of the subsurface saturation sensors compared favorably with local shallow wells. Data from these sensors can be used to identity the process(es), saturation excess or infiltration excess, that leads to the occurrence of surface saturation and runoff generation areas over distributed spatial locations. The rime series data from these sensors can be used to identify and define the dynamics of surface saturation and runoff generation areas during rainfall events. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Agr & Biol Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Agr Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, University Pk, PA USA. RP Srinivasan, MS (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Agr & Biol Engn, 249 Agr Engn Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 10 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 43 IS 3 BP 651 EP 660 PG 10 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 330BN UT WOS:000087943100015 ER PT J AU King, KW Balogh, JC AF King, KW Balogh, JC TI Development of a nitrogen-release algorithm for slow-release fertilizers SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE sulfur-coated ureas; SCU; temperature; moisture; modeling ID DISSOLUTION; TURFGRASS; WATER AB Current water quality models do not consider the time release rate of sulfur-coated nl eas (SCUs), However the use of these slow-release formulations is prevalent in urban agricultural management. Using documented slow-release fertilizer data, a first-order decay equation was fit with reasonable accuracy for both surface (Efficiency R-2 0.63) and incorporated (Efficiency R-2 = 0.70) applications. In both cases the decay coefficient was best represented using a two-parameter model. Temperature and seven-day dissolution amount were determined as best descriptive parameters for the surface model while soil moisture and temperature were used for the incorporated model. Temperature was the more sensitive parameter for the surface applied model while soil moisture was the more sensitive input for the incorporated model. Each model was validated with a limited amount of data. The surface applied model was validated with a prediction efficiency of 0.82 while the subsurface model was validated with a prediction efficiency of 0.63. Even though the models are based on a limited amount of data, incorporation of these results in water quality models will pet-mit the initial simulation of SCUs and allow better simulations of real world situations. C1 USDA ARS, Temple, TX 76502 USA. Spectrum Res Inc, Duluth, MN USA. RP King, KW (reprint author), USDA ARS, 808 E Blackland Rd, Temple, TX 76502 USA. NR 16 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 43 IS 3 BP 661 EP 664 PG 4 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 330BN UT WOS:000087943100016 ER PT J AU Robinson, KM Cook, KR Hanson, GJ AF Robinson, KM Cook, KR Hanson, GJ TI Velocity field measurements at an overfall SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE erosion; overfall; flow rate; headcut; acoustic Doppler velocimeter; gullies AB The velocities and circulation patterns were measured and characterized for flows in the vicinity of an aerated straight drop overfall. The velocity vectors were determined for multiple tailwater levels at a constant flow rate and for multiple flow rates at a constant tailwater level. An acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) was used to acquire three-dimensional component flow velocities along the channel centerline. The ADV probe performed well in areas of relatively low flow velocity and low air entrainment, but the probe did not perform well in areas with high flow velocity and high air entrainment. The velocity measurements are presented and the near boundary flow velocities agreed well with previously, measured boundary stresses. The velocities near the vertical wall and horizontal floor were observed to be similar in magnitude for a range of tailwater elevations and discharges. These velocity field measurements provide fundamental information about the velocities and circulation patterns in the vicinity of an overfall. This information enhances our understanding of the forces that cause headcut erosion. C1 Plant Sci & Water Conservat Res Lab, Hydraul Engn Res Unit, Stillwater, OK USA. RP Robinson, KM (reprint author), USDA ARS, 1302 N Western St, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. NR 11 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 43 IS 3 BP 665 EP 670 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 330BN UT WOS:000087943100017 ER PT J AU Eigenberg, RA Hahn, GL Nienaber, JA Brown-Brandl, TM Spiers, DE AF Eigenberg, RA Hahn, GL Nienaber, JA Brown-Brandl, TM Spiers, DE TI Development of a new respiration rate monitor for cattle SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE bioenergetics; respiration rate monitor; transducer; microcomputer; environmental stress AB Studies were conducted investigating bioenergetic responses of growing cattle to heat challenges using respiration rate as one of the primary measures. Respiration rare (RR) was measured using monitors designed from commercially available thin-film pressure sensors and a small battery powered micro-computer: The monitors were designed, fabricated and tested to provide continuous records as a basis for evaluating stress responses associated with environmental conditions. This article provides derails about the monitors and the suitability of obtained records as an indicator of stress, based on measures obtained in environmental chambers during constant and simulated hear wave conditions as well as a field study Representative data from two laboratory studies indicated an association of RR and ambient temperature (P < 0.01) with diurnal changes being evident in the cyclic test and step changes being evident in the constant ambient temperature tests. A two to three breaths per minute (BPM) rate of change of RR with respect to ambient temperature (degrees C) was observed for steers in the laboratory studies. The field study revealed a striking response of RR to the ambient temperature (6.6 BPM/degrees C rate of change)for a steer that had direct solar load (no-shade) compared to a 1.6 BPM/degrees C rate of change in the shade. C1 USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Biol Engn Res Unit, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Eigenberg, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Biol Engn Res Unit, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 16 TC 25 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 43 IS 3 BP 723 EP 728 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 330BN UT WOS:000087943100024 ER PT J AU Brokaw, N Busing, RT AF Brokaw, N Busing, RT TI Niche versus chance and tree diversity in forest gaps SO TRENDS IN ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION LA English DT Review ID SMALL-SCALE DISTURBANCE; RAIN-FOREST; TROPICAL FOREST; SEEDLING ESTABLISHMENT; SPECIES-RICHNESS; CANOPY GAPS; RECRUITMENT LIMITATION; NEOTROPICAL FOREST; LIGHT GRADIENT; GROWTH AB Studies that are unprecedented in scale, detail or approach show that niche partitioning contributes less, and chance events more, than expected to maintaining tree species richness via gap dynamics in tropical and temperate forests, Some tree species are differentially adapted for regeneration in different gap microenvironments. However, the stochastic availability of gaps, and limited recruitment of juveniles, mean that gaps are filled mostly by chance occupants rather than by best adapted species. This chance survival can slow competitive exclusion and maintain tree diversity. Gap dynamics do not explain the latitudinal gradient in tree richness. C1 Manomet Ctr Conservat Sci, Manomet, MA 02345 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Brokaw, N (reprint author), Manomet Ctr Conservat Sci, POB 1770, Manomet, MA 02345 USA. EM nbrowkaw@lternet.edu; busingr@fsl.orst.edu NR 49 TC 218 Z9 241 U1 10 U2 93 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LONDON PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0169-5347 J9 TRENDS ECOL EVOL JI Trends Ecol. Evol. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 15 IS 5 BP 183 EP 188 DI 10.1016/S0169-5347(00)01822-X PG 6 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 307ZH UT WOS:000086683700005 ER PT J AU Owens, RA Yang, G Gundersen-Rindal, D Hammond, RW Candresse, T Bar-Joseph, M AF Owens, RA Yang, G Gundersen-Rindal, D Hammond, RW Candresse, T Bar-Joseph, M TI Both point mutation and RNA recombination contribute to the sequence diversity of citrus viroid III SO VIRUS GENES LA English DT Article DE viroids; apscaviroids; phylogenetic analysis; RNA quasi-species; subviral RNAs ID YELLOW SPECKLE VIROID-1; STRUCTURAL FEATURES; EVOLUTION; PATHOGENICITY; EXOCORTIS; VARIANTS; CACHEXIA; DISEASE; VIRUSES; DOMAINS AB Field-grown citrus trees often harbor complex mixtures of 4-5 different viroid species, and the presence of citrus viroid III (CVd-III) has been shown to reduce the rate of tree growth without inducing disease. To more fully define the structure of its quasi-species, we have examined nine citrus viroid complexes for the presence of previously undescribed sequence variants of CVd-III. Analysis of 86 full-length cDNAs generated from these nine viroid complexes by RT-PCR revealed the presence of 20 new CVd-III variants. Chain lengths ranged from 293-297 nucleotides, and sequence changes were confined largely to the lower portions of the central conserved region and variable domain. The previously described variants CVd-IIIa (297 nt) and CVd-IIIb (294 nt) were clearly predominant, but phylogenetic analysis indicated that certain isolates may contain representatives of two additional fitness peaks. At least one group of CVd-III variants appears to have arisen as a result of RNA recombination. Populations recovered from diseased/declining trees were the most diverse, but even dwarfing isolates originating from old line Shamouti trees showed considerable variability. C1 USDA ARS, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. INRA, Pathol Vegetale Stn, F-33883 Villenave Dornon, France. Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, Dept Virol, S Tolkowsky Lab, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. RP Bar-Joseph, M (reprint author), USDA ARS, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Room 252 Bldg 011A, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 42 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0920-8569 J9 VIRUS GENES JI Virus Genes PD MAY PY 2000 VL 20 IS 3 BP 243 EP 252 DI 10.1023/A:1008144712837 PG 10 WC Genetics & Heredity; Virology SC Genetics & Heredity; Virology GA 328VD UT WOS:000087870000008 PM 10949952 ER PT J AU Buhler, DD Liebman, M Obrycki, JJ AF Buhler, DD Liebman, M Obrycki, JJ TI Theoretical and practical challenges to an IPM approach to weed management SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Review DE cropping systems; integrated pest management; integrated weed management; weed biology; weed ecology ID INTERFERENCE RELATIONSHIPS; CORN; STABILITY; DYNAMICS; IMPACT; NEEDS; MODEL AB Modern weed control tactics have played a major role in the productivity of cropping systems. Herbicides have been an effective component of weed control for major crops, greatly reducing yield losses and facilitating reduced tillage systems. Although these benefits are important, weed problems, soil erosion, and environmental concerns persist. Herbicides will continue to play a key role in most production systems, but weed species will continue to evolve and weed communities shift in response to selection pressures. Weed science must develop and incorporate additional practices to create integrated management systems that diversify selection pressures and reduce environmental degradation. Integrated pest management (IPM) may provide a useful framework for the development of integrated weed management systems. The basic principles of IPM are well established and have been successfully applied to many agricultural pests. However, the application of IPM to weed management has lagged behind other pest management disciplines. Many of the concepts and approaches of IPM are relevant to weed management, but these were not developed specifically for weed management and are not sufficient to address it adequately. Principles of IPM unique to weed management need to be delineated, developed, and put into practice. Although IPM for other pests provides an excellent framework, weed science must develop its own theory, management tactics, and monitoring procedures based on the unique characteristics of weed communities. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Entomol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Buhler, DD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 53 TC 72 Z9 89 U1 5 U2 28 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 48 IS 3 BP 274 EP 280 DI 10.1614/0043-1745(2000)048[0274:TAPCTA]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 328BP UT WOS:000087829200002 ER PT J AU De Prado, R Gonzalez-Gutierrez, J Menendez, J Gasquez, J Gronwald, JW Gimenez-Espinosa, R AF De Prado, R Gonzalez-Gutierrez, J Menendez, J Gasquez, J Gronwald, JW Gimenez-Espinosa, R TI Resistance to acetyl CoA carboxylase-inhibiting herbicides in Lolium multiflorum SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE clethodim; CGA-184927-propargil; BAS-517-H; diclofop-methyl; haloxyfop-methyl; quizalofop-ethyl; sethoxydim; PP-604; Lolium multiflorum Lam. LOLMU, Italian ryegrass; Triticum aestivum L., wheat; ACCase activity; biotype resistance; graminicide; isoform purification ID ITALIAN RYEGRASS LOLIUM; COENZYME-A CARBOXYLASE; DICLOFOP-METHYL; ARYLOXYPHENOXYPROPIONATE HERBICIDES; ALOPECURUS-MYOSUROIDES; SUSCEPTIBLE BIOTYPES; MOLECULAR-CLONING; CROSS-RESISTANCE; ISOFORMS; MAIZE AB A Lolium multiflorum Lam. biotype resistant to diclofop-methyl was found in a Triticum aestivum field in France (Normandy) that had been treated for several years with diclofop-methyl. Based on plant survival evaluated 21 d after herbicide application, the biotype exhibited a high level of resistance to diclofop-methyl and moderate resistance to CGA-184927-propargil and PP-604. The resistant biotype exhibited a small increase in tolerance to haloxyfop-methyl, quizalofop-ethyl, sethoxydim, and BAS-517-H, but was controlled by recommended field races for these herbicides. The mechanism of resistance was investigated for diclofop-methyl. There was little or no difference in diclofop-methyl absorption by leaves of resistant and susceptible biotypes measured 48 h after treatment. For both biotypes, less than 1% of absorbed radiolabel was translocated during 48 h following foliar application of C-14-diclofopmethyl. Metabolism of diclofop-methyl was not significantly altered in the resistant biotype. In both biotypes, diclofop-methyl was rapidly metabolized to diclofop acid followed by a slow rate of formation of a polar conjugate. Two multifunctional acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase isoforms (ACCase I and ACCase II) were isolated from leaf tissue of resistant and susceptible biotypes. Both isoforms exhibited a subunit molecular mass of 203 kDa. For both resistant and susceptible biotypes, ACCase I constituted approximately 80% of total ACCase activity. Graminicide concentrations required to inhibit ACCase activity by 50% (I-50 values) were determined for both ACCase isoforms from resistant and susceptible biotypes. The ACCase II isoform was highly resistant to graminicides in both biotypes. In contrast, the I-50 value for diclofop inhibition of ACCase I was 19-fold greater for the enzyme isolated from the resistant biotype compared with the susceptible biotype. It is concluded that diclofop resistance in the L. multiflorum biotype from Normandy is caused by the presence of a resistant form of the ACCase I isoform. C1 Univ Cordoba, ETSIAM, Dept Quim Agricola & Edafol, E-14080 Cordoba, Spain. Univ Huelva, Escuela Politecn Super, Dept Ciencias Agroforestales, Huelva, Spain. Malherbiol INRA, Dijon, France. USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP De Prado, R (reprint author), Univ Cordoba, ETSIAM, Dept Quim Agricola & Edafol, Apdo 3048, E-14080 Cordoba, Spain. NR 37 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 5 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 48 IS 3 BP 311 EP 318 DI 10.1614/0043-1745(2000)048[0311:RTACCI]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 328BP UT WOS:000087829200008 ER PT J AU Donald, WW AF Donald, WW TI A degree-day model of Cirsium arvense shoot emergence from adventitious root buds in spring SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. CIRAR; Canada thistle; Triticum aestivum L. wheat; heat sum; temperature; CIRAR ID HALEPENSE L PERS; GROWING DEGREE-DAYS; CONSERVATION-TILLAGE; WEED MANAGEMENT; CANADA; SYSTEMS; POPULATIONS; HERBICIDES; GROWTH; TIME AB If decision-aid software models of weed emergence and growth are ever to help producers better time weed management, these models must be able to predict perennial weed shoot emergence from vegetative propagules. In this research, Cirsium arvense shoot emergence from adventitious root buds in spring was modeled using degree-day heat sums. Fractional C. arvense shoot emergence was best modeled as a logistic dose-response function of degree-day heat sum as follows: Y = 1.108/(1 + [X/ 488.344](-5.161)) where Y = fractional C. arvense shoot emergence (0 to 1) and X = heat sum in degree-days above 0 C after day 91 of the year (April 1) with an upper limit of 800 degree (C) days (r(2) = 0.83). This empirical model was validated by graphing observed vs. model-predicted C. arvense shoot emergence using two independently gathered data sea, one of C. arvense emergence in autumn chisel-plowed Triticum aestivum (r(2) = 0.82) and the other in no-till fallow (r(2) = 0.63). The model slightly overestimated emergence at low fractional emergence (< similar to 7% at 0.1 fractional emergence) and underestimated emergence at high fractional emergence (10 to 20% at 0.8 to 1.0 fractional emergence). Below an emergence fraction of 0.8, the model adequately estimated observed emergence to within about 10% of the predicted regression line. Using the model, about 1% and 80% of C. arvense shoots should emerge from adventitious root buds after a heat sum accumulates of about 197 and 587 C d, respectively, starting from day 91 of the year. Consequently, farmers should begin monitoring C. arvense patches for emergence and height growth after about 197 C d accumulate and expect to control C. arvense before about 587 C d accumulate, which is when about 80% of shoots have emerged. C1 Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Donald, WW (reprint author), Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, 269 Agr Engn Bldg, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 27 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 7 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 48 IS 3 BP 333 EP 341 DI 10.1614/0043-1745(2000)048[0333:ADDMOC]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 328BP UT WOS:000087829200011 ER PT J AU Colbach, N Forcella, F Johnson, GA AF Colbach, N Forcella, F Johnson, GA TI Spatial and temporal stability of weed populations over five years SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Amaranthus retroflexus L. AMARE, redroot pigweed; Asclepias syriaca L. ASCSY, common milkweed; Brassica kaber (DC.) LC Wheeler SINAR, wild mustard; Chenopodium album L. CHEAL, common lambsquarters; Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop CIRAR, Canada thistle; Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski AGRRE, quackgrass; Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. SETVI, green foxtail; Glycine max (L.) Merr., soybean; cross-semivariogram; geostatistics; kriging; patch; precision farming; semivariogram ID LAMBSQUARTERS CHENOPODIUM-ALBUM; SOYBEAN GLYCINE-MAX; SEED BANK; ECONOMIC THRESHOLDS; CONTROL DECISIONS; MANAGEMENT; HETEROGENEITY; UNCERTAINTY; PATTERN; MODELS AB The size, location, and variation in time of weed patches within an arable field were analyzed with the ultimate goal of simplifying weed mapping. Annual and perennial weeds were sampled yearly from 1993 to 1997 at 410 permanent grid points in a 1.3-ha no-till field sown to row crops each year. Geostatistical techniques were used to examine the data as follows: (1) spatial structure within years; (2) relationships of spatial structure to literature-derived population parameters, such as seed production and seed longevity; and (3) stability of weed patches across years. Within years, densities were more variable across crop rows and patches were elongated along rows. Aggregation of seedlings into patches was strongest for annuals and, more generally, for species whose seeds were dispersed by combine harvesting. Patches were most persistent for perennials and, more generally, for species whose seeds dispersed prior to expected dates of combine harvesting. For the most abundant weed in the field, the annual, Setaria viridis, locations of patches in the current year could be used to predict patch locations in the following year, bur not thereafter. C1 INRA, Unite Malherbiol & Agron, F-21034 Dijon, France. USDA ARS, N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, Morris, MN 56267 USA. Univ Minnesota, So Res & Outreach Ctr, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, Waseca, MN 56093 USA. RP Colbach, N (reprint author), INRA, Unite Malherbiol & Agron, BV 1540,17 Rue Sully, F-21034 Dijon, France. RI Colbach, Nathalie/C-6677-2014; Milberg, Per/G-6153-2012 OI Colbach, Nathalie/0000-0002-3791-037X; Milberg, Per/0000-0001-6128-1051 NR 46 TC 53 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 16 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 48 IS 3 BP 366 EP 377 DI 10.1614/0043-1745(2000)048[0366:SATSOW]2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 328BP UT WOS:000087829200015 ER PT J AU Teasdale, JR Mohler, CL AF Teasdale, JR Mohler, CL TI The quantitative relationship between weed emergence and the physical properties of mulches SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Abutilon theophrasti medicus ABUTH, velvetleaf; Amaranthus retroflexus L. AMARE, redroot pigweed; Chenopodium album L. CHEAL, common; lambsquarters; Setaria faberi Herrm. SETFA, giant foxtail; Quercus alba L., white oak; Quercus montana Willd., chestnut oak; Secale cereale L., rye; Trifolium incarnatum L., crimson clover; Vicia villosa Roth, hairy vetch; Zea mays L., corn; residue; litter; cover crop; light extinction; seedling; ABUTH; AMARE; CHEAL; SEFTA ID SEEDLING EMERGENCE; PLANT COMMUNITY; SETARIA-FABERI; MANAGEMENT; RESIDUES; TILLAGE; LITTER; MODEL; GERMINATION; CORN AB Mulches on the soil surface are known to suppress weed emergence, but the quantitative relationships between emergence and mulch properties have not been clearly defined. A theoretical framework for describing the relationships among mulch mass, area index, height, cover, light extinction, and weed emergence is introduced. This theory is applied to data from experiments on emergence of four annual weed species through mulches of selected materials applied at six rates. Mulch materials, in order from lowest to highest surface-area-to-mass ratio, were bark chips, Zea mays stalks, Secale cereale, Trifolium incarnatum, Vicia villosa, Quercus leaves, and landscape fabric strips. The order of weed species' sensitivity to mulches was Amaranthus retroflexus > Chenopodium album > Setaria faberi > Abutilon theophrasti, regardless of mulch material. The success of emergence through mulches was related to the capacity of seedlings to grow around obstructing mulch elements under limiting light conditions. Mulch area index was a pivotal property for quantitatively defining mulch properties and understanding weed emergence through mulches. A two-parameter model of emergence as a function of mulch area index and fraction of mulch volume that was solid reasonably predicted emergence across the range of mulches investigated. C1 USDA ARS, Weed Sci Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Teasdale, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Weed Sci Lab, Bldg 001,Room 323, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 20 TC 160 Z9 164 U1 9 U2 48 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 48 IS 3 BP 385 EP 392 DI 10.1614/0043-1745(2000)048[0385:TQRBWE]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 328BP UT WOS:000087829200017 ER PT J AU van Bennekum, AM Fisher, EA Blaner, WS Harrison, EH AF van Bennekum, AM Fisher, EA Blaner, WS Harrison, EH TI Hydrolysis of retinyl esters by pancreatic triglyceride lipase SO BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID BILE-SALT; CHOLESTERYL ESTER; RAT-LIVER; METABOLISM; HYDROLASE; MICE; ABSORPTION; MEMBRANE; CELLS AB Previously [van Bennekum, A. M., et al. (1999) Biochemistry 38, 4150-4156] we showed that carboxyl ester Lipase (CEL)-deficient (CELKO) mice have normal levels of pancreatic, bile salt-dependent retinyl ester hydrolase (REH) activity. In the present study, we further investigated this non-CEL REH activity in pancreas homogenates of CELKO and wild-type (WT) mice, and rats. REH activity was detected in both the presence and absence of tri- and dihydroxy bile salts in rats, WT mice, and CELKO mice. In contrast, pancreatic cholesteryl ester hydrolase (CEH) activity was only detected in the presence of trihydroxy bile salts and only in rats and WT mice, consistent with GEL-mediated cholesteryl ester hydrolysis. Enzyme assays of pancreatic triglyceride lipase (PTL) showed that there was a colipase-stimulated REH activity in rat and mouse (WT and CELKO) pancreas, consistent with hydrolysis of retinyl ester (RE) by PTL. Pancreatic enzyme activities related to either CEL or PTL were separated using DEAE-chromatography. In both rats and mice (WT and CELKO), REH activity could be attributed mainly to PTL, and to a much smaller extent to GEL. Finally, purified human PTL exhibited similar enzymatic characteristics for triglyceride hydrolysis as well as for retinyl ester hydrolysis, indicating that RE is a substrate for PTL in vivo. Altogether, these studies clearly show that PTL is the major pancreatic REH activity in mice, as well as in rats. C1 Med Coll Penn & Hahnemann Univ, Dept Biochem, Philadelphia, PA 19129 USA. CUNY Mt Sinai Sch Med, Cardiovasc Inst, New York, NY 10029 USA. CUNY Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Med, New York, NY 10029 USA. Columbia Univ, Inst Human Nutr, New York, NY 10032 USA. USDA ARS, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Harrison, EH (reprint author), Med Coll Penn & Hahnemann Univ, Dept Biochem, Philadelphia, PA 19129 USA. FU NIDDK NIH HHS [DK44498, DK52444, R01 DK044498] NR 21 TC 33 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0006-2960 J9 BIOCHEMISTRY-US JI Biochemistry PD APR 25 PY 2000 VL 39 IS 16 BP 4900 EP 4906 DI 10.1021/bi9927235 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 308XG UT WOS:000086737700038 PM 10769148 ER PT J AU Cary, JW Montalbano, BG Ehrlich, KC AF Cary, JW Montalbano, BG Ehrlich, KC TI Promoter elements involved in the expression of the Aspergillus parasiticus aflatoxin biosynthesis pathway gene avnA SO BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE STRUCTURE AND EXPRESSION LA English DT Article ID CLUSTER; AFLR; NIDULANS; BINDING; PROTEIN AB One of the early genes in aflatoxin biosynthesis, avnA, encodes a pathway-specific cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase that catalyzes the hydroxylation of the polyketide anthraquinone, averantin. Based on beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter and electrophoretic mobility shift assays, promoter sites upstream of -118 bp in the 367-bp verB-avnA intergenic region are not required for avnA gene activity. Therefore, only the -100 to -110 site of the four putative binding sites for AFLR, the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway transcription regulatory protein (consensus binding sequence: 5'-TCGN(5)CGR-3') was required for elevated avnA expression. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Cary, JW (reprint author), USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687,1100 RE Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 15 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4781 J9 BBA-GENE STRUCT EXPR JI Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Gene Struct. Expression PD APR 25 PY 2000 VL 1491 IS 1-3 BP 7 EP 12 DI 10.1016/S0167-4781(00)00045-2 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 307PD UT WOS:000086661000002 PM 10760564 ER PT J AU Chang, PK Yu, JJ Bhatnagar, D Cleveland, TE AF Chang, PK Yu, JJ Bhatnagar, D Cleveland, TE TI Characterization of the Aspergillus parasiticus major nitrogen regulatory gene, areA SO BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE STRUCTURE AND EXPRESSION LA English DT Article DE nitrogen regulation; areA; DNA-binding domain; transcription activation domain; aflatoxin; Aspergillus parasiticus ID AFLATOXIN BIOSYNTHESIS; METABOLITE REPRESSION; TRANSCRIPTION; SPECIFICITY; NIDULANS; PROTEIN; FUNGI; AFLR AB The major nitrogen regulatory gene, areA, was cloned from Aspergillus parasiticus. It encoded a polypeptide of 864 amino acids which contained a nuclear localization signal (NLS), a highly acidic region from positions 497 to 542, a Cys-X-2-Cys-X-17-Cys-X-2-Cys DNA-binding motif and a conserved carboxy-terminus. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays suggested that the A. parasiticus AREA DNA-binding domain fusion protein bound cooperatively to single GATA elements in the A. parasiticus niaD-niiA intergenic region. AREA also bound to the aflR-qflJ intergenic region of the aflatoxin biosynthesis gene cluster. Regions of areA were fused to a yeast GAL4 DNA-binding domain coding region to localize putative transcription activation domain(s) of AREA based on activation of the GAL1(p)::lacZ reporter gene expression. The portion between NLS and the acidic domain demonstrated 16-20-fold higher activation activities than other portions of AREA, which suggests that the transcription activation domain is located in this region. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, USDA, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Chang, PK (reprint author), ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 18 TC 44 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4781 J9 BBA-GENE STRUCT EXPR JI Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Gene Struct. Expression PD APR 25 PY 2000 VL 1491 IS 1-3 BP 263 EP 266 DI 10.1016/S0167-4781(00)00004-X PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 307PD UT WOS:000086661000026 PM 10760588 ER PT J AU Hassan, ML Rowell, RM Fadl, NA Yacoub, SF Christainsen, AW AF Hassan, ML Rowell, RM Fadl, NA Yacoub, SF Christainsen, AW TI Thermoplasticization of bagasse. I. Preparation and characterization of esterified bagasse fibers SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE bagasse; esterification; succinic anhydride; thermoplasticization ID BEARING CARBOXYL GROUPS; DICARBOXYLIC-ACID ANHYDRIDES; CELLULOSE SOLVENT MEDIUM; CHEMICAL MODIFICATION; WOOD SURFACES; CYANOETHYLATED WOOD; ETHERIFICATION; BENZYLATION; ALLYLATION; MECHANISM AB This research was to investigate the conversion of bagasse into a thermoformable material through esterification of the fiber matrix. For this purpose, bagasse was esterified in the absence of solvent using succinic anhydride (SA). The reaction parameters of temperature reaction, time, and amount of succinic anhydride added were studied. Ester content, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) were used to characterize the chemical and thermal properties of the esterified fibers. The results showed that on reacting bagasse with SA in the absence of solvent, ester content up to about 48% could be obtained, Diester formation increased with increasing reaction time and temperature at high levels of ester content. Ester content determination of the esterified fibers and their corresponding holocelluloses showed that the reaction took, place in the lignin and holocellulose components of bagasse. The IR results showed that the crystallinity index of different esterified bagasse samples did not decrease as a result of increasing the ester content. DSC and TGA results showed that esterified-bagasse fibers were less thermally stable than the untreated fibers. DMTA results showed that esterification of the fibers resulted in a decrease in the tan delta peak temperature of the esterified fibers compared to the untreated fiber. (C) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 Natl Res Ctr, Cellulose & Paper Dept, Cairo, Egypt. USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Hassan, ML (reprint author), Natl Res Ctr, Cellulose & Paper Dept, Cairo, Egypt. EM MLHassan@hotmail.com OI Hassan, Mohammad/0000-0003-1929-8778 NR 60 TC 55 Z9 66 U1 1 U2 21 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0021-8995 EI 1097-4628 J9 J APPL POLYM SCI JI J. Appl. Polym. Sci. PD APR 25 PY 2000 VL 76 IS 4 BP 561 EP 574 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(20000425)76:4<561::AID-APP14>3.0.CO;2-J PG 14 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 288UV UT WOS:000085583600014 ER PT J AU Hassan, ML Rowell, RM Fadl, NA Yacoub, SF Christainsen, AW AF Hassan, ML Rowell, RM Fadl, NA Yacoub, SF Christainsen, AW TI Thermoplasticization of bagasse. II. Dimensional stability and mechanical properties of esterified bagasse composite SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE bagasse; esterification; succinic anhydride; thermoplasticization; esterified bagasse composites; dimensional stability; mechanical properties ID BEARING CARBOXYL GROUPS; WOODS; FIBER AB This research was to investigate the conversion of bagasse into a thermo moldable material through esterification of the fiber matrix. For this purpose, bagasse fiber was esterified in the absence of solvent using succinic anhydride. The dimensional stability and mechanical properties of composites prepared from the esterified fibers were studied. Dimensional stability was found to be dependent on the total ester and monoester/diester content of esterified fibers and increased with increasing total ester and monoester content of the fibers. The mechanical properties (bending strength, tensile strength, and hardness) were enhanced with increasing monoester contents. Scanning electron microscopy was used to prove the occurrence of thermoplasticization of the esterified fibers. (C) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 Natl Res Ctr, Cellulose & Paper Dept, Cairo 11262, Egypt. USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Hassan, ML (reprint author), Natl Res Ctr, Cellulose & Paper Dept, Cairo 11262, Egypt. EM MLHassan@hotmail.com OI Hassan, Mohammad/0000-0003-1929-8778 NR 15 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0021-8995 EI 1097-4628 J9 J APPL POLYM SCI JI J. Appl. Polym. Sci. PD APR 25 PY 2000 VL 76 IS 4 BP 575 EP 586 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(20000425)76:4<575::AID-APP15>3.3.CO;2-0 PG 12 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 288UV UT WOS:000085583600015 ER PT J AU Brown, S DeCamillis, M Gonzalez-Charneco, K Denell, M Beeman, R Nie, WS Denell, R AF Brown, S DeCamillis, M Gonzalez-Charneco, K Denell, M Beeman, R Nie, WS Denell, R TI Implications of the Tribolium Deformed mutant phenotype for the evolution of Hox gene function SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID BEETLE TRIBOLIUM; DISTAL-LESS; DROSOPHILA; CASTANEUM; EXPRESSION; COMPLEX; ORIGIN; HOMOEOSIS; IDENTITY; ZOOTYPE AB Among insects, the genetic regulation of regional identities in the postoral head or gnathal segments (mandibular, maxillary, and labial) is best understood in the fly Drosophila melanogaster. In part, normal gnathal development depends on Deformed (Dfd) and Sex combs reduced (Scr), genes in the split Drosophila homeotic complex. The gnathal segments of Dfd and Scr mutant larvae are abnormal but not homeotically transformed. In the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, we have isolated loss-of-function mutations of the Deformed ortholog, Mutant larvae display a strong transformation of mandibular appendages to antennae. The maxillary appendages, normally composed of an endite and a telopodite, develop only the telopodite in mutant larvae. We previously reported that mutations in the beetle Scr and Antennapedia orthologs cause the labial and thoracic appendages, respectively, to be transformed to antennae. Moreover, a deficiency of most of the beetle homeotic complex causes all gnathal (as well as thoracic and abdominal) segments to develop antennae. These and other observations are consistent with the hypothesis that ancestral insect homeotic gene functions have been modified considerably during the evolution of the highly specialized maggot head. One of the ancestral homeobox genes that arose close to the root of the Eumetazoa appears to have given rise to Dfd, Scr, and the Antennapedia homeobox-class homeotic genes. Evidence from both Tribolium and Drosophila suggests that this ancestral gene served to repress anterior development as well as confer a trunk-specific identity. C1 Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. USDA ARS, US Grain Mkt Res Lab, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Denell, R (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, Ackert Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. EM rdenell@ksu.edu NR 24 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD APR 25 PY 2000 VL 97 IS 9 BP 4510 EP 4514 DI 10.1073/pnas.97.9.4510 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 308GW UT WOS:000086703000024 PM 10781053 ER PT J AU Pence, NS Larsen, PB Ebbs, SD Letham, DLD Lasat, MM Garvin, DF Eide, D Kochian, LV AF Pence, NS Larsen, PB Ebbs, SD Letham, DLD Lasat, MM Garvin, DF Eide, D Kochian, LV TI The molecular physiology of heavy metal transport in the Zn/Cd hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; ZINC TRANSPORTER; CADMIUM UPTAKE; GENE ENCODES; YEAST; PLANTS; PHYTOREMEDIATION; COMPARTMENTATION; IDENTIFICATION; TRANSLOCATION AB An integrated molecular and physiological investigation of the fundamental mechanisms of heavy metal accumulation was conducted in Thlaspi caerulescens. a Zn/Cd-hyperaccumulating plant species. A heavy metal transporter cDNA, ZNT1, was cloned from T. caerulescens through functional complementation in yeast and was shown to mediate high-affinity Zn2+ uptake as well as low-affinity Cd2+ uptake. It was found that this transporter is expressed at very high levels in roots and shoots of the hyperaccumulator, A study of ZNT1 expression and high-affinity Zn2+ uptake in roots of T, caerulescens and in a related nonaccumulator. Thlaspi arvense, showed that alteration in the regulation of ZNT1 gene expression by plant Zn status results in the overexpression of this transporter and in increased Zn influx in roots of the hyperaccumulating Thlaspi species. These findings yield insights into the molecular regulation and control of plant heavy metal and micronutrient accumulation and homeostasis, as well as provide information that will contribute to the advancement of phytoremediation by the future engineering of plants with improved heavy metal uptake and tolerance. C1 Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Cell Biol & Mol Genet, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Nutr Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Kochian, LV (reprint author), Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. OI Kochian, Leon/0000-0003-3416-089X; Ebbs, Stephen/0000-0003-4042-9234 NR 29 TC 408 Z9 487 U1 10 U2 102 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD APR 25 PY 2000 VL 97 IS 9 BP 4956 EP 4960 DI 10.1073/pnas.97.9.4956 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 308GW UT WOS:000086703000100 PM 10781104 ER PT J AU Shirako, Y Suzuki, N French, RC AF Shirako, Y Suzuki, N French, RC TI Similarity and divergence among viruses in the genus Furovirus SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID WHEAT MOSAIC-VIRUS; GOLDEN STRIPE VIRUS; READTHROUGH PROTEIN; DELETION MUTANT; POLYMYXA-BETAE; GENOME; TRANSMISSION; SEQUENCES; DOMAIN; CHINA AB Nucleotide sequences of RNAs 1 and 2 of a Japanese strain of soil-borne wheat mosaic virus (sBWMV), the type species of the genus Furovirus, and sorghum chlorotic spot virus (SCSV) were determined from cloned cDNA. The relationship among the Japanese and US strains of SBWMV, SCSV, oat golden stripe virus (OGSV), and recently proposed Chinese wheat mosaic and European wheat mosaic viruses (CWMV and EWMV) were examined at the nucleotide and amino acid levels. Pairwise comparisons of genome-encoded proteins among the six viruses showed that the US strains of SBWMV and CWMV were the most closely related pair in RNA 1 and the Japanese strains of SBWMV and EWMV were most closely related in RNA 2. SCSV was most distantly related to the other five viruses. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that there may have been an ancient reassortment between RNAs 1 and 2 of the four wheat-infecting viruses and OGSV, while SCSV was shown to have separated from the rest before the other five viruses diverged. The fact that CWMV and EWMV have almost identical biological properties as well as the sequence similarities to the two strains of SBWMV suggests that they be regarded as strains of SBWMV, considering that SBWMV consists of generically diverged strains. OGSV and SCSV are distinct in biological properties in addition to genetic divergence in the genus Furovirus. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 Univ Tokyo, Asian Ctr Bioresources & Environm Sci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138657, Japan. Univ Maryland, Inst Biotechnol, Ctr Agr Biotechnol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Shirako, Y (reprint author), Univ Tokyo, Asian Ctr Bioresources & Environm Sci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138657, Japan. RI Suzuki, Nobuhiro/B-2517-2011 NR 29 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD APR 25 PY 2000 VL 270 IS 1 BP 201 EP 207 DI 10.1006/viro.2000.0251 PG 7 WC Virology SC Virology GA 311NG UT WOS:000086889900020 PM 10772992 ER PT J AU Lindsay, DS Thomas, NJ Dubey, JP AF Lindsay, DS Thomas, NJ Dubey, JP TI Biological characterisation of Sarcocystis neurona isolated from a Southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE encephalitis; Enhdyra lutris nereis; Sarcocystis neurona; Southern sea otter ID OPOSSUM DIDELPHIS-VIRGINIANA; N-SP PROTOZOA; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM-PARVUM; IMMUNODEFICIENT MICE; FALCATULA; ORGANISM; TOXOPLASMOSIS; ENCEPHALITIS; OOCYSTS; MENINGOENCEPHALITIS AB Sarcocystis neurona was isolated from the brain of a juvenile, male southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) suffering from CNS disease. Schizonts and merozoites in tissue sections of the otter's brain reacted with anti-S. neurona antiserum immunohistochemically. Development in cell culture was by endopolyogeny and mature schizonts were first observed at 3 days postinoculation. PCR of merozoite DNA using primer pairs JNB33/JNB54 and restriction enzyme digestion of the 1100 bp product with Dla I indicated the organism was S. neurona. Four of four interferon-gamma gene knockout mice inoculated with merozoites developed S. neurona-associated encephalitis. Antibodies to S. neurona but not Sarcocystis falcatula, Toxoplasma gondii, or Neospora caninum were present in the serum of inoculated mice. This is the first isolation of S. neurona from the brain of a non-equine host. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of the Australian Society for Parasitology Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Dept Biomed Sci & Pathobiol, Ctr Mol Med & Infect Dis, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Dept Interior, Madison, WI 53711 USA. USDA ARS, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Lindsay, DS (reprint author), Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Dept Biomed Sci & Pathobiol, Ctr Mol Med & Infect Dis, 1410 Prices Fork Rd, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RI Lindsay, David/G-8891-2016 OI Lindsay, David/0000-0002-0592-8321 NR 28 TC 55 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0020-7519 J9 INT J PARASITOL JI Int. J. Parasit. PD APR 24 PY 2000 VL 30 IS 5 BP 617 EP 624 DI 10.1016/S0020-7519(00)00034-5 PG 8 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 310ZU UT WOS:000086860300008 PM 10779575 ER PT J AU Villeneuve, P Muderhwa, JM Graille, J Haas, MJ AF Villeneuve, P Muderhwa, JM Graille, J Haas, MJ TI Customizing lipases for biocatalysis: a survey of chemical, physical and molecular biological approaches SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR CATALYSIS B-ENZYMATIC LA English DT Review DE lipases; biocatalysis; genetic engineering ID CANDIDA-RUGOSA LIPASE; SITE-DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS; RHIZOPUS-DELEMAR LIPASE; HUMICOLA-LANUGINOSA LIPASE; PORCINE PANCREATIC LIPASE; CARICA-PAPAYA LATEX; STAPHYLOCOCCUS-HYICUS LIPASE; ALPHA/BETA-HYDROLASE FOLD; IN-VITRO RECOMBINATION; GLYCOL-MODIFIED LIPASE AB Lipases (triacylglycerol ester hydrolases, EC 3.1.1.3) are ubiquitous enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of fats and oils with subsequent release of free fatty acids, diacylglycerols, monoglycerols and glycerol. Besides this, they are also efficient in various reactions such as esterification, transesterification and aminolysis in organic solvents. Therefore, those enzymes are nowadays extensively studied for their potential industrial applications. Examples in the literature are numerous concerning their use in different fields such as resolution of racemic mixtures, synthesis of new surfactants and pharmaceuticals, oils and fats bioconversion and detergency applications. However, the drawbacks of the extensive use of lipases (and biocatalysts in general) compared to classical chemical catalysts can be found in the relatively low stability of enzyme in their native state as well as their prohibitive cost. Consequently, there is a great interest in methods trying to develop competitive biocatalysts for industrial applications by improvement of their catalytic properties such as activity, stability (pH or temperature range) or recycling capacity. Such improvement can be carried out by chemical, physical or genetical modifications of the native enzyme. The present review will survey the different procedures that have been developed to enhance the properties of lipases. It will first focus on the physical modifications of the biocatalysts by adsorption on a carrier material, entrapment or microencapsulation. Chemical modifications and methods such as modification of amino acids residues, covalent coupling to a water-insoluble material, or formation of cross-linked lipase matrix, will also be reviewed. Finally, new and promising methods of lipases modifications by genetic engineering will be discussed. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 SMANA, CIRAD AMIS, Lab Lipotech, F-34032 Montpellier 1, France. Walter Reed Army Med Ctr, Walter Reed Army Inst Res, Dept Membrane Biochem, Washington, DC 20307 USA. ARS, Hides Lipids & Wool Res Unit, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Villeneuve, P (reprint author), SMANA, CIRAD AMIS, Lab Lipotech, BP5035, F-34032 Montpellier 1, France. RI Villeneuve, Pierre/C-1264-2008 OI Villeneuve, Pierre/0000-0003-1685-1494 NR 165 TC 286 Z9 308 U1 5 U2 56 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1381-1177 J9 J MOL CATAL B-ENZYM JI J. Mol. Catal. B-Enzym. PD APR 21 PY 2000 VL 9 IS 4-6 BP 113 EP 148 DI 10.1016/S1381-1177(99)00107-1 PG 36 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Physical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 312WF UT WOS:000086966400001 ER PT J AU De Marez, T Gasbarre, L AF De Marez, T Gasbarre, L TI Fourth stage larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi produce an immunomodulative factor. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, LPSI, IDRL, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD APR 20 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 6 SU S BP A1114 EP A1114 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 307FQ UT WOS:000086643101189 ER PT J AU Ekkens, M Liu, Q Fang, H Byrd, C Sharpe, AH Urban, J Gausel, WC AF Ekkens, M Liu, Q Fang, H Byrd, C Sharpe, AH Urban, J Gausel, WC TI OX40L is not required for the development of a B7-dependent type 2 immune response to the nematode parasite, H polygyrus. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USUHS, Bethesda, MD USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA. USDA, IDRL, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD APR 20 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 6 SU S BP A954 EP A954 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 307FQ UT WOS:000086643100251 ER PT J AU Finkelman, FD Schopf, L Jankovic, D Morris, SC Urban, JF AF Finkelman, FD Schopf, L Jankovic, D Morris, SC Urban, JF TI IgE contributes to accelerated worm expulsion during a second Trichinella spiralis infection. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Cincinnati, Coll Med, Cincinnati, OH USA. VAMC, Cincinnati, OH USA. USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NIAID, LPD, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD APR 20 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 6 SU S BP A952 EP A952 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 307FQ UT WOS:000086643100235 ER PT J AU Golde, WT Wood, J Dunn, JJ Dattwyler, RJ Luft, BJ Coyle, P Kalish, R AF Golde, WT Wood, J Dunn, JJ Dattwyler, RJ Luft, BJ Coyle, P Kalish, R TI T cell antigen reactivity to recombinant OspA and the homologous self peptide of LFA-I in patients with Lyme disease. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Dermatol, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Med, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Neurol, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Biol, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD APR 20 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 6 SU S BP A950 EP A950 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 307FQ UT WOS:000086643100226 ER PT J AU Lillehoj, HS Burnside, J Choi, KD AF Lillehoj, HS Burnside, J Choi, KD TI Molecular characterization and tissue distribution of chicken cytokines homologous to mammalian IL-15 and IL-2 SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Delaware, Dept Ani Sci & Agri Biotech, Newark, DE 19717 USA. RI Nolen, Danielle/A-5250-2010; Crozier, Laura/C-5891-2011 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD APR 20 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 6 SU S BP A1125 EP A1125 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 307FQ UT WOS:000086643101255 ER PT J AU Lillehoj, HS Yun, CH Choi, KD AF Lillehoj, HS Yun, CH Choi, KD TI Eimeria tenella infection induces local IFN-gamma production and intestinal lymphocyte subpopulation changes SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, LPSI, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD APR 20 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 6 SU S BP A972 EP A972 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 307FQ UT WOS:000086643100354 ER PT J AU Liu, Q Urban, J Fang, H Chen, SJ Ekkens, M Donaldson, D Byrd, C Morris, SC Finkelman, F Schopf, L Gause, WC AF Liu, Q Urban, J Fang, H Chen, SJ Ekkens, M Donaldson, D Byrd, C Morris, SC Finkelman, F Schopf, L Gause, WC TI Blocking B7 costimulation and IFN-g creates an IL-4-independent IL-13-dependent protective immune response to Trichuris muris. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USUHS, Bethesda, MD USA. USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Genet Inst, Cambridge, MA 02140 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD APR 20 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 6 SU S BP A952 EP A952 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 307FQ UT WOS:000086643100234 ER PT J AU Sacristan, C Paulson, KE Meydani, SN AF Sacristan, C Paulson, KE Meydani, SN TI Age-related changes in transcription factor (TF) binding activity in murine peritoneal macrophages (M phi): implications for increased cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) gene expression with age. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, JM, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD APR 20 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 6 SU S BP A1230 EP A1230 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 307FQ UT WOS:000086643101875 ER PT J AU Stabel, JR Lee, HY Kehrli, ME AF Stabel, JR Lee, HY Kehrli, ME TI Cytokine secretion and expression in cows infected with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. House Ear Inst, Dept Cell & Mol Biol, Los Angeles, CA USA. Pfizer Inc, Terre Haute, IN USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD APR 20 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 6 SU S BP A1111 EP A1111 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 307FQ UT WOS:000086643101172 ER PT J AU Stabel, TJ Bolin, SR Pesch, BA Rahner, T AF Stabel, TJ Bolin, SR Pesch, BA Rahner, T TI A simple rapid flow cytometric method for detection of porcine cell surface markers. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD APR 20 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 6 SU S BP A1236 EP A1236 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 307FQ UT WOS:000086643101908 ER PT J AU Wang, Y Zarlenga, D Paape, MJ AF Wang, Y Zarlenga, D Paape, MJ TI Effect of recombinant soluble bovine CD14 on cytokine profiles of whole blood stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. USDA ARS, IDRL, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD APR 20 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 6 SU S BP A1110 EP A1110 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 307FQ UT WOS:000086643101167 ER PT J AU Giardina, CP Ryan, MG AF Giardina, CP Ryan, MG TI Evidence that decomposition rates of organic carbon in mineral soil do not vary with temperature SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID NATURAL C-13 ABUNDANCE; 5 HAWAIIAN SOILS; MATTER DYNAMICS; MICROBIAL RESPIRATION; FOREST; TURNOVER; STORAGE; FLUXES; CO2; SENSITIVITY AB It has been suggested that increases in temperature can accelerate the decomposition of organic carbon contained in forest mineral soil (C-s), and, therefore, that global warming should increase the release of soil organic carbon to the atmosphere(1-6). These predictions assume, however, that decay constants can be accurately derived from short-term laboratory incubations of soil or that in situ incubations of fresh litter accurately represent the temperature sensitivity of C-s decomposition. But our limited understanding of the biophysical factors that control C-s decomposition rates, and observations of only minor increases in C-s decomposition rate with temperature in longer-term forest soil heating experiments(7-12) and in latitudinal comparisons of C-s decomposition rates(13-15) bring these predictions into question. Here we have compiled C-s decomposition data from 82 sites on five continents. We found that C-s decomposition rates were remarkably constant across a global-scale gradient in mean annual temperature. These data suggest that C-s decomposition rates for forest soils are not controlled by temperature limitations to microbial activity, and that increased temperature alone will not stimulate the decomposition of forest-derived carbon in mineral soil. C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Management, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. Colorado State Univ, Grad Degree Program Ecol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Giardina, CP (reprint author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Management, 1910 East West Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RI Ryan, Michael/A-9805-2008; Giardina, Christian/C-3120-2011 OI Ryan, Michael/0000-0002-2500-6738; Giardina, Christian/0000-0002-3431-5073 NR 30 TC 524 Z9 607 U1 14 U2 224 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD APR 20 PY 2000 VL 404 IS 6780 BP 858 EP 861 DI 10.1038/35009076 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 306XY UT WOS:000086625000041 PM 10786789 ER PT J AU McLaughlin, JW Gale, MR Jurgensen, MF Trettin, CC AF McLaughlin, JW Gale, MR Jurgensen, MF Trettin, CC TI Soil organic matter and nitrogen cycling in response to harvesting, mechanical site preparation, and fertilization in a wetland with a mineral substrate SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE whole-tree harvest; site preparation bedding; site preparation trenching; fertilization; organic matter decomposition; nitrogen mineralization; solution chemistry ID SUGAR MAPLE SEEDLINGS; CARBON CONCENTRATIONS; LITTER DECOMPOSITION; ECOSYSTEM STRESS; FOREST FLOOR; SPRUCE SWAMP; PINE; AMENDMENTS; SUBSTANCES; DYNAMICS AB Forested wetlands are becoming an important timber resource in the Upper Great Lakes Region of the US. However, there is limited information ori soil nutrient cycling responses to harvesting and post-harvest manipulations (site preparation and fertilization). The objective of this study was to examine cellulose decomposition, nitrogen mineralization, and soil solution chemistry four years after a forested, mineral soil wetland in Northern Michigan was whole-tree harvested, site prepared, and fertilized (N, P, N + P). Organic matter decomposition was greatest in the site preparation bedding treatment and lowest in whole-tree harvested with no mechanical site preparation treatment. Both N and P additions, alone and in combination resulted in increased cellulose decomposition regardless of site preparation treatment (15-38% for the harvest-only treatment, 20-40% for the bedded treatment, and 15-44% for the trenched treatment). However, based on dissolved organic carbon concentrations in the soil solution, organic matter decomposition was inhibited on an overall plot basis; that is, outside the area of cellulose strip placement. The site preparation bedding treatment resulted in a net mineralization of N (9.2 g-N m(-2)) over a 10 week incubation period. The disc trench and harvest-only treatments resulted in a net immobilization of N (3.1 g-N m(-2) and 1.5 g-N m(-2), respectively). Nitrogen, P, and N + P inhibited N mineralization in the bedded treatment by 10-25% over the control. There was a fertilizer-induced increase in N immobilization of 50-60% and 25-50% in the harvest-only and trenched treatments, respectively. It appears that soil microorganisms at this site are limited by soluble C more than N or P. By adding cellulose strips to the soil, the soluble C limitation was, in part, overcome. Once the soluble C limitation was alleviated, then the soil microorganisms responded positively to N and P additions. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forestry & Wood Prod, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Ctr Forested Wetlands Res, Charleston, SC USA. RP McLaughlin, JW (reprint author), Univ Maine, Cooperat Forestry Res Unit, Orono, ME 04473 USA. NR 55 TC 26 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD APR 17 PY 2000 VL 129 IS 1-3 BP 7 EP 23 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00164-4 PG 17 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 294LK UT WOS:000085912600002 ER PT J AU Piatek, KB Allen, HL AF Piatek, KB Allen, HL TI Site preparation effects on foliar N and P use, retranslocation, and transfer to litter in 15-years old Pinus taeda SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Pinus taeda; nitrogen; phosphorus; retranslocation; productivity; plantation management; fertilization ID LOBLOLLY-PINE; FOREST ECOSYSTEMS; NITROGEN-AVAILABILITY; NUTRIENT ACCUMULATION; PLANTATION; WISCONSIN; PIEDMONT; DYNAMICS; GRADIENT; HARVEST AB Intensive site preparation in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations may remove nutrients and lower site productivity. We evaluated the effects of nutrient removal in site preparation on mid-rotation pine foliar production, and foliar N- and P-use, retranslocation, and transfer to litter for two years. We also investigated changes in foliar nutrients one year after fertilization. Site preparation treatments were: shear-pile-disk and chop-burn, used with or without vegetation control. Mid-rotation pines were fertilized with 200 kg ha(-1) N and 50 kg ha(-1) P, or with 200 kg ha(-1) N and 50 kg ha(-1) P and micronutrients. Foliar production was estimated from litter mass. N- and P-use was estimated from N and P concentrations in green foliage and foliar production. Retranslocation was the difference in N and P between green foliage and litter, in percent. N and P transfer to litter was estimated from litter N and P concentration and litter mass. Nutrient removal in site preparation at plantation establishment did not affect mid-rotation pine foliar production, foliar N- and P-use, retranslocation, or nutrient transfer to litter. The lack of site preparation effects may be related to the length of time after treatment; the stage of decomposition of organic matter that may be removed in site preparation may determine when nutrient supply will be affected. Competition with hardwoods decreased pine foliar production by 56%, and N- and P-use by 55% and 52%, but not percent retranslocation. On shear-pile-disk/herbicide, shear-pile-disk/no-herbicide, and chop-burn/herbicide plots (none or small hardwood component), average pine foliar production was 4365 kg ha(-1) year(-1), N- and P-use was 53.2 and 4.5 kg ha(-1) year(-1), N and P retranslocation was 63.7% and 69.8%, N and P transfer to litter was 18.9 and 1.3 kg ha(-1) year(-1). Based on a hypothetical N budget for the total stand, an N limitation may develop on those treatments that lost more nutrients in site preparation. Fertilization increased foliage production by 26%, and N- and P-use both by 49%, indicating some luxury consumption. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Forestry, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Piatek, KB (reprint author), USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Olympia Forestry Sci Lab, 3625 93rd Ave SW, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. NR 41 TC 25 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD APR 17 PY 2000 VL 129 IS 1-3 BP 143 EP 152 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00150-4 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 294LK UT WOS:000085912600014 ER PT J AU Shelton, MG Cain, MD AF Shelton, MG Cain, MD TI Regenerating uneven-aged stands of loblolly and shortleaf pines: the current state of knowledge SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT IUFRO Symposium on Uneven-Aged Silviculture CY SEP 15-26, 1997 CL CORVALLIS, OR SP IUFRO DE competing vegetation; natural regeneration; Pinus taeda; Pinus echinata; seed production; seedbed conditions; single-tree selection ID SILVICULTURE; SITES AB Periodic regeneration is crucial to creating or sustaining uneven-aged (UEA) stands of loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and shortleaf (P. echinata Mill.) pines. Although both species are shade intolerant, they have silvical characteristics that are conducive to natural regeneration in UEA stands. Their seed production is fairly consistent and good, and the wind-disseminated seeds are well dispersed throughout the stand. The disturbed seedbed resulting from periodic logging is favorable to germination, and established seedlings can recover from a fair degree of logging damage. Seedlings are moderately shade tolerant when young, and they respond well when released from either competing understory vegetation or overtopping trees. The key to successful regeneration in UEA pine stands involves regulating the stocking and structure of the merchantable portion of the stand with careful logging and periodically controlling nonpine vegetation, typically with selective broadcast herbicides(1). Current after-cut guidelines call for basal areas of 10 to 14 m(2)/ha, maximum diameters of 35 to 55 cm, and a q factor in the vicinity of 1.2 for 2.5 cm DBH classes. Applying these guidelines results in a stand with an irregular canopy containing multidimensional gaps. Stand basal area is not allowed to exceed 17 m(2)/ha during the cutting cycle because regeneration would be adversely affected by shading and root competition. Pines over 40 cm in DBH have been found to be favorable to regeneration because of increased seed production and reduced logging traffic needed to remove harvested trees. Regeneration is most difficult to secure on good sites because of intensive nonpine competition, but selective herbicides are available that will release pine regeneration from competing nonpine vegetation. Due to the increased interest in UEA silviculture, we present an overview in this paper of more than 50 years of research and experience in regenerating these two important species in UEA stands principally using single-tree selection. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Monticello, AR 71656 USA. RP Shelton, MG (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Monticello, AR 71656 USA. EM mshelton/srs_monticello@fs.fed.us NR 80 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD APR 17 PY 2000 VL 129 IS 1-3 BP 177 EP 193 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00161-9 PG 17 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 294LK UT WOS:000085912600017 ER PT J AU Everett, RL Schellhaas, R Keenum, D Spurbeck, D Ohlson, P AF Everett, RL Schellhaas, R Keenum, D Spurbeck, D Ohlson, P TI Fire history in the ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir forests on the east slope of the Washington Cascades SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE ecosystem integrity; fire-free intervals; fire history polygons; fire regimes; landscape dynamics; natural fire rotation; patch mosaic ID CONSERVING BIODIVERSITY; NORTHERN ROCKIES; NATIONAL-PARK; PINE; MODELS; DISTURBANCE; LANDSCAPES; FREQUENCY; PATTERNS; LESSONS AB We collected 490 and 233 fire scars on two ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa)/Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) dominated landscapes on the east slope of the Washington Cascades that contained a record of 3901 and 2309 cross-dated fire events. During the pre-settlement period (1700/1750-1860), the Weibull median fire-free interval (WMFFI) and the mean fire-free interval (MFFI) were 6.6-7 years at both sites. The MFFI during the settlement period (1860-1910) varied within 3 years of the pre-settlement value, but increased to 38 and 43 years for a truncated fire suppression period between 1910 and 1996. Increased variation in MFFI among aspect polygons suggests fire regimes have become more complex since Euro-settlement. In the pre-settlement period, an area equal to approximately 50-60% of the study areas burned every 6-7 years, an amount of fire disturbance apparently in balance with landscape and stand vegetation structure. Overlapping fires have created a complex mosaic of different fire histories on these forested landscapes. Mapped fire events from the 1700-1910 showed 134 and 157 separate fire history polygons (FHP) at the two sites. Fire disturbance rates and patterns are suggested as ecologically defensible reference points for landscape heterogeneity to reduce the potential for catastrophic fires and to establish vegetation disturbance management guidelines. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Everett, RL (reprint author), USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, 1133 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. NR 77 TC 92 Z9 99 U1 3 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD APR 17 PY 2000 VL 129 IS 1-3 BP 207 EP 225 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00168-1 PG 19 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 294LK UT WOS:000085912600019 ER PT J AU King, DI DeGraaf, RM AF King, DI DeGraaf, RM TI Bird species diversity and nesting success in mature, clearcut and shelterwood forest in northern New Hampshire, USA SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE bird habitat; bird species diversity; forest birds; forest management; ice damage; nest predation; silviculture ID BREEDING BIRDS AB Bird species distribution and predation rates on natural and artificial nests were compared among unmanaged mature, shelterwood, and clearcut northern hardwoods forest to evaluate the effect of these practices on bird populations. Twenty-three of the 48 bird species detected during the study differed significantly in abundance among unmanaged mature forest, shelterwoods, and clearcuts. Results of multiple regressions of bird abundance and habitat variables suggest that differences in bird species distribution among treatments were the result of differences in habitat structure among treatments. Bird species diversity and species richness were significantly higher in shelterwoods than either mature forest or clearcuts, although there were bird species that occurred exclusively, or nearly so, in each of the three treatments. Predation rates on artificial nests were lowest in mature forest, and predation rates on natural nests was highest in mature forest, although neither of these differences was statistically significant. We conclude that use of partial cutting exclusively would result in the decline of several species of mature forest and clearcut specialists, and, consequently, a decrease in species diversity at the landscape scale. The use of a variety of silvicultural techniques is recommended to maintain bird species diversity in forested landscapes. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Forestry & Wildlife Management, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Univ Massachusetts, USDA, US Forest Serv, NE Forest Expt Stn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP King, DI (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Dept Forestry & Wildlife Management, POB 34210, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. NR 39 TC 61 Z9 65 U1 4 U2 20 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD APR 17 PY 2000 VL 129 IS 1-3 BP 227 EP 235 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00167-X PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 294LK UT WOS:000085912600020 ER PT J AU Schwartz, RC Juo, ASR McInnes, KJ AF Schwartz, RC Juo, ASR McInnes, KJ TI Estimating parameters for a dual-porosity model to describe non-equilibrium, reactive transport in a fine-textured soil SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE solute transport; inverse parameter estimation; two-region model; diffusive exchange ID SOLUTE TRANSPORT; MASS-TRANSFER; POROUS-MEDIA; CHEMICAL-TRANSPORT; MACROPOROUS SOILS; WATER; MOVEMENT; FLOW; COLUMNS AB Several models have recently been proposed to describe solute transport in two or more mobile regions, yet there have been relatively few attempts to calibrate these models for a particular soil. In this study, a dual-porosity approach is used to describe the steady-state reactive transport of a Br - tracer through a fine-textured Ultisol over a range of pore-water velocities and levels of soil-water saturation. This model partitions the soil into two mobile regions that represent the soil matrix and macropores. Theory and methodology are presented to estimate dispersive transport and adsorption in each region and diffusive exchange between regions for soil columns subjected to steady-state water how. Numerical inversion of the governing transport equations was used in conjunction with non-linear least-squares optimization to estimate transport parameters for displacement experiments. Pore-water velocity and water content were independently estimated for each region using a pair of displacement experiments conducted on the same column but at different degrees of saturation. Results suggest that the fitted mass exchange coefficient represents a lumped process resulting from the combined effects of intra-aggregate diffusion and local flow variations. We also conclude that when there is limited interaction between regions, the mass transfer coefficient should be estimated independently. A principal difficulty of the application of the dual-porosity model was the non-linear behavior of the diffusive exchange term at early times after a step change in inlet concentration. Another problem was that fitted solutions predicted nearly all adsorption sites to be in equilibrium with solute in the macropore region rather than with solute in the matrix region. Despite these difficulties, the dual-porosity model led to differentiation of transport processes that corresponded to observed structural differences in soil horizons. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 ARS, USDA, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Schwartz, RC (reprint author), ARS, USDA, PO Drawer 10, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. NR 32 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 5 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD APR 17 PY 2000 VL 229 IS 3-4 BP 149 EP 167 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00164-5 PG 19 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 306FH UT WOS:000086586300004 ER PT J AU Hutchinson, GL Livingston, GP Healy, RW Striegl, RG AF Hutchinson, GL Livingston, GP Healy, RW Striegl, RG TI Chamber measurement of surface-atmosphere trace gas exchange: Numerical evaluation of dependence on soil, interfacial layer, and source/sink properties SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID NITROUS-OXIDE; FIELD MEASUREMENT; DIFFUSION; FLUX AB We employed a three-dimensional finite difference gas diffusion model to simulate the performance of chambers used to measure surface-atmosphere trace gas exchange. We found that systematic errors often result from conventional chamber design and deployment protocols, as well as key assumptions behind the estimation of trace gas exchange rates from observed concentration data. Specifically, our simulations showed that (1) when a chamber significantly alters atmospheric mixing processes operating near the soil surface, it also nearly instantaneously enhances or suppresses the postdeployment gas exchange rate, (2) any change resulting in greater soil gas diffusivity, or greater partitioning of the diffusing gas to solid or liquid soil fractions, increases the potential for chamber-induced measurement error, and (3) all such errors are independent of the magnitude, kinetics, and/or distribution of trace gas sources, but greater for trace gas sinks with the same initial absolute flux. Finally, and most importantly, we found that our results apply to steady state as well as non-steady-state chambers, because the slow rate of gas diffusion in soil inhibits recovery of the former from their initial non-steady-state condition. Over a range of representative conditions, the error in steady state chamber estimates of the trace gas flux varied from -30 to +32%, while estimates computed by linear regression from non-steadystate chamber concentrations were 2 to 31% too small. Although such errors are relatively small in comparison to the temporal and spatial variability characteristic of trace gas exchange, they bias the summary statistics for each experiment as well as larger scale trace gas flux estimates based on them. C1 USDA ARS, Soil Plant Nutr Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Hutchinson, GL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Soil Plant Nutr Res Unit, POB E, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. EM glhutch@lamar.colostate.edu; gerald.livingston@uvm.edu; rwhealy@usgs.gov; rstriegl@usgs.gov NR 21 TC 51 Z9 53 U1 4 U2 36 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD APR 16 PY 2000 VL 105 IS D7 BP 8865 EP 8875 DI 10.1029/1999JD901204 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 306FJ UT WOS:000086586400002 ER PT J AU Harman-Fetcho, JA McConnell, LL Rice, CP Baker, JE AF Harman-Fetcho, JA McConnell, LL Rice, CP Baker, JE TI Wet deposition and air-water gas exchange of currently used pesticides to a subestuary of the Chesapeake Bay SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LAW CONSTANTS; RIVER AB The shallow nature of the Chesapeake Bay makes it vulnerable to bath runoff and atmospheric inputs of anthropogenic chemicals. The project goal was to determine agricultural pesticide concentrations in air and rain and to calculate gas exchange fluxes to a Chesapeake Bay subestuary. Rain, air, and surface water samples were collected from April 17 to July 2, 1995 from the Chesapeake Biological Laboratory research pier in Solomons, MD. Of the 16 pesticides studied, chlorothalonil had the highest maximum air concentration (6.8 ng/m(3)). Maximum wet deposition flux measurements were highest far methyl parathion (3.4 mu g/m(2)-d), malathion (1.8 mu g/m(2)-d), metolachlor (1.3 mu g/m(2)-d), and atrazine (1.3 mu g/m(2)-d). Air-water gas exchange fluxes calculated for chlorpyrifos and metolachlor ranged from -20 to 68 ng/m(2)-d and -41 to -0.05 ng/m(2)-d, respectively, with negative values indicating net gas absorption. The major equilibration transfer direction for chlorpyrifos was from water to air, while for metolachlor the direction was from air into the surface waters. The total wet deposition load was -210 and -7100 ng/m(2), respectively, for chlorpyrifos and metolachlor during the study period with a net gas exchange loss of chlorpyrifos of 290 ng/m(2) and a net gain of metolachlor of -260 ng/m(2). C1 Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Chesapeake Biol Lab, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Harman-Fetcho, JA (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Chesapeake Biol Lab, POB 38, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. RI Baker, Joel/A-9685-2011; McConnell, Laura/H-1519-2011 OI Baker, Joel/0000-0002-9980-7781; NR 27 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD APR 15 PY 2000 VL 34 IS 8 BP 1462 EP 1468 DI 10.1021/es990955l PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 303YR UT WOS:000086456100014 ER PT J AU Wang, H Joseph, JA AF Wang, H Joseph, JA TI Mechanisms of hydrogen peroxide-induced calcium dysregulation in PC12 cells SO FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE oxidative stress; calcium homeostasis; fura-2; thiols; ion channels; sodium-calcium exchangers; mitochondria; free radicals ID NERVOUS-SYSTEM TRAUMA; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; MEMBRANE DEPOLARIZATION; FLUORESCENCE PROPERTIES; INTRACELLULAR CALCIUM; VENTRICULAR MYOCYTES; REDOX MODULATION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; OXIDANT INJURY; NA+ CHANNELS AB The mechanisms of H2O2-induced elevated calcium baselines in PC12 cells were investigated in the present study by using fura-2-fluorescent image analysis. The results showed that the calcium comes from both intracellular and extracellular sources. Although the major intracellular source was mitochondria, only the extracellular calcium influx was responsible for the sustained post-H2O2-exposure increases. This calcium influx was partially blocked by calcium channel antagonists [verapamil (L-type) or mibefradil (nonselective)] and was more effectively blocked by the sodium channel antagonist, tetrodotoxin (TTX). Membrane depolarization following H2O2 exposure contributed to the opening of the ion channels. The H2O2-induced calcium influx was blocked by TTX even in a sodium-free buffer, indicating that calcium directly fluxed through sodium channels. Sodium-calcium exchangers (NCX) on the plasma membrane did not play a role, because use of a specific reverse mode NCX inhibitor, No. 7943, was ineffective in blocking the influx. The H2O2-induced calcium influx was mimicked by using a thiol-selective oxidizing reagent, 2',2/-dithiodipyridine, and in both situations, the calcium levels were completely reversed by a thiol-selective reducing reagent, dithiothreitol. Our results indicated that mechanisms of oxidant-induced elevated calcium baselines in PC12 cells involved calcium influx through sodium and calcium channels that may be directly or indirectly attributed to thiol oxidation. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, ARS,Neurosci Lab, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Wang, H (reprint author), Childrens Hosp, Dept Neurol, Enders 3,300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA. NR 50 TC 62 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0891-5849 J9 FREE RADICAL BIO MED JI Free Radic. Biol. Med. PD APR 15 PY 2000 VL 28 IS 8 BP 1222 EP 1231 DI 10.1016/S0891-5849(00)00241-0 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 333PT UT WOS:000088139000008 PM 10889452 ER PT J AU Yu, ZB Gburek, WJ Schwartz, FW AF Yu, ZB Gburek, WJ Schwartz, FW TI Evaluating the spatial distribution of water balance in a small watershed, Pennsylvania SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE hydrological model; distributed modelling; hydrological processes ID HYDROLOGIC MODEL; SYSTEM; FLOW AB A conceptual water-balance model was modified from a point application to be distributed for evaluating the spatial distribution of watershed water balance based on daily precipitation, temperature and other hydrological parameters. The model was calibrated by comparing simulated daily variation in soil moisture with field observed data and results of another model that simulates the vertical soil moisture flow by numerically solving Richards' equation. The impacts of soil and land use on the hydrological components of the water balance, such as evapotranspiration, soil moisture deficit, runoff and subsurface drainage, were evaluated with the calibrated model in this study. Given the same meteorological conditions and land use, the soil moisture deficit, evapotranspiration and surface runoff increase, and subsurface drainage decreases, as the available water capacity of soil increases. Among various land uses, alfalfa produced high soil moisture deficit and evapotranspiration and lower surface runoff and subsurface drainage, whereas soybeans produced an opposite trend. The simulated distribution of various hydrological components shows the combined effect of soil and land use. Simulated hydrological components compare well with observed data. The study demonstrated that the distributed water balance approach is efficient and has advantages over the use of single average value of hydrological variables and the application at a single point in the traditional practice. Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Penn State Univ, Ctr Earth Syst Sci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, EMS Environm Inst, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Yu, ZB (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Dept Geosci, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. NR 32 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 5 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD APR 15 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 5 BP 941 EP 956 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(20000415)14:5<941::AID-HYP2>3.0.CO;2-S PG 18 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 310TR UT WOS:000086843900008 ER PT J AU Urban, J Fang, H Liu, Q Ekkens, MJ Chen, SJ Nguyen, D Mitro, V Donaldson, DD Byrd, C Peach, R Morris, SC Finkelman, FD Schopf, L Gause, WC AF Urban, J Fang, H Liu, Q Ekkens, MJ Chen, SJ Nguyen, D Mitro, V Donaldson, DD Byrd, C Peach, R Morris, SC Finkelman, FD Schopf, L Gause, WC TI IL-13-mediated worm expulsion is B7 independent and IFN-gamma sensitive SO JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GASTROINTESTINAL NEMATODE PARASITE; T-CELLS; IL-13; INTERLEUKIN-13; CYTOKINE; EXPRESSION; INDUCTION; RECEPTOR; COSTIMULATION; INFECTION AB B7 costimulation is a required component of many type 2 immune responses, including allergy and protective immunity to many nematode parasites. This response includes elevations in Th2 cytokines and associated effector functions including elevations in serum IgG1 and IgE and parasite expulsion. In studies of mice infected with Trichuris muris, blocking B7 ligand interactions inhibited protective immunity, suppressed IL-4 production, and enhanced IFN-gamma production, but unexpectedly did not inhibit production of the Th2 cytokine, IL-13, Blocking both IFN-gamma and B7 restored protective immunity, which was IL-13 dependent, but did not restore IL-4 or associated IgE responses. Although IL-13 was required for worm expulsion in mice in which both IFN-gamma and B7 were blocked, IL-4 could mediate expulsion in the absence of both IL-13 and IFN-gamma. These studies demonstrate that 1) B7 costimulation is required to induce IL-4, but not IL-13 responses; 2) IL-13 is elevated in association with the IFN-gamma response that occurs following inhibition of B7 interactions, but can only mediate IL-4-independent protection when IFN-gamma is also inhibited; and 3) increased IL-13 production, in the absence of increased IL-4 production, is not associated with an IgE response, even in the absence of IFN-gamma, The Journal of Immunology, 2000, 164: 4250-4256. C1 Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. USDA, Immunol Dis Resistance Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Genet Inst, Cambridge, MA 02140 USA. Bristol Myers Squibb, Immunol & Inflammat, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Coll Med, Dept Med, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA. Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Cincinnati, OH 45220 USA. RP Gause, WC (reprint author), Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Microbiol, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. OI Urban, Joseph/0000-0002-1590-8869 FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI31678] NR 38 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC IMMUNOLOGISTS PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1767 J9 J IMMUNOL JI J. Immunol. PD APR 15 PY 2000 VL 164 IS 8 BP 4250 EP 4256 PG 7 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA 303GZ UT WOS:000086415300042 PM 10754322 ER PT J AU DeHaven, WR AF DeHaven, WR TI The Horse Protection Act - a case study in industry self-regulation SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article C1 Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Riverdale, MD 20737 USA. RP DeHaven, WR (reprint author), Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, 4700 River Rd,Unit 97, Riverdale, MD 20737 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD APR 15 PY 2000 VL 216 IS 8 BP 1250 EP 1253 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 302XG UT WOS:000086391300028 PM 10767963 ER PT J AU Reece, VP Friend, TH Stull, CH Grandin, T Cordes, T AF Reece, VP Friend, TH Stull, CH Grandin, T Cordes, T TI Equine slaughter transport - update on research and regulations SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article C1 Clemson Univ, Columbia, SC 29229 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Anim Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Vet Med Cooperat Extens, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USDA, APHIS, VS, Natl Anim Hlth Program,Equine Program, Riverdale, MD 20737 USA. RP Reece, VP (reprint author), Clemson Univ, 500 Clemson Rd, Columbia, SC 29229 USA. NR 10 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD APR 15 PY 2000 VL 216 IS 8 BP 1253 EP 1258 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 302XG UT WOS:000086391300029 PM 10767964 ER PT J AU Grant, D Cregan, P Shoemaker, RC AF Grant, D Cregan, P Shoemaker, RC TI Genome organization in dicots: Genome duplication in Arabidopsis and synteny between soybean and Arabidopsis SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID DOWNY MILDEW RESISTANCE; THALIANA; BRASSICA; SIMILARITY; EVOLUTION; IDENTIFICATION; CONSERVATION; REGIONS; SEARCH; LOCUS AB Synteny between soybean and Arabidopsis was studied by using conceptual translations of DNA sequences from loci that map to soybean linkage groups AZ, J, and L. Synteny was found between these linkage groups and all four of the Arabidopsis chromosomes, where GenBank contained enough sequence for synteny to be identified confidently. Soybean linkage group AZ (soyA2) and Arabidopsis chromosome I showed significant synteny over almost their entire lengths, with only 2-3 chromosomal rearrangements required to bring the maps into substantial agreement. Smaller blocks of synteny were identified between soyA2 and Arabidopsis chromosomes IV and V (near the RPP5 and RPP8 genes) and between soyA2 and Arabidopsis chromosomes I and V (near the PhyA and PhyC genes). These subchromosomal syntenic regions were themselves homeologous, suggesting that Arabidopsis has undergone a number of segmental duplications or possibly a complete genome duplication during its evolution. Homologies between the homeologous soybean linkage groups J and L and Arabidopsis chromosomes II and IV also revealed evidence of segmental duplication in Arabidopsis. Further support for this hypothesis was provided by the observation of very close linkage in Arabidopsis of homologs of soybean Vsp27 and Bng181 (three locations) and purple acid phosphatase-like sequences and homologs of soybean A256 (five locations). Simulations show that the synteny and duplications we report are unlikely to have arisen by chance during our analysis of the homology reports. C1 Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, Serv Corn Insect & Crop Genet Res Unit, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr W, Soybean & Alfalfa Res Unit, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Grant, D (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, Serv Corn Insect & Crop Genet Res Unit, Dept Agron, G304 Agron Hall, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 33 TC 171 Z9 184 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD APR 11 PY 2000 VL 97 IS 8 BP 4168 EP 4173 DI 10.1073/pnas.070430597 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 304AV UT WOS:000086461100070 PM 10759555 ER PT J AU Walter, MF Blumberg, JB Dolnikowski, GG Handelman, GJ AF Walter, MF Blumberg, JB Dolnikowski, GG Handelman, GJ TI Streamlined F-2-isoprostane analysis in plasma and urine with high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy SO ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID RADICAL-CATALYZED MECHANISM; IN-VIVO; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; OXIDANT STRESS; NONCYCLOOXYGENASE; PROSTANOIDS; GENERATION; F2-ALPHA; SERIES; HUMANS AB F-2-Isoprostanes in plasma and urine are generally determined by labor-intensive methods requiring sample purification by solid-phase extraction and thin-layer chromatography (TLC), A streamlined and more sensitive method for the measurement of esterified plasma F-2-isoprostanes was developed by replacing these steps with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using an amino column with a hexane/2-propanol gradient. Pentafluorobenzyl esters of F-2-isoprostanes were prepared and purified by HPLC, silylated, and then analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) with negative chemical ionization mass spectroscopy (NCI-MS). This method permits analysis with lower plasma volumes (100 mu L) and greater sensitivity (to 10 pg; allowing detection to 50 pg/mL) than provided by other methods. Urinary F-2-isoprostanes can also be efficiently quantified by this method, with 8-iso-PGF(2 alpha) being identified as a major isomer, With this procedure, esterified plasma F-2-isoprostanes were found to be 8.3 fold higher in an end-stage renal failure patient on hemodialysis and urinary 8-iso-PGF(2 alpha) was 7.1-fold higher in a cigarette smoker than respective control subjects. This method, particularly the substitution of the TLC step common to other methods with HPLC, results in a more sensitive and reproducible assay. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Antioxidants Res Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Walter, MF (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Antioxidants Res Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 20 TC 55 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0003-2697 J9 ANAL BIOCHEM JI Anal. Biochem. PD APR 10 PY 2000 VL 280 IS 1 BP 73 EP 79 DI 10.1006/abio.1999.4476 PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 304MQ UT WOS:000086488400010 PM 10805523 ER PT J AU Macias, FA Varela, RM Simonet, AM Cutler, HG Cutler, SJ Ross, SA Dunbar, DC Dugan, FM Hill, RA AF Macias, FA Varela, RM Simonet, AM Cutler, HG Cutler, SJ Ross, SA Dunbar, DC Dugan, FM Hill, RA TI Allelochemicals from New Zealand fungi - (+)-Brevione A. The first member of a novel family of bioactive spiroditerpenoids isolated from Penicillium brevicompactum Dierckx SO TETRAHEDRON LETTERS LA English DT Article DE biologically active compound; allelochemical; terpenoid; Penicillium brevicompactum ID ACTIVE NATURAL PRODUCT; ANTI-JUVENILE HORMONE; TRICHODERMA-KONINGII; CHEMICAL ECOLOGY; ANALOGS AB (+)-Brevione A, the first member of a novel family of bioactive spiroditerpenoids, a potential allelopathic agent, has been isolated from the ethyl acetate active fractions of the aqueous acetone extracts of semi-solid fermented Penicillium brevicompactum Dierckx. The structure displays the novel spiroditerpenoid skeleton of breviane. The structure elucidation of brevione A was performed by homo- and hetero-nuclear 2D NMR spectral data. On the basis of combined studies of the theoretical conformations and NOEDIFF data, its relative stereochemistry is proposed. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Cadiz, Fac Ciencias, Dept Quim Organ, Cadiz 11510, Spain. Mercer Univ, So Sch Pharm, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Univ Mississippi, Sch Pharm, Natl Ctr Dev Nat Prod, University, MS 38677 USA. Univ Mississippi, Sch Pharm, Dept Pharmacognosy, University, MS 38677 USA. USDA, Western Reg Plant Intro Stn, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. HortResearch, Ruakura Res Ctr, Hamilton, New Zealand. RP Macias, FA (reprint author), Univ Cadiz, Fac Ciencias, Dept Quim Organ, Apdo 40, Cadiz 11510, Spain. RI Hill, Robert/H-6704-2013; OI Macias, Francisco A./0000-0001-8862-2864 NR 23 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 2 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0040-4039 J9 TETRAHEDRON LETT JI Tetrahedron Lett. PD APR 8 PY 2000 VL 41 IS 15 BP 2683 EP 2686 DI 10.1016/S0040-4039(00)00223-9 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA 305RZ UT WOS:000086555200040 ER PT J AU Brockmeier, SL Register, KB AF Brockmeier, SL Register, KB TI Effect of temperature modulation and bvg mutation of Bordetella bronchiseptica on adhesion, intracellular survival and cytotoxicity for swine alveolar macrophages SO VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bordetella bronchiseptica; pig; alveolar macrophages; adhesion; intracellular survival; cytotoxicity ID ADENYLATE CYCLASE-HEMOLYSIN; GENETIC-ANALYSIS; ENVIRONMENTAL-REGULATION; SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; VIRULENCE FACTORS; ACID-PHOSPHATASE; PHASE VARIATION; IN-VIVO; PERTUSSIS; CELLS AB Bordetella bronchiseptica causes respiratory disease in swine, yet there are no studies examining the interaction of B. bronchiseptica with swine alveolar macrophages. A swine isolate of B. bronchiseptica was able to adhere to, and survive intracellularly in, swine alveolar macrophages, but the relative ability of the bacteria to accomplish these functions was dependent on its phenotypic phase and culture conditions. More bacteria were observed extracellularly as well as intracellularly by immunofluorescent staining when B. bronchiseptica was cultured at 23 degrees C as compared to 37 degrees C. However, more bacteria cultured at 37 degrees C were found surviving intracellularly after the macrophages were cultured with polymyxin B to kill extracellular bacteria. Similar results were seen in experiments performed with an isogenic Bvg(-) phase-locked mutant of B. bronchiseptica cultured at 37 or 2.3 degrees C, indicating that another temperature dependent mechanism in addition to bVg may play a role in adhesion and intracellular survival. B. bronchiseptica was cytotoxic for swine alveolar macrophages in the Bvg(+) phase only. The cytotoxicity of B. bronchiseptica for alveolar macrophages, and its ability to survive phagocytosis, are no doubt important to escape from immune clearance mechanisms and establish infection, and could leave the host susceptible to secondary respiratory pathogens. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Avian & Swine Resp Dis Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Brockmeier, SL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Avian & Swine Resp Dis Res Unit, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 42 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1135 J9 VET MICROBIOL JI Vet. Microbiol. PD APR 4 PY 2000 VL 73 IS 1 BP 1 EP 12 DI 10.1016/S0378-1135(99)00201-1 PG 12 WC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences SC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences GA 300QF UT WOS:000086263100001 PM 10731613 ER PT J AU Carlson, SA Ferris, KE AF Carlson, SA Ferris, KE TI Augmentation of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella typhimurium DT104 following exposure to penicillin derivatives SO VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Salmonella typhimurium; antibiotic resistance; gentamicin; ampicillin; amoxicillin; ticarcillin; invasion; DT104 ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI; MULTIDRUG-RESISTANCE; MAR MUTANTS; INVASION; LOCUS; INHIBITION; EXPRESSION; VIRULENCE; STRAINS; GENES AB Antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria has been a problem in both developed and developing countries. This problem is especially evident in Salmonella typhimurium, one of the most prevalent foodborne pathogens. While performing in vitro gentamicin protection-based invasion assays, we found that certain isolates of multiresistant S. typhimurium earn be 'induced' to exhibit new resistance profiles. That is, bacteria become resistant to a wider range of antibiotics and they also exhibit quantitative increases in MIC values for antibiotics that were part of their pre-induction antibiograms. This 'induction' process involves growing thr:bacteria to stationary phase in the presence of antibiotics such as ampicillin, amoxicillin or ticarcillin. Since the isolates studied exhibited resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin and ticarcillin prior to exposing the bacteria to these antibiotics, the observed phenomenon suggests that resistant Salmonella not only have a selective advantage over non-resistant Salmonella but their resistance phenotypes can be accentuated when an inappropriate antibiotic is used therapeutically. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Preharvest Food Safety & Enter Dis Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. USDA, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Diagnost Bacteriol Lab, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Carlson, SA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Preharvest Food Safety & Enter Dis Res Unit, 2300 Dayton Rd,POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 37 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1135 J9 VET MICROBIOL JI Vet. Microbiol. PD APR 4 PY 2000 VL 73 IS 1 BP 25 EP 35 DI 10.1016/S0378-1135(00)00154-1 PG 11 WC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences SC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences GA 300QF UT WOS:000086263100003 PM 10731615 ER PT J AU Hornsby, RL Jensen, AE Olsen, SC Thoen, CO AF Hornsby, RL Jensen, AE Olsen, SC Thoen, CO TI Selective media for isolation of Brucella abortus strain RB51 SO VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Brucella abortus; RB51; vaccination; selective media; cattle-bacteria ID SEROLOGIC RESPONSES; CATTLE; VACCINATION; BISON AB Brucella abortus strain RB51 (SRB51) is the standard vaccine used to protect cattle against brucellosis and is currently being used to vaccinate bison in the United States (US). Currently available media for culture of Brucella have not been evaluated for their ability to support growth of SRB51. In this study, five selective media for isolating brucellae, four commercially available media for gram-negative bacteria, and tryptose agar with 5% bovine serum (TSA) were compared to two SRB51 selective media developed in this study (rifampin brucellae medium (RBM), and malachite green brucellae medium (MGB)), for their ability to support growth and enhance recovery of SRB51. Four of the five media currently used for isolation of brucellae and two of the four media used for other Gram-negative bacteria did not support growth of SRB51. Modified Kuzdas and Morse (MKM), Brilliant Green, Skirrow's, RBM, and MGB supported growth of SRB51 in a manner similar to TSA. Recovery of SRB51 from tissues of SRB51-vaccinated bison was attempted on TSA, MKM, RBM, and MGB. From a total of 436 samples, SRB51 was isolated from 9.6, 4.3, 5.5, and 9.0% on TSA, MKM, RBM, or MGB media, respectively. Strain RB51 was recovered on only one medium (nine on TSA; three on RBM; and 9 on MGB) from 21 samples. Overgrowth of contaminating bacteria prevented potential detection of SRB51 from 9.4, 5.5, 0.07, and 5.9% of samples on TSA, MKM, RBM, or MGB, respectively. These data suggest that the use of RBM and MGB, in combination with TSA, enhances the ability to recover SRB51 from tissue samples. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Zoonot Dis Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Prevent Med, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Olsen, SC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Zoonot Dis Res Unit, 2300 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 22 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1135 J9 VET MICROBIOL JI Vet. Microbiol. PD APR 4 PY 2000 VL 73 IS 1 BP 51 EP 60 DI 10.1016/S0378-1135(00)00149-8 PG 10 WC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences SC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences GA 300QF UT WOS:000086263100005 PM 10731617 ER PT J AU Doostdar, H Burke, MD Mayer, RT AF Doostdar, H Burke, MD Mayer, RT TI Bioflavonoids: selective substrates and inhibitors for cytochrome P450CYP1A and CYP1B1 SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE human; cytochrome P450; flavonoids; inhibitors; substrates ID HUMAN-BREAST-CANCER; AH RECEPTOR; HUMAN LIVER; CITRUS JUICES; RAT-LIVER; EXPRESSION; FLAVONOIDS; P450; METABOLISM; MICROSOMES AB Interactions of six naturally occurring flavonoids (acacetin, diosmetin, eriodictyol, hesperetin, homoeriodictyol, and naringenin) with human cytochrome P450 (CYP1) enzymes were studied. The flavones acacetin and diosmetin were potent inhibitors of ethoxyresorufin O-dealkylase (EROD) activity of CYP1A and CYP1B1. Hydroxy and/or methoxy substitutions at the 3' and 4' positions in the flavonoid structures were the major factors involved in conveying selectivity for the different cytochrome P450 enzymes. Eriodictyol, homoeriodictyol and naringenin were very poor inhibitors of human CYP1A EROD activity (IC50 > 4 mu M). Hesperetin and homoeriodictyol selectively inhibited human CYP1A1 and CYP1B1. Only homoeriodictyol selectively inhibited human CYP1B1 (IC50 0.24 mu M). Hesperetin was O-demethylated by both human CYP1A1 and 1B1 to eriodictyol, which was then further metabolized by the same enzymes. Hesperetin was not metabolized by human CYP1A2 or CYP3A4. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Hort Res Lab, USDA ARS, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. De Montfort Univ, Sch Pharm & Pharmaceut Sci, Leicester LE1 9BH, Leics, England. RP Mayer, RT (reprint author), US Hort Res Lab, USDA ARS, 2001 S Rock Rd, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. NR 40 TC 170 Z9 185 U1 1 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD APR 3 PY 2000 VL 144 IS 1-3 BP 31 EP 38 DI 10.1016/S0300-483X(99)00215-2 PG 8 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 310FX UT WOS:000086816800004 PM 10781868 ER PT J AU Kim, HS Hausman, DB Compton, MM Dean, RG Martin, RJ Hausman, GJ Hartzell, DL Baile, CA AF Kim, HS Hausman, DB Compton, MM Dean, RG Martin, RJ Hausman, GJ Hartzell, DL Baile, CA TI Induction of apoptosis by all-trans-retinoic acid and C2-ceramide treatment in rat stromal-vascular cultures SO BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE apoptosis; rat stromal-vascular (S-V) cells; all-trans retinoic acid; C2-ceramide ID PROGRAMMED CELL-DEATH; BETA-CELLS; CERAMIDE; INHIBITION; BCL-2; DIFFERENTIATION; LIPOAPOPTOSIS; ADIPOGENESIS; ACTIVATION; EXPRESSION AB Apoptosis of preadipocytes and adipocytes contributes to the balance of adipose tissue mass by reducing adipocyte number. To address this phenomenon, we treated cultured rat S-V cells with all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) (10 mu M) or C2-ceramide (50 mu M) during adipogenesis. Gel electrophoresis of DNA from treated cells cultured in serum-free medium showed that 10 mu M Rei or 50 mu M ceramide induced a distinct laddering pattern of DNA fragments. Cellular caspase 3 activity, another marker of apoptosis, was increased by RA (10 mu M) (P < 0.05), but not by 50 mu m CB-ceramide. RT-PCR results showed that RA (10 mu M) decreased the expression of Bcl-2 mRNA These results suggest that fat cell loss by apoptosis can be regulated, in part, by RA (10 mu M) which increases caspase 3 activity and decreases Bcl-2 expression in rat S-V cells. CB ceramide apparently works through a different cellular mechanism to induce apoptosis. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Anim & Dairy Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Foods & Nutr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Poultry Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA ARS, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Kim, HS (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Anim & Dairy Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 41 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0006-291X J9 BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO JI Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. PD APR 2 PY 2000 VL 270 IS 1 BP 76 EP 80 DI 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2373 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 302CZ UT WOS:000086348900012 PM 10733907 ER PT J AU Kuchler, F Hamm, S AF Kuchler, F Hamm, S TI Animal disease incidence and indemnity eradication programs SO AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE indemnity eradication programs; scrapie AB There are many options for controlling the spread of animal diseases. Some diseases have been treated as public sector problems and many nations have tried to control disease spread by purchasing sick animals from farmers. Government agencies have purchased breeding stock that might transmit diseases. Government agencies have purchased animals that might otherwise have gone to the slaughterhouse, thereby keeping pathogens out of the food supply. Our hypothesis is that when it is not immediately obvious to farmers or private sector buyers which animals carry or transmit diseases, a government indemnity program's success is not assured. Instead, disease control depends on farmers' ability to respond to the relative prices they face. We examine the incentives created by prices (indemnity payment levels) government agencies choose. The scrapie indemnity eradication program in the United States (1952-1992) provides a natural laboratory for measuring the responsiveness to government-set prices. We show that government-set prices played a major role in determining the program's outcome: the supply of infected animals was price elastic. We argue that short-run movements in relative prices and the number of infected animals offer a practical method for assessing program effectiveness, (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, Serv Econ Res, Food & Rural Econ Div, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Kuchler, F (reprint author), USDA, Serv Econ Res, Food & Rural Econ Div, Room 3074,1800 M St NW, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 15 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-5150 J9 AGR ECON JI Agric. Econ. PD APR PY 2000 VL 22 IS 3 BP 299 EP 308 DI 10.1016/S0169-5150(00)00044-X PG 10 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 311EV UT WOS:000086872500006 ER PT J AU Aase, JK Pikul, JL AF Aase, JK Pikul, JL TI Water use in a modified summer fallow system on semiarid northern Great Plains SO AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE water use efficiency; alternate crops; crop rotations; spatial variability ID SPRING WHEAT; TILLAGE PRACTICES; USE EFFICIENCY; SOIL-WATER; CROP; FERTILIZER; STORAGE AB Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the major crop on semiarid northern Great Plains of the USA. Attempts to introduce alternate crops have had limited success. Alternate fallow-spring wheat rotation is the most common cultural practice. Our objective was to investigate water use and water use efficiency and suitability of alternative crops in semiarid northern Great Plains agricultural environment. The study was on glacial till Williams loam (fine-loamy mixed, Typic Argiboroll) 11 km north of Culbertson, MT. Plots, replicated four times in randomized blocks, were 12 m x 15 m. Rotations were: (1) fallow, sunflower (Helianthus annus L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L), winter wheat; (2) fallow, safflower (Carthamus tinctorious L.), barley, winter wheat; (3) fallow, buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.), annual legume/grain forage crop, spring wheat; (4) fallow, buckwheat, annual legume/grain forage crop, winter wheat; (5) fallow, spring wheat; (6) continuous spring wheat. Soil water to 1.8 m depth was determined near rime of seeding and of harvest by neutron attenuation. The soil reached an upper drained limit of 0.20-0.25 m(3) m(-3) water in a 1.8 m profile, equating to no more than 450 m water. Safflower and sunflower used ca. 500 mm water, more water than any of the other crops used. The greatest growing season water use efficiency was captured by the annual forage crop. Except following safflower and sunflower, soil water every spring was near the upper drained limit. Deep rooted crops can have a place in rotations on the semiarid northern Great Plains. But one must be prepared for variable yields and potential reduced yields following deep rooted crops, and for an occasional crop failure. Crop and soil management for alternative crops differ from that of small grain management, requiring some adaptation of management practices. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. USDA ARS, No Grain Insects Res Lab, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. RP Aase, JK (reprint author), USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, 3793 N 3600 E, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. NR 23 TC 25 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-3774 J9 AGR WATER MANAGE JI Agric. Water Manage. PD APR PY 2000 VL 43 IS 3 BP 345 EP 357 DI 10.1016/S0378-3774(99)00062-1 PG 13 WC Agronomy; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA 294VW UT WOS:000085931900005 ER PT J AU Ohno, T Doolan, K Zibilske, LM Liebman, M Gallandt, ER Berube, C AF Ohno, T Doolan, K Zibilske, LM Liebman, M Gallandt, ER Berube, C TI Phytotoxic effects of red clover amended soils on wild mustard seedling growth SO AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE allelopathy; weed management; green manure; wild mustard; red clover; USA ID PHENOLIC-ACIDS; WEED MANAGEMENT; OXIDATION; DEBRIS; FOLIN AB Previous studies have suggested that phenolics from legume green manures may contribute to weed control through allelopathy. The objective was to determine if red clover (Trifolium pratense L,) residue amended field soils expressed phytotoxicity to a weed species, wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.). Field plots involving incorporation treatments of wheat (Triticum aestivum L,) stubble or wheat stubble plus 2530 kg ha(-1) red clover residue, were sampled at -12, 8, 21, 30, 41, 63, and 100 days after residue incorporation (DAI). Soil-water extracts (1 : 1, m: v) were analyzed for plant nutrients and phenolic content. Phytotoxicity of the extracts was measured using a laboratory wild mustard bioassay. There was a 20% reduction of radicle growth in the green manure treatment in comparison with the wheat stubble treatment, but only at the first sample date after residue incorporation (8 DAI). The radicle growth reduction had the highest correlation with the concentration of soluble phenolics in the soil, water extracts. Bioassays using aqueous extracts of the clover shoots and roots alone predicted a radicle growth reduction of 18% for the quantity of clover amendment rate used in the field plots. The close agreement of the predicted and observed root growth reduction at 8 DAI further supports clover residue as the source of the phytotoxicity. This study demonstrates that the potential exists for using legume green manures to reduce the amounts of synthetic herbicides needed for weed control. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Maine, Dept Plant Soil & Environm Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. USDA ARS, Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Ohno, T (reprint author), Univ Maine, Dept Plant Soil & Environm Sci, 5722 Deering Hall, Orono, ME 04469 USA. NR 25 TC 52 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-8809 J9 AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON JI Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. PD APR PY 2000 VL 78 IS 2 BP 187 EP 192 DI 10.1016/S0167-8809(99)00120-6 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 286CW UT WOS:000085426900010 ER PT J AU Degrandi-Hoffman, G Watkins, J Guerrero, P Erickson, E AF Degrandi-Hoffman, G Watkins, J Guerrero, P Erickson, E TI Using honey bees to teach mathematics and science to high school students SO AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Honey bees have been an integral part of human civilization for centuries, They pollinate crops and supply us with honey and pollen, In fact, humans use almost everything that honey bees collect or produce from royal jelly in cosmetics, to wax for candles and propolis for finishing the wood of fine musical instruments, Honey bees also have another function. They make great tools for teaching the fundamentals of mathematics and biology to students of all ages. C1 USDA ARS, Carl Hayden Bee Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ USA. RP Degrandi-Hoffman, G (reprint author), USDA ARS, Carl Hayden Bee Res Ctr, 2000 E Allen Rd, Tucson, AZ USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU DADANT & SONS INC PI HAMILTON PA AMER BEE JOURNAL, HAMILTON, IL 62341 USA SN 0002-7626 J9 AM BEE J JI Am. Bee J. PD APR PY 2000 VL 140 IS 4 BP 293 EP 295 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 300CF UT WOS:000086234700022 ER PT J AU Rinderer, TE deGuzman, LI Harris, J Kuznetsov, V Delatte, GT Stelzer, JA Beaman, L AF Rinderer, TE deGuzman, LI Harris, J Kuznetsov, V Delatte, GT Stelzer, JA Beaman, L TI The release of ARS Russian honey bees SO AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB For most of this decade, the Honey Bee Breeding, Genetics, and Physiology Laboratory of the USDA, Agricultural Research Service has been studying honey bees from Primorsky Territory, on the Pacific coast of Russia. We are interested in honey bees in that area since settlers from European Russia started bringing Apis mellifera, the western honey bee, to the area in the mid 1800's (E. Crane, Bee World, 59:164-167, 1978), The area is within the natural range of Apis cerana, the eastern hive bee and its external mite parasite, Varroa jacobsoni Since this is one of the longest known associations of the western honey bee and V jacobsoni we speculated that natural selection operating on the honey bee populations in the area had one of the best chances to produce resistance to V jacobsoni. C1 USDA ARS, Honey Bee Breeding Genet & Physiol Lab, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 USA. RP Rinderer, TE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Honey Bee Breeding Genet & Physiol Lab, 1157 Ben Hur Rd, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 USA. NR 0 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU DADANT & SONS INC PI HAMILTON PA AMER BEE JOURNAL, HAMILTON, IL 62341 USA SN 0002-7626 J9 AM BEE J JI Am. Bee J. PD APR PY 2000 VL 140 IS 4 BP 305 EP 307 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 300CF UT WOS:000086234700027 ER PT J AU Pendleton, RL Freeman, DC McArthur, ED Sanderson, SC AF Pendleton, RL Freeman, DC McArthur, ED Sanderson, SC TI Gender specialization in heterodichogamous Grayia brandegei (Chenopodiaceae): Evidence for an alternative pathway to dioecy SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE Chenopodiaceae; dichogamy; dioecy; floral sex ratio; Grayia brundegei; reproduction; spineless hopsage; temporal patchiness; Zuckia ID THYMELAEA-HIRSUTA THYMELAEACEAE; SPINACIA-OLERACEA L; ATRIPLEX-CANESCENS; SEX EXPRESSION; BREEDING SYSTEMS; EVOLUTIONARY PATHWAYS; TEMPORAL DIOECISM; NICHE SEPARATION; PLANTS; ALLOCATION AB We examined components of male and female reproductive success in protogynous and protandrous sexual morphs of the hererodichogamous and largely monoecious chenopod shrub Grayia brandegei. Percentage femaleness of flowering stalks ranged from 0 to 37.6% female ((X) over bar = 15.5%) for protandrous plants and from IJ to 100% female ((X) over bar = 55.8%) for protogynous plants. Functional gender estimates based on ovule production at two locations ranged from 23.0 to 31.8% female for the protandrous morph. and from 65.3 to 77.0% female for the protogynous morph. Realized gender estimates based on total seed production ranged in value from 3.6 to 16.8% female For fine protandrous morph and fi om 76.5 ru 96.4% for the protogynous morph. depending on location and year. Differences in reproductive success of the two morphs, were largely due to a reduction in the female function of protandrous plants. Protogynous plants produced more female flowers per stalk and had a higher percentage of seed-filled fruits than did protandrous plants. Differences between sexual morphs were more pronounced in dry areas or years in which overall seed production was minimal. Differential seed production between morphs likely reflects temporal patchiness in environmental conditions, particularly in water availability. The significance of these findings in support of heterodichogamy as an evolutionary pathway to dioecy is discussed. C1 US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Shrub Sci Lab, Provo, UT 84606 USA. Wayne State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Detroit, MI 48202 USA. RP Pendleton, RL (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Shrub Sci Lab, 735 North 500 East, Provo, UT 84606 USA. NR 88 TC 20 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 4 PU BOTANICAL SOC AMER INC PI COLUMBUS PA OHIO STATE UNIV-DEPT BOTANY 1735 NEIL AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43210 USA SN 0002-9122 J9 AM J BOT JI Am. J. Bot. PD APR PY 2000 VL 87 IS 4 BP 508 EP 516 DI 10.2307/2656594 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 305ET UT WOS:000086527000007 PM 10766722 ER PT J AU Meydani, SN Ha, WK AF Meydani, SN Ha, WK TI Immunologic effects of yogurt SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Review DE yogurt; lactic acid bacteria; Lactobacillus; Bifidobacterium; Enterococcus; Streptococcus; Salmonella; immunostimulatory effects; immune system; cancer; infection; gastrointestinal disorders; asthma; review ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; LACTIC-ACID BACTERIA; LACTASE-DEFICIENT HUMANS; BLOOD MONONUCLEAR-CELLS; FEEDING FERMENTED MILKS; MEDIATED CYTO-TOXICITY; LACTOBACILLUS-CASEI; IMMUNE-RESPONSE; DAIRY-PRODUCTS; BREAST-CANCER AB Many investigators have studied the therapeutic and preventive effects of yogurt and lactic acid bacteria, which are commonly used in yogurt production, on diseases such as cancer, infection, gastrointestinal disorders, and asthma. Because the immune system is an important contributor to all of these diseases, an immunostimulatory effect of yogurt has been proposed and investigated by using mainly animal models and, occasionally, human subjects. Although the results of these studies, in general, support the notion that yogurt has immunostimulatory effects, problems with study design, lack of appropriate controls, inappropriate route of administration, sole use of in vitro indicators of the immune response, and short duration of most of the studies limit the interpretation of the results and the conclusions drawn from them. Nevertheless, these studies in tote provide a strong rationale for the hypothesis that increased yogurt consumption, particularly in immunocompromised populations such as the elderly, may enhance the immune response, which would in turn increase resistance to immune-related diseases. This hypothesis, however, needs to be substantiated by well-designed randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled human studies of an adequate duration in which several in vivo and in vitro indexes of peripheral and gut-associated immune response are tested. C1 Tufts Univ, Nutr Immunol Lab, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Dept Pathol, Sackler Sch Grad Biomed Sci, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Maeil Dairy Ind Co Ltd, Res & Dev Lab, Seoul, South Korea. RP Meydani, SN (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Nutr Immunol Lab, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 162 TC 153 Z9 163 U1 3 U2 14 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD APR PY 2000 VL 71 IS 4 BP 861 EP 872 PG 12 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 297CR UT WOS:000086064400003 PM 10731490 ER PT J AU Russell, RM AF Russell, RM TI The vitamin A spectrum: from deficiency to toxicity SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE vitamin A; retinoids; vitamin A deficiency; vitamin A toxicity; vitamin metabolism; stable isotopes; Robert H Herman Memorial Award in Clinical Nutrition ID RETINOL-BINDING PROTEIN; HUMAN INTESTINAL-MUCOSA; ACID RECEPTOR-BETA; LUNG-CANCER CELLS; A STATUS; DARK-ADAPTATION; EXCENTRIC CLEAVAGE; PLASMA RETINOL; IN-VITRO; CAROTENE AB Dark adaptation has been used as a tool for identifying patients with subclinical vitamin A deficiency. With this functional test it was shown that tissue vitamin A deficiency occurs over a wide range of serum vitamin A concentrations. However, serum vitamin A concentrations >1.4 mu mol/L predict normal dark adaptation 95% of the rime. Other causes of abnormal dark adaptation include zinc and protein deficiencies. Stable isotopes of vitamin A and isotope-dilution techniques were used recently to evaluate body stores of vitamin A and the efficacy of vitamin A intervention programs in field settings and are being used to determine the vitamin A equivalences of dietary carotenoids, Vitamin A toxicity was described in patients taking large doses of vitamin A and in patients with type I hyperlipidemias and alcoholic liver disease. Conversely, tissue retinoic acid deficiency was described in alcoholic rats as a result of hepatic vitamin A mobilization, impaired oxidation of retinaldehyde, and increased destruction of retinoic acid by P450 enzymes. Abnormal oxidation products of carotenoids can cause toxicity in animal models and may have caused the increased incidence of lung cancer seen in 2 epidemiologic studies of the effects of high-dose beta-carotene supplementation. Major issues that remain to be studied include the efficiency of conversion of carotenoids in whole foods to vitamin A by using a variety of foods in various field settings and whether intraluminal factors leg, parasitism) and vitamin A status affect this conversion. In addition, the biological activity of carotenoid metabolites should be better understood, particularly their effects on retinoid signaling. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Russell, RM (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 49 TC 57 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 17 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD APR PY 2000 VL 71 IS 4 BP 878 EP 884 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 297CR UT WOS:000086064400005 PM 10731492 ER PT J AU Treuth, MS Butte, NF Wong, WW AF Treuth, MS Butte, NF Wong, WW TI Effects of familiar predisposition to obesity on energy expenditure in multiethnic prepubertal girls SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE obesity; prepubertal girls; energy metabolism; body composition; calorimetry; doubly labeled water; energy expenditure; physical activity level; parental leanness; parental obesity ID NUTRITION EXAMINATION SURVEYS; RESTING METABOLIC-RATE; NATIONAL-HEALTH; FAT OXIDATION; BODY-COMPOSITION; CHILDREN; ADOLESCENTS; OVERWEIGHT; WEIGHT; PREVALENCE AB Background: The prevalence of childhood obesity is increasing and the causes of this are unknown. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine whether energy expenditure (EE), measured by 24-h calorimetry and doubly labeled water, differed in normal-weight-for-height, multiethnic prepubertal girls With Or without a familial predisposition to obesity. Design: Normal-weight, prepubertal white (n =52), African American (n = 30), and Hispanic (n = 19) girls with a mean (+/-SD) age of 8.5 +/- 0.4 y were studied according to parental leanness and overweight or obesity. The girls were grouped according to whether they had 2 lean parents (n = 30), 2 obese parents (n = 27), or 1 lean and 1 obese parent (n = 44). Basal metabolic rate (BMR), sleeping metabolic rate (SMR), 24-h EE, respiratory quotient, heart rate, and activity were measured by 24-h room calorimetry; free-living total EE (TEE), activity-related EE (AEE), and physical activity level were measured by doubly labeled water. EE was standardized by fat-free mass (FFM). Results: There were no significant differences among familial groups in weight. height, fat mass, FFM, or percentage body fat. African American girls had a higher FFM than did white or Hispanic girls (P < 0.05). BMR, SMR, 24-h EE, respiratory quotient, heart rate, and activity levels were not significantly different among familial groups. Additionally, there were no significant familial group differences in TEE, AEE, or physical activity level. However, BMR, SMR, and TEE were lower in African American girls than in white girls (P < 0.05). Conclusion: There was no significant difference in EE between normal-weight, multiethnic prepubertal girls predisposed to obesity and those not predisposed to obesity. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Treuth, MS (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Int Hlth, Ctr Human Nutr, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. FU NICHD NIH HHS [R29 HD34029] NR 32 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD APR PY 2000 VL 71 IS 4 BP 893 EP 900 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 297CR UT WOS:000086064400007 PM 10731494 ER PT J AU Gossage, C Deyhim, M Moser-Veillon, PB Douglas, LW Kramer, TR AF Gossage, C Deyhim, M Moser-Veillon, PB Douglas, LW Kramer, TR TI Effect of beta-carotene supplementation and lactation on carotenoid metabolism and mitogenic T lymphocyte proliferation SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE beta-carotene; carotenoids; lactation; lutein; T lymphocyte proliferation ID IMMUNOLOGICAL INDEXES; PLASMA-CONCENTRATIONS; 5 CAROTENOIDS; SERUM; WOMEN; PROLACTIN; MILK; DIET; RESPONSIVENESS; CONSUMPTION AB Background: Information is lacking regarding the effects of beta-carotene supplementation, early lactation, or both on circulating carotenoid concentrations and T lymphocyte proliferation. Objectives: This study investigated the effects of short-term beta-carotene supplementation (30 mg/d for 28 d) during early lactation (days 4-32 postpartum) on circulating carotenoid concentrations and on the T lymphocyte proliferative response to phytohemagglutinin. Design: Subjects aged 19-39 y were paired [lactating (4 d postpartum) and nonlactating (never pregnant, healthy women)] and randomly assigned to receive either beta-carotene or a placebo. During the study, subjects provided eight 24-h food records for analysis with the NUTRITIONIST IV and US Department of Agriculture carotenoid databases. Nonfasting blood samples were collected at baseline and at 28 d. Plasma analysis included quantification of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, lutein, lycopene, retinol, and alpha-tocopherol, complete differential blood cell counts, and lymphocyte proliferative activity. Results: beta-Carotene supplementation increased beta-carotene (P < 0.001) and alpha-carotene (P < 0.05) concentrations but did not affect lycopene concentrations significantly. Supplemented women showed significant decreases in plasma lutein (P < 0.03), as did lactating subjects (P < 0.02). Neither lactation nor beta-carotene supplementation affected the T lymphocyte proliferative response to phytohemagglutinin. Conclusions: Our results suggest that beta-carotene supplementation as well as some events related to parturition, initiation of lactation, or both alter circulating concentrations of lutein. beta-Carotene supplementation does not enhance T lymphocyte immune competence in healthy women. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Nutr & Food Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Biometr Program, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Anim & Avian Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. ARS, USDA, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Phytonutr Lab, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Moser-Veillon, PB (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Nutr & Food Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 32 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD APR PY 2000 VL 71 IS 4 BP 950 EP 955 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 297CR UT WOS:000086064400015 PM 10731502 ER PT J AU Fiorotto, ML Davis, TA Reeds, PJ AF Fiorotto, ML Davis, TA Reeds, PJ TI Regulation of myofibrillar protein turnover during maturation in normal and undernourished rat pups SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-REGULATORY INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE skeletal muscle; protein synthesis; protein degradation; RNA; myosin; actin ID SKELETAL-MUSCLE; MYOBLAST DIFFERENTIATION; POSTNATAL-DEVELOPMENT; TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; DIETARY-PROTEIN; MYOSIN; ACTIN; EXPRESSION; MYOGENESIS; FAMILY AB The study tested the hypothesis that a higher rate of myofibrillar than sarcoplasmic protein synthesis is responsible for the rapid postdifferentiation accumulation of myofibrils and that an inadequate nutrient intake will compromise primarily myofibrillar protein synthesis. Myofibrillar (total and individual) and sarcoplasmic protein synthesis, accretion, and degradation rates were measured in vivo in well-nourished (C) rat pups at 6, 15, and 28 days of age and compared at 6 and 15 days of age with pups undernourished (UN) from birth. In g-day-old C pups, a higher myofibrillar than sarcoplasmic protein synthesis rate accounted for the greater deposition of myofibrillar than sarcoplasmic proteins. The fractional synthesis rates of both protein compartments decreased with age, but to a greater degree for myofibrillar proteins (-54 vs. -42%). These decreases in synthesis rates were partially offset by reductions in degradation rates, and from 15 days, myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic proteins were deposited in constant proportion to one another. Undernutrition reduced both myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic protein synthesis rates, and the effect was greater at 6 (-25%) than 15 days (-15%). Decreases in their respective degradation rates minimized the effect of undernutrition on sarcoplasmic protein accretion from 4 to 8 days and on myofibrillar proteins from 13 to 17 days. Although these adaptations in protein turnover reduced overall growth of muscle mass, they mitigated the effects of undernutrition on the normal maturational changes in myofibrillar protein concentration. C1 Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Fiorotto, ML (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. FU NIAMS NIH HHS [R01 AR044474, R01 AR046308] NR 39 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0363-6119 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-REG I JI Am. J. Physiol.-Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 278 IS 4 BP R845 EP R854 PG 10 WC Physiology SC Physiology GA 304JA UT WOS:000086478900007 PM 10749771 ER PT J AU Lewis, AJ Wester, TJ Burrin, DG Dauncey, MJ AF Lewis, AJ Wester, TJ Burrin, DG Dauncey, MJ TI Exogenous growth hormone induces somatotrophic gene expression in neonatal liver and skeletal muscle SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-REGULATORY INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE growth hormone receptor; insulin-like growth factors; messenger ribonucleic acid ID GH-BINDING-PROTEIN; MESSENGER-RNA EXPRESSION; FACTOR-I GENE; IGF-I; PORCINE SOMATOTROPIN; ENDOCRINE RESPONSES; DIETARY-PROTEIN; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; GROWING-PIGS; RECEPTOR AB The extent to which the local somatotrophic axis is functional in extrahepatic tissues in the neonate is unclear. We therefore determined the expression of growth hormone (GH) receptor (GHR), and insulin-like growth factors I and II (IGF-I and IGF-II) mRNA in liver and skeletal muscle (longissimus) of neonatal pigs given daily intramuscular injections of either recombinant porcine GH 1 mg/kg body wt; (n = 6) or saline (n = 5) for 7 days. Exogenous GH increased plasma concentrations of GH 30-fold and IGF-I threefold. Abundances of specific mRNA in liver and muscle were measured by RNase protection assays (values are arbitrary density units). In liver, GH treatment increased GHR (6.0 vs. 9.7; P < 0.01) and IGF-I (5.2 vs. 49.0; P < 0.001) but not IGF-II (19.5 vs. 17.2) mRNA. In muscle, GH treatment increased IGF-I mRNA(13.3 vs. 22.8; P < 0.05) but not GHR (8.3 vs. 9.5) or IGF-II (16.1 vs. 16.9). These results demonstrate that exogenous GH can induce local somatotrophic function predominantly in liver but also in muscle of newborn pigs. Our novel finding on the selective increase in muscle IGF-I but not GHR gene expression suggests differences in posttranscriptional regulation and/or intracellular signaling mechanisms. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Babraham Inst, Cambridge CB2 4AT, England. Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Lewis, AJ (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 41 TC 14 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0363-6119 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-REG I JI Am. J. Physiol.-Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 278 IS 4 BP R838 EP R844 PG 7 WC Physiology SC Physiology GA 304JA UT WOS:000086478900006 PM 10749770 ER PT J AU Homan, HJ Linz, GM Bleier, WJ AF Homan, HJ Linz, GM Bleier, WJ TI Winter habitat use and survival of female ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) in southeastern North Dakota SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID RESOURCE SELECTION; AVAILABILITY DATA; GRAY PARTRIDGE; HOME RANGES; MOVEMENTS; DISPERSAL AB From 1992 to 1995 we used radiotelemetry to monitor winter habitat selection and survival of female ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) in southeastern North Dakota. We captured 100 birds at nine sites in six study blocks centered on cattail-dominated (Typha spp.) semipermanent wetlands. Pheasants showed nonrandom habitat use at two hierarchical scales. At the second-order scale (23-km(2) blocks) semipermanent wetlands were preferred during two winters in which habitat selection could be assessed (1992-1993 and 1994-1995). An additional second-order preference for grass-covered uplands was shown during the mild 1994-1995 winter. At the third-order scale (home-range) pheasants preferred the edges of wetlands in 1992-1993 and 1994-1995. The central portions of wetlands were preferred in 1992-1993 and used proportionately in 1994-1995. Seasonal wetlands were avoided at the third order scale during 1992-1993 and 1994-1995. The average winter survival rate was 0.41, with rates ranging from 0.04-0.86 and differing significantly among winters. Survival was lower during early winter and midwinter periods for birds weighing less than 1090 g and for birds captured in semipermanent wetlands under private ownership. A 1 C increase in the mean weekly maximum temperature decreased the probability of death by 0.06 and a 2.5 cm increase in new snow raised the probability of death by 0.08. C1 USDA, Great Plains Filed Stn, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Bismarck, ND 58501 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Dept Zool, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Homan, HJ (reprint author), USDA, Great Plains Filed Stn, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 2110 Miriam Circle,Suite B, Bismarck, ND 58501 USA. NR 68 TC 8 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD APR PY 2000 VL 143 IS 2 BP 463 EP 480 DI 10.1674/0003-0031(2000)143[0463:WHUASO]2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 300LH UT WOS:000086254100018 ER PT J AU Silverstein, JT Plisetskaya, EM AF Silverstein, JT Plisetskaya, EM TI The effects of NPY and insulin on food intake regulation in fish SO AMERICAN ZOOLOGIST LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Integrative-and-Comparative-Biology CY JAN 06-10, 1999 CL DENVER, CO SP Soc Integrat & Comparat Biol ID NEUROPEPTIDE-Y NPY; CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM; OBESE ZUCKER RATS; PEPTIDE-YY; GENE-EXPRESSION; RAINBOW-TROUT; PANCREATIC-POLYPEPTIDE; GROWTH-HORMONE; ENERGY-BALANCE; INTRACEREBROVENTRICULAR INJECTION AB Recent abundant studies report that in rodents starvation induces increased neuropeptide Y (NPY) mRNA expression and peptide secretion in the hypothalamus which reduces autonomic nervous activity and promotes food intake, and intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of NPY has potent orexigenic effects, Conversely, the effect of insulin in the central nervous system is to inhibit food intake and NPY biosynthesis and secretion. In mammals body fatness is regulated and insulin acts as one intake inhibitory signal related to fatness. In salmon (Oncorhynchus sp,) we have demonstrated a rise in NPY-like mRNA expression and a coincident decrease in plasma insulin levels during 2 to 3 weeks of starvation. Additionally, experimentally manipulating body fatness with high and low fat diets has demonstrated that body fatness affects food intake in teleost fishes, raising the possibility that NPY and insulin act to regulate their food intake. Therefore, we hypothesized that as in rodents, ICV treatment with NPY would stimulate food intake while ICV insulin would reduce food intake. Preliminary results suggest that ICV NPY administration does stimulate food intake in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), but central injection of insulin has no effect. Results of treatments with the sulfated octapeptide of cholecystokinin and the recombinant fragment of rat leptin 22-56 are also discussed. C1 USDA ARS, Catfish Genet Res Unit, Thad Cochran Natl Warmwater Aquaculture Ctr, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Fisheries, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Silverstein, JT (reprint author), USDA ARS, Catfish Genet Res Unit, Thad Cochran Natl Warmwater Aquaculture Ctr, POB 38, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. EM jsilvers@ag.gov NR 67 TC 105 Z9 114 U1 0 U2 8 PU SOC INTEGRATIVE COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY PI MCLEAN PA 1313 DOLLEY MADISON BLVD, NO 402, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0003-1569 J9 AM ZOOL JI Am. Zool. PD APR PY 2000 VL 40 IS 2 BP 296 EP 308 DI 10.1668/0003-1569(2000)040[0296:TEONAI]2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 332LD UT WOS:000088075000012 ER PT J AU Knoll, A Putnova, L Dvorak, J Rohrer, GA Cepica, S AF Knoll, A Putnova, L Dvorak, J Rohrer, GA Cepica, S TI Linkage mapping of an AvaI PCR-RFLP within the porcine uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) gene SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Article ID GENOME; MAP C1 Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Anim Physiol & Genet, CR-27721 Libechov, Czech Republic. Mendel Univ Agr & Forestry, Dept Genet, Brno, Czech Republic. ARS, USDA, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Cepica, S (reprint author), Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Anim Physiol & Genet, CR-27721 Libechov, Czech Republic. RI Knoll, Ales/D-6896-2012; Cepica, Stanislav/G-7180-2014 NR 6 TC 4 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0268-9146 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD APR PY 2000 VL 31 IS 2 BP 156 EP 157 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2052.2000.00612.x PG 2 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA 302KD UT WOS:000086363500031 PM 10782235 ER PT J AU Marys, EE Liu, HY Carballo, O Romano, M Uzcategui, R Colmenares, M Izaguirre-Mayoral, ML AF Marys, EE Liu, HY Carballo, O Romano, M Uzcategui, R Colmenares, M Izaguirre-Mayoral, ML TI Partial characterisation of a new virus in brusca from the Venezuelan lowlands SO ANNALS OF APPLIED BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Senna pallida; closterovirus; SeCSV; physicochemical properties; serology; cytopathology; dsRNA ID CHLOROSIS VIRUS; PROTEINS AB Flexuous thread-like virus particles c. 650-700 nm in length were isolated from brusca (Senna pallida) plants showing stunting, mosaic, vein yellowing and leaf malformation. The virus was mechanically transmitted to healthy Senna pallida, Cassia obovata and Cassia emarginata L. plant species. Virus particles sedimented in sucrose density gradients as one component, with a bouyant density of 1.2 g cm(-3) in caesium chloride equilibrium gradients. Virions contained a molecule of ssRNA with an apparent size of 6.4 kb. The dsRNA pattern showed one main band of about 12 kb, and two subgenomic dsRNA of c. 10 and c. 5.4 kb. Analyses of purified virus preparations by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) resolved two coat protein subunits, with mel. wt of c. 28 000 and 26 000 daltons. In Western blotting the virus coat proteins reacted with an homologous polyclonal antiserum and with an antiserum to Lettuce infectious yellow virus. Electron microscopic observations of cells from infected plants showed the accumulation of cytoplasmic vesiculate inclusion bodies and crystalline aggregates of virus particles within phloem tissue. Some of the physicochemical and ultrastructural properties of this virus resemble those of a Closterovirus; however, differences show it to be sufficiently distinct from any previously reported viruses. We proposed the name of Senna chlorotic stunt (SeCSV) for this virus. C1 Inst Venezolano Invest Cient, Lab Biotecnol & Virol VEgetal, Ctr Microbiol & Biol Celular, Caracas 1020 A, Venezuela. USDA ARS, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. RP Marys, EE (reprint author), Inst Venezolano Invest Cient, Lab Biotecnol & Virol VEgetal, Ctr Microbiol & Biol Celular, Apartado Postal 21827, Caracas 1020 A, Venezuela. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSOC APPLIED BIOLOGISTS PI WARWICK PA NATL VEGETABLE RES STATION WELLSBOURNE, WARWICK, ENGLAND CV35 9EF SN 0003-4746 J9 ANN APPL BIOL JI Ann. Appl. Biol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 136 IS 2 BP 125 EP 130 DI 10.1111/j.1744-7348.2000.tb00017.x PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA 336HM UT WOS:000088295900005 ER PT J AU Wilson, C Lesch, SM Grieve, CM AF Wilson, C Lesch, SM Grieve, CM TI Growth stage modulates salinity tolerance of New Zealand spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides, Pall.) and red orach (Atriplex hortensis L.) SO ANNALS OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE New Zealand spinach; Tetragonia tetragonioides Pall.; red orach; Atriplex hortensis L.; salinity; stage of growth; ion accumulation; selectivity; plant nutrition ID SEEDLING GROWTH; IMPERIAL-VALLEY; IONIC RELATIONS; SALT TOLERANCE; DRAINAGE WATER; ACCUMULATION; GERMINATION; PRINCIPLES; IRRIGATION; PLANTS AB The response of two speciality vegetable crops, New Zealand spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides Pall.) and red orach (Atriplex hortensis L.), to salt application at three growth stages was investigated. Plants were grown with a base nutrient solution in outdoor sand cultures and salinized at 13 (early), 26 (mid), and 42 (late) d after planting (DAP). For the treatment salt concentrations, we used a salinity composition that would occur in a typical soil in the San Joaquin Valley of California using drainage waters for irrigation. Salinity treatments measuring electrical conductivities (ECi) of 3, 7, 11, 15, 19 and 23 dS m(-1) were achieved by adding MgSO4, Na2SO4, NaCl and CaCl2 to the base nutrient solution. These salts were added to the base nutrient solution incrementally over a 5-d period to avoid osmotic shock to the seedlings. The base nutrient solution without added salts served as the non-saline control (3 dS m(-1)). Solution pH was uncontrolled and ranged from 7.7 to 8.0. Both species were salt sensitive at the early seedling stage and became more salt tolerant as time to salinization increased. For New Zealand spinach, the salinity levels that gave maximal yields (C-max) were 0, 0 and 3.1 dS m(-1) and those resulting in a 50% reduction of biomass production (C-50) were 9.1, 11.1 and 17.4 dS m(-1) for early, mid and late salinization dates, respectively. Maximal yield of red orach increased from 4.2 to 10.9 to 13.7 dS m(-1) as the time of salinization increased from 13, to 26, to 42 DAP, respectively. The C-50 value for red orach was unaffected by time of salt imposition (25 dS m(-1)). Both species exhibited high Na+ accumulation even at low salinity levels. Examination of K-Na selectivity data indicated that K+ selectivity increased in both species with increasing salinity. However, increased K-Na selectivity did not explain the increased salt tolerance observed by later salinization. Higher Na-Ca selectivity was determined at 3 dS m(-1) in New Zealand spinach plants treated with early- and mid-salinization plants relative to those exposed to late salinization. This corresponded with lower C-max and C-50 values for those plants. Lower Ca uptake selectivity or lower Ca levels may have inhibited growth in young seedlings. This conclusion is supported by similar results with red orach. High Na-Ca selectivity found only in the early-salinization plants of red orach corresponded to the lower C-max values measured for those plants. C1 USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Wilson, C (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. NR 42 TC 42 Z9 48 U1 3 U2 13 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0305-7364 J9 ANN BOT-LONDON JI Ann. Bot. PD APR PY 2000 VL 85 IS 4 BP 501 EP 509 DI 10.1006/anbo.1999.1086 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 304HR UT WOS:000086478100010 ER PT J AU Meyer, SE Pendleton, RL AF Meyer, SE Pendleton, RL TI Genetic regulation of seed dormancy in Purshia tridentata (Rosaceae) SO ANNALS OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE antelope bitterbrush; bitterbrush; common garden study; germination ID ANTELOPE BITTERBRUSH; GERMINATION RESPONSE; INHERITANCE; DISPERSAL; PATTERNS; COAT AB Seeds of Purshia tridentata, a shrub of semi-arid North America, require chilling to become non-dormant. Using seeds produced from controlled crosses in a common garden, we examined effects of ovule parent, pollen parent, and year of production on germination percentage in response to chilling for 2 weeks at 2 degrees C. Differences among ovule parents accounted for most of the variance in chilling response, and these differences (2 to 83% germination) were consistent across years. Differences among pollen parents were also significant, producing a two- to five-fold difference in mean germination percentage. Differences among years were significant but small. Ovule parent by par interactions Showed that among-year variation in ripening environment did not affect ovule parents equally. There was no significant pollen parent by year interaction, suggesting that the effect of maturation environment was mediated through maternal tissues. In reciprocal crosses, two plants that showed contrasting dormancy levels as ovule parents produced seeds with similar dormancy as pollen parents, indicating that the genetic difference between them was at the testa level. Two plants that produced seeds with contrasting dormancy as pollen parents showed a similar but stronger pattern of contrast as ovule parents, showing that the genetic difference between them was at both embryo and endosperm or testa level. Testa or endosperm genotype was primarily responsible for chilling response of intact seeds, while embryo genotype affected chilling response and also exercised primary control over low temperature germination rate, whether of excised embryos or of intact seeds. C1 US Forest Serv, Rocky Mtn Res Stn, Shrub Sci Lab, Provo, UT 84606 USA. RP Meyer, SE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Rocky Mtn Res Stn, Shrub Sci Lab, Provo, UT 84606 USA. NR 40 TC 15 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0305-7364 J9 ANN BOT-LONDON JI Ann. Bot. PD APR PY 2000 VL 85 IS 4 BP 521 EP 529 DI 10.1006/anbo.1999.1099 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 304HR UT WOS:000086478100012 ER PT J AU Berry, ED Cutter, CN AF Berry, ED Cutter, CN TI Effects of acid adaptation of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 on efficacy of acetic acid spray washes to decontaminate beef carcass tissue SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SURFACE TISSUE; APPLE CIDER; CLOSTRIDIUM-SPOROGENES; TOLERANCE RESPONSE; LISTERIA-INNOCUA; SODIUM-CHLORIDE; SURVIVAL; FERMENTATION; TEMPERATURE; MICROFLORA AB Exposure to low pH and organic acids in the bovine gastrointestinal tract may result in the induced acid resistance of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and other pathogens that may subsequently contaminate beef carcasses. The effect of acid adaptation of E. coli O157:H7 on the ability of acetic acid spray washing to reduce populations of this organism on beef carcass tissue was examined. Stationary-phase acid resistance and the ability to induce acid tolerance were determined for a collection of E. coli O157:H7 strains by testing the survival of acid-adapted and unadapted cells in HCl-acidified tryptic soy broth (pH 2.5). Three E. coli O157:H7 strains that were categorized as acid resistant (ATCC 43895) or acid sensitive (ATCC 43890) or that demonstrated inducible acid tolerance (ATCC 43889) were used in spray wash studies. Prerigor beef carcass surface tissue was inoculated with bovine feces containing either acid-adapted or unadapted E. coli O157:H7. The beef tissue was subjected to spray washing treatments with water or 2% acetic acid or left untreated. For strains ATCC 43895 and 43889, larger populations of acid-adapted cells than of unadapted cells remained on beef tissue following 2% acetic acid treatments and these differences remained throughout 14 days of 4 degrees C storage. For both strains, numbers of acid-adapted cells remaining on tissue following 2% acetic acid treatments were similar to numbers of both acid-adapted and unadapted cells remaining on tissue following water treatments. For strain ATCC 43890, there was no difference between populations of acid-adapted and unadapted cells remaining on beef tissue immediately following 2% acetic acid treatments. These data indicate that adaptation to acidic conditions by E. coli O157:H7 can negatively influence the effectiveness of 2% acetic acid spray washing in reducing the numbers of this organism on carcasses. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Berry, ED (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 39 TC 69 Z9 70 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 66 IS 4 BP 1493 EP 1498 DI 10.1128/AEM.66.4.1493-1498.2000 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 300ZY UT WOS:000086284700037 PM 10742232 ER PT J AU Stewart, P Gaskell, J Cullen, D AF Stewart, P Gaskell, J Cullen, D TI A homokaryotic derivative of a Phanerochaete chrysosporium strain and its use in genomic analysis of repetitive elements SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LIGNIN PEROXIDASE GENES; 2 ALLELIC VARIANTS; GLYOXAL OXIDASE; TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS; MANGANESE PEROXIDASE; CELLOBIOSE DEHYDROGENASE; ORGANIZATION; EXPRESSION; ENZYME; FAMILY AB Analysis of complex gene families in the lignin degrading basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium has been hampered by the dikaryotic nuclear condition. To facilitate genetic investigations in P. chrysosporium strain BKM3-F-1767, we isolated a homokaryon from regenerated protoplasts. The nuclear condition was established by PCR amplification of five unlinked genes followed by probing with allele-specific oligonucleotides. Under standard nitrogen-limited culture conditions, lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, and glyoxal oxidase activities of the homokaryon mere equivalent to those of the parental dikaryon. We used the homokaryon to determine the genomic organization and to assess transcriptional effects of a family of repetitive elements. Previous studies had identified an insertional mutation, Pce1, within lignin peroxidase allele lip12. The element resembled nonautonomous class II transposons and was present in multiple copies in strain BKM-F-1767. In the present study, three additional copies of the Peel-like element were cloned and sequenced. The distribution of elements was nonrandom; all localized to the same 3.7-Mb chromosome, as assessed by segregation analysis and Southern blot analysis of the homokaryon. Reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) showed that Pec1 was not spliced from the lip12 transcript in either the homokaryon or the parental dikaryon. However, both strains had equivalent lignin peroxidase activity, suggesting that some lip genes may be redundant. C1 US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Bacteriol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Cullen, D (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 43 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 66 IS 4 BP 1629 EP 1633 DI 10.1128/AEM.66.4.1629-1633.2000 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 300ZY UT WOS:000086284700057 PM 10742252 ER PT J AU Riordan, DCR Duffy, G Sheridan, JJ Whiting, RC Blair, IS McDowell, DA AF Riordan, DCR Duffy, G Sheridan, JJ Whiting, RC Blair, IS McDowell, DA TI Effects of acid adaptation, product pH, and heating on survival of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 in pepperoni SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TEMPERATURE; SALMONELLA; RESISTANCE; TOLERANCE; SAUSAGE AB The thermotolerance of E. call O157:H7 cells (strain 380-94) heated in pepperoni is reported. Information on the pattern of thermal inactivation of E. call O157:H7 in pepperoni was applied in the development of heating processes designed to reduce E. coli O157:H7 numbers therein by 5 log(10) units. C1 USDA, Agr Res Serv, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. TEAGASC, Natl Food Ctr, Dublin 15, Ireland. Univ Ulster, Newtownabbey BT37 0QB, County Antrim, North Ireland. RP Riordan, DCR (reprint author), USDA, Agr Res Serv, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Ln, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RI McDowell, David/A-7963-2009 OI McDowell, David/0000-0002-0253-0027 NR 18 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 66 IS 4 BP 1726 EP 1729 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 300ZY UT WOS:000086284700075 PM 10742270 ER PT J AU Zahnley, JC Smith, MR AF Zahnley, JC Smith, MR TI Cellular association of glucosyltransferases in Leuconostoc mesenteroides and effects of detergent on cell association SO APPLIED BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dextransucrase; glucosyltransferase; Leuconastoc mesenteroides; solubilization; cell-associated enzyme; alternansucrase ID NRRL B-1299; INSOLUBLE GLUCAN; B-1355; DEXTRANSUCRASE; OLIGOSACCHARIDES; PURIFICATION; SUCROSE; GLUCANSUCRASE; SULFOBETAINES; MUTANTS AB Most glucosyltransferase (GTF) activity in sucrose-grown cultures of some strains of Leuconostoc mesenteroides is found with the cell pellet after centrifugation. GTFs are known to bind to dextrans, and it was traditionally assumed that cell-associated GTFs were bound to those dextrans that cosedimented with the cells. We used a mutant strain (LC-17), derived from strain NRRL B-1355, which produced dextransucrase in the absence of dextrans, to investigate the extent to which GTFs were bound to cells or dextrans. Much of the GTF activity in glucose-grown cultures of strain LC-17, which do not produce dextran, was located in the cell pellets. Soluble enzyme activity increased when cell suspensions from glucose- or sucrose-grown cultures were incubated with mild nonionic detergents or zwitterionic reagents. Alternansucrase produced by the parent strain B-1355 was almost entirely associated with cells under conditions in which dextrans were or were not produced. Alternansucrase, but not dextransucrase, tended to be enriched in the particulate fraction of B-1355 cells that had been broken in a French press. The distribution of alternansucrase and the effects of detergents on the distribution of GTFs suggest that soluble GTFs sequestered in the cytoplasm, and GTFs bound or adsorbed to the cell membrane are probably the major contributors to the cell-associated GTF activity. C1 USDA, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Zahnley, JC (reprint author), USDA, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 27 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU HUMANA PRESS INC PI TOTOWA PA 999 RIVERVIEW DRIVE SUITE 208, TOTOWA, NJ 07512 USA SN 0273-2289 J9 APPL BIOCHEM BIOTECH JI Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 87 IS 1 BP 57 EP 70 DI 10.1385/ABAB:87:1:57 PG 14 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 318KY UT WOS:000087284200005 PM 10850673 ER PT J AU Hudak, AT Wessman, CA AF Hudak, AT Wessman, CA TI Deforestation in Mwanza District, Malawi, from 1981 to 1992, as determined from Landsat MSS imagery SO APPLIED GEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE AVHRR; deforestation; landsat MSS; Malawi; Mozambique; NDVI ID DIFFERENCE VEGETATION INDEX; RANGE DEGRADATION; SATELLITE DATA; AVHRR DATA; BOTSWANA; VARIABILITY; GRASSLANDS; GROWTH AB Malawi is critically short of fuelwood, the primary energy source for its poverty-stricken populace. Deforestation from 1981 to 1992 in Mwanza District in southern Malawi was assessed using Normalized Difference Vegetation index (NDVI) values calculated from multitemporal Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) images. A control site, where vegetation change was assumed to be minimal, was used to account for the large effect of phenology on NDVI variability between images, and to reveal more subtle differences indicative of changes in percentage woody canopy cover. The average annual deforestation rate was estimated to be 1.8% in Mwanza District between 1981 and 1992. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Colorado, Inst Res Environm Sci, Dept Environm Populat & Organism Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Inst Res Environm Sci, Ctr Study Earth Space, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Hudak, AT (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 42 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-6228 J9 APPL GEOGR JI Appl. Geogr. PD APR PY 2000 VL 20 IS 2 BP 155 EP 175 DI 10.1016/S0143-6228(00)00002-3 PG 21 WC Geography SC Geography GA 303GA UT WOS:000086413100004 ER PT J AU Mooibroek, H Cornish, K AF Mooibroek, H Cornish, K TI Alternative sources of natural rubber SO APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Review ID PARTHENIUM-ARGENTATUM GRAY; SQUALENE SYNTHASE INHIBITION; HEVEA-BRASILIENSIS LATEX; ISOPRENOID BIOSYNTHESIS; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; TRANSFERASE-ACTIVITY; CIS-1,4-POLYISOPRENE BIOSYNTHESIS; PRENYL TRANSFERASES; MOLECULAR-CLONING; CROSS-REACTIVITY AB Rubber (cis-1,4-polyisoprene) is one of the most important polymers naturally produced by plants because it is a strategic raw material used in more than 40,000 products, including more than 400 medical devices. The sole commercial source, at present, is natural rubber harvested from the Brazilian rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis. Primarily due to its molecular structure and high molecular weight (>1 million daltons) this rubber has high performance properties that cannot easily be mimicked by artificially produced polymers, such as those derived from, e.g., bacterial poly-hydroxy-alkanoates (PHAs). These high performance properties include resilience, elasticity, abrasion resistance, efficient heat dispersion (minimizing heat build-up under friction), and impact resistance. Medical rubber gloves need to fit well, be break-resistant, allow the wearer to retain fine tactile sensation, and provide an effective barrier against pathogens. The sum of all these characteristics cannot yet be achieved using synthetic gloves. The lack of biodiversity in natural rubber production renders continuity of supply insecure, because of the risk of crop failure, diminishing acreage, and other disadvantages outlined below. A search for alternative sources of natural rubber production has already resulted in a large number of interesting plants and prospects for immediate industrial exploitation of guayule (Parthenium argentatum) as a source of high quality latex. Metabolic engineering will permit the production of new crops designed to accumulate new types of valued isoprenoid metabolites, such as rubber and carotenoids, and new combinations extractable from the same crop. Currently, experiments are underway to genetically improve guayule rubber production strains in both quantitative and qualitative respects. Since the choice for gene activities to be introduced or changed is under debate, we have set up a complementary approach to guayule with yeast species, which may more quickly show the applicability and relevance of genes selected. Although economic considerations may prevent commercial exploitation of new rubber-producing microorganisms, transgenic yeasts and bacteria may yield intermediate or alternative (poly-)isoprenes suitable for specific applications. C1 DLO, Agrotechnol Res Inst, ATO, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands. USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Mooibroek, H (reprint author), DLO, Agrotechnol Res Inst, ATO, POB 17, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands. RI Cornish, Katrina/A-9773-2013 NR 97 TC 107 Z9 115 U1 4 U2 67 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0175-7598 J9 APPL MICROBIOL BIOT JI Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 53 IS 4 BP 355 EP 365 PG 11 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 312XT UT WOS:000086969800001 PM 10803889 ER PT J AU Bashan, Y Davis, EA Carrillo-Garcia, A Linderman, RG AF Bashan, Y Davis, EA Carrillo-Garcia, A Linderman, RG TI Assessment of VA mycorrhizal inoculum potential in relation to the establishment of cactus seedlings under mesquite nurse-trees in the Sonoran Desert SO APPLIED SOIL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE desert revegetation; inoculum potential; soil disturbance; Sonoran desert; vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae; VAM fungi ID BAJA-CALIFORNIA; FUNGI; PLANTS; GROWTH; SOIL; MEXICO AB A commonly observed preferential association was quantified between mature native mesquite (Prosopis articulata) trees and the seedlings of six cactus species (Pachycereus pringlei, Opuntia cholla, Lophocereus schottii, Machaerocereus gummosus, Lemaireocereus thurberi, Mammilaria sp.) in a previously-disturbed area of the Sonoran Desert of Baja California, Mexico. We hypothesized that, in addition to more favorable edaphic factors, the inoculum potential of beneficial vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi was higher, and therefore, more favorable for cactus seedling establishment under the mesquite tree canopy (UC) compared to adjacent barren areas (BAs) away from the trees. In the greenhouse inoculum potential assays, VAM fungi were detected in onion (Allium cepa) trap plants from all soil samples regardless of collection site, but cardon cactus (P. pringlei) trap seedlings formed no VAM even after 6.5 months. Test soils were further used to preinoculate new onion seedlings transplanted into pots, to serve as nurse plants to inoculate adjacent cardon seedlings by vegetative transfer. After 15 months, cardon seedlings did develop slight VAM colonization, confined exclusively to the outermost cortical layers. Examination of test soils for spores or root fragments revealed very few to none, and spore production on onion trap plant roots was also sparse even though colonization was high. Analysis of UC and BA soils revealed that the water holding capacity, nutrient content, cation exchange capacity, total carbon, and total nitrogen contents of the UC soils were all higher than those of the BA soils. Since the VAM inoculum density in this study was not different between sites under and away from the mesquite tree canopy, we concluded that VAM inoculum density is not the primary factor for the establishment of cactus seedlings and that edaphic factors probably play a more important role. Our results suggest, however, that VAM inoculum potential in these hot desert soils, although relatively low, is probably maintained in the upper layers by means of hyphal fragments rather than spores. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. CIB, Ctr Biol Res NW, La Paz 23000, Mexico. RP Linderman, RG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, 3420 NW Orchard Ave, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. EM lindermr@bcc.orst.edu NR 35 TC 42 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0929-1393 J9 APPL SOIL ECOL JI Appl. Soil Ecol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 14 IS 2 BP 165 EP 175 DI 10.1016/S0929-1393(00)00050-0 PG 11 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 315GL UT WOS:000087104200008 ER PT J AU Liu, YL Chen, YR Ozaki, Y AF Liu, YL Chen, YR Ozaki, Y TI Characterization of visible spectral intensity variations of wholesome and unwholesome chicken meats with two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy SO APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE two-dimensional correlation analysis; visible spectroscopy; chicken meats; chicken disease; myoglobin ID INFRARED CORRELATION SPECTROSCOPY; POULTRY CARCASSES; CLASSIFICATION; PATTIES AB Generalized two-dimensional (2D) correlation analysis of visible spectra (400-700 nm) was performed to characterize the spectral intensity variations of wholesome and five different classes of unwholesome chicken meats. The meats were obtained from the chicken carcasses that were judged to be wholesome or condemned by a Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) veterinarian at a poultry processing plant. The unwholesome carcasses were condemned either because they were improperly bled (cadaver) or showed a disease symptom such as air-sacculitis, ascites, septicemia, or tumors. The results showed that there are at least three prominent bands around 445, 485, and 560 nm that could be attributed to deoxymyoglobin, metmyoglobin, and oxymyoglobin absorption, respectively. The results also demonstrated that deoxymyoglobin, metmyoglobin, and oxymyoglobin components coexist in all meats. There is, however, a clear indication that there were more variations in oxymyoglobin and deoxymyoglobin and less variations in metmyoglobin in the wholesome and cadaver meats than in the diseased meats. The asynchronous spectral analysis of the wholesome and unwholesome meats revealed that the spectral intensity change at the 485 nm band occurs later than those of the 445 and 560 nm bands. It indicates that metmyoglobin, the degraded species of both the deoxymyoglobin and oxymyoglobin, mainly existed in the diseased meats. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, ISL, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Kwansei Gakuin Univ, Sch Sci, Dept Chem, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 6628501, Japan. RP Chen, YR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, ISL, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Ozaki, Yukihiro/B-4760-2011 NR 21 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 6 PU SOC APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY PI FREDERICK PA 201B BROADWAY ST, FREDERICK, MD 21701 USA SN 0003-7028 J9 APPL SPECTROSC JI Appl. Spectrosc. PD APR PY 2000 VL 54 IS 4 BP 587 EP 594 DI 10.1366/0003702001949780 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy GA 309UK UT WOS:000086787500019 ER PT J AU Zhu, YC Baker, JE AF Zhu, YC Baker, JE TI Molecular cloning and characterization of a midgut chymotrypsin-like enzyme from the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica SO ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Rhyzopertha dominica; lesser grain borer; digestion; midgut; serine proteinases; chymotrypsin; cDNA; TPCK; protein sequence ID AMINO-ACID-SEQUENCE; CHORISTONEURA-FUMIFERANA; DIGESTIVE PROTEINASES; MANDUCA-SEXTA; TRYPSIN; COLEOPTERA; INHIBITORS; PROTEASE; INSECT; IDENTIFICATION AB A cDNA encoding a chymotrypsinogen-like protein in midguts of the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) was cloned and sequenced. The 901 bp cDNA contains an 816-nucleotide open reading frame encoding 272-amino acids. The predicted molecular mass and pi of the mature enzyme are 23.7 kDa and 4.64, respectively. The encoded protein includes amino acid sequence motifs that are conserved with 5 homologous chymotrypsinogen proteins from other insects. Features of the putative chymotrypsin-like protein from R. dominica include the serine proteinase active site (His(90), Asp(133) Ser(226)), conserved cysteine residues for disulfide bridges, the residues (Gly(220), Gly(243), Asp(252)) that determine chymotrypsin specificity, and both zymogen activation and signal peptides. A TPCK-sensitive caseinolytic protein (P6) with an estimated molecular mass of 24 kDa is present in midgut extracts of R. dominica and can be resolved by electrophoresis on 4-16% polyacrylamide gels. The molecular mass of this caseinolytic enzyme is similar to that of the chymotrypsin deduced from cDNA. Midgut extracts of R. dominica readily hydrolyzed azocasein and N-succinyl-alanine-alanine-proline-phenylalanine-p- nitroanilide (SAAPFpNA), a chymotrypsin-specific substrate. Properties of the enzymes responsible for these activities were partially characterized with respect to distribution in the gut, optimum pH, and sensitivity toward selected proteinase inhibitors. Optimal activity against both azocasein and SAAPFpNA occurs in a broad pH range from about 7 to 10. Both azocasein and SAAPFpNA activities, located primarily in the anterior midgut region, are inhibited by aprotinin, phenylmethyl sulphonylfluoride (PMSF), and soybean trypsin inhibitor (STI). TPCK (N-alpha-tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone) and chymostatin inhibited more than 60% of SAAPFpNA but only about 10-20% of azocasein activity. These results provide additional evidence for the presence of serine proteinases, including chymotrypsin, in midguts of;R. dominica. Published 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Baker, JE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. NR 29 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 7 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0739-4462 J9 ARCH INSECT BIOCHEM JI Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 43 IS 4 BP 173 EP 184 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6327(200004)43:4<173::AID-ARCH3>3.0.CO;2-8 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology GA 300ZU UT WOS:000086284300003 PM 10737921 ER PT J AU El-Swefy, S Schaefer, EJ Seman, LJ van Dongen, D Sevanian, A Smith, DE Ordovas, JM El-Sweidy, M Meydani, M AF El-Swefy, S Schaefer, EJ Seman, LJ van Dongen, D Sevanian, A Smith, DE Ordovas, JM El-Sweidy, M Meydani, M TI The effect of vitamin E, probucol, and lovastatin on oxidative status and aortic fatty lesions in hyperlipidemic-diabetic hamsters SO ATHEROSCLEROSIS LA English DT Article DE foam cell; fatty streak; antioxidant; cholesterol oxide; hamster ID LOW-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; EXPERIMENTAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS; E CONSUMPTION; ANTIOXIDANT; STREPTOZOTOCIN; CHOLESTEROL; MELLITUS; DISEASE; PLASMA AB Diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased risk of premature atherosclerosis, which may be due in part to an increased rate of low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation. Previous studies have shown that vitamin E, probucol, and lovastatin can reduce the oxidative susceptibility of LDL in normoglycemic animal models; however, few studies have investigated this in conjunction with aortic fatty streak lesion formation in diabetic hyperlipidemic models. Forty-eight Syrian hamsters were made diabetic by intraperitoneal injection of low dose streptozotocin. Diabetic animals (12 animals/groups) received a high saturated fat and cholesterol diet for 12.5 weeks. At 2.5 week of dietary treatments, the diet was supplemented with either: (1) 500 IU/day vitamin E (D + E); (2) 1% probucol w/w of the diet (D + P); (3) 25 mg/kg lovastatin (D + L); or (4) diabetic control (D). An age-matched group of hamsters (n = 6) receiving the same diet but not made diabetic (ND) was used as control. At the end of the study, aortic arch foam cell-rich fatty streak lesion, plasma glucose, total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), non-HDL-C, triglycerides (TG), phospholipids, cc-tocopherol, plasma lipid peroxide and the susceptibility of LDL to copper-catalyzed oxidation were determined. Diabetes increased plasma glucose, and when combined with an atherogenic diet resulted in a further increase of plasma lipids. Vitamin E, probucol, and lovastatin significantly reduced plasma TG in the diabetic hamsters fed the atherogenic diet. Vitamin E treatment increased TC, probucol reduced HDL-C without affecting TC; whereas lovastatin reduced TC and selectively decreased non-HDL-C, and significantly reduced fatty streak lesion formation in the aortic arch. While vitamin E and probucol were effective in reducing several indices of oxidative stress including plasma lipid peroxides, cholesterol oxidation products and in vitro LDL oxidation, they had no effect on fatty streak lesion formation. Our results indicate that the LDL in diabetic animals is more susceptible to oxidation than in non-diabetic hamsters and that not only vitamin E and probucol but also lovastatin provide antioxidant protection. It appears that in this combined model of diabetes and hypercholesterolemia, progression of fatty streak lesion formation is mainly associated with changes in TC and non-HDL-C as affected by lovastatin, and is less dependent on the extent of LDL oxidation, changes in plasma TG level and oxidative stress status. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Vasc Biol Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. New England Med Ctr, Div Endocrinol, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ So Calif, Sch Pharm, Dept Mol Pharmacol & Toxicol, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA. Zagazig Univ, Dept Biochem, Zagazig, Egypt. RP Meydani, M (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Vasc Biol Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 FU NCRR NIH HHS [MO1RR00054]; NIEHS NIH HHS [ES03466] NR 53 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0021-9150 J9 ATHEROSCLEROSIS JI Atherosclerosis PD APR PY 2000 VL 149 IS 2 BP 277 EP 286 DI 10.1016/S0021-9150(99)00331-7 PG 10 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 302BK UT WOS:000086344900003 PM 10729377 ER PT J AU Beissinger, SR Reed, JM Wunderle, JM Robinson, SK Finch, DM AF Beissinger, SR Reed, JM Wunderle, JM Robinson, SK Finch, DM TI Report of the AOU conservation committee on the partners in flight species prioritization plan SO AUK LA English DT Article ID POPULATION VIABILITY; BREEDING BIRDS; RANGE SIZE; VULNERABILITY; EXTINCTION; ABUNDANCE; DIVERSITY; THREATS; MODELS; RISK C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Tufts Univ, Dept Biol, Medford, MA 02155 USA. USDA, US Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, Palmer, PR 00721 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Ecol Ethol & Evolut, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. USDA, US Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA. RP Beissinger, SR (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, 151 Hilgard Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM beis@nature.berkeley.edu RI Beissinger, Steven/F-3809-2012; Finch, Deborah/H-2876-2015 OI Finch, Deborah/0000-0001-9118-7381 NR 45 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD APR PY 2000 VL 117 IS 2 BP 549 EP 561 DI 10.1642/0004-8038(2000)117[0549:ROTACC]2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 306XJ UT WOS:000086623700033 ER PT J AU Schultz-Cherry, S Kapczynski, DR Simmons, VM Koci, MD Brown, C Barnes, HJ AF Schultz-Cherry, S Kapczynski, DR Simmons, VM Koci, MD Brown, C Barnes, HJ TI Identifying agent(s) associated. with poult enteritis mortality syndrome: Importance of the thymus SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE immunity; immunosuppression; lymphocytes; poult enteritis mortality syndrome; PEMS; T cells; thymus; turkeys ID TURKEY POULTS; SPIKING MORTALITY; EXPOSURE; VIRUSES AB Poult enteritis mortality syndrome (PEMS), a highly infectious disease of young turkeys, causes serious financial losses to the turkey industry. Clinically PEMS is defined by mortality profiles, diarrhea, growth depression, and immunosuppression. Although many viruses, bacteria, and parasites are found in PEMS-infected birds, the inciting agent remains unknown. Experimentally, PEMS can be reproduced by exposing naive poults to the intestinal contents from infected birds. Previous reports suggest that extraintestinal tissues fail to reproduce the disease. Histopathologic examination of tissues from PEMS-infected poults suggested that the thymus exhibited the earliest signs of pathology. On the basis of these observations, we hypothesized that the thymus harbors an agent(s) involved in PEMS. In these studies, nai ve turkey poults were orally inoculated with a bacteria-free filtrate composed of either the intestines and feces or the thymus from PEMS-infected birds and were monitored for clinical signs of PEMS. Poults exposed to a filtrate composed solely of the thymus from PEMS-infected birds exhibited diarrhea, growth depression, mortality, pathology, and, most importantly, immunosuppression similar to poults exposed to the intestinal filtrate. The results of this study suggest that the thymus of infected birds harbors the agent(s) that can reproduce a PEMS-like disease in turkey poults. C1 USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Med Microbiol & Parasitol, Athens, GA 30604 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Food Anim & Equine Med, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Schultz-Cherry, S (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, 934 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. OI Koci, Matthew/0000-0002-5766-4049 NR 24 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD APR-JUN PY 2000 VL 44 IS 2 BP 256 EP 265 DI 10.2307/1592538 PG 10 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 343MZ UT WOS:000088707300004 PM 10879904 ER PT J AU Yun, CH Lillehoj, HS Zhu, JT Min, WG AF Yun, CH Lillehoj, HS Zhu, JT Min, WG TI Kinetic differences in intestinal and systemic interferon-gamma and antigen-specific antibodies in chickens experimentally infected with Eimeria maxima SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE coccidia; Eimeria; interferon; antibody; ELISA; chickens ID DEVELOPMENT IN-VITRO; PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY; MEDIATED INHIBITION; COCCIDIA INFECTION; POTENTIAL USE; TENELLA; ACERVULINA; IMMUNOPATHOLOGY; PROLIFERATION; SUPERNATANTS AB Kinetic differences between systemic vs. intestinal and humoral vs, cellular immune responses were elucidated in chickens experimentally infected with Eimeria maxima by comparing interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and parasite-specific antibody levels in the intestine and serum during the course of infection. The level of serum IFN-gamma correlated significantly with fecal oocyst shedding (r(2) = 0.97), thereby establishing the importance of cell-mediated immunity in coccidia infection. Moreover, intestinal IFN-gamma levels increased sooner than those in sera (4 vs. 6 days postinfection) and both were observed prior to the appearance of parasite-specific antibodies (8-10 days postinfection), again indicating the importance of intestinal cellular immunity in coccidiosis. Although immunoglobulin (Ig)G, IgA, and IgM isotypes of the antigen-specific antibody response increased significantly in both the intestine and serum after E. maxima infection, intestinal IgA-specific antibodies showed the most dramatic increase. However, the relevance of this observation in the context of primary Eimeria infection is unclear because the coccidia parasites have reached the final stages of their life cycle by this time. These results thus demonstrate the importance of T-cell immune responses against coccidia, characterized by local IFN-gamma secretion in the intestine, in mediating host protective immune response to coccidia. C1 USDA ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Lillehoj, HS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. OI YUN, Cheol-Heui/0000-0002-0041-2887 NR 27 TC 36 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD APR-JUN PY 2000 VL 44 IS 2 BP 305 EP 312 DI 10.2307/1592544 PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 343MZ UT WOS:000088707300010 PM 10879910 ER PT J AU Suarez, DL Senne, DA AF Suarez, DL Senne, DA TI Sequence analysis of related low-pathogenic and highly pathogenic H5N2 avian influenza isolates from United States live bird markets and poultry farms from 1983 to 1989 SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE avian influenza; hemagglutinin; nonstructural; highly pathogenic avian influenza ID A VIRUSES; 83 H5N2; EVOLUTION; HEMAGGLUTININ; DUCKS AB The last highly pathogenic outbreak of avian influenza in the United Stares was caused by an H5N2 influenza virus in Pennsylvania and New Jersey in 1983-84. Through a combined federal and state eradication effort, the outbreak was controlled. However, in 1986-89, multiple H5N2 viruses were isolated from poultry farms and the live bird markets (LBMs) in the United States. To determine the epidemiologic relationships of these viruses, the complete coding sequence of the nonstructural gene and the hemagglutinin protein subunit 1 of the hemagglutinin gene was determined for 11 H5N2 viruses and compared with previously available influenza sequences. The H5N2 isolates from 1986-89 were all closely related to the isolates from the 1983-84 Pennsylvania outbreak by nucleotide and amino acid sequence analysis for both genes, providing additional evidence that the Pennsylvania/83 (PA/83) virus lineage was not completely eradicated. The PA/83 lineage also had a large number of unique amino acid changes not found in other avian influenza viruses, which was suggestive that this lineage of virus had been circulating in poultry for an extended period of rime before the first isolation of virus in 1983. High substitution and evolutionary rates were measured by examining the number of nucleotide or amino acid substitutions over time as compared with the index case, CK/PA/21525/83. These rates, however, were similar to other outbreaks of avian influenza in poultry This study provides another example of the long-term maintenance and evolution of influenza viruses in the U.S. LBMs and provides further evidence of the connection of the LBMs and the Pennsylvania 1983 H5N2 outbreak. C1 USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. US Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Suarez, DL (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, 934 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 32 TC 22 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD APR-JUN PY 2000 VL 44 IS 2 BP 356 EP 364 DI 10.2307/1592550 PG 9 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 343MZ UT WOS:000088707300016 PM 10879916 ER PT J AU Lillehoj, HS Choi, KD Jenkins, MC Vakharia, VN Song, KD Han, JY Lillehoj, EP AF Lillehoj, HS Choi, KD Jenkins, MC Vakharia, VN Song, KD Han, JY Lillehoj, EP TI A recombinant Eimeria protein inducing interferon-gamma production: Comparison of different gene expression systems and immunization strategies for vaccination against coccidiosis SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Eimeria; coccidiosis; recombinant protein; interferon-gamma; vaccination; chickens ID FUNCTIONAL-CHARACTERIZATION; ACERVULINA; ANTIGEN; CHICKENS; SUSCEPTIBILITY; LYMPHOCYTES; SPOROZOITE; PROTECTION; INFECTION; INDUCTION AB A rabbit antiserum against an 18- to 27-kD native protein fraction (F3) from Eimeria acervulina merozoites identified a cDNA (3-1E) containing a 1086-base pair insertion with an open reading frame of 170 amino acids (predicted molecular weight, 18,523). The recombinant 3-1E cDNA expressed in Escherichia coli produced a 60-kD fusion protein and a 23-kD protein after factor Xa treatment of the fusion protein. Both proteins were reactive with the F3 antiserum by western blot analysis. A rabbit antiserum against a synthetic peptide deduced from the: amino acid sequence of the 3-1E cDNA reacted with a 27-kD, recombinant 3-1E protein expressed in Sm insect cells and a 2D-kD native protein expressed by E. acervulina sporozoites and Eimeria tenella sporozoites and merozoites. By immunofluorescence: staining, a monoclonal antibody produced against the recombinant 3-1E protein reacted with sporozoites and merozoites of E. acervulina, E. tenella, and Eimeria maxima. Spleen lymphocytes from E. acervulina-immune chickens showed antigen-specific proliferation and interferon (IFN)-gamma production upon stimulation with the recombinant 3-1E protein, indicating that the protein activates cell-mediated immunity during coccidiosis. Immunization of chickens with either the E. coli- or Sf9-expressed recombinant 3-1E protein with adjuvant, or direct injection of the 3-1E cDNA, induced protective immunity against live E. acervulina. Simultaneous injection of the recombinant 3-1E protein, or the 3-1E cDNA, with cDNAs encoding chicken IFN-gamma or interleukin (IL)-2/15 further enhanced protective immunity. These results indicate that the recombinant E. acervulina 3-1E cDNA or its polypeptide product may prove useful as vaccines against avian coccidiosis. C1 USDA, BARC E, Livestock & Poultry Sci Inst, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Ctr Agr Biotechnol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Seoul Natl Univ, Coll Agr & Life Sci, Dept Anim Sci & Technol, Suwon 441744, South Korea. Dexall Biomed Labs Inc, Gaithersburg, MD 20879 USA. RP Lillehoj, HS (reprint author), USDA, BARC E, Livestock & Poultry Sci Inst, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Bldg 1040, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 20 TC 76 Z9 110 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD APR-JUN PY 2000 VL 44 IS 2 BP 379 EP 389 DI 10.2307/1592553 PG 11 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 343MZ UT WOS:000088707300019 PM 10879919 ER PT J AU Radi, ZA Trampel, DW Smith, BS Rosenbusch, RF Goll, F AF Radi, ZA Trampel, DW Smith, BS Rosenbusch, RF Goll, F TI Immunohistochemical detection of mycoplasma gallisepticum antigens in turkey respiratory tissues SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE diagnosis; immunohistochemistry; Mycoplasma gallisepticum; turkey ID LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; ANTIBODIES; SYNOVIAE AB An avidin-biotin-immunoperoxidase diagnostic test was developed to facilitate rapid identification of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in respiratory tissues of turkeys. This procedure used polyclonal primary antibodies produced in rabbits. Turkeys were inoculated into the infraorbital sinus and trachea with the R strain of M. gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae, Mycoplasma meleagridis, or Frey's media. The outer walls of the infraorbital sinuses, lungs, and tracheas were collected and fixed in either 10% neutral formalin or pentanedial methyl glycol at 1, 2, 3, and 4 wk postinoculation. Tissues were subdivided and remained in each fixative for 6 or 24 hr. The avidin-biotin-immunoperoxidase diagnostic test was sufficiently sensitive to detect M. gallisepticum antigen at 1, 2, 3, and 4 wk postinoculation. Staining of M. gallisepticum was significantly more intense on infraorbital sinus epithelium than on respiratory epithelium from the trachea or lung. Statistical analysis indicated that the 6-hr fixation time offered better antigen preservation than 24 hr in a fixative. There was no difference in intensity of M. gallisepticum antigen staining in tissues fixed in methyl pentanedial glycol when compared with tissues fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin. Significant differences in staining intensity were observed between weeks. Specificity of the avidin-biotin-immunoperoxidase test was not complete. None of the tissues from the M. meleagridis and control groups showed staining. No staining was observed in the ciliated brush border of infraorbital sinus epithelial cells from turkeys infected with M. synoviae. However, weak to moderate staining was observed in several tracheas of turkeys inoculated with M synoviae. Improved specificity of an avidin-biotin-immunoperoxidase diagnostic test to detect M. gallisepticum in respiratory tissues of turkeys probably will require the use of multiple monoclonal antibodies directed against several different epitopes specific to the cell membrane of M. gallisepticum. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Vet Diagnost & Prod Anim Med, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Vet Microbiol & Prevent Med, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Vet Pathol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Diagnost Bacteriol Lab, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Trampel, DW (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Vet Diagnost & Prod Anim Med, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 30 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD APR-JUN PY 2000 VL 44 IS 2 BP 399 EP 407 DI 10.2307/1592555 PG 9 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 343MZ UT WOS:000088707300021 PM 10879921 ER PT J AU Lillehoj, HS Lillehoj, EP AF Lillehoj, HS Lillehoj, EP TI Avian coccidiosis. A review of acquired intestinal immunity and vaccination strategies SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Review DE Eimeria; chicken; immunity; vaccine ID EIMERIA-TENELLA INFECTIONS; MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX; ATTENUATED ANTICOCCIDIAL VACCINE; CHICKEN INTERFERON-GAMMA; RECOMBINANT BOVINE SOMATOTROPIN(R); PERIPHERAL-BLOOD LYMPHOCYTES; NITRIC-OXIDE PRODUCTION; CD8(+) T-LYMPHOCYTES; DEVELOPMENT IN-VITRO; NECROSIS-LIKE FACTOR AB The gut-associated lymphoid tissues contain B and T lymphocytes responsible for acquired immunity to avian coccidiosis. Intestinal B cells begin producing parasite-specific antibodies shortly after infection although their role in protecting against coccidiosis is debated. T-cell-mediated immunity, predominantly by intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes and lamina propria lymphocytes, confers the main component of protective immunity to Eimeria. Many of these cells display the CD8 and gamma delta T-cell receptor surface antigens, phenotypic markers of cytotoxic T cells. Although their role in eliminating Eimeria infection remains to be completely elucidated, T cells have been implicated in parasite transport, and their activity is augmented by interferon-gamma and interleukin-2. Because of the importance of cell-mediated immunity, coccidiosis vaccines must be capable of stimulating intestinal T cells. Orally delivered, live parasite vaccines, either unattenuated or attenuated, are powerful stimulators of intestinal cell-mediated immunity, but antigenic variability between Eimeria species present in the vaccine and in the field may restrict their commercial application. The newer generations of recombinant DNA and subunit protein vaccines, particularly when used in conjunction with interferon-gamma and interleukin-2, have shown preliminary promise in controlling experimental infections but have yet to be commercially developed. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr E, Livestock & Poultry Sci Inst, Immunol & Dis Resitance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Dexall Biomed Labs Inc, Gaithersburg, MD 20879 USA. RP Lillehoj, HS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr E, Livestock & Poultry Sci Inst, Immunol & Dis Resitance Lab, Bldg 1040, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 147 TC 146 Z9 174 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD APR-JUN PY 2000 VL 44 IS 2 BP 408 EP 425 DI 10.2307/1592556 PG 18 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 343MZ UT WOS:000088707300022 PM 10879922 ER PT J AU Genovese, LL Lowry, VK Genovese, KJ Kogut, MH AF Genovese, LL Lowry, VK Genovese, KJ Kogut, MH TI Longevity of augmented phagocytic activity of heterophils in neonatal chickens following administration of Salmonella enteritidis-immune lymphokines to chickens SO AVIAN PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BLOOD LEUKOCYTE RESPONSE; LEGHORN CHICKS; BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITIES; STREPTOCOCCUS-SUIS; AVIAN HETEROPHILS; EIMERIA-TENELLA; ORGAN INVASION; RESISTANCE; NEUTROPHILS; INFLAMMATION AB Previously, our laboratory reported an existing relationship between ontogenesis of heterophil activity and susceptibility to Salmonella enteritidis infection in poultry during the first week post-hatch. The prophylactic administration of S. enteritidis-immune lymphokines has been shown to enhance heterophil function in vitro and reduce S. enteritidis organ invasion in 1-day-old chicks. However, how long the heterophils remain activated is currently unknown. The objective of this research was to evaluate the duration of enhanced heterophil phagocytosis of S. enteritidis following the prophylactic administration of a single injection of S. enteritidis-immune lymphokines to neonatal chicks. Administration of S. enteritidis-immune lymphokines on the day of hatch resulted in a significant increase in heterophil phagocytic activity (P < 0.05) through day 5 post-hatch. No significant differences in phagocytic activities of heterophils from control and S, enteritidis-immune lymphokine-treated chicks was demonstrated from day 6 to 14 post-hatch. These data suggest that the administration of S, enteritidis-immune lymphokines on day of hatch potentiates heterophil phagocytic activity during a critical period of susceptibility to Salmonella infection in neonatal chicks. The immune lymphokine-induced enhancement of heterophil activity subsides by day 5 as the chick's natural defenses mature and are able to resist infections without exogenous augmentation. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. ARS, USDA, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Genovese, LL (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 31 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU CARFAX PUBLISHING PI BASINGSTOKE PA RANKINE RD, BASINGSTOKE RG24 8PR, HANTS, ENGLAND SN 0307-9457 J9 AVIAN PATHOL JI Avian Pathol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 29 IS 2 BP 117 EP 122 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 311RK UT WOS:000086898500005 PM 19184797 ER PT J AU Bacon, LD AF Bacon, LD TI Detection of endogenous avian leukosis virus envelope in chicken plasma using R2 antiserum SO AVIAN PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SLOW-FEATHERING DAMS; IMMUNE-RESPONSE; WHITE LEGHORNS; VIRAL GENES; CONGENITAL TRANSMISSION; EGG-PRODUCTION; LOCI EV6; INFECTION; EV21; SUSCEPTIBILITY AB Immunologic tolerance to oncogenic avian leukosis virus (ALV) is mediated, in part, by the interaction of endogenous ALV (EV) envelope and immune competent cells. A flow cytometry method is described for detecting the EV envelope in chicken plasma or serum. The method employs two types of target red blood cells (RBC) obtained from chickens lacking EV; RBC susceptible to EV infection (containing EV receptors), and those resistant to EV infection (lacking EV receptors). RBC from susceptible chickens will bind EV envelope glycoprotein (gp85) when present in plasma, The gp85-bound RBC are subsequently incubated with a highly specific chicken alloantibody, termed R2, Using flow cytometry, gp85 is detected indirectly with a fluoresceine-tagged antibody to chicken immunoglobulin; plasmas lacking gp85 are nonreactive and fluorescence remains at a background level, Because RBC from resistant chickens are nonreactive regardless of the presence or absence of EV gp85, a specific binding index was calculated to compare relative binding of EV gp85 on susceptible and resistant RBC, and thus identify chickens that express EV gp85, The specificity of the assay was demonstrated using plasma from chickens of 14 standard laboratory lines previously defined for EV envelope expression including two sets of highly congenic lines that differ in EV expression. This assay detects differences attributable to EV gp85 in chickens of commercial breeding lines of White Leghorns and broilers. Moreover, if chickens lack EV, the R2 plasma assay can differentiate between EV-susceptible and EV-resistant siblings. C1 ARS, USDA, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. RP Bacon, LD (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, 3606 E Mt Hope Rd, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. NR 42 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU CARFAX PUBLISHING PI BASINGSTOKE PA RANKINE RD, BASINGSTOKE RG24 8PR, HANTS, ENGLAND SN 0307-9457 J9 AVIAN PATHOL JI Avian Pathol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 29 IS 2 BP 153 EP 164 DI 10.1080/03079450094180 PG 12 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 311RK UT WOS:000086898500009 PM 19184801 ER PT J AU Ford, WM Odom, RH Hale, PE Chapman, BR AF Ford, WM Odom, RH Hale, PE Chapman, BR TI Stand-age, stand characteristics, and landform effects on understory herbaceous communities in southern Appalachian cove-hardwoods SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE herbaceous understory; cove-hardwood; stand-age; southern Appalachians; landform; landscape connectivity ID PLANT-SPECIES DIVERSITY; EASTERN NORTH-AMERICA; OLD-GROWTH FOREST; PATTERNS; VEGETATION; LANDSCAPE; HERBS; LAYER; USA; DISTURBANCE AB We surveyed cove-hardwood stands aged 15, 25, 50 and greater than or equal to 85 years in the southern Appalachian Mountains of northern Georgia to assess the effects of stand-age, stand characteristics, and landform on understory herbaceous communities from April to September 1995. Of 69 species and/or genera of spring-late summer herbaceous flora recorded, only four species' abundances differed among stand-ages surveyed. Disporum lanuginosum was more abundant in older stands than in younger stands. Tiarella cordifolia was absent in 25-year-old stands, but common in 15, 50, and greater than or equal to 85-year-old stands, and Lysimachia quadrifolia and Potentilla canadensis were more common in 25-year-old stands than in older stands and 15-year-old stands. Species richness, diversity, and evenness values did not differ by stand-age. Stand characteristics and landform variables that were related to herb species richness, diversity, and evenness values included stand basal area, mean percent canopy cover, extent of connected cove habitat, and area of cove habitat within 1 km radius of surveyed stands. Our results indicate that landscape measures such as patch size or extent of similar habitat, and connectivity to other suitable patches or habitats may be important considerations for assessing understory herbaceous community recovery following disturbances such as forest management activities. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Parsons, WV 26287 USA. Westvaco Forest Resources, Summerville, SC 29483 USA. Univ Georgia, Daniel B Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Ford, WM (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Box 404, Parsons, WV 26287 USA. EM wford/r9_monong@fs.fed.us NR 69 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD APR PY 2000 VL 93 IS 2 BP 237 EP 246 DI 10.1016/S0006-3207(99)00126-3 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 298RM UT WOS:000086153000011 ER PT J AU Tchoukalova, YD Grider, A Mouat, MF Hausman, GJ AF Tchoukalova, YD Grider, A Mouat, MF Hausman, GJ TI Priming with magnesium-deficient media inhibits preadipocyte differentiation via potential upregulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha SO BIOLOGICAL TRACE ELEMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE tumor necrosis factor-alpha; adipocyte differentiation; insulin resistance; two-dimensional electrophoresis; magnesium deficiency ID ADIPOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION; 3T3-L1 ADIPOCYTES; INSULIN-RESISTANCE; TNF-ALPHA; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; DIABETES-MELLITUS; BINDING-PROTEIN; GENE-EXPRESSION; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; BIRTH-WEIGHT AB The effect of priming stromal-vascular cells in primary cultures with magnesium-deficient (MgD) media on preadipocyte differentiation was studied. Cultures were derived from dorsal subcutaneous fat tissue of young pigs and maintained 3 d in serum-free control or MgD Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium, 3 d in 10% fetal bovine serum and dexamethasone, and 6 d in insulin. At d 12 of culture, immunocytochemical and glycerophosphate dehydrogenase assays indicated depressed adipocyte differentiation in the MgD groups. Cultures were enriched for preadipocytes up to 50% of total cells. On the third day of treatment with control and MgD medium, total cell lysates were isolated and 50 mu g of them were run on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The separated proteins from both treatment groups showed similar patterns. However, spots of proteins with predicted molecular weight in the range of 25.8-37.4 kDa and pi of 5.39-5.85 were sixfold denser from the MgD 10 groups than from the controls. These proteins migrate similarly to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). The amount of TNF-alpha in cell lysates from the MgD group was about 2.35 times greater than controls determined by TNF-alpha-ELISA. It is likely that proteins upregulated by MgD medium are TNF-alpha isoforms. C1 Univ Georgia, Fac Consumer Sci, Dept Foods & Nutr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Dept Anim Physiol, Athens, GA 30613 USA. RP Hausman, GJ (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Fac Consumer Sci, Dept Foods & Nutr, Dawson Hall, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 44 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU HUMANA PRESS INC PI TOTOWA PA 999 RIVERVIEW DRIVE SUITE 208, TOTOWA, NJ 07512 USA SN 0163-4984 J9 BIOL TRACE ELEM RES JI Biol. Trace Elem. Res. PD APR PY 2000 VL 74 IS 1 BP 11 EP 21 DI 10.1385/BTER:74:1:11 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 299BE UT WOS:000086175300002 PM 11049196 ER PT J AU Negrao, AB Deuster, PA Gold, PW Singh, A Chrousos, GP AF Negrao, AB Deuster, PA Gold, PW Singh, A Chrousos, GP TI Individual reactivity and physiology of the stress response SO BIOMEDICINE & PHARMACOTHERAPY LA English DT Article DE catecholamines; cortisol; exercise test ID PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS; HEART-RATE REACTIVITY; CELLULAR IMMUNE-RESPONSE; PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS; CORTISOL RESPONSES; MARKED DIFFERENCES; EXERCISE; NEUROENDOCRINE; SYSTEM; SUSCEPTIBILITY AB The biological response to stress involves the activation of two main neuroendocrine components, the hypnthalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathoadrenal medullary systems. Looking at the respones to stressors in a laboratory setting, e.g., cortisol production after exercising on a treadmill, is a valid and controlled way to study how people react to psychological and physical stressors. A common finding in such studies is that individuals respond bimodally to stress, More recently, researchers have been interested in the possible reasons why healthy individuals exhibit differential reactivity to stressors. The literature on the neuroendocrine responses to stress, with a particular focus on investigations of individual reactivity to psychological and physical stressors, is reviewed. (C) 2000 Editions scientifques et medicales Elsevier SAS. C1 NIMH, Clin Neuroendocrinol Branch, DIRP, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Mil & Emergency Med, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. USDA, Food & Nutr Serv, Off Anal, Alexandria, VA 22302 USA. NICHHD, Pediat & Reporduct Endocrinol Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP NIMH, Clin Neuroendocrinol Branch, DIRP, NIH, Bldg 10,Rm 2D46,10 Ctr Dr,MSC 1284, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RI Negrao, Andre Brooking/C-9526-2014; Deuster, Patricia/G-3838-2015 OI Negrao, Andre Brooking/0000-0002-8133-6723; Deuster, Patricia/0000-0002-7895-0888 NR 22 TC 55 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER FRANCE-EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER PI PARIS PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS, FRANCE SN 0753-3322 EI 1950-6007 J9 BIOMED PHARMACOTHER JI Biomed. Pharmacother. PD APR PY 2000 VL 54 IS 3 BP 122 EP 128 DI 10.1016/S0753-3322(00)89044-7 PG 7 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Research & Experimental Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 316VG UT WOS:000087188300002 PM 10840588 ER PT J AU Sakkinen, PA Dickerman, JD Colletti, RB Sadowski, JA Golden, EA Bovill, EG AF Sakkinen, PA Dickerman, JD Colletti, RB Sadowski, JA Golden, EA Bovill, EG TI Severe acquired vitamin K deficiency: a hypothesis for rapid response to therapy SO BLOOD COAGULATION & FIBRINOLYSIS LA English DT Article DE vitamin K deficiency; prothrombin ID PROTHROMBIN SYNTHESIS; ABNORMAL PROTHROMBIN; REDUCTION; WARFARIN; CELLS; RAT AB The potential mechanism underlying the rapid response to vitamin K replacement in acquired deficiency states is incompletely understood. To examine vitamin K metabolism, a 10-year-old boy with autoimmune enteropathy on oral vitamin K supplementation, who presented with profuse nosebleeds and calf tenderness, was evaluated. Laboratory analyses were consistent with severe vitamin K deficiency: vitamin K dependent protein (VKDP) levels < 5%, normal vitamin K epoxide level and depressed total prothrombin antigen (carboxylated and undercarboxyated forms). Intramuscular vitamin K (10 mg) was administered. Nine hours following therapy, VKDP levels corrected completely. Total prothrombin antigen increased indicating new prothrombin synthesis. However, the increase in the prothrombin-clotting assay far exceeded the increase in total prothrombin, supporting storage of undercarboxylated prothrombin in vitamin K deficiency states, with carboxylation and secretion after vitamin K replacement. Although this mechanism is known to occur in rodents, it has not been reported in humans. Our findings suggest a new potential mechanism of prothrombin metabolism in humans. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 11:309-311 (C) 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. C1 Univ Vermont, Dept Pathol, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. Univ Vermont, Dept Pediat, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. Fletcher Allen Hlth Care, Burlington, VT USA. Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Vitamin K Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Bovill, EG (reprint author), Univ Vermont, Dept Pathol, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [T32/HL07594-11A1] NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0957-5235 J9 BLOOD COAGUL FIBRIN JI Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis PD APR PY 2000 VL 11 IS 3 BP 309 EP 311 PG 3 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA 313WV UT WOS:000087023400014 PM 10870812 ER PT J AU Yates, IE Jaworski, AJ AF Yates, IE Jaworski, AJ TI Differential growth of Fusarium moniliforme relative to tissues from 'Silver Queen', a sweet maize SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE LA English DT Article DE conidia; mycotoxins; plant pathogen; reproductive tissue; vegetative tissue; Zea mays ID PECAN SCAB FUNGUS; EAR ROT; COCHLIOBOLUS-HETEROSTROPHUS; CORN; INFECTION; FUMONISINS; ADHESION; KERNELS; TRANSFORMATION; MYCOTOXINS AB Vegetative and reproductive tissues of maize, Zea mays L., were inoculated in vitro with Fusarium moniliforme J. Sheld. to determine inherent differences among plant tissue types to support mycelia proliferation. The F. moniliforme isolate used for inoculations was tagged with gusA, a reporter gene, providing evidence that developing mycelia were from the inoculum source and excluding possibilities of an external contaminant or an internal endophytic F. moniliforme. Vegetative tissues were dissected from roots, stems, and leaves; reproductive tissues were dissected from developing male and female inflorescences and fruits. In addition, mycelial development was analyzed on nonwounded and wounded mature kernels. Fusarium moniliforme mycelial accumulation was more rapid and extensive on reproductive than on vegetative plant tissue. Fusarium moniliforme conidia inoculated on immature kernels formed a dense mycelial mat, whereas F. moniliforme conidia inoculated on mature kernels developed sparse hyphae, unless the kernels had been wounded. Thus, the type, maturity, and physical condition of maize plant tissues are factors responsible for in vitro differences in mycelial proliferation. C1 ARS, Toxicol & Mycotoxin Res Unit, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Athens, GA 30604 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Bot, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Yates, IE (reprint author), ARS, Toxicol & Mycotoxin Res Unit, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, USDA, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 47 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 1 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4026 J9 CAN J BOT JI Can. J. Bot.-Rev. Can. Bot. PD APR PY 2000 VL 78 IS 4 BP 472 EP 480 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 324XL UT WOS:000087647100007 ER PT J AU Gove, JH AF Gove, JH TI Some observations on fitting assumed diameter distributions to horizontal point sampling data SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID WEIGHTED DISTRIBUTIONS; WEIBULL FUNCTION AB This paper revisits the link between assumed diameter distributions arising from horizontal point samples and their unbiased stand-based representation through weighted distribution theory. Examples are presented, which show that the assumption of a common shared parameter set between these two distributional forms, while theoretically valid, may not be reasonable in many operational cases. Simulation results are presented, which relate the conformity (or lack thereof) in these estimates to sampling intensity per point and the underlying shape of the population diameter distribution from which the sample point was drawn. In general, larger sample sizes per point are required to yield reliable parameter estimates than are generally taken for inventory purposes. In addition, a complimentary finding suggests that the more positively skewed the underlying distribution, the more trees per point are required for good parameter estimates. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Gove, JH (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, POB 640, Durham, NH 03824 USA. NR 23 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD APR PY 2000 VL 30 IS 4 BP 521 EP 533 PG 13 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 318ER UT WOS:000087271400001 ER PT J AU Brown, CC Chinsangaram, J Grubman, MJ AF Brown, CC Chinsangaram, J Grubman, MJ TI Type 1 interferon production in cattle infected with 2 strains of foot-and-mouth disease virus, as determined by in situ hybridization SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE LA English DT Article ID PATHOGENESIS; PROTEIN; LIVE AB Four calves were exposed via aerosol to 1 of 2 strains of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Two animals received virus derived from an infectious clone virus (A12-IC) and 2 received virus derived from the same clone but which lacked the leader coding region (A12-LLV2) that codes for a protein responsible for turning off host protein synthesis. Animals were euthanized at 24 and 72 h post exposure. Cattle receiving A12-IC had a rapid course of disease with more virus in tissues while A12-LLV2-infected cattle did not develop clinical signs of disease. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections were probed with digoxigenin-labeled riboprobes corresponding to the coding sequence for bovine interferon (IFN) alpha and IFN beta. Staining for IFN alpha mRNA was noted in mononuclear cells of the lungs of all animals and in respiratory lymph nodes of cattle receiving A12-IC. Staining for IFN beta mRNA was confined to bronchiolar epithelium and present only in the animals infected with A12-IC. Inability of the A12-LLV2 virus to achieve levels of spread seen with A12-IC may be related to translation of IFN alpha in A12-LLV2-infected cells, which renders adjacent cells less susceptible to productive infection. C1 Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Greenport, NY USA. RP Brown, CC (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 11 TC 8 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU CANADIAN VET MED ASSOC PI OTTAWA PA 339 BOOTH ST ATTN: KIMBERLY ALLEN-MCGILL, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1R 7K1, CANADA SN 0830-9000 J9 CAN J VET RES JI Can. J. Vet. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. Vet. PD APR PY 2000 VL 64 IS 2 BP 130 EP 133 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 311CD UT WOS:000086866400009 PM 10805253 ER PT J AU Fishman, ML Coffin, DR Konstance, RP Onwulata, CI AF Fishman, ML Coffin, DR Konstance, RP Onwulata, CI TI Extrusion of pectin/starch blends plasticized with glycerol SO CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS LA English DT Article DE pectin/starch blends; glycerol; plasticization ID STARCH; PECTIN; ALCOHOL); RHEOLOGY; FILMS AB The microstructural and thermal dynamic mechanical properties of extruded pectin/starch/glycerol (PSG) edible and biodegradable films were measured by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermal dynamic mechanical analysis (TDMA). SEM revealed that the temperature profile (TP) in the extruder and the amount of water present during extrusion could be used to control the degree to which the starch was gelatinized. TDMA revealed that moisture and TP during extrusion and by inference the amount of starch gelatinization had little effect on the mechanical properties of PSG films. Furthermore, TDMA revealed that PSG films underwent a glass transition commencing at about - 50 degrees C and two other thermal transitions above room temperature. Finally, it was concluded that the properties of extruded PSG films were comparable to those cast from solution. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Fishman, ML (reprint author), ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 18 TC 118 Z9 124 U1 2 U2 28 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0144-8617 J9 CARBOHYD POLYM JI Carbohydr. Polym. PD APR PY 2000 VL 41 IS 4 BP 317 EP 325 DI 10.1016/S0144-8617(99)00117-4 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Organic; Polymer Science SC Chemistry; Polymer Science GA 273RV UT WOS:000084721900001 ER PT J AU King, JW Zhang, Z AF King, JW Zhang, Z TI Theoretical optimization of analyte collection in analytical supercritical fluid extraction SO CHROMATOGRAPHIA LA English DT Article DE supercritical fluid extraction; optimization of analyte collection ID MODIFIED CARBON-DIOXIDE; TRAPPING EFFICIENCIES; TRAPS AB Optimizing the extracted analyte collection step in analytical supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is of key importance in achieving high analyte recoveries and extraction efficiencies. Whereas the extraction step in SFE has been well characterized both theoretically and experimentally; the analyte collection step after SFE has few theoretical guidelines, aside from a few empirical studies which have appeared in the literature. In this study, we have applied several theoretical approaches using experimental data to optimize analyte trapping efficiency in SFE. A vapour-liquid equilibrium model has been formulated to predict the trapping efficiency for extracted solute collection in a open collection vessel. Secondly, a simple solution thermodynamic model for predicting solute (analyte) activity coefficients in various trapping solvents has been shown to have utility in predicting collection efficiencies. Finally, effective trapping efficiency after SFE using sorbent media is related to the extent of analyte breakthrough on the sorbent-filled trap after depressurization of supercritical fluid. Using experimental data determined via physico-chemical gas chromatographic measurements (i.e., specific retention volumes), we have shown the relationship between analyte breakthrough volume off of the trapping sorbent and volume of depressurized fluid through the collection trap. The above theoretical guidelines should prove of value to analysts in designing and optimizing the best conditions for trapping analytes after extraction via analytical SFE. C1 ARS, Food Qual & Safety Res Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP King, JW (reprint author), ARS, Food Qual & Safety Res Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat, USDA, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 31 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU VIEWEG PI WIESBADEN PA ABRAHAM-LINCOLN-STRABE 46, POSTFACH 15 47, D-65005 WIESBADEN, GERMANY SN 0009-5893 J9 CHROMATOGRAPHIA JI Chromatographia PD APR PY 2000 VL 51 IS 7-8 BP 467 EP 472 DI 10.1007/BF02490486 PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 311RH UT WOS:000086898300015 ER PT J AU Reilly, J Schimmelpfennig, D AF Reilly, J Schimmelpfennig, D TI Irreversibility, uncertainty, and learning: Portraits of adaptation to long-term climate change SO CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Article ID AGRICULTURE; IMPACT; TIMBER AB The usefulness of adaptation strategies to changing climate depends on the characteristics of the system that must adapt. Divergent views on whether climate change will seriously affect society and what society can do about it can be traced, in part, to divergent views on these characteristics of systems. Issues of scale and how impacts are measured are also important. We identify a set of fundamental characteristics of natural systems and social systems that help to make underlying assumptions in climate change adaptation studies explicit. These are: Short-run autonomous flexibility; short-run non-autonomous flexibility; knowledge and capacity to undertake short-run actions; long-run autonomous flexibility; long-run non-autonomous flexibility; and knowledge and capacity to plan for and undertake adaptations that require changes in long-lived assets. Applications to crop agriculture and ecosystems illustrate how these portraits can be used. We find that if empirical research is to resolve questions of adaptability, more careful specification of the exact measure of impact and far richer models of the process of adaptation, able to test implicit assumptions in much of the existing empirical research, are needed. C1 MIT, Joint Program Sci & Policy Global Change, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Econ Res Serv, Resources & Environm Div, USDA, Washington, DC 20005 USA. RP Reilly, J (reprint author), MIT, Joint Program Sci & Policy Global Change, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. NR 29 TC 58 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 18 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-0009 J9 CLIMATIC CHANGE JI Clim. Change PD APR PY 2000 VL 45 IS 1 BP 253 EP 278 DI 10.1023/A:1005669807945 PG 26 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 323WX UT WOS:000087588900014 ER PT J AU Hollenbeck, KJ Simunek, J van Genuchten, MT AF Hollenbeck, KJ Simunek, J van Genuchten, MT TI RETMCL: Incorporating maximum-likelihood estimation principles in the RETC soil hydraulic parameter estimation code SO COMPUTERS & GEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article DE maximum-likelihood; estimation; soil hydraulic properties ID CONDUCTIVITY AB RETC is a public domain computer code for estimating parameters of the water retention curve and hydraulic conductivity functions of unsaturated soils. RETC was developed at the US Salinity Laboratory and is now used world-wide with thousands of copies distributed. Evaluation of the final estimation results in the code has been improved to yield a new version, RETCML, based on the maximum-likelihood theory for the special case of weighted least-squares estimators. This paper first explains the theory of maximum-likelihood and introduces the principles of model adequacy and parameter uncertainty on a formal basis. Next, this paper presents a user guide for the code. RETCML is also free and has been programmed to be almost fully compatible with the original RETC input files, thus making it easy to re-analyze previous data. The output of RETCML includes a thorough evaluation of estimation results. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, US Salin Lab, USDA, Riverside, CA 92501 USA. Tech Univ Denmark, Dept Hydrodynam & Water Resources, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark. Danish Hydraul Inst, DK-2970 Horsholm, Denmark. RP Hollenbeck, KJ (reprint author), ARS, US Salin Lab, USDA, 4500 Glenwood Dr, Riverside, CA 92501 USA. RI Simunek, Jiri/F-3196-2011; van Genuchten, Martinus/K-6892-2013 OI van Genuchten, Martinus/0000-0003-1654-8858 NR 22 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0098-3004 J9 COMPUT GEOSCI JI Comput. Geosci. PD APR PY 2000 VL 26 IS 3 BP 319 EP 327 DI 10.1016/S0098-3004(99)00138-7 PG 9 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Computer Science; Geology GA 296BT UT WOS:000086003700007 ER PT J AU Kleiman, DG Reading, RP Miller, BJ Clark, TW Scott, M Robinson, J Wallace, RL Cabin, RJ Felleman, F AF Kleiman, DG Reading, RP Miller, BJ Clark, TW Scott, M Robinson, J Wallace, RL Cabin, RJ Felleman, F TI Improving the evaluation of conservation programs SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ENDANGERED SPECIES RECOVERY; MANAGEMENT; REINTRODUCTION; PLANS; ACT AB The evaluation of conservation programs is rare but increasingly important in improving their effectiveness. Regular evaluations of conservation programs and the implementation of recommendations resulting from such assessments are infrequent because of resistance by participants and lack of funding. Evaluations may be internal or external, depending on the purpose of the review and how broadly it is focused. We strongly recommend external peer review of long-term complex conservation programs every 5 years, supported by more frequent (annual) internal reviews. Criteria for success must encompass both biological and social measures and include learning and the application of new knowledge to management. Evaluations must also go beyond monitoring to assess the value of the program. We emphasize the need to include the organization and function of a conservation program (the process) in any evaluation in addition to substantive criteria for success, which usually involve biological measures (numbers). A dysfunctional program organization and process can as effectively cripple a conservation effort as can a major biological catastrophe. We provide examples of different types of conservation program evaluations, including moderated workshops and case-study analysis, and provide advice on the logistics and organization of the review, emphasizing the importance of the evaluation process itself to a successful outcome. One important aspect of an evaluation is having an individual with leadership ability and considerable expertise to organize the format and oversee the review process itself. Second, it is essential at the outset to ensure agreement among the program participants and the review committee on the goals and objectives of the conservation program, what is to be evaluated, and the criteria for defining success. Finally, the best evaluations are inclusive and involve all participants and stakeholders. C1 Smithsonian Inst, Natl Zool Pk, Dept Zool Res, Washington, DC 20008 USA. Denver Zool Fdn, Dept Conservat Biol, Denver, CO 80218 USA. Yale Univ, Sch Forestry & Environm Studies, New Haven, CT 06511 USA. Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife, US Geol Survey, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. Wildlife Conservat Soc, Bronx, NY 10460 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. Conservat Consultants Inc, Seattle, WA 98117 USA. RP Kleiman, DG (reprint author), Smithsonian Inst, Natl Zool Pk, Dept Zool Res, Washington, DC 20008 USA. EM dkleiman@nzp.si.edu NR 63 TC 62 Z9 68 U1 2 U2 41 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 14 IS 2 BP 356 EP 365 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98553.x PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 300WD UT WOS:000086275800004 ER PT J AU Knapp, RA Matthews, KR AF Knapp, RA Matthews, KR TI Non-native fish introductions and the decline of the mountain yellow-legged frog from within protected areas SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CANYON-NATIONAL-PARKS; SIERRA-NEVADA LAKES; SOLAR UV-B; RANA-MUSCOSA; POPULATION DECLINES; CENTRAL VALLEY; UNITED-STATES; CALIFORNIA; RADIATION; EXTINCTION AB One of the most puzzling aspects of the worldwide decline of amphibians is their disappearance from within protected areas. Because these areas are ostensibly undisturbed, habitat alterations are generally perceived as unlikely causes. The introduction of non-native fishes into protected areas, however, is a common practice throughout the world and may exert an important influence on amphibian distributions. We quantified the role of introduced fishes (several species of trout) in the decline of the mountain yellow-legged frog (Rana muscosa) in California's Sierra Nevada through surveys of >1700 sites in two adjacent and historically fishless protected areas that differed primarily in the distribution of introduced fish. Negative effects of fishes on the distribution of frogs were evident at three spatial scales. At the landscape scale, comparisons between the two protected areas indicated that fish distribution was strongly negatively correlated with the distribution of frogs. At the watershed scale, the percentage of total water-body surface area occupied by fishes was a highly significant predictor of the percentage of total water-body surface area occupied by frogs. At the scale of individual water bodies, frogs were three times more likely to be found and six times more abundant in fishless than in fish-containing waterbodies, after habitat effects were accounted for. The strong effect of introduced fishes on mountain yellow-legged frogs appears to result from the unique life history of this amphibian which frequently restricts larvae to deeper water bodies, the same habitats into which fishes have most frequently been introduced. Because fish populations in at least some Sierra Nevada lakes can be removed with minimal effort, our results suggest that the decline of the mountain yellow-legged frog might be relatively easy to reverse. C1 Univ Calif, Sierra Nevada Aquat Res Lab, Mammoth Lakes, CA 93546 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Berkeley, CA 94701 USA. RP Knapp, RA (reprint author), Univ Calif, Sierra Nevada Aquat Res Lab, Star Route 1,Box 198, Mammoth Lakes, CA 93546 USA. RI Knapp, Roland/B-1337-2009; Matthews, Kathleen/G-8773-2012 OI Knapp, Roland/0000-0002-1954-2745; NR 51 TC 192 Z9 199 U1 6 U2 54 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 14 IS 2 BP 428 EP 438 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99099.x PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 300WD UT WOS:000086275800012 ER PT J AU Cabin, RJ Weller, SG Lorence, DH Flynn, TW Sakai, AK Sandquist, D Hadway, LJ AF Cabin, RJ Weller, SG Lorence, DH Flynn, TW Sakai, AK Sandquist, D Hadway, LJ TI Effects of long-term ungulate exclusion and recent alien species control on the preservation and restoration of a Hawaiian tropical dry forest SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID METROSIDEROS-POLYMORPHA; BIOLOGICAL INVASION; MYRICA-FAYA; CONSERVATION; NITROGEN AB Although the destruction of tropical rain forests receives much attention, tropical dry forests are in general far more threatened and endangered. Eliminating grazing ungulates is often considered a key first step toward protecting these ecosystems, but few studies have investigated the long-term effects of this technique. We examined the effects of ungulate exclusion from a 2.3-ha native dry-forest preserve on the island of Hawaii by comparing its present flora to the flora of an adjacent area subjected to continuous grazing since the preserve was fenced over 40 years ago. Relative to this adjacent area, the fenced preserve contained a more diverse flora with substantially greater coverage of native overstory and understory species. Until recently, however, regeneration of native canopy trees within the preserve appears to have been thwarted by a dominant herbaceous cover of alien fountain grass (Pennisetum setaceum) and predation by alien rodent species. Our results indicate that although ungulate exclusion may be a necessary and critical first step, it is not sufficient to adequately preserve and maintain Hawaii's remaining tropical dry forest remnants. Our recent efforts to control the dominant alien species within the fenced preserve suggest that this practice may facilitate both the regeneration of native species and the colonization and potential invasion of new alien plants. Comparisons of seedlings of the dominant native canopy tree Diospyros sandwicensis growing in sites both dominated by and free of fountain grass suggested that fountain grass inhibits Diospyros seedling growth and photosynthesis but may increase survival if seedlings are protected from ungulates. C1 US Forest Serv, Inst Pacific Isl Forestry, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Irvine, CA 92717 USA. Natl Trop Bot Garden, Lawai, HI 96765 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Cabin, RJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Inst Pacific Isl Forestry, 23 E Kawili St, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. NR 39 TC 79 Z9 86 U1 9 U2 51 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 14 IS 2 BP 439 EP 453 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99006.x PG 15 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 300WD UT WOS:000086275800013 ER PT J AU York, DL Cummings, JL Engeman, RM Davis, JE AF York, DL Cummings, JL Engeman, RM Davis, JE TI Evaluation of Flight Control (TM) and Mesurol (R) as repellents to reduce horned lark (Eremophila alpestris) damage to lettuce seedlings SO CROP PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE anthraquinone; bird repellent; crop damage; Eremophila alpestris; Lactuca sativa L.; methiocarb; seedling treatment ID BIRDS AB We conducted enclosure trials near Huron, CA in the San Joaquin Valley from 12 to 23 January 1999 to determine the efficacy of Flight Control(TM) (50% anthraquinone) and Mesurol(R) (75% methiocarb) in preventing horned lark damage to lettuce seedlings. Flight Control(TM) (FC) and Mesurol(R) were evaluated as foliar sprays at application rates of 2.79 and 2.27 kg ha(-1), respectively. Horned lark damage to lettuce seedlings treated with antraquinone was greater (p = 0.015) than for methiocarb(R), 60 versus 20%, respectively, and seedlings in control plots were 100% destroyed. While this level of damage is probably unacceptable to lettuce growers, it should be remembered that the enclosure situation caused an artificially high bird pressure on the crop. Further studies in open fields under a more normal bird pressure are warranted. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP York, DL (reprint author), USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 8 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0261-2194 J9 CROP PROT JI Crop Prot. PD APR PY 2000 VL 19 IS 3 BP 201 EP 203 DI 10.1016/S0261-2194(00)00011-9 PG 3 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 303HQ UT WOS:000086416800008 ER PT J AU da Costa, PI Franco, CF Miranda, VS Teixeira, DC Hartung, JS AF da Costa, PI Franco, CF Miranda, VS Teixeira, DC Hartung, JS TI Strains of Xylella fastidiosa rapidly distinguished by arbitrarily primed-PCR SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CITRUS VARIEGATED CHLOROSIS; AXENIC CULTURE; BACTERIUM; IDENTIFICATION; PATHOGENICITY; VECTORS AB Genomic DNAs isolated from strains of Xylella fastidiosa that caused citrus variegated chlorosis, coffee leaf scorch, Pierce's Disease of grapevine, and plum leaf scorch were analyzed by arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction. Purified DNA was amplified under nonstringent conditions with single primers 21 nucleotides (nt) long. Thirty-nine amplification products were observed that were useful to distinguish among the strains and to derive a similarity matrix and construct a phenogram showing possible relationships among the strains. Strains isolated from diseased coffee and citrus in Brazil were closely related to each other (coefficient of similarity of 0.872), but only distantly related to a strain isolated from diseased grapevine in the USA (coefficient of similarity of 0.650). Strains of Xylella fastidiosa isolated from diseased plums in the USA and Brazil clustered with strains from different hosts isolated from their respective countries of origin. Thus, there may be two quite dissimilar clusters of strains of Xylella fastidiosa, one in North America and the other in South America. Each cluster contains strains that can cause disease in plum. The methods described provide a convenient and rapid method to distinguish between strains of Xylella fastidiosa that cause diseases of coffee and citrus in the same region of Brazil. This has not been possible previously. This will potentially enable the two strains to be distinguished in alternate hosts or in insect vectors. C1 USDA ARS, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. UNESP, Fac Pharmaceut Sci, Dept Clin Anal, Clin Immunol Lab, Araraquara, SP, Brazil. FundeCitrus, Araraquara, SP, Brazil. RP Hartung, JS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Teixeira, Diva/N-1394-2013 NR 14 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0343-8651 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 40 IS 4 BP 279 EP 282 DI 10.1007/s002849910055 PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 289RL UT WOS:000085635700012 PM 10688699 ER PT J AU Thomas, MG Carroll, JA Raymond, SR Matteri, RL Keisler, DH AF Thomas, MG Carroll, JA Raymond, SR Matteri, RL Keisler, DH TI Transcriptional regulation of pituitary synthesis and secretion of growth hormone in growing wethers and the influence of zeranol on these mechanisms SO DOMESTIC ANIMAL ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS; SOMATOTROPH FUNCTION; CLINICAL-CHEMISTRY; GENE-EXPRESSION; FINISHING LAMBS; ESTROUS-CYCLE; FACTOR-I; PROLACTIN; PIT-1; RESPONSES AB This experiment evaluated relationships between pituitary messenger RNA levels of the transcription factor Pit-1, the growth hormone releasing-hormone receptor (GHRHR), and synthesis and secretion of GH in growing wethers. The experiment also evaluated the influence of the estrogenic compound, zeranol, on these relationships. Seventy wethers that were 9.5 +/- 1 day of age were randomly assigned to a control group or to one of three zeranol treatment groups that were implanted (12 mg, Ralgro) at 0, 45, and (or) 90 days of age. Twenty-eight days after implantation (i.e., Days 28, 73, 118) and on Day 135, sera were collected serially from wethers (n greater than or equal to 5) from each group and then their pituitary was collected. As wethers gained weight with age, the pituitary increased in size and so did the relative message levels of Pit-1 and GH (effect of time, P < 0.01). However, as wethers reached 135 days of age, serum concentrations of GH had declined while concentrations of IGF-I had increased (linear contrast, P < 0.01). Additionally, zeranol increased serum concentrations of GH and IGF-I and this effect on GH appeared to be a consequence of increased pulse amplitude, particularly at 73 and 118 days of age (treatment x time, P less than or equal to 0.074). This result could have been due to increased pituitary expression of GH (treatment, P < 0.08). Zeranol appeared to modulate pituitary expression of transcripts containing exon 3 of Pit-1 (treatment, P < 0.01) and GHRHR (treatment x time, P = 0.056), however, pituitary message levels of Pit-1 and GHRHR were not positively correlated to pituitary expression of GH mRNA or serum concentrations of GH. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 New Mexico State Univ, Dept Anim & Range Sci, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Anim Physiol Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Anim Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Thomas, MG (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, Dept Anim & Range Sci, MSC 31, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RI Keisler, Duane/C-2746-2011 OI Keisler, Duane/0000-0002-8792-7030 NR 44 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0739-7240 J9 DOMEST ANIM ENDOCRIN JI Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 18 IS 3 BP 309 EP 324 DI 10.1016/S0739-7240(00)00052-7 PG 16 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Agriculture; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 310QE UT WOS:000086838200003 PM 10793270 ER PT J AU Daly, C Bachelet, D Lenihan, JM Neilson, RP Parton, W Ojima, D AF Daly, C Bachelet, D Lenihan, JM Neilson, RP Parton, W Ojima, D TI Dynamic simulation of tree-grass interactions for global change studies SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE belowground processes and global change; belowground resources; climate change; dynamic vegetation model; fire; global change; grassland; MC1; root distribution; savanna; tree-grass competition; water availability; Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota ID AFRICAN HUMID SAVANNA; DOUGLAS-FIR TREES; PINUS-RADIATA; ROOT DISTRIBUTION; WATER; VEGETATION; MODEL; CLIMATE; STANDS; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AB The objective of this study was to simulate dynamically the response of a complex landscape, containing forests, savannas, and grasslands, to potential climate change. Thus, it was essential to simulate accurately the competition for light and water between trees and grasses. Accurate representation of water competition requires simulating the appropriate vertical root distribution and soil water content. The importance of different rooting depths in structuring savannas has long been debated. In simulating this complex landscape, we examined alternative hypotheses of tree and grass vertical root distribution and the importance of fire as a disturbance, as they influence savanna dynamics under historical and changing climates. MCl, a new dynamic vegetation model, was used to estimate the distribution of vegetation and associated carbon and nutrient fluxes for Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota, USA. MCl consists of three linked modules simulating biogeography, biogeochemistry, and fire disturbance. This new tool allows us to document how changes in rooting patterns may affect production, fire frequency, and whether or not current vegetation types and life-form mixtures can be sustained at the same location or would be replaced by others. Because climate change may intensify resource deficiencies, it will probably affect allocation of resources to roots and their distribution through the soil profile. We manipulated the rooting depth of two life-forms, trees and grasses, that are competing for water. We then assessed the importance of variable rooting depth on ecosystem processes and vegetation distribution by running MCl for historical climate (1895-1994) and a GCM-simulated future scenario (1995-2094). Deeply rooted trees caused higher tree productivity, lower grass productivity, and longer fire return intervals. When trees were shallowly rooted, grass productivity exceeded that of trees even if total grass biomass was only one-third to one-fourth that of trees. Deeply rooted grasses developed extensive root systems that increased N uptake and, the input of litter into soil organic matter pools. Shallowly rooted grasses produced smaller soil carbon pools. Under the climate change scenario, NPP and live biomass increased for grasses and decreased for trees, and total soil organic matter decreased. Changes in the size of biogeochemical pools produced by the climate change scenario were overwhelmed by the range of responses across the four rooting configurations. Deeply rooted grasses grew larger than shallowly rooted ones, and deeply rooted trees outcompeted grasses for resources. In both historical and future scenarios, fire was required for the coexistence of trees and grasses when deep soil water was available to trees. Consistent changes in fire frequency and intensity were simulated during the climate change scenario: more fires occurred because higher temperatures resulted in decreased fuel moisture. Fire also increased in the deeply rooted grass configurations because grass biomass, which serves as a fine fuel source, was relatively high. C1 Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Daly, C (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RI Neilson, Ronald/A-8588-2009; Ojima, Dennis/C-5272-2016 NR 73 TC 91 Z9 97 U1 4 U2 39 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD APR PY 2000 VL 10 IS 2 BP 449 EP 469 DI 10.2307/2641106 PG 21 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 296DT UT WOS:000086008300012 ER PT J AU Jackson, RB Schenk, HJ Jobbagy, EG Canadell, J Colello, GD Dickinson, RE Field, CB Friedlingstein, P Heimann, M Hibbard, K Kicklighter, DW Kleidon, A Neilson, RP Parton, WJ Sala, OE Sykes, MT AF Jackson, RB Schenk, HJ Jobbagy, EG Canadell, J Colello, GD Dickinson, RE Field, CB Friedlingstein, P Heimann, M Hibbard, K Kicklighter, DW Kleidon, A Neilson, RP Parton, WJ Sala, OE Sykes, MT TI Belowground consequences of vegetation change and their treatment in models SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Review DE belowground processes and global change; biogeochemistry; ecosystem models; global change; plant life forms; roots; shrub encroachment; soil carbon and nutrients; water balance ID MURRAY-DARLING BASIN; TERRESTRIAL BIOSPHERE MODEL; SOIL-WATER DYNAMICS; ECOHYDROLOGICAL CHANGES; ROOT DISTRIBUTIONS; EXPERIMENTAL CATCHMENTS; ECOSYSTEM PRODUCTION; EUCALYPTUS-GRANDIS; SATELLITE DATA; GLOBAL WATER AB The extent and consequences of global land-cover and land-use change are increasingly apparent. One consequence not so apparent is the altered structure of plants belowground. This paper examines such belowground changes, emphasizing the interaction of altered root distributions with other factors and their treatment in models. Shifts of woody and herbaceous vegetation with deforestation, afforestation, and woody plant encroachment typically alter the depth and distribution of plant rests, influencing soil nutrients, the water balance, and net primary productivity (NPP). For example, our analysis of global soil data sets shows that the major plant nutrients C, N, P, and K are more shallowly distributed than are Ca, Mg, and Na, but patterns for each element vary with the dominant vegetation type. After controlling for climate, soil C and N are distributed more deeply in arid shrublands than in arid grasslands, and subhumid forests have shallower nutrient distributions than do subhumid grasslands. Consequently, changes in vegetation may influence the distribution of soil carbon and nutrients over time (perhaps decades to centuries). Shifts in the water balance are typically much more rapid. Catchment studies indicate that the water yield decreases 25-40 mm for each 10% increase in tree cover, and increases in transpiration of water taken up by deep roots may account for as much as 50% of observed responses. Because models are increasingly important for predicting the consequences of vegetation change, we discuss the treatment of belowground processes and how different treatments affect model outputs. Whether models are parameterized by biome or plant life form (or neither), use single or multiple soil layers, or include N and water limitation will all affect predicted outcomes. Acknowledging and understanding such differences should help constrain predictions of vegetation change. C1 Duke Univ, Dept Bot, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Natl Ctr Ecol Anal & Synth, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 USA. CSIRO, Div Wildlife & Ecol, Lyneham, ACT 2602, Australia. Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Plant Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Univ Arizona, Inst Atmospher Phys, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. Max Planck Inst Meteorol, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany. Univ New Hampshire, Climate Change Res Ctr, GAIM Task Force, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Ecosyst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Rangeland Ecosyst Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Buenos Aires, Fac Agron, Dept Ecol, RA-1417 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Univ Lund, Global Syst Grp, S-22362 Lund, Sweden. RP Jackson, RB (reprint author), Duke Univ, Dept Bot, Durham, NC 27708 USA. RI Neilson, Ronald/A-8588-2009; Schenk, H./B-9651-2009; Canadell, Josep/E-9419-2010; Kleidon, Axel/O-7843-2014; Heimann, Martin/H-7807-2016; Friedlingstein, Pierre/H-2700-2014 OI Schenk, H./0000-0001-6261-2780; Canadell, Josep/0000-0002-8788-3218; Kleidon, Axel/0000-0002-3798-0730; Heimann, Martin/0000-0001-6296-5113; NR 121 TC 197 Z9 234 U1 18 U2 152 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD APR PY 2000 VL 10 IS 2 BP 470 EP 483 DI 10.2307/2641107 PG 14 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 296DT UT WOS:000086008300013 ER PT J AU Kline, JD Alig, RJ Johnson, RL AF Kline, JD Alig, RJ Johnson, RL TI Forest owner incentives to protect riparian habitat SO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE ecosystem management; endangered species; nonindustrial private forest owners ID CHOICE CONTINGENT VALUATION; CONFIDENCE-INTERVALS; ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT; EMPIRICAL MEASURES; WELFARE CHANGE; MODEL; VALIDATION; BEHAVIOR; DECISION; BENEFITS AB Private landowners increasingly are asked to cooperate with landscape-level management to protect or enhance ecological resources. We examine the willingness of nonindustrial private forest owners in the Pacific Northwest (USA) to forego harvesting within riparian areas to improve riparian habitat. An empirical model is developed describing owners' willingness to accept an economic incentive to adopt a 200-foot harvest buffer along streams as a function of their forest ownership objectives and socioeconomic characteristics. Results suggest that owners' willingness to forego harvest varies by their forest ownership objectives. Mean incentive payments necessary to induce owners to forego harvest in riparian areas are higher for owners possessing primarily timber objectives ($128-137/acre/year) than for owners possessing both timber and nontimber objectives ($54-69/acre/year) or primarily recreation objectives ($38-57/acre/year). (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Resources, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Kline, JD (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, USDA, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 58 TC 53 Z9 57 U1 3 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-8009 J9 ECOL ECON JI Ecol. Econ. PD APR PY 2000 VL 33 IS 1 BP 29 EP 43 DI 10.1016/S0921-8009(99)00116-0 PG 15 WC Ecology; Economics; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Business & Economics GA 302EH UT WOS:000086352200003 ER PT J AU Pionke, HB Gburek, WJ Sharpley, AN AF Pionke, HB Gburek, WJ Sharpley, AN TI Critical source area controls on water quality in an agricultural watershed located in the Chesapeake Basin SO ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Joint Conference of the 7th Stockholm Water Symposium / 3rd International Conference on the Environmental Management of Enclosed Coastal Seas (EMECS) CY AUG 10-15, 1997 CL STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN DE Chesapeake Bay; Pennsylvania; nitrate; phosphorus; hydrology; water quality ID PARTIALLY STRATIFIED ESTUARY; HYDROLOGIC CONTROLS; BAY; PHOSPHORUS; NUTRIENTS; PHYTOPLANKTON; DISCHARGES; SEDIMENT; RUNOFF; FLOW AB The importance of agricultural land use activities for supplying nutrients (N, P) to the Chesapeake Bay is examined and nutrient sources for a typical agricultural hill-land watershed within the Chesapeake Basin are identified and assessed. Based on up to 30 years of experimental and monitoring data, the outflow, N, and P exported from this Pennsylvania watershed is examined in terms of critical source areas. Most of the surface runoff and P export occurs from areas near the stream. About 90% of the algal-available P exported in outflow was generated during the largest 7 storms/year. In contrast, nearly all the nitrate (NO3) exported originated as subsurface flow entering the soil or ground water some distance from the stream, acid mostly occurred during nonstorm flow periods. The NO3 export observed over the long term corresponds to the N excess computed by N balance obtained by farmer survey for agricultural land. By combining land use, hydrologic processes; watershed position, soil P status, and N balance information for agricultural land, the major source areas for P and N are predictable and identifiable. We apply these ideas and techniques to our research watershed and present the results as an example of this approach. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Pionke, HB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, Bldg 3702,Curtin Rd, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 40 TC 157 Z9 180 U1 6 U2 47 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-8574 J9 ECOL ENG JI Ecol. Eng. PD APR PY 2000 VL 14 IS 4 BP 325 EP 335 DI 10.1016/S0925-8574(99)00059-2 PG 11 WC Ecology; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Engineering GA 308VV UT WOS:000086734300002 ER PT J AU Pemberton, RW AF Pemberton, RW TI Waterblommetjie (Aponogeton distachyos, Aponogetonaceae), a recently domesticated aquatic food crop in Cape South Africa with unusual origins SO ECONOMIC BOTANY LA English DT Article DE Aponogeton distachyos; aquatic plant; Cape South Africa; crop origins; food symbol; popular culture; waterblommetjie; wild-gathered vegetable AB The inflorescence of Aponogeton distachyos, an endemic Cope South African aquatic herb, known as waterblommetjie, has been a traditional wild-gathered vegetable. This plant has been brought into cultivation as a food crop during the past twenty years. The reasons for its domestication were the loss and decline in wild populations because of herbicide runoff from agriculture, urban expansion that reduced the plant's habitat, and over-collection. Domestication also began because a pop song, celebrating this vegetable as an Afrikaans cultural symbol, started a food fad that greatly increased demand. Waterblommetjie cultivation, widespread marketing, and the general popularity of this unique food continues in the Mandela Era of South Africa. C1 USDA ARS, Aquat Plant Management Lab, Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. RP Pemberton, RW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Aquat Plant Management Lab, 3205 Coll Ave, Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. NR 21 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 USA SN 0013-0001 J9 ECON BOT JI Econ. Bot. PD APR-JUN PY 2000 VL 54 IS 2 BP 144 EP 149 DI 10.1007/BF02907818 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 332FB UT WOS:000088062600006 ER PT J AU Yamaguchi, H Katsumura, M Imakawa, K Sakai, S Christenson, RK AF Yamaguchi, H Katsumura, M Imakawa, K Sakai, S Christenson, RK TI Analysis of possible silencer elements of ovine interferon-tau gene SO ENDOCRINE JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE IFN tau; transcription; silencer; JEG3; pregnancy; ovine ID TROPHOBLAST INTERFERON; EXPRESSION; SHEEP; PREGNANCY; ENHANCEMENT; CONCEPTUS; PROTEIN-1; CELLS; SITE; PMA AB During the peri-implantation period significant production of ovine interferon-tau (oIFN tau) by the trophectoderm is detected in day 13-16 conceptuses, but its level rapidly declines thereafter. To understand molecular mechanisms by which oIFN tau gene expression is down-regulated, a variety of deletion constructs were prepared from upstream sequences of the oIFN tau gene and examined for possible silencer regions by using transient transfection into human choriocarcinoma, JEG3, cells. Two regions between -700 to -654 bases (distal region) and from - 503 to -453 bases (proximal region) were found to be the possible negative regulatory regions. With probes prepared from these regions, gel mobility shift assay (GMSA) was then conducted. DNA-protein complexes were observed, but the gel shift pattern was different between nuclear extracts from days 14 (active oIFN tau production) and 20 (minute olFN tau production) ovine trophoblasts. Day 20 nuclear extracts exhibited more band patterns than those of day 14; most notably the distal region between - 692 and - 668 bases exhibited the distinct band with nuclear extracts from day 20, but not from day 14 trophoblasts. In addition, the band patterns from day 20 trophoblast nuclear proteins were similar to those detected with JEG3 and HeLa cell nuclear extracts. Taken together, these observations suggest that the upstream sequences identified could serve as negative regulatory regions to which various nuclear factors bind, resulting in reduction of oIFN tau gene transcription. C1 Univ Tokyo, Lab Anim Breeding, Fac Agr, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138657, Japan. USDA ARS, Meat Anim Res Ctr, Reprod Res Unit, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Imakawa, K (reprint author), Univ Tokyo, Lab Anim Breeding, Fac Agr, Bunkyo Ku, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Tokyo 1138657, Japan. NR 18 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU JAPAN ENDOCRINE SOCIETY PI TOKYO PA C/O DEPT VETERINARY PHYSIOL, VET MED SCI, UNIV TOKYO, 1-1-1 YAYOI, BUNKYO-KU, TOKYO, 113, JAPAN SN 0918-8959 J9 ENDOCR J JI Endocr. J. PD APR PY 2000 VL 47 IS 2 BP 137 EP 142 DI 10.1507/endocrj.47.137 PG 6 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 322AQ UT WOS:000087488300005 PM 10943737 ER PT J AU Lapointe, SL AF Lapointe, SL TI Thermal requirements for development of Diaprepes abbreviatus (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Diaprepes abbreviatus; citrus; temperature; developmental rate; pupation ID MOISTURE AB The root weevil Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.) was reared on artificial diet under controlled conditions of temperature and humidity. The Lower thermal threshold for development of neonate larvae was estimated to be 15 degrees C. The growth rate of neonate larvae increased exponentially with increasing temperature up to 30 degrees C. The growth rate of later instars, however, was suppressed at 30 degrees C and mortality was higher than that of larvae reared at 26 degrees C. Larvae reared as late instars only ( >56 d old ), or continuously at 30 degrees C, had increased mortality and produced smaller adults than larvae reared at 22 and 26 degrees C. Larvae reared as late instars only (>56 d) or continuously at 22 degrees C had similar survival rates compared with those reared at 26 degrees C, and they emerged as larger adults compared with larvae reared at 26 or 30 degrees C. The time required for development from neonate to pupation was 125 +/- 3 d (mean +/- SEM, n = 38) at 26 degrees C. Duration of the pupal stage was inversely proportional to temperature between 22 and 30 degrees C. Pupal mortality was higher at 30 degrees C than at 22 or 26 degrees C. The total time required for a single generation from oviposition to adult emergence was estimated to be 154 d at 26 degrees C and adequate humidity. Cumulative mean air and soil temperatures and rainfall for a location inr central Florida were analyzed and presented for the period October 1991 through January 1999. C1 USDA ARS, US Hort Res Lab, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. RP Lapointe, SL (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Hort Res Lab, 2001 S Rock Rd, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. NR 14 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 29 IS 2 BP 150 EP 156 DI 10.1603/0046-225X(2000)029[0150:TRFDOD]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 359QH UT WOS:000089623200003 ER PT J AU Morrill, WL Gabor, JW Weaver, DK Kushnak, GD Irish, NJ AF Morrill, WL Gabor, JW Weaver, DK Kushnak, GD Irish, NJ TI Effect of host plant quality on the sex ratio and fitness of female wheat stem sawflies (Hymenoptera : Cephidae) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Cephus cinctus; fecundity; host suitability; sex ratio; wheat ID SIZE; WASP AB Larvae of the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Norton, feed and complete their development within the lumen of wheat and other hollow-stemmed grasses. Stems with large diameters are preferred and are the most suitable hosts. The sex ratios of wasps are male-biased in small stems and female-biased in large stems. Sawfly fitness, as indicated by wasp size, fecundity, and longevity, increases with host stem size. C1 Montana State Univ, Dept Entomol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. Montana Agr Expt Stn, Western Triangle Res Ctr, Conrad, MT 59425 USA. USDA ARS, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. RP Morrill, WL (reprint author), Montana State Univ, Dept Entomol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. NR 26 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 7 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 29 IS 2 BP 195 EP 199 DI 10.1603/0046-225X(2000)029[0195:EOHPQO]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 359QH UT WOS:000089623200008 ER PT J AU Nash, MS Whitford, WG Van Zee, J Havstad, KM AF Nash, MS Whitford, WG Van Zee, J Havstad, KM TI Ant (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) responses to environmental stressors in the northern Chihuahuan Desert SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ants; Conomyrma insana; Pogonomyrmex desertorum; Jornada Desert; grazing; mesquites ID SOUTHEASTERN ARIZONA; LIVESTOCK EXCLOSURE; HARVESTER ANTS; DESERTIFICATION; VEGETATION; INDICATORS; GRASSLAND; ARTHROPOD; ECOSYSTEM; ECOLOGY AB We studied responses of ant communities to shrub removal and intense pulse seasonal grazing by domestic livestock for four consecutive years. Weighted relative abundance and percent of traps in which an ant species occurred were analyzed using randomized complete block design. split in time analysis of variance to test for significant differences between means of ant groups. The ant community in the Chihuahuan Desert grassland is dominated by small, liquid-feeding ants, Conomurma insana (Buckley), and large seed harvesting ants, Pogonomyrmex desertorum Wheeler. The weighted relative abundance of C. isana was significantly reduced on the plots without shrubs. The relative abundance of P, desertorum was significantly lower on grazed plots without shrubs than on the ungrazed plots without shrubs. There were no detectable effects of shrub removal or intense, pulse grazing on the less abundant ant species. These results suggest that the recent encroachment of shrubs into Chihuahuan Desert grasslands has increased the relative abundance of the dominant ant species in these communities. Intensive grazing by livestock has had an adverse effect on the most abundant seed-harvester, P. desertorum. C1 US EPA, NERL, ESD, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Nash, MS (reprint author), US EPA, NERL, ESD, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 28 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 13 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 29 IS 2 BP 200 EP 206 DI 10.1603/0046-225X(2000)029[0200:AHFRTE]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 359QH UT WOS:000089623200009 ER PT J AU Vicens, N Bosch, J AF Vicens, N Bosch, J TI Pollinating efficacy of Osmia cornuta and Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera : Megachilidae, Apidae) on 'red Delicious' apple SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Apis mellifera; Osmia cornuta; foraging behavior; 'Delicious' apples; pollination ID LIGNARIA-PROPINQUA CRESSON; POTENTIAL POLLINATOR; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; ALMOND ORCHARDS; LATR HYM; POLLEN; BEES AB The foraging behavior and pollinating efficacy of Osmia cornuta (Latreille) and Apis mellifera L. were studied in an orchard of 'Delicious' apple, Malus domestica Borkh, in northeastern Spain. Yields after one single visit were more than five times higher in flowers visited by O. cornuta than in those visited by A. mellifera nectar gatherers. This is attributed to the lower rate of stigma contact in A. mellifera visits, rather than to insufficient deposition of compatible pollen when the stigmas are contacted. A. mellifera pollen collectors had very high rates of stigma contact, but they were very scarce (3%) on 'Delicious' flowers despite the presence of abundant brood in their hives. One single visit per newer by O. cornuta produced commercial fruit set (27.4%) and fruit size (>70 mm diameter). Based on cell production, average number of trips required to provision a male and a female cell, and flower visiting rates, it is estimated that a mean of 22,252 apple newer visits per female O. cornuta were made during the 15-d flowering period. This result indicates that 530 nesting O. cornuta females per hectare are enough to provide adequate apple pollination. C1 Univ Barcelona, Fac Biol, Dept Biol Anim, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain. Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Bee Biol & Systemat Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Vicens, N (reprint author), Univ Barcelona, Fac Biol, Dept Biol Anim, Diagonal 645, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain. OI Bosch , Jordi/0000-0002-8088-9457 NR 29 TC 61 Z9 65 U1 5 U2 34 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 29 IS 2 BP 235 EP 240 DI 10.1603/0046-225X(2000)029[0235:PEOOCA]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 359QH UT WOS:000089623200014 ER PT J AU Haverty, MI Getty, GM Copren, KA Lewis, VR AF Haverty, MI Getty, GM Copren, KA Lewis, VR TI Size and dispersion of colonies of Reticulitermes spp. (Isoptera : Rhinotermitidae) in a wildland and a residential location in northern California SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Reticulitermes spp.; foraging populations; foraging territory; mark-release-recapture ID SUBTERRANEAN TERMITE ISOPTERA; HETEROTERMES-AUREUS ISOPTERA; SUDAN RED 7B; FORAGING POPULATIONS; FLAVIPES ISOPTERA; TERRITORIES; RECAPTURE; EASTERN; DYE; MARKER AB Mark-release-recapture studies were conducted to estimate foraging populations, maximum foraging distances between foraging sites, and minimum total foraging distance for three colonies of two cuticular hydrocarbon phenotypes of Reticulitermes at a wildland site near Placerville, CA, in the Sierra Nevada foothills and for six colonies of three phenotypes at two residential sites in Marin County. At Placerville, the hydrocarbon phenotype B colony had the fewest termites, with an estimated foraging population of 4,476-13,602, and occupied only one monitoring station. The two phenotype A colonies had foraging populations estimated to range from 10,809 to 128,597; one inhabited one monitoring station, whereas the other occupied three stations with a maximum distance between monitoring stations of 6.3 m. At the Marin County sites, two phenotype D colonies were estimated to have foraging populations ranging from 9,191 to 194,692; each foraged at a single monitoring station. Estimated foraging populations for the three phenotype A' colonies ranged from 71,483 to 491,901 with the maximum distance between monitoring stations ranging from 11.7 to 25.3 m. The phenotype A colony was estimated to have 8,747-25,190 foragers, with a maximum distance between monitoring stations of 1.8 m. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Berkeley, CA 94701 USA. RP Haverty, MI (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Forest Prod Lab, Struct Pest Res & Extens Ctr, 1301 S 46th St, Richmond, CA 94804 USA. NR 39 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 29 IS 2 BP 241 EP 249 DI 10.1603/0046-225X(2000)029[0241:SADOCO]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 359QH UT WOS:000089623200015 ER PT J AU Thorne, BL Haverty, MI AF Thorne, BL Haverty, MI TI Nest growth and survivorship in three species of neotropical Nasutitermes (Isoptera : Termitidae) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Nasutitermes acajutlae; Nasutitermes corniger; Nasutitermes ephratae; termite colony survivorship; termite colony longevity; arboreal nests ID GUINEAN COCONUT PLANTATIONS; BRITISH-VIRGIN-ISLANDS; NIGRICEPS ISOPTERA; CUTICULAR HYDROCARBONS; COSTALIS ISOPTERA; ALATE PRODUCTION; CENTRAL-AMERICA; COLONIES; CORNIGER; COMMUNITY AB Lone-term growth and survivorship of individual arboreal nests were studied in three species of Neotropical termites in the genus Nasutitermes. Of the 29 N. corniger (Motschulsky) and seven N. ephratae (Holmgren) nests monitored in an area of young second-growth in Panama, 12 (41%) N. corniger and four (57%) N. ephratae nests remained active throughout the 9- to 11-mo study. There was no significant difference in survivorship between small and large nests of either species. In surviving N. corniger nests with a single queen, the net increase in volume was highly correlated (r = 0.87, n = 9) with queen wet weight. There was a marked seasonality to nest expansion in both. N. corniger and N. ephratae, with growth occurring almost exclusively during the wet season. Seventeen N. acajutlae (Holmgren) nests were monitored for 4-9 yr on Guana Island, British Virgin Islands. Four of the 17 (23.5%) N. acajutlae nests survived the study period, and two more abandoned their original nest and relocated. Within this limited sample of colonies, N. acajutlae nests that were large ( >150,000 cm(3)) at the beginning of the study had a higher probability of survival than did small ( <100.000 cm(3)) nests. Nest budding, relocation, and resprouting are mechanisms that Nasutitermes may use to create a new nest for all or a portion of an established colony. The ontogeny of incipient Nasutitermes colonies is discussed as a sequence in which a young colony remains cryptic within wood, building its population size to a point where the colony can maintain and defend a nest. Early in a wet season, termites then venture from within wood to build and occupy a small arboreal nest. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Entomol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Berkeley, CA 94701 USA. RP Thorne, BL (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Entomol, Plant Sci Bldg, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 44 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 29 IS 2 BP 256 EP 264 DI 10.1603/0046-225X(2000)029[0256:NGASIT]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 359QH UT WOS:000089623200017 ER PT J AU Leyva, KJ Clancy, KM Price, PW AF Leyva, KJ Clancy, KM Price, PW TI Oviposition preference and larval performance of the western spruce budworm (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Choristoneura occidentalis; tree age; tree vigor; Douglas-fir; white fir; Engelmann spruce ID INSECT POPULATION; CHORISTONEURA-OCCIDENTALIS; BATTUS-PHILENOR; HOST; BEHAVIOR; FOLIAGE; AGE; TENTHREDINIDAE; DISCRIMINATION; HYMENOPTERA AB Many preference and performance studies have been done on latent species of insect herbivores, but few studies have examined whether eruptive species exhibit preferences for oviposition sites that affect larval survival. We used choice experiments to test whether female moths of an eruptive species (the western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman) exhibited oviposition preferences for needle age class, for age of host trees, and for host vigor among individuals of one species, Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco. We also evaluated oviposition preferences among three common host species (Douglas-fir, white fir, Abies concolor Lindl., and Engelmann spruce, Picea engelmannii Parry). Females laid more egg masses on older branches (45-60 yr old) than on younger branches (10-15 yr old) of Douglas-fir trees. Also, proportionately more eggs were laid on branches from white fir than on branches from Douglas-fir or Engelmann spruce. There were no differences in the distribution of egg masses when females were offer ed a choice between 1- and 4-yr-old Douglas-fir needles or between long and short shoots of Douglas-fir. These general patterns were obtained across two generations. However, there were no differences in viability of the F-1 or F-2 egg masses or weights of F-1 female pupae (i.e., fecundity) among treatments for any experiment. Consequently, although female moths of this eruptive species appeared to use foliar cues to determine oviposition sites, we could not link these preferences to any effects on offspring performance because performance did not vary. This contrasts with the tight linkages between preference and performance documented for many latent species. C1 No Arizona Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. US Forest Serv Res, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Midwestern Univ, Glendale, AZ 85308 USA. RI Marion-Poll, Frederic/D-8882-2011 OI Marion-Poll, Frederic/0000-0001-6824-0180 NR 40 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 7 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0046-225X EI 1938-2936 J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 29 IS 2 BP 281 EP 289 DI 10.1603/0046-225X(2000)029[0281:OPALPO]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 359QH UT WOS:000089623200020 ER PT J AU Baur, ME Boethel, DJ Boyd, ML Bowers, GR Way, MO Heatherly, LG Rabb, J Ashlock, L AF Baur, ME Boethel, DJ Boyd, ML Bowers, GR Way, MO Heatherly, LG Rabb, J Ashlock, L TI Arthropod populations in early soybean production systems in the mid-South SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Glycine max; southern green stink bug; threecornered alfalfa hopper; soybean looper; green cloverworm; velvetbean caterpillar ID STINK BUGS HETEROPTERA; ALFALFA HOPPER; MATURITY GROUP; ABUNDANCE; PENTATOMIDAE; LOUISIANA; ILLINOIS AB We compared the severity of insect problems in early and conventional soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, production systems in the mid-South. The conventional soybean production system (cultivars in maturity groups V-VII planted in May) experienced significantly higher populations of late-season defoliators than the early soybean production system (cultivars in maturity group IV planted in April). However, the early soybean production system harbored significantly larger populations of southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula (L.) and threecornered alfalfa hopper Spissistilus festinus (Say). Predators were significantly more abundant in the early soybean production system compared with the conventional soybean production system, early in the growing season. Late in the growing season, predator populations were lower in both productions systems and differences between the two systems were not significant. The results from the current study illustrated the benefits of early-planted early-maturing cultivars (early soybean production system) in avoiding lepidopterous and coleopterous defoliators that occur late in the growing season. However, our data also indicate that arthropod management will be essential in the early soybean production system because widespread use of this system will result in an abundance of suitable hosts for early-season pests. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Entomol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Ctr Agr Res & Extens, Beaumont, TX 77713 USA. ARS, USDA, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. Red River Res Stn, Bossier City, LA 71113 USA. Univ Arkansas, Arkansas Cooperat Extens Serv, Little Rock, AR 72203 USA. RP Baur, ME (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Entomol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 30 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 29 IS 2 BP 312 EP 328 DI 10.1603/0046-225X(2000)029[0312:APIESP]2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 359QH UT WOS:000089623200024 ER PT J AU Puterka, GJ Glenn, DMM Sekutowski, DG Unruh, TR Jones, SK AF Puterka, GJ Glenn, DMM Sekutowski, DG Unruh, TR Jones, SK TI Progress toward liquid formulations of particle films for insect and disease control in pear SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE particle films; insect repellent; kaolin; insect barrier ID HOMOPTERA; PSYLLIDAE AB Particle film technology is aimed at controlling both arthropod pests and diseases of plants with a hydrophobic particle barrier primarily composed of kaolin. Field studies were conducted from 1996 to 1998 to compare the efficacy of dust and liquid applications, and hydrophobic and hydrophilic particle films, against key pests of pear. In addition, the effects of particle film applications on pear yield and quality were investigated in 1998. Dust and liquid applications of hydrophobic and hydrophilic particle films obtained high levels of early-season pear psylla control and prevented pear rust mite damage. We also found that prior seasonal applications of particle films in 1997 can carry over into the 1998 season to suppress early season pear psylla oviposition. A major concern in the shift from hydrophobic to hydrophilic particle films was the loss of disease control. We found that a water-repellant particle film was not required to control the fungal disease fabraea leaf spot. Pear yields were nearly doubled by liquid formulations of hydrophobic and hydrophilic particle films. Particle film deposits were measured using a spectrophotometer method we developed. Particle deposition differed among formulations for both leaf age and leaf surface (top or bottom). Yet, the particle formulations performed about the same against insects and fungal diseases, and in how they influenced the horticultural traits. None of the particle film formulations were found to be phytotoxic to pear foliage or fruit during the study period. A shift from hydrophobic to hydrophilic particles makes it possible to more easily formulate and disperse the particles in water so that conventional spray equipment can be used. The multifunctionality and low toxicity of particle films could make them an attractive alternative to conventional pesticides. C1 ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, USDA, Kearneysville, WV 25443 USA. RP Puterka, GJ (reprint author), ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, USDA, 45 Wiltshire Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25443 USA. NR 12 TC 87 Z9 92 U1 2 U2 10 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 29 IS 2 BP 329 EP 339 DI 10.1603/0046-225X(2000)029[0329:PTLFOP]2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 359QH UT WOS:000089623200025 ER PT J AU Kim, CS Schaible, GD Daberkow, SG AF Kim, CS Schaible, GD Daberkow, SG TI An efficient cost-sharing program to reduce nonpoint-source contamination: theory and an application to groundwater contamination SO ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cost-share; irrigation; nitrogen fertilizer; nonjoint production ID POLLUTION; POLICIES; VONLIEBIG; QUALITY; DEMAND AB This research evaluates the economics of sharing improved irrigation technologies to reduce agricultural, nonpoint-source contamination. Irrigation and fertilization inefficiencies are modeled within a nonjoint production process to evaluate both private and public costs of technology adn and its effect on groundwater nitrate-contamination levels. A central Nebraska application indicates that even without a current government dy, a farmer is economically better off switching from gravity-flow to surge-flow irrigation rather a center-pivot system. An annual government subsidy of $22.50 (US$) per hectare per year is red over the life of a center-pivot system to make the farmer financially indifferent. However, sharing center-pivot adoption improves the groundwater contamination level, while other irrigation systems result in continued deterioration of groundwater quality. C1 USDA, Econ Res Serv, Resource Econ Div, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Kim, CS (reprint author), USDA, Econ Res Serv, Resource Econ Div, Rm 4056,1800 M St NW, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 33 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0943-0105 J9 ENVIRON GEOL JI Environ. Geol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 39 IS 6 BP 649 EP 659 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 314GK UT WOS:000087047900015 ER PT J AU Rieman, BE Lee, DC Thurow, RF Hessburg, PF Sedell, JR AF Rieman, BE Lee, DC Thurow, RF Hessburg, PF Sedell, JR TI Toward an integrated classification of ecosystems: Defining opportunities for managing fish and forest health SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE ecosystem management; forest health; ecological restoration; native fishes; integrated management; disturbance ID PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; MANAGEMENT; CONSERVATION; SALMON; DISTURBANCE; CALIFORNIA; DIVERSITY; HABITATS; STOCKS AB Many of the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems of the Pacific Northwest United States have been simplified and degraded in part through past land-management activities. Recent listings of fishes under the Endangered Species Act and major new initiatives for the restoration of forest health have precipitated contentious debate among managers and conservation interests in the region. Because aggressive management activities proposed far forest restoration may directly affect watershed processes and functions, the goals of aquatic and terrestrial conservation and restoration are generally viewed as in conflict. The inextricable links in ecological processes and functions, however, suggest the two perspectives should really represent elements of the same problem; that of conserving and restoring more functional landscapes. We used recent information on the status and distribution of forest and fish communities to classify river subbasins across the region and explore the potential conflict and opportunity for a more integrated view of management. Our classification indicated that there are often common trends in terrestrial and aquatic communities that highlight areas of potential convergence in management goals. Regions where patterns diverge may emphasize the need for particular care and investment in detailed risk analyses. Our spatially explicit classification of subbasin conditions provides a mechanism for progress in three areas that we think is necessary for a more integrated approach to management: (1) communication among disciplines; (2) effective prioritization of limited conservation and restoration resources; and (3) a framework for experimentation and demonstration of commitment and untested restoration techniques. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Boise, ID 83702 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Rieman, BE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 316 E Myrtle, Boise, ID 83702 USA. NR 60 TC 27 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 11 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD APR PY 2000 VL 25 IS 4 BP 425 EP 444 DI 10.1007/s002679910034 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 284DF UT WOS:000085314900008 ER PT J AU Diez-Gonzalez, F Jarvis, GN Adamovich, DA Russell, JB AF Diez-Gonzalez, F Jarvis, GN Adamovich, DA Russell, JB TI Use of carbonate and alkali to eliminate Escherichia coli from dairy cattle manure SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BICARBONATE AB A procedure to eliminate Escherichia coli in dairy cattle manure was developed. E. coli persisted in fresh manure and farm storage tanks, and viable counts ranged from 10(5) to 10(8)/g. If the feces to urine ratio of fresh manure was decreased from 2.2 to 1, E. coli did not persist for greater than or equal to 10 days (<10 viable cells/g), and it appeared that the urine was killing E. coli. Fecal urease contamination produced CO2, and 16% was trapped as carbonate. When urine pH was decreased, antimicrobial effect was lost, even if the pH was readjusted to 8.5. When E. coli K-12 and O157:H7 were treated with Na2CO3 (100 mM, pH 8.5, 24 h), viable cells were not detected. The E. coli count of manure (feces to urine ratio of 2.2:1) was decreased by Na2CO3 addition (8 g/kg), but pH sometimes declined and carbonate was lost. When NaOH was included (2 g/kg), Na2CO3 additions could be decreased (4 g/kg), and treatment time was 5 days. Treatment cost could be <$10 year(-1) (dairy cow)(-1). Water dilution (3-fold) did not diminish the effectiveness of the carbonate/alkali treatment, and viability was <10 cells/g. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Microbiol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. USDA ARS, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Russell, JB (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Microbiol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 29 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD APR 1 PY 2000 VL 34 IS 7 BP 1275 EP 1279 DI 10.1021/es9910356 PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 300BW UT WOS:000086233800039 ER PT J AU Krebs-Smith, SM Graubard, BI Kahle, LL Subar, AF Cleveland, LE Ballard-Barbash, R AF Krebs-Smith, SM Graubard, BI Kahle, LL Subar, AF Cleveland, LE Ballard-Barbash, R TI Low energy reporters vs others: a comparison of reported food intakes SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE diet surveys; dietary underreporting; energy intake; dietary assessment; diet recalls ID FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES; DIETARY; PHYSIOLOGY; WEIGHT; ADULTS AB Objective: To partition the food reports of low energy reporters (LERs) and non-LERs into four aspects-tendency to report a given food, frequency of reports per user, portion sizes per mention, and the qualitative (low-fat? low-sugar, low-energy) differences of the reports - in order to determine what differentiates them from one another. Assessment method: Two non-consecutive 24h dietary recalls. Low energy reporting was defined as energy intake lower than 80% of estimated basal metabolic rate. Setting:In-home personal interviews. Subjects: 8334 adults from a stratified, multi-stage area probability sample designed to be representative of noninstitutionlized persons residing in households in the United States. Results: Across all different types of foods, there are those food groups which LERs are less likely to report (28 of 44 food groups), those which they report less frequently when they do report them (15 of 44 groups), and those for which they report smaller quantities per mention (26 of 44). Qualitative differences in the food choices - that is, differences in fat, sugar, and/or energy content-were not so widespread (4 of 24 food groups). Conclusions: The practical application of analyses such as these is to improve the methods of gathering dietary data so that this kind of bias can be reduced. Further methodological research is needed to reduce the likelihood of respondents neglecting to mention foods and underestimating portion sizes. C1 NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Informat Management Serv Inc, Silver Spring, MD USA. USDA ARS, Riverdale, MD USA. RP Krebs-Smith, SM (reprint author), NCI, NIH, 6130 Execut Blvd MSC 7344,EPN 313, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 25 TC 138 Z9 142 U1 3 U2 14 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 0954-3007 J9 EUR J CLIN NUTR JI Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. PD APR PY 2000 VL 54 IS 4 BP 281 EP 287 DI 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600936 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 323GP UT WOS:000087558000002 PM 10745278 ER PT J AU Nielsen, FH AF Nielsen, FH TI Evolutionary events culminating in specific minerals becoming essential for life SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE essential elements; toxic elements; minerals; evolution; trace elements; homeostasis; life ID ELEMENTS AB The environment in which living organisms evolved was apparently a primary determinant of which elements became essential for life. The first organic materials and, ultimately, life forms most likely were formed in an ancient sea containing minerals that provided structural integrity and catalytic ability to the first complex organic substances. The site at which life began has been suggested to be at the edge of the sea near sediments, or around a hydro-thermal system. The strongest circumstantial evidence supports a hyperthermophilic beginning. Regardless of the site, the biological importance of elements tends to parallel oceanic abundance, but in higher forms of lift: this parallelism apparently has been mitigated by a natural selection process that resulted in some elements becoming more important because of their superior abilities over other elements to perform vital functions. The converse to biological importance is that toxicity of elements and oceanic abundance tends to be inversely related. The basis for this relationship may be that the efficiency of homeostatic mechanisms to cope with a high intake of a specific element probably reflects upon the exposure of an organism to the element during its evolution. Thus, a study of evolutionary events may be helpful in predicting and comprehending the essential and toxic nature of mineral elements in humans. C1 ARS, USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Nielsen, FH (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Box 9034,Univ Stn, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 18 TC 18 Z9 21 U1 3 U2 9 PU DR DIETRICH STEINKOPFF VERLAG PI DARMSTADT PA PLATZ DER DEUTSCHEN EINHEIT 25, D-64293 DARMSTADT, GERMANY SN 1436-6207 J9 EUR J NUTR JI Eur. J. Nutr. PD APR PY 2000 VL 39 IS 2 BP 62 EP 66 DI 10.1007/s003940050003 PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 334LD UT WOS:000088187200003 PM 10918986 ER PT J AU Grigg, BC Beyrouty, CA Norman, RJ Gbur, EE Hanson, MG Wells, BR AF Grigg, BC Beyrouty, CA Norman, RJ Gbur, EE Hanson, MG Wells, BR TI Rice responses to changes in floodwater and N timing in southern USA SO FIELD CROPS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE irrigation management; water deficit stress; root length density ID WATER MANAGEMENT; FERTILIZER NITROGEN; NUTRIENT-UPTAKE; IRRIGATED RICE; LOWLAND RICE; GRAIN-YIELD; GROWTH; DEFICIT AB Delayed application and/or early draining of floodwater to lowland irrigated rice (Oryza sativa L,) should allow producers in southern USA more time for ground application of chemicals while reducing potential hazards from aerial applications and conserving water. Two field studies were conducted to evaluate growth and yield responses of "Tebonnet", "Alan", and "Texmont" rice to reduced hood duration and altered N management. Depending upon the study, treatments consisted of normal (four- to five-leaf stage) or delayed timing of hood application in combination with recommended or earlier-than-recommended draining of the floodwater, and full-season hush irrigation. Nitrogen was either applied once at the four- to five-leaf stage or as a three-way split with normal- or earlier-than-recommended timing. Flush irrigation reduced shoot and root growth and yield of rice as compared to normal flood while delayed-flood irrigation reduced shoot dry weight but had no effect on root length density or grain and head-rice yields. Nitrogen uptake was greater with a single preflood application of N than with a three-way split application. Yields were not affected by N management or earlier-than-recommended draining of the floodwater. These data indicate that the duration of floodwater application currently practiced in rice production in southern USA may be reduced without sacrificing grain yield or quality. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Arkansas, Dept Crop & Soil Environm Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. USDA ARS MSA Soil & Water Res, Baton Rouge, LA 70808 USA. Univ Arkansas, Agr Stat Lab, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Beyrouty, CA (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, Dept Crop & Soil Environm Sci, 115 Plant Sci Bldg, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. NR 25 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4290 J9 FIELD CROP RES JI Field Crop. Res. PD APR PY 2000 VL 66 IS 1 BP 73 EP 79 DI 10.1016/S0378-4290(00)00065-4 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 300RW UT WOS:000086266800007 ER PT J AU Loskutov, AV Beninger, CW Hosfield, GL Sink, KC AF Loskutov, AV Beninger, CW Hosfield, GL Sink, KC TI Development of an improved procedure for extraction and quantitation of safranal in stigmas of Crocus sativus L. using high performance liquid chromatography SO FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID IMMOBILIZED BETA-GLUCOSIDASE; PHOTODIODE-ARRAY DETECTION; IN-VITRO; SAFFRON; PICROCROCIN; IDENTIFICATION; PURIFICATION; METABOLITES; HYDROLYSIS; COMPONENTS AB A number of methods for the preparation, extraction and HPLC analysis of saffron spice were evaluated to determine a reliable method for quantifying safranal in Crocus sativus L. stigma tissues. In vials containing ethanol/water stigma extracts, the concentration of safranal increased significantly over a 6 h time interval. In contrast, vials containing 100% acetonitrile stigma extracts showed no significant increase in safranal concentration over the same time interval. Preparation methods such as heating stigmas at 80 degrees C for 30 min prior to extraction and followed by immediate RPLC analysis increased the concentration of safranal severalfold compared to stigmas which had been prepared by freeze-drying. Preparation of ethanol-water or acetonitrile stigma extracts by drying with a rotary evaporator prior to HPLC analysis eliminated safranal from the extracts. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Hort, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, USDA ARS, Sugarbeet & Bean Res Crop & Soil Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Loskutov, AV (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Hort, Plant & Soil Sci Bldg, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NR 22 TC 27 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0308-8146 J9 FOOD CHEM JI Food Chem. PD APR PY 2000 VL 69 IS 1 BP 87 EP 95 DI 10.1016/S0308-8146(99)00246-0 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 291TR UT WOS:000085752600014 ER PT J AU Luppold, WG McWilliams, WH AF Luppold, WG McWilliams, WH TI Issues affecting the interpretation of eastern hardwood resource statistics SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID INVENTORY AB Forest inventory statistics developed by the USDA Forest Service are used by customers ranging from forest industry to state and local economic development groups. In recent years, these statistics have been used increasingly to justify greater utilization of the eastern hardwood resource or to evaluate the sustainability of expanding demand for hardwood roundwood and sawtimber. This paper examines Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) statistics and demonstrates how they can be misinterpreted. In some cases, the total fiber supply can be underestimated because cull trees are not included in estimates of growing stock and sawtimber. In other cases, the use of annualized growth and removal statistics overestimates sustainable harvest levels. Forest researchers and others using FIA data should determine the meaning of inventory statistics for the state and products under study before assessing the degree of sustainability resulting from increased demand by primary forest products manufacturers. C1 US Forest Serv, Dept Agr, NE Res Sta, Princeton, WV 24740 USA. US Forest Serv, Dept Agr, NE Res Sta, Newtown Sq, PA 19073 USA. RP Luppold, WG (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Dept Agr, NE Res Sta, 241 Mercer Springs Rd, Princeton, WV 24740 USA. NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD APR PY 2000 VL 50 IS 4 BP 21 EP 24 PG 4 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 309HR UT WOS:000086762900005 ER PT J AU Falk, RH Green, D Rammer, D Lantz, SF AF Falk, RH Green, D Rammer, D Lantz, SF TI Engineering evaluation of 55-year-old timber columns recycled from an industrial military building SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB A large sample of timber was collected from a 548,000-ft.(2) (50,900-m(2)) World War II era industrial military building containing approximately 1,875,000 board feet (4,400 m(3)) of lumber and timber. Sixty 12-foot- (3.6-m-) long, nominal 8- by 8-inches (190- by 190-mm) Douglas-fir columns were tested at the USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, and the results were compared with the National Design Specification allowable design capacity. The effects of seasoning checks and splits on residual column strength are presented. Results indicate that about one-third of the columns were downgraded due to in-service defects, such as checks, splits, and mechanical damage. Both the modulus of elasticity and compressive strength were found to be greater than today's design values. C1 US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Dept Agr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. USA, Twin Cities Army Ammunit Plant, Roseville, MN 55113 USA. RP Falk, RH (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Dept Agr, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 11 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD APR PY 2000 VL 50 IS 4 BP 71 EP 76 PG 6 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 309HR UT WOS:000086762900014 ER PT J AU Burrin, DG Stoll, B Jiang, R Petersen, YM Buddington, RK Schmidt, M Holst, JJ Hartmann, B Sangild, PT AF Burrin, DG Stoll, B Jiang, R Petersen, YM Buddington, RK Schmidt, M Holst, JJ Hartmann, B Sangild, PT TI Glucagon-like peptide-2 stimulates intestinal growth by decreasing proteolysis and apoptosis in TPN-fed preterm piglets. SO GASTROENTEROLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Baylor Coll Med, CNRC, USDA, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Royal Vet & Agr Univ, Copenhagen, Denmark. Mississippi State Univ, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Univ Copenhagen, DK-1168 Copenhagen, Denmark. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0016-5085 J9 GASTROENTEROLOGY JI Gastroenterology PD APR PY 2000 VL 118 IS 4 SU 2 MA 2879 BP A546 EP A546 PN 1 PG 1 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA 309RU UT WOS:000086783702243 ER PT J AU Choi, SW Bagley, PJ Gee, A Tsui, K Mason, JB AF Choi, SW Bagley, PJ Gee, A Tsui, K Mason, JB TI The colorectal mucosa of old rats is more susceptible to folate depletion than young rats: Implications for folate-related colorectal carcinogenesis. SO GASTROENTEROLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0016-5085 J9 GASTROENTEROLOGY JI Gastroenterology PD APR PY 2000 VL 118 IS 4 SU 2 MA 550 BP A70 EP A70 PN 1 PG 1 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA 309RU UT WOS:000086783700284 ER PT J AU Elliott, DE Crawford, C Li, J Blum, A Metwali, A Qadir, K Urban, JF Weinstock, JV AF Elliott, DE Crawford, C Li, J Blum, A Metwali, A Qadir, K Urban, JF Weinstock, JV TI Helminthic parasites inhibit spontaneous colitis IL-10 deficient mice. SO GASTROENTEROLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA. USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0016-5085 J9 GASTROENTEROLOGY JI Gastroenterology PD APR PY 2000 VL 118 IS 4 SU 2 MA 4802 BP A863 EP A863 PN 1 PG 1 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA 309RU UT WOS:000086783703516 ER PT J AU Madden, KB Whitman, L Urban, JF Finkelman, FD Katona, IM Shea-Donohue, T AF Madden, KB Whitman, L Urban, JF Finkelman, FD Katona, IM Shea-Donohue, T TI Stat6 dependence of intestinal epithelial responses to IL-4 and nematode infection in mice. SO GASTROENTEROLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Usuhs, Bethesda, MD USA. USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0016-5085 J9 GASTROENTEROLOGY JI Gastroenterology PD APR PY 2000 VL 118 IS 4 SU 2 MA 4320 BP A816 EP A816 PN 1 PG 1 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA 309RU UT WOS:000086783703333 ER PT J AU Shea-Donohue, T Hao, AP Byrd, C Chap, B McDermott, J Schopf, L Urban, JF AF Shea-Donohue, T Hao, AP Byrd, C Chap, B McDermott, J Schopf, L Urban, JF TI Regional specificity in Th2 cytokine-induced alterations in murine small intestinal and colonic smooth muscle function. SO GASTROENTEROLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Usuhs, Bethesda, MD USA. USDA, Bethesda, MD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO-ELSEVIER INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 1600 JOHN F KENNEDY BOULEVARD, STE 1800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19103-2899 USA SN 0016-5085 EI 1528-0012 J9 GASTROENTEROLOGY JI Gastroenterology PD APR PY 2000 VL 118 IS 4 SU 2 MA 5496 BP A1196 EP A1196 PN 2 PG 1 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA 309RY UT WOS:000086784100570 ER PT J AU Song, J Medline, A Mason, JB Gallinger, S Kim, YIJ AF Song, J Medline, A Mason, JB Gallinger, S Kim, YIJ TI Effects of dietary folate on intestinal tumorigenesis in the APC(min) mouse. SO GASTROENTEROLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0016-5085 J9 GASTROENTEROLOGY JI Gastroenterology PD APR PY 2000 VL 118 IS 4 SU 2 MA 1570 BP A277 EP A277 PN 1 PG 1 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA 309RU UT WOS:000086783701118 ER PT J AU del Rio, AH Bamberg, JB AF del Rio, AH Bamberg, JB TI RAPD markers efficiently distinguish heterogenous populations of wild potato (Solanum) SO GENETIC RESOURCES AND CROP EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE diversity; genebank; germplasm; potato; RAPD; Solanum sucrense ID AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIC DNA; GENETIC DIVERSITY; MAXIMUM HETEROZYGOSITY; CULTIVATED POTATO; SECT PETOTA; GERMPLASM; IDENTIFICATION; ACCESSIONS; MANAGEMENT; SOLANACEAE AB Genetic characterization of germplasm is important for setting objective guidelines for conservation. One common problem found in genebanks is determining the value of populations with insufficient or unreliable data regarding their geographic origin. In this study, a genetic analysis based on RAPD markers was conducted to characterize a 'mystery' population of Solanum sucrense, a polysomic tetraploid potato (2n=4x=48), for which adequate documentation was lacking. The comparative analysis of genetic similarities between this mystery population and each one of 30 other S. sucrense populations in the genebank revealed that all populations within this species, including the mystery population, are significantly different from being duplicates, and are therefore worthy of separate conservation. RAPD markers also distinguished the mystery population from closely related tetraploid species S. oplocense, S. gourlayi and S. tuberosum ssp. andigena, suggesting that it is also not a duplicate of a population of these species. If RAPDs can clearly differentiate populations within highly heterogeneous tetraploids like S. sucrense, they should be generally useful for determining germplasm organization within potato species. C1 Agr Res Serv, USDA, Vegetable Crops Res Unit, Interreg Potato Introduct Stn, Sturgeon Bay, WI 54235 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Bamberg, JB (reprint author), Agr Res Serv, USDA, Vegetable Crops Res Unit, Interreg Potato Introduct Stn, 4312 Hwy 42, Sturgeon Bay, WI 54235 USA. OI Del Rio, Alfonso/0000-0001-8780-747X NR 34 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-9864 J9 GENET RESOUR CROP EV JI Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 47 IS 2 BP 115 EP 121 DI 10.1023/A:1008725121904 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 314LN UT WOS:000087057400003 ER PT J AU Jarret, RL Newman, M AF Jarret, RL Newman, M TI Phylogenetic relationships among species of Citrullus and the placement of C-rehmii De Winter as determined by Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) sequence heterogeneity SO GENETIC RESOURCES AND CROP EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE Citrullus spp.; genetic diversity; internal transcribed spacer; phylogeny; watermelon ID NUCLEAR RDNA; CUCURBITACEAE; WATERMELON; DNA AB The internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS1 and ITS2) of the 18S-25S nuclear ribosomal DNA from the four recognized species of Citrullus (C. lanatus var. lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai., C. lanatus var. citroides (Bailey) Mansf., C. colocynthis (L.) Schrad., C. ecirrhosus Cogn., and C. rehmii De Winter) and Acanthosicycos naudinianus (Sond.) C. Jeffrey were amplified by PCR, and direct sequenced. Within the taxa examined, the length of ITS1 varied from 216 bp to 219 bp, and ITS2 varied from 239 bp to 249 bp. The average %CG content ranged from 59 to 64% and from 62 to 66% for ITS1 and ITS2, respectively. The greater length variation observed in ITS2 was primarily attributable to the occurrence of a (CC)(n) microsatellite. Cladistic (PAUP) and phenetic (MEGA) analyses resulted in highly resolutive trees. ITS sequence analysis placed the recently described C. rehmii adjacent to the cultivated watermelon and supported the validity of the species classification of this taxa. C1 Univ Georgia, Plant Genet Resources Unit, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. USDA ARS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Jarret, RL (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Plant Genet Resources Unit, 1109 Expt St, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. NR 29 TC 15 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-9864 J9 GENET RESOUR CROP EV JI Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 47 IS 2 BP 215 EP 222 DI 10.1023/A:1008754719102 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 314LN UT WOS:000087057400016 ER PT J AU Bunce, JA AF Bunce, JA TI Responses of stomatal conductance to light, humidity and temperature in winter wheat and barley grown at three concentrations of carbon dioxide in the field SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE barley; carbon dioxide; stomatal conductance; stomatal models; transpiration; wheat ID VAPOR-PRESSURE DEFICIT; CO2 CONCENTRATION; ELEVATED CO2; SENSITIVITY; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; ENRICHMENT; ASSIMILATION; ACCLIMATION; DROUGHT; CLIMATE AB Responses of leaf stomatal conductance to light, humidity and temperature were characterized for winter wheat and barely grown at ambient (about 350 mu mol mol(-1) in the daytime), ambient +175 and ambient +350 mu mol mol(-1) concentrations of carbon dioxide in open-topped chambers in field plots over a three year period. Stomatal responses to environment were determined by direct manipulation of single environmental factors, and those results were compared with responses derived from natural day to day variation in mid-day stomatal conductance. The purpose of these experiments was to determine the magnitude of reduction in stomatal conductance at elevated [CO2], and to assess whether the relative response of conductance to elevated [CO2] was constant across light, humidity and temperature conditions. The results indicated that light, humidity and temperature all significantly affected the relative decrease in stomatal conductance at elevated [CO2]. The relative decrease in conductance with elevated [CO2] was greater at low light, low water vapour pressure difference, and high temperature in both species. For measurements made at saturating light near mid-day, the ratio of mid-day stomatal conductances at doubled [CO2] to that at ambient [CO2] ranged from 0.42 to 0.86, with a mean of 0.66 in barley, and from 0.33 to 0.80, with a mean of 0.56 in wheat. Day-to-day variation in the relative effect of elevated [CO2] on conductance was correlated with the relative stimulation of [CO2] assimilation rate and with temperature. Some limitations of multiple linear regression, multiplicative, and 'Ball-Berry' models as summaries of the data are discussed. In barley, a better fit to the models occurred in individual years than for the combined data, and in wheat a better fit to the models occurred when data from near the end of the season were removed. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Climate Stress Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Bunce, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Climate Stress Lab, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 22 TC 56 Z9 61 U1 5 U2 35 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOB CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 6 IS 4 BP 371 EP 382 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00314.x PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 320VD UT WOS:000087420300001 ER PT J AU Tarara, JM AF Tarara, JM TI Microclimate modification with plastic mulch SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Review ID SENSIBLE HEAT-FLUX; TROPICAL LOWLAND CONDITIONS; INTEGRATED CROP MANAGEMENT; CANOPY ENERGY BALANCES; FRESH-MARKET TOMATOES; HOT PEPPER CAPSICUM; SOIL-WATER CONTENT; SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; BLACK POLYETHYLENE; SAP FLOW C1 ARS, USDA, Hort Crops Res Unit, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. RP Tarara, JM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Hort Crops Res Unit, 24106 N Bunn Rd, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. NR 114 TC 91 Z9 102 U1 3 U2 24 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD APR PY 2000 VL 35 IS 2 BP 169 EP 180 PG 12 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 304NG UT WOS:000086489900001 ER PT J AU Sainju, UM Singh, BP Rahman, S Reddy, VR AF Sainju, UM Singh, BP Rahman, S Reddy, VR TI Tillage, cover cropping, and nitrogen fertilization influence tomato yield and nitrogen uptake SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Lycopersicon esculentum; hairy vetch; Vicia villosa; fruit production ID PRODUCTION SYSTEM; ROOT DISTRIBUTION; SOIL PROPERTIES; HAIRY VETCH; GROWTH; CROPS; ACCUMULATION; GROUNDWATER; NUTRITION; PLACEMENT AB Management practices can influence tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) yield and N uptake. The effects of tillage (no-till, chisel plowing, and moldboard plowing), cover crop [hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) vs, none], and N fertilization (0, 90, and 180 kg.ha(-1) N) on transplanted tomato yield and N uptake were studied in the field from May to August in 1996 and 1997 on a Norfolk sandy loam (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic, Typic Kandiudults) in central Georgia. Plowing increased fresh and dry fruit yield and N uptake in 1996 and N fertilization increased yield and N uptake in 1996 and 1997. Plowing also increased stem and leaf dry weights and N uptake from 40 to 118 days after transplanting (DAT) in 1996. Fertilization increased stem weight and N uptake with or without hairy vetch from 54 to 68 DAT in 1996 and stem and leaf weights and N uptake at 68 DAT in 1997. Both hairy vetch and N fertilization increased leaf N concentration in 1997. Recovery of N by the plants was lower with hairy vetch than with N fertilization, but was similar to or greater with 90 than with 180 kg.ha(-1) N. We conclude that reduced tillage, such as chisel plowing, with 90 kg.ha(-1) N can sustain tomato yield and N uptake, with reduced potentials of sediments and/or NO3 contamination in surface and groundwater. C1 Ft Valley State Univ, Agr Res Stn, Ft Valley, GA 31030 USA. ARS, USDA, Natl Res Inst Remote Sensing, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, USDA, Modelling Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Sainju, UM (reprint author), Ft Valley State Univ, Agr Res Stn, Ft Valley, GA 31030 USA. NR 43 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD APR PY 2000 VL 35 IS 2 BP 217 EP 221 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 304NG UT WOS:000086489900013 ER PT J AU Stafne, ET Clark, JR Rom, CR AF Stafne, ET Clark, JR Rom, CR TI Leaf gas exchange characteristics of red raspberry germplasm in a hot environment SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE evapotranspiration; heat tolerance; net CO2 assimilation; photosynthesis; Rubus coreanus; R. innominatus; R. parvifolius; stomatal conductance ID SOUTHERN UNITED-STATES AB Net CO2 assimilation (A), evapotranspiration (ET), and stomatal conductance (g(s)) were determined In two experiments for 14 and 18 raspberry (Rubus sp.) genotypes, respectively, grown in 4-L containers and exposed to 35 degrees C daytime temperatures 2 weeks and 4 weeks after placement in growth chambers. Measurements were taken on two successive leaves on the same primocane between the third and seventh node (approximate to 75% to 85% of full leaf expansion). In Expt. 1, selections from Louisiana exhibited higher A (3.10-5.73 mu mol.m(-2).s(-1)) than those from Oregon (0.50-2.65 mu mol.m(-2).s(-1)). In Expt, 2, the genotype x time interactions were nonsignificant, and, time of measurement did not affect A or ET (P less than or equal to 0.05). Assimilation ranged from 2.08 to 6.84 mu mol.m(-2).s(-1) and varied greatly among genotypes, indicating that diverse A levels exist at high temperatures in raspberry germplasm, NC 296, a selection of R. coreanus Miq. from China, and 'Dormanred', a southern-adapted raspberry cultivar with R. parvifolius Hemsl. as a parent, had the highest A rates. Evapotranspiration and g(s) did not differ among genotypes. Average g(s) for all genotypes declined from 234 mmol.m(-2).s(-1) in week 2 to 157 mmol.m(-2).s(-1) in week 4. Our findings, coupled with plant performance under hot conditions, can be used to identify potential parental raspberry germplasm for breeding southern-adapted cultivars. C1 Univ Arkansas, Dept Hort, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Stafne, ET (reprint author), USDA ARS, Sugarcane Field Stn, HCR, Box 8, Canal Point, FL 33438 USA. NR 20 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD APR PY 2000 VL 35 IS 2 BP 278 EP 280 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 304NG UT WOS:000086489900028 ER PT J AU Thompson, TE Grauke, LJ AF Thompson, TE Grauke, LJ TI 'Hopi' pecan SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Carya illinoinensis; cultivar; variety; breeding C1 ARS, Pecan Genet & Breeding Program, USDA, Somerville, TX 77879 USA. RP Thompson, TE (reprint author), ARS, Pecan Genet & Breeding Program, USDA, Route 2,Box 133, Somerville, TX 77879 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD APR PY 2000 VL 35 IS 2 BP 308 EP 309 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 304NG UT WOS:000086489900037 ER PT J AU Coyne, DP Nuland, DS Lindgren, DT Steadman, JR Smith, DW Gonzales, J Schild, J Reiser, J Sutton, L Carlson, C Stavely, JR Miklas, P AF Coyne, DP Nuland, DS Lindgren, DT Steadman, JR Smith, DW Gonzales, J Schild, J Reiser, J Sutton, L Carlson, C Stavely, JR Miklas, P TI 'Weihing' Great Northern disease-resistant dry bean SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Phaseolus vulgaris; rust; common bacterial blight; halo blight; white mold; bean common mosaic virus ID WHITE MOLD DISEASE; PHASEOLUS-VULGARIS C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Hort, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, USDA, Irrigated Agr Res & Extens Ctr, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Plant Pathol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Coyne, DP (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Hort, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 11 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD APR PY 2000 VL 35 IS 2 BP 310 EP 312 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 304NG UT WOS:000086489900038 ER PT J AU Kariuki, CW McIntosh, AH Goodman, CL AF Kariuki, CW McIntosh, AH Goodman, CL TI In vitro host range studies with a new baculovirus isolate from the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (L.) (Plutellidae : Lepidoptera) SO IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY-ANIMAL LA English DT Article DE lepidopteran cell lines; PxMNPV ID NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS-VIRUS; INSECT-CELL-LINE; AUTOGRAPHA-CALIFORNICA; PLAQUE VARIANTS; ALFALFA LOOPER; CELERY LOOPER; REPLICATION; INFECTIVITY; HELIOTHIS; INVITRO AB The in vitro most range of a newly isolated baculovirus from the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella was tested against six lepidopteran cell lines. Two baculoviruses with wide host ranges from the alfalfa looper Autographa californica (A. californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus, AcMNPV) and the celery looper Anagrapha falcifera (AfMNPV) were also included in this study for comparative purposes. PxMNPV replicated in all six cell lines and produced occlusion bodies, with HV-AM1 and TN-CL1 cells producing the highest viral titers and greatest number of occlusion bodies. There was no significant replication of AcMNPV and AfMNPV in the HZ-FB33 cell line and thus no production of occlusion bodies. The restriction endonuclease profiles of the three baculoviruses showed similarities but could be readily distinguished from each other Either HV-AM1 or TN-CL1 would be suitable cell lines for the in vitro production of PxMNPV. C1 ARS, USDA, Columbia, MO 65203 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Entomol, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP McIntosh, AH (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Columbia, MO 65203 USA. NR 23 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC IN VITRO BIOLOGY PI LARGO PA 9315 LARGO DR WEST, STE 25, LARGO, MD 20774 USA SN 1071-2690 J9 IN VITRO CELL DEV-AN JI In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol.-Anim. PD APR PY 2000 VL 36 IS 4 BP 271 EP 276 PG 6 WC Cell Biology; Developmental Biology SC Cell Biology; Developmental Biology GA 323ET UT WOS:000087552700009 ER PT J AU Camacho-Nuez, M Munoz, MD Suarez, CE McGuire, TC Brown, WC Palmer, GH AF Camacho-Nuez, M Munoz, MD Suarez, CE McGuire, TC Brown, WC Palmer, GH TI Expression of polymorphic msp1 beta genes during acute Anaplasma marginale rickettsemia SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID MAJOR SURFACE PROTEIN-2; MULTIGENE FAMILY; MOLECULAR-BASIS; IMMUNIZATION; VARIANTS; ADHESINS; COMPLEX; ISOLATE; CATTLE; MSP-1 AB Immunization of cattle with native MSP1 induces protection against Anaplasma marginale. The native immunogen is composed of a single MSP1a protein and multiple, undefined MSP1b polypeptides. In addition to the originally sequenced gene, designated msp1 beta(F1), we identified three complete msp1 beta genes in the Florida strain: msp1 beta(F2), msp1 beta(F3), and msp1 beta(F4). Each of these polymorphic genes encodes a structurally unique MSP1b protein, and unique transcripts can be identified during acute A. marginale rickettsemia. The structural polymorphism is clustered in discrete variable regions, and each MSP1b protein results from a unique mosaic of five variable regions. Although each of the MSP1b proteins in the Florida strain contains epitopes recognized by serum antibody induced by protective immunization with the native MSP1 complex, the variable regions also include epitopes expressed by some but not all of the MSP1b proteins. These data support testing recombinant vaccines composed of the multiple antigenically and structurally unique MSP1b proteins combined with MSP1a in order to mimic the efficacy of native MSP1 immunization. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Inst Politecn Nacl, CINVESTAV, Dept Genet & Mol Biol, Mexico City 07000, DF, Mexico. CENSA, Dept Biol Mol, Havana, Cuba. Agr Res Serv, Anim Dis Res Unit, USDA, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Palmer, GH (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RI Suarez, Carlos/A-3121-2008 FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI044005, R01 AI44005] NR 31 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD APR PY 2000 VL 68 IS 4 BP 1946 EP 1952 DI 10.1128/IAI.68.4.1946-1952.2000 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 296EP UT WOS:000086010300028 PM 10722587 ER PT J AU Haake, DA Chao, G Zuerner, RL Barnett, JK Barnett, D Mazel, M Matsunaga, J Levett, PN Bolin, CA AF Haake, DA Chao, G Zuerner, RL Barnett, JK Barnett, D Mazel, M Matsunaga, J Levett, PN Bolin, CA TI The leptospiral major outer membrane protein LipL32 is a lipoprotein expressed during mammalian infection SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID INTERROGANS SEROVAR HARDJO; TREPONEMA-PALLIDUM; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; PATHOGENIC LEPTOSPIRA; MOLECULAR-CLONING; BOVIS INFECTION; BORRELIA-BURGDORFERI; GENE; VACCINATION; IMMUNOGEN AB We report the cloning of the gene encoding the 32-kDa lipoprotein, designated LipL32, the most prominent protein in the leptospiral protein profile. We obtained the N-terminal amino acid sequence of a staphylococcal V8 proteolytic-digest fragment to design an oligonucleotide probe. A Lambda-Zap II library containing EcoRI fragments of Leptospira kirschneri DNA was screened, and a 5.0-kb DNA fragment which contained the entire structural lipL32 gene was identified. Several lines of evidence indicate that LipL32 is lipid modified in a manner similar to that of other procaryotic lipoproteins. The deduced amino acid sequence of LipL32 would encode a 272-amino-acid poly-peptide with a 19-amino-acid signal peptide, followed by a lipoprotein signal peptidase cleavage site. LipL32 is intrinsically labeled during incubation of L. kirschneri in media containing [H-3]palmitate. The linkage of palmitate and the amino-terminal cysteine of LipL32 is acid labile, LipL32 is completely solubilized by Triton X-114 extraction of L. kirschneri; phase separation results in partitioning of LipL32 exclusively into the hydrophobic, detergent phase, indicating that it is a component of the leptospiral outer membrane. CaCl2 (20 mM) must be present during phase separation for recovery of LipL32. LipL32 is expressed not only during cultivation but also during mammalian infection. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated intense LipL32 reactivity with L. kirshneri infecting proximal tubules of hamster kidneys. LipL32 is also a prominent immunogen during human leptospirosis. The sequence and expression of LipL32 is highly conserved among pathogenic Leptospira species. These findings indicate that LipL32 my be important in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and prevention of Leptospirosis. C1 VA Greater LA Healthcare Syst, Div Infect Dis, Los Angeles, CA 90073 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Med, Dept Med, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Univ So Indiana, Dept Biol, Evansville, IN 47712 USA. Univ W Indies, Sch Clin Med & Res, Bridgetown, Barbados. RP VA Greater LA Healthcare Syst, Div Infect Dis, 111F, Los Angeles, CA 90073 USA. EM dhaake@ucla.edu FU NIAID NIH HHS [R29 AI034431, R01 AI034431, R21 AI034431, AI-34431, R29 AI034431-04] NR 42 TC 257 Z9 320 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0019-9567 EI 1098-5522 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD APR PY 2000 VL 68 IS 4 BP 2276 EP 2285 DI 10.1128/IAI.68.4.2276-2285.2000 PG 10 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 296EP UT WOS:000086010300071 PM 10722630 ER PT J AU Dean-Nystrom, EA Pohlenz, JFL Moon, HW O'Brien, AD AF Dean-Nystrom, EA Pohlenz, JFL Moon, HW O'Brien, AD TI Escherichia coli O157 : H7 causes more-severe systemic disease in suckling piglets than in colostrum-deprived neonatal piglets SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID SHIGA-LIKE TOXIN; GNOTOBIOTIC PIGLETS; REQUIRES INTIMIN; IN-VITRO; INFECTION; PIGS; LESIONS; CALVES; MODEL; GENE AB Our objective was to determine if suckling neonatal piglets are susceptible to enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 disease. Surprisingly, EHEC O157:H7 caused more-rapid and more-severe neurological disease in suckling neonates than in those fed an artificial diet. Shiga toxin-negative O157:H7 did not cause neurological disease but colonized and caused attaching-and-effacing intestinal lesions. C1 ARS, Enter Dis & Food Safety Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Univ Hannover, Sch Vet Med, Inst Pathol, Hannover, Germany. Iowa State Univ, Dept Vet Pathol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, F Edward Hebert Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. RP Dean-Nystrom, EA (reprint author), ARS, Enter Dis & Food Safety Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01AI41328] NR 22 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD APR PY 2000 VL 68 IS 4 BP 2356 EP 2358 DI 10.1128/IAI.68.4.2356-2358.2000 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 296EP UT WOS:000086010300084 PM 10722643 ER PT J AU Shufran, KA Burd, JD Anstead, JA Lushai, G AF Shufran, KA Burd, JD Anstead, JA Lushai, G TI Mitochondrial DNA sequence divergence among greenbug (Homoptera : Aphididae) biotypes: evidence for host-adapted races SO INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biotype; cytochrome oxidase I gene; host-adapted races; Schizaphis graminum; molecular phylogenetics ID SCHIZAPHIS-GRAMINUM HOMOPTERA; SUBSTITUTIONS; EVOLUTION AB The full complement of known greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), biotypes found in the USA were subjected to a molecular phylogenetic analysis based on a 1.2-kb portion of the cytochrome oxidase I mitochondrial gene. In addition to these nine biotypes (B, C, E, F, G, H, I, J and K), a probable isolate of the enigmatic biotype A (NY), a 'new biotype' collected from Elymus canadensis (L.) (CWR), and an isolate from Germany (EUR) were included. Schizaphis rotundiventris (Signoret) was included as an outgroup. Genetic distances among S. graminum biotypes ranged from 0.08% to 6.17% difference in nucleotide substitutions. Neighbour-joining, maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses all produced dendrograms revealing three clades within S. graminum. Clade 1 contained the 'agricultural' biotypes commonly found on sorghum and wheat (C, E, K, I, plus J) and there were few substitutions among these biotypes. Clade 2 contained F, G and NY, and Clade 3 contained B, CWR and EUR, all of which are rarely found on crops. The rarest biotype, H, fell outside the above clades and may represent another Schizaphis species. S. graminum biotypes are a mixture of genotypes belonging to three clades and may have diverged as host-adapted races on wild grasses. C1 ARS, USDA, Plant Sci & Water Conservat Res Lab, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Entomol & Plant Pathol, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Univ Southampton, Sch Biol Sci, Biodivers & Ecol Div, Southampton, Hants, England. RP Shufran, KA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Plant Sci & Water Conservat Res Lab, 1301 N Western Rd, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. RI Anstead, James/A-5250-2008 NR 26 TC 88 Z9 102 U1 2 U2 8 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1075 J9 INSECT MOL BIOL JI Insect Mol. Biol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 9 IS 2 BP 179 EP 184 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2583.2000.00177.x PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA 308FQ UT WOS:000086700200007 PM 10762425 ER PT J AU Fall, MW Jackson, WB AF Fall, MW Jackson, WB TI Future technology for managing problems with vertebrate pests and over-abundant wildlife - an introduction SO INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, APHIS, WS, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Bowling Green State Univ, Dept Biol, Bowling Green, OH 43403 USA. RP Fall, MW (reprint author), USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, APHIS, WS, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0964-8305 J9 INT BIODETER BIODEGR JI Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. PD APR-JUN PY 2000 VL 45 IS 3-4 BP 93 EP 95 DI 10.1016/S0964-8305(00)00055-X PG 3 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 357CZ UT WOS:000089482100001 ER PT J AU York, DL Cummings, JL Engeman, RM Wedemeyer, KL AF York, DL Cummings, JL Engeman, RM Wedemeyer, KL TI Hazing and movements of Canada geese near Elmendorf Air Force Base in Anchorage, Alaska SO INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION LA English DT Article ID GOOSE PROBLEMS AB Bird strikes to aircraft are a serious economic and safety problem in the United States, annually causing millions of dollars in damage to civilian and military aircraft and the occasional loss of human life. We observed movements of 1236 neckbanded lesser Canada geese (Branta canadensis parvipes) to determine efficacy of hazing as a means to reduce goose presence at Elmendorf Air Force Base (EAFB), Anchorage, Alaska from August to October 1997. Emphasis was on movements of geese onto EAFB with additional data collected at the other two major airports in the area, Anchorage International Airport (AIA) and Merrill Field Airport (MFA). Daily observations indicated the presence of 208 individual neckbanded geese on EAFB, and 20% returned more than once after being hazed from EAFB. We identified three staging areas, geese utilized prior to entering EAFB, and three post-hazing dispersal sites. Collared geese began moving onto EAFB 30-40 days post-molt with the largest proportions moving onto EAFB 70-90 days post-molt, We observed 75 neckbanded geese on AIA from seven molting sites, and 23% returned more than once after being hazed from AIA. We observed 141 neckbanded geese on MFA from 14 molting sites, and 21% returned more than once after being hazed from MFA. Our data indicated that as long as local goose populations increase, large numbers of Anchorage area geese are likely to enter one of the airports creating a variety of management problems. Hazed geese returning to airports multiple times present a special hazard to aircraft safety because they appear to have become habituated to non-lethal scare tactics. We recommend an integrated management approach to limit the Anchorage area goose population utilizing various control techniques which are acceptable to Anchorage residents while continuing the hazing program at area airports. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. US Dept Def, 3CES CEV, Anchorage, AK 99506 USA. RP York, DL (reprint author), Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. EM daryl.l.york@usda.gov NR 22 TC 8 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0964-8305 J9 INT BIODETER BIODEGR JI Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. PD APR-JUN PY 2000 VL 45 IS 3-4 BP 103 EP 110 DI 10.1016/S0964-8305(00)00040-8 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 357CZ UT WOS:000089482100003 ER PT J AU Servoss, W Engeman, RM Fairaizl, S Cummings, JL Groninger, NP AF Servoss, W Engeman, RM Fairaizl, S Cummings, JL Groninger, NP TI Wildlife hazard assessment for Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport SO INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION LA English DT Article ID BIRD AB We examined wildlife abundance, distribution, and movement patterns at Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport (PHX) and within an 8-km radius to assess current air-strike hazards, and to provide baseline information for projecting changes in air-strike hazards as land-use patterns around PHX change. We found that water sources at or near PHX especially induced wildlife movement patterns that put air traffic at risk. This was particularly true of the Salt River bed adjacent to the airport, which also is a natural flight corridor for birds. Compounding the problem, air traffic at PHX was the heaviest when bird abundance and activity was the greatest during migration and breeding. We feel that air strike hazards at PHX are likely to increase substantially as the Salt River bed is reclaimed to produce additional lakes and high quality riparian habitat. We offer recommendations to reduce the hazard levels currently found at PHX and to reduce additional hazards as the habitat around PHX is converted and produces more attractive wildlife habitat. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. USDA, APHIS, WS, Phoenix, AZ 85029 USA. RP Engeman, RM (reprint author), Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 22 TC 6 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0964-8305 J9 INT BIODETER BIODEGR JI Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. PD APR-JUN PY 2000 VL 45 IS 3-4 BP 111 EP 127 DI 10.1016/S0964-8305(00)00056-1 PG 17 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 357CZ UT WOS:000089482100004 ER PT J AU Stevens, GR Rogue, J Weber, R Clark, L AF Stevens, GR Rogue, J Weber, R Clark, L TI Evaluation of a radar-activated, demand-performance bird hazing system SO INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION LA English DT Article AB We evaluated a radar-activated integrated hazing system for the protection of waterfowl at large contaminated ponds at a power plant. The hazing devices in the system included acoustic alarm calls, pyrotechnics and chemical repellents dispersed in the form of a bird lear-gas. Unlike, timed interval systems, or systems with random activation sequences, birds did not habituate to the demand-performance system tested. Over the course of a year, we documented that waterfowl were 12.5 times less likely to fly over the hazed contaminated ponds relative to a non-hazed control pond. Of the waterfowl that did fly over both ponds, the likelihood of landing on the hazed contaminated pond was 4.2 times Less relative to the control. Hazing also altered the flight direction and altitude of waterfowl. Mortality during the year the hazing system was in place decreased by a factor 6.5 relative to previous years where the system was not in operation. Demand-performance integrated hazing systems show promise in protecting large areas where placement of operators is not practical for logistic, safety, or long-term cost reasons. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Knight Piesold & Co, Denver, CO 80265 USA. RP Clark, L (reprint author), Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 4101 La Porte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 27 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0964-8305 J9 INT BIODETER BIODEGR JI Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. PD APR-JUN PY 2000 VL 45 IS 3-4 BP 129 EP 137 DI 10.1016/S0964-8305(00)00065-2 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 357CZ UT WOS:000089482100005 ER PT J AU Engeman, RM Vice, DS Nelson, G Muna, E AF Engeman, RM Vice, DS Nelson, G Muna, E TI Brown tree snakes effectively removed from a large plot of land on Guam by perimeter trapping SO INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION LA English DT Article ID BOIGA-IRREGULARIS AB The brown tree snake introduction to Guam has had serious environmental, economic and social consequences. Trapping brown tree snakes in the vicinities of ports and other cargo staging facilities is central to a program implemented to deter its dispersal from Guam. Trapping forested plots on their perimeters has been an efficient and effective trap placement strategy for removing brown tree snakes from plots up to 8.4 ha. Here we examined whether this trap placement strategy was effective on a 17.8 ha plot, over twice the size of plot for which there was solid evidence of perimeter trapping's efficacy. We found that brown tree snakes were removed according to an exponential decay function. From 7 weeks on of trapping, snake captures had declined to low steady state levels that may best reflect population recruitment in the plot. After 22 weeks of trapping, both the plot interior and perimeter were trapped in a second phase designed to determine if the central portion of the plot contained reservoirs of brown tree snake populations. The second trapping phase lasted for 8 weeks and produced the same low, steady state capture rates as the final 16 weeks of the first phase that used only perimeter trapping. Only five snakes were captured in the plot interior in the second phase. We concluded that perimeter trapping removed brown tree snakes throughout the plot and the strategy could be applied to larger plots than demonstrated previously. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA, APHIS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. USDA, APHIS, WS, Barrigada Hts, GU USA. RP Engeman, RM (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 4101 Laporte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 18 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0964-8305 J9 INT BIODETER BIODEGR JI Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. PD APR-JUN PY 2000 VL 45 IS 3-4 BP 139 EP 142 DI 10.1016/S0964-8305(00)00039-1 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 357CZ UT WOS:000089482100006 ER PT J AU Moser, BW Witmer, GW AF Moser, BW Witmer, GW TI The effects of elk and cattle foraging on the vegetation, birds, and small mammals of the Bridge Creek Wildlife Area, Oregon SO INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION LA English DT Article ID YELLOWSTONE-NATIONAL-PARK; NORTHEASTERN OREGON; COMMUNITY; GRASSLANDS; STABILITY; PREDATION; FORESTS; RODENTS; DROUGHT; DEER AB High densities of elk (Cervus elaphus), especially when combined with cattle (Bos taurus), may adversely affect local reforestation efforts and reduce forage availability. Few studies, however, have assessed the potential impacts of high densities of elk, combined with cattle, on biodiversity. We compared vegetation, bird, and small mammal diversity of three elk and cattle exclosures (ungrazed sites) to three grazed sites in the Blue Mountains of eastern Oregon. Shrub species richness was greater on ungrazed than grazed sites (P = 0.04). We found no differences in herbaceous vegetative cover, biomass, species richness, or diversity, bird abundance, species richness, or diversity between grazed and ungrazed sites. Small mammal abundance (P less than or equal to 0.01), species richness (PI 0.01), and diversity (P less than or equal to 0.03) were greater on ungrazed than grazed sires. In this study, foraging by elk and cattle appears to be reducing shrub and small mammal biodiversity. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA, APHIS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Potlatch Corp, Boardman, OR 97818 USA. RP Witmer, GW (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 4101 La Porte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 50 TC 24 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 20 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0964-8305 J9 INT BIODETER BIODEGR JI Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. PD APR-JUN PY 2000 VL 45 IS 3-4 BP 151 EP 157 DI 10.1016/S0964-8305(00)00036-6 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 357CZ UT WOS:000089482100008 ER PT J AU Hygnstrom, SE VerCauteren, KC AF Hygnstrom, SE VerCauteren, KC TI Cost-effectiveness of five burrow fumigants for managing black-tailed prairie dogs SO INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION LA English DT Article DE aluminum phosphide; animal damage control; chloropicrin; Cynomys spp; economics; fumigants; gas cartridges; methyl bromide; prairie dog ID WESTERN SOUTH-DAKOTA; MIXED-GRASS PRAIRIE; SHORTGRASS RANGE; ZINC PHOSPHIDE; FORMULATIONS; CONSEQUENCES; DIVERSITY; EFFICACY; CATTLE AB We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of two solid form burrow fumigants (aluminum phosphide and gas cartridges) and three pressurized gas-liquid burrow fumigants (methyl bromide, chloropicrin, and a methyl bromide-chloropicrin mixture) for managing black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus). Fifty-two variable-sized plots, including 25 treatment and 25 control burrows, were established within 13 prairie dog colonies in central Nebraska during spring 1989. Each group of 25 treatment burrows was fumigated with one of the five fumigants according to label directions or manufacturer recommendations. All five fumigants reduced burrow activity 95-98%, as measured by a plugged burrow technique. No significant differences in efficacy (P = 0.453) were detected among the five treatments. Total costs for materials and labor for the aluminum phosphide and gas cartridges, excluding application equipment, were twice ($75.00 to $96.88 ha(-1)) the cost of the pressurized gas-liquid fumigants ($37.67 to $41.76 ha(-1)). Costs for the application equipment were considerably higher for the pressurized materials. Each treatment required labor for burrow plugging, which accounted for 50-75% of the total cost. None of the products tested met all requirements of a proposed selection criteria for fumigants. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Nebraska, Sch Nat Resource Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Hygnstrom, SE (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Sch Nat Resource Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 75 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0964-8305 J9 INT BIODETER BIODEGR JI Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. PD APR-JUN PY 2000 VL 45 IS 3-4 BP 159 EP 168 DI 10.1016/S0964-8305(00)00037-8 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 357CZ UT WOS:000089482100009 ER PT J AU Nolte, DL Barnett, JP AF Nolte, DL Barnett, JP TI A repellent to reduce mouse damage to longleaf pine seed SO INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION LA English DT Article DE deer mice; house mice; Mus musculus; Peromyseus maniculatus; damage reduction; Pinus palustris; repellents; seeds AB Direct seeding is a potential method for reforestation of pines on many southern sites. The success of direct seeding, however, depends, at least in part, in reducing seed predation by birds and rodents. We conducted a series of tests to assess the efficacy of capsicum and thiram in reducing mouse damage to longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) seeds. House mice (Mus musculus) predation was reduced (P < 0.05) by treating seeds with either capsicum or thiram or a mixture of the two ingredients. Deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) avoided seeds treated with a mixture of capsicum and thiram. We conclude that the capsicum and thiram mixture should be pursued as a potential repellent to protect longleaf pine seeds From animal predation when these seeds are used in direct seeding efforts to establish southern pine forests. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA, APHIS, WS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. RP Nolte, DL (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, WS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 9730-B Lathrop Ind Dr, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. NR 26 TC 21 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0964-8305 J9 INT BIODETER BIODEGR JI Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. PD APR-JUN PY 2000 VL 45 IS 3-4 BP 169 EP 174 DI 10.1016/S0964-8305(00)00060-3 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 357CZ UT WOS:000089482100010 ER PT J AU Bryant, BP Savchenko, A Clark, L Mason, JR AF Bryant, BP Savchenko, A Clark, L Mason, JR TI Potential for cell culture techniques as a wildlife management tool for screening primary repellents management SO INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION LA English DT Article DE chicken; Canada goose; coyote; deer; neuron; rat; repellent; trigeminal ID CHEMICAL-STRUCTURE; BIRD REPELLENTS; EUROPEAN STARLINGS; AVIAN REPELLENCY; CAPSAICIN; RESPONSIVENESS; ANTHRANILATE; AVERSIVENESS; AVOIDANCE; CONIFERYL AB The identification of new chemical repellents for wildlife damage management is impeded by the need to perform cumbersome and expensive behavioral tests. Here, we report the development of in vitro cell culture methods to increase the speed and efficiency of repellent screening while reducing costs, as well as the number of animals necessary for research. Our methods exploit the fact that effective primary repellents depend on the stimulation of pain receptors. We cultured trigeminal nociceptors (pain receptors) from Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus, laboratory strain), white leghorn chicken (Gallus gallus), coyote (Canis latrans), white-railed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and Canada goose (Branta canadensis), and then applied digital fluorescence microscopy to measure changes in intracellular calcium (an index of cellular activation) in response to applications of known and effective repellents. Capsaicin, bradykinin and acetylcholine were more effective stimuli for rat, coyote, and deer neurons than cells from chicken. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Monell Chem Senses Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. USDA, APHIS, WS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Utah State Univ, USDA, APHIS, WS,Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Bryant, BP (reprint author), Monell Chem Senses Ctr, 3500 Market St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. NR 42 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0964-8305 J9 INT BIODETER BIODEGR JI Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. PD APR-JUN PY 2000 VL 45 IS 3-4 BP 175 EP 181 DI 10.1016/S0964-8305(00)00038-X PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 357CZ UT WOS:000089482100011 ER PT J AU Dunlevy, PA Campbell, WM Lindsey, GD AF Dunlevy, PA Campbell, WM Lindsey, GD TI Broadcast application of a placebo rodenticide bait in a native Hawaiian forest SO INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION LA English DT Article ID RATTUS-RATTUS; NEW-ZEALAND; ISLAND; RATS AB This study consisted of three replicates of controlled field trials using a pelletized placebo (Ramik(R) Green formulated without diphacinone) bait treated with a biological marker and broadcast at three application rates - 11.25, 22.5 and 33.75 kg/ha. We determined that Polynesian (Rattus exulans) and roof rats (Rattus rattus) consumed this bait when broadcast on the ground and assessed the optimal sewage rate to result in maximum exposure of bait to the rats while minimizing bait usage. All Polynesian rats captured in all application rates had eaten the bait. The percentage of roof rats that had eaten the bait increased with application rate, however, 22.5 kg/ha was clearly the optimal application rate. Bait degradation and invertebrate activity was documented and assessed. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr,Hawaii Field Stn, Hilo, HI 96721 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Pacific Isl Ecosyst Res Ctr, Kilauea Field Stn, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. RP Campbell, WM (reprint author), USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr,Hawaii Field Stn, POB 10880, Hilo, HI 96721 USA. NR 30 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 3 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0964-8305 EI 1879-0208 J9 INT BIODETER BIODEGR JI Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. PD APR-JUN PY 2000 VL 45 IS 3-4 BP 199 EP 208 DI 10.1016/S0964-8305(00)00066-4 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 357CZ UT WOS:000089482100013 ER PT J AU Ramey, CA Primus, TM Griffin, DL Johnston, JJ AF Ramey, CA Primus, TM Griffin, DL Johnston, JJ TI Weatherability of a steam-rolled oat great chlorophacinone ground squirrel bait under field and laboratory conditions SO INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION LA English DT Article AB Investigations of the weatherability of spot-baiting for ground squirrel control in northern CA field studies were conducted with a registered bait consisting of 0.01% chlorophacinone (an anticoagulant rodenticide) on steam-rolled oat greats. For reference purposes, a laboratory test was later conducted in an environmental chamber simulating some of the observed weather conditions. Three weathering plots were established in alfalfa for field tests. Each was baited with rodenticide fortified bait that was handled the same as for a simultaneous control project. Test areas were protected with wire mesh to prevent bait consumption by birds and mammals. Bait samples were collected daily over 7 days, then frozen, and shipped for analysis. Test No. 1 conducted under wet conditions showed a 71% loss of chlorophacinone after 1 week. Test No. 2 demonstrated a 57% loss of chlorophacinone under drier conditions. Test No. 3, a 24 h Lest under very wet conditions within the alfalfa field irrigated by overhead sprinklers, had a 92% loss of chlorophacinone. Laboratory studies using controlled environmental conditions: light (16 h light:8 h dark), with a mean relative humidity of 98%, and a range of temperature 11.1-27.8 degrees C (52-82 degrees F) showed approximate to 50% loss of the chlorophacinone. The magnitude was less (37% at 7 days) in the environmental chamber when corrected for water weight gain. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Ramey, CA (reprint author), Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 4101 Laporte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0964-8305 J9 INT BIODETER BIODEGR JI Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. PD APR-JUN PY 2000 VL 45 IS 3-4 BP 209 EP 214 DI 10.1016/S0964-8305(00)00067-6 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 357CZ UT WOS:000089482100014 ER PT J AU Hygnstrom, SE VerCauteren, KC Hines, RA Mansfield, CW AF Hygnstrom, SE VerCauteren, KC Hines, RA Mansfield, CW TI Efficacy of in-furrow zinc phosphide pellets for controlling rodent damage in no-till corn SO INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION LA English DT Article DE conservation tillage; corn; economics; efficacy; field mice; no-till; Microtus; Peromyscus; rodents; voles; wildlife damage management; zinc phosphide AB Plagues of rodents in field crops have been a problem of human societies for centuries. These problems diminished with the onset of effective herbicides and clean farming practices in the 1960s, but there has been a resurgence of rodent irruptions in cropfields since the advent of conservation tillage systems. We examined the efficacy of in-furrow applications of 2% zinc phosphide (Zn3P2) pellets (27.5 kg ha(-1) [5 lb acre(-1)]) at planting for the control of rodent damage in no-till corn. Three independent field studies were conducted in northeastern NE, southern IL, and southern IN. Vole populations in the most severely damaged fields (IL) ranged from 104 to 138 active colonies ha(-1). Zn3P2 reduced yield loss in the three study areas by 7-34%. Projected economic returns ranged from US$1044 to US$5360, based on representative 64-ha fields and a net profit of US$250 ha(-1). Benefit:cost ratios ranged from 1.1 to 5.6:1 and were directly related to vole population levels. To prevent rodent damage in no-till cornfields, we recommend an integrated pest management approach that incorporates the use of a combination of the following techniques: rodent population monitoring, economic thresholds, mowing, early pre-plant herbicides, broadcast whole-kernel corn, and in-furrow applications of Zn3P2 pellets. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Nebraska, Sch Nat Resource Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, USDA, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Dixon Springs Agr Ctr, Simpson, IL USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Agron, Vincennes, IN 47591 USA. RP Hygnstrom, SE (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Sch Nat Resource Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 41 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0964-8305 J9 INT BIODETER BIODEGR JI Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. PD APR-JUN PY 2000 VL 45 IS 3-4 BP 215 EP 222 DI 10.1016/S0964-8305(00)00069-X PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 357CZ UT WOS:000089482100015 ER PT J AU Ramey, CA Bourassa, JB Brooks, JE AF Ramey, CA Bourassa, JB Brooks, JE TI Potential risks to ring-necked pheasants in California agricultural areas using zinc phosphide SO INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION LA English DT Article ID SURVIVAL; ALFALFA; BAITS AB Both wild-caught (32) and pen-reared (29) ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) were studied using radio-telemetry in agricultural areas including: mile (sorghum - Sorghum vulgare), rice (Oryza sativa), corn (Zen mays), alfalfa (Medicago sativa). melon (Cucumis melo), and weeds. Following capture, demographic data collection, and radio-collaring, they were released into agricultural habitats near Meridian and Nicolaus, CA. After 7 days of acclimation, habitat use and mortality of radio-collared birds were monitored daily using radio-telemetry with Global Positioning Satellites units to record their locations. Randomly selected Meridian alfalfa fields (approximate to 160 acres) were treated with 2% zinc phosphide (Zn3P2) on steamed rolled oat (SRO) baits for vole control. whereas, Nicolaus alfalfa fields (approximate to 160 acres) were treated with placebo baits. After approximate to 5 weeks of radio-tracking during September and October 1996, no pheasants were killed as a result of the Zn3P2 baiting. Baits lost substantial potency (> 30%) during their exposure to field conditions after 24 h. Most pheasants died from avian or mammalian predation (n = 34, 85%) with pen-reared pheasants more vulnerable to predation than wild pheasants. All mortalities were found in habitats other than alfalfa; upon dissection, they did not have SRO baits (either control or treated) in their gastrointestinal tracts. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Ramey, CA (reprint author), Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 31 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0964-8305 J9 INT BIODETER BIODEGR JI Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. PD APR-JUN PY 2000 VL 45 IS 3-4 BP 223 EP 230 DI 10.1016/S0964-8305(00)00068-8 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 357CZ UT WOS:000089482100016 ER PT J AU Hummer, KE AF Hummer, KE TI 'Viking' Red Currant SO JOURNAL AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB Ribes petraeum Wulf x R. rubrum L. cv. Viking originated in As, Norway as 'Rote Hollandische' but was renamed in the United States. Glen G. Hahn originally imported this clone in the early 1930's be cause of its resistance to white pine blister rust, Cronartium ribicola J. C. Fischer. Hahn renamed the cultivar for the United States market to prevent confusion with R. rubrum cv. American Red Dutch, which was rust susceptible. 'Viking' is a vigorous, good-yielding, cold hardy cultivar with resistance to North American diseases and pests. White pine blister rust uredia have not been observed on leaves of this cultivar under natural field conditions throughout the United States, although susceptibility to rust has been reported under highly infective laboratory conditions. C1 Agr Res Serv, USDA, Natl Clonal Germplasm Repository, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Hummer, KE (reprint author), Agr Res Serv, USDA, Natl Clonal Germplasm Repository, 33447 Peoria Rd, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER POMOLOGICAL SOC PI UNIVERSITY PK PA 103 TYSON BUILDING, UNIVERSITY PK, PA 16802 USA SN 1527-3741 J9 J AMER POMOLOG SOC JI J. Amer. Pomolog. Soc. PD APR PY 2000 VL 54 IS 2 BP 54 EP 56 PG 3 WC Agronomy; Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 314FM UT WOS:000087045400001 ER PT J AU Lu, ZX Reighard, GL Nyczepir, AP Beckman, TG AF Lu, ZX Reighard, GL Nyczepir, AP Beckman, TG TI Inocula and media affect root-knot nematode infection of peach seedling roots SO JOURNAL AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID PRUNUS-CERASIFERA EHR; MELOIDOGYNE-INCOGNITA; MYROBALAN PLUM; ALMOND HYBRID; IN-VITRO; RESISTANCE; ARENARIA; TEMPERATURE; AGE; EXPRESSION AB Six initial population densities (Pi) (0, 2000, 4000, 6000, 8000 and 10,000 eggs per 1200 cm(3) soil) of two root-knot nematode species [Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) (Mi) and M. javanica (Treub) (Mj)] and four potting media (sand, sand/vermiculite, vermiculite, and Fafard) were used to evaluate nematode parasitism of ramets of seedlings of 'Lovell' peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] rootstock under greenhouse conditions. There were no significant differences in plant height, shoot dry weight, and root dry weight among different Pi treatments and different medium treatments for either nematode species, except that the ramets grown in Fafard medium had greater (P less than or equal to 0.05) plant height, shoot dry weight, and root dry weight. Our results indicated that a Pi of 4000 Mi or Mj eggs per 1200 cm(3) soil was needed to produce reliable nematode infections on peach roots for the evaluation of host susceptibility, and sand/vermiculite was a suitable medium for root-knot nematode infection and reproduction on susceptible peach roots under greenhouse conditions. C1 Lethbridge Res Ctr, Lethbridge, AB T1H 4B1, Canada. Clemson Univ, Dept Hort, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. USDA ARS, SE Fruit & Tree Nut Res Lab, Byron, GA 31008 USA. RP Lu, ZX (reprint author), Lethbridge Res Ctr, Lethbridge, AB T1H 4B1, Canada. NR 32 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER POMOLOGICAL SOC PI UNIVERSITY PK PA 103 TYSON BUILDING, UNIVERSITY PK, PA 16802 USA SN 1527-3741 J9 J AMER POMOLOG SOC JI J. Amer. Pomolog. Soc. PD APR PY 2000 VL 54 IS 2 BP 76 EP 81 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 314FM UT WOS:000087045400006 ER PT J AU Sherman, WB Beckman, TG Krewer, GW AF Sherman, WB Beckman, TG Krewer, GW TI 'Gulfprince' peach SO JOURNAL AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID CHILL AB 'Gulfprince' a moderate chill peach (400 chill units), is expected to be adapted where 'Flordaking' has been grown successfully. Trees have reniform leaf glands and showy flowers and produce large, attractive fruit, with 50% red skin over a deep yellow ground color, that ripen during early June in north Florida and south Georgia. Fruit have sweet, yellow, firm, non-melting, clingstone flesh. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Hort Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. USDA ARS, SE Fruit & Tree Nut Res Lab, Byron, GA 31008 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Hort, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Sherman, WB (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Hort Sci, POB 110690, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER POMOLOGICAL SOC PI UNIVERSITY PK PA 103 TYSON BUILDING, UNIVERSITY PK, PA 16802 USA SN 1527-3741 J9 J AMER POMOLOG SOC JI J. Amer. Pomolog. Soc. PD APR PY 2000 VL 54 IS 2 BP 82 EP 83 PG 2 WC Agronomy; Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 314FM UT WOS:000087045400007 ER PT J AU Sanders, TH McMichael, RW Hendrix, KW AF Sanders, TH McMichael, RW Hendrix, KW TI Occurrence of resveratrol in edible peanuts SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE peanuts; resveratrol; 3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene; arachis hypogaea L. ID PHYTOALEXIN RESVERATROL; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ARACHIS-HYPOGAEA; GRAPE BERRIES; WINES; 3,5,4'-TRIHYDROXYSTILBENE; GROUNDNUTS; ISOMERS AB Resveratrol has been associated with reduced cardiovascular disease and reduced cancer risk. This phytoalexin has been reported in a number of plant species, including grapes, and may be one of the compounds responsible for the health benefits of red wine. Analytical methods for measuring resveratrol in wine and peanuts were adapted to isolate, identify, and quantify resveratrol in several cultivars of peanuts. Aqueous ethanol (80% v/v) extracts from peanuts without seed coats were purified over alumina/silica gel columns and analyzed by reversed phase HPLC using a C-18 column. Peanuts from each market type, Virginia, runner, and Spanish, produced in four different locations contained from 0.03 to 0.14 mu g of resveratrol/g. Seed coats from runner and Virginia types contained similar to 0.65 mu g/g of seed coat, which is equivalent to <0.04 mu g/seed. Quantitative analysis of 15 cultivars representing 3 peanut market types, which had been cold stored for up to 3 years, indicated a range of 0.02-1.79 mu g/g of peanut compared to 0.6-8.0 mu g/mL in red wines. C1 N Carolina State Univ, USDA, ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Sanders, TH (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, USDA, ARS, Box 7624, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 22 TC 190 Z9 202 U1 0 U2 20 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD APR PY 2000 VL 48 IS 4 BP 1243 EP 1246 DI 10.1021/jf990737b PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 305ZT UT WOS:000086572200045 PM 10775379 ER PT J AU Dailey, OD Dowd, MK Mayorga, JC AF Dailey, OD Dowd, MK Mayorga, JC TI Influence of lactic acid on the solubilization of protein during corn steeping SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE corn; lactic acid; steeping; steepwater; wet milling ID SULFUR-DIOXIDE; ENDOSPERM; FRACTIONS; YIELDS; WATER AB The role of lactic acid (LA) in corn wet-mill steeping is not well understood. Because LA is known to improve wet-milling starch yields and steepwater contains a large amount of proteinaceous material, one of the effects of LA in steeping may be to help break down the endosperm protein matrix. Protein solubilization was studied for four different steeping solutions containing LA, sulfur dioxide (SO2), a combination of LA and SO2, or no added chemicals at temperatures between 44 and 60 degrees C with steep times of up to 48 h. The accumulation of proteinaceous material in steepwater with time was sigmoidal regardless of the steeping chemicals or temperature. The initial slow, rate of solubilization appeared to be due to incomplete kernel hydration. Significantly greater amounts of protein were released in the presence of LA than in its absence, with the greatest amounts found when steeping was performed with both LA and SO2. The increase of proteinaceous material in steepwater containing LA was not due to low pH, because steeping solutions containing other organic and inorganic acids did not increase steepwater protein. The effect of LA concentration was also studied. in the absence of SO2, higher concentrations of LA resulted in higher steepwater. protein concentrations. The opposite trend was observed in the presence of SO2. Similar steepwater protein concentrations were obtained with DL-lactic acid and L-lactic acid, indicating that the additional protein release was not sensitive to isomeric effects. C1 ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, USDA, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Dailey, OD (reprint author), ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, USDA, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 31 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD APR PY 2000 VL 48 IS 4 BP 1352 EP 1357 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 305ZT UT WOS:000086572200062 PM 10775396 ER PT J AU Desjardins, AE Manandhar, G Plattner, RD Maragos, CM Shrestha, K McCormick, SP AF Desjardins, AE Manandhar, G Plattner, RD Maragos, CM Shrestha, K McCormick, SP TI Occurrence of Fusarium species and mycotoxins in nepalese maize and wheat and the effect of traditional processing methods on mycotoxin levels SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Fusarium; maize; wheat; mycotoxins; fumonisins; nivalenol; deoxynivalenol; HPLC; immunoassay ID GIBBERELLA-FUJIKUROI; GEOGRAPHIC AREAS; FUMONISINS; MONILIFORME; CORN; DEOXYNIVALENOL; PRODUCTS; STRAINS; CLEANUP; EARS AB Maize (Zea mays) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) collected in the foothills of the Nepal Himalaya Mountains were analyzed for Fusarium species and mycotoxins: fumonisins, nivalenol (NIV), and deoxynivalenol (DON). Predominant species were Gibberella fujikuroi mating population A (F. moniliforme) in maize and F. graminearum in maize and wheat; G. fujikuroi mating population D (F. proliferatum), F. acuminatum, Ij: avenaceum, F. chlamydosporum, F. equiseti, F. oxysporum, F. semitectum, and F. torulosum were also present. Strains of G. fujikuroi mating population A produced fumonisins, and strains of F. graminearum produced NIV or DON. By immunoassay or highperformance liquid chromatography, fumonisins were > 1000 ng/g in 22% of 74 maize samples. By immunoassay or fluorometry, NIV and DON were,1000 ng/g in 16% of maize samples but were not detected in wheat. Fumonisins and DON were not eliminated by traditional fermentation for producing maize beer, but Nepalese rural and urban women were able to detoxify contaminated maize by hand-sorting visibly diseased kernels. C1 ARS, Mycotoxin Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Nepal Agr Res Council, Plant Pathol Div, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal. RP Desjardins, AE (reprint author), ARS, Mycotoxin Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 33 TC 77 Z9 85 U1 0 U2 16 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD APR PY 2000 VL 48 IS 4 BP 1377 EP 1383 DI 10.1021/jf991022b PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 305ZT UT WOS:000086572200067 PM 10775401 ER PT J AU Hesler, LS Oraze, MJ Grigarick, AA Palrang, AT AF Hesler, LS Oraze, MJ Grigarick, AA Palrang, AT TI Numbers of rice water weevil larvae (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) and rice plant growth in relation to adult infestation levels and broadleaf herbicide applications SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND URBAN ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE rice; Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus; broadleaf herbicides; bensulfuron; 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid AB We conducted experiments to determine the numbers of rice water weevil (RWW, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel) larvae and the growth of rice (Oryza. sativa L.) plants resulting from combinations of adult-RWW-infestation levels and broadleaf herbicide (bensulfuron or MCPA [2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid]) applications. In the greenhouse, bensulfuron (applied either before or after adult RWW were added to rice plants) did not affect the number of immature RWW or rice plant growth. In field plots, herbicides did not affect the numbers of immature RWW produced from Various adult-RWW-infestation levels in either 1989 or 1990, but affected various measures of plant growth. In both 1989 and 1990, adult-RWW-infestation levels affected the number of immature RWW in plots and affected all (1989) or most (1990) rice growth characteristics. In 1990, rice plant growth measurements and yield generally declined sharply between 0 and 12 adult RWW added, but they declined gradually at higher infestation levels. Interaction between herbicides and adult-RWW-infestation level was not significant in either year, suggesting largely independent action of herbicides and RWW on plant growth and no moderating effect of herbicides on numbers of immature RWW. Our results underscore that RWW and broadleaf weeds are each important pests of rice in California, but the potential interaction from their management on immature RWW and corresponding rice plant growth appears to be of little relevance. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Entomol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Hesler, LS (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Grain Insects Res Lab, 2923 Medary Ave, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. NR 9 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 3 PU SOUTH CAROLINA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI CLEMSON PA PO BOX 582, CLEMSON, SC 29633 USA SN 1523-5475 J9 J AGR URBAN ENTOMOL JI J. Agr. Urban Entomol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 17 IS 2 BP 99 EP 108 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 358JJ UT WOS:000089554700006 ER PT J AU Kemp, SF deShazo, RD Moffitt, JE Williams, DF Buhner, WA AF Kemp, SF deShazo, RD Moffitt, JE Williams, DF Buhner, WA TI Expanding habitat of the imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta): A public health concern SO JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE imported fire ant; Solenopsis invicta; Solenopsis richteri; whole-body vaccine; venom vaccine immunotherapy; anaphylaxis; hypersensitivity reactions; chemical control measures ID STINGS; VENOM; ALLERGY; HYPERSENSITIVITY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; ANAPHYLAXIS; SENSITIVITY; COMPONENTS; INDOORS AB Residents in the southeastern United States would hardly describe life with the aggressive imported fire ant as peaceful coexistence. The continued spread of these insects has produced agricultural problems, changes in the ecosystem, and increasing numbers of subjects with sting sequelae, including hypersensitivity reactions, secondary infections, and rare neurologic sequelae. Evolutionary changes have facilitated their expansion northward into Virginia and westward into California, and increasing urbanization will likely permit further expansion. Recent reports of building invasion with sting attacks inside occupied dwellings, including health care facilities, heighten public health concerns. This article reviews the medically important entomology, clinical aspects of stings, and the current approaches to chemical control of fire ants. We also propose directions for future research and treatment. C1 Univ Mississippi, Med Ctr, Jackson, MS 39216 USA. USDA, Agr Res Stn Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL USA. RP Kemp, SF (reprint author), Univ Mississippi, Med Ctr, Jackson, MS 39216 USA. NR 48 TC 72 Z9 75 U1 2 U2 10 PU MOSBY-ELSEVIER PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVENUE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0091-6749 J9 J ALLERGY CLIN IMMUN JI J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 105 IS 4 BP 683 EP 691 DI 10.1067/mai.2000.105707 PG 9 WC Allergy; Immunology SC Allergy; Immunology GA 306PB UT WOS:000086604100004 PM 10756216 ER PT J AU Kuchida, K Kono, S Konishi, K Van Vleck, LD Suzuki, M Miyoshi, S AF Kuchida, K Kono, S Konishi, K Van Vleck, LD Suzuki, M Miyoshi, S TI Prediction of crude fat content of longissimus muscle of beef using the ratio of fat area calculated from computer image analysis: Comparison of regression equations for prediction using different input devices at different stations SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE animal fat; carcasses; imagery AB Crude fat content of longissimus (ribeye) muscle of beef cattle was predicted from a ratio of fat area (RFA) to area of ribeye muscle calculated from computer image analysis (CIA). Cross sections of 64 ribeyes taken from the 6-7(th) rib from cattle at experiment station A and cross sections of 94 ribeyes taken from the 6-7(th) rib from cattle at Experiment Station B were used in this study. Slices (1 to 1.5 cm in thickness) of just the Longissimus dorsi were homogenized and sampled for chemical estimation of crude fat content using petroleum ether. Crude fat content as determined from chemical analysis was used as the true estimate of fat content. A CCD (charge-coupled device) camera was used as the input device at Experiment Station A, and a single-lens reflex camera was used at Experiment Station B to photograph ribeyes for CIA. The contour comparison method, which assigns a threshold value for each marbling particle, was used to obtain accurate binarization in this study. Minimum and maximum of chemical measurements of crude fat were 2.1 and 39.8%, and for CIA calculation of the RFA were 6.1 and 56.8%, respectively. This range covered almost the complete range of the beef marbling standard used in carcass grading in Japan. The equation for the regression of the crude fat content (Y) on RFA (X) calculated from CIA for all of the data was Y = .793X - 3.04 with r(2) = .96. Regression equations for prediction of crude fat percentage from RFA taking into consideration the effect of experiment station were Y = .741X - 2.22 with r(2) = .91 for Experiment Station A, and Y = .782X - 2.54 with r(2) = .91 for Experiment Station B. Analysis of covariance showed that the effects of experiment stations on intercepts and slopes were not significant (P > .10). The ranges of differences between actual and predicted crude fat content from the prediction equation that was calculated without consideration of the effect of station were - 6.4 to 4.0%. CIA of cross sections of the ribeye muscle seems to have potential for prediction of crude fat content. C1 Obihiro Univ Agr & Vet Med, Obihiro, Hokkaido 0808555, Japan. Hiroshima Prefectural Anim Expt Stn, Shoubara 7270023, Japan. Natl Livestock Breeding Ctr, Ouu Stn, Shichinohe 0392567, Japan. ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, USDA, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Kuchida, K (reprint author), Obihiro Univ Agr & Vet Med, Obihiro, Hokkaido 0808555, Japan. NR 12 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD APR PY 2000 VL 78 IS 4 BP 799 EP 803 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 334ZX UT WOS:000088217900002 PM 10784167 ER PT J AU Bromley, CM Snowder, GD Van Vleck, LD AF Bromley, CM Snowder, GD Van Vleck, LD TI Genetic parameters among weight, prolificacy, and wool traits of Columbia, Polypay, Rambouillet, and Targhee sheep SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE genetic correlation; growth; heritability; reproduction ID VARIANCE-COMPONENTS; GROWTH TRAITS; LAMB WEIGHTS; BEEF-CATTLE; SELECTION; REPRODUCTION; PERFORMANCE; EFFICIENCY; BREEDS; EWES AB Genetic parameters for Columbia, Polypay, Rambouillet, and Targhee sheep were estimated using REML with animal models for prolificacy, weight, and wool traits. All bivariate analyses included a covariance between additive genetic effects for the two traits plus appropriate additional covariances. Number of observations by breed ranged from 5,140 to 7,095 for prolificacy traits, from 7,750 to 9,530 for weight traits, and from 4,603 to 34,746 for wool traits. Heritability estimates ranged from .03 to .11 for prolificacy traits (litter size at birth and litter size at weaning), from .09 to .26 for weight traits (birth weight and average daily gain), and from .25 to .53 for wool traits (fleece weight, fleece grade and staple length). Estimates of direct genetic correlations among prolificacy and among weight traits were positive and ranged from .58 to 1.00 and .18 to 1.00, respectively. Estimates of direct genetic correlation between fleece weight and staple length were positive (.50 to .70) but were negative between fleece weight and fleece grade (-.60 to -.34) and between staple length and fleece grade (-.72 and -.40). Prolificacy and wool traits were essentially uncorrelated. Weight and prolificacy traits were slightly positively correlated. Weight traits had a moderate positive direct genetic correlation with fleece weight and staple length, but were uncorrelated with fleece grade. These estimates of genetic parameters between prolificacy, weight, and wool traits can be used to construct multiple-trait selection indexes for dual-purpose sheep. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. ARS, USDA, US Sheep Expt Stn, Dubois, ID 83423 USA. Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Bromley, CM (reprint author), NCI, Genet Epidemiol Branch, 6120 Execut Blvd, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 37 TC 63 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD APR PY 2000 VL 78 IS 4 BP 846 EP 858 PG 13 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 334ZX UT WOS:000088217900008 PM 10784173 ER PT J AU Ding, ST McNeel, RL Smith, EO Mersmann, HJ AF Ding, ST McNeel, RL Smith, EO Mersmann, HJ TI Modulation of porcine adipocyte beta-adrenergic receptors by a beta-adrenergic agonist SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE adipocytes; receptors; receptor stimulation; pigs ID HUMAN BETA-3-ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR; CAMP RESPONSE ELEMENTS; WHITE FAT-CELLS; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; BETA-2-ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR; ADRENOCEPTOR SUBTYPES; RAPID COMMUNICATION; DOWN-REGULATION; DESENSITIZATION; GENE AB Mammalian cells have several mechanisms to decrease the response to beta-adrenergic agonists. Agonists are metabolized or taken up by nerve endings. The beta-adrenergic receptors (beta AR) are inactivated by phosphorylation and removed from the cell membrane, and synthesis is decreased or degradation is increased. Knowledge about adipocyte beta AR desensitization is mostly from rodent adipocytes with greater than or equal to 90% beta 3AR. Porcine adipocyte beta AR have functional and ligand-binding properties that are quite different from those in many other species. Furthermore, the predominant beta AR subtype in the porcine adipocyte is the beta 1AR (70 to 80%). Given these species differences, it might be expected that desensitization in porcine adipocytes would not be totally concordant with the rodent-derived model. Isolated porcine adipocytes were incubated without or with a beta AR agonist, isoproterenol. The total beta AR number, measured by ligand-binding in a crude membrane fraction, tended to be lower after 6 h of incubation without isoproterenol. The addition of 10(-5) M isoproterenol during the incubation caused the beta AR number to decrease 43% compared to cells incubated without isoproterenol. The beta 1AR and beta 2AR transcript concentrations both decreased 45% after 6 h of incubation without isoproterenol. There was no decrease in mRNA when cells were incubated with isoproterenol. The results suggest the beta AR were desensitized by incubation with isoproterenol, perhaps by phosphorylation and removal from the membrane, but this was not accompanied by modulation of the concentration of transcripts for beta 1AR or beta 2AR. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Ding, ST (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. OI Ding, Shih-Torng/0000-0002-9866-1776 NR 41 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD APR PY 2000 VL 78 IS 4 BP 919 EP 926 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 334ZX UT WOS:000088217900016 PM 10784181 ER EF