FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Shaw, PE Rouseff, RL Goodner, KL Bazemore, R Nordby, HE Widmer, WW AF Shaw, PE Rouseff, RL Goodner, KL Bazemore, R Nordby, HE Widmer, WW TI Comparison of headspace GC and electronic sensor techniques for classification of processed orange juices SO LEBENSMITTEL-WISSENSCHAFT UND-TECHNOLOGIE-FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE discriminant analysis; volatile constituents; electronic nose; pattern recognition; juice quality; citrus AB Three types of commercial orange juice samples (pasteurized not from concentrate, frozen concentrate and single strength juice reconstituted from concentrate) were classified by discriminant analysis using quantities of 25 volatile juice constituents determined by headspace gas chromatography (HSGC). An electronic sensor instrument was also used to evaluate and classify the same juice samples, and the results were compared to those obtained by HSGC. Two sets of samples were classified by HSGC analysis into the three juice types. The electronic sensor instrument classified the first set into three types, but was less successful in classification of the second larger set of samples. The two analytical techniques were complimentary since they afforded somewhat different separation patterns. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 ARS, USDA, SAA, Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, Winter Haven, FL 33881 USA. Univ Florida, Ctr Citrus Res & Educ, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 USA. Florida Dept Citrus, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 USA. RP Shaw, PE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, SAA, Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, 600 Ave S NW, Winter Haven, FL 33881 USA. NR 13 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0023-6438 J9 LEBENSM-WISS TECHNOL JI Lebensm.-Wiss. Technol.-Food Sci. Technol. PY 2000 VL 33 IS 5 BP 331 EP 334 DI 10.1006/fstl.2000.0661 PG 4 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 351MB UT WOS:000089161100001 ER PT J AU Tunick, MH Van Hekken, DL Cooke, PH Smith, PW Malin, EL AF Tunick, MH Van Hekken, DL Cooke, PH Smith, PW Malin, EL TI Effect of high pressure microfluidization on microstructure of mozzarella cheese SO LEBENSMITTEL-WISSENSCHAFT UND-TECHNOLOGIE-FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE homogenization; microfluidization; microstructure; mozzarella cheese ID HOMOGENIZED MILK; PARTICLE-SIZE; FAT; PROTEOLYSIS; MEMBRANE; RHEOLOGY; RENNET AB Microstructure was compared in low-fat and full-fat mozzarella cheeses prepared from milk homogenized by microfluidization at various temperatures and pressures. Milk heated to 10, 43, or 54 degreesC and containing 1.0 or 3.2 g fat/100 g fluid milk was homogenized at 34, 103, or 172 MPa prior to cheesemaking. Scanning electron microscopy was performed after I d and 6 wk of storage at 4 degreesC. The micrographs should that relatively large fat globules were dispersed throughout the casein matrix in each of the cheeses made from milk homogenized at 10 degreesC, and in each of the nonhomogenized controls. As expected, fat globules were much smaller in the cheeses made fr om milk homogenized at the higher pressures. Increasing the milk temperature also caused the globule size to decrease since the fat became liquid and more easily fragmented. The results indicate that both homogenization temperature and pressure affect development of microstructure in mozzarella cheese. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Tunick, MH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RI Tunick, Michael/C-9761-2010 NR 24 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0023-6438 J9 LEBENSM-WISS TECHNOL JI Lebensm.-Wiss. Technol.-Food Sci. Technol. PY 2000 VL 33 IS 8 BP 538 EP 544 DI 10.1006/fstl.2000.0716 PG 7 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 394JB UT WOS:000166519300003 ER PT J AU Bayles, DO Wilkinson, BJ AF Bayles, DO Wilkinson, BJ TI Osmoprotectants and cryoprotectants for Listeria monocytogenes SO LETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GLYCINE-BETAINE; STAPHYLOCOCCUS-AUREUS; COMPATIBLE SOLUTE; PROTEIN-STRUCTURE; LOW-TEMPERATURES; GROWTH; CARNITINE; TRANSPORT; PROLINE; OSMOLYTES AB Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen that can grow in high osmotic strength environments and at refrigeration temperatures. Glycine betaine, proline betaine, acetylcarnitine, carnitine, gamma-butyrobetaine and 3-dimethylsulphoniopropionate all acted as osmoprotectants, as evidenced by an increase in growth rate of L. monocytogenes 10403S and Scott A when provided with these compounds, while being stressed in defined medium containing 0.7 M NaCl. These same compounds exhibited cryoprotective activity, as evidenced by increasing the growth rate of L. monocytogenes at 5 degrees C. Ectoine, hydroxy ectoine, pipecolic acid and proline were ineffective as osmoprotectants or cryoprotectants under these conditions. The presence of osmoprotectants and cryoprotectants in foods map provide compounds assisting L. monocytogenes to overcome the barriers of high osmotic strength and low temperature that otherwise control microbial growth. C1 Illinois State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Microbiol Grp, Normal, IL 61790 USA. Agr Res Serv, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Wyndmoor, PA USA. RP Wilkinson, BJ (reprint author), Illinois State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Microbiol Grp, Normal, IL 61790 USA. FU PHS HHS [1 R15A135778-01] NR 34 TC 66 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0266-8254 J9 LETT APPL MICROBIOL JI Lett. Appl. Microbiol. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 30 IS 1 BP 23 EP 27 DI 10.1046/j.1472-765x.2000.00646.x PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 295ME UT WOS:000085970400005 PM 10728555 ER PT S AU Joseph, JA Shukitt-Hale, B McEwen, J Rabin, BM AF Joseph, JA Shukitt-Hale, B McEwen, J Rabin, BM BE Slenzka, K Vazquez, M Cucinotta, FA TI CNS-induced deficits of heavy particle irradiation in space: The aging connection SO LIFE SCIENCES: MICROGRAVITY AND SPACE RADIATION EFFECTS SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT F2 6 and F2 5 Symposia of COSPAR Scientific Commission F Held during the 32nd COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 12-19, 1998 CL NAGOYA, JAPAN SP NASA, European Space Agcy, Deutsch Agentur Raumfahrt, Angellegenheiten GMBH, Comm Space Res ID GINKGO-BILOBA EXTRACT; ADENOSYL-L-METHIONINE; EVOKED DOPAMINE RELEASE; GTP-BINDING PROTEINS; AGED GARLIC EXTRACT; K-M GTPASE; ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY AB Our research over the last several years has suggested that young (3 mo) rats exposed to whole-body Fe-56 irradiation show neuronal signal transduction alterations and accompanying motor behavioral changes that are similar to those seen in aged (22-24 mo) rats. Since it has been postulated that 1-2% of the composition of cosmic rays contain Fe-56 particles of heavy particle irradiation, there may be significant CNS effects on astronauts on long-term space flights which could produce behavioral changes that could be expressed during the mission or at some time after the return. These, when combined with other effects such as weightlessness and exposure to proton irradiations may even supercede mutagenic effects. It is suggested that by determining mechanistic relationships that might exist between aging and irradiation it may be possible to determine the common factor (s) involved in both perturbations and develop procedures to offset their deleterious effects. For example, one method that has been effective is nutritional modification. (C) 2000 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. RP Joseph, JA (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RI huang, hongqi/N-1473-2014 NR 72 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON PRESS LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD LANGFORD LANE KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2000 VL 25 IS 10 BP 2057 EP 2064 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(99)01013-3 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BP67D UT WOS:000085822600011 PM 11542857 ER PT S AU Rabin, BM Joseph, JA Shukitt-Hale, B McEwen, J AF Rabin, BM Joseph, JA Shukitt-Hale, B McEwen, J BE Slenzka, K Vazquez, M Cucinotta, FA TI Effects of exposure to heavy particles on a behavior mediated by the dopaminergic system SO LIFE SCIENCES: MICROGRAVITY AND SPACE RADIATION EFFECTS SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT F2 6 and F2 5 Symposia of COSPAR Scientific Commission F Held during the 32nd COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 12-19, 1998 CL NAGOYA, JAPAN SP NASA, European Space Agcy, Deutsch Agentur Raumfahrt, Angellegenheiten GMBH, Comm Space Res ID CONDITIONED TASTE-AVERSIONS; ENERGY IRON PARTICLES; AREA POSTREMA; RADIATION; SPACE; RATS; IRRADIATION; TOXICITY; AMPHETAMINE; DEFICITS AB The effects of exposure to heavy particles on behaviors mediated by the central nervous system (CNS) are qualitatively different than the effects produced by exposure to other types of radiation. One behavior mediated by the CNS is the amphetamine-induced taste aversion, which is produced by pairing a novel tasting solution with injection of amphetamine. When the conditioning day is three days following irradiation, exposing rats to low doses of Fe-56 particles (600 MeV/n or 1 GeV/n) eliminates the taste aversion produced by injection of amphetamine, which is dependent upon the integrity of the central dopaminergic system, but has no effect on the aversion produced by injection of lithium chloride which is mediated by the gastrointestinal system. In contrast to the effects obtained using heavy particles, exposing rats to Co-60 gamma rays or to fission spectrum neutrons has no selective effect upon the acquisition of either amphetamine- or lithium chloride-induced taste aversions. When the conditioning day occurs four months following exposure to 1 GeV/n Fe-56 particles, there is an enhancement of the amphetamine-induced taste aversion. The implications of these findings for approaches to risk assessment are considered. (C) 2000 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Psychol, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA ARS, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Rabin, BM (reprint author), Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Psychol, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. NR 27 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON PRESS LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD LANGFORD LANE KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2000 VL 25 IS 10 BP 2065 EP 2074 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(99)01014-5 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BP67D UT WOS:000085822600012 PM 11542858 ER PT S AU Agarwal, UP Atalla, RH AF Agarwal, UP Atalla, RH BE Glasser, WG Northey, RA Schultz, TP TI Using Raman spectroscopy to identify chromophores in lignin-lignocellulosics SO LIGNIN : HISTORICAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND MATERIALS PERSPECTIVES SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 215th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 29-APR 02, 1998 CL DALLAS, TEXAS SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Cellulose Paper & Textile, Georgia Pacific Corp, Westvaco, Weyerheuser ID PULPS AB Raman spectroscopy is being increasingly applied to study lignin and lignin-containing materials. One of the strengths of Raman is that it is highly sensitive to chromophoric structures. Various color-generating species are present in small quantities and are not easily isolated; therefore, the method is ideally suited to the study of chromophores in situ. Chromophore contributions can be easily detected because, except for the 1600 cm(-1) band, which is due to lignin, the region where chromophores most strongly contribute (1500-1750 cm(-1) region) is devoid of strong contributions from lignocellulosic components. Several chromophore lignin-models including quinones and stilbenes were studied and their Raman contributions were identified. This knowledge was then applied in the studies of photoyellowed thermomechanical pulp (TMP), breached TMP, and acid-hydrolyzed TMP. In all cases, Raman studies provided important information on presence or absence of various chromophore groups in pulps. C1 US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Agarwal, UP (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 14 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3611-9 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 2000 VL 742 BP 250 EP 264 PG 15 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA BP75T UT WOS:000086074400011 ER PT S AU Muehlbauer, FJ Slinkard, AE AF Muehlbauer, FJ Slinkard, AE BE Knight, R TI Regional reviews, region 1: North America SO LINKING RESEARCH AND MARKETING OPPORTUNITIES FOR PULSES IN THE 21ST CENTURY SE CURRENT PLANT SCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Food Legumes Research Conference (IFLRC III) CY SEP 22-26, 1998 CL ADELAIDE, AUSTRALIA AB Cool season food legumes including dry pea, lentil, and chickpea are important components of farming systems in the dry-land regions of the western United States, most notably the Palouse region of eastern Washington and northern Idaho, and the provinces of western Canada, particularly Saskatchewan, Alberta and Manitoba. Production has increased dramatically in western Canada over the past five years and also production increases have taken place in North Dakota and South Dakota. California is a major U.S. producer of chickpeas. Current production in the U.S. stands at about 75,000 tonnes of lentils, 150,000 tonnes of peas and 16,000 tonnes of chickpeas, while production in Canada stands at about 420,000 tonnes of lentils, and 1,250,000 tonnes of peas. Production of faba bean, lupin and grasspea is minimal in the U.S. and Canada. Major constraints to production include Ascochyta blight of lentil and chickpea; and root rots, wilts, powdery mildew, Mycosphaerella blight and viruses of pea. Viruses are problematic on chickpea, lentil and peas in the US in years when aphid-vector populations increase early in the growing season. Current breeding programs are concentrated on the development of cultivars that will alleviate constraints to production while meeting market demands. As a result of the success of the breeding programs, cultivars in use have changed considerably over the past 10 years, a trend that is likely to continue. Most of the U.S. food legume crop is exported as food while the Canadian crop is exported as both food and feed. Current trends point to increased production in Canada and in North Dakota and South Dakota. The trend to replace summer fallowing in the western United States and Canada with annual cropping has provided considerable additional land area for expanded production of cool season food legumes. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Muehlbauer, FJ (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0924-1949 BN 0-7923-5565-2 J9 CURR PLANT SCI BIOT JI Curr. Plant Sci. Biotechnol. Agric. PY 2000 VL 34 BP 67 EP 70 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BP62B UT WOS:000085691300006 ER PT S AU Kaiser, WJ Ramsey, MD Makkouk, KM Bretag, TW Acikgoz, N Kumar, J Nutter, FW AF Kaiser, WJ Ramsey, MD Makkouk, KM Bretag, TW Acikgoz, N Kumar, J Nutter, FW BE Knight, R TI Foliar diseases of cool season food legumes and their control SO LINKING RESEARCH AND MARKETING OPPORTUNITIES FOR PULSES IN THE 21ST CENTURY SE CURRENT PLANT SCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Food Legumes Research Conference (IFLRC III) CY SEP 22-26, 1998 CL ADELAIDE, AUSTRALIA ID PISUM-SATIVUM L; F-SP LENTIS; YELLOW MOSAIC POTYVIRUS; SETOSA KIRCHN HUGHES; BEANS VICIA-FABA; NEW-SOUTH-WALES; MYCOSPHAERELLA-PINODES; PERONOSPORA-VICIAE; ASCOCHYTA-FABAE; PLEIOCHAETA-SETOSA AB This paper reviews the most economically important foliar diseases of chickpea, faba bean, lentil, lupin and pea caused by fungi and viruses. Many of these pathogens are seed-borne which has aided their local and international spread and survival. Fungal foliar diseases caused by species of Ascochyta, Botrytis, Colletotrichum, Didymella, Erysiphe, Mycosphaerella, Peronospora, Phoma, Pleiochaeta and Uromyces will be discussed. Some 46 viruses naturally infect these five crops, but only information relating to the most important viral diseases will be presented. The importance of quarantine restrictions to prevent further spread of these pathogens will also be discussed. New and pertinent knowledge of the biology, epidemiology and control of these fungal and viral diseases, particularly that which has been published since the last IFLRC in 1992, will be reviewed. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Western Reg Plant Introduct Stn, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Kaiser, WJ (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Western Reg Plant Introduct Stn, POB 646402, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 182 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 5 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0924-1949 BN 0-7923-5565-2 J9 CURR PLANT SCI BIOT JI Curr. Plant Sci. Biotechnol. Agric. PY 2000 VL 34 BP 437 EP 455 PG 19 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BP62B UT WOS:000085691300043 ER PT B AU Kraft, JM Haware, MP Halila, H Sweetingham, M Bayaa, B AF Kraft, JM Haware, MP Halila, H Sweetingham, M Bayaa, B BE Knight, R TI Soilborne diseases and their control SO LINKING RESEARCH AND MARKETING OPPORTUNITIES FOR PULSES IN THE 21ST CENTURY SE CURRENT PLANT SCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Food Legumes Research Conference (IFLRC III) CY SEP 22-26, 1998 CL ADELAIDE, AUSTRALIA ID F-SP-PISI; FUSARIUM ROOT-ROT; APHANOMYCES-EUTEICHES; TRICHODERMA-HAMATUM; RACE CLASSIFICATION; RHIZOCTONIA-SOLANI; SCLEROTIUM-ROLFSII; INOCULUM DENSITY; SOIL COMPACTION; PEA GERMPLASMS AB Seed and seedling diseases, root rots, and wilts are caused by a number of soilborne fungi, all of which are facultative saprophytes and can survive in soil for long periods in the absence of a susceptible host. In general, these diseases are serious yield constraints where short rotations or monoculture of legume crops are the rule. Seedling diseases and root rots are enhanced by poor seed vigor, poor seedbed preparation, and other biotic and abiotic stresses which predispose the host plant. Control of these diseases requires an integrated approach of generic resistance/tolerance, cultural practices, appropriate seed treatments, and high seed vigor. The most economical and durable control of Fusarium wilt is to grow resistant varieties. New races of a wilt pathogen have arisen due to increased selection pressure from growing resistant varieties in short rotations but have not outpaced the development of resistant cultivars. C1 USDA ARS, WSU, IAREC, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. RP Kraft, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS, WSU, IAREC, 24106 N Bunn Rd, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. NR 90 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 0-7923-5565-2 J9 CURR PLANT SCI BIOT PY 2000 VL 34 BP 457 EP 466 PG 10 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BP62B UT WOS:000085691300044 ER PT S AU Clement, SL Wightman, JA Hardie, DC Bailey, P Baker, G McDonald, G AF Clement, SL Wightman, JA Hardie, DC Bailey, P Baker, G McDonald, G BE Knight, R TI Opportunities for integrated management of insect pests of grain legumes SO LINKING RESEARCH AND MARKETING OPPORTUNITIES FOR PULSES IN THE 21ST CENTURY SE CURRENT PLANT SCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Food Legumes Research Conference (IFLRC III) CY SEP 22-26, 1998 CL ADELAIDE, AUSTRALIA ID PEA WEEVIL COLEOPTERA; HELICOVERPA-ARMIGERA HUBNER; ALPHA-AMYLASE INHIBITOR; PISUM HARRIS HOMOPTERA; SITONA-LINEATUS L; ACYRTHOSIPHON-PISUM; FIELD PEAS; BRUCHUS-PISORUM; AGGREGATION PHEROMONE; PUNCTIGERA WALLENGREN AB Architects of the integrated control strategy (now known as Integrated Pest Management [IPM]) for insect pests envisaged a biologically-based system in which chemical control was to be used only at times and places where natural pest control was inadequate. Another interpretation of IPM accepted by many pest managers puts pesticides at the center of pest management in crops. This paper reviews research achievements which are supportive of IPM (insect forecasting and modeling, field sampling and monitoring, economic thresholds) and pest management methods (conventional and biological insecticides, plant resistance, transgenic plants, biological control, among other methods) for the major arthropod pests of the cool season food legumes. Despite many examples of research outcomes that have been successfully applied, the number of established IPM programs is scarce. For the present, conventional insecticides will continue to play a key role in grain legume production because farmers have few economic alternatives, However, pressures on pulse farmers to implement IPM programs will increase because of modern society's fear of pesticide residues in food, however minute, and tightened regulations governing pesticide use. Declining budgets for grain legume research, add uncertainty to future progress in IPM in many parts of the world. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Reg Plant Introduct Stn, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Clement, SL (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Reg Plant Introduct Stn, 59 Johnson Hall,POB 646402, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 131 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 3 U2 6 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0924-1949 BN 0-7923-5565-2 J9 CURR PLANT SCI BIOT JI Curr. Plant Sci. Biotechnol. Agric. PY 2000 VL 34 BP 467 EP 480 PG 14 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BP62B UT WOS:000085691300045 ER PT S AU Young, FL Matthews, J Al-Menoufi, A Sauerborn, J Pieterse, AH Kharrat, M AF Young, FL Matthews, J Al-Menoufi, A Sauerborn, J Pieterse, AH Kharrat, M BE Knight, R TI Integrated weed management for food legumes and lupins SO LINKING RESEARCH AND MARKETING OPPORTUNITIES FOR PULSES IN THE 21ST CENTURY SE CURRENT PLANT SCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Food Legumes Research Conference (IFLRC III) CY SEP 22-26, 1998 CL ADELAIDE, AUSTRALIA ID PEA PISUM-SATIVUM; SWEET WHITE LUPIN; FIELD PEA; PEST-MANAGEMENT; YIELD; CROP; OROBANCHE; DENSITY; TILLAGE; SEED AB The history of weed science has been dominated by an emphasis on weed control using synthetic herbicides. However, pressures from social, economic, and environmental factions have suggested weed scientists develop a systems approach for managing weeds that integrates numerous control methods into crop production systems. Some of these methods include preventive, biological, cultural, mechanical, and chemical practices. When incorporated into a cropping system these methods must be socially acceptable, economically feasible, and environmentally sound. Integrated weed management in food legume production is a future research area requiring additional components that will include bioeconomic/predictive modeling, herbicide resistant crops, and precision agriculture. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Young, FL (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Rm 161,Johnson Hall, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 68 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0924-1949 BN 0-7923-5565-2 J9 CURR PLANT SCI BIOT JI Curr. Plant Sci. Biotechnol. Agric. PY 2000 VL 34 BP 481 EP 490 PG 10 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BP62B UT WOS:000085691300046 ER PT B AU Shelton, DR AF Shelton, DR GP NRAES NRAES TI Sources of pathogens in a watershed: Humans, wildlife, farm animals? SO MANAGING NUTRIENTS AND PATHOGENS FORM ANIMAL AGRICULTURE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference for Managing Nutrients and Pathogens from Animal Agriculture CY MAR 28-30, 2000 CL CAMP HILL, PA SP USDA, Water Qual Working Grp, US EPA, ARS, USDA, Agr Consulting Serv Inc, Bion Technol Inc, BioSun Syst, Brubaker Consulting Grp, Potash & Phosphate Inst, Purina Mills Inc ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM-PARVUM OOCYSTS; DAIRY FARMS; CATTLE; TRANSMISSION; PREVALENCE; GIARDIA; HERDS; DEER; USA C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr W, Bldg 001,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Shelton, DR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr W, Bldg 001,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATURAL RESOURCE, AGRICULTURE, AND ENGINEERING SERVICE PI ITHACA PA COOPERAT EXTENS, 152 RILEY-ROB B HALL, ITHACA, NY 14853 USA BN 0-935817-54-9 PY 2000 BP 108 EP 115 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA BR14H UT WOS:000165732700011 ER PT B AU Gburek, WJ AF Gburek, WJ GP NRAES NRAES TI Nutrient and pathogen transport in the watershed SO MANAGING NUTRIENTS AND PATHOGENS FORM ANIMAL AGRICULTURE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference for Managing Nutrients and Pathogens from Animal Agriculture CY MAR 28-30, 2000 CL CAMP HILL, PA SP USDA, Water Qual Working Grp, US EPA, ARS, USDA, Agr Consulting Serv Inc, Bion Technol Inc, BioSun Syst, Brubaker Consulting Grp, Potash & Phosphate Inst, Purina Mills Inc ID NITRATE C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA USA. RP Gburek, WJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATURAL RESOURCE, AGRICULTURE, AND ENGINEERING SERVICE PI ITHACA PA COOPERAT EXTENS, 152 RILEY-ROB B HALL, ITHACA, NY 14853 USA BN 0-935817-54-9 PY 2000 BP 227 EP 236 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA BR14H UT WOS:000165732700020 ER PT B AU Kleinman, PJA AF Kleinman, PJA GP NRAES NRAES TI Source risk indicators of nutrient loss from agricultural lands SO MANAGING NUTRIENTS AND PATHOGENS FORM ANIMAL AGRICULTURE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference for Managing Nutrients and Pathogens from Animal Agriculture CY MAR 28-30, 2000 CL CAMP HILL, PA SP USDA, Water Qual Working Grp, US EPA, ARS, USDA, Agr Consulting Serv Inc, Bion Technol Inc, BioSun Syst, Brubaker Consulting Grp, Potash & Phosphate Inst, Purina Mills Inc ID EXTRACTABLE SOIL-PHOSPHORUS; RUNOFF C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Kleinman, PJA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 31 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATURAL RESOURCE, AGRICULTURE, AND ENGINEERING SERVICE PI ITHACA PA COOPERAT EXTENS, 152 RILEY-ROB B HALL, ITHACA, NY 14853 USA BN 0-935817-54-9 PY 2000 BP 237 EP 252 PG 16 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA BR14H UT WOS:000165732700021 ER PT B AU Sharpley, AN AF Sharpley, AN GP NRAES NRAES TI The phosphorus index: Assessing site vulnerability to phosphorus loss SO MANAGING NUTRIENTS AND PATHOGENS FORM ANIMAL AGRICULTURE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference for Managing Nutrients and Pathogens from Animal Agriculture CY MAR 28-30, 2000 CL CAMP HILL, PA SP USDA, Water Qual Working Grp, US EPA, ARS, USDA, Agr Consulting Serv Inc, Bion Technol Inc, BioSun Syst, Brubaker Consulting Grp, Potash & Phosphate Inst, Purina Mills Inc ID WATER-QUALITY; FESCUE PLOTS; RAINFALL SIMULATOR; SOUTHERN PLAINS; POULTRY MANURE; SWINE MANURE; RUNOFF; SOIL; NITROGEN; IMPACTS C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Sharpley, AN (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, Bldg 3702,Curtin Rd, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 70 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATURAL RESOURCE, AGRICULTURE, AND ENGINEERING SERVICE PI ITHACA PA COOPERAT EXTENS, 152 RILEY-ROB B HALL, ITHACA, NY 14853 USA BN 0-935817-54-9 PY 2000 BP 255 EP 281 PG 27 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA BR14H UT WOS:000165732700022 ER PT B AU Meisinger, JJ Jokela, WE AF Meisinger, JJ Jokela, WE GP NRAES NRAES TI Ammonia volatilization from dairy and poultry manure SO MANAGING NUTRIENTS AND PATHOGENS FORM ANIMAL AGRICULTURE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference for Managing Nutrients and Pathogens from Animal Agriculture CY MAR 28-30, 2000 CL CAMP HILL, PA SP USDA, Water Qual Working Grp, US EPA, ARS, USDA, Agr Consulting Serv Inc, Bion Technol Inc, BioSun Syst, Brubaker Consulting Grp, Potash & Phosphate Inst, Purina Mills Inc ID APPLIED CATTLE SLURRY; SURFACE APPLICATION; ARABLE LAND; WIND-SPEED; NITROGEN; GRASSLAND; SOIL; EMISSION; LOSSES; TEMPERATURE C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Meisinger, JJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 77 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 6 PU NATURAL RESOURCE, AGRICULTURE, AND ENGINEERING SERVICE PI ITHACA PA COOPERAT EXTENS, 152 RILEY-ROB B HALL, ITHACA, NY 14853 USA BN 0-935817-54-9 PY 2000 BP 334 EP 354 PG 21 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA BR14H UT WOS:000165732700026 ER PT B AU Esser, AJ AF Esser, AJ GP NRAES NRAES TI Overview of federal cost sharing SO MANAGING NUTRIENTS AND PATHOGENS FORM ANIMAL AGRICULTURE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference for Managing Nutrients and Pathogens from Animal Agriculture CY MAR 28-30, 2000 CL CAMP HILL, PA SP USDA, Water Qual Working Grp, US EPA, ARS, USDA, Agr Consulting Serv Inc, Bion Technol Inc, BioSun Syst, Brubaker Consulting Grp, Potash & Phosphate Inst, Purina Mills Inc C1 USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Washington, DC 20013 USA. RP Esser, AJ (reprint author), USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Washington, DC 20013 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATURAL RESOURCE, AGRICULTURE, AND ENGINEERING SERVICE PI ITHACA PA COOPERAT EXTENS, 152 RILEY-ROB B HALL, ITHACA, NY 14853 USA BN 0-935817-54-9 PY 2000 BP 416 EP 418 PG 3 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA BR14H UT WOS:000165732700032 ER PT J AU Eberhart, SA Goodman, M Yeutter, C Senior, L AF Eberhart, SA Goodman, M Yeutter, C Senior, L TI Charles W. Stuber - A laudation SO MAYDICA LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 USDA ARS, Natl Seed Storage Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Hogan & Hartson, Washington, DC 20004 USA. Novartis Agribusiness Biotechnol Res Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Eberhart, SA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Seed Storage Lab, 1111 S Mason St, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MAYDICA-IST SPER CEREALICOLTUR PI BERGAMO PA SEZ DI BERGAMO VIA STEZZANO, 24, 24100 BERGAMO, ITALY SN 0025-6153 J9 MAYDICA JI Maydica PY 2000 VL 45 IS 3 BP 151 EP 161 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 379PL UT WOS:000165651600002 ER PT J AU Sanchez, JJ Stuber, CW Goodman, MM AF Sanchez, JJ Stuber, CW Goodman, MM TI Isozymatic diversity in the races of maize of the Americas SO MAYDICA LA English DT Article DE races of maize; isozymes; genetic diversity; maize ID ZEA-MAYS-L; GENETIC-MARKERS; INTRACELLULAR-LOCALIZATION; SAMPLE-SIZE; CONSERVATION; GERMPLASM; POPULATIONS; INHERITANCE; ORIGIN; MEXICO AB To determine the genetic diversity of the races of maize of the Americas, 1080 accessions representing more than 300 races were analyzed for 13 enzyme systems encoded by 23 genetic loci. The analysis of the data revealed very different levels of genetic diversity across countries. A total of 329 :alleles were recorded; however, about 81% of the alleles found in the :accessions studied were rare, occurring at frequencies below 0.01; some were observed in only one accession or only one race. There are two geographical regions where allelic diversity is concentrated: Mesoamerica and the Andean Region. In general, the levels of racial diversity can be attributed to geo graphic range. The uses by human groups and sample sizes of the seed lots used by farmers from one cycle to the next are factors which likely affect this diversity. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Univ Guadalajara, Ctr Univ Ciencias Biol & Agropecuarias, Zapopan 45110, Jalisco, Mexico. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Genet, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Goodman, MM (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 61 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU MAYDICA-IST SPER CEREALICOLTUR PI BERGAMO PA SEZ DI BERGAMO VIA STEZZANO, 24, 24100 BERGAMO, ITALY SN 0025-6153 EI 2279-8013 J9 MAYDICA JI Maydica PY 2000 VL 45 IS 3 BP 185 EP 203 PG 19 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 379PL UT WOS:000165651600005 ER PT J AU Williams, WP Buckley, PM Davis, FM AF Williams, WP Buckley, PM Davis, FM TI Vegetative phase change in maize and its association with resistance to fall armyworm SO MAYDICA LA English DT Article DE Zea mays L.; Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith); phase change; plant resistance ID SOUTHWESTERN CORN-BORER; PLANT-RESISTANCE; LEPIDOPTERA; NOCTUIDAE AB Vegetative development in maize can be divided into juvenile and adult phases. Each phase is characterized by distinctive morphology and physiology. Two maize hybrids with resistance to fall armyworm feeding, two susceptible hybrids, and a hybrid with an intermediate level of resistance were evaluated for the timing of juvenile-adult phase transition and duration of transition period. The fall armyworn resistant hybrids completed the phase transition earlier than the susceptible hybrids. Earlier phase change was highly correlated with resistance to fall armyworm as indicated by reduced plant damage and lower larval weights in the field and laboratory bioassays. When using leaves collected at different vegetative stages of plant development and lyophylized for artificial diet bioassays, fall armyworm resistance was highly correlated with juvenile-adult phase transition. C1 USDA ARS, Corn Host Plant Resistance Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Williams, WP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Corn Host Plant Resistance Res Unit, Box 9555, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 14 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU MAYDICA-IST SPER CEREALICOLTUR PI BERGAMO PA SEZ DI BERGAMO VIA STEZZANO, 24, 24100 BERGAMO, ITALY SN 0025-6153 J9 MAYDICA JI Maydica PY 2000 VL 45 IS 3 BP 215 EP 219 PG 5 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 379PL UT WOS:000165651600007 ER PT J AU Goodman, MM Moreno, J Castillo, F Holley, RN Carson, ML AF Goodman, MM Moreno, J Castillo, F Holley, RN Carson, ML TI Using tropical maize germplasm for temperate breeding SO MAYDICA LA English DT Article DE maize breeding; tropical germplasm; introgression; incorporation ID FAVORABLE ALLELES; EXOTIC GERMPLASM; INBRED LINES; POPULATIONS; INTROGRESSION; YIELD; ACCESSIONS; CROSSES; CORN AB Despite many efforts, little truly exotic germplasm is represented in U.S. maize hybrids. A wide array of tropical materials is available and use of elite tropical materials that have been through the inbreeding process is the quickest way to use tropical maize germplasm for temperate breeding programs, but how does one choose which material to use? Because of reaction to photoperiod, evaluating tropical germplasm sources is virtually impossible in the U.S. Corn Belt. N. C. State is involved in the development of inbred lines with high percentages of exotic germplasm via a process called incorporation by Simmonds, rather than the backcross introgression procedures adopted by most breeders. The advanced, largely-tropical lines at N.C. State all trace back to intercrosses among elite tropical hybrids. Results of second generation lines derived by phenotypic selection while selfing are reported here, including the results of testing under temperate and tropical conditions using both a temperate and a tropical tester. The results suggest that selection in either a very different location or with a very different tester can result in definite improvement in breeding value. Rarely would more extreme comparisons be made, yet all the rank correlations between testers and beta een environments were consistently positive and significant. Six lines have been released from these studies: NC298 and NC300 in 1991, NC304 in 1994, NC340 in 1997, and NC348 and NC350 in 1998. A joint public-private program called GEM (Germplasm Enhancement of Maize) also has been developed to move tropical germplasm more rapidly into breeding programs. The first widespread testing of family topcrosses from 50%-tropical materials has now been completed, and those results are summarized here. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. ICA Tibaitata, Bogota, Colombia. Colegio Postgraduados, Ctr Genet, Montecillos, Mexico. Novartis Seeds, Henderson, KY USA. NC State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC USA. RP Goodman, MM (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 42 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU MAYDICA-IST SPER CEREALICOLTUR PI BERGAMO PA SEZ DI BERGAMO VIA STEZZANO, 24, 24100 BERGAMO, ITALY SN 0025-6153 J9 MAYDICA JI Maydica PY 2000 VL 45 IS 3 BP 221 EP 234 PG 14 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 379PL UT WOS:000165651600008 ER PT J AU Labate, JA Lamkey, KR Lee, M Woodman, W AF Labate, JA Lamkey, KR Lee, M Woodman, W TI Hardy-Weinberg and linkage equilibrium estimates in the BSSS and BSCB1 random mated populations SO MAYDICA LA English DT Article DE RFLP markers; principal component analysis; genotypic frequencies; quantitative genetics; Zea mays L. ID RECIPROCAL RECURRENT SELECTION; ZEA-MAYS L; MAIZE POPULATIONS; ALLOZYME POLYMORPHISMS; GENETIC DIVERSITY; MULTIPLE ALLELES; ISOZYME; HETEROZYGOSITY; FREQUENCIES; YIELD AB Because maize (Zea mays L.) is an annual species those working with it must frequently make crosses to preserve and periodically maintain populations. Random mating is performed either using hand-pollination techniques or in wind-pollinated isolated blocks. Eighty-two restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers were used to examine samples of random mated, hand-pollinated BSSS(R) and BSCB1(R) maize populations to find out whether their genotypic proportions conformed to predicted outcomes of random mating. The majority of loci conformed to expectations for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). Excess homozygosity was observed at 87% of the loci where the null hypothesis of HWE was rejected. For pairs of polymorphic loci, linkage equilibrium was observed in the BSSS(R) and BSCB1(R) progenitor populations (fewer than 5% of all tests rejected the null hypothesis of equilibrium at the P less than or equal to 0.05 significance level). The BSSS(R)CO, BSCB1(R)CO and BSCB1(R)C12 populations showed slight increases in the proportion of pairs of loci in linkage disequilibrium compared to the progenitors (approximately 8.4% of all pairs of loci rejected the null hypothesis at the P less than or equal to0.05 significance level). BSSS(R)C12 was an extreme outlier with 25.0% of all pairs of polymorphic loci displaying significant (P less than or equal to 0.05) linkage disequilibrium. This result was likely caused by the artificial grouping of three BSSS(R)CO plants with 97 BSSS(R)C12 plants during sampling. Results from principal components analysis of all individuals based on RFLP alleles supported this interpretation. Overall, most of the observed deviations from equilibrium were likely to have been caused by positive assortative mating in the case of HWE, and natural selection for epistatic effects between unlinked loci in the case of linkage disequilirium. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, USDA ARS, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Cornell Univ, Inst Genomic Divers, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Lamkey, KR (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, USDA ARS, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RI Lamkey, Kendall/D-7631-2013 OI Lamkey, Kendall/0000-0001-8510-8798 NR 32 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU MAYDICA-IST SPER CEREALICOLTUR PI BERGAMO PA SEZ DI BERGAMO VIA STEZZANO, 24, 24100 BERGAMO, ITALY SN 0025-6153 J9 MAYDICA JI Maydica PY 2000 VL 45 IS 3 BP 243 EP 256 PG 14 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 379PL UT WOS:000165651600010 ER PT J AU Butron, A Widstrom, NW Snook, ME Wiseman, BR AF Butron, A Widstrom, NW Snook, ME Wiseman, BR TI Recurrent selection for corn earworm resistance in three corn synthetics SO MAYDICA LA English DT Article DE Zea mays; corn earworm; insect resistance; selection ID MAIZE POPULATIONS; AGRONOMIC TRAITS; MAYSIN CONTENT; LEPIDOPTERA; NOCTUIDAE; LARVAE; SILKS; INBREDS; BORER AB Corn (Zea mays L.) grown in the Southeastern U. S. is often severely damaged by corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea Boddie), which feed on developing kernels on the ear. Natural resistance to this insect due to husk cover and chemicals in the silks has been identified. we studied the improvement in the resistance to ear injury by the corn earworm in the population 10LDDSR after 10 cycles of S, recurrent selection and in the population cross DDSA x DDSB after seven cycles of reciprocal recurrent selection. We evaluated progress for increased resistance over a two-year period. The linear response to selection for improved resistance to corn earworm in the 10LDDSR population and DDSA x DDSB population cross was 0.06 cm of damage per cycle. Only three cycles of S-1 and reciprocal recurrent selection for ear damage and husk tightness to improve resistance reduced ear damage by the corn earworm while maintaining other desirable agronomic traits. Therefore, future efforts to reduce ear damage in 10LDDSR(CS) should probably be focused on increasing silk maysin content. Antibiosis is also proposed as a potential trait to improve the resistance of breeding populations DDSA(C3) and DDSB(CS). C1 ARS, Insect Biol & Populat Management Res Lab, USDA, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Widstrom, NW (reprint author), ARS, Insect Biol & Populat Management Res Lab, USDA, POB 748, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 34 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU MAYDICA-IST SPER CEREALICOLTUR PI BERGAMO PA SEZ DI BERGAMO VIA STEZZANO, 24, 24100 BERGAMO, ITALY SN 0025-6153 J9 MAYDICA JI Maydica PY 2000 VL 45 IS 4 BP 295 EP 300 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 403EX UT WOS:000167030600004 ER PT J AU Kobayashi, K Forte, TM Taniguchi, S Ishida, BY Oka, K Chan, L AF Kobayashi, K Forte, TM Taniguchi, S Ishida, BY Oka, K Chan, L TI The db/db mouse, a model for diabetic dyslipidemia: Molecular characterization and effects of Western diet feeding SO METABOLISM-CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL LA English DT Article ID DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN SUBCLASSES; MEDIATED GENE-TRANSFER; LEPTIN RECEPTOR; INSULIN-RESISTANCE; APOLIPOPROTEIN-E; ZUCKER RAT; LIPASE ACTIVITY; LA/N-CORPULENT; FATTY ZUCKER; SERUM-LIPIDS AB Diabetic dyslipidemia is a major factor contributing to the accelerated atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus, Although several mouse models are available, the plasma lipoproteins in response to diet have not been fully characterized in these animals. In this study, we have characterized the plasma lipoproteins and related apolipoproteins, as well as the vascular lipases, in diabetes (db/db) mice and their nondiabetic controls (+/?) in the C57BL/KsJ strain. Within 6 weeks of age, db/db mice developed significant obesity, fasting hyperglycemia, and hyperinsulinemia. By FPLC analysis, db/db mice showed a prominent peak in the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) range that was absent in +/? mice, although high-density lipoprotein (HDL) was the predominant species in both groups of animals. Postheparin lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity in db/db mice was 28% of the level in +/? mice. Upon feeding a human-like 0.15% (wt/wt) cholesterol and 21% (wt/wt) fat "Western" diet, db/db mice developed elevated plasma cholesterol, accompanied by an exaggerated apolipoprotein E (apoE) response compared with +/? mice. FPLC analysis showed that the marked hypercholesterolemic response in db/db mice was the result of a massive increase in the LDL region, which overshadowed a moderate increase in HDL. We next isolated lipoproteins by ultracentrifugation and characterized them by nondenaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. With regular chow, db/db mice had almost exclusively small dense LDL with a peak size at 21.4 nm, as compared with 26.6 nm in nondiabetic controls. On the Western diet, the small dense LDLs persisted but larger particles also appeared in db/db mice, whereas the size distribution in +/? mice was unchanged by the diet. Our results suggest that db/db mice fed a Western diet have a plasma lipoprotein phenotype that shows some similarities to that in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and that db/db mice are a useful model to study the pathogenesis and treatment of diabetic dyslipidemia. Copyright (C) 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Cell Biol & Med, Houston, TX 77030 USA. USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX USA. Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Life Sci, Berkeley, CA USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Med, San Francisco, CA USA. RP Chan, L (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Cell Biol & Med, 1 Bayer Pl, Houston, TX 77030 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL 51586, HL 18574] NR 60 TC 115 Z9 122 U1 0 U2 10 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0026-0495 J9 METABOLISM JI Metab.-Clin. Exp. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 49 IS 1 BP 22 EP 31 DI 10.1016/S0026-0495(00)90588-2 PG 10 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 273XA UT WOS:000084733600005 PM 10647060 ER PT J AU Russell, JB Diez-Gonzalez, F Jarvis, GN AF Russell, JB Diez-Gonzalez, F Jarvis, GN TI Potential effect of cattle diets on the transmission of pathogenic Escherichia coli to humans SO MICROBES AND INFECTION LA English DT Review DE Escherichia coli; acid; resistance; hay; grain ID ACID RESISTANCE; FEEDLOT CATTLE; LOW PH; O157-H7; DAIRY; 0157-H7; SHEEP; PREVALENCE; MECHANISMS; TOLERANCE AB Grain feeding seems to promote the growth and acid resistance of Escherichia coli in fattening beef cattle, and acid-resistant E. coli are more likely to survive the human gastric stomach. When cattle were fed hay for only five days, the number and acid resistance of E. coli decreased dramatically. (C) 2000 Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Microbiol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. ARS, USDA, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Russell, JB (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Microbiol, Wing Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 54 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 7 PU EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER PI PARIS CEDEX 15 PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS CEDEX 15, FRANCE SN 1286-4579 J9 MICROBES INFECT JI Microbes Infect. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 2 IS 1 BP 45 EP 53 DI 10.1016/S1286-4579(00)00286-0 PG 9 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 286VA UT WOS:000085468500007 PM 10717540 ER PT J AU Carlson, SA Browning, M Ferris, KE Jones, BD AF Carlson, SA Browning, M Ferris, KE Jones, BD TI Identification of diminished tissue culture invasiveness among multiple antibiotic resistant Salmonella typhimurium DT104 SO MICROBIAL PATHOGENESIS LA English DT Article DE Salmonella; invasion; antibiotic resistance ID INVASION; GENES; PATHOGENICITY; EXPRESSION; VIRULENCE; SECRETION; STRAINS; MODEL; CELLS AB Salmonella infections continue to cause gastrointestinal and systemic disease throughout the world. Salmonella typhimurium further poses a major health concern due to its apparent enhanced ability to acquire multiple antibiotic resistance genes. Currently it is unclear if multiresistant S. typhimurium are more or less pathogenic than non-resistant counterparts. Using an in vitro invasion assay, we evaluated the relative pathogenicity of over 400 multiresistant S. typhimurium isolates. Our studies failed to identify any "hyperinvasive" isolates. However, we identified 12 isolates exhibiting invasive phenotypes that were constrained relative to controls. These "hypoinvasive" strains were found in a variety of phagetypes all possessing at least a hexaresistant profile. Further studies revealed that the alterations in invasion were not due to changes in adherence. Limited studies exploring in vivo virulence revealed a mildly decreased ability to cause murine lethality for the hypoinvasive strain examined. These results indicate that the ability to cause disease is not increased but is rather mildly attenuated for certain isolates of multiresistant S. typhimurium. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Dept Microbiol, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. USDA, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Diagnost Bacteriol Lab, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Carlson, SA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, 2300 Dayton Rd, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 24 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0882-4010 J9 MICROB PATHOGENESIS JI Microb. Pathog. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 28 IS 1 BP 37 EP 44 DI 10.1006/mpat.1999.0322 PG 8 WC Immunology; Microbiology SC Immunology; Microbiology GA 273XC UT WOS:000084733800005 PM 10623562 ER PT J AU Keudell, KC Huang, JK Wen, L Klopfenstein, WE Bagby, MO Lanser, AC Plattner, RD Peterson, RE Weisleder, D AF Keudell, KC Huang, JK Wen, L Klopfenstein, WE Bagby, MO Lanser, AC Plattner, RD Peterson, RE Weisleder, D TI Fatty acids enhanced tubermycin production by Pseudomonas strain 2HS SO MICROBIOS LA English DT Article DE fatty acids; Pseudomonas 2HS; tubermycin B; phenazine-1-carboxylic acid; 12-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid; ricinoleic acid ID PHENAZINE 1-CARBOXYLIC ACID; 12-HYDROXYOCTADECANOIC ACID; FLUORESCENS 2-79; 5-N-HEXYL-TETRAHYDROFURAN-2-ACETIC ACID; AERUGINOSA; BIOTRANSFORMATION; ACCUMULATION AB A new microbial isolate, Pseudomonas 2HS, produced trace amounts of a greenish-yellow pigment when grown aerobically in a 1% yeast extract medium at 30 degrees C and shaken at 250 rpm for 5 days. In contrast, cells produced more greenish-yellow pigment (2.16 mg/15 mi culture) when grown in the presence of 0.5% 12-hydroxy octadecanoic acid (w/v). The greenish-yellow pigment was identified as phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (tubermycin B), and the Pseodomonas 2HS was identified as P. aeruginosa 2HS. This is the first report that 12-hydroxyoctadecanoic, ricinoleic and other fatty acids can enhance the production of phenazine-1-carboxylic acid by a Pseudomonas species. C1 Western Illinois Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Macomb, IL 61455 USA. Western Illinois Univ, Dept Chem, Macomb, IL 61455 USA. ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Keudell, KC (reprint author), Western Illinois Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Macomb, IL 61455 USA. NR 21 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU FACULTY PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA 88 REGENT ST, CAMBRIDGE, CAMBS, ENGLAND CB2 1DP SN 0026-2633 J9 MICROBIOS JI Microbios PY 2000 VL 102 IS 401 BP 27 EP 38 PG 12 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 309FE UT WOS:000086757000003 PM 10817518 ER PT J AU Manthey, JA AF Manthey, JA TI Biological properties of flavonoids pertaining to inflammation SO MICROCIRCULATION LA English DT Article DE adhesion molecule; cyclooxygenase; cytokine; kinase; lipoxygenase; phosphodiesterase; phospholipase; prostaglandin ID PROTEIN-KINASE-C; NF-KAPPA-B; ARACHIDONIC-ACID METABOLISM; CELL-ADHESION MOLECULE-1; HAMSTER-CHEEK POUCH; DAFLON(R) 500 MG; LEUKOCYTE ADHESION; CAMP-PHOSPHODIESTERASE; TYROSINE KINASE; GENE-EXPRESSION AB Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is accompanied by a marked inflammatory; response that is thought to contribute to the development and progression of the disorder. Wile compression therapy has long been considered the standard treatment for CVI, recent studies suggest that treatment with flavonoids ma); also be beneficial. The purpose of this review is to summarize hom plant flavonoids attenuate inflammation and the immune response through their inhibition of important regulatory enzymes. Certain flavonoids are potent inhibitors of the production of prostaglandins, a group of powerful proinflammatory signaling molecules. Studies have shown that this effect is due to flavonoid inhibition of key enzymes involved in prostaglandin biosynthesis (i.e. lipoxygenase, phospholipase, and cyclooxygenase). Flavonoids also inhibit phosphodiesterases involved in cell activation. Much of this effect is upon the biosynthesis of protein cytokines that mediate adhesion of circulating leukocytes to sites of injury. The protein kinases are another class of regulatory enzymes affected by flavonoids. The inhibition of kinases is due to the competitive binding: of flavonoids with ATP at, catalytic sites on the enzymes. These modes of inhibition provide the mechanisms by which flavonoids inhibit the inflammation response and suggest that this class of molecules may be effective in the treatment of CVI. C1 USDA ARS, Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, S Atlantic Area, Winter Haven, FL 33881 USA. RP Manthey, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, S Atlantic Area, 600 Ave S NW, Winter Haven, FL 33881 USA. EM jmanthey@citrus.usda.gov NR 52 TC 70 Z9 74 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1073-9688 J9 MICROCIRCULATION JI Microcirculation PY 2000 VL 7 IS 6 SU S BP S29 EP S34 PN 2 PG 6 WC Hematology; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Hematology; Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 387CW UT WOS:000166103400005 PM 11151968 ER PT J AU Tunick, MH van Hekken, DL Smith, PW Malin, EL Holsinger, VH AF Tunick, MH van Hekken, DL Smith, PW Malin, EL Holsinger, VH TI Characteristics of Mozzarella cheeses made with fortified milk or nonfat dry milk SO MILCHWISSENSCHAFT-MILK SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE Mozzarella cheese (technology ID PROTEOLYSIS; RHEOLOGY; FUNCTIONALITY AB Concern over the possible use of substitutes for natural cheeses in federal food programs initiated our study of the textural properties of part skim Mozzarella cheese and Mozzarella substitutes. Cheeses were made from fresh milk (9% solids) or fresh milk fortified with 1 or 2% added calcium caseinate (CC) or nonfat dry milk (NFDM). Cheeses made from milk containing 9, 10, or 11% solids were also made using only reconstituted NFDM and cream. All cheeses showed a significant (p<0.0001) decrease in alpha(s1)-casein content during 6 wk of storage at 4 degrees C. As a result, mean values from meltability, texture profile analysis, small amplitude oscillatory shear measurements, and torsion analyses all changed significantly with storage. Almost all cheeses tended to become more rubbery during the storage period. This study showed that CC and NFDM can be added to Mozzarella cheese milk at a concentration of 1 or 2% without affecting the final properties of the cheese. C1 USDA, Agr Res Serv, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Tunick, MH (reprint author), USDA, Agr Res Serv, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RI Tunick, Michael/C-9761-2010 NR 24 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 6 PU A V A AGRARVERLAG PI KEMPTEN PA PROSCHESTR 2, 87437 KEMPTEN, GERMANY SN 0026-3788 J9 MILCHWISSENSCHAFT JI Milchwiss.-Milk Sci. Int. PY 2000 VL 55 IS 8 BP 450 EP 453 PG 4 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 346BK UT WOS:000088850200008 ER PT J AU Li, SH Wang, QJ Chakladar, A Bronson, RT Bernards, A AF Li, SH Wang, QJ Chakladar, A Bronson, RT Bernards, A TI Gastric hyperplasia in mice lacking the putative Cdc42 effector IQGAP1 SO MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CELL-CELL ADHESION; SMALL GTPASES; E-CADHERIN; BINDING PROTEIN; RHO-GTPASES; MDCK CELLS; CALMODULIN; IDENTIFICATION; DOMAIN; TARGET AB Human IQGAP1 is a widely expressed 190-kDa Cdc42-, Rac1-, and calmodulin-binding protein that interacts with F-actin in vivo and that can cross-link F-actin microfilaments in vitro. Recent results have implicated IQGAP1 as a component of pathways via which Cdc42 or Rad modulates cadherin-based cell adhesion (S, Kuroda et al,, Science 281:832-835, 1998), whereas yeast IQGAP-related proteins have been found to play essential roles during cytokinesis. To identify critical in vivo functions of IQGAP1, we generated deficient mice by gene targeting. We demonstrate that IQGAP1 null mutants arise at normal frequency and show no obvious defects during development or for most of their adult life. Loss of IQGAP1 also does not affect tumor development or tumor progression, but mutant mice exhibit a significant (P < 0.0001) increase in late-onset gastric hyperplasia relative to wild-type animals of the same genetic background. While we cannot exclude that functional redundancy with IQGAP2 contributes to the Lack of developmental phenotypes, the restricted expression pattern of IQGAP2 is not obviously altered in adult IQGAP1 mutant mice. Thus, IQGAP1 does not serve any essential nonredundant functions during murine development but may serve to maintain the integrity of the gastric mucosa in older animals. C1 Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Ctr Canc, Boston, MA 02129 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Bernards, A (reprint author), Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Ctr Canc, Bldg 149,13th St, Boston, MA 02129 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [CA70294] NR 31 TC 93 Z9 97 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0270-7306 J9 MOL CELL BIOL JI Mol. Cell. Biol. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 20 IS 2 BP 697 EP 701 DI 10.1128/MCB.20.2.697-701.2000 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA 270VZ UT WOS:000084559000028 PM 10611248 ER PT J AU Ibach, RE Rowell, RM AF Ibach, RE Rowell, RM TI Improvements in decay resistance based on moisture exclusion SO MOLECULAR CRYSTALS AND LIQUID CRYSTALS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Frontiers of Polymers and Advanced Materials CY JUN 21-25, 1999 CL POZNAN, POLAND DE chemical modification; wood decay; wood preservation; fiber saturation point; equilibrium moisture content ID SOUTHERN AB Moisture content has an effect on the biological decay of wood. The literature states that serious decay occurs when the moisture content of wood is above the fiber saturation point (FSP), which is the measurement of the moisture content of wood when the cell walls are saturated and the cell cavities free from water (average 30%). We can chemically modify wood hydroxyls by various treatments (i.e., acetylation, isocyanates, and epoxides) which result in the lowering of the FSP. If we modify the availability of water in the cell wall, we can reduce or eliminate biological degradation. So is biological protection as simple as removing a water molecule at the glycosidic hydrolysis site required by the degrading enzyme? Investigations are underway to chemically modify wood and fiber samples and evaluate them biologically by the soil block rest, as well as by the FSP and the equilibrium moisture content (EMC). EMC is the moisture content of wood at any given relative humidity and temperature. Potential correlation between moisture exclusion and biological protection will be discussed. C1 USDA FS, Forest Prod Lab 1, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Ibach, RE (reprint author), USDA FS, Forest Prod Lab 1, Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 16 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU GORDON BREACH PUBLISHING, TAYLOR & FRANCIS GROUP PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, 8TH FL, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1058-725X J9 MOL CRYST LIQ CRYST JI Mol. Cryst. Liquid Cryst. PY 2000 VL 353 BP 23 EP 33 DI 10.1080/10587250008025645 PG 11 WC Crystallography SC Crystallography GA 422QX UT WOS:000168131700004 ER PT J AU Ellis, WD AF Ellis, WD TI Wood-polymer composites: Review of processes and properties SO MOLECULAR CRYSTALS AND LIQUID CRYSTALS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Frontiers of Polymers and Advanced Materials CY JUN 21-25, 1999 CL POZNAN, POLAND DE wood-polymer composites; monomers; wood; hardness; dimensional stability ID ACRYL-HIGH-POLYMER; DIMENSIONAL STABILITY; DURABILITY; COPOLYMER AB Wood-polymer composites (WPC) are made from wood and monomers that are polymerized inside the wood. Combining wood with polymer enhances the physical properties of the wood, allowing the composite to be tailored to specific applications. This paper reviews the processes and monomers used to make WPC, physical properties of WPC, and actual and potential applications, The characteristics of traditional monomers (methyl methacrylate and styrene) and new monomers are described, as are WPC surface hardness, water repellency, dimensional stability, abrasion resistance, and fire resistance, Current and potential uses for WPC range from hardwood flooring to furniture, sports equipment, parts for musical instruments, industrial applications, and construction materials. C1 USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Forest Serv, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Ellis, WD (reprint author), USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Forest Serv, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 52 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 9 PU GORDON BREACH PUBLISHING, TAYLOR & FRANCIS GROUP PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, 8TH FL, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1058-725X J9 MOL CRYST LIQ CRYST JI Mol. Cryst. Liquid Cryst. PY 2000 VL 353 BP 75 EP 84 DI 10.1080/10587250008025649 PG 10 WC Crystallography SC Crystallography GA 422QX UT WOS:000168131700008 ER PT J AU Rowell, RM Lange, SE Jacobson, RE AF Rowell, RM Lange, SE Jacobson, RE TI Weathering performance of plant-fiber/thermoplastic composites SO MOLECULAR CRYSTALS AND LIQUID CRYSTALS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Frontiers of Polymers and Advanced Materials CY JUN 21-25, 1999 CL POZNAN, POLAND DE natural fiber; polypropylene; composites; strength properties; moisture sorption; ultraviolet degradation; weathering AB Natural fiber/thermoplastic composites were made using aspen fiber and polypropylene. Several different levels of aspen fiber (30 to 60% by weight) were used with and without the addition of a compatibilizer (maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene, MAPP). These composites were tested for strength properties, exposed to boiling and cyclic liquid water and oven drying tests, and evaluated in an accelerated weathering test for 2000 hours. As the level of fiber increases without MAPP, flexural strength, flexural modulus, tensile strength and tensile modulus increases but notched and unnotched impact strength decrease as compared to pure polypropylene. The presence of MAPP has a very large positive effect on flexural strength, flexural modulus, tensile strength and tensile modulus as compared to composites made without MAPP. As the level of fiber increased in the composites, the rate and extent of thickness swelling and moisture sorption increased as compared to pure polypropylene. The presence of MAPP decreased the extent of swelling and moisture pickup. Weathering of composites under accelerated weathering conditions (water sprayed for 18 minutes followed by 102 minutes without water spray of UV radiation produced by a 6500-watt xenon are light source) was restricted to the outer 0.5 mm of the surface. Weathering gave rise to the development of a white chalky surface layer which started at about 150-200 hours of weathering. After 2000 hours of accelerated weathering, weight loss increased with increasing fiber content and there was more weight loss in specimens containing MAPP as compared to specimens without the addition of MAPP. After scraping off the chalky white layer after 2000 hours of weathering, weight loss was greatest in specimens containing no fiber. C1 USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Forest Serv, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Rowell, RM (reprint author), USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Forest Serv, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 5 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 1 PU GORDON BREACH PUBLISHING, TAYLOR & FRANCIS GROUP PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, 8TH FL, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1058-725X J9 MOL CRYST LIQ CRYST JI Mol. Cryst. Liquid Cryst. PY 2000 VL 353 BP 85 EP 94 DI 10.1080/10587250008025650 PG 10 WC Crystallography SC Crystallography GA 422QX UT WOS:000168131700009 ER PT J AU Wright, MS Lax, AR Henderson, G Chen, JA AF Wright, MS Lax, AR Henderson, G Chen, JA TI Growth response of Metarhizium anisopliae to two Formosan subterranean termite nest volatiles, naphthalene and fenchone SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Coptotermes formosanus; entomopathogenic fungus; synergism ID BEAUVERIA-BASSIANA; ISOPTERA; RHINOTERMITIDAE; VIRULENCE AB The entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin was investigated as a control agent against the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki. Metarhizium anisopliae is a known insect pathogen and its effectiveness against termite species has been demonstrated. Use of this fungus in an integrated pest management scheme may be effective. In order to function in this manner, M. anisopliae must withstand the environment of a Formosan subterranean termite nest, including the presence of the volatile chemicals naphthalene and fenchone. These chemicals have been identified from Formosan termite nests, but their significance, if any, in a termite society is unknown. In this study M. anisopliae strain ESC-1 was exposed to several concentrations of naphthalene, (+)fenchone and (-)fenchone to determine when significant inhibition of growth occurs. Fungi were exposed to the specified amount of volatile chemical in individual Petri dishes, and incubated in sealed environmental chambers. Metarhizium anisopliae grown in Petri dishes containing 0.1 mg, 1 mg and 10 mg of naphthalene exhibited 0%, 30% and 80% inhibition of radial growth, respectively, when compared to an unexposed control. Exposure to 1 mu L, 10 mu L and 100 mu L of (-)fenchone resulted in 6%, 28% and 100% inhibition, respectively. Exposure to 1 mu L, 10 mu L and 100 mu L of (+)fenchone resulted in 17%, 22% and 100% inhibition, respectively. Once inhibition rates were established for the individual chemicals, M. anisopliae was exposed to combinations of naphthalene and fenchone. These combinations did not result in significantly more inhibition than the individual volatiles. C1 ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Entomol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Wright, MS (reprint author), ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 21 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 92 IS 1 BP 42 EP 45 DI 10.2307/3761448 PG 4 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 280XZ UT WOS:000085130200006 ER PT J AU Rosskopf, EN Charudattan, R Shabana, YM Benny, GL AF Rosskopf, EN Charudattan, R Shabana, YM Benny, GL TI Phomopsis amaranthicola, a new species from Amaranthus sp. SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Coelomycete; internal transcribed spacer region; ITS; pigweed ID FUNGAL AB In 1992, a pycnidial fungus isolated from diseased amaranth plants was found to be the causal agent of the observed stem and leaf blight. Inoculations performed in the greenhouse revealed that this organism caused a disease characterized by a general blight. The isolate was tentatively identified as a member of the genus Phomopsis and its morphological characteristics were compared to those reported in the literature for Phomopsis species collected from amaranth. The Florida isolate, ATCC 74226, was found to produce extremely large alpha conidia. Beta conidia were produced, as well as a third type of conidium of intermediate shape. Phylogenetic analysis, based on the sequences within the internal transcribed spacer regions of the ribosomal DNA, revealed that isolate ATCC 74226 differed substantially from the other Phomopsis species tested, including those that are known to produce the third type of conidium. Based on the morphological characteristics and DNA sequence information the isolate is described here as a new species of Phomopsis. C1 ARS, USDA, Hort Res Unit, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Plant Pathol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Mansoura Univ, Fac Agr, Dept Plant Pathol, El Mansoura 35516, Egypt. RP Rosskopf, EN (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Hort Res Unit, 2199 S Rock Rd, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. NR 15 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 92 IS 1 BP 114 EP 122 DI 10.2307/3761455 PG 9 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 280XZ UT WOS:000085130200013 ER PT J AU Farr, DF O'Neill, NR van Berkum, PB AF Farr, DF O'Neill, NR van Berkum, PB TI Morphological and molecular studies on Dendryphion penicillatum and Pleospora papaveracea, pathogens of Papaver somniferum SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE AFLP; biological control; Dendryphiella; fungi; Loculoascomycetes; dematiaceous hyphomycetes; opium poppy; systematics AB Pleospora papaveracea and Dendryphion penicillatum are well-known pathogens of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum). The asexual state of Pl. papaveracea has generally been identified as D. penicillatum. However, morphological observations and AFLP analysis reveal that the anamorph of Pl. papaveracea is a Dendryphiella-like fungus and that D. penicillatum is not the asexual state of Pl. papaveracea. While Pl. papaveracea forms a sexual state in culture, D. penicillatum lacks a known sexual state. These two species can be readily differentiated using both morphology and colony characteristics. C1 ARS, Systemat Mycol & Bot Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, Soybean & Alfalfa Res Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Farr, DF (reprint author), ARS, Systemat Mycol & Bot Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 22 TC 15 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 7 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 92 IS 1 BP 145 EP 153 DI 10.2307/3761459 PG 9 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 280XZ UT WOS:000085130200017 ER PT J AU Rossman, AY Palm, ME AF Rossman, AY Palm, ME TI Flora G. Pollack, 1919-1997 SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 ARS, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Rossman, AY (reprint author), ARS, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 92 IS 1 BP 192 EP 194 PG 3 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 280XZ UT WOS:000085130200021 ER PT J AU Dodd, SL Crowhurst, RN Rodrigo, AG Samuels, GJ Hill, RA Stewart, A AF Dodd, SL Crowhurst, RN Rodrigo, AG Samuels, GJ Hill, RA Stewart, A TI Examination of Trichoderma phylogenies derived from ribosomal DNA sequence data SO MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID GENUS TRICHODERMA; SECTION LONGIBRACHIATUM; SPACER SEQUENCES; MUSHROOM COMPOST; NORTH-AMERICA; BRITISH-ISLES; HARZIANUM; REVISION; SYSTEMATICS; FUSARIUM AB Ribosomal DNA sequences were assessed for their usefulness in distinguishing among Trichoderma isolates and for their robustness in resolving their phylogenetic relationships. DNA sequences from the D2 region of the 28S rRNA gene were determined for so Trichoderma isolates representing seven species. Eight distinct sequence types existed, and were mostly consistent with groupings based on morphology. Sequence variability within the D2 region alone was not sufficient to provide a reliable phylogeny. Sequences from the ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2 regions were subsequently determined for 18 of the isolates. Eight distinct ITS sequence types were detected among these 18 isolates. The ITS sequence types were generally consistent with morphology, ITS1 sequence data supported the identification of the Th3 T. harzianum group of Muthumeenakshi et ai. (1994) as T. atroviride. The data also confirmed that the biocontrol strains of this study were different from those causing disease problems in the mushroom industry in Europe and North America. Results from the phylogenetic analysis stress the importance of testing the robustness of data used to predict phylogenies. Two ITS sequence data sets for the same group of isolates produced significantly different phylogenies. Congruence analysis detected that T. inhamatum (GJS90-90) was corrupting tree topologies and 'first order pruning' was performed by removing its sequence from the two ITS data sets. Subsequent differences in the topologies of pruned ITS1 and ITS2 trees were attributed to a lack of phylogenetic information in the ITS2, sequence region. Although ITS sequences successfully differentiated among morphologically distinct isolates within Trichoderma, it did not provide a sufficient phylogenetic signal to resolve all of their relationships. C1 Univ Auckland, Sch Biol Sci, Auckland 1, New Zealand. DSIR, Mt Albert Res Ctr, Hort & Food Res Inst New Zealand Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand. Univ Washington, Dept Microbiol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. USDA ARS, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Hort & Food Res Inst New Zealand Ltd, Ruakura Res Stn, Hamilton, New Zealand. Lincoln Univ, Soil Plant & Ecol Sci Div, Canterbury, New Zealand. RP Dodd, SL (reprint author), Lincoln Univ, Soil Plant & Ecol Sci Div, POB 84, Canterbury, New Zealand. RI Hill, Robert/H-6704-2013; Rodrigo, Allen/E-8905-2015 OI Rodrigo, Allen/0000-0002-8327-7317 NR 46 TC 26 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 8 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0953-7562 J9 MYCOL RES JI Mycol. Res. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 104 BP 23 EP 34 DI 10.1017/S0953756299001100 PN 1 PG 12 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 285TK UT WOS:000085404000005 ER PT B AU Heermann, DF AF Heermann, DF GP ASAE ASAE TI Where we have been, what we have learned and where we are going SO NATIONAL IRRIGATION SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th National Irrigation Symposium CY NOV 14-16, 2000 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Soc Engn Agr, Food & Biol Syst, Irrigat Assoc C1 Colorado State Univ, USDA ARS, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Heermann, DF (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, USDA ARS, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-13-1 PY 2000 BP 40 EP 51 PG 12 WC Agricultural Engineering; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA BU94E UT WOS:000177437000004 ER PT B AU Howell, TA AF Howell, TA GP ASAE ASAE TI Irrigation's role in enhancing water use efficiency SO NATIONAL IRRIGATION SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th National Irrigation Symposium CY NOV 14-16, 2000 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Soc Engn Agr, Food & Biol Syst, Irrigat Assoc DE irrigation diversion; efficiency; basin; salinity; environment; watershed ID CROP PRODUCTION; YIELD; CORN; PLAINS AB Irrigated agriculture is a vital component of total agriculture and supplies many of the fruits, vegetables, and cereal foods consumed by humans; the grains fed to animals that are used as human food; and the feed to sustain animals for work in many parts of the world. World-wide irrigation was practiced on about 263 million ha in 1996 with about 49% of the world's irrigation in India, China, and the United States. The objectives of this paper are to review irrigation worldwide in meeting our growing needs for food production, irrigation trends in the U.S., to discuss various concepts that define water use efficiency (WUE) in irrigated agriculture from both an engineering and agronomic view points, and to discuss the impacts of enhanced WUE on water conservation. Frequent reports indicate that scarcely one-third of our rainfall, surface water, or groundwater is used to produce plants useful to mankind. Without appropriate management, irrigated agriculture can be detrimental to the environment and can endanger sustainability. Irrigated agriculture is facing growing competition for low-cost, high-quality water. WUE in irrigated agriculture is broader in scope than most agronomic applications and must be considered on a watershed, basin, irrigation district, or catchment scale. The main pathways for enhancing WUE in irrigated agriculture are to increase the output per unit of water (engineering and agronomic management aspects), reduce losses of water to unusable sinks and reduce water degradation (environmental aspects), and reallocating water to higher priority uses (societal aspects). C1 USDA ARS, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. RP Howell, TA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, PO Drawer 10, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. EM tahowell@ag.gov NR 43 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL & BIOLOGICAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-13-1 PY 2000 BP 66 EP 80 PG 15 WC Agricultural Engineering; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA BU94E UT WOS:000177437000006 ER PT B AU Schneider, AD Buchleiter, G Kincaid, DC AF Schneider, AD Buchleiter, G Kincaid, DC GP ASAE ASAE TI LEPA irrigation developments SO NATIONAL IRRIGATION SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th National Irrigation Symposium CY NOV 14-16, 2000 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Soc Engn Agr, Food & Biol Syst, Irrigat Assoc DE LEPA irrigation; sprinkler; application efficiency; uniformity coefficient; water use efficiency ID WATER-SUPPLIES; GRAIN-SORGHUM; SYSTEM; CORN AB Advances in LEPA irrigation during the 1990's were primarily in equipment development, surface storage measurement, runoff control, and guidelines for LEPA irrigation of specific crops. LEPA application efficiencies in the 95 to 98% range are attainable when surface runoff and deep percolation are negligible. Uniformity coefficients along the irrigation system mainline can exceed 0.95 and, in the direction of travel, can exceed 0.80 with furrow dikes spaced about 2.0 m apart. Surface runoff has the largest detrimental effect on LEPA application efficiency and uniformity. Without tillage to control runoff, runoff fractions exceeding 50% of the LEPA irrigation have been measured. The two primary methods for controlling runoff are basin and implanted reservoir tillage. With alternate furrow irrigation, they provide surface storage depths on a field basis of 25 mm or more and 12 mm or more, respectively. Bubblers and socks or sleeves have become the two most commonly used LEPA application devices. Bubblers are available in multi-function application devices that also include flat spray and chemigation modes. Single-ended and double-ended socks are usually attached to a spray application device for controlling the discharge rate. LEPA irrigation guidelines have been developed for corn, cotton, grain sorghum, wheat, and some minor crops. With full irrigation, crop yields and water use efficiencies are similar to those of other highly efficient irrigation methods such as spray and subsurface drip. With deficit irrigation, the runoff potential decreases, and LEPA tends to be more efficient than spray for drought tolerant row crops such as cotton and grain sorghum. C1 USDA ARS, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. RP Schneider, AD (reprint author), USDA ARS, PO Drawer 10, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. NR 30 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-13-1 PY 2000 BP 89 EP 96 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA BU94E UT WOS:000177437000008 ER PT B AU Heermann, DF Spofford, TL AF Heermann, DF Spofford, TL GP ASAE ASAE TI Center pivot sprinkler system evaluation SO NATIONAL IRRIGATION SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th National Irrigation Symposium CY NOV 14-16, 2000 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Soc Engn Agr, Food & Biol Syst, Irrigat Assoc DE coefficient of uniformity; catch can; uniformity; simulation AB Center pivot irrigation systems have expanded such that they now represent almost one-third of the total irrigated area in the US. Their use has expanding globally as well. Field evaluation performance standards for center pivot systems were developed for high pressure impact sprinkler application devices. They have been slightly modified for low pressure application devices, now used on the majority of the systems. Industry is expressing difficulty with the application and appropriateness of these standards on present day systems. Precision agriculture is adding a new dimension to the need for not only applying uniform irrigation but also meeting the objectives of variable rate applications of water based on soil and crop water requirements. This paper will review the current field testing procedures in use for center pivot sprinkler system evaluations and analyze the problems with current procedures. A simulation model is used to illustrate the pros and cons of various techniques. Recommendations are provided for major changes in the testing and evaluation of center pivot and linear move irrigation systems. C1 Colorado State Univ, USDA ARS, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Heermann, DF (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, USDA ARS, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-13-1 PY 2000 BP 97 EP 102 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA BU94E UT WOS:000177437000009 ER PT B AU Kincaid, DC King, BA Deboer, DW AF Kincaid, DC King, BA Deboer, DW GP ASAE ASAE TI Sprinkler packages and their configurations for center pivot irrigation SO NATIONAL IRRIGATION SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th National Irrigation Symposium CY NOV 14-16, 2000 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Soc Engn Agr, Food & Biol Syst, Irrigat Assoc DE sprinkler irrigation; sprinkler packages; spray irrigation; center-pivot irrigation ID KINETIC-ENERGY; INFILTRATION AB The last decade has seen development of some new and innovative sprinkler/spray head designs for use with center pivots and traveling laterals. The impetus behind these devices has been the need to maintain uniformity of water application equivalent to the high pressure overhead sprinklers, while reducing energy requirements, spray drift losses, and controlling potential runoff. Ease of installation, maintenance and long life were also important considerations. Spray head designs have evolved from the simple smooth or grooved fixed-deflector plates to rotating or oscillating plates designed to produce larger patterns or control droplet sizes. Pattern diameters produced with various types of spray plates operating at various nozzle pressures, and nozzle elevations, are given and uniformity attainable on moving laterals is discussed. Peak application rates and droplet size issues are also discussed. Various mounting methods such as adjustable drops or offset booms are available to vary the spray elevation, allow in-canopy spray or to increase the pattern width and reduce application rates. C1 USDA ARS, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. RP Kincaid, DC (reprint author), USDA ARS, 3793 N 3600 E, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-13-1 PY 2000 BP 109 EP 114 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA BU94E UT WOS:000177437000011 ER PT B AU Knighton, RE Albus, WL Derby, NE Steele, DD Stegman, EC AF Knighton, RE Albus, WL Derby, NE Steele, DD Stegman, EC GP ASAE ASAE TI Integrated irrigation and nitrogen management impacts on ground water quality in Southeastern North Dakota SO NATIONAL IRRIGATION SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th National Irrigation Symposium CY NOV 14-16, 2000 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Soc Engn Agr, Food & Biol Syst, Irrigat Assoc DE irrigation scheduling; nitrogen management; fertility; ground water quality AB Research on irrigation water and nitrogen fertility management for corn, soybean, and potato production, and the attendant impacts on ground water quality, has been conducted on two field-scale sites in southeastern North Dakota from 1989 to the present. An irrigated quarter section was instrumented extensively with ground water observation wells in the shallow surficial aquifer, disturbed- and undisturbed-profile drainage lysimeters, and manhole access points along two subsurface drains, Corn was planted at the site from 1989 to 1995 and in 1997 and 1998, with potatoes added to the rotation in 1996 and 1999. A nearby, smaller field site without subsurface drainage has been used for research on irrigated corn and soybean management practices from 1990 to 1995; corn was grown in 1996, 1998, and 1999; and potatoes were grown at the site in 1997. Ground water quality samples have been collected for both sites and analyzed for nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) concentrations. Concentrations of NO3-N in the top of the surficial aquifer, as well as in the lysimeters, increased greatly after the onset of irrigation at each site, then decreased to near pre-irrigation levels. Concentrations of NO3-N in the subsurface drains have remained in the 2 to 6 ppm range, with the exception of three events in which concentration spikes were attributed to large recharge events that were depression focused. C1 USDA, CSREES, NRE, Washington, DC USA. RP Knighton, RE (reprint author), USDA, CSREES, NRE, Washington, DC USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-13-1 PY 2000 BP 153 EP 160 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA BU94E UT WOS:000177437000016 ER PT B AU Sojka, RE Lentz, RD Shainberg, I Trout, TJ Ross, CW Robbins, CW Entry, JA Aase, JK Bjorneberg, DL Orts, WJ Westermann, DT Morishita, DW Watwood, ME Spofford, TL Barvenik, FW AF Sojka, RE Lentz, RD Shainberg, I Trout, TJ Ross, CW Robbins, CW Entry, JA Aase, JK Bjorneberg, DL Orts, WJ Westermann, DT Morishita, DW Watwood, ME Spofford, TL Barvenik, FW GP ASAE ASAE TI Irrigating with polyacrylamide (PAM) - Nine years and a million acres of experience SO NATIONAL IRRIGATION SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th National Irrigation Symposium CY NOV 14-16, 2000 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Soc Engn Agr, Food & Biol Syst, Irrigat Assoc DE irrigation; water quality; erosion; polymers; pollution; surface sealing; infiltration ID SILT LOAM SOIL; FURROW IRRIGATION; WATER CHEMISTRY; EROSION; INFILTRATION; AMENDMENTS; POLYMERS; RUNOFF; MICROORGANISMS; DEGRADATION AB Polyacrylamide (PAM) has been available commercially since 1995 for reducing irrigation-induced erosion and enhancing infiltration. The first series of practical field tests was conducted in 1991. PAM used for erosion control is a large water soluble (non-crosslinked) anionic molecule (12-15 megagrams per mole) containing < 0.05% acrylamide monomer, In controlled field studies PAM eliminated, on average, 94% (80-99% range) of sediment loss in field runoff from furrow irrigation, with a typical 15-50% relative infiltration increase on medium to fine textured soils compared to untreated controls. Similar but less dramatic results have been seen with sprinkler irrigation. Under some conditions infiltration is unchanged or can even be slightly reduced, e.g. in sandy soils or where PAM application rates are very high. Results are achieved with per irrigation field application rates of about I kg per hectare, for furrow irrigation, and 2 to 4 kg per hectare for sprinkler irrigation. Cost of PAM is $7 to $13 per kg. Seasonal application totals vary from 3 to 7 kg per hectare. Farmer field sediment control has been around 80% of test plot results. Substantial runoff reductions have been documented for nutrients, pesticides, microorganisms, BOD, and weed seed. No adverse effects have been seen for soil microbial populations. Crop yields have not been widely documented, though evidence exists for yield increases related to infiltration improvement. High effectiveness, low cost, and case of application, compared to traditional conservation measures, has resulted in rapid technology acceptance in the US and internationally. PAM-use for runoff water quality protection is one of the most potent new irrigation environmental technologies in the market place. New uses in construction and dryland erosion control are being developed rapidly. This paper discusses new insights and understanding of PAM-use and potential for future developments. C1 USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, Kimberly, ID USA. RP Sojka, RE (reprint author), USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, Kimberly, ID USA. NR 52 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-13-1 PY 2000 BP 161 EP 169 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA BU94E UT WOS:000177437000017 ER PT B AU Westermann, DT Bjorneberg, DL Aase, JK AF Westermann, DT Bjorneberg, DL Aase, JK GP ASAE ASAE TI Phosphorus losses under surface irrigation SO NATIONAL IRRIGATION SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th National Irrigation Symposium CY NOV 14-16, 2000 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Soc Engn Agr, Food & Biol Syst, Irrigat Assoc DE phosphorus; water quality; surface irrigation AB Identifying the variables affecting phosphorus (P) losses in surface irrigation runoff is essential to manage and predict P losses. We evaluated the dynamics of P concentration and load in surface irrigation runoff across a range of soil P availabilities. Ortho-P was related to soil P availability while total-P was related to sediment concentration. Ortho-P concentration increased as the water advanced down the field and then decreased with time. Total-P concentration decreased with both time and distance. Prediction of P losses under surface irrigation will not be possible unless soil erosion can be predicted. Additional studies are needed to identify and describe the physical and chemical processes affecting P losses from irrigated soils. C1 USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. RP Westermann, DT (reprint author), USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-13-1 PY 2000 BP 170 EP 175 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA BU94E UT WOS:000177437000018 ER PT B AU Howell, TA Evett, SR Schneider, AD Dusek, DA Copeland, KS AF Howell, TA Evett, SR Schneider, AD Dusek, DA Copeland, KS GP ASAE ASAE TI Irrigated fescue grass et compared with calculated reference grass et SO NATIONAL IRRIGATION SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th National Irrigation Symposium CY NOV 14-16, 2000 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Soc Engn Agr, Food & Biol Syst, Irrigat Assoc DE alfalfa; climate; crop coefficient; evapotranspiration; grass; lysimeter; net radiation; water use ID SOUTHERN HIGH-PLAINS; REFERENCE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; CANOPY RESISTANCE AB Cool-season, short, and well-watered grass is the world-wide standard reference for crop evapotranspiration (ET) research and practice. Fescue grass (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) was grown at Bushland, TX since 1995, and its water use measured with a monolithic, weighing lysimeter. The grass was mowed (to 0.11 m) and irrigated frequently and managed for vigorous growth. It was irrigated with a subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) system. Data were analyzed for the period I July 1995 through December 1999 that included a wide diversity in climatic regimes. Several grass reference ET models including FAO-56 Penman-Monteith (PM), ASCE PM, FAO-24 Penman, Kimberly-96 Periman, SCS-93 PM, Penman-48, and the Hargreaves-Samani equations all for grass; the ASCE PM and Kimberly-82 Penman equations for alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.); and the general Priestley-Taylor equation for non-advected conditions were evaluated and contrasted with the daily grass ET measurements. Measured fescue daily ET rates exceeded 10 mm. d(-1) occasionally. The FAO-56 and ASCE Penman Monteith equations tended to over-estimate during spring and fall and under-estimate during summer and especially on high ET days (> 8 nim d(-1)). The older Penman formula ET correlated well to the measured daily data. The Hargreaves-Samani and Priestley-Taylor equations substantially under estimated grass ET in this environment. C1 USDA ARS, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. RP USDA ARS, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, PO Drawer 10, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. EM tahowell@ag.gov NR 42 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL & BIOLOGICAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-13-1 PY 2000 BP 228 EP 242 PG 15 WC Agricultural Engineering; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA BU94E UT WOS:000177437000026 ER PT B AU Wright, JL Allen, RG Howell, TA AF Wright, JL Allen, RG Howell, TA GP ASAE ASAE TI Conversion between evapotranspiration references and methods SO NATIONAL IRRIGATION SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th National Irrigation Symposium CY NOV 14-16, 2000 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Soc Engn Agr, Food & Biol Syst, Irrigat Assoc DE reference evapotranspiration; alfalfa reference; grass reference; ETr; ETo; Kimberly Penman; Penman-Monteith; FAO-56 AB Ratios of reference evapotranspiration for alfalfa (ETr) and for grass (ETo) are evaluated using measured ETr and ETo from lysimeter systems at Kimberly, Idaho and Bushland, Texas, In addition, ratios are evaluated using estimates by the Kimberly Penman and ASCE Penman-Monteith evapotranspiration methods. An ET reference conversion equation from FAO-56 is also compared. The ASCE-PM and Kimberly Penman methods predict differently for both ETr and ETo so that ratios of ETr / ETo computed from both methods behave differently Ratios of ETr / ETo from lysimeter measurements averaged 1.15 at both locations. C1 USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, Kimberly, ID USA. RP USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, 3793 N 2500 E, Kimberly, ID USA. NR 17 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL & BIOLOGICAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-13-1 PY 2000 BP 251 EP 259 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA BU94E UT WOS:000177437000028 ER PT B AU Evett, SR Howell, TA Todd, RW Schneider, AD Tolk, JA AF Evett, SR Howell, TA Todd, RW Schneider, AD Tolk, JA GP ASAE ASAE TI ALFALFA reference et measurement and prediction SO NATIONAL IRRIGATION SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th National Irrigation Symposium CY NOV 14-16, 2000 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Soc Engn Agr, Food & Biol Syst, Irrigat Assoc DE evapotranspiration; alfalfa; water use; penman-monteith; kimberly-penman; grass ID EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; COEFFICIENTS AB Alfalfa evapotranspiration (ET) is one of two common reference ET (ETR) values. The other is grass ET. We tested Penman-Monteith (PM) and the 1982 Kimberly Penman (KP) equation predictions of ETR against measured alfalfa ET under reference conditions. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa, var. Pioneer 5454) was grown in 1996 through 1999 on Pullman clay loam (Torrertic Paleustoll) at Bushland, TX. The crop was well-watered with a lateral move sprinkler. Monolithic weighing lysimeters (3-m by 3-m by 2.4-m deep) measured ET every half hour to 0.05 mm precision. Yields were 16.5, 16.4, 20.6, and 15.2 dry Mg ha(-1) in 1996 through 1999. Crop water use averaged 1.01 in per year in 1996 and 1997, and was 1.16 in in 1998. Daily ET in this windy, semi-arid environment occasionally exceeded 14 mm. Daily alfalfa ETR predicted using PM methods and half-hourly weather data compared well with our measurements (regression r(2) of 0.94, SE of 0.6 mm, slope of 0.94, and intercept of 0.2 mm). Use of daily weather data increased the SE to 0.8 mm (r(2) of 0.90, slope of 0,98) and introduced a positive offset of 0.7 mm. The KP equation used with daily weather data produced more biased predictions (r(2) of 0.91, SE of 0.7 mm, intercept of 0.9 mm, and slope of 0.88). ne ASCE Manual 70 methods for predicting net radiation from solar irradiance worked well when applied to half-hourly data (r(2) of 0.97, SE of 0.6 MJ/m(2), and slope of 1.03). But these methods applied to daily data produced biased results (r(2) of 0.94, SE of 0.8 MJ/m(2), intercept of 1.5 MJ/m(2), and slope of 0.85). Use of the KP net radiation equations with daily data produced slightly less biased results (r(2) of 0.97, SE of 0.6 MJ/m(2), intercept of 0.7 MJ/m(2), and slope of 0.87). Alfalfa ET was 1.15 times grass ET. C1 USDA ARS, Water Management Res Unit, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. RP Evett, SR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Water Management Res Unit, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-13-1 PY 2000 BP 266 EP 272 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA BU94E UT WOS:000177437000030 ER PT B AU Clemmens, AJ AF Clemmens, AJ GP ASAE ASAE TI Level-basin irrigation systems: Adoption, practices, and the resulting performance SO NATIONAL IRRIGATION SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th National Irrigation Symposium CY NOV 14-16, 2000 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Soc Engn Agr, Food & Biol Syst, Irrigat Assoc DE surface irrigation; level-basin irrigation; irrigation performance; technology adoption AB Level-basin irrigation systems have been touted as a highly efficient method of surface irrigation. However, adoption has been slow and performance improvements have not been automatic. When the systems are well designed and appropriate changes in management are made, the resulting systems can achieve good performance. Adoption has been limited by the perceived high cost of conversion from existing sloping surface systems. The new drain-back level basin systems have greatly reduced development costs while providing improved performance over traditional level basins in some cases. This paper describes the adoption and resulting performance of various types of level basin irrigation systems over the last decade- the successes and failures - and discusses potential application of this technology. C1 USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Clemmens, AJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, 4331 E Broadway, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-13-1 PY 2000 BP 273 EP 282 PG 10 WC Agricultural Engineering; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA BU94E UT WOS:000177437000031 ER PT B AU Buchleiter, GW Camp, CR Evans, RG King, BA AF Buchleiter, GW Camp, CR Evans, RG King, BA GP ASAE ASAE TI Technologies for variable water application with sprinklers SO NATIONAL IRRIGATION SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th National Irrigation Symposium CY NOV 14-16, 2000 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Soc Engn Agr, Food & Biol Syst, Irrigat Assoc ID IRRIGATION AB Several technologies have been developed by researchers to variably apply water with self-propelled sprinkler systems. Incremental step changes in application rates are achieved by operating various combinations of multiple sprinklers with different size nozzles. A second approach pulses various groups of sprinklers intermittently to achieve the desired variation, third approach uses a variable size orifice to change the flow rate through a sprinkler. All of these approaches have performed satisfactorily in field scale installations. C1 USDA ARS, Water Management Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Buchleiter, GW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Water Management Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-13-1 PY 2000 BP 316 EP 321 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA BU94E UT WOS:000177437000036 ER PT B AU Barnes, EM Pinter, PJ Kimball, BA Hunsaker, DJ Wall, GW LaMorte, RL AF Barnes, EM Pinter, PJ Kimball, BA Hunsaker, DJ Wall, GW LaMorte, RL GP ASAE ASAE TI Precision irrigation management using modeling and remote sensing approaches. SO NATIONAL IRRIGATION SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th National Irrigation Symposium CY NOV 14-16, 2000 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Soc Engn Agr, Food & Biol Syst, Irrigat Assoc DE crop simulation modeling; crop water stress index; precision farming ID CARBON-DIOXIDE ENRICHMENT; WATER-USE; WHEAT; CO2 AB A synergy between remote sensing and crop simulation models is proposed as a new method for managing irrigations in precision agriculture, The remote sensing component provides the ability to assess plant water status at high spatial resolution and the crop model provides data at high temporal frequency. The objective of this study was to integrate the crop water stress index (CWSI) and the simulation model CERES-Wheat to provide data on within-field variability in plant water requirements and yield response, The accuracy of the procedure was evaluated using a data set collected during the Free Air Carbon Dioxide Enhancement (FACE) wheat experiments conducted at the Maricopa Agricultural Center in Arizona. The method was very sensitive to overestimation of the CWSI under dry conditions with a potential for inaccurately predicted soil water contents. However, the combined approach allowed the model to provide reasonable yield prediction of water stressed plots using only CWSI measurements during the season to indicate inadequate plant available water. These initial results are encouraging; however, additional analysis of the data on a plot-by-plot basis is necessary before specific conclusions can be made about the suitability of this method for precision farming applications. C1 USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Barnes, EM (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 8 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-13-1 PY 2000 BP 332 EP 337 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA BU94E UT WOS:000177437000038 ER PT B AU Replogle, J AF Replogle, J GP ASAE ASAE TI Flow measurements in irrigation at the end of the millennium SO NATIONAL IRRIGATION SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th National Irrigation Symposium CY NOV 14-16, 2000 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Soc Engn Agr, Food & Biol Syst, Irrigat Assoc DE flow measurement; flow meters; flumes; irrigation; irrigation water management AB A brief historical look at the origins of flow metering in the last millennium is offered that touches on some of the developments used today in open-channel and pipeline flows. While the basic physical principals for measuring flows have remained basically unchanged, the range and accuracy of monitoring these physical effects have been vastly improved by developments in electronics and computer technology. For example, the ultrasonic properties of a fluid medium have long been recognized, but only in the last decade have practical and inexpensive means to exploit these properties become available. Some of the newer developments in the last quarter of the past century include the computer-calibrated, long-throated flume. A recent extension to the computer-calibrated flumes repertoire include the adjustable-throat flumes that aid in placement in earthen channels because it virtually eliminates concern for vertical elevation of the throat, which can be adjusted to accommodate ditch flow conditions after installation. Other recent developments discussed include the vortex-shedding meters; ultrasonic flow meters, both the Doppler type and the transonic types. C1 USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85050 USA. RP Replogle, J (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, 4331 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85050 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-13-1 PY 2000 BP 338 EP 343 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA BU94E UT WOS:000177437000039 ER PT B AU Bautista, E Molden, D Clemmens, AJ AF Bautista, E Molden, D Clemmens, AJ GP ASAE ASAE TI Advances and research needs in irrigated system performance assessment SO NATIONAL IRRIGATION SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th National Irrigation Symposium CY NOV 14-16, 2000 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Soc Engn Agr, Food & Biol Syst, Irrigat Assoc DE agricultural systems; irrigation systems; irrigation system performance; hydrologic balance; irrigation system operation; institutions ID EFFICIENCY AB The last decade has seen an evolution in concepts related to irrigated system performance assessment. This evolution recognizes that performance measures can have different implications if studied at the farm, delivery system, project, or hydrologic basin levels. Traditional agronomic, engineering, and economic perspectives on irrigation performance assessment need to be integrated with each other and with social, managerial, and institutional perspectives in order to clearly identify strengths and weaknesses of irrigated systems and develop sound strategies for their improvement. This paper reviews recent developments in irrigation performance assessment and identifies issues needing further research. C1 USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Bautista, E (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, 4331 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 32 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-13-1 PY 2000 BP 344 EP 350 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA BU94E UT WOS:000177437000040 ER PT B AU Adamsen, FJ Hunsaker, DJ AF Adamsen, FJ Hunsaker, DJ GP ASAE ASAE TI Water content determination in saline soils using selfcontained TDR and electrical capacitance systems SO NATIONAL IRRIGATION SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th National Irrigation Symposium CY NOV 14-16, 2000 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Soc Engn Agr, Food & Biol Syst, Irrigat Assoc DE soil water content; dielectric constant; electrical conductivity AB Encapsulated time domain reflectometry (TDR) and electrical capacitance soil moisture measurement systems can be used in a variety of irrigation management applications. These self-contained systems are relatively inexpensive, easily automated, and measure over a wide range of volumetric soil water contents. However, soil moisture readings are often unreliable in highly saline soils and information on the effects of salinity on the sensor output is limited. Soil moisture measurements of four commercial devices, including a TDR cable tester (Trase), two encapsulated TDRs (Aqua-Tel and Trime), and one encapsulated capacitance sensor (Theta), were obtained over a wide range of water contents and salinity levels during laboratory studies with a sand medium. All four systems were affected by salinity and performed poorly at or near saturated conditions. The Trase produced a sufficient amount of reliable soil moisture data, which was used as a standard to evaluate the other sensors. The Aqua-Tel and Theta units did not lose sensitivity to soil moisture as the salinity increased, but the output was shifted upwards significantly. The Trime became less sensitive to salinity as it increased, white the output also shifted upward. In order to produce soil moisture values that are independent of soil conditions, all of the encapsulated systems need a method to correct the reading for soil salinity. C1 USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Adamsen, FJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, 4331 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 10 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-13-1 PY 2000 BP 351 EP 356 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA BU94E UT WOS:000177437000041 ER PT B AU Camp, CR Lamm, FR Evans, RG Phene, CJ AF Camp, CR Lamm, FR Evans, RG Phene, CJ GP ASAE ASAE TI Subsurface drip irrigation - Past, present, and future SO NATIONAL IRRIGATION SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th National Irrigation Symposium CY NOV 14-16, 2000 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Soc Engn Agr, Food & Biol Syst, Irrigat Assoc DE microirrigation; trickle irrigation; emitter; system design; water quality; agronomic crops; horticultural crops; forage crops ID WATER; INFILTRATION; MANAGEMENT AB Subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) has been a part of agricultural irrigation in the USA for about 40 years but interest has increased rapidly during the last 20 years. Early drip emitters and tubing were somewhat primitive in comparison to modem materials, which caused major problems, such as emitter plugging and poor distribution uniformity. As plastic materials, manufacturing processes, and emitter designs improved, SDI became more popular but emitter plugging caused by root intrusion remained a problem. Initially, SDI was used primarily for high-value crops such as fruits, vegetables, nuts, and sugarcane. As system reliability and longevity improved, SDI was used for lower-valued agronomic crops, primarily because the system could be used for multiple years, reducing the annual system cost. Design guidelines have also evolved to include unique design elements for SDI, including air entry ports for vacuum relief and flushing manifolds. Specific installation equipment and guidelines have also been developed, resulting in more consistent system installation, improved performance, and longer life. Crop yields with SDI are equal to or better than yields with other irrigation methods, including surface drip systems. Water requirements are equal to or lower than surface drip and fertilizer requirements are sometimes lower than for other irrigation methods. Interest in the use of wastewater with SDI has increased during the last decade. The future of SDI is very promising, including its use in wastewater systems, and especially in areas where water conservation is important or water quality is poor. SDI is a very precise irrigation method, both in the delivery of water and nutrients to desired locations and the timing and frequency of applications for optimal plant growth. C1 USDA ARS, Florence, SC USA. RP Camp, CR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Florence, SC USA. NR 35 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-13-1 PY 2000 BP 363 EP 372 PG 10 WC Agricultural Engineering; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA BU94E UT WOS:000177437000043 ER PT B AU Evett, SR Howell, TA Schneider, AD Upchurch, DR Wanjura, DF AF Evett, SR Howell, TA Schneider, AD Upchurch, DR Wanjura, DF GP ASAE ASAE TI Automatic drip irrigation of corn and soybean SO NATIONAL IRRIGATION SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th National Irrigation Symposium CY NOV 14-16, 2000 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Soc Engn Agr, Food & Biol Syst, Irrigat Assoc DE microirrigation; drip; canopy temperature; yield; water use efficiency ID TEMPERATURE AB Irrigation scheduling goals may include maximizing yield and maximizing water use efficiency two goals that usually conflict. Which goal is chosen depends on many factors. But, clearly, an automatic irrigation system that allowed either goal to be chosen would be a useful farming tool. We tested a system that uses species-specific threshold temperatures and region-specific threshold times, compared with daily canopy temperature time above the threshold, to automatically schedule and apply irrigations. Corn (Zea mays L., hybrid Pioneer 3162) was grown in 1997 and 1999; and soybean (Glycine Max (L.), var. Pioneer 948 1) was grown in 1996 and 1998, all with surface and subsurface drip irrigation. Four automatic treatments were implemented each season. The default threshold temperatures are 27degreesC and 28degreesC for soybean and corn, respectively, as determined from the peak photosynthetic enzyme activity measured as a function of temperature. We applied treatments using the default threshold temperatures and thresholds 2degreesC higher; and for each threshold we used two threshold times. The times were the daily mean time that well-watered crops of each species were above the threshold temperatures during the irrigation season in previous studies. If canopy temperature, measured every minute with an infrared thermometer, was above the threshold temperature for more than the threshold time in any day, then an irrigation equal to peak consumptive use (10 mm) was applied that night. Each year, the four automatic treatments were compared with a manual weekly irrigation regime that was 100% replenishment of water to field capacity as measured by neutron probe. Treatments of 67% and 33% of the 100% amount were also applied manually to provide data for curves of yield vs. water use. Treatments were triply replicated. Most or all of the automatic treatments out yielded the 100% treatment in each year. Corn yields were 0.94 to 1.21 kg m(-2) for automatic treatments and 0.65 to 1.15 kg m(-2) for the 100% treatment. Soybean yields were 0.35 to 0.43 kg m(-2) for automatic treatments and 0.36 to 0.40 kg m(-2) for the 100% treatment. In general, increasing threshold temperature or time shifted treatments away from maximum yields and closer to maximum water use efficiencies. In mid-season, the mean corn canopy temperature for the 28 and 30degreesC treatments (three replicates) was separated by about 2degreesC through most of the daylight hours. As with corn yield, total water use (mm) and water use efficiency, WUE (kg m(-3)), were stable over the 1997 and 1999 years for the automatic irrigation treatments (means of 752 mm and 1.48 kg m(-3), respectively). Water use and WUE varied widely over the two years for the manual treatments (569 and 756 mm, and 0.65 and 1.52 kg m(-3) for 1997 and 1999, respectively, for the 100% treatment). For soybean, yields and WUE were not more stable for all automatic treatments. It appears that manipulation of temperature and time thresholds will allow a choice between maximum yields and maximum water use efficiencies to be achieved for corn, but not for soybean. C1 USDA ARS, Water Management Res Unit, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. RP Evett, SR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Water Management Res Unit, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-13-1 PY 2000 BP 401 EP 408 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA BU94E UT WOS:000177437000048 ER PT B AU Clemmens, AJ AF Clemmens, AJ GP ASAE ASAE TI Operation of irrigation water delivery systems: Progress, limitations, and future directions SO NATIONAL IRRIGATION SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th National Irrigation Symposium CY NOV 14-16, 2000 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Soc Engn Agr, Food & Biol Syst, Irrigat Assoc DE irrigation projects; water delivery; canal automation; technology adoption ID CONTROLLER-DESIGN AB A decade ago, canal automation was thought to hold the possibility of solving most water control problems. Recent research on canal automation has demonstrated the limitations imposed by the physical infrastructure (e.g., canal properties), Improved service and performance for most open-channel water delivery systems are possible with a comprehensive water control strategy, including some aspects of canal automation. This paper discusses the progress that has been made on the theory and application of canal automation, the limitations imposed by the physical system, and future directions in water control and automation. C1 USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Clemmens, AJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, 4331 E Broadway, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-13-1 PY 2000 BP 435 EP 440 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA BU94E UT WOS:000177437000052 ER PT B AU Spofford, TL Mecham, BQ Nef, BK Eching, S AF Spofford, TL Mecham, BQ Nef, BK Eching, S GP ASAE ASAE TI Evapotranspiration equation standardization, what and why - A panel discussion SO NATIONAL IRRIGATION SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th National Irrigation Symposium CY NOV 14-16, 2000 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Soc Engn Agr, Food & Biol Syst, Irrigat Assoc DE consumptive use; crop coefficients; evapotranspiration; ET; reference ET; standardized equation AB A panel has been assembled to discuss the merits and implications of having a recognized standardized evapotranspiration (ET) equation. A standardized evapotranspiration equation would be one that can be accepted by the United State's scientific community, water engineers, courts of law, policy makers and the end users. The selected equation would be one that could be used by both agriculture and landscape irrigation. In 1999, through activities of the Irrigation Association's (IA) Water Management Committee, a request was initiated to the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Evapotranspiration in Irrigation and Hydrology Committee requesting the evaluation and recognition of such an equation. The request was to define and differentiate between short and tall reference crop ET procedures and to facilitate the use and transferability of crop and landscape coefficients. C1 USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Natl Water & Climate Ctr, Portland, OR USA. RP Spofford, TL (reprint author), USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Natl Water & Climate Ctr, Portland, OR USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-13-1 PY 2000 BP 491 EP 494 PG 4 WC Agricultural Engineering; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA BU94E UT WOS:000177437000061 ER PT B AU Bjorneberg, DL Aase, JK Sojka, RE AF Bjorneberg, DL Aase, JK Sojka, RE GP ASAE ASAE TI Sprinkler irrigation runoff and erosion control with polyacrylamide SO NATIONAL IRRIGATION SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th National Irrigation Symposium CY NOV 14-16, 2000 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Soc Engn Agr, Food & Biol Syst, Irrigat Assoc DE sprinkler erosion; PAM; irrigation runoff; crop residue ID SOIL CONDITIONERS; FURROW IRRIGATION; INFILTRATION; ENERGY; WATER; POLYMERS; MANAGEMENT; AMENDMENTS; RAINFALL; SYSTEMS AB Applying polyacrylamide (PAM) with furrow irrigation water dramatically reduces soil erosion and frequently increases infiltration, We conducted three studies to determine if PAM controlled runoff and soil erosion under sprinkler irrigation. These studies were conducted in the laboratory on 1.5 m long, 1.2 m wide and 0.15 m deep soil boxes, Water was applied at 80 mm h(-1) with an oscillating nozzle irrigation simulator. Applying 2 to 4 kg PAM ha(-1) significantly reduced runoff and soil erosion during the irrigation when PAM was applied, These beneficial effects decreased with each subsequent irrigation. Multiple PAM applications maintained runoff and erosion control longer than a single application, even though both treatments received the same total amount of PAM, Seventy percent residue cover more effectively controlled runoff and erosion than PAM, while 30% cover was about as effective as PAM. A single PAM application of 2 to 4 kg ha(-1) may be adequate for a critical irrigation (i.e. seedling emergence), but multiple PAM applications are necessary for season-long benefits, Tillage and residue management practices should be considered before PAM is applied to control runoff under sprinkler irrigation. These results, however, could vary with irrigation water quality and soil chemistry. C1 USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. RP Bjorneberg, DL (reprint author), USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. NR 29 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-13-1 PY 2000 BP 513 EP 522 PG 10 WC Agricultural Engineering; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA BU94E UT WOS:000177437000065 ER PT B AU Tolk, JA Howell, TA AF Tolk, JA Howell, TA GP ASAE ASAE TI Measured and predicted evapotranspiration of grain sorghum grown with full and limited irrigation in three high plains soils SO NATIONAL IRRIGATION SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th National Irrigation Symposium CY NOV 14-16, 2000 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Soc Engn Agr, Food & Biol Syst, Irrigat Assoc DE crop coefficient; irrigation scheduling; lysimeters; model evaluation ID CROP AB Water conservation in irrigated agriculture of the semi-arid Great Plains relies on accurate prediction of crop water use to obtain the greatest benefit from declining irrigation water supplies. One method for estimating crop water use applies crop specific coefficients to adjust reference evapotranspiration (ETo). We compared daily measured evapotranspiration (ETm) of limited and fully irrigated grain sorghum to modeled ET (ETc) calculated using single and dual crop coefficients (K-c) and a grass-based ETo. The dual Kc procedure contained separate coefficients for crop transpiration, soil water evaporation, and crop water stress, as compared with one coefficient in the single K-c procedure. Short season grain sorghum was grown in lysimeters on deck scales containing monolithic soil cores of either Pullman, Ulysses, or Amarillo soil located in a rain shelter facility. With the dual K-c procedure, the difference during the season between cumulative ETc and ETm varied from 2 to around 70 mm, and by the end of the season the maximum difference in all treatments was about 70 mm, or 15%, with an average of 4%. The single K-c procedure underestimated final cumulative ETm in the fully irrigated treatments by an average of 9%. The dual K-c procedure was sensitive to errors in required initial specifications for soil water balance and crop response to water stress in the limited irrigation treatments, but overall it improved water use predictions compared with the single K-c procedure. C1 USDA ARS, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, Water Management Res Unit, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. RP USDA ARS, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, Water Management Res Unit, PO Drawer 10, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL & BIOLOGICAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-13-1 PY 2000 BP 554 EP 560 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA BU94E UT WOS:000177437000071 ER PT B AU Soppe, RWO Ayars, JE AF Soppe, RWO Ayars, JE GP ASAE ASAE TI Characterizing groundwater use by cotton using weighing lysimeters SO NATIONAL IRRIGATION SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th National Irrigation Symposium CY NOV 14-16, 2000 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Soc Engn Agr, Food & Biol Syst, Irrigat Assoc DE crop coefficient; evapotranspiration; groundwater table; lysimeters; soil water; measurements; salt tolerance ID IRRIGATION AB Two weighing lysimeters were used to measure crop evapotranspiration of subsurface drip irrigated cotton. A saline water table (14 dS/m) was maintained in one of the lysimeters. Groundwater use as part of crop evapotranspiration was characterized using hourly measurements of the water level in a groundwater supply tank (Mariotte bottle). Irrigation management, changes in crop water requirements, and changes in soil hydraulic conductivity were shown to affect saline groundwater use. Groundwater contribution of up to 30% of daily crop water use was measured. On a seasonal basis, only 8% of the total crop water use originated from the groundwater. Data were compared to previously developed crop coefficients, and some adjustments were made to these coefficients. The largest groundwater contribution was shown to occur at the end of the growing season, when roots are fully developed and irrigation is terminated. Differences in root development were observed in the presence of shallow groundwater compared with no groundwater table. C1 USDA ARS, Water Management Res Lab, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. RP Soppe, RWO (reprint author), USDA ARS, Water Management Res Lab, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. RI Soppe, Richard/A-9581-2010 OI Soppe, Richard/0000-0001-6751-8507 NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-13-1 PY 2000 BP 561 EP 566 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA BU94E UT WOS:000177437000072 ER PT B AU Duke, HR Best, SC Westfall, DG AF Duke, HR Best, SC Westfall, DG GP ASAE ASAE TI Spatial distribution of available nitrogen under center pivot sprinklers SO NATIONAL IRRIGATION SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th National Irrigation Symposium CY NOV 14-16, 2000 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Soc Engn Agr, Food & Biol Syst, Irrigat Assoc DE agricultural nutrients; center-pivot irrigation; fertigation; fertilizer application; precision farming AB Precision fanning is gaining considerable attention from the commercial sector, To determine whether there is spatial correlation between N availablity to the crop and yield, and its impact on net economic return, we conducted a study on two farmer-operated fields irrigated by center pivot. This paper reports on the spatial variability of available N. Pre-season soil samples were collected to assess residual NO3. Preplant fertilizer was assumed to be uniformly applied by the commercial fertilizer applicator, and the starter fertilizer applicator uniformity was assessed in the field. Approximately half the total applied N was applied either as NO3 in the groundwater or as urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) applied by fertigation, Uniformity of water application, and the N contained in that water, was estimated using USDA's Center Pivot Evaluation and Design (CPED) hydraulic simulation program, with "can tests" to verify the simulations. CPED was run at every 5degrees interval around the circle to account for the impact of both topography and end-gun operation on application depth. Pivot position, irrigation mainline pressure, and depth of fertilizer in the supply tank were recorded throughout the irrigation season so that spatial distribution of N application could be determined. Measured N concentrations in the irrigation water were combined with simulated, spatially distributed seasonal depths of water application, with N mineralization estimates based on spatial distribution of organic matter and pre-season residual NO3 to estimate seasonal spatial distribution of total available N. Although farmers historically assumed that each component of fertilizer is uniformly distributed at some average value, our results show considerable variability in uniformity of N available to the crop and suggest that uniformity of irrigation is important to optimize N fertilizer application. Estimated seasonal available N averaged 3 78 and 3 10 kg/ha for the two fields, with standard deviations of 46.5 and 39.3 kg/ha. Fertigation was the largest single source of N and of variability of N, at 187 and 133 kg/ha average and 41.3 and 35.1 kg/ha standard deviation, for the two fields respectively. C1 USDA ARS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Duke, HR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-13-1 PY 2000 BP 594 EP 599 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA BU94E UT WOS:000177437000077 ER PT B AU Millen, JA Camp, CR Sadler, EJ Evans, DE AF Millen, JA Camp, CR Sadler, EJ Evans, DE GP ASAE ASAE TI Irrigation and n-fertilizer combinations for site-specific management of corn SO NATIONAL IRRIGATION SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th National Irrigation Symposium CY NOV 14-16, 2000 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Soc Engn Agr, Food & Biol Syst, Irrigat Assoc DE center pivot; canopy temperature; soil moisture; variable rate application AB Efficient management of irrigation and N-fertilizer requires knowledge of soil variability and crop response to these inputs. Automated measurements can be used to indicate plant stress throughout the growing season and may help indicate timing and amount needed of these inputs. In 1999, a 6-ha center pivot, modified to provide site-specific irrigation, was used to impose irrigation and N-fertilizer treatments on 396 separate corn (Zea mays) plots (9 m by 9 m) on highly variable soils. Treated plots were arranged in randomized complete blocks where space allowed and incomplete blocks where space was limited. Two N-fertilizer rates (135 and 225 kgN/ha) and four irrigation rates (0%, 50%, 100%, and 150% of a base rate) were applied within each of twelve soil mapping units representative of the southeastern Coastal Plain. The four irrigation treatments, averaged across N-fertilizer and soils, produced corn grain yields of 6.4, 8.8, 10.1, and 10.7 Mg/ha. Canopy temperatures were measured on eight separate days using non-contact infrared thermometers (IRTs). Soil moisture of the surface 6 cm was measured on two days when canopy temperatures were measured. Preliminary analysis suggests this information will be useful to researchers and precision farming innovators interested in managing spatial variation, especially within the southeastern Coastal Plain and similar sandy areas. C1 USDA ARS, Florence, SC USA. RP Millen, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Florence, SC USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-13-1 PY 2000 BP 600 EP 605 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA BU94E UT WOS:000177437000078 ER PT S AU Tu, AT Gaffield, W AF Tu, AT Gaffield, W BE Tu, AT Gaffield, W TI Structure-function relations of natural toxins and nerve agents: An overview SO NATURAL AND SELECTED SYNTHETIC TOXINS: BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 216th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 21-27, 1998 CL BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Polymer Mat, Sci & Engn Inc, Div Polymer Mat, Exxon Res & Engn CO, Amer Chem Soc, Petr Res Fund, Amer Chem Soc, Div Fluorine Chem, Amer Chem Soc, Div Organ Chem, Amer Chem Soc, Corp Associates, Dow Agrosci, Monsanto Co, Eastman Kodak Co, Schering Plough, Merck Res Labs, Cent Glass Int Inc, Daikin Ind, Kanto Denka Kogyo Co, Asahi Glass Co, Div Agr & Food Chem C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Tu, AT (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3630-5 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 2000 VL 745 BP 1 EP 9 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Toxicology GA BP75P UT WOS:000086072600001 ER PT S AU Molyneux, RJ Mahoney, N Campbell, BC AF Molyneux, RJ Mahoney, N Campbell, BC BE Tu, AT Gaffield, W TI Anti-aflatoxigenic constituents of Pistacia and Juglans species SO NATURAL AND SELECTED SYNTHETIC TOXINS: BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 216th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 21-27, 1998 CL BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Polymer Mat, Sci & Engn Inc, Div Polymer Mat, Exxon Res & Engn CO, Amer Chem Soc, Petr Res Fund, Amer Chem Soc, Div Fluorine Chem, Amer Chem Soc, Div Organ Chem, Amer Chem Soc, Corp Associates, Dow Agrosci, Monsanto Co, Eastman Kodak Co, Schering Plough, Merck Res Labs, Cent Glass Int Inc, Daikin Ind, Kanto Denka Kogyo Co, Asahi Glass Co, Div Agr & Food Chem AB Tree nuts such as pistachios (Pistacia vera), almonds (Prunus dulcis) and walnuts (Juglans regia) are major crops in the state of California, with an aggregate annual value in excess of $1.4 billion. Under certain conditions these nuts may be infected by various strains of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, resulting in biosynthesis and accumulation of mycotoxins detrimental to quality and food safety. The carcinogenicity in animals of the primary metabolites, the aflatoxins, has resulted in establishment of tolerance levels. In the U.S. a maximum guidance level limit of 20 ng/g (20 ppb) for nuts intended for human consumption has been set by the Food and Drug Administration, while standards imposed by importing countries are 10 ng/g or less. Phytochemical constituents which are anti-aflatoxigenic have been isolated and identified from pistachios and walnuts, consisting of anacardic acids and naphthoquinones, respectively, and their possible mode of action is described. C1 USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Molyneux, RJ (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3630-5 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 2000 VL 745 BP 43 EP 53 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Toxicology GA BP75P UT WOS:000086072600004 ER PT S AU Shier, WT Tiefel, PA Abbas, HK AF Shier, WT Tiefel, PA Abbas, HK BE Tu, AT Gaffield, W TI Current research on mycotoxins: Fumonisins SO NATURAL AND SELECTED SYNTHETIC TOXINS: BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 216th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 21-27, 1998 CL BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Polymer Mat, Sci & Engn Inc, Div Polymer Mat, Exxon Res & Engn CO, Amer Chem Soc, Petr Res Fund, Amer Chem Soc, Div Fluorine Chem, Amer Chem Soc, Div Organ Chem, Amer Chem Soc, Corp Associates, Dow Agrosci, Monsanto Co, Eastman Kodak Co, Schering Plough, Merck Res Labs, Cent Glass Int Inc, Daikin Ind, Kanto Denka Kogyo Co, Asahi Glass Co, Div Agr & Food Chem ID F-SP-LYCOPERSICI; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION; MAMMALIAN-CELL CULTURES; CORN-BASED PRODUCTS; FUSARIUM-MONILIFORME; AAL-TOXIN; SPHINGOLIPID BIOSYNTHESIS; ABSOLUTE-CONFIGURATION; BIOLOGICAL-ACTIVITIES; HUMAN FOODSTUFFS AB Currently, the most active areas of research on established mycotoxin groups (notably aflatoxins, tricothecenes and ochratoxins) involves cloning and characterization of biosynthesis genes, and elucidating the role of mycotoxins in the etiology of important diseases. The most recently discovered group of mycotoxins, first identified in 1988, are the fumonisins, the most abundant of which is FB They are sphingosine analogs which exert all or most of their effects by inhibition of sphingolipid biosynthesis. FB, is cytotoxic, phytotoxic and causes equine leucoencephalomalacia and porcine pulmonary edema. However, the major reason for interest in fumonisins is then possible role as environmental tumor promoters in causing human cancer. Because the producing organism, F. monilifome, is a ubiquitous contaminant of corn, and the toxins are stable enough to at least partially survive most food processing techniques, readily detectable amounts contaminate most corn-derived products available for human consumption. Studies on structure-activity relationships among fumonisins indicate that biological activity is retained through most structural changes, including loss of the side chains which constitute up to half the molecular weight. These observations led us to investigate the fate of radiolabeled FB1 during food processing. Preliminary studies indicate a substantial amount of FB binds covalently to protein and starch in ways that may result in release of an active form upon digestion. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Med Chem, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Shier, WT (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Med Chem, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. NR 81 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3630-5 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 2000 VL 745 BP 54 EP 66 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Toxicology GA BP75P UT WOS:000086072600005 ER PT S AU Watson, AA Davies, DR Asano, N Winchester, B Kato, A Molyneux, RJ Stegelmeier, BL Nash, RJ AF Watson, AA Davies, DR Asano, N Winchester, B Kato, A Molyneux, RJ Stegelmeier, BL Nash, RJ BE Tu, AT Gaffield, W TI Calystegine alkaloids in the potato and other food plants SO NATURAL AND SELECTED SYNTHETIC TOXINS: BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS SE ACS Symposium Series LA English DT Review CT 216th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 21-27, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Polymer Mat, Sci & Engn Inc, Div Polymer Mat, Exxon Res & Engn Co, Amer Chem Soc, Petr Res Fund, Amer Chem Soc, Div Fluorine Chem, Amer Chem Soc, Div Organ Chem, Amer Chem Soc, Corp Associates, Dow Agrosci, Monsanto Co, Eastman Kodak Co, Schering Plough, Merck Res Labs, Cent Glass Int Inc, Daikin Ind, Kanto Denka Kogyo Co, Asahi Glass Co, Div Agr & Food Chem ID GLYCOSIDASE INHIBITORY ACTIVITIES; SWAINSONINE; B-1 AB The calystegines are polyhydroxylated nortropane alkaloids first reported from the Convolvulaceae in 1988 but they have also now been found in most genera of the Solanaceae and in one Morus species (Moraceae). We have found them in over 70 varieties of potatoes and also other edible species of the Solanaceae and Convolvulaceae such as Solanum melongena and Ipomoea batatas. They survive cooking and are stable enough to be found in processed potato products. This group of alkaloids is of interest in that most of them are potent inhibitors of glycosidase enzymes. Storage of potatoes at 5 degrees C increases the proportions of the 4-O-alpha-D-galactoside of calystegine B(2) and the trihydroxylated calystegine A(3). Mice treated with calystegine A(3) show vacuolation of Kupffer cells with minimal vacuolation in other histocytic cells. The microflora in rumen fluid removed from sheep previously fed hay reduced calystegines B(1) and B(2) to undetectable levels but the concentrations of calystegine A(3) and the control compound swainsonine were not affected. There was no effect on the overall respiratory rate of the microbial population by any of these alkaloids. C1 Inst Food Res, Inst Grassland & Environm Res, Aberystwyth SY23 3EB, Dyfed, Wales. Hokuriku Univ, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 92011, Japan. UCL, Inst Child Hlth, London, England. Toyama Med & Pharmaceut Univ, Toyama 93001, Japan. USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. USDA ARS, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, Logan, UT 84341 USA. RP Watson, AA (reprint author), Inst Food Res, Inst Grassland & Environm Res, Aberystwyth SY23 3EB, Dyfed, Wales. NR 22 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3630-5 J9 ACS SYM SER JI ACS Symp. Ser. PY 2000 VL 745 BP 129 EP 139 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Toxicology GA BP75P UT WOS:000086072600009 ER PT S AU Panter, KE Gardner, DR James, LF Stegelmeier, BL Molyneux, RJ AF Panter, KE Gardner, DR James, LF Stegelmeier, BL Molyneux, RJ BE Tu, AT Gaffield, W TI Natural toxins from poisonous plants affecting reproductive function in livestock SO NATURAL AND SELECTED SYNTHETIC TOXINS: BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 216th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 21-27, 1998 CL BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Polymer Mat, Sci & Engn Inc, Div Polymer Mat, Exxon Res & Engn CO, Amer Chem Soc, Petr Res Fund, Amer Chem Soc, Div Fluorine Chem, Amer Chem Soc, Div Organ Chem, Amer Chem Soc, Corp Associates, Dow Agrosci, Monsanto Co, Eastman Kodak Co, Schering Plough, Merck Res Labs, Cent Glass Int Inc, Daikin Ind, Kanto Denka Kogyo Co, Asahi Glass Co, Div Agr & Food Chem ID HEMLOCK CONIUM-MACULATUM; LOCOWEED ASTRAGALUS-LENTIGINOSUS; CROOKED CALF DISEASE; NICOTIANA-GLAUCA; PONDEROSA PINE; MATERNAL INGESTION; QUINOLIZIDINE ALKALOIDS; LUPINUS-ARGENTEUS; ISOCUPRESSIC ACID; OXYTROPIS-SERICEA AB Certain poisonous plants and toxins therefrom cause various and often detrimental effects on reproductive function in livestock. Recent research efforts at the Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory have focused on three groups of plants with specific classes of toxins affecting different aspects of reproduction. Certain Astragalus and Oxytropis species called locoweeds contain the indolizidine alkaloid swainsonine and affect most aspects of reproduction from ovarian and testicular function to embryonic death and abortion. Ponderosa pine and related species contain labdane resin acids that cause abortion or premature parturition in late term pregnant cattle. These labdane resin acids include isocupressic acid (ICA) and two ICA derivatives, succinyl and acetyl ICA, as the active compounds. Lupinus spp., Conium maculatum and Nicotiana spp. contain neurotoxic and teratogenic alkaloids. Lupines contain quinolizidine and piperidine alkaloids that are responsible for induced fetal cleft palate and multiple congenital contracture (MCC) malformations in cattle. Conium maculatum and N. glauca contain piperidine alkaloids which have caused cleft palate and MCC in pigs, cattle, sheep and goats. A goat model, where N. glauca plant material or anabasine-rich extracts therefrom are gavaged during specific stages of pregnancy, has been established to study the mechanism of action of the induced cleft palate and MCC in cattle, and has recently been characterized to study the etiology of cleft palate formation and in utero repair in humans. C1 USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Logan, UT 84341 USA. RP Panter, KE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Logan, UT 84341 USA. NR 67 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3630-5 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 2000 VL 745 BP 154 EP 172 PG 19 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Toxicology GA BP75P UT WOS:000086072600011 ER PT S AU Gaffield, W Incardona, JP Kapur, RP Roelink, H AF Gaffield, W Incardona, JP Kapur, RP Roelink, H BE Tu, AT Gaffield, W TI Mechanistic investigation of Veratrum alkaloid-induced mammalian teratogenesis SO NATURAL AND SELECTED SYNTHETIC TOXINS: BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 216th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 21-27, 1998 CL BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Polymer Mat, Sci & Engn Inc, Div Polymer Mat, Exxon Res & Engn CO, Amer Chem Soc, Petr Res Fund, Amer Chem Soc, Div Fluorine Chem, Amer Chem Soc, Div Organ Chem, Amer Chem Soc, Corp Associates, Dow Agrosci, Monsanto Co, Eastman Kodak Co, Schering Plough, Merck Res Labs, Cent Glass Int Inc, Daikin Ind, Kanto Denka Kogyo Co, Asahi Glass Co, Div Agr & Food Chem ID LEMLI-OPITZ-SYNDROME; SONIC-HEDGEHOG; CRANIOFACIAL MALFORMATIONS; CHOLESTEROL-BIOSYNTHESIS; GENE; CYCLOPAMINE; MUTATIONS; INHIBITOR; REDUCTASE; INDUCTION AB For many years, the teratogenic Veratrum alkaloids have offered vast potential to serve as molecular probes for investigation of several mammalian developmental processes involving craniofacial, limb, and foregut morphogenesis. Research on cyclopamine-treated chick embryo neural tube and somites has revealed disruption of dorsoventral patterning that occurs due to inhibition of Sonic hedgehog signaling. Because cyclopamine-induced Sonic hedgehog signal blockage is not rescued upon the addition of exogenous cholesterol, the teratogenic properties of cyclopamine are possibly derived from a direct interaction of the alkaloid with elements in the signal transduction cascade. Recent studies in organ systems other than the neural tube have shown that cyclopamine inhibition of Sonic hedgehog signaling promotes pancreatic development and inhibits hair follicle morphogenesis. C1 USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Pediat, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Pathol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Biol Struct, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Gaffield, W (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 51 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3630-5 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 2000 VL 745 BP 173 EP 187 PG 15 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Toxicology GA BP75P UT WOS:000086072600012 ER PT J AU King, DI Griffin, CR Champlin, PJ Champlin, TB AF King, DI Griffin, CR Champlin, PJ Champlin, TB TI An evaluation of the use of the nature conservancy vegetation classification for mapping bird distribution at chincoteague national wildlife refuge SO NATURAL AREAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE birds; Chincoteague; habitat specificity; The Nature Conservancy; vegetation classification AB We evaluated the use of The Nature Conservancy vegetation classification for mapping bird distributions on Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge, Virginia. We conducted 328 point counts in 10 plant alliances and, using goodness-of-fit tests, tested the hypothesis that bird species were randomly distributed among plant alliances. Using cluster analysis, we also evaluated similarity in bird species composition among plant alliances. Of 56 bird species that were abundant enough for analysis, 53 were non-randomly distributed among plant alliances; of these, 9 bird species selected only one plant alliance. The results of the cluster analysis indicated that bird species composition was similar among the three tree-dominated plant alliances, as well as among the three medium- and short-grass-dominated alliances. In contrast, both shrub-dominated alliances and one grass-dominated alliance had bird species compositions that were very dissimilar to all other plant alliances. Thus, it appears that some bird species are habitat specific at the plant alliance level; however, the correspondence between bird species distributions and plant alliances depends partially on the plant alliance under consideration. We conclude that The Nature Conservancy plant alliances are useful for mapping bird distributions; however, in areas in which the vegetation has not been classified, standard correlational approaches to analyzing bird habitat relationships would be equally effective. C1 Univ Massachusetts, USDA, Forest Serv, NE Forest Expt Stn,Dept Nat Resources Conservat, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP King, DI (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, USDA, Forest Serv, NE Forest Expt Stn,Dept Nat Resources Conservat, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU NATURAL AREAS ASSOCIATION PI ROCKFORD PA 320 SOUTH THIRD STREET, ROCKFORD, IL 61104 USA SN 0885-8608 J9 NAT AREA J JI Nat. Areas J. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 20 IS 1 BP 78 EP 84 PG 7 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 278ZY UT WOS:000085019900009 ER PT J AU Tamura, T Thilbert, C Royer, C Kanda, T Abraham, E Kamba, M Komoto, N Thomas, JL Mauchamp, B Chavancy, G Shirk, P Fraser, M Prudhomme, JC Couble, P AF Tamura, T Thilbert, C Royer, C Kanda, T Abraham, E Kamba, M Komoto, N Thomas, JL Mauchamp, B Chavancy, G Shirk, P Fraser, M Prudhomme, JC Couble, P TI Germline transformation of the silkworm Bombyx mori L-using a piggyBac transposon-derived vector SO NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bombyx; transgenesis; piggyBac; transposon ID YELLOW-FEVER MOSQUITO; DROSOPHILA-VIRILIS; AEDES-AEGYPTI; GENE-TRANSFER; ELEMENT; MARINER AB We have developed a system for stable germline transformation in the silkworm Bombyx mori L. using piggyBac, a transposon discovered in the lepidopteran Trichoplusia ni. The transformation constructs consist of the piggyBac inverted terminal repeats flanking a fusion of the B. mori cytoplasmic actin gene BmA3 promoter and the green fluorescent protein (GFP). A nonautonomous helper plasmid encodes the piggyBac transposase. The reporter gene construct was coinjected into preblastoderm eggs of two strains of B. mori. Approximately 2% of the individuals in the G1 broods expressed GFP. DNA analyses of GFP-positive G1 silkworms revealed that multiple independent insertions occurred frequently, The transgene was stably transferred to the next generation through normal Mendelian inheritance. The presence of the inverted terminal repeats of piggyBac and the characteristic TTAA sequence at the borders of all the analyzed inserts confirmed that transformation resulted from precise transposition events, This efficient method of stable gene transfer in a lepidopteran insect opens the way for promising basic research and biotechnological applications. C1 CNRS, Ctr Genet Mol & Cellulaire, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France. Natl Inst Sericultural & Entomol Sci, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058634, Japan. INRA, Unite Natl Sericicole, F-69150 La Mulatiere, France. Univ Notre Dame, Dept Biol Sci, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. USDA ARS, CMAVE, Gainesville, FL USA. RP Couble, P (reprint author), CNRS, Ctr Genet Mol & Cellulaire, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France. EM couble@univ-lyon1.fr RI Fraser, Malcolm/C-9100-2009 NR 17 TC 401 Z9 464 U1 3 U2 37 PU NATURE AMERICA INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 1087-0156 J9 NAT BIOTECHNOL JI Nat. Biotechnol. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 18 IS 1 BP 81 EP 84 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 273GQ UT WOS:000084699900031 PM 10625397 ER PT J AU Carta, LK Carta, DG AF Carta, LK Carta, DG TI Nematode specific gravity profiles and applications to flotation extraction and taxonomy SO NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Caenorhabditis elegans; chi-squared; density; distortion; osmotic; sugar flotation; Pratylenchus AB A technique is described that refines the standard sugar flotation procedure used to isolate nematodes from their surroundings. By centrifuging nematodes in a number of increasing specific gravity solutions and plotting the fraction floating, the cumulative probability distribution of the population's specific gravity is generated. By assuming normality, the population mean, mu, and standard deviation, sigma, are found by a nonlinear least squares procedure. These density parameters along with their error covariance matrix may be used as a taxonomic physical character. A chi-squared test is derived for comparing populations. Mean and standard deviation pairs (mu, sigma) were found for the specific gravities of the adult stage of the plant parasites Pratylenchus agilis (1.068, 0.017), P. scribneri (1.073, 0.028), P. penetrans (1.058, 0.008) and the bacterial-feeder Caenorhabditis elegans (1.091, 0.016). C1 USDA, Nematode Lab, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Carta, LK (reprint author), USDA, Nematode Lab, BARC W, 011A,Room 165B, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 19 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 4 PU BRILL ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA PLANTIJNSTRAAT 2, P O BOX 9000, 2300 PA LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS SN 1388-5545 J9 NEMATOLOGY JI Nematology PY 2000 VL 2 BP 201 EP 210 DI 10.1163/156854100508935 PN 2 PG 10 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 320LC UT WOS:000087401800010 ER PT J AU Marti, OG Lalanne-Cassou, BL Silvain, JF Kermarrec, A Simmons, AM AF Marti, OG Lalanne-Cassou, BL Silvain, JF Kermarrec, A Simmons, AM TI Ectoparasitic nematodes (Aphelenchoidoidea : Acugutturidae) of Lepidoptera and Blattodea in Guadeloupe SO NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Acugutturus; biotopes; ecology; moths; Noctuidonema; Periplaneta americana; Vampyronema ID NOCTUIDONEMA-GUYANENSE NEMATODA; FALL ARMYWORM LEPIDOPTERA; SPODOPTERA-FRUGIPERDA LEPIDOPTERA; MOCIS-LATIPES LEPIDOPTERA; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; MOTHS; HOST; LONGEVITY; ADULTS; STATES AB A total of 935 Lepidoptera, primarily moths of the family Noctuidae, were collected during two surveys (1985-86 and 1995) in Guadeloupe and examined for the presence of ectoparasitic nematodes. Noctuidonema Remillet & Silvain, or Vampyronema Hunt (Aphelenchoidoidea: Noctuidonematinae). Nematodes were found on 24 of 84 species of Noctuidae, two of four species of Sphingidae and one of ten species of Geometridae. New host records are reported for 19 species of Lepidoptera in Guadeloupe and one in the United States. Noctuidonema occurred more frequently on the Noctuidae than on other families of Lepidoptera. More infested moths, particularly males, were collected from xerophilic habitats than from mesophilic-hygrophilic habitats, and more were collected during the dry season than during the rainy season. A total of 94 Blattodea (Periplaneta americana L.) were collected in 1996-97 From French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Mexico, and Saint Lucia, and were examined for the presence of Acugutturus parasiticus Hunt, on ectoparasite of that species. A. parasiticus, previously known only From P. americana from Saint Lucia, was found again on that island, as well as in Guadeloupe, but not on P, americana collected from French Guiana or Mexico. The host list of Insecta (Lepidoptera and Blattodea) parasitised by ectoparasitic nematodes of the family Acugutturidae is emended and updated. At present, 69 species of Lepidoptera in 43 genera, 12 sub-families, and six families are known as hosts of Noctuidonema or Vampyronema. With the single exception of Spodoptera litura (F.) in East Java, all Lepidoptera species reported as hosts: of ectoparasitic nematodes occur in the Americas or the Fiji islands. No systematic search has been conducted for ectoparasitic nematodes on Lepidoptera in tropical Africa or Asia. The importance of these nematodes in the ecology of Lepidoptera and Blattodea is: largely unknown. Noctuidonema dibolia is transferred to the genus Vampyronema as Vampyronema dibolia n. comb. C1 USDA ARS, Insect Biol & Populat Management Res Lab, Georgia Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. US Vegetable Res Lab, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. INRA, Unite Phytopharm & Mediateurs Chim, F-78026 Versailles, France. CNRS, Inst Rech Dev, Lab Populat Genet & Evolut, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France. INRA, Unite Rech Prod Vegetales, Pointe a Pitre 97165, Guadeloupe. RP Marti, OG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Insect Biol & Populat Management Res Lab, Georgia Coastal Plain Expt Stn, POB 748, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. EM omarti@tifton.cpes.peach.net.edu NR 38 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU BRILL ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA PLANTIJNSTRAAT 2, P O BOX 9000, 2300 PA LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS SN 1388-5545 J9 NEMATOLOGY JI Nematology PY 2000 VL 2 BP 669 EP 684 DI 10.1163/156854100509538 PN 6 PG 16 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 405AP UT WOS:000167135300007 ER PT J AU Meyer, SLF Massoud, SI Chitwood, DJ Roberts, DP AF Meyer, SLF Massoud, SI Chitwood, DJ Roberts, DP TI Evaluation of Trichoderma virens and Burkholderia cepacia for antagonistic activity against root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita SO NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bacteria; biological control; Lycopersicon esculentum; natural products; tomato ID GLIOCLADIUM-VIRENS; SEED TREATMENT; DAMPING-OFF; BIOCONTROL; FUSARIUM; PYTHIUM; FUNGI; DISEASES; SOIL AB The bacterium Burkholderia cepacia (strain Bc-2) and the fungus Trichoderma virens (strain G1-3) were investigated for activity against the nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Culture filtrates from Bc-2 and G1-3 contained extracellular factors that inhibited egg hatch and second-stage juvenile (J2) mobility. Size fractionation results and lack of detectable chitinase or protease activities from Bc-2 and G1-3 culture filtrates suggested that the inhibitory factors in the in vitro assays were non-enzymic. Tomato root explant cultures of M. incognita treated with T. virens culture filtrate had 42% fewer eggs and J2 per g of roots than cultures treated with control medium that had not been inoculated with T. virens. In glasshouse tests with tomato, Bc-2 and Gl-3 were applied individually as seed coatings and as root drenches in both viable and non-viable formulations. At the 65-day harvest, non-viable B. cepacia was the only treatment that suppressed eggs and J2 per g of roots (29% suppression) compared to water controls. C1 USDA ARS, Nematol Lab, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Suez Canal Univ, Dept Bot, Fac Agr, Ismailia, Egypt. USDA ARS, Biocontrol Plant Dis Lab, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Meyer, SLF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Nematol Lab, BARC W, Bldg 011A,Rm 165B,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 30 TC 45 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 9 PU BRILL ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA PLANTIJNSTRAAT 2, P O BOX 9000, 2300 PA LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS SN 1388-5545 J9 NEMATOLOGY JI Nematology PY 2000 VL 2 BP 871 EP 879 DI 10.1163/156854100750112815 PN 8 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 424FX UT WOS:000168222600005 ER PT S AU Beck, MA Handy, J Levander, OA AF Beck, MA Handy, J Levander, OA BE Conti, A Maestroni, GJM McCann, SM Sternberg, EM Lipton, JM Smith, CC TI The role of oxidative stress in viral infections SO NEUROIMMUNOMODULATION: PERSPECTIVES AT THE NEW MILLENNIUM SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Congress of the International-Society-for-Neuroimmunomodulation CY SEP 29-OCT 02, 1999 CL LUGANO, SWITZERLAND SP State Canton Ticino, Dept Educ, Univ Insubria, Med Sch, Swiss Canc League, Lega Ticinese Lotta Contro Cancro ID SELENIUM-DEFICIENT MICE; COXSACKIEVIRUS B3; HUMAN ENTEROVIRUS; NEUROPATHY; VIRULENT; EPIDEMIC; CUBA AB Oxidative stress is implicated as a pathogenic factor in a number of viral infections. Our work has shown that nutritionally induced oxidative stress exacerbates the pathogenesis of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) infection in mice. Of particular note, mice fed on a diet deficient in antioxidants developed myocarditis when infected with a normally benign strain of CVB3. This change in virulence was found to be due to changes in the viral genome. Immune functions of the oxidatively stressed mice were also altered. Another example of the effect of oxidative stress on a viral pathogen took place in Cuba in the 1990s. An epidemic of optic and peripheral neuropathy in the population occurred that was associated with a lack of dietary antioxidants and with smoking (a pro-oxidant). A coxsackie-like virus was isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid from 84% of patients cultured. Thus, oxidative stress can have profound effects, not only on the host, but on the pathogen as well. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Pediat, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Nutr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. USDA, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Nutrient Requierments & Funct Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Beck, MA (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Pediat, 535 Burnett Womack,CB 7220, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 14 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 2 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-287-8 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 2000 VL 917 BP 906 EP 912 PG 7 WC Immunology; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Clinical Neurology SC Immunology; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Neurosciences & Neurology GA BT09U UT WOS:000171939400090 PM 11268420 ER PT J AU Singsaas, EL Ort, DR DeLucia, EH AF Singsaas, EL Ort, DR DeLucia, EH TI Diurnal regulation of photosynthesis in understory saplings SO NEW PHYTOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE photosynthesis; diurnal variation; elevated CO2; FACE; understory; Acer rubrum; Liquidambar styraciflua; Cercis canadensis ID MIDDAY DEPRESSION; ELEVATED CO2; CARBON-DIOXIDE; CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE; ALOCASIA-MACRORRHIZA; INDUCTION STATE; TROPICAL FOREST; LEAVES; LIGHT; PLANTS AB Photosynthetic rates of plants grown in natural systems exhibit diurnal patterns often characterized by an afternoon decline, even when measured under constant light and temperature conditions. Since we thought changes in the carbohydrate status could cause this pattern through feedback from starch and sucrose synthesis, we studied the natural fluctuations in photosynthesis rates of plants grown at 36 and 56 Pa CO2 at a FACE (free-air-CO2-enrichment) research site. Light-saturated photosynthesis varied by 40% during the day and was independent of the light-limited quantum yield of photosynthesis, which varied little through the day. Photosynthesis did not correspond with xylem water potential or leaf carbohydrate build-up, but rather with diurnal changes in air vapor-pressure deficit and light. The afternoon decline in photosynthesis also corresponded with decreased stomatal conductance and decreased Rubisco carboxylation efficiency which in turn allowed leaf-airspace CO2 partial pressure to remain constant. Growth at elevated CO2 did not affect the afternoon decline in photosynthesis, but did stimulate early-morning photosynthesis rates relative to the rest of the day. Plants grown at 56 Pa CO2 had higher light-limited quantum yields than those at 36 Pa CO2 but, there was no growth-CO2 effect on quantum yield when measured at 2 kPa O-2. Therefore, understory plants have a high light-limited quantum yield that does not vary through the day. Thus, the major diurnal changes in photosynthesis occur under light-saturated conditions which may help understory saplings maximize their sunfleck-use-efficiency. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Plant Biol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. USDA ARS, Photosynthesis Res Unit, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Singsaas, EL (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Plant Biol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 45 TC 28 Z9 33 U1 5 U2 17 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0028-646X J9 NEW PHYTOL JI New Phytol. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 145 IS 1 BP 39 EP 49 DI 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00556.x PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 280RW UT WOS:000085116800006 ER PT S AU Avery, ML Whisson, DA Marcum, DB AF Avery, ML Whisson, DA Marcum, DB BE Salmon, TP Crabb, AC TI Responses of blackbirds to mature wild rice treated with flight control bird repellent SO NINETEENTH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 19th Vertebrate Pest Conference CY MAR 06-09, 2000 CL SAN DIEGO, CA DE Agelaius phoeniceus; anthraquinone; bird repellent; blackbird; crop damage; Flight Control; wild rice ID ANTHRAQUINONE AB Red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) and other granivorous species cause substantial economic damage to wild rice in California. Currently available damage control techniques have only limited effectiveness and there is considerable need for new effective techniques. We conducted a field trial in northern California to determine the effectiveness of the bird repellent, Flight Control(TM) (50% anthraquinone), applied at rates of 18.6 and 55.8 L/ha, in reducing blackbird depredations to wild rice. We detected no effect of the treatments on blackbird behavior in the field, even though captive red-winged blackbirds were deterred in feeding trials with wild rice seeds collected from our study plot. We suggest several possible reasons for this: 1) blackbirds used wild rice for cover as well as a food source; 2) birds perhaps received insufficient exposure to the repellent owing to either the birds' ability to hull the seeds rapidly, low anthraquinone residues on the seeds, and/or non-uniform coverage of seed heads; 3) although Flight Control(TM) is a feeding deterrent, an aversive response might require repeated exposure to treated rice; and 4) frequent turnover in the depredating population would result in birds not being present long enough to acquire an avoidance response. Clearly, a better understanding of blackbird movements and behavior in wild rice is needed to develop an effective management strategy. C1 USDA, APHIS WS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Gainesville, FL 32641 USA. RP Avery, ML (reprint author), USDA, APHIS WS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 2820 E Univ Ave, Gainesville, FL 32641 USA. RI Whisson, Desley/H-9578-2013 OI Whisson, Desley/0000-0002-4221-0706 NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE PI DAVIS PA UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS WILDLIFE EXTENSION, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA SN 0507-6773 J9 PROC VERTEBR PEST C PY 2000 BP 26 EP 30 PG 5 WC Entomology; Zoology SC Entomology; Zoology GA BU02H UT WOS:000174742900005 ER PT S AU Barras, SC Dolbeer, R Chipman, RB Bernhardt, GE Carrara, MS AF Barras, SC Dolbeer, R Chipman, RB Bernhardt, GE Carrara, MS BE Salmon, TP Crabb, AC TI Bird and small mammal use of mowed and unmowed vegetation at John F. Kennedy International Airport, 1998 to 1999 SO NINETEENTH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 19th Vertebrate Pest Conference CY MAR 06-09, 2000 CL SAN DIEGO, CA DE John F. Kennedy International Airport; bird strike; airports; laughing gull; small mammal; habitat management; vegetation management ID FESCUE AB We evaluated bird and small mammal use of two mowed (15 to 25 cm height) and two unmowed vegetation plots (40 to 88 ha) at John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFKIA), New York, in 1998 to 1999 to determine which management strategy would best reduce wildlife use of the airport. We counted more birds per 5-minute observation period in unmowed plots than mowed plots in both 1998 (9.0 versus 7.9) and 1999 (11.7 versus 8.6). Maximum vegetation height was greater (P < 0.05) for unmowed areas than mowed areas after mowing commenced in 1998 and 1999 for each two-week monitoring period. In 1998 to 1999, vegetation density was also higher (P < 0.05) for unmowed plots for 13 of 14 sampling periods. The species composition of vegetation differed (X-2=20.54, df=3, P<0.01) among mowed and unmowed plots. Mowed plots contained a higher percentage of grasses (81% versus 68%), and a lower percentage of forbs (16% versus 25%) and woody plants (1% versus 4%) than unmowed plots. Vegetation was generally sparse in both unmowed and mowed plots, a consequence of the poor, sandy soils on much of the airport. We captured 33 small mammals from three species in unmowed plots and 12 individuals of one species in mowed plots in 1999. Small mammal populations increased seasonally in unmowed plots, but remained constant in mowed plots over the same time period. We recommended JFKIA switch from the unmowed vegetation management regime in place since 1986 to a regime of maintaining vegetation mowed at 15 to 25 cm height. This management strategy should reduce bird and small mammal use of grassland areas at JFKIA. Further research should examine use of alternative vegetation types to improve ground cover and vegetation density at JFKIA while minimizing attraction to wildlife. C1 USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Sandusky, OH 44870 USA. RP Barras, SC (reprint author), USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 6100 Columbus Ave, Sandusky, OH 44870 USA. NR 23 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE PI DAVIS PA UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS WILDLIFE EXTENSION, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA SN 0507-6773 J9 PROC VERTEBR PEST C PY 2000 BP 31 EP 36 PG 6 WC Entomology; Zoology SC Entomology; Zoology GA BU02H UT WOS:000174742900006 ER PT S AU Dolbeer, RA AF Dolbeer, RA BE Salmon, TP Crabb, AC TI Birds and aircraft: Fighting for airspace in crowded skies SO NINETEENTH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 19th Vertebrate Pest Conference CY MAR 06-09, 2000 CL SAN DIEGO, CA DE aircraft; airport; bird strike; goose; deer; red-tailed hawk; ring-billed gull; turkey vulture ID DEER AB Birds and other wildlife such as deer (Odocoileus spp.) pose increasing economic and safety concerns to aviation interests in the USA. Civil aircraft collisions with wildlife (wildlife strikes) annually reported to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) increased from about 1,700 in 1990 to 4,500 in 1999. Waterfowl (Anatidae), gulls (Larus spp.), raptors (Accipitridae, Pandionidae, Cathartidae, Falconidae) and deer were involved in 80% of the reported strikes in which aircraft were damaged. Wildlife strikes caused annual losses of $300 million to civil aviation, 1990 to 1998. The known number of civil aircraft destroyed as a result of wildlife strikes in the USA increased from four in the 1960s to 22 in the 1990s. The number of airports requesting assistance from the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Wildlife Services program increased from about 42 in 1990 to 363 in 1999. Attendance at annual Bird Strike Committee USA meetings increased from 10 people in 1990 to over 300 in 1998-1999. Four factors have synergistically interacted to increase the problem of, and interest in wildlife strikes in the past 20 years. First, populations of many species hazardous to aviation have increased and adapted to urban environments such as airports. Second, passenger enplanements and commercial air traffic (landings and takeoffs) have increased at annual rates of about 4.2% and 2.6%, respectively, from 1980 to 1998. Third, modern two-engine turbojet and turbofan aircraft are generally less apparent to birds because these aircraft are faster and quieter than older aircraft. Finally, liability issues related to wildlife strikes are increasing for airport operators and others. The National Transportation Safety Board issued nine recommendations to the FAA in November 1999 that, if implemented, should reduce the threat of wildlife strikes. These recommendations included more research in methods of repelling birds from airports, use of radar to warn pilots of bird concentrations, development of wildlife hazard management plans for airports, mandatory bird strike reporting with better identification of species which are struck, and improved interagency cooperation in issues involving aviation and wildlife. C1 USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Sandusky, OH 44870 USA. RP Dolbeer, RA (reprint author), USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 6100 Columbus Ave, Sandusky, OH 44870 USA. NR 22 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 5 PU VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE PI DAVIS PA UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS WILDLIFE EXTENSION, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA SN 0507-6773 J9 PROC VERTEBR PEST C PY 2000 BP 37 EP 43 PG 7 WC Entomology; Zoology SC Entomology; Zoology GA BU02H UT WOS:000174742900007 ER PT S AU Glahn, JF AF Glahn, JF BE Salmon, TP Crabb, AC TI Comparison of pyrotechnics versus shooting for dispersing double-crested cormorants from their night roosts SO NINETEENTH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 19th Vertebrate Pest Conference CY MAR 06-09, 2000 CL SAN DIEGO, CA DE catfish depredations; double-crested cormorant; shooting; pyrotechnics; roost dispersal ID DELTA REGION; CATFISH INDUSTRY; WINTER ROOSTS; MISSISSIPPI; IMPACT AB Roost dispersal using pyrotechnics has been an effective program for reducing serious cormorant predation problems at catfish farms in Mississippi. Under a recent cormorant depredation order, catfish farmers are also allowed to shoot cormorants at their farms, but not at roosts. To potentially enhance cormorant roost dispersal programs and obtain data about shooting in roosts, I compared pyrotechnics versus shooting for dispersing cormorants from their night roosts. Five pairs of roosts were sequentially selected based on their similarity in numbers of birds and area occupied. By random selection each roost in the pair was harassed simultaneously using either pyrotechnics (screamer sirens and bird bangers) or shooting to kill with steel shot. Harassment of each roost took place during 1.5 hours before sunset and continued for up to three nights to disperse >90% of the birds from the site. During harassment efforts we recorded the number of pyrotechnics and shotgun shells used as well as the amount of time of actual harassment. We then monitored each roost for up to 10 days to assess how quickly birds returned to these sites. We found no difference (P > 0.05) between treatments in the amount of time and shells used to disperse cormorants from their night roosts, or in the number of days post-treatment until birds returned to these sites. However, fewer shotgun shells ((x) over bar =286.6, SE=46.56) than pyrotechnics ((x) over bar =429, SE=81.3) were generally used. Despite deploying only skilled marksmen to shoot cormorants in roosts, relatively small numbers ((x) over bar =45.4, SE=11.14) of cormorants, comprising <5% of roosting populations were killed during consecutive nights of harassment. I conclude that shooting is at least equally effective as pyrotechnics for dispersing cormorants from their night roosts and if included under the cormorant depredation order is unlikely to result in a large number of birds killed. C1 USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Wildlife Serv, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Glahn, JF (reprint author), USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Wildlife Serv, PO Drawer 6099, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 32 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE PI DAVIS PA UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS WILDLIFE EXTENSION, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA SN 0507-6773 J9 PROC VERTEBR PEST C PY 2000 BP 44 EP 48 PG 5 WC Entomology; Zoology SC Entomology; Zoology GA BU02H UT WOS:000174742900008 ER PT S AU Humphrey, JS Avery, ML McGrane, AP AF Humphrey, JS Avery, ML McGrane, AP BE Salmon, TP Crabb, AC TI Evaluating relocation as a vulture management tool in North Florida SO NINETEENTH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 19th Vertebrate Pest Conference CY MAR 06-09, 2000 CL SAN DIEGO, CA DE Coragyps atratus; Cathartes aura; roosts; relocation; trapping; tagging; movements; satellite; telemetry ID TURKEY VULTURES; BLACK AB As distributional patterns of black vultures (Coragyps atratus) and turkey vultures (Cathartes aura) change, and as woodland habitat declines, vultures increasingly come in contact with human activity. Relocation of problem birds is one potential management approach for resolving conflicts. Relocation involves trapping and moving the vultures some distance away where their subsequent behavior is not expected to conflict with human activity. To evaluate vulture responses to relocation, we trapped and patagial-tagged 114 vultures at two roosting areas over a period of ten months and equipped ten of them with satellite transmitters. Of 9,101 locations, 18.6% had a measure of accuracy of 1000 m to < 150 m. The remainder had an accuracy of > 1000 m of accuracy (n=3149), no estimate of location accuracy (n=2024), or invalid location (n=1117). Two transmitters were recovered due to removal or illness of the bird, were reset, and deployed on different vultures. Sixteen tagged birds were sighted after their release. Half of the sighted birds were observed at their unmodified trap site, and four of eight birds with transmitters were tracked to within 16 km of their trap site. No birds have been tracked to or seen at the modified trap site. One bird was tracked to within 32 km of its modified trap site. Birds took an average of eight months to return to the trap site. Relocation appears to be effective in the short term, but habitat modification and harassment to render the location unattractive is necessary for successful long-term removal of problem vultures. C1 USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Florida Field Stn, Gainesville, FL 32641 USA. RP Humphrey, JS (reprint author), USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Florida Field Stn, 2820 E Univ Ave, Gainesville, FL 32641 USA. NR 14 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE PI DAVIS PA UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS WILDLIFE EXTENSION, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA SN 0507-6773 J9 PROC VERTEBR PEST C PY 2000 BP 49 EP 53 PG 5 WC Entomology; Zoology SC Entomology; Zoology GA BU02H UT WOS:000174742900009 ER PT S AU King, DT Tobin, ME Bur, M AF King, DT Tobin, ME Bur, M BE Salmon, TP Crabb, AC TI Capture and telemetry techniques for double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) SO NINETEENTH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 19th Vertebrate Pest Conference CY MAR 06-09, 2000 CL SAN DIEGO, CA DE attachment techniques; capture; double-crested cormorant; Phalacrocorax auritus; trapping; VHF; satellite telemetry; telemetry ID DELTA REGION; SATELLITE TRACKING; CATFISH INDUSTRY; MISSISSIPPI; ARISTOTELIS; MOVEMENTS; IMPACT AB Double-crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) often roost in cypress oxbows and nest on islands making their capture for research studies difficult. In the southeastern United States we used a capture technique involving a boat equipped with flood lights, flushing the birds out of their roost trees, and capturing them with a landing net. On the Great Lakes we devised a capture technique using modified padded leg-hold traps placed in nest trees or on the ground in the colony. We captured >250 cormorants using these two techniques with very few injuries to the birds. In a study with captive birds, we evaluated the short-term effects of backpack and patagial tag VHF transmitters and their attachment techniques for use on cormorants. We conclude that backpack VHF transmitters are applicable for use on Double-crested Cormorants and that patagial solar powered transmitters should be further tested. We also tested two methods for simultaneously attaching a VHF transmitter and a backpack satellite transmitter to cormorants. Birds with the VHF patagial tag attachment showed moderate to heavy feather wear and abrasions on the ventral surface of the patagium. We recommend gluing the VHF transmitter to the backpack satellite transmitter for attaching both VHF and satellite transmitters to Double-crested Cormorants. These adaptable cormorant capture and telemetry techniques should prove suitable for use in other habitats and situations. C1 Mississippi State Univ, USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, APHIS,Wildlife Serv, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP King, DT (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, APHIS,Wildlife Serv, PO Drawer 6099, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 30 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 6 PU VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE PI DAVIS PA UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS WILDLIFE EXTENSION, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA SN 0507-6773 J9 PROC VERTEBR PEST C PY 2000 BP 54 EP 57 PG 4 WC Entomology; Zoology SC Entomology; Zoology GA BU02H UT WOS:000174742900010 ER PT S AU Miller, JE Tefft, BC Gregonis, M Eriksen, RE AF Miller, JE Tefft, BC Gregonis, M Eriksen, RE BE Salmon, TP Crabb, AC TI Wild turkeys and agriculture damage: Real or perceived/threshold and tradeoffs SO NINETEENTH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 19th Vertebrate Pest Conference CY MAR 06-09, 2000 CL SAN DIEGO, CA DE agriculture; crops; damage; economic; perceived; real; restoration; values; wild turkeys; wildlife AB Wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) populations have been restored and enhanced through introductions and reintroductions in 49 of the 50 states to huntable populations within the last 30 years. Populations are presently estimated to exceed 4 million birds within the United States. In many states, wild turkey habitat includes woodlots interspersed with agricultural lands, and some of the highest known population densities of wild turkeys are found in such areas. This paper will report on existing research, examining perceived versus actual damage caused by wild turkeys. It will also provide information based on a recent survey of biologists from the State Fish and Wildlife Agencies, State Cooperative Extension Service wildlife specialists, and USDA-APHIS/Wildlife Services personnel across the United States who receive reports of both perceived and actual damage by wild turkeys to a diversity of agricultural crops. It will attempt to: examine the human dimensions aspect of landowners and managers toward thresholds of tolerance; the economic and recreational user benefits of maintaining high populations of wild turkeys, which utilize a diversity of habitats including agricultural lands; and the values placed on recreational use and enjoyment of the wild turkey resource. It is expected that future interactions between wild turkeys and agricultural crops will continue as will efforts and alternatives to prevent damage, explore the tradeoffs, and resolve potential conflicts for the benefit of agricultural producers and the wild turkey resource. C1 USDA, CSREES NRE, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Miller, JE (reprint author), USDA, CSREES NRE, Room 3708 Waterfront Ctr,Mail Stop 2210, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE PI DAVIS PA UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS WILDLIFE EXTENSION, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA SN 0507-6773 J9 PROC VERTEBR PEST C PY 2000 BP 58 EP 62 PG 5 WC Entomology; Zoology SC Entomology; Zoology GA BU02H UT WOS:000174742900011 ER PT S AU Slate, D McConnell, J Barden, M Chipman, R Janicke, J Bently, C AF Slate, D McConnell, J Barden, M Chipman, R Janicke, J Bently, C BE Salmon, TP Crabb, AC TI Controlling gulls at landfills SO NINETEENTH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 19th Vertebrate Pest Conference CY MAR 06-09, 2000 CL SAN DIEGO, CA DE gull; landfill; waste; control; harassment; hazard; conflict; damage; airport; property; New Hampshire; New York; Vermont; northeast AB In spite of significant progress toward the application of recycling and other waste minimization processes, active landfills are expected to remain a common feature on the landscape for the foreseeable future. The availability of food and habitat at landfills will continue to act as a catalyst for a variety of human-wildlife conflicts. In this paper, we will focus specifically on on-site and off-site conflicts and management alternatives to resolve conflicts associated with gulls at landfills. Case histories of gull damage management programs conducted by Wildlife Services will be presented to illustrate the effectiveness of control strategies adapted to meet site-specific management objectives at landfills in the northeastern United States. C1 USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Wildlife Serv, Concord, NH 03301 USA. RP Slate, D (reprint author), USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Wildlife Serv, 59 Chenell Dr, Concord, NH 03301 USA. NR 27 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE PI DAVIS PA UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS WILDLIFE EXTENSION, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA SN 0507-6773 J9 PROC VERTEBR PEST C PY 2000 BP 68 EP 76 PG 9 WC Entomology; Zoology SC Entomology; Zoology GA BU02H UT WOS:000174742900013 ER PT S AU Werner, SJ AF Werner, SJ BE Salmon, TP Crabb, AC TI Cormorant research and impacts to southern aquaculture SO NINETEENTH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 19th Vertebrate Pest Conference CY MAR 06-09, 2000 CL SAN DIEGO, CA DE cormorant; bird damage; bird control ID DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANTS; MISSISSIPPI AB Several North American waterbird species were negatively affected by compromised environmental quality by the mid-twentieth century. Double-crested cormorant populations responded to increased environmental regulations in the United States in the early 1970s. The abundance of cormorants wintering in southern states (especially Alabama, Arkansas, Lousiana, and Mississippi) increased concurrently with a marked increase in catfish, crawfish, and bait fish production in these states since 1980, thus increasing regional concern regarding production losses to these industries. Cormorants wintering in Mississippi have increased nearly 225 % since 1990. Food habit studies, bioenergetic predictions, and captive-bird foraging experiments indicate that individual cormorants consume approximately 0.5 to 0.7 kg (1 to 1.5 pounds; i.e., about 10 fingerlings) of catfish fingerlings per day. Although no present management techniques permanently redistribute cormorants, dispersal of night roosts remains the most effective method to temporarily deter cormorants from primary aquaculture areas. Ongoing investigations will improve our understanding of cormorant impacts to catfish production, and the annual movement patterns and population biology of North American cormorants. Given concerns regarding cormorant impacts to commercial and recreational fisheries in the United States, management objectives should highlight minimized impacts to economic and recreational opportunities, rather than target populations of breeding and/or wintering double-crested cormorants. C1 Mississippi State Univ, USDA APHIS Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Mission Res Stn, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Werner, SJ (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, USDA APHIS Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Mission Res Stn, PO Drawer 6099, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 7 PU VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE PI DAVIS PA UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS WILDLIFE EXTENSION, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA SN 0507-6773 J9 PROC VERTEBR PEST C PY 2000 BP 81 EP 83 PG 3 WC Entomology; Zoology SC Entomology; Zoology GA BU02H UT WOS:000174742900015 ER PT S AU Nolte, DL Wagner, KK AF Nolte, DL Wagner, KK BE Salmon, TP Crabb, AC TI Comparing the efficacy of delivery systems and active ingredients of deer repellents SO NINETEENTH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 19th Vertebrate Pest Conference CY MAR 06-09, 2000 CL SAN DIEGO, CA DE browsing damage; deer; Odocoileus; repellents ID WHITE-TAILED DEER; BEAVER APLODONTIA-RUFA; FOREST REGENERATION; HERBIVORE AVOIDANCE; MOUNTAIN FORESTS; PREDATOR ODORS; MULE DEER; DAMAGE; RESPONSES; IMPACT AB Deer (Odocoileus spp.) occur across the United States and provide many desirable recreational and aesthetic opportunities. Unfortunately, deer foraging, particularly where population densities are high, can negatively impact agricultural resources or damage ornamental plants. Repellents are often regarded as a desirable approach to limit deer browsing. Although many products are marketed for use as repellents, the efficacy of these products in actually reducing deer browsing is varied. This paper reviews the results from efficacy tests we have conducted at the NWRC Olympia Field Station over the past several years as well as repellent work conducted by others. General efficacies of delivery systems and active ingredients incorporated in a variety of products are compared. Generally, products which have repeatedly demonstrated good efficacy in our trials are those products that produce sulfurous odors. These products have significantly reduced deer browsing for 8 to 12 weeks. C1 USDA, APHIS WS NWRC, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. RP Nolte, DL (reprint author), USDA, APHIS WS NWRC, 9730-B Lathrop Ind Dr, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. NR 64 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE PI DAVIS PA UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS WILDLIFE EXTENSION, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA SN 0507-6773 J9 PROC VERTEBR PEST C PY 2000 BP 93 EP 100 PG 8 WC Entomology; Zoology SC Entomology; Zoology GA BU02H UT WOS:000174742900018 ER PT S AU Vercauteren, KC Hygnstrom, SE AF Vercauteren, KC Hygnstrom, SE BE Salmon, TP Crabb, AC TI Deer population management through hunting in a suburban nature area in eastern Nebraska SO NINETEENTH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 19th Vertebrate Pest Conference CY MAR 06-09, 2000 CL SAN DIEGO, CA DE archery; hunting; muzzleloader; Odocoileus virginianus; radiotelemetry; suburban; white-tailed deer ID WHITE-TAILED DEER; ADIRONDACK MOUNTAINS; LOCALIZED MANAGEMENT; MORTALITY; HELICOPTER; ACCURACY; COUNTS; RATES AB The Fontenelle Forest Nature Area (FF) maintained a hands-off management policy for 30 years until it was recognized that white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) populations had grown to such levels that they were severely degrading native plant communities. In 1995, members of a community task force decided to sponsor annual nine-day hunting seasons on FF after learning that densities exceeded 28 deer/km(2). Archers harvested 85 antlerless deer in the FF upland areas adjacent to residential Bellevue, Nebraska during 1996 to 1998. Muzzleloader hunters removed 53 antlerless deer from the FF lowland areas. Archery and muzzleloader hunters harvested 297 deer during the same period in Gifford Point (GP), a state-owned wildlife management area adjacent to the FF lowlands. Overall deer densities declined from 28 deer/km2 in 1995 to 14 deer/km(2) in 1998. Densities were at or near over-winter goals in all areas by 1998, except for the unhunted residential area, which still maintained 20 deer/km2. Annual survival rates for radio-marked adult and yearling female deer were 0.70 and 0.59, respectively. Archery was the primary mortality factor (20 %) for radio-marked deer across years. Population models predict that densities would increase to 55 deer/km(2) in five years if hunting seasons were abandoned in FF. Hunter behavior in FF has been reported as excellent and little public opposition exists. C1 Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, USDA, APHIS WS, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Vercauteren, KC (reprint author), Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, USDA, APHIS WS, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 38 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 5 PU VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE PI DAVIS PA UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS WILDLIFE EXTENSION, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA SN 0507-6773 J9 PROC VERTEBR PEST C PY 2000 BP 101 EP 106 PG 6 WC Entomology; Zoology SC Entomology; Zoology GA BU02H UT WOS:000174742900019 ER PT S AU Shuler, J AF Shuler, J BE Salmon, TP Crabb, AC TI A history of muskrat problems in northeastern California SO NINETEENTH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 19th Vertebrate Pest Conference CY MAR 06-09, 2000 CL SAN DIEGO, CA DE damage; introductions; management; muskrat; Ondatra zibethicus; pest; wetland AB Northeastern California contains several extensive areas of natural and man-made wetland and marsh type habitats. These areas were void of muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) until the early 1930s when deliberate introductions were made. Once a valuable renewable resource before the sharp decline in pelt prices and strict regulations on trapping, the muskrat has become a nuisance pest species for resource managers. Muskrats have caused extensive damage to water delivery systems, levees, dikes, stream and river banks. Other damage includes impacts on pasture, crops, livestock, property, fencing, fisheries, endangered species, and human health and safety. This paper will look at the types of damage caused by the muskrat and some of the management approaches being taken to reduce or alleviate this damage. C1 USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Wildlife Serv, Mcarthur, CA 96056 USA. RP Shuler, J (reprint author), USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Wildlife Serv, POB 87, Mcarthur, CA 96056 USA. NR 22 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE PI DAVIS PA UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS WILDLIFE EXTENSION, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA SN 0507-6773 J9 PROC VERTEBR PEST C PY 2000 BP 146 EP 153 PG 8 WC Entomology; Zoology SC Entomology; Zoology GA BU02H UT WOS:000174742900027 ER PT S AU Witmer, GW Nolte, DL Stewart, WB AF Witmer, GW Nolte, DL Stewart, WB BE Salmon, TP Crabb, AC TI Integrated pest management of black bear reforestation damage SO NINETEENTH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 19th Vertebrate Pest Conference CY MAR 06-09, 2000 CL SAN DIEGO, CA DE black bear; forest resources; wildlife damage; Ursus americanus; wildlife management ID FIR VASCULAR TISSUES; BRITISH-COLUMBIA AB Black bear damage to commercial, coniferous trees on intensively managed public and private forest lands of the Pacific Northwest continues to be a problem for forest managers. Historically, methods such as relocation or spring hunts have been used in an effort to reduce bear density and damage. More recently, supplemental feeding has been used in an attempt to provide for the nutritional needs of bears during the damage period. Alternative silvicultural practices and repellents are being investigated for their ability to reduce the likelihood of bear damage. These and other methods need to be examined for their effectiveness, especially in light of social attitudes, increasing costs, and legal constraints. As part of an integrated pest management (IPM) approach, there is a need to better define the nature, timing, and extent of tree damage by bears. We review the literature and discuss the results from several studies that help answer some of these questions. Managers and researchers will be continuously challenged to find innovative and publicly acceptable methods to maintain a harmonious and delicate balance between the needs and desires of humans and the needs and propensities of black bears. C1 USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Witmer, GW (reprint author), USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 68 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE PI DAVIS PA UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS WILDLIFE EXTENSION, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA SN 0507-6773 J9 PROC VERTEBR PEST C JI Proc-Vertebr. Pest Conf. PY 2000 BP 228 EP 235 PG 8 WC Entomology; Zoology SC Entomology; Zoology GA BU02H UT WOS:000174742900041 ER PT S AU Kimball, BA Johnston, JJ Mason, JR Zemlicka, DE Blom, FS AF Kimball, BA Johnston, JJ Mason, JR Zemlicka, DE Blom, FS BE Salmon, TP Crabb, AC TI Development of chemical coyote attractants for wildlife management applications SO NINETEENTH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 19th Vertebrate Pest Conference CY MAR 06-09, 2000 CL SAN DIEGO, CA DE attractants; behavior; bioassay; Canis latrans; coyotes; synthetic; volatiles ID FERMENTED EGG; REPELLENT AB Coyote attractants are inherently variable because they are usually derived by mixing and fermenting complex biologically derived substances. We designed the present study to address this problem. We collected volatiles by purge and trap headspace analyses from 33 commercially available attractants, and analyzed the trapped odors by gas chromatography with mass selective detection. We then statistically evaluated chromatographic peak area data to produce recipes for seven new chemical attractants. We presented these attractants to coyotes in one-choice tests at the Predation Ecology and Behavioral Applications Field Station of the USDA-APHIS-WS National Wildlife Research Center near Logan, Utah. Our results indicated that there were both seasonal and sexual differences in stimulus attractiveness. We also found that several attractants were more effective than Fatty Acid Scent (FAS), a commonly employed coyote attractant. A field trial to evaluate the effectiveness of new candidate attractants is planned. C1 USDA APHIS WS NWRC, Analyt Chem Project, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Kimball, BA (reprint author), USDA APHIS WS NWRC, Analyt Chem Project, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 13 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE PI DAVIS PA UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS WILDLIFE EXTENSION, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA SN 0507-6773 J9 PROC VERTEBR PEST C PY 2000 BP 304 EP 309 PG 6 WC Entomology; Zoology SC Entomology; Zoology GA BU02H UT WOS:000174742900052 ER PT S AU Pitt, WC Knowlton, FF Ogawa, A Box, PW AF Pitt, WC Knowlton, FF Ogawa, A Box, PW BE Salmon, TP Crabb, AC TI Evaluation of depredation management techniques for territorial animals using a computer model: Coyotes as a case study SO NINETEENTH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 19th Vertebrate Pest Conference CY MAR 06-09, 2000 CL SAN DIEGO, CA DE computer model; control techniques; coyote; Canis latrans; individual-based model; population; swarm AB For centuries, coyotes have been controlled to protect livestock and/or enhance game populations. The intensity of control has varied widely and many types of control techniques have been used. The effects of these control techniques need to be evaluated to effectively resolve conflicts, to fulfill legal requirements, and to aid the development of new strategies. However, the influence of these techniques on coyote population size and structure is largely unknown. Furthermore, management decisions are often required before experimental tests can be developed, and conducting requisite experimental programs on meaningful scales are logistically prohibitive. Therefore, we developed an individual-based computer model to evaluate the effects of various control techniques on age structure including selective removal, random removal, and denning. This model is part of a larger effort to fully evaluate the effect of current management strategies on coyote populations and to eventually link this population model to a depredation model. Selective and random removal resulted in younger age structures, whereas denning produced population age structures similar to an unexploited population. C1 USDA, APHIS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Predator Ecol & Behav Project,Wildlife Serv, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Pitt, WC (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Predator Ecol & Behav Project,Wildlife Serv, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE PI DAVIS PA UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS WILDLIFE EXTENSION, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA SN 0507-6773 J9 PROC VERTEBR PEST C PY 2000 BP 315 EP 318 PG 4 WC Entomology; Zoology SC Entomology; Zoology GA BU02H UT WOS:000174742900054 ER PT S AU Seglund, AE DeLiberto, T Kimball, B AF Seglund, AE DeLiberto, T Kimball, B BE Salmon, TP Crabb, AC TI Evaluation of cabergoline as a reproductive inhibitor for coyotes (Canis latrans) SO NINETEENTH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 19th Vertebrate Pest Conference CY MAR 06-09, 2000 CL SAN DIEGO, CA DE cabergoline; Canis latrans; coyote; fertility control; pregnancy; prolactin; progesterone ID LUTEAL FUNCTION; PREGNANCY; PROLACTIN; SUPPRESSION; MANAGEMENT; DOGS AB Cabergoline, a prolactin inhibitor, was evaluated on its potential use as a reproductive inhibitor for coyotes (Canis latrans). Groups consisting of six female coyotes were randomly assigned to three treatments and a control group. At 25 to 35 days after fertilization, coyotes were palpated to verify pregnancy status. If an animal was confirmed pregnant, it was dosed with 50 jig, 100 jig, or 250 mug of cabergoline, or a placebo for seven consecutive days on approximately day 40 days of gestation. Five animals dosed with 50 jig of cabergoline, three dosed with 100 jig, and three animals receiving placebo whelped; no animals treated with 250 mug whelped. No drop in serum progesterone or prolactin levels were observed for the 50 jig and 100 mug treated groups. However, progesterone levels declined below 2 ng/ml in animals treated with 250 jig. Prolactin and progesterone levels in the control group followed typical patterns observed in pregnant canines. This study suggests that cabergoline is a potential reproductive inhibitor in coyotes. Future studies should determine if the efficacy of cabergoline in terminating pregnancy in coyotes could be improved with higher doses and at earlier stages of gestation. C1 Utah State Univ, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Predat Ecol & Behav Project,USDA APHIS, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Seglund, AE (reprint author), Utah State Univ, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Predat Ecol & Behav Project,USDA APHIS, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 22 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE PI DAVIS PA UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS WILDLIFE EXTENSION, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA SN 0507-6773 J9 PROC VERTEBR PEST C PY 2000 BP 319 EP 324 PG 6 WC Entomology; Zoology SC Entomology; Zoology GA BU02H UT WOS:000174742900055 ER PT S AU Sterner, RT Crane, KA AF Sterner, RT Crane, KA BE Salmon, TP Crabb, AC TI Sheep-predation behaviors of wild-caught, confined coyotes: Some historical data SO NINETEENTH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 19th Vertebrate Pest Conference CY MAR 06-09, 2000 CL SAN DIEGO, CA DE predation behavior; coyotes; Canis latrans; sheep; Ovis aries; learning; habituation AB As part of efforts to develop The Livestock Protection Collar (U.S. EPA Reg. No. 56228-22), we videotaped sheep-predation events by 23 (156 and 8 ?) wild-caught, confined coyotes (Canis latrans) in a 31 x 41 m enclosure. Coyotes were paired individually with a sheep (Ovis aries) during 1 h daily trials. Nineteen (13male and 6female) of the coyotes made 75 fatal attacks of 1 to 7 sheep each; 4 coyotes (2male and 2female) made no fatal attacks despite 19 to 39 daily pairings. Of coyotes that made fatal attacks, 13 (9male and 4female) always attacked at the neck of sheep; 5 (4male and 1female) always attacked by nipping at the legs/head/back of sheep; and 1 attacked at the legs/head/back of sheep during two initial events, but subsequently attacked at the neck of sheep. Greater time in captivity was not correlated with trials preceding a fatal attack (rho = +0.23). Among coyotes making greater than or equal to2 fatal attacks, subsequent predation events occurred after fewer intervening pairings with sheep. Initial feeding sites occurred most frequently at the flanks/ribs of sheep. Although collected between 1976 to 1980, these observations represent a never-to-be-acquired-again data set that remains timely. Data showed that not all coyotes display sheep-predation behaviors or kill sheep efficiently. Instrumental learning and stimulus-habituation models of coyote predation behavior are discussed. C1 USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Sterner, RT (reprint author), USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE PI DAVIS PA UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS WILDLIFE EXTENSION, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA SN 0507-6773 J9 PROC VERTEBR PEST C PY 2000 BP 325 EP 330 PG 6 WC Entomology; Zoology SC Entomology; Zoology GA BU02H UT WOS:000174742900056 ER PT S AU Wenning, KM DeLiberto, TJ AF Wenning, KM DeLiberto, TJ BE Salmon, TP Crabb, AC TI Mechanisms of diet selection in coyotes (Canis latrans) SO NINETEENTH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 19th Vertebrate Pest Conference CY MAR 06-09, 2000 CL SAN DIEGO, CA DE coyotes; Canis latrans; diet selection; early experience ID TASTE-AVERSION; MOTHERS MILK; WEANLING RATS; EXPERIENCE; FLAVOR; PREDATION; FOOD; ESTABLISHMENT; PREFERENCES; EXPOSURE AB Coyote depredation is estimated to cause in excess of $11 million in damage annually to the national livestock industry. Numerous studies suggest coyotes forage optimally. Yet, not all coyotes kill prey with high nutritional benefit to cost ratios (e.g., livestock) when given the opportunity. This suggests that there are other means by which coyotes select prey items. Little research has been conducted to determine the mechanisms driving the selection of particular food items. Previous experience with certain tastes or flavors may play a part in the subsequent selection of prey items. Dietary preferences can be formed in young animals through exposure to chemical cues in utero, in milk, and at weaning. Studies on captive animals are useful in evaluating the importance of exposure to chemical cues on the formation of dietary preferences in adult coyotes. A review of relevant literature is given and management implications are discussed. C1 Utah State Univ, USDA APHIS WS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Predator Ecol & Behav Applicat, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Wenning, KM (reprint author), Utah State Univ, USDA APHIS WS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Predator Ecol & Behav Applicat, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 63 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 8 PU VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE PI DAVIS PA UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS WILDLIFE EXTENSION, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA SN 0507-6773 J9 PROC VERTEBR PEST C JI Proc-Vertebr. Pest Conf. PY 2000 BP 331 EP 335 PG 5 WC Entomology; Zoology SC Entomology; Zoology GA BU02H UT WOS:000174742900057 ER PT S AU Zemlicka, DE Mason, JR AF Zemlicka, DE Mason, JR BE Salmon, TP Crabb, AC TI Response of captive coyotes to Renardine coyote repellent SO NINETEENTH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 19th Vertebrate Pest Conference CY MAR 06-09, 2000 CL SAN DIEGO, CA DE Canis latrans; coyote; depredation; livestock; Renardine; repellent ID TAILED DEER AB Renardine(1) is a bone tar product available for use as a coyote (Cants latrans) repellent in Canada. The substance is applied to pasture borders to prevent coyotes from entering and attacking sheep. Because data regarding the effectiveness of Renardine are lacking, we designed two experiments. In the first, six pairs of coyotes were first presented with 400 g of ground meat in two pans (200 g/pan) with false screen bottoms. Beneath the screens were absorbent tubes wetted with 10 ml of distilled water. Subsequently, during a treatment period, the absorbent tube was wetted with 10 ml of Renardine. Pans were presented for 60 minutes, and the amount of time to consume the meat was recorded. In the second experiment, six additional pairs of coyotes were first presented with 200 g of ground meat inside a barrier created with baling twine and wooden dowels. The area inside the barrier was 1 m(2), and the twine was tied onto the dowels 0.25 m above the ground. During the treatment period, the twine and dowels were painted with Renardine. In both experiments, all coyote pairs consumed all of the ground meat shortly after presentation. We conclude that Renardine probably is not an effective coyote repellent. However, because the active ingredient in Renardine is bone tar oil and bone tar oil is deer repellent, we speculate that Renardine may have utility as an herbivore repellent. C1 Utah State Univ, USDA APHIS WS Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Zemlicka, DE (reprint author), Utah State Univ, USDA APHIS WS Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, BNR-193, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 18 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE PI DAVIS PA UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS WILDLIFE EXTENSION, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA SN 0507-6773 J9 PROC VERTEBR PEST C PY 2000 BP 336 EP 338 PG 3 WC Entomology; Zoology SC Entomology; Zoology GA BU02H UT WOS:000174742900058 ER PT S AU Nolte, DL Wagner, KK Trent, A Bulkin, S AF Nolte, DL Wagner, KK Trent, A Bulkin, S BE Salmon, TP Crabb, AC TI Fumigant dispersal in pocket gopher burrows and benefits of a blower system SO NINETEENTH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 19th Vertebrate Pest Conference CY MAR 06-09, 2000 CL SAN DIEGO, CA DE carbon monoxide; fumigants; gas cartridges; pocket gopher; reforestation AB Efforts to establish tree seedlings on sites infested with high populations of pocket gophers (Thomomys spp.) can be futile unless population control measures are implemented. Fumigants are a possible means to reduce pocket gopher populations although the efficacy of fumigants on reforestation sites has been minimal. We conducted a series of experiments to monitor the movement of carbon monoxide through burrow systems and to assess the potential benefits of a blower system. In the first experiment, carbon monoxide was introduced to an artificial burrow system by burning either one or two gas cartridges concurrently or consecutively. The blower was tried at different speeds for varied durations. Carbon monoxide concentration was monitored with sensors that had a detection range from 0 to 5,000 parts per million. Burning the cartridges without the blower was not effective in distributing carbon monoxide. The most effective fumigant dispersal occurred when the blower was used at a low speed for only the period while a cartridge was burning. Burning two cartridges simultaneously was the most effective bum configuration. Results from a second experiment, using vacated pocket gopher burrows instead of an artificial system, were similar to those recorded for the first experiment. Subsequently, we conducted field trials using a blower to disperse carbon monoxide to reduce pocket gopher populations on reforestation sites. These trials did not demonstrate a reduction in pocket gopher activity. We speculate this was because existing burrow plugs prevented the gas from dispersing through the systems or because pocket gophers rapidly blocked burrows when they detected the gas, thus preventing exposure to lethal gas concentrations. C1 USDA, APHIS WS NWRC, Olympia Field Stn, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. RP Nolte, DL (reprint author), USDA, APHIS WS NWRC, Olympia Field Stn, 9730-B Lathrop Ind Dr, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. NR 27 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE PI DAVIS PA UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS WILDLIFE EXTENSION, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA SN 0507-6773 J9 PROC VERTEBR PEST C PY 2000 BP 377 EP 384 PG 8 WC Entomology; Zoology SC Entomology; Zoology GA BU02H UT WOS:000174742900064 ER PT S AU Sterner, RT AF Sterner, RT BE Salmon, TP Crabb, AC TI Soil-moisture preferences and soil-use behaviors of northern pocket gophers SO NINETEENTH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 19th Vertebrate Pest Conference CY MAR 06-09, 2000 CL SAN DIEGO, CA DE behavior; gopher; moisture; soil; Thomomys talpoides AB Factors affecting soil-contact and -manipulation behaviors of pocket gophers (Thomomys and Geomys spp.) are poorly understood. Delineation of these behaviors is crucial to development of new repellent systems that seek to exploit the fossorial activity of these rodents. In a laboratory study involving northern pocket gophers (Thomomys talpoides), I examined the effects(s) of gravimetric soil moisture (i.e., 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%) upon soil-contact and -use behaviors. Six gophers received successive, 0.5 h/day exposures to one of the moist soils compared to dry (0%) soil in a 2-choice apparatus. Times in each compartment and observed behaviors were recorded. A chamber x moisture interaction was attributed to the avoidance of 25% moist soil. A qualitative description of 37 locomotor, postural, sniffing, grooming, feeding, and soil-manipulation responses is provided. C1 USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Sterner, RT (reprint author), USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE PI DAVIS PA UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS WILDLIFE EXTENSION, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA SN 0507-6773 J9 PROC VERTEBR PEST C PY 2000 BP 389 EP 392 PG 4 WC Entomology; Zoology SC Entomology; Zoology GA BU02H UT WOS:000174742900066 ER PT S AU Dewey, J Bergman, D AF Dewey, J Bergman, D BE Salmon, TP Crabb, AC TI Overview of Wildlife Services' adverse incident reports FIFRA section 6(a)(2) SO NINETEENTH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 19th Vertebrate Pest Conference CY MAR 06-09, 2000 CL SAN DIEGO, CA DE adverse incidents; 6(a)(2) reporting; Wildlife Services; pesticides; FIFRA AB The United States Department of Agriculture/Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)/Wildlife Services (WS) program fulfills a Federal responsibility for helping solve problems which occur when human activity and wildlife are in conflict with one another. This is accomplished through the recommendation and/or implementation of integrated pest management strategies (IPM). WS IPM strategies often involve both technical assistance and direct damage management. One management technique used by WS is the application of Federally and State registered vertebrate pesticides. APHIS has several vertebrate pesticides registered for use by WS. On June 16, 1998, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) passed a final rule amending the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, Section 6(a)(2) on the reporting requirements for adverse incidents that involve pesticides. Adverse incidents, as defined by the EPA, can affect non-target wildlife, domestic animals, humans, property, and plants. WS employees reviewed the program's pesticide records for potential adverse incidents dating back to January 1, 1994. In this paper, we discuss the minuscule impacts WS has had on the environment while using registered pesticides. C1 USDA, APHIS, Wildlife Serv, Riverdale, MD 20737 USA. RP Dewey, J (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, Wildlife Serv, 4700 River Rd,Unit 87, Riverdale, MD 20737 USA. RI Bergman, David/C-6874-2015 OI Bergman, David/0000-0002-6757-643X NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE PI DAVIS PA UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS WILDLIFE EXTENSION, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA SN 0507-6773 J9 PROC VERTEBR PEST C PY 2000 BP 408 EP 412 PG 5 WC Entomology; Zoology SC Entomology; Zoology GA BU02H UT WOS:000174742900070 ER PT S AU Witmer, GW Vercauteren, KC Manci, KM Dees, DM AF Witmer, GW Vercauteren, KC Manci, KM Dees, DM BE Salmon, TP Crabb, AC TI Urban-suburban prairie dog management: Opportunities and challenges SO NINETEENTH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 19th Vertebrate Pest Conference CY MAR 06-09, 2000 CL SAN DIEGO, CA DE damage; Cynomys ludovicianus; prairie dog; urban wildlife; wildlife management ID SHORTGRASS RANGE; GREAT-PLAINS AB The historic range of the black-tailed prairie dog has undergone dramatic declines in the last century, prompting concern about the species' long-term viability. While considered a pest by many, others believe that the species is a "keystone" element of prairie ecosystems. Urban-suburban land managers are challenged with preserving colonies of prairie dogs on public lands while dealing with many conflicting interests, social costs, and risks. We review the management plans that municipalities have designed to reduce conflicts by using public input, zoned management, and a variety of management techniques. Areas of difficulty and research needs are also discussed. C1 USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Witmer, GW (reprint author), USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 42 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE PI DAVIS PA UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS WILDLIFE EXTENSION, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA SN 0507-6773 J9 PROC VERTEBR PEST C PY 2000 BP 439 EP 444 PG 6 WC Entomology; Zoology SC Entomology; Zoology GA BU02H UT WOS:000174742900076 ER PT J AU Klungness, JH Ahmed, A Ross-Sutherland, N AbuBakr, S AF Klungness, JH Ahmed, A Ross-Sutherland, N AbuBakr, S TI Lightweight, high-opacity paper by fiber loading: filler comparison SO NORDIC PULP & PAPER RESEARCH JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Paper and Coating Chemistry Symposium 2000 CY JUN 06-08, 2000 CL STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN DE calcium carbonate; filler; high consistency; optical property; particle size; printing paper; stock preparation; strength property AB To compare the effects of commercial calcium carbonate fillers on handsheet properties with that of fiber loading, we obtained rhombohedral and scalendrohedral precipitated calcium carbonates (PCCs) and wet and dry ground calcium carbonates (GCCs). These commercial calcium carbonate fillers were selected to cover a wide range of particle diameter and shape. The properties of fiber-loaded handsheets, at 25% finer level, were compared to that of five commercial calcium carbonate samples at the same filler level for two fully bleached market pulps, eucalyptus and pine kraft pulps. Fiber-loaded pulps were shown to be stronger than similar direct-loaded pulps at the same calcium carbonate levels as a result of (1) precipitation of calcium carbonate within the fiber wall and lumen and (2) the low energy input refining of the pulp at high pH and consistency. Our results show that fiber loading results in somewhat higher freeness values than does direct loading along with higher strength. Brightness values were slightly lower or the same for fiber-loaded handsheets compared to direct-loaded handsheets. Opacity and scattering coefficients were slightly lower for fiber-loaded handsheets, but the higher strengths of fiber-loaded pulps permit an increase in the filler level in the fiber-loaded pulps. Production of fiber-loaded PCC (FLPCC) pulp can be a key factor in developing lightweight, high-opacity printing papers. C1 USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Forest Serv, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Klungness, JH (reprint author), USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Forest Serv, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 14 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU AB SVENSK PAPPERSTIDNING PI STOCKHOLM PA C/O SPCI, BOX 5515, SE114 85 STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN SN 0283-2631 J9 NORD PULP PAP RES J JI Nord. Pulp Paper Res. J. PY 2000 VL 15 IS 5 BP 345 EP 350 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Materials Science GA 415YP UT WOS:000167751400002 ER PT J AU Schoene, NW Guidry, CA AF Schoene, NW Guidry, CA TI Genistein inhibits reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, shape change, and aggregation in rat platelets SO NUTRITION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE platelets; genistein; flow cytometry; platelet volume; 2 ',7 '-dichlorofluorescein; reactive oxygen species ID TYROSINE PHOSPHORYLATION; RESPIRATORY BURST; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; FLOW-CYTOMETRY; WHOLE-BLOOD; PROTEIN; KINASES; NEUTROPHILS; ACTIVATION; THROMBIN AB Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated in platelets by activation of a multicomponent NADPH oxidase. ROS, by inhibiting tyrosine phosphatase(s), shift the balance of protein tyrosine phosphorylation-dephosphorylation reactions. The resulting increased tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins escalates signaling events that promote platelet activation. Flow cytometry in combination with 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein permitted detection of ROS production during collagen stimulation of platelets in whole blood. The assay was used to determine the effects of genistein, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, on receptor-mediated production of ROS in platelets from rats. Pretreatment of blood samples with varying concentrations of genistein resulted in an inhibition of the collagen-induced increase in fluorescence (10 mu M/40%; 35 mu M/65%; 70 mu M/65%; genistein concentrationi% inhibition, respectively). This inhibition of ROS production paralleled inhibition of shape change and the disappearance of single platelets following addition of collagen to whole blood. Addition of genistein reduced shape change by 51% and the loss of Single platelets by 57% (74% aggregation, collagen alone; 27% aggregation, 140 mu M genistein plus collagen; n=8). The ability of genistein to decrease receptor-mediated ROS production while inhibiting platelet aggregation supports the importance of ROS signaling in platelet function. This action of genistein may be explained by tyrosine kinase inhibition, direct antioxidant action to reduce ROS, or protection of tyrosine phosphatase(s). Further experiments are required to determine which mechanism(s) produces the decrease in platelet aggregatory responses. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 ARS, Nutrient Requirements & Funct Lab, BHNRC, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Schoene, NW (reprint author), ARS, Nutrient Requirements & Funct Lab, BHNRC, USDA, Bldg 307,Rm 215,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 29 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0271-5317 J9 NUTR RES JI Nutr. Res. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 20 IS 1 BP 47 EP 57 DI 10.1016/S0271-5317(99)00137-2 PG 11 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 267YW UT WOS:000084387700007 ER PT J AU Booth, SL AF Booth, SL TI Warfarin use and fracture risk SO NUTRITION REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID VITAMIN-K; UNDERCARBOXYLATED OSTEOCALCIN; ELDERLY WOMEN; BONE HEALTH; OSTEOPOROSIS AB Two recent studies examined the association between chronic use of warfarin, a vitamin K antagonist, and fracture rate among older women. Whereas one study reported no association, the other reported a significantly higher risk for vertebral and rib fractures among warfarin users compared with nonusers. The effect of vitamin K antagonists on age-related bone loss continues to be controversial. C1 Tufts Univ, Vitamin K Program, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Booth, SL (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Vitamin K Program, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 13 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT LIFE SCIENCES INST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST SUBSCRIPTION OFFICE, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0029-6643 J9 NUTR REV JI Nutr. Rev. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 58 IS 1 BP 20 EP 22 PG 3 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 284FE UT WOS:000085319600003 PM 10697390 ER PT J AU Roberts, SB Heyman, MB AF Roberts, SB Heyman, MB TI Micronutrient shortfalls in young children's diets: Common, and owing to inadequate intakes both at home and at child care centers SO NUTRITION REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID IRON-DEFICIENCY; PRESCHOOL-CHILDREN; ZINC SUPPLEMENTATION; COGNITIVE FUNCTION; AMERICAN CHILDREN; INFANTS; CALCIUM; GROWTH; INCREASES AB Numerous studies documented low intakes of iron, zinc, calcium, and other micronutrients in young children. A recent report suggests that intakes are low in both home food and food provided at day care centers. Most of the young children in that study could not have obtained adequate intakes of key micronutrients without major dietary changes. Is it time to recommend routine multivitamin/mineral supplementation for ail young children? C1 Tufts Univ, Energy Metab Lab, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Div Pediat Gastroenterol & Nutr, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. RP Roberts, SB (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Energy Metab Lab, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 35 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU INT LIFE SCIENCES INST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST SUBSCRIPTION OFFICE, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0029-6643 J9 NUTR REV JI Nutr. Rev. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 58 IS 1 BP 27 EP 29 PG 3 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 284FE UT WOS:000085319600005 PM 10697392 ER PT J AU Johnson, WT Thomas, AC Lozano, AA AF Johnson, WT Thomas, AC Lozano, AA TI Maternal copper deficiency impairs the developmental expression of protein kinase c alpha, beta and gamma isoforms in neonatal rat brain SO NUTRITIONAL NEUROSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE copper deficiency; neonatal brain; protein kinase C; rat ID ORTHO-DIANISIDINE DIHYDROCHLORIDE; CENTRAL NERVOUS-SYSTEM; DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION; BASIC-PROTEIN; MUTANT MICE; ISOZYMES; FAMILY; TISSUE; MYELIN; PKC AB Although brain development and neurological function are impaired in the offspring of rodents that consume copper-deficient diets during pregnancy and lactation, the underlying mechanisms for the impairment are not well understood. Because protein kinase C (PKC) has been implicated in regulating development of the central nervous system, the present study was conducted to determine if maternal copper intake during pregnancy and lactation influences the expression of PKC in the developing brains of neonatal rats. Dams were fed diets containing either 1 mug Cu/g (Cu1), 2 mug Cu/g (Cu2), or 6 mug Cu/g (Cu6) beginning three weeks before pregnancy and ending 21 days after parturition. The alpha, beta, and gamma isoforms of PKC increased in the cytosolic fraction of neonatal brain during the 21 days following parturition, but the rates of increase for PKC beta and gamma were significantly reduced in neonates of dams consuming Cu1 and Cu2. in a second experiment, PKC beta content in the cytosolic fraction of the hypothalamus and PKC gamma content in the cytosolic fraction of the cerebellum were significantly lowered in 21-day-old pups of dams consuming Cu1 and Cu2. These data indicate that maternal diets that are deficient in copper impair the expression of PKC beta, and gamma in the developing brain of neonatal rats. C1 USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, POB 9034, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. EM tjohnson@gfhnrc.ars.usda.gov NR 39 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU MANEY PUBLISHING PI LEEDS PA STE 1C, JOSEPHS WELL, HANOVER WALK, LEEDS LS3 1AB, W YORKS, ENGLAND SN 1028-415X EI 1476-8305 J9 NUTR NEUROSCI JI Nutr. Neurosci. PY 2000 VL 3 IS 2 BP 113 EP 122 PG 10 WC Neurosciences; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 378KR UT WOS:000165584000003 PM 27416368 ER PT J AU Youdim, KA Shukitt-Hale, B Martin, A Wang, H Denisova, N Bickford, PC Joseph, JA AF Youdim, KA Shukitt-Hale, B Martin, A Wang, H Denisova, N Bickford, PC Joseph, JA TI Short-term dietary supplementation of blueberry polyphenolics: Beneficial effects on aging brain performance and peripheral tissue function SO NUTRITIONAL NEUROSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE behavior; aging; blueberry; health ID NEURONAL SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE; OXIDATIVE STRESS; VITAMIN-C; INTESTINAL-ABSORPTION; BEHAVIORAL DEFICITS; ENDOTHELIAL-CELLS; STRIATAL DOPAMINE; ASCORBIC-ACID; WATER-MAZE AB Emerging evidence from our lab indicate that fruits and vegetables, in particular blueberry (BB) extracts, are able to ameliorate age-related declines in neuronal and cognitive function, common in disorders such as Alzheimer disease. The current study examined if the beneficial effects were also discernable with supplementation of BB extracts, in an already well balanced diet. Indeed, following an 8 week supplementation regime, age-related declines in several behavioral parameters such as balance, coordination, working memory and reference memory were still protected against. Similarly, BB extracts also potentiated oxotremorine enhancement of K+-evoked release of dopamine from striatal slices. Decline in the dopaminergic system have been shown to have a profound effect on cognitive functions. The improvement in dopamine release may have been due in part to the observed increase in striatal vitamin C levels. Although assessment of serum transaminase levels in BB supplemented animals appeared to suggest improved liver function, this was not thought to be the reason for the elevated vitamin C levels. The underlying mechanism for this is unclear. Together these findings highlight the diverse in vivo actions of dietary polyphenolics, a number of which may be important against age-related declines in certain brain functions. Furthermore they are to be able to mediate protective effects despite the diet containing sufficient concentrations of antioxidants. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA, Dept Neurosci, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Pharmacol, Denver, CO 80262 USA. Dept Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Denver, CO USA. RP Youdim, KA (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA, Dept Neurosci, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RI Bickford, Paula/J-5970-2012 OI Bickford, Paula/0000-0001-9657-7725 NR 50 TC 92 Z9 95 U1 0 U2 8 PU HARWOOD ACAD PUBL GMBH PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1028-415X J9 NUTR NEUROSCI JI Nutr. Neurosci. PY 2000 VL 3 IS 6 BP 383 EP 397 PG 15 WC Neurosciences; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 388PC UT WOS:000166189200002 ER PT J AU Kim, HS Hausman, GJ Hausman, DB Martin, RJ Dean, RG AF Kim, HS Hausman, GJ Hausman, DB Martin, RJ Dean, RG TI The expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in pig fetal tissue and primary stromal-vascular cultures SO OBESITY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE C/EBP beta; PPAR gamma; fetuses; hypophysectomy; retinoic acid ID SUBCUTANEOUS ADIPOSE-TISSUE; PPAR-GAMMA; ADIPOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION; C/EBP-ALPHA; ADIPOGENESIS; BETA; INDUCTION; THYROXINE; PROTEINS; LIGAND AB Objective: This study was designed to determine when peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma) is expressed in developing fetal adipose tissue and stromal-vascular adipose precursor cells derived from adipose tissue. In addition we examined developing tissue for CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta (C/EBP beta) expression to see if it was correlated with PPAR gamma expression. Pituitary function and hormones involved with differentiation (dexamethasone and retinoic acid) were also tested for their effects on PPAR gamma expression to determine if hormones known to affect differentiation also effect PPAR gamma expression in vivo and in cell culture. Research Methods and Procedures: Developing subcutaneous adipose tissues from the dorsal region of the fetal pig were collected at different gestation times and assayed using Western blot analysis to determine levels of PPAR gamma and C/EBP beta. Hypophysectomy was performed on 75-day pig fetuses and tissue samples were then taken at 105 days for Western blot analysis. Adipose tissue was also taken from postnatal pigs to isolate stromal-vascular (S-V) cells. These adipose precursor cells were grown in culture and samples were taken for Western blot analysis to determine expression levels of PPAR gamma. Results: Our results indicate that PPAR gamma is expressed as early as 50 days of fetal development in adipose tissue and continues through 105 days. Expression of PPAR gamma was found to be significantly enhanced in adipose tissue from hypophysectomized fetuses at 105 days of fetal development (p < 0.05). C/EBP beta was not found in 50- or 75-day fetal tissues and was found only at low levels in 105-day tissues. C/EBP beta was not found in hypophysectomized (hypoxed) 105-day tissue where PPAR gamma was elevated. S-V cells freshly isolated from adipose tissue of 5- to 7-day postnatal pigs showed the expression of PPAR gamma 1. When S-V cells were cultured, both PPAR gamma 1 and 2 were expressed after the first day and continued as cells differentiated. High concentrations of retinoic acid decreased PPAR gamma expression in early S-V cultures (p < 0.05). Discussion: Our data indicate that PPAR gamma is expressed in fetal adipose tissue very early before distinct fat cells are observed and can be expressed without the expression of C/EBP beta. The increase in PPAR gamma expression after hypophysectomy may explain the increase in fat cell size under these conditions. Adipose precursor cells (S-V cells) from 5- to 7-day postnatal pigs also express PPAR gamma in the tissue before being induced to differentiate in culture. Thus S-V cells from newborn pig adipose tissue are probably more advanced in development than the 3T3-L1 cell model. S-V cells may be in a state where PPAR gamma and C/EBP alpha are expressed but new signals or vascularization are needed before cells are fully committed and lipid filling begins. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Anim & Dairy Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Foods & Nutr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Anim Physiol Unit, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Dean, RG (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Anim & Dairy Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 32 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU NORTH AMER ASSOC STUDY OBESITY PI ROCHESTER PA C/O DR MICHAEL JENSEN, MAYO MEDICAL CENTER, MAYO CLIN 200 FIRST ST, SW, ROCHESTER, MN 55905 USA SN 1071-7323 J9 OBES RES JI Obes. Res. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 8 IS 1 BP 83 EP 88 DI 10.1038/oby.2000.11 PG 6 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 278YX UT WOS:000085017500011 PM 10678262 ER PT J AU Pyare, S Longland, WS AF Pyare, S Longland, WS TI Seedling-aided cache detection by heteromyid rodents SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE heteromyids; foraging behavior; cache recovery; Indian ricegrass; beacon ID DIPODOMYS-MERRIAMI; SPATIAL MEMORY; KANGAROO RATS; BURIED SEEDS; PREFERENCES; GERMINATION; LOCATIONS AB Heteromyid rodents are granivores which frequently cache seeds in numerous scattered locations and use olfaction to relocate these caches. However, seedlings which emerge from these caches may also serve as cues to cache location. We conducted an experiment in the western Great Basin to determine whether heteromyids perceive emerging seedlings of Indian ricegrass, Achnatherum hymenoides, as beacons to cache locations. Specifically, we compared frequencies with which heteromyids searched for seeds among locations differing in the presence or absence of buried seeds and aboveground seedling treatments, which included either a single Indian ricegrass seedling or an artificial seedling proxy. The olfactory cue related to seeds was clearly important in relocating caches, as digging by heteromyids near artificial seedlings and at control locations lacking seedlings was significantly more likely if seeds were present. However, rodents dug for seeds near natural seedlings at similar frequencies regardless of whether a seed cache was actually present at the base of the seedling. Moreover, seeds had no effect on the frequency at which rodents exhibited investigative, superficial digging behavior near artificial seedlings. The latter results indicate that heteromyids do associate emerging seedlings with cache locations, and that this association may primarily be a beacon to potential cache locations. Seedling-aided cache detection is important because it could improve the effectiveness of cache-searching behavior during a period when recovery of caches is critical for survival. C1 Univ Nevada, USDA ARS, Reno, NV 89512 USA. Univ Nevada, Ecol Evolut & Conservat Biol Program, Reno, NV 89557 USA. RP Pyare, S (reprint author), EECB 186, 1000 Valley Rd, Reno, NV 89512 USA. NR 23 TC 14 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 9 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD JAN PY 2000 VL 122 IS 1 BP 66 EP 71 DI 10.1007/PL00008837 PG 6 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 277RG UT WOS:000084946900009 PM 28307958 ER PT J AU Pearson, DE McKelvey, KS Ruggiero, LF AF Pearson, DE McKelvey, KS Ruggiero, LF TI Non-target effects of an introduced biological control agent on deer mouse ecology SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE biological control; Centaurea maculosa; Peromyscus maniculatus; exotic plants; Urophora ID KNAPWEED CENTAUREA-MACULOSA; MICE APODEMUS-SYLVATICUS; GLACIER NATIONAL-PARK; SPOTTED KNAPWEED; UROPHORA-AFFINIS; PEROMYSCUS-MANICULATUS; FRAGMENTED FORESTS; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; EXTRA FOOD; DIFFUSE AB Release of exotic insects as biological control agents is a common approach to controlling exotic plants. Though controversy has ensued regarding the deleterious direct effects of biological control agents to non-target species, few have examined the indirect effects of a "well-behaved" biological control agent on native fauna. We studied a grassland in west-central Montana infested with spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa) to examine the effects of knapweed invasion and two gall fly biological control agents (Urophora affinis and U. quadrifasciata) on the native deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus). Stomach-content analysis revealed that Urophora were the primary food item in Peromyscus diets for most of the year and made up 84-86% of the winter diet. Stomach contents indicated that wild-caught mice consumed on average up to 247 Urophora larvae mouse(-1) day(-1), while feeding trials revealed that deer mice could depredate nearly 5 times as many larvae under laboratory conditions. In feeding trials, deer mice selected knapweed seedheads with greater numbers of galls while avoiding uninfested seedheads. When Urophora larvae were present in knapweed seedheads, deer mice selected microhabitats with moderately high (31-45% cover) and high knapweed infestation (greater than or equal to 46% cover). After Urophora emerged and larvae were unavailable to Peromyscus, mice reversed habitat selection to favor sites dominated by native-prairie with low knapweed infestation (0-15%). Establishment of the biological control agent, Urophora spp., has altered deer mouse diets and habitat selection by effecting changes in foraging strategies. Deer mice and other predators may reduce Urophora populations below a threshold necessary to effectively control spotted knapweed. C1 US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP Pearson, DE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, POB 8089, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. EM dpearson/rmrs_missoula@fs.fed.us NR 63 TC 67 Z9 72 U1 0 U2 21 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD JAN PY 2000 VL 122 IS 1 BP 121 EP 128 DI 10.1007/PL00008828 PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 277RG UT WOS:000084946900015 PM 28307949 ER PT J AU Filley, TR Hatcher, PG Shortle, WC Praseuth, RT AF Filley, TR Hatcher, PG Shortle, WC Praseuth, RT TI The application of C-13-labeled tetramethylammonium hydroxide (C-13-TMAH) thermochemolysis to the study of fungal degradation of wood SO ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE C-13-labeled tetramethylammonium hydroxide; demethylation; phenols; basidiomycetes; lignin; white-rot fungal degradation; brown-rot fungal degradation ID BROWN-ROT FUNGI; DISSOLVED ORGANIC-MATTER; PHANEROCHAETE-CHRYSOSPORIUM; LIGNIN DEGRADATION; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; GYMNOSPERM WOOD; DECAY FUNGI; WHITE-ROT; PYROLYSIS; BIODEGRADATION AB This paper presents the results from an assessment of the application of a new molecular analytical procedure, C-13-TMAH thermochemolysis, to study the chemical modification of lignin by white-rot and brown-rot fungi. This technique differs from other molecular chemolysis procedures (e.g, TMAH thermochemolysis and CuO alkaline oxidation) as it enables one to determine the amount of hydroxylated aromatic components in degraded lignin residues through a selective lignin depolymerization and C-13-labeled methylation reaction. Major differences were observed in the chemical composition and yield of lignin monomers released from a limited sample set of field and laboratory inoculation brown-rot and white-rot degraded residues when analyzed by C-13-TMAH thermochemolysis. The brown-rot residues were characterized by high yields of 3,4-dihydroxy phenyl compounds, presumably due to fungal demethylation of methoxyl groups on guaiacyl lignin, and relatively low yields of aromatic acids that result from microbial side chain oxidation. The white-rot residues were characterized by low yields of demethylated lignin monomers but relatively high yields of monomers exhibiting side chain oxidation. If generally applicable, this distinct chemical functionality has important implications for the chemical reactivity and solubility of degraded wood residues and consequently the cycling of terrestrial carbon in the geosphere. The C-13-TMAH thermochemolysis procedure provides a rapid and sensitive tool for tracking microbial modifications of lignin in terrestrial environments including coastal sediments, forest soils and waters receiving terrestrial organic matter. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Carnegie Inst Washington, Geophys Lab, Washington, DC 20015 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Chem, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. US Forest Serv, NE Forest Expt Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Filley, TR (reprint author), Carnegie Inst Washington, Geophys Lab, 5251 Broad Branch Rd NW, Washington, DC 20015 USA. RI Filley, Timothy/A-9862-2009 NR 37 TC 75 Z9 80 U1 1 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0146-6380 J9 ORG GEOCHEM JI Org. Geochem. PY 2000 VL 31 IS 2-3 BP 181 EP 198 DI 10.1016/S0146-6380(99)00159-X PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 294LF UT WOS:000085912200006 ER PT B AU Bronson, RT AF Bronson, RT BE Ward, JM Mahler, JF Maronpot, RR Sundberg, JP TI Pathologic characterization of neurological mutants SO PATHOLOGY OF GENETICALLY ENGINEERED MICE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on the Pathology of Genetically-Engineered Mice CY 1999 CL NIH, BETHESDA, MD SP NCI HO NIH ID MOTOR-NEURON DEGENERATION; INBRED MOUSE STRAINS; MICE LACKING; MUTATION; DEFECTS; GENE; ABNORMALITIES; DISEASE; MODELS C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Bronson, RT (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 46 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOWA STATE UNIV PRESS PI AMES PA 2121 STATE AVE, AMES, IA 50014-8300 USA BN 0-8138-2521-0 PY 2000 BP 239 EP 252 PG 14 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Pathology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Pathology GA BR80H UT WOS:000167601800017 ER PT B AU Nachman, RJ Zabrocki, J Roberts, VA Coast, GM AF Nachman, RJ Zabrocki, J Roberts, VA Coast, GM BE Hu, XY Wang, R Tam, JP TI Tetrazole cis-amide bond mimetics identify the beta-turn conformation of insect kinin neuropeptides SO PEPTIDES: BIOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th Chinese Peptide Symposium CY JUL 14-17, 1998 CL LANZHOU UNIV, LANZHOU, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, Lanzhou Univ, Sch Life Sci, K C Wong Educ Fdn, Amer Peptide Soc, Eli Lilly & Co, Minist Educ China, Assoc Sci & Technol, Perkin Elmer Appl Biosyst Div, Amer Peptide Co Inc, Penninsula Labs Inc, C S Bio Co, Zhonghe Pharmaceut Co, Chengdu Di-ao Pharmaceut Co, H H Liu Educ Fdn HO LANZHOU UNIV ID FAMILY; PEPTIDES; ANALOGS C1 USDA, VERU, FAPRL, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Nachman, RJ (reprint author), USDA, VERU, FAPRL, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 0-7923-6279-9 PY 2000 BP 158 EP 162 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA BR60N UT WOS:000166933900040 ER PT B AU Welsh, RT AF Welsh, RT BE Watson, AE Aplet, GH Hendee, JC TI A comparison of strategies for rationing and managing use on selected rivers in the United States in 1986 and 1998 SO PERSONAL, SOCIETAL, AND ECOLOGICAL VALUES OF WILDERNESS: SIXTH WORLD WILDERNESS CONGRESS PROCEEDINGS ON RESEARCH, MANAGEMENT, AND ALLOCATION, VOL II SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th World Wilderness Congress CY OCT 24-29, 1998 CL BANGALORE, INDIA AB River managers often rely on rationed use limits to control visitor impacts and manage increasing demand for river access. Characteristics of 19 river segments in the Western United States with rationed use limits in place during the 1998 floating season are examined and compared to those in place in 1986. Visitor use management on these rivers is described, including application procedures, fees, use limits, and regulations. Suggestions for river managers in other parts of the world are offered. C1 USDA, US Forest Serv, Ogden, UT 84401 USA. RP Welsh, RT (reprint author), USDA, US Forest Serv, 324 25th St, Ogden, UT 84401 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P PY 2000 VL 2 IS 14 BP 25 EP 34 PG 10 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BR80F UT WOS:000167600600005 ER PT B AU Parsons, DJ AF Parsons, DJ BE Watson, AE Aplet, GH Hendee, JC TI Restoration of natural fire to United States wilderness areas SO PERSONAL, SOCIETAL, AND ECOLOGICAL VALUES OF WILDERNESS: SIXTH WORLD WILDERNESS CONGRESS PROCEEDINGS ON RESEARCH, MANAGEMENT, AND ALLOCATION, VOL II SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th World Wilderness Congress CY OCT 24-29, 1998 CL BANGALORE, INDIA AB The restoration of fire to its natural role in wilderness has proven to be a significant challenge to the United States Federal wilderness management agencies. Although both natural (lightning) ignitions and management-ignited fires have been generally accepted as appropriate wilderness management tools, the implementation of wilderness fire management programs has been incomplete and inconsistent. Program constraints and consequent emphasis on fire suppression have limited accomplishments to date. The fact that even the most successful wilderness fire management programs have been largely unable to restore presettlement fire regimes raises serious questions about future program needs and priorities. Issues and challenges in need of attention are identified. C1 USDA, US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stat, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP Parsons, DJ (reprint author), USDA, US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stat, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, POB 8089, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. EM dparsons/rmrs_missoula@fs.fed.us NR 26 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P JI USDA For. Ser. Rocky Mt. Res. Stat. Proc. PY 2000 VL 2 IS 14 BP 42 EP 47 PG 6 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BR80F UT WOS:000167600600007 ER PT B AU Williams, DR AF Williams, DR BE Watson, AE Aplet, GH Hendee, JC TI Personal and social meanings of wilderness: Constructing and contesting places in a global village SO PERSONAL, SOCIETAL, AND ECOLOGICAL VALUES OF WILDERNESS: SIXTH WORLD WILDERNESS CONGRESS PROCEEDINGS ON RESEARCH, MANAGEMENT, AND ALLOCATION, VOL II SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th World Wilderness Congress CY OCT 24-29, 1998 CL BANGALORE, INDIA AB This paper takes a social constructionist approach to examine the nature and dynamics of personal and social meanings of wilderness. The paper builds on geographic and social theory to discuss the ways in which conflicts over the meaning and value of wilderness are significant consequences of modernization and globalization. The process of modernization destabilizes and "thins-out" the meanings assigned to places and undermines older, more traditional meanings. While such social constructionist views of wilderness and nature are sometimes seen as undermining protectionist claims, this paper argues that understanding the way that meaning is socially negotiated and contested is necessary for effective allocation and management of wilderness. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Williams, DR (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 2150A Ctr Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 21 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P PY 2000 VL 2 IS 14 BP 77 EP 82 PG 6 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BR80F UT WOS:000167600600012 ER PT B AU Riebau, AR Stokes, J Porter, D Smith, FM Sestak, ML AF Riebau, AR Stokes, J Porter, D Smith, FM Sestak, ML BE Watson, AE Aplet, GH Hendee, JC TI Wilderness climate change data collected by the Bureau of Land Management in the Western United States SO PERSONAL, SOCIETAL, AND ECOLOGICAL VALUES OF WILDERNESS: SIXTH WORLD WILDERNESS CONGRESS PROCEEDINGS ON RESEARCH, MANAGEMENT, AND ALLOCATION, VOL II SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th World Wilderness Congress CY OCT 24-29, 1998 CL BANGALORE, INDIA AB From 1991 until 1995 the USDI Bureau of Land Management conducted a study (Intermountain Wilderness Area Ecosystem Study [IWAES]) to assess the potential for climate change on Western United States wilderness and wilderness study areas. Data were collected under a uniform protocol for surface water chemistry, stream macro invertebrates, annual vegetation, weather, and air quality. The weather and air quality measurements were collected with a unique aerometric station designed for wilderness conditions operating on solar power. In this paper, these stations are described, their geographic locations shown, and data compared with information from other United States air quality programs such as the National Atmospheric Deposition Program and the United States Environmental Protection Agency National Dry Deposition Network (NDDN). This comparison demonstrated that IWAES data, although collected with less sophisticated and less expensive techniques than the other networks, was comparable to those programs and in the case of NDDN, had higher data capture rates. Finally, recommendations for future wilderness monitoring are made from the standpoint of the the IWAES experience. C1 USDA, US Forest Serv, Washington, DC 20090 USA. RP Riebau, AR (reprint author), USDA, US Forest Serv, POB 96090, Washington, DC 20090 USA. NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P PY 2000 VL 2 IS 14 BP 174 EP 181 PG 8 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BR80F UT WOS:000167600600031 ER PT J AU Nedbal, L Soukupova, J Kaftan, D Whitmarsh, J Trtilek, M AF Nedbal, L Soukupova, J Kaftan, D Whitmarsh, J Trtilek, M TI Kinetic imaging of chlorophyll fluorescence using modulated light SO PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE herbicide; instrumentation; mutant selection; photosynthesis ID PHOTOSYSTEM-II; ALPHA FLUORESCENCE; EXCITATION-ENERGY; STATE TRANSITIONS; LEAVES; PLANTS; FLUOROMETER; STRESS; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; CYANOBACTERIA AB Fluorometers that measure the kinetics of chlorophyll fluorescence have become invaluable tools for determining the photosynthetic performance of plants. Many of these instruments use high frequency modulated light to measure the rate, efficiency and regulation of photosynthesis. The technique is non-invasive and is effective under diverse environmental conditions. Recently, imaging fluorometers have been introduced that reveal variability in photosynthesis over the surface of a leaf or between individual plants. Most imaging instruments depend on continuous light or low frequency modulated light for fluorescence excitation, which imposes serious limitations on measurements of the fluorescence parameters, especially the minimum fluorescence (F-0) and variable fluorescence (F-V). Here, we describe a new instrument that combines the advantage of high frequency modulated light with two-dimensional imaging of chlorophyll fluorescence. The fluorometer produces dynamic images of chlorophyll fluorescence from leaves or plants, providing accurate mapping of F-0 and F-V, and non-photochemical quenching. A significant feature of the instrument is that it can record fluorescence images of leaves in daylight under field conditions. C1 Photosynth Res Ctr, Inst Landscape Ecol, CZ-37333 NovyHrady, Czech Republic. Univ S Bohemia, Fac Biol Sci, CZ-37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic. USDA ARS, Photosynthesis Res Unit, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Photon Syst Instruments, CZ-62100 Brno, Czech Republic. RP Nedbal, L (reprint author), Photosynth Res Ctr, Inst Landscape Ecol, CZ-37333 NovyHrady, Czech Republic. EM nedbal@alga.cz RI Olejnickova, Julie /E-3654-2015 NR 43 TC 92 Z9 97 U1 0 U2 18 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-8595 J9 PHOTOSYNTH RES JI Photosynth. Res. PY 2000 VL 66 IS 1-2 BP 3 EP 12 DI 10.1023/A:1010729821876 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 439QX UT WOS:000169129500002 ER PT J AU Adam, NR Wall, GW Kimball, BA Pinter, PJ LaMorte, RL Hunsaker, DJ Adamsen, FJ Thompson, T Matthias, AD Leavitt, SW Webber, AN AF Adam, NR Wall, GW Kimball, BA Pinter, PJ LaMorte, RL Hunsaker, DJ Adamsen, FJ Thompson, T Matthias, AD Leavitt, SW Webber, AN TI Acclimation response of spring wheat in a free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) atmosphere with variable soil nitrogen regimes. 1. Leaf position and phenology determine acclimation response SO PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE global change; elevated carbon dioxide; photosynthetic acclimation; Rubisco ID ELEVATED CO2; CARBON-DIOXIDE; PHOTOSYNTHETIC ACCLIMATION; WINTER-WHEAT; GROWTH; TEMPERATURE; PROTEINS; LEAVES; CANOPY; YIELD AB We have examined the photosynthetic acclimation of wheat leaves grown at an elevated CO2 concentration, and ample and limiting N supplies, within a field experiment using free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE). To understand how leaf age and developmental stage affected any acclimation response, measurements were made on a vertical profile of leaves every week from tillering until maturity. The response of assimilation (A) to internal CO2 concentration (C-i) was used to estimate the in vivo carboxylation capacity (Vc(max)) and maximum rate of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate limited photosynthesis (A(sat)). The total activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), and leaf content of Rubisco and the Light Harvesting Chlorophyll a/b protein associated with Photosystem II (LHC II), were determined. Elevated CO2 did not alter Vc(max) in the flag leaf at either low or high N. In the older shaded leaves lower in the canopy, acclimatory decline in Vc(max) and A(sat) was observed, and was found to correlate with reduced Rubisco activity and content. The dependency of acclimation on N supply was different at each developmental stage. With adequate N supply, acclimation to elevated CO2 was also accompanied by an increased LHC II/Rubisco ratio. At low N supply, contents of Rubisco and LHC II were reduced in all leaves, although an increased LHC II/Rubisco ratio under elevated CO2 was still observed. These results underscore the importance of leaf position, leaf age and crop developmental stage in understanding the acclimation of photosynthesis to elevated CO2 and nutrient stress. C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Plant Biol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. Arizona State Univ, Ctr Early Events Photosynth, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Univ Arizona, Tree Ring Res Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Webber, AN (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Dept Plant Biol, POB 871601, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. NR 41 TC 25 Z9 31 U1 5 U2 19 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-8595 J9 PHOTOSYNTH RES JI Photosynth. Res. PY 2000 VL 66 IS 1-2 BP 65 EP 77 DI 10.1023/A:1010629407970 PG 13 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 439QX UT WOS:000169129500007 ER PT J AU Wall, GW Adam, NR Brooks, TJ Kimball, BA Pinter, PJ LaMorte, RL Adamsen, FJ Hunsaker, DJ Wechsung, G Wechsung, F Grossman-Clarke, S Leavitt, SW Matthias, AD Webber, AN AF Wall, GW Adam, NR Brooks, TJ Kimball, BA Pinter, PJ LaMorte, RL Adamsen, FJ Hunsaker, DJ Wechsung, G Wechsung, F Grossman-Clarke, S Leavitt, SW Matthias, AD Webber, AN TI Acclimation response of spring wheat in a free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) atmosphere with variable soil nitrogen regimes. 2. Net assimilation and stomatal conductance of leaves SO PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE acclimation; climate change; CO2; down-regulation; global change; photosynthesis; stomatal conductance ID TRITICUM-AESTIVUM L; LONG-TERM ELEVATION; CARBON-DIOXIDE; GAS-EXCHANGE; WINTER-WHEAT; WATER-STRESS; PHOTOSYNTHETIC ACCLIMATION; ELECTRON-TRANSPORT; FIELD RESPONSE; LEAF STRUCTURE AB Atmospheric CO2 concentration continues to rise. It is important, therefore, to determine what acclimatory changes will occur within the photosynthetic apparatus of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Yecora Rojo) grown in a future high-CO2 world at ample and limited soil N contents. Wheat was grown in an open field exposed to the CO2 concentration of ambient air [370 mu mol (CO2) mol(-1); Control] and air enriched to similar to 200 mu mol (CO2) mol(-1) above ambient using a Free-Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) apparatus (main plot). A High (35 g m(-2)) or Low (7 and 1.5 g m(-2) for 1996 and 1997, respectfully) level of N was applied to each half of the main CO2 treatment plots (split-plot). Under High-N, FACE reduced stomatal conductance (g(s)) by 30% at mid-morning (2 h prior to solar noon), 36% at midday (solar noon) and 27% at mid-afternoon (2.5 h after solar noon), whereas under Low-N, g(s) was reduced by as much as 31% at mid-morning, 44% at midday and 28% at mid-afternoon compared with Control. But, no significant CO2 x N interaction effects occurred. Across seasons and growth stages, daily accumulation of carbon (A') was 27% greater in FACE than Control. High-N increased A' by 18% compared with Low-N. In contrast to results for g(s), however, significant CO2 x N interaction effects occurred because FACE increased A' by 30% at High-N, but by only 23% at Low-N. FACE enhanced the seasonal accumulation of carbon (A'') by 29% during 1996 (moderate N-stress), but by only 21% during 1997 (severe N-stress). These results support the premise that in a future high-CO2 world an acclimatory (down-regulation) response in the photosynthetic apparatus of field-grown wheat is anticipated. They also demonstrate, however, that the stimulatory effect of a rise in atmospheric CO2 on carbon gain in wheat can be maintained if nutrients such as nitrogen are in ample supply. C1 USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. Univ Arizona, Maricopa Agr Ctr, Maricopa, AZ 85239 USA. Humboldt Univ, Dept Soil Sci, D-10115 Berlin, Germany. Arizona State Univ, Dept Plant Biol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Arizona State Univ, Ctr Early Events Photosynth, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Potsdam Inst Climate Impact Res, D-14412 Potsdam, Germany. Univ Arizona, Tree Ring Res Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Soil Water & Environm Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Wall, GW (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 93 TC 31 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 13 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-8595 J9 PHOTOSYNTH RES JI Photosynth. Res. PY 2000 VL 66 IS 1-2 BP 79 EP 95 DI 10.1023/A:1010646225929 PG 17 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 439QX UT WOS:000169129500008 ER PT J AU Brooks, TJ Wall, GW Pinter, PJ Kimball, BA LaMorte, RL Leavitt, SW Matthias, AD Adamsen, FJ Hunsaker, DJ Webber, AN AF Brooks, TJ Wall, GW Pinter, PJ Kimball, BA LaMorte, RL Leavitt, SW Matthias, AD Adamsen, FJ Hunsaker, DJ Webber, AN TI Acclimation response of spring wheat in a free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) atmosphere with variable soil nitrogen regimes. 3. Canopy architecture and gas exchange SO PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE canopy architecture; canopy photosynthesis; CO2 enrichment; global change; leaf area index; leaf tip angle; nitrogen stress; Triticum aestivum ID ELEVATED CO2; LEAF-AREA; CHLOROPHYLL METER; WINTER-WHEAT; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; GROWTH; FIELD; YIELD; CROP; RADIATION AB The response of whole-canopy net CO2 exchange rate (CER) and canopy architecture to CO2 enrichment and N stress during 1996 and 1997 for open-field-grown wheat ecosystem (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Yecora Rojo) are described. Every Control (C) and FACE (F) CO2 treatment (defined as ambient and ambient +200 mu mol mol(-1), respectively) contained a Low- and High-N treatment. Low-N treatments constituted initial soil content amended with supplemental nitrogen applied at a rate of 70 kg N ha(-1) (1996) and 15 kg N ha(-1) (1997), whereas High-N treatments were supplemented with 350 kg N ha(-1) (1996 and 1997). Elevated CO2 enhanced season-long carbon accumulation by 8% and 16% under Low-N and High-N, respectively. N-stress reduced season-long carbon accumulation 14% under ambient CO2, but by as much as 22% under CO2 enrichment. Averaging both years, green plant area index (GPAI) peaked approximately 76 days after planting at 7.13 for FH, 6.00 for CH, 3.89 for FL, and 3.89 for CL treatments. Leaf tip angle distribution (LTA) indicated that Low-N canopies were more erectophile than those of High-N canopies: 48 degrees for FH, 52 degrees for CH, and 58 degrees for both FL and CL treatments. Temporal trends in canopy greenness indicated a decrease in leaf chlorophyll content from the flag to flag-2 leaves of 25% for FH, 28% for CH, 17% for CL, and 33% for FL during 1997. These results indicate that significant modifications of canopy architecture occurs in response to both CO2 and N-stress. Optimization of canopy architecture may serve as a mechanism to diminish CO2 and N-stress effects on CER. C1 USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Plant Biol, Tempe, AZ USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Geog, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RP Brooks, TJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 40 TC 24 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 9 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-8595 J9 PHOTOSYNTH RES JI Photosynth. Res. PY 2000 VL 66 IS 1-2 BP 97 EP 108 DI 10.1023/A:1010634521467 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 439QX UT WOS:000169129500009 ER PT J AU Adam, NR Owensby, CE Ham, JM AF Adam, NR Owensby, CE Ham, JM TI The effect of CO2 enrichment on leaf photosynthetic rates and instantaneous water use efficiency of Andropogon gerardii in the tallgrass prairie SO PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE big bluestem; C-4; elevated CO2; photosynthesis; water use efficiency ID ELEVATED ATMOSPHERIC CO2; LONG-TERM EXPOSURE; CARBON-DIOXIDE; BIOMASS PRODUCTION; CROP RESPONSES; ECOSYSTEM; GROWTH; PLANTS; TRANSPIRATION; AMBIENT AB Open-top chambers were used to study the effects of CO2 enrichment on leaf-level photosynthetic rates of the C-4 grass Andropogon gerardii in the native tallgrass prairie ecosystem near Manhattan, Kansas. Measurements were made during a year with abundant rainfall (1993) and a year with below-normal rainfall (1994). Treatments included: No chamber, ambient CO2 (A); chamber with ambient CO2 (CA); and chamber with twice-ambient CO2 (CE). Measurements of photosynthesis were made at 2-hour intervals, or at midday, on cloudless days throughout the growing season using an open-flow gas-exchange system. No significant differences in midday rates of photosynthesis or in daily carbon accumulation as a result of CO2 enrichment were found in the year with abundant precipitation. In the dry year, midday rates of photosynthesis were significantly higher in the CE treatment than in the CA or A treatments throughout the season. Estimates of daily carbon accumulation also indicated that CO2 enrichment allowed plants to maximize carbon acquisition on a diurnal basis. The increased carbon accumulation was accounted for by greater rates of photosynthesis in the CE plots during midday. During the wet year, CO2 enrichment decreased stomatal conductance, which allowed plants to decrease transpiration while still photosynthesizing at rates similar to plants in ambient conditions. During the dry year, CO2 enrichment allowed plants to maintain photosynthetic rates even though stomatal conductance and transpiration had been reduced in all treatments due to stress. Estimates of instantaneous water-use efficiency were reduced under CO2 enrichment for both years. C1 ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, USDA, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. Kansas State Univ, Throckmorton Plant Sci Ctr, Dept Agron, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Adam, NR (reprint author), ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, USDA, 4331 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 43 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 8 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-8595 J9 PHOTOSYNTH RES JI Photosynth. Res. PY 2000 VL 65 IS 2 BP 121 EP 129 DI 10.1023/A:1006489919192 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 408FE UT WOS:000167315200004 ER PT J AU Pettigrew, WT McCarty, JC Vaughn, KC AF Pettigrew, WT McCarty, JC Vaughn, KC TI Leaf senescence-like characteristics contribute to cotton's premature photosynthetic decline SO PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE chlorophyll fluorescence; gas exchange; Gossypium hirsutum; rubisco ID CANOPY PHOTOSYNTHESIS; REPRODUCTIVE GROWTH; COMPONENTS; GENOTYPES; YIELD; CO2 AB Leaf and canopy photosynthesis of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) declines as the crop approaches cutout, just as the assimilate needs for reproductive growth are peaking. Our objective with this study was to determine whether this decline is due to remobilization of leaf components to support the reproductive growth or due to some cue from the changing environmental conditions during the growing season. Field studies were conducted in 1995-1996 at Stoneville, Mississippi, using six cotton genotypes and two planting dates (early and late), which produced two distinctly different cotton populations reaching cutout at different times. Among the six genotypes were a photoperiod sensitive line (non-flowering) and its counter part which had photoperiod insensitive genes backcrossed four times to the photoperiod sensitive line (flowering). This pair was used to assess the degree that the photosynthetic decline could be attributed to reproductive sink development. Leaf CO2-exchange rate (CER) and chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence measurements were taken in mid-August, a period corresponding to cutout for the early planted plots, and those leaves were collected. Leaf Chl level, soluble protein level, various soluble carbohydrate levels and Rubisco activities were assayed on those leaves. Averaged across years, leaf CER and soluble protein levels were reduced approximately 14% and 18%, respectively, for the early planted compared to the late planted cotton. Neither leaf Chl levels or Chl fluorescence Fv/Fm values for Photosystem II yield were altered by the planting date. In 1996, leaves from the non-flowering line had 12% greater Chl and 20% greater soluble protein levels than the flowering line. However, in 1996, the CER of the early planted non-flowering line was reduced 10% compared to the late planted. Although remobilization of leaf N to reproductive growth appears to be the principle component causing the cutout photosynthetic decline, the data also indicate that environmental factors can play a small role in causing the decline. C1 ARS, USDA, Crop Genet & Prod Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. ARS, USDA, Genet & Precis Agr Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. ARS, USDA, So Weed Sci Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Pettigrew, WT (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Crop Genet & Prod Res Unit, POB 345, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 20 TC 15 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-8595 J9 PHOTOSYNTH RES JI Photosynth. Res. PY 2000 VL 65 IS 2 BP 187 EP 195 DI 10.1023/A:1006455524955 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 408FE UT WOS:000167315200010 ER PT J AU Chernikova, T Robinson, JM Lee, EH Mulchi, CL AF Chernikova, T Robinson, JM Lee, EH Mulchi, CL TI Ozone tolerance and antioxidant enzyme activity in soybean cultivars SO PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE ascorbate peroxidase; glutathione reductase; oxidative stress; ozone tolerance; superoxide dismutase ID SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE; ASCORBATE PEROXIDASE; GLUTATHIONE-REDUCTASE; PHOTOSYNTHETIC APPARATUS; SUBCELLULAR-DISTRIBUTION; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; TRANSGENIC PLANTS; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; TOBACCO PLANTS; LEAVES AB The current study confirmed earlier conclusions regarding differential ozone (O-3) tolerances of two soybean cultivars, Essex and Forrest, and evaluated antioxidant enzyme activities of these two varieties based on their performance under environmentally relevant, elevated O-3 conditions. The experiment was conducted in open-top chambers in the field during the 1994 and 1995 growing seasons. Exposure of plants to moderately high O-3 levels (62.9 nl l(-1) air, 2-year seasonal average) caused chlorophyll loss and increased membrane permeability when compared to control plants grown in charcoal filtered air (24.2 nl l(-1) air). The other effects of O-3 treatment were decrease in seed yield, loss of total sulfhydryl groups, reduction of soluble protein content, and increase in guaiacol peroxidase activity in leaves of both cultivars. The O-3-induced increase in guaiacol peroxidase activity was much smaller in cv. Essex leaflets. Cv. Essex had less leaf oxidative damage and smaller reduction in seed yield than cv. Forrest under elevated O-3 conditions. During ozonation, mature leaflets of the more O-3 tolerant cv. Essex had higher levels of glutathione reductase (30%), ascorbate peroxidase (13%), and superoxide dismutase (45%) activity than did mature leaflets of cv. Forrest. Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase, which represented 95% of total superoxide dismutase activity in the two cultivars, appeared to be increased by O-3 exposure in the leaflets of O-3 tolerant cv. Essex but not in those of cv. Forrest. Cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase activity was also higher in leaflets of cv. Essex than in cv. Forrest regardless of O-3 level. Stromal ascorbate peroxidase and Mn-superoxide dismutase activity did not appear to be involved in the O-3 tolerance of the two soybean cultivars. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Nat Resource Sci & Landscape Architecture, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. ARS, USDA, Climate Stress Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Natl Cent Univ, Inst Life Sci, Chungli 32054, Taiwan. RP Mulchi, CL (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Nat Resource Sci & Landscape Architecture, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 60 TC 37 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 12 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-8595 J9 PHOTOSYNTH RES JI Photosynth. Res. PY 2000 VL 64 IS 1 BP 15 EP 26 DI 10.1023/A:1026500911237 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 379GQ UT WOS:000165634000002 ER PT J AU Robinson, JM Britz, SJ AF Robinson, JM Britz, SJ TI Tolerance of a field grown soybean cultivar to elevated ozone level is concurrent with higher leaflet ascorbic acid level, higher ascorbate-dehydroascorbate redox status, and long term photosynthetic productivity SO PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE ascorbic acid; ascorbate-glutathione cycle, bean yield; dehydroascorbate; ozone, photosynthesis; soybean; vegetative yield ID PICEA-ABIES L; CARBON-DIOXIDE; VITAMIN-C; L LEAVES; PLANTS; BIOSYNTHESIS; SPINACH; METABOLISM; APOPLAST; SYSTEMS AB We examined the characteristics of ascorbic acid (ASC) level, dehydroascorbate (DHA) level, and the ASC-DHA redox status in the leaflets of two soybean cultivars grown in a field environment and exposed to elevated ozone (O-3) levels. These two cultivars, one that preliminary evidence indicated to be O-3-tolerant (cv Essex), and one that was indicated to be O-3-sensitive (cv Forrest), were grown in open-top chambers during the summer of 1997. The plants were exposed daily to a controlled, moderately high O-3 level (approximate to 58 nl l(-1) air) in the light, beginning at the seedling stage and continuing to bean maturity. Concurrently, control plants were exposed to carbon-filtered, ambient air containing a relatively low O-3 level (approximate to 24 nl l(-1) air) during the same period. Elevated O-3 did not affect biomass per plant, mature leaf area accretion, or bean yield per plant of cv Essex. In contrast, elevated O-3 level decreased the biomass and bean yield per plant of cv Forrest by approximately 20%. Daily leaflet photosynthesis rate and stomatal conductance per unit area did not decrease in either cultivar as a result of prolonged O-3 exposure. A 10% lower mature leaflet area in O-3-treated cv Forrest plants contributed to an ultimate limitation in long-term photosynthetic productivity (vegetative and bean yield). Possible factors causing cv Essex to be more O-3 tolerant than cv Forrest were: 1) mature leaflets of control and O-3-treated cv Essex plants consistently maintained a higher daily ASC level than leaflets of cv Forrest plants, and 2) mature leaflets of cv Essex plants maintained a higher daily ASC-DHA redox status than leaflets of cv Forrest plants. C1 ARS, USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr W, Nat Resources Inst,Climate Stress Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Robinson, JM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr W, Nat Resources Inst,Climate Stress Lab, Bldg 046A, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 33 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 3 U2 15 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-8595 J9 PHOTOSYNTH RES JI Photosynth. Res. PY 2000 VL 64 IS 1 BP 77 EP 87 DI 10.1023/A:1026508227189 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 379GQ UT WOS:000165634000007 ER PT J AU Bunce, JA AF Bunce, JA TI Acclimation to temperature of the response of photosynthesis to increased carbon dioxide concentration in Taraxacum officinale SO PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE global change; global warming; photosynthesis models; Rubisco ID ELEVATED CO2; CARBOXYLASE-OXYGENASE; SPECIFICITY; DEPENDENCE; LEAVES; O-2 AB The relative stimulation of photosynthesis by elevated carbon dioxide in C-3 species normally increases strongly with increasing temperature. This results from the kinetic characteristics of Rubisco, and has potentially important implications for responses of vegetation to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide. It is often assumed that because Rubisco characteristics are conservative, all C-3 species have the same temperature dependence of the response of photosynthesis to elevated carbon dioxide. However, in this field study of Taraxacum officinale, there were no significant differences in the relative stimulation of photosynthesis by elevated carbon dioxide among days with temperatures ranging from 15 to 34 degreesC. Nevertheless, short-term measurements indicated a strong temperature dependence of the stimulation. This suggested that acclimation to temperature caused the lack of variation in the seasonal data. Experiments in controlled environments indicated that complete acclimation of the relative stimulation of photosynthesis by elevated carbon dioxide occurred for growth temperatures of 10 - 25 degreesC. The apparent specificity of Rubisco for carbon dioxide relative to oxygen at 15 degreesC, as assayed in vivo by measurements of the carbon dioxide concentration at which carboxylation equalled oxygenation, also varied with growth temperature. Changes in the apparent specificity of Rubisco accounted for the acclimation of the temperature dependence of the relative stimulation of photosynthesis by elevated carbon dioxide. It is premature to conclude that low temperatures will necessarily reduce the relative stimulation of photosynthesis caused by rising atmospheric carbon dioxide. C1 ARS, Climate Stress Lab, USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Bunce, JA (reprint author), ARS, Climate Stress Lab, USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 11 TC 20 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 15 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-8595 J9 PHOTOSYNTH RES JI Photosynth. Res. PY 2000 VL 64 IS 1 BP 89 EP 94 DI 10.1023/A:1026506630302 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 379GQ UT WOS:000165634000008 ER PT J AU Bunce, JA AF Bunce, JA TI Acclimation of photosynthesis to temperature in eight cool and warm climate herbaceous C-3 species: Temperature dependence of parameters of a biochemical photosynthesis model SO PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE adaptation; electron transport; global warming; Rubisco ID HIGHER STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE; CARBON-DIOXIDE; CO2 ASSIMILATION; LEAVES; ADAPTATION; PLANTS; COTTON; WHEAT AB To determine how parameters of a Farquhar-type photosynthesis model varied with measurement temperature and with growth temperature, eight cool and warm climate herbaceous crop and weed species were grown at 15 and 25 degrees C and single leaf carbon dioxide and water vapor exchange rates were measured over the range of 15 - 35 degrees C. Photosynthetic parameters examined were the initial slope of the response of assimilation rate (A) to substomatal carbon dioxide concentration (C-i), A at high C-i, and stomatal conductance. The first two measurements allow calculation of V-Cmax, the maximum rate of carboxylation of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase and J(max), the maximum rate of photosynthetic electron transport, of Farquhar-type photosynthesis models. In all species, stomatal conductance increased exponentially with temperature over the whole range of 15 - 35 degrees C, even when A decreased at high measurement temperature. There were larger increases in conductance over this temperature range in the warm climate species (4.3 x) than in the cool climate species (2.5 x). The initial slope of A vs. C-i exhibited an optimum temperature which ranged from 20 to 30 degrees C. There was a larger increase in the optimum temperature of the initial slope at the warmer growth temperature in the cool climate species than in the warm climate species. The optimum temperature for A at high C-i ranged from 25 to 30 degrees C among species, but changed little with growth temperature. The absolute values of both the initial slope of A vs. C-i and A at high C-i were increased about 10% by growth at the warmer temperature in the warm climate species, and decreased about 20% in the cool climate species. The ratio of J(max) - V-Cmax normalized to 20 degrees C varied by more than a factor of 2 across species and growth temperatures, but differences in the temperature response of photosynthesis were more related to variation in the temperature dependencies of J(max) and V-Cmax than to the ratio of their normalized values. C1 ARS, Climate Stress Lab, USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Bunce, JA (reprint author), ARS, Climate Stress Lab, USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 25 TC 88 Z9 93 U1 5 U2 39 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-8595 J9 PHOTOSYNTH RES JI Photosynth. Res. PY 2000 VL 63 IS 1 BP 59 EP 67 DI 10.1023/A:1006325724086 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 296HG UT WOS:000086018500006 ER PT J AU Bunce, JA AF Bunce, JA TI Contrasting effects of carbon dioxide and irradiance on the acclimation of photosynthesis in developing soybean leaves SO PHOTOSYNTHETICA LA English DT Article DE dry matter accumulation; feedback inhibition; Glycine max; protein; photosynthetic CO2 and O-2 exchange; ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase; source-sink balance ID HIGH CO2; LEAF DEVELOPMENT; GENE-EXPRESSION; HIGHER-PLANTS; GAS-EXCHANGE; TEMPERATURE; METABOLISM; GROWTH; LIGHT; MECHANISM AB Leaves developed at high irradiance (I) often have higher photosynthetic capacity than those developed at low I, while leaves developed at elevated CO2 concentration [CO2] often have reduced photosynthetic capacity compared with leaves developed at lower [CO2]. Because both high I and elevated [CO2] stimulate photosynthesis of developing leaves, their contrasting effects on photosynthetic capacity at maturity suggest that the extra photosynthate may be utilized differently depending on whether I or [CO2] stimulates photosynthesis. These experiments were designed to test whether relationships between photosynthetic income and the net accumulation of soluble protein in developing leaves, or relationships between soluble protein and photosynthetic capacity at full expansion differed depending on whether I or [CO2] was varied during leaf development. Soybean plants were grown initially with a photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of 950 mu mol m(-2) s(-1) and 350 mu mol[CO2] mol(-1), then exposed to [CO2] ranging from 135 to 1400 mu mol mol(-1) for the last 3 d of expansion of third trifoliolate leaves. These results were compared with experiments in which I was varied at a constant [CO2] of 350 mu mol mol(-1) over the same developmental period. Increases in area and dry mass over the 3 d were determined along with daily photosynthesis and respiration. Photosynthetic CO2 exchange characteristics and soluble protein content of leaves were determined at the end of the treatment periods. The increase in leaflet mass was about 28% of the dry mass income from photosynthesis minus respiration, regardless of whether [CO2] or I was varied, except that very low I or [CO2] increased this percentage. Leaflet soluble protein per unit of area at full expansion had the same positive linear relationship to photosynthetic income whether [CO2] or I was varied. For variation in I, photosynthetic capacity varied directly with soluble protein per unit area. This was not the case for variation in [CO2]. Increasing [CO2] reduced photosynthetic capacity per unit of soluble protein by up to a factor of 2.5, and photosynthetic capacity exhibited an optimum with respect to growth [CO2]. Thus CO2 did not alter the relationship between photosynthetic income and the utilization of photosynthate in the net accumulation of soluble protein, but did alter the relationship between soluble protein content and photosynthetic characteristics in this species. C1 ARS, Climate Stress Lab, USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Bunce, JA (reprint author), ARS, Climate Stress Lab, USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 20 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 6 PU ACAD SCI CZECH REPUBLIC, INST EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY PI PRAGUE 6 PA NA KARLOVCE 1A, PRAGUE 6 CZ-160 00, CZECH REPUBLIC SN 0300-3604 J9 PHOTOSYNTHETICA JI Photosynthetica PY 2000 VL 38 IS 1 BP 83 EP 89 DI 10.1023/A:1026748008530 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 348CY UT WOS:000088968300011 ER PT J AU Calatayud, A Temple, PJ Barreno, E AF Calatayud, A Temple, PJ Barreno, E TI Chlorophyll a fluorescence emission, xanthophyll cycle activity, and net photosynthetic rate responses to ozone in some foliose and fruticose lichen species SO PHOTOSYNTHETICA LA English DT Article DE Anaptychia; antheraxanthin; Evernia; Hypogymnia; Parmelia; photosystem 2; quantum efficiency; violaxanthin; zeaxanthin ID PHOTOSYSTEM-II; RAMALINA-FARINACEA; ELECTRON-TRANSPORT; SULFUR-DIOXIDE; A FLUORESCENCE; O-2 EVOLUTION; QUANTUM YIELD; GAS-EXCHANGE; FUMIGATION; LEAVES AB The Lichens Parmelia quercina, Parmelia sulcata, Evernia prunastri, Hypogymnia physodes, and Anaptychia ciliaris were exposed to ozone (O-3) in controlled environment cuvettes designed to maintain the lichens at optimal physiological activity during exposure. Measurements of gas exchange, modulated chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence, and pigment analysis were conducted before and after exposure to 300 mm(3)(O-3) m(-3), 4 h per d for 14 d. No changes in the efficiency of photosystem 2 (PS2) photochemistry, the reduction state of QA, Or the electron flow through PS2, measured by Chi fluorescence, were detected in any of the five lichen species studied. Additionally, neither photosynthetic CO2 assimilation nor xanthophyll cycle activity or photosynthetic pigment concentration were affected by high O-3 concentrations. Thus the studied lichen species have significant capacities to withstand oxidative stresses induced by high concentration of O-3. C1 Univ Valencia, Fac Ciencias Biol, Dept Plant Biol, E-46100 Burjassot, Spain. US Forest Serv, PSW Res Expt Stn, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Barreno, E (reprint author), Univ Valencia, Fac Ciencias Biol, Dept Plant Biol, C Dr Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, Spain. RI Calatayud, Angeles/D-8110-2014; Barreno Rodriguez, Eva/M-2525-2014 OI Calatayud, Angeles/0000-0002-1728-2273; Barreno Rodriguez, Eva/0000-0002-2622-4550 NR 36 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACAD SCI CZECH REPUBLIC, INST EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY PI PRAGUE 6 PA NA KARLOVCE 1A, PRAGUE 6 CZ-160 00, CZECH REPUBLIC SN 0300-3604 J9 PHOTOSYNTHETICA JI Photosynthetica PY 2000 VL 38 IS 2 BP 281 EP 286 DI 10.1023/A:1007214915785 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 380NX UT WOS:000165708900017 ER PT J AU Nedbal, L Soukupova, J Whitmarsh, J Trtilek, M AF Nedbal, L Soukupova, J Whitmarsh, J Trtilek, M TI Postharvest imaging of chlorophyll fluorescence from lemons can be used to predict fruit quality SO PHOTOSYNTHETICA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Regional Photosynthesis Workshop on the Chlorophyll Fluorescence Imaging and its Application in Plant Science and Technology CY FEB 06-11, 2000 CL LIPNO, CZECH REPUBLIC SP Czech-German Future Fund, Photon Syst Instruments, Hansatech Instruments DE Citrus limon; mould; Penicillium digitatum ID PHOTOSYSTEM-II; WATER-STRESS; PROTEIN COMPLEXES; XANTHOPHYLL CYCLE; ENERGY-TRANSFER; A-FLUORESCENCE; BARLEY LEAVES; QUANTUM YIELD; PLANT STRESS; IN-VIVO AB We demonstrate the feasibility of assaying and predicting post-harvest damage in lemons by monitoring chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence. Fruit quality was assayed using a commercial instrument that determines photosynthetic performance by imaging Chi fluorescence parameters under different irradiances. Images of Chi fluorescence from individual lemons reveal that photosynthesis is active throughout the post-harvest ripening process. Because photosynthesis is highly sensitive to biotic and abiotic stress, variations in Chi fluorescence parameters over the surface of a lemon fruit can be used to predict areas that will eventually exhibit visible damage. The technique is able to distinguish between mould-infected areas that eventually spread over the surface of the fruit, and damaged areas that do not increase in size during ripening. This study demonstrates the potential for using rapid imaging of Chi fluorescence in post-harvest fruit to develop an automated device that can identify and remove poor quality fruit long before visible damage appears. C1 Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Landscape Ecol, Lab Appl Photobiol & Bio Imaging, Nove Hrady 37333, Czech Republic. Univ S Bohemia, Fac Biol Sci, Photosynth Res Ctr, Ceske Budejovice 37005, Czech Republic. Univ Illinois, Dept Biochem, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. USDA ARS, Photosynth Res Unit, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Photon Syst Instruments Ltd, Brno 62100, Czech Republic. RP Nedbal, L (reprint author), Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Landscape Ecol, Lab Appl Photobiol & Bio Imaging, Zamek 136, Nove Hrady 37333, Czech Republic. EM nedbal@greentech.cz RI Olejnickova, Julie /E-3654-2015 NR 71 TC 44 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 13 PU ACAD SCI CZECH REPUBLIC, INST EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY PI PRAGUE 6 PA NA KARLOVCE 1A, PRAGUE 6 CZ-160 00, CZECH REPUBLIC SN 0300-3604 J9 PHOTOSYNTHETICA JI Photosynthetica PY 2000 VL 38 IS 4 BP 571 EP 579 DI 10.1023/A:1012413524395 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 454PP UT WOS:000169981200011 ER PT J AU French, AN Schmugge, TJ Kustas, WP AF French, AN Schmugge, TJ Kustas, WP TI Estimating surface fluxes over the SGP site with remotely sensed data SO PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF THE EARTH PART B-HYDROLOGY OCEANS AND ATMOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID ENERGY-BALANCE; HEAT-FLUX; TEMPERATURE; VEGETATION; SOIL; MODELS AB The estimation of surface energy fluxes using remotely sensed data requires the combination of data from several sources, including land use, vegetation cover and surface temperature. Land use and vegetation cover were obtained from visible and near infrared (VNIR) data, while the state variable, surface temperature, was obtained from thermal infrared (TIR) data. An approach to combine these data with an energy balance model was studied as part of the 1997 Southern Great Plains Experiment (SGP97). Toward this end, VNIR and TIR images for 2 July 1997 were analyzed over the El Reno, Oklahoma (OK) site using data from the Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS) and Thematic Mapper Simulator (TMS) airborne instruments. Intensive ground measurements constrained leaf area indices, canopy height and surface meteorological inputs required by the model. The observed brightness temperatures, when corrected for atmospheric effects using MODTRAN, nearby radiosoundings and the temperature-emissivity separation (TES) algorithm, were mostly within 1 degrees C of ground based temperatures. The resulting surface temperatures were used in a two-source model that considers the heat flux and temperature contributions from the soil and vegetation. The heat flux predictions on average agree within 50 W m(-2) of tower-based observations. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 ARS, Hydrol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP French, AN (reprint author), ARS, Hydrol Lab, USDA, Bldg 007,BARC-W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 12 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1464-1909 J9 PHYS CHEM EARTH PT B JI Phys. Chem. Earth Pt B-Hydrol. Oceans Atmos. PY 2000 VL 25 IS 2 BP 167 EP 172 DI 10.1016/S1464-1909(99)00132-X PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources GA 291AE UT WOS:000085709800017 ER PT J AU Lo Bianco, R Rieger, M Sung, SJS AF Lo Bianco, R Rieger, M Sung, SJS TI Effect of drought on sorbitol and sucrose metabolism in sinks and sources of peach SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article ID OSMOTIC ADJUSTMENT; WATER-STRESS; PROTEIN-PHOSPHORYLATION; PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE; TRANSGENIC TOBACCO; LEAVES; TOLERANCE; MANNITOL; ACCUMULATION; SALINITY AB In peach (Prunus persica [L.] Batsch.), sorbitol and sucrose are the two main forms of photosynthetic and translocated carbon and may have different functions depending on the organ of utilization and its developmental stage. The role and interaction of sorbitol and sucrose metabolism was studied in mature leaves (source) and shoot tips (sinks) of 'Nemaguard' peach under drought stress, Plants were irrigated daily at rates of 100, 67, and 33%, of evapotranspiration (ET), The relative elongation rate (RER) of growing shoots was measured daily. In mature leaves, water potential (psi(w)), osmotic potential (psi(s)), sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (S6PDH, EC 1.1.1.200), and sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS, EC 2.4.1.14) activities were measured weekly. Measurements of psi(s), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH, 1.1.1.14), sucrose synthase (SS, EC 2.4.1.13), acid invertase (AI, EC 3.2.1.26), and neutral invertase (NI, EC 3.2.1.27) activities were taken weekly in shoot tips. Drought stress reduced RER and psi(w) of plants in proportion to water supply. Osmotic adjustment was detected by the second week of treatment in mature leaves and by the third week in shoot tips. Both SDH and S6PDH activities were reduced by drought stress within 4 days of treatment and positively correlated with overall psi(w) levels. However, only SDH activity was correlated with psi(s). Among the sucrose enzymes, only SS was affected by drought, being reduced after 3 weeks, Sorbitol accumulation in both mature leaves and shoot tips of stressed plants was observed starting from the second week of treatment and reached up to 80% of total solutes involved in osmotic adjustment. Sucrose content was up to 8-fold lower than sorbitol content and accumulated only occasionally. We conclude that a loss of SDH activity in sinks leads to osmotic adjustment via sorbitol accumulation in peach. We propose an adaptive role of sorbitol metabolism versus a maintenance role of sucrose metabolism in peach under drought stress. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Hort, Athens, GA 30602 USA. US Dept Agr Forest Serv, Inst Tree Root Biol, So Res Stn, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Rieger, M (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Hort, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RI Lo Bianco, Riccardo/M-3724-2015 OI Lo Bianco, Riccardo/0000-0003-2568-2880 NR 37 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 10 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 108 IS 1 BP 71 EP 78 DI 10.1034/j.1399-3054.2000.108001071.x PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 285XR UT WOS:000085414100009 ER PT J AU Cui, YX Bell, AA Joost, O Magill, C AF Cui, YX Bell, AA Joost, O Magill, C TI Expression of potential defense response genes in cotton SO PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE gene expression; PAL pathway; chalcone synthase; chitinase; beta-glucanase; caffeic-O-methyltransferase (c-OMT); Gossypium hirsutum; Verticillium dahliae ID VERTICILLIUM-DAHLIAE; (+)-DELTA-CADINENE SYNTHASE; GOSSYPIUM; HYPOCOTYLS; INDUCTION; HIRSUTUM; ELICITOR; CLONING AB Induction of genes needed to synthesize terpenoid compounds that have antifungal activity has previously been demonstrated to occur earlier in SBSI, a wilt resistant cotton cultivar, than in the susceptible cultivar: Rowden. In this study we have used cloned probes to lest the same cultivars for induced expression of genes from other known defense response pathways. The time course of mRNA appearance was followed for up to 4 days in stele tissues of control plants and in plants inoculated with conidia of the wilt pathogen, Verticillium dahliae. Among genes that code for enzymes in the phenylpropanoid defense pathway, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase mRNA was constitutively expressed. Levels of mRNA transcripts coding for chalcone synthase, an enzyme required for flavonoid biosynthesis, and for caffeic-O-methyltransferase, an enzyme used in synthesis of lignin, were greatly elevated in inoculated plants as compared to water treated controls. Greater and/or earlier initial response was detected in the wilt resistant cultivar than in the susceptible cultivar. Among genes coding for enzymes that can degrade fungal cell walls, equivalent levels of beta-1,3 glucanase mRNA were present in both fungal and water-treated plants. Chitinase mRNA synthesis was strongly induced in inoculated plants. Levels of message continued to increase in Rowden, hut diminished rapidly after 48-60 h in SBSI. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Plant Pathol & Microbiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. USDA ARS, So Crops Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Magill, C (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Plant Pathol & Microbiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM c-magill@tamu.edu NR 31 TC 34 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0885-5765 J9 PHYSIOL MOL PLANT P JI Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 56 IS 1 BP 25 EP 31 DI 10.1006/pmpp.1999.0245 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 275WA UT WOS:000084842100003 ER PT J AU Cooper, LLD Oliver, JE De Vilbiss, ED Doss, RP AF Cooper, LLD Oliver, JE De Vilbiss, ED Doss, RP TI Lipid composition of the extracellular matrix of Botrytis cinerea germlings SO PHYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Botrytis cinerea; Scelerotiniaceae; gray mold; extracellular matrix; characterization; lipids; fatty acids; fatty alcohols ID COLLETOTRICHUM-GRAMINICOLA; UREDIOSPORE GERMLINGS; FATTY-ACIDS; CONIDIA; ADHESION; UROMYCES AB Six simple lipid classes (mono-, di- and tri-acylglycerols, free fatty acids, free fatty alcohols and wax esters) were identified by TLC in the extracellular matrix of Botrytis; cinerea germlings and the molecular components of each class were characterized using GC-MS. The relative amounts of fatty acids and fatty alcohols within each lipid class were determined by GC-FID. Over all the lipid classes, the most abundant saturated fatty acids were palmitic (ca. 30%) and stearic acid (ca. 22%). Palmitoleic and oleic acids made up ca. 21% and 24% (respectively) of the free fatty acids, while erucic (ca. 4.1%) and linoleic (ca. 3.6%) acids were the most abundant unsaturated fatty acids in the acylglycerides. The acylglycerides also contained almost 35% long chain fatty acids (C20:0 to C28:0). Six fatty acids were identified which had odd-numbered carbon chain lengths (C15:0, C17:0, C19:0, C21:0, C23:0 and C25:0). Of these, pentacosanoic acid made up almost 14% of the fatty acids in the acylglycerides. Three methyl-branched chain fatty acids, namely isopalmitic, isoheptadecanoic and anteisopalmitic, were identified in the ECM, all in small amounts. Of the fatty alcohols identified, only palmityl and stearyl alcohols were found in the free form (ca. 57% and 43%, respectively) but arachidyl alcohol (ca. 47%) and 1-octacosanol (ca. 30%) were the most abundant fatty alcohols found in the wax ester fraction. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Hort, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USDA ARS, Insect Chem Ecol Lab, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Cooper, LLD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Unit, 3420 NW Orchard Ave, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. NR 25 TC 19 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0031-9422 J9 PHYTOCHEMISTRY JI Phytochemistry PD JAN PY 2000 VL 53 IS 2 BP 293 EP 298 DI 10.1016/S0031-9422(99)00495-1 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 281TZ UT WOS:000085178000019 PM 10680186 ER PT J AU Spribille, T AF Spribille, T TI Forest vegetation in the northern Salish Mountains of northwestern Montana (USA) (vol 29, pg 503, 1999) SO PHYTOCOENOLOGIA LA English DT Correction C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Kootenai Natl Fores, Fortine Ranger Dist, Fortine, MT 59918 USA. RP Spribille, T (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Kootenai Natl Fores, Fortine Ranger Dist, POB 116, Fortine, MT 59918 USA. RI Spribille, Toby/D-9945-2011 NR 2 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU GEBRUDER BORNTRAEGER PI STUTTGART PA JOHANNESSTR 3A, D-70176 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0340-269X J9 PHYTOCOENOLOGIA JI Phytocoenologia PY 2000 VL 30 IS 1 BP 143 EP 144 PG 2 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 309FJ UT WOS:000086757400003 ER PT J AU Li, CY Strzelczyk, E AF Li, CY Strzelczyk, E TI Belowground microbial processes underpin forest productivity SO PHYTON-ANNALES REI BOTANICAE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th EUROSILVA Workshop on Root - Soil Internactions in Trees CY SEP 09-12, 1999 CL GOZD MARTULJEK, SLOVENIA DE microbial processes; ecological functions; microbial interactions ID ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI; DOUGLAS-FIR; LACCARIA-LACCATA; ASPERGILLUS-NIGER; HELPER BACTERIA; ROCK PHOSPHATE; SOLUBILIZATION; AZOSPIRILLUM; SYMBIOSIS; SPOROCARPS AB Nitrogen-fixing bacteria associated with mycorrhizal fungi and mycorrhizas can be demonstrated with microaerophilic procedures. The chemical substrates in mycorrhizal fungi or mycorrhizas often stimulate the growth and nitrogenase activity of the associated N-2 fixers. In addition, the associated N-2 fixers are producers of plant-growth-promoting substances and B-group vitamins. Combined inoculation of mycorrhizal fungi with N-2 fixers enhances mycorrhiza formation. Other microbes in the mycorrhizosphere have capacities to breakdown primary minerals, thereby releasing nutrients available for uptake by plants. Thus, land restoration can be achieved by planting trees with nitrogen-fixing and rock weathering capacities, such as alders and some pines. The treatment can enhance nutrient availability and increase soil organic matter that provides organic substrate for nutrient release, maintain soil structure and enhance water-holding capacity. Also changes in tree species compositions on the site are likely to alter belowground processes through changes in functional processes of organisms that constitute ecosystems. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Li, CY (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 29 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU FERDINAND BERGER SOEHNE PI HORN PA WIENER STRASSE 21-23, A-3580 HORN, AUSTRIA SN 0079-2047 J9 PHYTON-ANN REI BOT A JI Phyton-Ann. REI Bot. PY 2000 VL 40 IS 4 BP 129 EP 134 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 402GR UT WOS:000166978400020 ER PT J AU Crawford, RH Floyd, M Li, CY AF Crawford, RH Floyd, M Li, CY TI Degradation of serpentine and muscovite rock minerals and immobilization of cations by soil Penicillium spp. SO PHYTON-ANNALES REI BOTANICAE LA English DT Article DE Penicillium spp.; soil fungi; soil weathering ID ECTOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGI; IN-VITRO; TRIOCTAHEDRAL MICA; MG2+ DEFICIENCY; MICROORGANISMS; PHLOGOPITE; SOLUBILIZATION; RHIZOSPHERE; BACTERIAL; RYEGRASS AB Two Penicillium species were isolated from the soil of two seed orchards on the Siskiyou National Forest in southwest Oregon, where magnesium-rich serpentine rock mineral is abundant. One species was isolated from soil of Douglas-fir rhizosphere, the other species from the nonrhizosphere soil. Both isolates were tested for their ability to degrade serpentine and muscovite. Both isolates degraded serpentine, releasing silicon and magnesium. The two fungal isolates also degraded muscovite, releasing aluminum, potassium, and silicon. Limited quantities of the cations released from mineral degradation were immobilized in mycelial tissue. C1 Delaware State Univ, US Forest Serv, USDA, Dover, DE 19901 USA. RP Crawford, RH (reprint author), Delaware State Univ, US Forest Serv, USDA, 1200 N DuPont Highway, Dover, DE 19901 USA. NR 24 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 4 PU FERDINAND BERGER SOEHNE PI HORN PA WIENER STRASSE 21-23, A-3580 HORN, AUSTRIA SN 0079-2047 J9 PHYTON-ANN REI BOT A JI Phyton-Ann. REI Bot. PY 2000 VL 40 IS 2 BP 315 EP 321 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 402GP UT WOS:000166978100007 ER PT J AU Aung, LH AF Aung, LH TI Further investigations of soluble sugars in the organs of Sechium edule Sw. and related species SO PHYTON-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE soluble sugars; Sechium edule; chayote; related species ID CHAYOTE AB The content of fructose and glucose in the floral disc and nectaries of the male flower constituted 79% on a fresh weight basis. Sucrose content of the androecium was greater than fructose or glucose. Immature small ovaries contain the least amount of soluble sugars. Fruitlet sucrose content was 1/5(th) that of fructose and glucose. Raffinose was found mainly in the seedcoat and cotyledons. In root samples from a 10-year-old plant the main sugars were sucrose, fructose and glucose, with reducing sugars present in greater amount. The raffinose and sucrose content of incipient and very small (<5.0 g) tubers was higher than larger tubers. The cultivated chayotes were lower in raffinose and sucrose than the noncultivated/wild chayotes. Sucrose content in the cotyledons and seedcoat of cultivated chayotes were higher, but the contents in the skin and flesh were lower than those of the non-cultivated chayotes. Stachyose occurred in low amount in the cotyledons of cultivated chayotes in contrast to higher quantity in the skin and flesh of the noncultivated Sechium tacaco types. Certain similarities and differences of soluble sugars in the various organs of the small/white and darkgreen Sechium edule were observed, but large variability due to limited sample size precluded definitive conclusions. C1 USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. RP Aung, LH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, 2021 S Peach Ave, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FUNDACION ROMULO RAGGIO PI VICENTE LOPEZ (BA) PA GASPAR CAMPOS 861, 1638 VICENTE LOPEZ (BA), ARGENTINA SN 0031-9457 J9 PHYTON-INT J EXP BOT JI Phyton-Int. J. Exp. Bot. PY 2000 VL 66 BP 49 EP 57 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 322QG UT WOS:000087519800008 ER PT B AU Banuelos, GS AF Banuelos, GS BE Terry, N Banuelos, G TI Factors influencing field phytoremediation of selenium-laden soils SO PHYTOREMEDIATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL AND WATER LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Phytoremediation of Trace Elements in Contaminated Soil and Water at the 4th International Conference on the Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements CY JUN, 1997 CL UNIV CA BERKELEY, BERKELEY, CA HO UNIV CA BERKELEY ID SAN-JOAQUIN VALLEY; SALINE DRAINAGE; TALL FESCUE; ACCUMULATION; PLANTS; VOLATILIZATION; IRRIGATION; CALIFORNIA; WATER; MUSTARD C1 USDA ARS, Water Management Res Lab, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. RP Banuelos, GS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Water Management Res Lab, 2021 S Peach Ave, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. NR 54 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 4 PU LEWIS PUBLISHERS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA BN 1-56670-450-2 PY 2000 BP 41 EP 59 PG 19 WC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences; Soil Science SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture GA BP09V UT WOS:000084110400003 ER PT B AU Chaney, RL Li, YM Brown, SL Homer, FA Malik, M Angle, JS Baker, AJM Reeves, RD Chin, M AF Chaney, RL Li, YM Brown, SL Homer, FA Malik, M Angle, JS Baker, AJM Reeves, RD Chin, M BE Terry, N Banuelos, G TI Improving metal hyperaccumulator wild plants to develop commercial phytoextraction systems: Approaches and progress SO PHYTOREMEDIATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL AND WATER LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Phytoremediation of Trace Elements in Contaminated Soil and Water at the 4th International Conference on the Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements CY JUN, 1997 CL UNIV CA BERKELEY, BERKELEY, CA HO UNIV CA BERKELEY ID THLASPI-CAERULESCENS BRASSICACEAE; NICKEL-ACCUMULATING PLANTS; ZINC HYPERACCUMULATION; CONTAMINATED SOIL; SELENIUM VOLATILIZATION; CADMIUM UPTAKE; C PRESL; PHYTOREMEDIATION; LEAD; SALINITY C1 USDA ARS, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Chaney, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 110 TC 77 Z9 83 U1 1 U2 17 PU LEWIS PUBLISHERS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA BN 1-56670-450-2 PY 2000 BP 129 EP 158 PG 30 WC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences; Soil Science SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture GA BP09V UT WOS:000084110400007 ER PT B AU Lasat, MM Kochian, LV AF Lasat, MM Kochian, LV BE Terry, N Banuelos, G TI Physiology of Zn hyperaccumulation in Thlaspi caerulescens SO PHYTOREMEDIATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL AND WATER LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Phytoremediation of Trace Elements in Contaminated Soil and Water at the 4th International Conference on the Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements CY JUN, 1997 CL UNIV CA BERKELEY, BERKELEY, CA HO UNIV CA BERKELEY ID CONTAMINATED SOIL; CADMIUM UPTAKE; ZINC C1 Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Lasat, MM (reprint author), Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 13 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 2 PU LEWIS PUBLISHERS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA BN 1-56670-450-2 PY 2000 BP 159 EP 169 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences; Soil Science SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture GA BP09V UT WOS:000084110400008 ER PT J AU Malinowski, DP Alloush, GA Belesky, DP AF Malinowski, DP Alloush, GA Belesky, DP TI Leaf endophyte Neotyphodium coenophialum modifies mineral uptake in tall fescue SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE endophyte; mineral nutrition; Neotyphodium coenophialum; phosphorus; tall fescue ID ACREMONIUM-COENOPHIALUM; ECTOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGUS; PHOSPHORUS DEFICIENCY; FESTUCA-ARUNDINACEA; PHOSPHATE-UPTAKE; ERGOT ALKALOIDS; LOLIUM-PERENNE; INFECTION; GROWTH; RESVERATROL AB Neotyphodium coenophialum (Morgan-Jones and Gams) Glenn, Bacon and Hanlin, a fungal endophyte found primarily in shoots of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Shreb.), can modify rhizosphere activity in response to phosphorus (P) deficiency. In a controlled environment experiment, two cloned tall fescue genotypes (DN2 and DN4) free (E-) and infected (E+) with their naturally occurring endophyte strains were grown in nutrient solutions at low P (3.1 ppm) or high P (31 ppm) concentrations for 21 d. Endophyte infection increased root dry matter (DM) of DN4 by 21% but did not affect root DM of DN2. Under P deficiency, shoot and total DM were not affected by endophyte but relative growth rate was greater in E+ than E- plants. In high P nutrient solution, E+ plants produced 13% less (DN2) or 29% more (DN4) shoot DM than E- plants. Endophyte affected mineral concentrations in roots more than in shoots. Regardless of P concentration in nutrient solution, E+ DN2 accumulated more P, Ca, Zn and Cu but less K in roots than E- plants. When grown in high P nutrient solution, concentrations of Fe and B in roots of E+ DN2 plants were reduced compared with those of E- plants. Concentrations of P, Ca and Cu in roots of DN4 were less, but K was greater in E+ than E- plants. In shoots, E+ DN2 had greater concentrations of Fe and Cu than E- DN2, regardless of P concentration in nutrient solution. Genotype DN4 responded to endophyte infection by reducing B concentration in shoots. Nutrient uptake rates were affected by endophyte infection in plants grown in low P nutrient solution. A greater uptake rate of most nutrients and their transport to shoots was observed in DN2, but responses of DN4 were not consistent. Results suggest that endophyte may elicit different modes of tall fescue adaptation to P deficiency. C1 ARS, USDA, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. Tishreen Univ, Dept Soil Sci & Plant Nutr, Latakia, Syria. RP Belesky, DP (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. EM dbelesky@afsrc.ars.usda.gov NR 49 TC 80 Z9 92 U1 1 U2 12 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PY 2000 VL 227 IS 1-2 BP 115 EP 126 DI 10.1023/A:1026518828237 PG 12 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 381XK UT WOS:000165789200011 ER PT J AU Bouma, TJ Bryla, DR AF Bouma, TJ Bryla, DR TI On the assessment of root and soil respiration for soils of different textures: interactions with soil moisture contents and soil CO2 concentrations SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE citrus; Citrus volkameriana; root respiration; soil CO2 efflux; soil CO2 concentration; soil water relations; Volkamer lemon ID CARBON-DIOXIDE TRANSPORT; WATER CONTENT; BEECH FOREST; DAILY PATTERNS; AGAVE-DESERTI; ION UPTAKE; CHAMBER; TEMPERATURE; EFFLUX; SURFACE AB Estimates of root and soil respiration are becoming increasingly important in agricultural and ecological research, but there is little understanding how soil texture and water content may affect these estimates. We examined the effects of soil texture on (i) estimated rates of root and soil respiration and (ii) soil CO2 concentrations, during cycles of soil wetting and drying in the citrus rootstock, Volkamer lemon (Citrus volkameriana Tan. and Pasq.). Plants were grown in soil columns filled with three different soil mixtures varying in their sand, silt and clay content. Root and soil respiration rates, soil water content, plant water uptake and soil CO2 concentrations were measured and dynamic relationships among these variables were developed for each soil texture treatment. We found that although the different soil textures differed in their plant-soil water relations characteristics, plant growth was only slightly affected. Root and soil respiration rates were similar under most soil moisture conditions for soils varying widely in percentages of sand, silt and clay. Only following irrigation did CO2 efflux from the soil surface vary among soils. That is, efflux of CO2 from the soil surface was much more restricted after watering (therefore rendering any respiration measurements inaccurate) in finer textured soils than in sandy soils because of reduced porosity in the finer textured soils. Accordingly, CO2 reached and maintained the highest concentrations in finer textured soils (> 40 mmol CO2 mol(-1)). This study revealed that changes in soil moisture can affect interpretations of root and soil measurements based on CO2 efflux, particularly in fine textured soils. The implications of the present findings for field soil CO2 flux measurements are discussed. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Hort, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Netherlands Inst Ecol, Ctr Estuarine & Coastal Ecol, NL-4400 AC Yerseke, Netherlands. ARS, USDA, Water Management Res Lab, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. RP Bouma, TJ (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Hort, 103 Tyson Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RI Bouma, Tjeerd/A-9841-2011 NR 45 TC 57 Z9 83 U1 9 U2 39 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PY 2000 VL 227 IS 1-2 BP 215 EP 221 DI 10.1023/A:1026502414977 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 381XK UT WOS:000165789200020 ER PT J AU Rosecrance, RC McCarty, GW Shelton, DR Teasdale, JR AF Rosecrance, RC McCarty, GW Shelton, DR Teasdale, JR TI Denitrification and N mineralization from hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) and rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crop monocultures and bicultures SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE cereal rye; denitrification; hairy vetch; mixed cover crops; N mineralization ID CORN PRODUCTION; KILL DATE; SOIL; NITROGEN; LEGUME; DECOMPOSITION; RESIDUE AB N mineralization, N immobilization and denitrification were determined for vetch, rye and rye-vetch cover crops using large packed soil cores. Plants were grown to maturity from seed in cores. Cores were periodically leached, allowing for quantification of NO3- and NH4+ production, and denitrification incubations were conducted before and after cover crop kill. Gas permeable tubing was buried at two depths in cores allowing for quantification of N2O in the soil profile. Cover crops assimilated most soil N prior to kill. After kill, relative rates of N mineralization were vetch > rye-vetch mixture > fallow > rye. After correcting for N mineralization from fallow cores, net N mineralization was observed in vetch and rye-vetch cores, while net N immobilization was observed in rye cores. Denitrification incubations were conducted 5, 15 and 55 days after kill, with adjustment of cores to 75% water filled pore space (WFPS). The highest denitrification was observed in vetch cores 5 days after kill, when soil NO3- and respiration rates were high. Substantially lower denitrification was observed on subsequent measurement dates and in other treatments probably due to either limited NO3- or organic carbon in the soil. On day 5, 3%, 23%, 31% and 31% of the N2O was recovered in the headspace of fallow, vetch, rye and rye-vetch cores, respectively. The rest was stored in the soil profile. In a field study using intact soil cores, denitrification rates also peaked 1 week after cover crop kill and decreased significantly thereafter. Results suggest greater potential N losses from vetch than rye or rye-vetch cover crops due to rapid N-mineralization in conjunction with denitrification and potential leaching, prior to significant crop N-assimilation. C1 ARS, USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Calif, Chico, CA USA. USDA, Environm Chem Lab, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP McCarty, GW (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 29 TC 56 Z9 58 U1 5 U2 37 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PY 2000 VL 227 IS 1-2 BP 283 EP 290 DI 10.1023/A:1026582012290 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 381XK UT WOS:000165789200028 ER PT J AU Wright, SF AF Wright, SF TI A fluorescent antibody assay for hyphae and glomalin from arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Methods for Study of the Hyphae of AMH CY JUL 01-04, 1998 CL SWEDISH UNIV AGR, DEPT MICROBIOL, UPPSALA, SWEDEN SP ICOM2, COST HO SWEDISH UNIV AGR, DEPT MICROBIOL DE glycoprotein; immunofluorescence; monoclonal antibody; soil biology ID LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; SOIL; IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE; IDENTIFICATION; COLONIZATION; STABILITY; ANTIGENS; PROTEIN; ROOTS AB Studies on the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in soil have been aided by the use of a monoclonal antibody that detects a molecule common to all isolates of these fungi studied to date. The molecule, glomalin, is a glycoprotein that forms on hyphae, but apparently sloughs off and adheres to soil particles or imbedded plastic mesh. An indirect immunofluorescence (IF) assay is described for detection of glomalin on hyphae attached to roots, in roots, on hyphae traps and on the surface of soil aggregates. Small sieves are used to process hyphae attached to roots and soil aggregates. Glomalin on hyphae and glomalin attached to plastic or nylon are assayed on a 1 cm(2) section of meshes. Examples of IF assay results are shown and discussed. C1 ARS, Soil Microbial Syst Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Wright, SF (reprint author), ARS, Soil Microbial Syst Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 24 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 12 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PY 2000 VL 226 IS 2 BP 171 EP 177 DI 10.1023/A:1026428300172 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 381XE UT WOS:000165788700005 ER PT J AU Douds, DD Pfeffer, PE Shachar-Hill, Y AF Douds, DD Pfeffer, PE Shachar-Hill, Y TI Application of in vitro methods to study carbon uptake and transport by AM fungi SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Methods for Study of the Hyphae of AMH CY JUL 01-04, 1998 CL SWEDISH UNIV AGR, DEPT MICROBIOL, UPPSALA, SWEDEN SP ICOM2, COST HO SWEDISH UNIV AGR, DEPT MICROBIOL DE arbuscular mycorrhiza; carbon uptake; in vitro culture; nuclear magnetic resonance ID ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGUS; GLOMUS INTRARADICES; HYPHAL GROWTH; HOST ROOTS; METABOLISM; SPORES; SYMBIOSIS; GLUCOSE; EVENTS AB Just as multi-compartmented root chambers have advantages over standard plastic pots for the study of nutrient uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal [AM] fungi in soil, so the split-plate in vitro system has advantages over the standard dual culture system for the study of the physiology of AM fungi. We used the split-plate culture system of Ri T-DNA transformed Daucus carota L. roots and Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith, in which only the fungus has access to the distal compartment, to study the ability of germ tubes and extraradical and intraradical hyphae to take up C-13-labeled substrates. Labeled substrates were added to one side of the plate divider and plates were incubated for 8 weeks while the fungus proliferated on the side from which the root was excluded. Tissues then were recovered from the plate and examined via NMR spectroscopy. Results showed that the morphological phases of the fungus differed in their ability to take up these substrates, most notably that intraradical hyphae take up hexose while extraradical hyphae cannot. In addition, NMR studies indicated that intraradical hyphae actively synthesized lipids while extraradical hyphae did not. These data show that eventual axenic culture of AM fungi is more than a matter of finding the proper substrate for growth. Genetic regulation must be overcome to make extraradical hyphae behave like intraradical hyphae in terms of C uptake and metabolism. C1 ARS, USDA, ERRC, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Douds, DD (reprint author), ARS, USDA, ERRC, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RI Shachar-Hill, Yair/B-6165-2013 OI Shachar-Hill, Yair/0000-0001-8793-5084 NR 21 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 13 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PY 2000 VL 226 IS 2 BP 255 EP 261 DI 10.1023/A:1026466802354 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 381XE UT WOS:000165788700014 ER PT J AU Bago, B AF Bago, B TI Putative sites for nutrient uptake in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Methods for Study of the Hyphae of AMH CY JUL 01-04, 1998 CL SWEDISH UNIV AGR, DEPT MICROBIOL, UPPSALA, SWEDEN SP ICOM2, COST HO SWEDISH UNIV AGR, DEPT MICROBIOL DE arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi; arbuscules; branched absorbing structures (BAS); AM fungal duality; AM monoxenic cultures ID TRIFOLIUM-SUBTERRANEUM L; GIGASPORA-MARGARITA BECKER; ZEA-MAYS-L; EXTERNAL HYPHAE; GLOMUS-INTRARADICES; EXTRARADICAL MYCELIUM; MONOXENIC CULTURE; ENZYME-ACTIVITIES; TRANSPORT; PLANT AB Nutrition of the arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) is addressed from a fungal point of view. Intraradical and extraradical structures proposed as preferential sites for nutrient acquisition in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are considered, and their main features compared. This comparison includes the formation and function of branched structures (either intra- or extraradical) as putative nutrient uptake sites with unique morphological and physiological features in the AM fungal colony. The morphology and functioning of these structures are further affected by intra- or extraradical environmental factors. A model is presented which portrays the intrinsic developmental and physiological duality of the AM fungus. C1 ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Bago, B (reprint author), ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. EM bbago@arserrc.gov RI Bago, Alberto/H-9683-2015 NR 71 TC 22 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PY 2000 VL 226 IS 2 BP 263 EP 274 DI 10.1023/A:1026456818903 PG 12 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 381XE UT WOS:000165788700015 ER PT J AU Coleman, MD Dickson, RE Isebrands, JG AF Coleman, MD Dickson, RE Isebrands, JG TI Contrasting fine-root production, survival and soil CO2 efflux in pine and poplar plantations SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE fine-root turnover; hybrid poplar; minirhizotron; red pine; soil respiration ID NORTHERN HARDWOOD FOREST; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; ORGANIC-MATTER; DOUGLAS-FIR; ECOSYSTEMS; NITROGEN; DYNAMICS; BIOMASS; CARBON; TURNOVER AB Tree root activity, including fine-root production, turnover and metabolic activity are significant components of forest productivity and nutrient cycling. Differences in root activity among forest types are not well known. A 3-year study was undertaken in red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) and hybrid poplar (Populus tristis X P. balsamifera cv `Tristis no. 1') plantations to compare belowground root dynamics. We measured fine-root production, mortality and standing crop, as well as soil CO2 efflux. Pine fine-root production was only 2.9% of that of poplar during three years; 85 pine roots were observed in minirhizotron tubes compared with 4088 poplar roots. Live-root density oscillated seasonally for both species with late winter minimum and autumn maximum. Poplar reached constant maximum live-root length within the first growing season, but pine continued to increase observed fine-root length for three growing seasons. Within the first 100 days following initial appearance, 22% of the pine roots disappeared and 38% of the poplar roots disappeared. Median fine-root longevity of pine was 291 days compared with 149 days for poplar roots. Fine-root longevity increased with depth in the soil, and was greater for roots with initial diameter >0.5 mm. The probability of poplar root death from late February to May was more than three times that in any other season, regardless of root age. Despite the greater poplar root production and live-root length, fine-root biomass and soil CO2 efflux was greater in pine. Greater metabolic activity in the pine stand may be due to greater fine-root biomass or greater heterotrophic respiration. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. RP Coleman, MD (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Savannah River Inst, New Ellenton, SC 29809 USA. RI Coleman, Mark/A-6741-2013 NR 46 TC 62 Z9 74 U1 1 U2 28 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PY 2000 VL 225 IS 1-2 BP 129 EP 139 DI 10.1023/A:1026564228951 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 381WZ UT WOS:000165788200013 ER PT J AU Torbert, HA Prior, SA Rogers, HH Wood, CW AF Torbert, HA Prior, SA Rogers, HH Wood, CW TI Review of elevated atmospheric CO2 effects on agro-ecosystems: residue decomposition processes and soil C storage SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE carbon dioxide; Glycine max; Gossypium hirsutum; plant residue decomposition; soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics; Sorghum bicolor ID CARBON-DIOXIDE ENRICHMENT; ORGANIC-MATTER; TILLAGE INTENSITY; PLANT-RESPONSES; NITROGEN; COTTON; AGROECOSYSTEMS; FIELD; CONSERVATION; RESPIRATION AB A series of studies using major crops (cotton [Gossypium hirsutum L.], wheat [Triticum aestivum L.], grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.] and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]) were reviewed to examine the impact of elevated atmospheric CO2 on crop residue decomposition within agro-ecosystems. Experiments evaluated utilized plant and soil material collected from CO2 study sites using Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) and open top chambers (OTC). A incubation study of FACE residue revealed that CO2-induced changes in cotton residue composition could alter decomposition processes, with a decrease in N mineralization observed with FACE, which was dependent on plant organ and soil series. Incubation studies utilizing plant material grown in OTC considered CO2-induced changes in relation to quantity and quality of crop residue for two species, soybean and grain sorghum. As with cotton, N mineralization was reduced with elevated CO2 in both species, however, difference in both quantity and quality of residue impacted patterns of C mineralization. Over the short-term (14 d), little difference was observed for CO2 treatments in soybean, but C mineralization was reduced with elevated CO2 in grain sorghum. For longer incubation periods (60 d), a significant reduction in CO2-C mineralized per g of residue added was observed with the elevated atmospheric CO2 treatment in both crop species. Results from incubation studies agreed with those from the OTC field observations for both measurements of short-term CO2 efflux following spring tillage and the cumulative effect of elevated CO2 (> 2 years) in this study. Observations from field and laboratory studies indicate that with elevated atmospheric CO2, the rate of plant residue decomposition may be limited by N and the release of N from decomposing plant material may be slowed. This indicates that understanding N cycling as affected by elevated CO2 is fundamental to understanding the potential for soil C storage on a global scale. C1 USDA ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, Temple, TX 76502 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Dynam Lab, Auburn, AL USA. Auburn Univ, Dept Agron & Soils, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. RP Torbert, HA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, 808 E Blackland Rd, Temple, TX 76502 USA. NR 52 TC 55 Z9 68 U1 2 U2 33 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PY 2000 VL 224 IS 1 BP 59 EP 73 DI 10.1023/A:1004797123881 PG 15 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 351CG UT WOS:000089138000006 ER PT J AU Banuelos, GS Zambrzuski, S Mackey, B AF Banuelos, GS Zambrzuski, S Mackey, B TI Phytoextraction of selenium from soils irrigated with selenium-laden effluent SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE Brassica; phytoextraction; selenium ID PLANTS; VOLATILIZATION; ACCUMULATION; DRAINAGE; REUSE AB This two-part study compared the efficacy of different plant species to extract Se from soils irrigated with Se-laden effluent. The species used were: Brassica napus L. (canola), Brassica juncea Czern L. and Coss (Indian mustard), and Hordeum vulgare L. (barley). In Study 1 we irrigated the plants with a saline effluent containing 0.150 mg Se L(-1), while in Study 2, the same species were planted in a saline soil selenized with 2 mg Se L(-1). Plants were simultaneously harvested 120 days after planting. In Study 1, there were only slight effects of treatment on dry matter (DM) yield. Plant Se concentrations averaged 21 mug Se g(-1)DM for the Brassica species, and 4.0 mug Se g(-1) DM for barley. Total Se added to soils via effluent decreased by 40% for Brassica species and by 20% for barley. In Study 2, total DM decreased for all species grown in saline soils containing Se. Plant Se concentrations averaged 75 mug g(-1) DM for Brassica species and 12 mug Se g(-1) DM for barley. Total Se added to soils prior to planting decreased by 40% for Brassica species and up to 12% for barley. In both studies, plant accumulation of Se accounted for at least 50% of the Se removed in soils planted to Brassica and up to 20% in soils planted to barley. Results show that although the tested Brassica species led to a significant reduction in Se added to soil via use of Se-laden effluent, additional plantings are necessary to further decrease Se content in the soil. C1 USDA ARS, Water Management Res Lab, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. USDA ARS, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Banuelos, GS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Water Management Res Lab, 2021 S Peach, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. EM banuelos@asrr.arsusda.gov NR 36 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PY 2000 VL 224 IS 2 BP 251 EP 258 DI 10.1023/A:1004881803469 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 370ZR UT WOS:000165153600007 ER PT J AU Minocha, R Long, S Magill, AH Aber, J McDowell, WH AF Minocha, R Long, S Magill, AH Aber, J McDowell, WH TI Foliar free polyamine and inorganic ion content in relation to soil and soil solution chemistry in two fertilized forest stands at the Harvard Forest, Massachusetts SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE ammonium nitrate; calcium; Harvard Forest; magnesium; nitrate leaching; polyamines ID SPRUCE PICEA-ABIES; NORTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; NITROGEN SATURATION; NORWAY SPRUCE; SUSPENSION-CULTURES; ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; CELLULAR POLYAMINES; CATHARANTHUS-ROSEUS; HARDWOOD FORESTS; PLANT-TISSUES AB Polyamines (putrescine, spermidine, and spermine) are low molecular weight, open-chained, organic polycations which are found in all organisms and have been linked with stress responses in plants. The objectives of our study were to investigate the effects of chronic N additions to pine and hardwood stands at Harvard Forest, Petersham, MA on foliar polyamine and inorganic ion contents as well as soil and soil solution chemistry. Four treatment plots were established within each stand in 1988: control, low N (50 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) as NH4NO3), low N + sulfur (74 kg S ha(-1) yr(-1) as Na2SO4), and high N (150 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) as NH4NO3). All samples were analyzed for inorganic elements; foliage samples were also analyzed for polyamines and total N. In the pine stand putrescine and total N levels in the foliage were significantly higher for all N treatments as compared to the control plot. Total N content was positively correlated with polyamines in the needles (P less than or equal to 0.05). Both putrescine and N contents were also negatively correlated with most exchangeable cations and total elements in organic soil horizons and positively correlated with Ca and Mg in the soil solution (P less than or equal to 0.05). In the hardwood stand, putrescine and total N levels in the foliage were significantly higher for the high N treatment only as compared to the control plot. Here also, total foliar N content was positively correlated with polyamines (P less than or equal to 0.05). Unlike the case with the pine stand, in the hardwood stand foliar polyamines and N were significantly and negatively correlated with foliar total Ca, Mg, and Mn (P less than or equal to 0.05). Additional significant (P less than or equal to 0.05) relationships in hardwoods included: negative correlations between foliar polyamines and N content to exchangeable K and P and total P in the organic soil horizon; and positive correlations between foliar polyamines and N content to Mg in soil solution. With few exceptions, low N + S treatment had effects similar to the ones observed with low N alone for both stands. The changes observed in the pine stand for polyamine metabolism, N uptake, and element leaching from the soil into the soil solution in all treatment plots provide additional evidence that the pine stand is more nitrogen saturated than the hardwood stand. These results also indicate that the long-term addition of N to these stands has species specific and/or site specific effects that may in part be explained by the different land use histories of the two stands. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Complex Syst Res Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Dept Nat Resources, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Minocha, R (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, POB 640, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RI McDowell, William/E-9767-2010 OI McDowell, William/0000-0002-8739-9047 NR 52 TC 51 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 19 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PY 2000 VL 222 IS 1-2 BP 119 EP 137 DI 10.1023/A:1004775829678 PG 19 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 331WE UT WOS:000088041000011 ER PT J AU Booker, FL Shafer, SR Wei, CM Horton, SJ AF Booker, FL Shafer, SR Wei, CM Horton, SJ TI Carbon dioxide enrichment and nitrogen fertilization effects on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plant residue chemistry and decomposition SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE carbohydrates; CO2; lignin; nitrogen; proanthocyanidins; soil respiration ID ELEVATED ATMOSPHERIC CO2; LITTER QUALITY; LEAF-LITTER; TERM DECOMPOSITION; METABOLISM; EXPOSURE; AMBIENT; OZONE; RATES AB Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration will likely cause changes in plant productivity and composition that might affect soil decomposition processes. The objective of this study was to test to what extent elevated CO2 and N fertility-induced changes in residue quality controlled decomposition rates. Cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) was grown in 8-l pots and exposed to two concentrations of CO2 (390 or 722 mu mol mol(-1)) and two levels of N fertilization (1.0 or 0.25 g l(-1) soil) within greenhouse chambers for 8 wks. Plants were then chemically defoliated and air-dried. Leaf, stem and root residues were assayed for total non-structural carbohydrates (TNC), lignin (LTGA), proanthocyanidins (PA), C and N. Respiration rates of an unsterilized sandy soil (Lakeland Sand) mixed with residues from the various treatments were determined using a soda lime trap to measure CO2 release. At harvest, TNC and PA concentrations were 17 to 45% higher in residues previously treated with elevated CO2 compared with controls. Leaf and stem residue LTGA concentrations were not significantly affected by either the elevated CO2 or N fertilization treatments, although root residue LTGA concentration was 30% greater in plants treated with elevated CO2. The concentration of TNC in leaf residues from the low N fertilization treatment was 2.3 times greater than that in the high N fertilization treatment, although TNC concentration in root and stem residues was suppressed 13 to 23% by the low soil N treatment. PA and LTGA concentrations in leaf, root and stem residues were affected by less than 10% by the low N fertilization treatment. N concentration was 14 to 44% lower in residues obtained from the elevated CO2 and low N fertilization treatments. In the soil microbial respiration assay, cumulative CO2 release was 10 to 14% lower in soils amended with residues from the elevated CO2 and low N fertility treatments, although treatment differences diminished as the experiment progressed. Treatment effects on residue N concentration and C:N ratios appeared to be the most important factors affecting soil microbial respiration. The results of our study strongly suggest that, although elevated CO2 and N fertility may have significant impact on post-harvest plant residue quality of cotton, neither factor is likely to substantially affect decomposition. Thus, C cycling might not be affected in this way, but via simple increases in plant biomass production. C1 ARS, USDA, Air Qual Plant Growth & Dev Res Unit, Raleigh, NC 27603 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27603 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Raleigh, NC 27603 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Booker, FL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Air Qual Plant Growth & Dev Res Unit, 3908 Inwood Rd, Raleigh, NC 27603 USA. NR 31 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 11 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PY 2000 VL 220 IS 1-2 BP 89 EP 98 DI 10.1023/A:1004773404948 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 314RC UT WOS:000087070300007 ER PT J AU Dalton, FN Maggio, A Piccinni, G AF Dalton, FN Maggio, A Piccinni, G TI Simulation of shoot chloride accumulation: separation of physical and biochemical processes governing plant salt tolerance SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article ID INDUCED WATER-FLOW; RESPONSE FUNCTIONS; ROOTS; SALINITY; TEMPERATURE; TRANSPORT; MODEL AB Dalton et al. (1996) showed that increasing root temperature from 18 degrees C to 25 degrees C increases the root zone salinity threshold value (i.e. a critical value above which yield is reduced) to tomato by 96%. In contrast, the threshold value of a new dynamic salinity stress index, SSI, was found to be invariant to root temperature. This paper shows through model simulation and greenhouse experiment that (1) the apparent increase in salt tolerance is a physical manifestation of the dynamics of salt loading to the shoot and does not reflect fundamental changes in biochemical processes affecting salt tolerance and (2) that the root temperature invariance of the threshold value of the SSI represents an intrinsic property of the plant related to the biochemical mechanisms of salt tolerance, thereby separating the physical and biochemical processes governing plant salt tolerance. These hypotheses are tested in part by simulating shoot chloride accumulation in terms of a temperature dependent physical-mathematical model describing the simultaneous transport of water and salt into the shoot of a transpiring plant and comparing the model output with experimentally determined chloride accumulation in tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) grown in a greenhouse and in nutrient solution at root temperatures of 18 degrees C and 25 degrees C and respective root zone chloride concentrations of 33.2 and 63.4 mmol. Root surface area development rates and cumulative water use were measured as input parameters to the model. Experiment and model showed good agreement at 18 and 25 degrees C. The shoot chloride simulations for two environments with different growth potentials demonstrate that the salt accumulation process is controlled by the transpiration rate, the development rate and biophysical transport properties of the root. Chloride concentration in the root zone is just one of many physical parameters affecting the critical salt accumulation rate, relative to growth, that is necessary to reduce yield. C1 ARS, USDA, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Hort, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Texas Ag Exp Stn, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. RP Dalton, FN (reprint author), ARS, USDA, US Salin Lab, 450 W Big Spring Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. NR 30 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PY 2000 VL 219 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 11 DI 10.1023/A:1004334805471 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 305FV UT WOS:000086529500001 ER PT J AU Nagahashi, G Douds, D Buee, M AF Nagahashi, G Douds, D Buee, M TI Light-induced hyphal branching of germinated AM fungal spores SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE AM fungi; colonization; hyphal branching; light-induction ID ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI; ROOTS; GROWTH; HOST AB Hyphal branches of the primary germ tubes and secondary hyphae of Gigaspora gigantea, Gigaspora rosea, and Glomus intraradices were induced by exposure to light. The photo- induced branching of G. rosea was increased if the germinated spores were first grown in the presence of 10 mu M quercetin before exposure to light. Further analyses with G. gigantea showed that at low intensity light (13.4 mu E s(-1)m(-2)), maximum branching was achieved after a 6 h exposure and at high intensity light (10,800 mu E s(-1)m(-2)), maximum branching was reached after an 8 min exposure. Multiple exposures to alternating low light followed by a dark incubation period indicated that the photo-effect was not additive. Photo-induced branching did not need a subsequent dark period for the growth of hyphal branches because branching occurred during prolonged continuous light. The light-induced branching appeared to have ecological relevance. Corn seedlings (Zea maize L.) grown in AM fungal inocula exposed to light had a higher percentage of their root system colonized by G. gigantea than those in inocula that remained in the dark. C1 ARS, USDA, ERRC, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Univ Toulouse 3, Lab Mycol Vegetale, F-31062 Toulouse, France. RP Nagahashi, G (reprint author), ARS, USDA, ERRC, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 16 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PY 2000 VL 219 IS 1-2 BP 71 EP 79 DI 10.1023/A:1004714530021 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 305FV UT WOS:000086529500008 ER PT J AU Cakmak, I Welch, RM Erenoglu, B Romheld, V Norvell, WA Kochian, LV AF Cakmak, I Welch, RM Erenoglu, B Romheld, V Norvell, WA Kochian, LV TI Influence of varied zinc supply on re-translocation of cadmium (Cd-109) and rubidium (Rb-86) applied on mature leaf of durum wheat seedlings SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE cadmium (Cd); Cd re-translocation; durum wheat; Rb re-translocation; Triticum durum; zinc (Zn); Zn deficiency ID ACCUMULATION; DEFICIENCY; PLANTS; SOILS; EFFICIENCY; BREAD; PHOSPHORUS; ELEMENTS; TISSUE; CROPS AB Effect of varied zinc (Zn) supply (0, 0.1, 1, 5 mu M) on re-translocation of radio-labeled cadmium (Cd-109) and rubidium (Rb-86) from mature leaf to root and other parts of shoot was studied in 11-day-old durum wheat (Triticum durum cv. C-1252) plants grown in nutrient solution under controlled environmental conditions. Application of Cd-109 and Rb-86 was carried out by immersing the tips (3 cm) of mature leaf in radio-labeled solutions for 10 s at three different times over a 42 h period. Differences in Zn supply for 11 days did not affect plant growth nor did it cause visual leaf symptoms, such as necrosis and chlorosis, at either the lowest or the highest Zn supply. Only at the nil Zn supply (0 mu M), shoot and root dry weights tended to decrease and increase, respectively, causing a lower shoot/root dry weight ratio. Partitioning of more dry matter to roots rather than shoots, a typical phenomena for Zn-deficient plants in nutrient solution experiments, indicated existence of a mild Zn deficiency stress at the nil-Zn treatment. Irrespective of Zn supply, plants could, on average, retranslocate 3.8% and 38% of the total absorbed Cd-109 and Rb-86 from the treated leaf to roots and other parts of shoots within 42 h, respectively. At nil-Zn treatment, 2.8% of the total absorbed Cd-109 was re-translocated from the treated leaf, particularly into roots. The highest re-translocation of Cd-109 (6.5%) was found in plants supplied with 0.1 mu M Zn. Increases in Zn supply from 0.1 mu M reduced Cd-109 re-translocation from 6.5% to 4.3% at 1 mu M Zn and 1.3% at 5 mu M Zn. With the exception of the nil-Zn treatment, the proportion of re-translocated Cd-109 was greater in the remainder of the shoot than in the roots. Contrary to the Cd-109 results, re-translocation of Rb-86 was not (at 0, 0.1 and 1 mu M Zn), or only slightly (at 5 mu M), affected by changing Zn supply. The results indicate an inhibitory action of increased concentrations of Zn in shoot tissues on phloem-mediated Cd transport. This effect is discussed in relation to competitive inhibition of Cd loading into phloem sap by Zn. C1 Cukurova Univ, Dept Soil Sci & Plant Nutr, TR-01330 Adana, Turkey. Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Hohenheim, Inst Pflanzenernaehrung, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany. RP Cakmak, I (reprint author), Cukurova Univ, Dept Soil Sci & Plant Nutr, TR-01330 Adana, Turkey. EM cakmak@mail.cu.edu.tr RI Cakmak, Ismail/A-2257-2009; OI Kochian, Leon/0000-0003-3416-089X NR 29 TC 33 Z9 50 U1 3 U2 22 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PY 2000 VL 219 IS 1-2 BP 279 EP 284 DI 10.1023/A:1004777631452 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 305FV UT WOS:000086529500029 ER PT J AU Carrillo-Garcia, A Bashan, Y Bethlenfalvay, GJ AF Carrillo-Garcia, A Bashan, Y Bethlenfalvay, GJ TI Resource-island soils and the survival of the giant cactus, cardon, of Baja California Sur SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE facilitation; nurse-plant effect; Pachycereus pringlei; plant survival; Prosopis articulata; resource island; revegetation; soil temperature ID DESERT ECOSYSTEM; SHRUB-STEPPE; FRAMEWORK; COMMUNITY; SAVANNA; PLANTS; MEXICO AB Early survival and growth of some plants in arid environments depends on facilitation by a nurse plant. Amelioration of soil temperature extremes through shading and accumulation of mineral nutrients near nurse-plants are mechanisms of facilitation. We investigated the effects of shading (soil temperature) and soil type on survival and growth of the giant columnar cactus, cardon (Pachycereus pringlei). Cardon was grown either in a sandy clay-loam soil obtained from resource islands formed under mature mesquite (Prosopis articulata) or in the loamy-sand soil from plant-free bare areas that surround the islands. Seedlings were potted in these soils and the pots were buried to ground level in the open. We also determined plant responses to fertilization with N, P, K or NPK in the bare-area soils. Enhancement of survival and growth in the resource-island soils compared to that in the bare-area soils was highly significant. Plants survived and grew better in resource-island soils than in bare-area soil, an effect that was enhanced by shading (one-half of full sun). Greater root/shoot ratios of plants grown in bare-area soil indicated increased resource allocation to roots under limiting conditions. Significant interactions (analysis of variance) indicated that the soil and sun factors of the experiment were not independent of one another. Plant growth in bare-area soil improved considerably (> 200%) in response to N fertilization (screenhouse conditions), and approximated that of plants in resource-island soil without N amendment. The growth response to P was small (< 50%), while K did not affect growth significantly. Responses to NPK were similar to those to N alone. The results suggested that shading and nutritional effects interact in determining early survival and growth of cardon in different soils. C1 Ctr Invest Biol Noroeste, La Paz 23000, Baja Calif Sur, Mexico. ARS, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RP Bethlenfalvay, GJ (reprint author), Ctr Invest Biol Noroeste, AP 128, La Paz 23000, Baja Calif Sur, Mexico. NR 37 TC 53 Z9 54 U1 2 U2 11 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PY 2000 VL 218 IS 1-2 BP 207 EP 214 DI 10.1023/A:1014953028163 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 284AE UT WOS:000085307600020 ER PT J AU Zhang, L Rybczynski, JJ Langenberg, WG Mitra, A French, R AF Zhang, L Rybczynski, JJ Langenberg, WG Mitra, A French, R TI An efficient wheat transformation procedure: transformed calli with long-term morphogenic potential for plant regeneration SO PLANT CELL REPORTS LA English DT Article DE bar; embryos; microprojectile; transgene; wheat ID TRITICUM-AESTIVUM L; CULTURED IMMATURE EMBRYOS; TRANSGENIC WHEAT; SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS; MICROPROJECTILE BOMBARDMENT; STABLE TRANSFORMATION; PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT; SCUTELLAR TISSUES; ACTION MECHANISM; RAPID PRODUCTION AB A method for producing large numbers of transgenic wheat plants has been developed. With this approach, an average of 9.7% of immature embryo explants were transformed and generated multiple self-fertile, independently transformed plants. No untransformed plants, or escapes, were regenerated. This transformation procedure uses morphogenic calli derived from scutellum tissue of immature embryos of Triticum aestivum cv. Bobwhite co-bombarded with separate plasmids carrying a selectable marker gene (bar) and a gene of interest, respectively. Transformed wheat calli with a vigorous growth phenotype were obtained by extended culture on media containing 5.0 mg/l bialaphos. These calli retained morphogenic potential and were competent for plant regeneration for as long as 11 months. The bar gene and the gene of interest were co-expressed in T0 progeny plants. This wheat transformation protocol may facilitate quantitative production of multiple transgenic plants and significantly reduce the cost and labor otherwise required for screening out untransformed escapes. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68683 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Plant Pathol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Ctr Biotechnol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Polish Acad Sci, Bot Gardens, Ctr Biol Divers & Conservat, PL-02773 Warsaw, Poland. RP French, R (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, 344 Keim Hall, Lincoln, NE 68683 USA. NR 34 TC 31 Z9 48 U1 2 U2 7 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0721-7714 J9 PLANT CELL REP JI Plant Cell Reports PD JAN PY 2000 VL 19 IS 3 BP 241 EP 250 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 277KX UT WOS:000084933700006 ER PT J AU Eshita, SM Kamalay, JC Gingas, VM Yaussy, DA AF Eshita, SM Kamalay, JC Gingas, VM Yaussy, DA TI Establishment and characterization of American elm cell suspension cultures SO PLANT CELL TISSUE AND ORGAN CULTURE LA English DT Article DE cultured cell line; growth rates; tissue culture; Ulmus americana ID OPHIOSTOMA-ULMI; DISEASE AB Cell suspension cultures of Dutch elm disease (DED)-tolerant and DED-susceptible American elms clones have been established and characterized as prerequisites for contrasts of cellular responses to pathogen-derived elicitors. Characteristics of cultured elm cell growth were monitored by A(700) and media conductivity. Combined cell growth data for all experiments within a genotype showed relatively low variances and between-genotype contrasts during repeated passages showed no significant differences. Subculturing exponentially growing cells at 8-14 day intervals, within readily measured parameters of media conductivity (4.95-4.2 mmhos) and cell concentration (greater than or equal to 1.4 A(700)), consistently resulted in repeatable profiles of elm cell growth and minimized lag phase. Culture cells were essentially homogeneous after 5 subculture passages and their overall appearance was stable. We conclude that the described procedure resulted in consistent cultures suitable for elicitor treatment experiments. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. RP Eshita, SM (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, 359 Main Rd, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. NR 12 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6857 J9 PLANT CELL TISS ORG JI Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. PY 2000 VL 61 IS 3 BP 245 EP 249 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA 357GG UT WOS:000089489700010 ER PT J AU Hansen, EM Goheen, DJ Jules, ES Ullian, B AF Hansen, EM Goheen, DJ Jules, ES Ullian, B TI Managing Port-Orford-cedar and the introduced pathogen Phytophthora lateralis SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID PACIFIC YEW; TAXOL C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Cent Point, OR USA. Humboldt State Univ, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. Siskiyou Reg Educ Project, Grants Pass, OR USA. RP Hansen, EM (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM hansene@cgrb.orst.edu NR 16 TC 73 Z9 79 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 84 IS 1 BP 4 EP 10 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.1.4 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 268GV UT WOS:000084406700002 ER PT J AU Goheen, DJ AF Goheen, DJ TI Port-Orford-cedar and ecosystem management on public lands SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, SW Oregon Forest Insect & Dis Serv Ctr, Cent Point, OR 97045 USA. RP Goheen, DJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, SW Oregon Forest Insect & Dis Serv Ctr, Cent Point, OR 97045 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 84 IS 1 BP 11 EP 12 PG 2 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 268GV UT WOS:000084406700003 ER PT J AU Dill-Macky, R Roelfs, AP AF Dill-Macky, R Roelfs, AP TI The effect of stand density on the development off Puccinia graminis f. sp tritici in barley SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE Hordeum vulgare ID UNITED-STATES; WHEAT; RACES; VIRULENCE; CANADA; SEVERITY AB The progress of stem rust epidemics caused by race Pgt-QCCJ of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici was examined in field plots of the six-rowed barley cvs. Robust and Steptoe at four stand densities, and in short rows and hill plots. Cv. Robust carries Rpg1, which confers resistance to most races of P. graminis f. sp. tritici, other than Pgt-QCCJ, while cv. Steptoe lacks any reported genes for resistance to P. graminis f. sp. tritici. The stand-density treatments established were approximately double, the equivalent of, half of, and one quarter of the planting rate recommended for commercial barley. Stem rust caused by race Pgt-QCCJ spread more rapidly in cv. Steptoe than in cv. Robust, irrespective of the stand-density treatment. The effect of stand density on rust severity was, however, greater than the effect of cultivar. Rust severity was 18 to 36% greater in sparse stands than in dense stands of both cultivars. Reductions in kernel size were most severe in sparse stands where rust development was greatest. Knowledge that reduced stand densities may promote the development of stem rust in barley may be useful in refining procedures for screening breeding material for resistance to stem rust, and in allaying concern over the high levels of stem rust occasionally reported in lightly seeded seed increases and in commercial fields where sparse stands are encountered. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Pathol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Cereal Dis Lab, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Dill-Macky, R (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Pathol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM ruthdm@puccini.crl.umn.edu NR 27 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 84 IS 1 BP 29 EP 34 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.1.29 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 268GV UT WOS:000084406700009 ER PT J AU Yildirim, A Jones, SS Murray, TD Line, RF AF Yildirim, A Jones, SS Murray, TD Line, RF TI Evaluation of Dasypyrum villosum populations for resistance to cereal eyespot and stripe rust pathogens SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID TRITICUM-DURUM DESF; PSEUDOCERCOSPORELLA-HERPOTRICHOIDES; L CANDARGY; CHROMOSOMAL LOCATION; PUCCINIA-STRIIFORMIS; HAYNALDIA-VILLOSA; WHEAT CULTIVARS; BETA-GLUCURONIDASE; DISEASE RESISTANCE; WINTER-WHEAT AB Resistance to Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides (cause of eyespot) and Puccinia striiformis (cause of stripe rust) was evaluated in a germ plasm collection of Dasypyrum villosum (syn. Haynaldia villosa) and a set of disomic addition lines, a substitution, and a translocation line of D. villosum chromosomes in a wheat background. Three races of P. striiformis and a beta-glucuronidase-transformed strain of Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides were used to inoculate plants and evaluate disease reactions. Of the 115 D. villosum accessions tested, 33 (28.6%) were resistant to one or more races of Puccinia striiformis and 8 accessions were resistant to all races. All 219 accessions of D. villosum tested were resistant to Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides and 158 (72%) of the accessions had lower beta-glucuronidase activity than the resistant wheat line VPM-1. Most of the accessions of D. villosum resistant to the stripe rust pathogen originated from Greece; however, there was no distinction among origins for resistance to the eyespot pathogen. Chromosome 4V was confirmed to carry the gene for resistance to P, herpotrichoides. At least one gene for resistance to Puccinia striiformis was located on the short arm of chromosome 6V of D. villosum in the 6VS/6AL-translocation line; this gene was named Yr26. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Jones, SS (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. EM joness@wsu.edu RI Murray, Timothy/A-9771-2016 OI Murray, Timothy/0000-0002-6772-202X NR 48 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 84 IS 1 BP 40 EP 44 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.1.40 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 268GV UT WOS:000084406700011 ER PT J AU Wang, J Donald, PA Niblack, TL Bird, GW Faghihi, J Ferris, JM Jardine, DJ Lipps, PE MacGuidwin, AE Melakeberhan, H Noel, GR Pierson, P Riedel, RM Sellers, PR Stienstra, WC Todd, TC Tylka, GL Wheeler, TA Wysong, DS AF Wang, J Donald, PA Niblack, TL Bird, GW Faghihi, J Ferris, JM Jardine, DJ Lipps, PE MacGuidwin, AE Melakeberhan, H Noel, GR Pierson, P Riedel, RM Sellers, PR Stienstra, WC Todd, TC Tylka, GL Wheeler, TA Wysong, DS TI Soybean cyst nematode reproduction in the north central United States SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE Glycine max; soybean maturity group; soybean maturity zone ID HETERODERA-GLYCINES; PLANTING DATE AB An experiment was conducted in Heterodera glycines-infested fields in 40 north central U.S. environments (21 sites in 1994 and 19 sites in 1995) to assess reproduction of this nematode. Two resistant and two susceptible soybean cultivars from each of the maturity groups (MG) I through IV were grown at each site in 6.1 m by 4 row plots. Soil samples were collected from each plot at planting and harvest and processed at Iowa State University to determine H, glycines initial (Pi) and final (Pf) population densities as eggs per 100 cm(3) of soil. Overall, reproduction (Pf/Pi) of H. glycines on susceptible cultivars in all MG was similar. Reproduction was higher on MG III and IV susceptible cultivars than on those in MG I and II. Resistant MG I and II cultivars reduced nematode population densities more consistently than those in MG III and IV. Reproduction of the nematode was similar among sites within the same maturity zone (MZ), defined as the areas of best adaptation of the corresponding MG. Nonetheless, careful monitoring of nematode population densities is necessary to assess changes that occur over time in individual fields. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Plant Pathol, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Entomol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Entomol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Plant Pathol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. ARS, USDA, Crop Protect Res Unit, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Pathol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Plant Pathol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Niblack, TL (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Plant Pathol, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. EM niblackt@missouri.edu NR 13 TC 15 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 84 IS 1 BP 77 EP 82 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.1.77 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 268GV UT WOS:000084406700017 ER PT J AU Briard, M Le Clerc, V Grzebelus, D Senalik, D Simon, PW AF Briard, M Le Clerc, V Grzebelus, D Senalik, D Simon, PW TI Modified protocols for rapid carrot genomic DNA extraction and AFLP (TM) analysis using silver stain or radioisotopes SO PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REPORTER LA English DT Article DE AFLP; DNA extraction; electrophoresis; molecular markers; polyacrylamide; radioactivity; silver staining ID POLYACRYLAMIDE GELS AB AFLP(TM) is one of the most frequently used techniques for identification of molecular markers. We have modified the procedures for genomic DNA extraction, AFLP product generation and silver staining in order to speed up analyses and screen large numbers of plant samples. Using this protocol, we were able to achieve an 82% reduction of costs without compromising the reliability and quality of data gathered. C1 Inst Natl Hort, Angers, France. Krakow Agr Univ, Krakow, Poland. Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Grzebelus, Dariusz/I-8832-2014 OI Grzebelus, Dariusz/0000-0001-6999-913X NR 6 TC 49 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 4 PU INT SOC PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY PI ATHENS PA UNIV GEORGIA, DEPT BIOCHEMISTRY, ATHENS, GA 30602 USA SN 0735-9640 J9 PLANT MOL BIOL REP JI Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. PY 2000 VL 18 IS 3 BP 235 EP 241 DI 10.1007/BF02823994 PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 380LT UT WOS:000165703900003 ER PT J AU Plyler, TR Simone, GW Fernandez, D Kistler, HC AF Plyler, TR Simone, GW Fernandez, D Kistler, HC TI Genetic diversity among isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp canariensis SO PLANT PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE DNA fingerprinting; Fusarium; genetic diversity; palm wilt; Phoenix canariensis; vegetative compatibility ID F-SP LYCOPERSICI; VEGETATIVE COMPATIBILITY; POPULATION-STRUCTURE; SP ALBEDINIS; STRAINS; MITOCHONDRIAL; RELATEDNESS; DISEASE; ORIGIN; DNA AB Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. canariensis causes vascular wilt disease of Phoenix canariensis, the Canary Island date palm. Seventy-two isolates of this fungus were obtained from diverse geographic locations including France, Japan, Italy, the Canary Islands, and California, Florida and Nevada, USA. The isolates were tested for vegetative compatibility and for similarities based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), single-copy sequences and repetitive DNA (pEY10) polymorphisms. Seventy-one percent of the isolates belonged to a single vegetative compatibility group (VCG 0240), and four closely related mitochondrial RFLP patterns were found. A subset of the isolates was further tested for single-copy RFLPs and repetitive DNA fingerprints. Only four single-copy RFLP haplotypes were found among 25 representative isolates of F. oxysporum f.sp. canariensis tested, using nine polymorphic single-locus probe/enzyme combinations. Finally, 32 different pEY10 DNA fingerprints were found out of 57 isolates examined. Overall the results indicate that F. oxysporum f.sp. canariensis is a single lineage with a low to moderate level of genetic diversity. C1 USDA ARS, Cereal Dis Lab, St Peter, MN 55108 USA. Panhandle Res & Extens Ctr, Scottsbluff, NE 69361 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Plant Pathol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. GENETROP, Inst Rech Dev, F-34032 Montpellier 1, France. RP Kistler, HC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Cereal Dis Lab, St Peter, MN 55108 USA. EM hckist@puccini.crl.umn.edu RI FERNANDEZ, DIANA/F-4402-2012 OI FERNANDEZ, DIANA/0000-0003-1432-3129 NR 24 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0032-0862 J9 PLANT PATHOL JI Plant Pathol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 49 IS 1 BP 155 EP 164 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 289CW UT WOS:000085603600019 ER PT S AU Walkinshaw, CH AF Walkinshaw, CH BE Gross, GG Hemingway, RW Yoshida, T TI Constituent and induced tannin accumulations in roots of loblolly pines SO PLANT POLYPHENOLS 2: CHEMISTRY, BIOLOGY, PHARMACOLOGY, ECOLOGY SE BASIC LIFE SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Tannin Conference CY JUL 20-25, 1998 CL BEND, OR ID SLASH PINE C1 US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, USDA, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. RP Walkinshaw, CH (reprint author), US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, USDA, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0090-5542 BN 0-306-46218-4 J9 BASIC LIFE SCI PY 2000 VL 66 BP 843 EP 852 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA BP98C UT WOS:000086804200047 ER PT J AU Roulston, TH Cane, JH AF Roulston, TH Cane, JH TI Pollen nutritional content and digestibility for animals SO PLANT SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION LA English DT Review DE pollen chemistry; pollen digestion; pollination syndrome; palynology; bees; nutrition ID APIS-MELLIFERA HYMENOPTERA; HONEY BEE; SYCONYCTERIS-AUSTRALIS; NITROGEN REQUIREMENTS; TARSIPES-ROSTRATUS; WORKER HONEYBEES; AMINO-ACIDS; DIGESTION; DIET; PROTEIN AB This paper reviews the literature concerning digestion and nutrient content of pollen. Four topics are addressed in detail: 1) The mechanism of pollen digestion by animals; 2) The efficiency of mechanical and digestive removal of pollen content by various animals: 3) Range and taxonomic distribution of pollen nutrients, and 4) Adaptive hypotheses proposed to associate pollen chemistry with pollinator reward. Studies on the mechanism(s) of pollen digestion remain inconclusive, but suggest that differences in digestibility among pollen types may reflect differences in pollen wall porosity, thickness, and composition. Although hummingbirds reportedly digest pollen very poorly, most animals studied, including those that do not regularly consume pollen, can digest 50-100% of ingested grains. Overlooked and recent research of pollen protein content shows that pollen grains may contain over 60% protein, double the amount cited in some studies of pollen-feeding animals. Adaptive hypotheses that associate pollen starch and pollen caloric content with pollinator reward remain unsubstantiated when critically viewed through the lens of phylogeny. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Entomol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Bee Biol & Systemat Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Roulston, TH (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Entomol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 141 TC 244 Z9 257 U1 18 U2 162 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0378-2697 J9 PLANT SYST EVOL JI Plant Syst. Evol. PY 2000 VL 222 IS 1-4 BP 187 EP 209 DI 10.1007/BF00984102 PG 23 WC Plant Sciences; Evolutionary Biology SC Plant Sciences; Evolutionary Biology GA 332FX UT WOS:000088064500011 ER PT J AU Cho, HJ Farrand, SK Noel, GR Widholm, JM AF Cho, HJ Farrand, SK Noel, GR Widholm, JM TI High-efficiency induction of soybean hairy roots and propagation of the soybean cyst nematode SO PLANTA LA English DT Article DE Agrobacterium; Glycine (hairy roots); green fluorescent protein; hairy roots; Heterodera; soybean cyst nematode ID RHIZOGENES-MEDIATED TRANSFORMATION; GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN; AGROBACTERIUM-RHIZOGENES; MELOIDOGYNE-JAVANICA; UNITED-STATES; PLANTS; DNA; REGENERATION; CULTURE; REPRODUCTION AB Cotyledon explants of 10 soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars were inoculated with Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain K599 with and without binary vectors pBI121 or pBINm-gfp5-ER possessing both neomycin phosphotransferase II (nptII) and beta-glucuronidase (gus) or nptII and green fluorescent protein (gfp) genes, respectively. Hairy roots were produced from the wounded surface of 54-95% of the cotyledon explants on MXB selective medium containing 200 mu g ml(-1) kanamycin and 500 mu g ml(-1) carbenicillin. Putative individual transformed hairy roots were identified by cucumopine analysis and were screened for transgene incorporation using polymerase chain reaction. All of the roots tested were found to be co-transformed with T-DNA from the Ri-plasmid and the transgene from the binary vectors, Southern blot analysis confirmed the presence of the 35S-gfp5 gene in the plant genomes, Transgene expression was also confirmed by histochemical GUS assay and Western blot analysis for the GFP. Attempts to induce shoot formation from the hairy roots failed. Infection of hairy roots of the soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe)-susceptible cultivar, Williams 82, with eggs of H. glycines race 1, resulted in the development of mature cysts about 4-5 weeks after inoculation. Thus the soybean cyst nematode could complete its entire life cycle in transformed soybean hairy-root cultures expressing GFP. This system should be ideal for testing genes that might impart resistance to soybean cyst nematode. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, USDA ARS, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Widholm, JM (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, 1201 W Gregory Dr, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 38 TC 63 Z9 76 U1 0 U2 19 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0032-0935 J9 PLANTA JI Planta PD JAN PY 2000 VL 210 IS 2 BP 195 EP 204 DI 10.1007/PL00008126 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 279RV UT WOS:000085059700003 PM 10664125 ER PT B AU Kaufmann, MR Fornwalt, PJ Huckaby, LS Stoker, JM AF Kaufmann, MR Fornwalt, PJ Huckaby, LS Stoker, JM BE Vance, RK Edminster, CB Covington, WW Blake, JA TI Cheesman Lake - A historical ponderosa pine landscape guiding restoration in the South Platte watershed of the Colorado Front Range SO PONDEROSA PINE ECOSYSTEMS RESTORATION AND CONSERVATION: STEPS TOWARD STEWARDSHIP, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Ponderosa Pine Ecosystems Restoration and Conservation - Steps Toward Stewardship CY APR 25-27, 2000 CL FLAGSTAFF, AZ SP NO Arizona Univ, Ecol Restorat Inst, USDA Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Grand Canyon Forest Partnership, NO Arizona Univ, Sch Forestry, NO Arizona Univ, Coll Ecosyst Sci & Management, NO Arizona Univ, Program Community, Culture & Environm, Soc Ecol Restorat, Bur Land Management, Arizona Strip Off, Four Corners Forest Partnership, Nat Conservancy NO Arizona Off, Grand Canyon Trust, Soc Amer Foresters, Peaks Chapter, Bur Indian Affairs ID FOREST; PATTERNS; PAST; AGE AB An unlogged and ungrazed ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir landscape in the Colorado FrontRange provides critical information for restoring forests in the South Platte watershed. A frame-based model was used to describe the relationship among the four primary patch conditions in the 35-km(2) Cheesman Lake landscape: (1) openings, (2) ponderosa pine forest, (3) ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir forest, and (4) persistent old growth. Each condition is possible over time at any nonriparian site, with fire and tree recruitment the primary processes causing changes from one condition to another. The Forest Vegetation Simulator model was used to estimate forest conditions at Cheesman Lake in 1900, prior to fire suppression effects. These results and 1896 Cheesman Lake photographs indicate that more than 90 percent of the historical landscape had a crown closure of 30 percent or less, compared with less than 50 percent of current nearby forests affected by logging, grazing, tree planting, and fire suppression. The historical fire regime was mixed severity, and passive crown fire was probably more common than active crown fire. Currently, surrounding forests have almost no openings, little old growth, high tree density, and increased Douglas-fir. Fire behavior has switched to a crown fire regime with sometimes catastrophic results. Historical Cheesman Lake forest landscape conditions are being used to guide restoration of surrounding forests. C1 USDA, Forest Serv Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Kaufmann, MR (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 21 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P PY 2000 IS 22 BP 9 EP 18 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BU01F UT WOS:000174706000002 ER PT B AU Huckaby, LS Kaufmann, MR Stoker, JM Fornwalt, PJ AF Huckaby, LS Kaufmann, MR Stoker, JM Fornwalt, PJ BE Vance, RK Edminster, CB Covington, WW Blake, JA TI Landscape patterns of Montane Forest age structure relative to fire history at Cheesman Lake in the Colorado Front Range SO PONDEROSA PINE ECOSYSTEMS RESTORATION AND CONSERVATION: STEPS TOWARD STEWARDSHIP, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Ponderosa Pine Ecosystems Restoration and Conservation - Steps Toward Stewardship CY APR 25-27, 2000 CL FLAGSTAFF, AZ SP NO Arizona Univ, Ecol Restorat Inst, USDA Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Grand Canyon Forest Partnership, NO Arizona Univ, Sch Forestry, NO Arizona Univ, Coll Ecosyst Sci & Management, NO Arizona Univ, Program Community, Culture & Environm, Soc Ecol Restorat, Bur Land Management, Arizona Strip Off, Four Corners Forest Partnership, Nat Conservancy NO Arizona Off, Grand Canyon Trust, Soc Amer Foresters, Peaks Chapter, Bur Indian Affairs ID PONDEROSA PINE FORESTS; SETTLEMENT AB Lack of Euro-American disturbance, except fire suppression, has preserved the patterns of forest structure that resulted from the presettlement disturbance regime in a ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir landscape at Cheesman Lake in the Colorado Front Range. A mixed-severity fire regime and variable timing of tree recruitment created a heterogeneous forest age structure with considerable old growth. Surrounding forests subjected to human alteration since the late 1800s are younger, denser, and more continuous. We present preliminary data from a study of fire history and age structure. We mapped forest patches based on tree size and density using color-infrared aerial photos, then randomly sampled 10 percent of these patches across the 35 km 2 landscape for the ages of the five apparent oldest trees. Trees older than 200 years were found in 70 percent of sampled stands. Trees older than 400 years were found in 30 percent of sampled stands, suggesting that old growth was common and widespread in historical landscapes in the Front Range. We compared the stand ages with locations of known fire dates derived from fire scars. Concentrations of trees that postdate known fires indicate a past stand-replacing fire. Such postfire cohorts are discernible as far back as 1531 A.D. Of 21 fires recorded by scars between 1531 and 1880, 16 appear to have had a stand-replacing component, and seven known fires predate 71 percent of the postfire cohorts. Time between stand-replacing disturbance and tree establishment varied considerably between sites, but generally ranged from 20 to 50 years. Some openings began to regenerate within 10 years after fire, while others remain unforested 150 years later. C1 US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Forest & Range Expt Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Huckaby, LS (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Forest & Range Expt Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. EM jstoker@fs.fed.us NR 31 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P JI USDA For. Ser. Rocky Mt. Res. Stat. Proc. PY 2000 IS 22 BP 19 EP 27 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BU01F UT WOS:000174706000003 ER PT B AU Oliver, WW AF Oliver, WW BE Vance, RK Edminster, CB Covington, WW Blake, JA TI Can we create and sustain late successional attributes in interior ponderosa pine stands? Large-scale ecological research studies in northeastern California SO PONDEROSA PINE ECOSYSTEMS RESTORATION AND CONSERVATION: STEPS TOWARD STEWARDSHIP, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Ponderosa Pine Ecosystems Restoration and Conservation - Steps Toward Stewardship CY APR 25-27, 2000 CL FLAGSTAFF, AZ SP NO Arizona Univ, Ecol Restorat Inst, USDA Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Grand Canyon Forest Partnership, NO Arizona Univ, Sch Forestry, NO Arizona Univ, Coll Ecosyst Sci & Management, NO Arizona Univ, Program Community, Culture & Environm, Soc Ecol Restorat, Bur Land Management, Arizona Strip Off, Four Corners Forest Partnership, Nat Conservancy NO Arizona Off, Grand Canyon Trust, Soc Amer Foresters, Peaks Chapter, Bur Indian Affairs ID FORESTS AB Conflicts over changing demands on our increasingly scarce stands of late successional ponderosa pine could be abated by increasing the proportion of stands with late successional attributes in the forest land base. However, we don't know whether these attributes can be developed through the management of younger stands. Nor do we know whether late successional stands can be managed to perpetuate these values through time. To answer these questions, two long-term large-scale studies were begun to study ecosystem responses to a series of silvicultural treatments that include timber harvest and prescribed fire. In one study, treatments are designed to test several pathways toward late successional forest attributes in a young, even-aged stand. In the other study a treatment is aimed at sustaining an existing late successional stand and contrasting the response of that ecosystem with that of a young, even-aged stand. Although not yet completely installed, the stand structure in one treatment resembles two late successional stands with periodic fire. C1 USDA Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Redding, CA 96001 USA. RP Oliver, WW (reprint author), USDA Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, 2400 Washington Ave, Redding, CA 96001 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P PY 2000 IS 22 BP 99 EP 103 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BU01F UT WOS:000174706000015 ER PT B AU Lowell, EC Green, DW AF Lowell, EC Green, DW BE Vance, RK Edminster, CB Covington, WW Blake, JA TI Lumber recovery from small-diameter ponderosa pine from Flagstaff, Arizona SO PONDEROSA PINE ECOSYSTEMS RESTORATION AND CONSERVATION: STEPS TOWARD STEWARDSHIP, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Ponderosa Pine Ecosystems Restoration and Conservation - Steps Toward Stewardship CY APR 25-27, 2000 CL FLAGSTAFF, AZ SP NO Arizona Univ, Ecol Restorat Inst, USDA Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Grand Canyon Forest Partnership, NO Arizona Univ, Sch Forestry, NO Arizona Univ, Coll Ecosyst Sci & Management, NO Arizona Univ, Program Community, Culture & Environm, Soc Ecol Restorat, Bur Land Management, Arizona Strip Off, Four Corners Forest Partnership, Nat Conservancy NO Arizona Off, Grand Canyon Trust, Soc Amer Foresters, Peaks Chapter, Bur Indian Affairs AB Thousands of acres of densely stocked ponderosa pine forests surround Flagstaff, AZ. These stands are at high risk of fire, insect, and disease outbreak. Stand density management activity can be expensive, but product recovery from the thinned material could help defray removal costs. This project evaluated the yield and economic return of lumber recovered from small-diameter, suppressed ponderosa pine. A sample of 150 trees ranging from 6 to 16 inches in diameter at breast height was selected. Half of the sample was sawn into dimension lumber and the other half into appearance grade lumber. This study yielded about 25 percent No. 2 and Better Common for appearance lumber with the majority of lumber (66 percent) graded No. 3 Common. About 50 percent of the dimension lumber was No. 2 and Better, with very little of the highest grade, Select Structural, produced. Volume recovery was slightly higher for dimension lumber, yet the lumber from the logs sawn for appearance grade was worth significantly more than that from the logs sawn for dimension lumber. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Ecol Sustainable Prod Forest Resources Team, Portland, OR 97208 USA. RP Lowell, EC (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Ecol Sustainable Prod Forest Resources Team, Portland, OR 97208 USA. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P PY 2000 IS 22 BP 161 EP 165 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BU01F UT WOS:000174706000024 ER PT B AU Salwasser, H AF Salwasser, H GP SAF SAF TI Foresters roles as forestry changes: General Session I opening remarks SO PORTLAND'99: PIONEERING NEW TRAILS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Society-of-American-Foresters National Convention on Pioneering New Trails CY SEP 11-15, 1999 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Soc Amer Foresters C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Berkeley, CA USA. RP Salwasser, H (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Berkeley, CA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA PY 2000 BP 7 EP 8 PG 2 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BQ79H UT WOS:000089530500001 ER PT B AU McRoberts, RE Lessard, VC AF McRoberts, RE Lessard, VC GP SAF SAF TI Precision versus cost relationships when using growth models to update annual forest inventories SO PORTLAND'99: PIONEERING NEW TRAILS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Society-of-American-Foresters National Convention on Pioneering New Trails CY SEP 11-15, 1999 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Soc Amer Foresters AB Forest inventories featuring annual samples of field plots have been initiated by the USDA Forest Service in the eastern regions of the US. Estimates may be obtained annually from the resulting data using several options: (1) base estimates on plot measurements for the current year; (2) base estimates on the mo st recent measurements for all plots, regardless of the years of measurement; and (3) base estimates on plot measurements for the current year and model-updates for plots measured in previous years. Monte Carlo simulations indicate that for estimates of mean basal area per acre for large areas, the greatest information per plot measured is obtained with the third option. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, St Paul, MN USA. RP McRoberts, RE (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, St Paul, MN USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA PY 2000 BP 93 EP 98 PG 4 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BQ79H UT WOS:000089530500014 ER PT B AU Moeur, R AF Moeur, R GP SAF SAF TI Extending stand exam data with most similar neighbor inference SO PORTLAND'99: PIONEERING NEW TRAILS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Society-of-American-Foresters National Convention on Pioneering New Trails CY SEP 11-15, 1999 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Soc Amer Foresters DE most similar neighbor analysis; imputation; auxiliary data; satellite imagery ID IMPUTATION AB Most Similar Neighbor inference (MSN) was used to extend ground-based inventory attributes (species composition, size, and density) to unsampled units for a 2,000-stand project area in the Deschutes National Forest, Oregon. The resulting product-a current and complete vegetation layer and database-is needed for project- and landscape-level analysis. Using LandSat spectral reflectance data to guide MSN imputations provided very good estimates for class attributes such as cover type, and for continuous stand attributes such as basal area, volume, and total cover. "Conditional classifications" made by controlling the inclusion of specific inventory variables can be used to target specific analysis objectives. Results of a sampling simulation suggest guidelines for a minimum in-place inventory of about 20 percent of stands. A comparison of imputation and estimation approaches for supplying data to support ecosystem management is discussed in general terms. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mtn Res Stn, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. RP Moeur, R (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mtn Res Stn, 1221 S Main St, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA PY 2000 BP 99 EP 107 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BQ79H UT WOS:000089530500015 ER PT B AU Nowak, DJ AF Nowak, DJ GP SAF SAF TI Impact of urban forest management on air pollution and greenhouse gases SO PORTLAND'99: PIONEERING NEW TRAILS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Society-of-American-Foresters National Convention on Pioneering New Trails CY SEP 11-15, 1999 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Soc Amer Foresters DE urban forestry; air quality; global climate change ID OZONE AB Urban forests and their management affect global climate change and local and regional air quality by affecting local meteorology, pollution removal, and emission of various chemicals, and by altering building energy use. Choices made by urban foresters related to tree species selection, landscape design, and maintenance activities affect the overall function of the urban forest in improving human health and environmental quality in and around cities. This paper explores the individual and cumulative impacts of urban forests and their management on air quality and greenhouse gases, and offers urban forest management strategies to help improve air quality and mitigate global climate change. C1 SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, USDA, Forest Serv, Northeastern Res Stn, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. RP Nowak, DJ (reprint author), SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, USDA, Forest Serv, Northeastern Res Stn, 5 Moon Lib, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 6 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA PY 2000 BP 143 EP 148 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BQ79H UT WOS:000089530500020 ER PT B AU Dwyer, JF Nowak, DJ AF Dwyer, JF Nowak, DJ GP SAF SAF TI A national assessment of the urban forest: An overview SO PORTLAND'99: PIONEERING NEW TRAILS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Society-of-American-Foresters National Convention on Pioneering New Trails CY SEP 11-15, 1999 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Soc Amer Foresters DE adaptive management; urban ecosystems; urban forests; sustainability AB Urban forest management promises to play a critical role in the management of our nation's forest resources in the 21(st) century. Urban forests are significant and diverse ecosystems with intricate connections among their physical, biological, and social components; as well as with other elements of urban and natural resource systems. Urban forests are also dynamic systems, shaped by the relatively slow growth and development of trees in the context of rapidly changing urban environments. To sustain forest structure, health, and benefits over the long-term, comprehensive and adaptive management approaches are needed. The management of urban forests has important implications for the health and well-being of the residents of urban and urbanizing areas; but its influence on forest management extends well beyond the boundaries of urbanizing areas. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, Evanston, IL 60202 USA. RP Dwyer, JF (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, 845 Chicago Ave,Suite 225, Evanston, IL 60202 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA PY 2000 BP 157 EP 162 PG 4 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BQ79H UT WOS:000089530500022 ER PT B AU Alexander, SJ McLain, RJ Kim, YS Johnson, R AF Alexander, SJ McLain, RJ Kim, YS Johnson, R GP SAF SAF TI Recreational harvest of wild foods on the Gifford Pinchot National Forest: Resources and issues SO PORTLAND'99: PIONEERING NEW TRAILS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Society-of-American-Foresters National Convention on Pioneering New Trails CY SEP 11-15, 1999 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Soc Amer Foresters DE wild foods; non-timber forest products; public policy AB The harvest of wild foods from forest lands is an important activity to many people. People with diverse backgrounds harvest berries and mushrooms for personal use, for commercial sale, for subsistence and for cultural use. Often these varying goals will overlap. Although some management for these products has occurred, loss of habitat for these foods is becoming a problem. Survey information fi-om the Gifford Pinchot National Forest in Washington and other studies in Michigan, in France and in Finland demonstrate the importance of wild foods to many people. Policies intended to regulate harvest of these products may have unintended consequences if the various uses and users are not recognized. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Alexander, SJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA PY 2000 BP 180 EP 185 PG 4 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BQ79H UT WOS:000089530500027 ER PT B AU Ostry, ME AF Ostry, ME GP SAF SAF TI Progress in developing disease control strategies for hybrid poplars SO PORTLAND'99: PIONEERING NEW TRAILS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Society-of-American-Foresters National Convention on Pioneering New Trails CY SEP 11-15, 1999 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Soc Amer Foresters DE Populus; Septoria spp.; Melampsora spp. ID CENTRAL UNITED-STATES; 1ST REPORT; POPULUS AB Hybrid poplars are being grown throughout many regions of the world for purposes including the production of fiber and energy, ornamental landscape plantings, and soil stabilization. Disease has often been responsible for planting failures resulting in poplars being labeled the universal host to many damaging pathogens. However, many of the poplar species and their hybrids are not native to the areas where they are being planted and so they do not have resistance to the local pathogen populations they are exposed to. Currently research is aimed at detecting pathogenic variation in populations of fungi affecting poplars and in gaining knowledge of the underlying genetic mechanisms of disease resistance in poplars. Significant progress is being made in breeding for disease resistance and in developing poplar clones that are better adapted to the sites on which they are being planted. There is evidence that some phenological traits of clones such as time of leaf flush and leaf fail may be used to select clones that can escape peak periods of infection by some pathogens. Somaclonal selection, a tissue culture technique coupled with a laboratory bioassay, has been used to generate clonal fines of poplars with increased disease resistance that have performed well in field tests. A biorational approach to disease control using a common soil bacterium has shown promise in laboratory and field tests against several major poplar pathogens. Progress in the above areas of disease research will enable growers to plant productive, disease resistant hybrid poplar clones. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Res Stn, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Ostry, ME (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Res Stn, 1992 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA PY 2000 BP 192 EP 197 PG 4 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BQ79H UT WOS:000089530500029 ER PT B AU Kuhn, GA AF Kuhn, GA GP SAF SAF TI Lessons learned from hybrid poplar special application agroforestry projects SO PORTLAND'99: PIONEERING NEW TRAILS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Society-of-American-Foresters National Convention on Pioneering New Trails CY SEP 11-15, 1999 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Soc Amer Foresters DE hybrid poplars; filter; nutrients; waste; clone; suitability AB The USDA National Agroforestry Center (NAC) in cooperation with its partners tested hybrid poplars in riparian buffers, wastewater treatment, and timberbelts. The plantings were established with a dual-purpose concept, to produce both environmental and economic benefits. Hybrid poplars have emerged as a living tool to filter and uptake excess nutrients in riparian buffers and plantations to treat agricultural waste. They also can be used in multi-row windbreaks to protect soil and crops. As an added benefit, they can be harvested for wood products which helps offset the cost of stand establishment and waste treatment. Status reviews were done in the fall by the cooperating partners to determine clone suitability and growth. Site factors and establishment methods such as site preparation and weed control were noted in relation to clone growth and survival. Animal damage was also recorded. The intensity of site preparation and weed control, soil/site factors and clone selection had significant effects on clone growth and survival in all of the projects. Animal damage, specifically deer and beaver, were important factors where these animals were prevalent in the project area. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA, Natl Agroforestry Ctr, Western Off, Spokane, WA 99202 USA. RP Kuhn, GA (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA, Natl Agroforestry Ctr, Western Off, 668 N Riverpoint Blvd,Box B, Spokane, WA 99202 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA PY 2000 BP 198 EP 201 PG 2 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BQ79H UT WOS:000089530500030 ER PT B AU Smith, HY AF Smith, HY GP SAF SAF TI Factors affecting ponderosa pine snag longevity SO PORTLAND'99: PIONEERING NEW TRAILS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Society-of-American-Foresters National Convention on Pioneering New Trails CY SEP 11-15, 1999 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Soc Amer Foresters DE snags; ponderosa pine; longevity; age; diameter; pitch content; wood density ID COARSE WOODY DEBRIS AB Little is known about what factors contribute to the persistence of snags (standing dead trees), which are important ecological components of western forests. Knowledge of snag persistence, or longevity, would be useful for land managers making decisions about snag retention or recruitment. Snag management guidelines often use diameter at breast height (dbh) as a decision criterion. This investigation looked at the relationships between tree age, dbh, wood density, and pitch content of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) snags and their longevity. Snags that were created 10 years earlier in a wildfire event were sampled. Longevity was classified by whether the snag was standing or had broken off below 10 feet (3m). The one attribute measured that was positively related to snag longevity was tree age. Snags standing 10 years after tree mortality averaged 228+/-25 years at one site (n=15) and 273+/-19 years at another site (n=13), while those broken averaged 154+/-24 (n=16) years and 182+/-23 years (n=9), respectively. Pitch content and wood density in relation to snag longevity was explored but will require further research, which can benefit from the exploratory study techniques used here. C1 US Forest Serv, Fire Effects Unit, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Missoula, MT USA. RP Smith, HY (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Fire Effects Unit, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Missoula, MT USA. NR 27 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA PY 2000 BP 223 EP 229 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BQ79H UT WOS:000089530500034 ER PT B AU Solomon, DS Leak, WB AF Solomon, DS Leak, WB GP SAF SAF TI Application of silvicultural systems in northern New England forests SO PORTLAND'99: PIONEERING NEW TRAILS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Society-of-American-Foresters National Convention on Pioneering New Trails CY SEP 11-15, 1999 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Soc Amer Foresters DE silviculture; northern hardwoods; spruce-fir AB Most standard silvicultural systems are applied successfully in northern New England forests depending upon forest type, stand conditions, regeneration objectives, and public concern. The primary forest types are northern hardwoods and spruce-fir. In the northern hardwood type the most valuable species include those that are intolerent to intermediately tolerant of shade. Thus, silvicultural systems that result in significant openings such as patch or group selection, clearcutting and deferred low-density shelterwoods work well. In spruce-fir, the valuable species are tolerant to intermediately tolerant which means single-tree selection and high-density shelterwoods produce the best results. Herbicide applications with and without planting may be necessary. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Solomon, DS (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Durham, NH 03824 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 3 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA PY 2000 BP 255 EP 261 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BQ79H UT WOS:000089530500039 ER PT B AU Deal, RL AF Deal, RL GP SAF SAF TI The effects of partial cutting on stand structure and growth, and forest plant communities of western hemlock-sitka spruce stands in southeast Alaska SO PORTLAND'99: PIONEERING NEW TRAILS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Society-of-American-Foresters National Convention on Pioneering New Trails CY SEP 11-15, 1999 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Soc Amer Foresters DE partial cutting; stand structure; residual trees; Sitka spruce; western hemlock ID HISTORY AB This study evaluated the effects of partial cutting on stand structure and growth, and understory plant diversity and abundance. Seventy-three 0.2 ha plots were established in 18 stands throughout southeast Alaska that had been partially cut 12 to 96 years ago, removing 16 to 96 percent of the original basal area. Partial cutting resulted in complex stand structures that appeared similar to uncut old-growth stands. Sitka spruce, a relatively less shade-tolerant tree than western hemlock, was maintained over a wide range of cutting intensities. The current stand basal area, tree species composition, and stand growth were significantly related to trees left after harvest. Overall, plant species richness and community composition were similar between uncut and partially cut plots. However, stands resulting from moderate and heavy cutting intensities had significantly different composition than uncut plots. Concerns about changing tree species composition, lack of spruce regeneration, and greatly reduced stand vigor with partial cuts were largely unsubstantiated. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, PNW Res Stn, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Deal, RL (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, PNW Res Stn, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA PY 2000 BP 269 EP 281 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BQ79H UT WOS:000089530500041 ER PT B AU Chan, SS Maas-Hebner, KG Emmingham, WH AF Chan, SS Maas-Hebner, KG Emmingham, WH GP SAF SAF TI Commercial thinning and underplanting to increase structural and species diversity in young managed Douglas-fir stands SO PORTLAND'99: PIONEERING NEW TRAILS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Society-of-American-Foresters National Convention on Pioneering New Trails CY SEP 11-15, 1999 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Soc Amer Foresters DE density management; underplanting; structural diversity; canopy development; Douglas-fir ID PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; FORESTS AB Large areas of the highly productive forests of western Oregon and Washington have primarily been intensively managed in even-aged stands for wood production. The resulting stands are densely stocked with Douglas-fir and lack species and structural diversity associated with late-successional stands such as multi-layered canopies, large snags, and large downed woody debris. Habitat diversity is often lacking in these stands and has become a primary concern in ecosystem based management. Active density management accompanied by understory tree regeneration may accelerate the development of diverse structure and composition to support late-successional species. Our study examines the processes and effects of commercial thinning at normal to very wide spacings and underplanting with a variety of tree species to promote the development of structurally diverse stands for both biodiversity and forest commodities. Increases in light availability from thinning were not proportional to the number of trees removed. Understory species diversity was lowest in unthinned stands and tree regeneration was absent. Thinning retained key mid- to late-successional understory species although abundances changed. Early-successional species, natural tree regeneration and growth Of underplanted seedlings increased with thinning intensity. We noticed substantial, growth and canopy closure in the thinned stands, particularly in the normal thinned stands. Establishing a mosaic of small openings, variable spaced thinning to wider spacings, or repeated thinning entries is recommended to promote late-successional stand characteristics. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Chan, SS (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM Chans@fsl.orst.edu; Kathleen.MaasHebner@orst.edu; Bill.Emmingham@orst.edu NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA PY 2000 BP 282 EP 290 PG 3 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BQ79H UT WOS:000089530500042 ER PT B AU Youngblood, A Riegel, G AF Youngblood, A Riegel, G GP SAF SAF TI Reintroducing fire in eastside ponderosa pine forests: Long-term silvicultural practices SO PORTLAND'99: PIONEERING NEW TRAILS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Society-of-American-Foresters National Convention on Pioneering New Trails CY SEP 11-15, 1999 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Soc Amer Foresters DE fire restoration; fuel reduction; long-term study; Metolius Research Natural Area AB Coniferous forests east of the crest of the Cascade Range in Oregon and Washington have changed substantially in the last 100 years. Much of this change, manifested in increased stand densities and new species compositions, dead and dying trees, accumulated litter, and disruption of historic insect population levels, can be attributed to decades of fire exclusion. Current structure and composition of many eastside forest stands, especially late-successional and old-growth ponderosa pine stands, places them at greater risk to stand-replacement disturbances. Throughout the West, many forest managers are interested in returning fire to pre-exclusion frequencies as one means of maintaining and protecting old-growth structural characteristics. Yet there is little quantitative information available on the effect of repeated prescribed fires in these high-risk systems. We describe a long-term study designed to develop a better understanding of the role of fire and ecosystem attributes and functions that may be affected by reintroducing fire in fire-dependent ecosystems, focusing on Pinus ponderosa stands in central Oregon. Since 1992, burns at 5-,10- and 20-year intervals have been applied in a randomized block design of three burn intervals and controls replicated across 12 units. We believe this study will increase our understanding of how long-term silvicultural treatments such as these affect forest health over a long time scale. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. RP Youngblood, A (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, 1401 Gekeler Lane, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. EM ayoungblood/r6pnw_lagrande@fs.fed.us; griegel/r6pnw_deschutes@fs.fed.us NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA PY 2000 BP 291 EP 298 PG 4 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BQ79H UT WOS:000089530500043 ER PT B AU Christensen, G Barbour, RJ AF Christensen, G Barbour, RJ GP SAF SAF TI Veneer recovery from small diameter logs SO PORTLAND'99: PIONEERING NEW TRAILS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Society-of-American-Foresters National Convention on Pioneering New Trails CY SEP 11-15, 1999 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Soc Amer Foresters DE small diameter logs; veneer recovery; veneer yield; Douglas-fir AB Veneer yields are strongly related to the small end diameter (SED) of peeler blocks. As block SED increases from 6 to 12 inches the percentage of block volume lost to roundup and the core as low value pulp chips drops from 48% to 24%. Over the same diameter range the percent of block volume manufactured into the highest value product (full veneer sheets) increases from 33% to 63%. This has a dramatic impact on both the product mix that a veneer mill can manufacture and the gross product value of the mill's production. Other block characteristics that influence product yield and value include block shape, defects, and branching characteristics. These were considered in a qualitative sense they were not quantitatively evaluated in this example. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Portland, OR 97208 USA. RP Christensen, G (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Portland, OR 97208 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA PY 2000 BP 299 EP 304 PG 4 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BQ79H UT WOS:000089530500044 ER PT B AU Hansen, B Araman, P West, C Schuler, A AF Hansen, B Araman, P West, C Schuler, A GP SAF SAF TI Hardwood timber product markets: A focus on small-diameter SO PORTLAND'99: PIONEERING NEW TRAILS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Society-of-American-Foresters National Convention on Pioneering New Trails CY SEP 11-15, 1999 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Soc Amer Foresters AB Reviews major solid wood and fiber markets. Discusses studies of "brown" maple acceptance including consumer preferences and knowledge. In conclusion, we review rubberwood attributes and its use in the manufacture of numerous wood products. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Princeton, WV 24740 USA. RP Hansen, B (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Princeton, WV 24740 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA PY 2000 BP 305 EP 311 PG 3 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BQ79H UT WOS:000089530500045 ER PT B AU Arno, SF AF Arno, SF GP SAF SAF TI The 100-year crusade against fire: Its effect on western forest landscapes SO PORTLAND'99: PIONEERING NEW TRAILS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Society-of-American-Foresters National Convention on Pioneering New Trails CY SEP 11-15, 1999 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Soc Amer Foresters DE fire management; disturbance ecology; forest succession AB Management of Western forest reserves began a century ago under the assumption that fire was primarily a destructive force that should be eliminated. In recent years, we have learned that attempts to eliminate fire have contributed to undesirable changes in Western forest ecosystems, especially in forests historically characterized by relatively frequent fires. Such changes seem to be linked to an increase of severe wildfires. Ecological knowledge now suggests that some semblance of historical fire's role should be restored to Western forests. C1 US Forest Serv, Fore Effects Project, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Fire Sci Lab, Missoula, MT USA. RP Arno, SF (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Fore Effects Project, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Fire Sci Lab, Missoula, MT USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA PY 2000 BP 312 EP 315 PG 4 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BQ79H UT WOS:000089530500046 ER PT B AU Keane, RE Arno, S AF Keane, RE Arno, S GP SAF SAF TI Restoration of whitebark pine ecosystems in western Montana and central Idaho SO PORTLAND'99: PIONEERING NEW TRAILS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Society-of-American-Foresters National Convention on Pioneering New Trails CY SEP 11-15, 1999 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Soc Amer Foresters DE whitebark pine; restoration; Clark's nutcracker; prescribed fire; silvicultural cuttings AB Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) is a prominent tree species of upper subalpine forests in the northern Rocky Mountains, Cascades and Sierra Nevada mountain ranges that creates unique ecosystems critical for maintaining natural biodiversity and landscape function in the high mountains. A decline in whitebark pine has been occurring over the last 60 years in the northern portions of its range because of three interrelated factors: epidemics of mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae); the introduced disease white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola); and successional replacement by shade-tolerant conifers, specifically subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) and Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii), enhanced by fire exclusion policies of the last 60-80 years. New methods for conserving and restoring these damaged ecosystems using silvicultural cuttings and prescribed fire techniques are being implemented on five study areas in western Montana and central Idaho. Study results are presented and the future of whitebark pine restoration is discussed. C1 US Forest Serv, Fire Sci Lab, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP Keane, RE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Fire Sci Lab, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, POB 8089, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. EM bkeane/rmrs.missoula@fs.fed.us RI Lundquist, John/B-6433-2012 NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 3 U2 14 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA PY 2000 BP 324 EP 330 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BQ79H UT WOS:000089530500048 ER PT B AU Leatherberry, EC AF Leatherberry, EC GP SAF SAF TI An overview of African Americans' historical, religious, and spiritual ties to forests SO PORTLAND'99: PIONEERING NEW TRAILS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Society-of-American-Foresters National Convention on Pioneering New Trails CY SEP 11-15, 1999 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Soc Amer Foresters DE slavery; forests; religion; spiritual values AB Forests have played a significant role in the development of American cultural values. Research has consistently demonstrated that a wide range of benefits accrues to people from contact with natural environments such as forests. Governmental agencies provide access to forests and support various forestry programs. It is generally known that African Americans are underrepresented in forestry and forest-related activities. However, African Americans have historical ties to forests that are not well understood by natural resources professionals. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Forest Inventory & Anal Program, N Cent Res Stn, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Leatherberry, EC (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Forest Inventory & Anal Program, N Cent Res Stn, 1992 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA PY 2000 BP 452 EP 457 PG 2 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BQ79H UT WOS:000089530500071 ER PT B AU Clark, N Schmoldt, D Araman, P AF Clark, N Schmoldt, D Araman, P GP SAF SAF TI Development of a digital camera tree evaluation system SO PORTLAND'99: PIONEERING NEW TRAILS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Society-of-American-Foresters National Convention on Pioneering New Trails CY SEP 11-15, 1999 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Soc Amer Foresters DE dendrometer; forest inventory; mensuration; digital camera; instrumentation AB Within the Strategic Plan for Forest Inventory and Monitoring (USDA Forest Service 1998), there is a call to "conduct applied research in the use of [advanced technology] towards the end of increasing the operational efficiency and effectiveness of our program". The digital Camera tree evaluation system is part of that research, aimed at decreasing field time and increasing the informational value and reliability of field data. Our approach started with the use of a commercially available, non-metric digital camera for obtaining diameter and height measurements from individual stems. The lessons learned from these original attempts have shown that this concept is feasible, and helped to indicate specific areas needing improvement. Methodological improvements to be made include using convergent images and digital range information to account for tree lean and investigation into ways to address the faulty assumption of a circular (or elliptical) cross section. A completely new field-ready, durable, self contained instrument is being constructed that will digitally output image, 3 axis inclination, and range data; and compatible software is being developed to process this data and output information according to user requirements. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Blacksburg, VA USA. RP Clark, N (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Blacksburg, VA USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA PY 2000 BP 495 EP 497 PG 3 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BQ79H UT WOS:000089530500078 ER PT B AU Soeth, JR Gottfried, GJ AF Soeth, JR Gottfried, GJ GP SAF SAF TI Adaptive management in pinyon-juniper woodlands of central Arizona SO PORTLAND'99: PIONEERING NEW TRAILS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Society-of-American-Foresters National Convention on Pioneering New Trails CY SEP 11-15, 1999 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Soc Amer Foresters DE adaptive management; pinyon-juniper woodlands; landscape mosaics; herbaceous responses; prescribed fire AB Adaptive management techniques were used to develop a successful multiple resource management prescription for stewardship of the pinyon-juniper woodlands on the Pleasant Valley Ranger District. A prescription, which was based on the best available management and scientific information, was evaluated on a 4,000-acre area before being applied to a larger project area. The treatment created more than 40 irregular openings of less than 40 acres by harvesting most of the juniper trees. Openings retained a minimum of 40 selected trees per 40 acres and were surrounded by unharvested areas. Alligator juniper sprouts were controlled by prescribed fire. Monitoring indicated more plant species, higher density of herbaceous species, more litter cover, and less exposed rock and bare soil in treated than in adjacent unharvested sites. Forage production on the harvested areas was higher than in unharvested areas. The landscape contains a more diverse mix of successional stages that appears to benefit many wildlife species. Alligator juniper sprout control should be done in the fall to avoid site damage. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Tonto Natl Forest, Young, AZ USA. RP Soeth, JR (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Tonto Natl Forest, Pleasant Valley Ranger Dist, Young, AZ USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA PY 2000 BP 505 EP 508 PG 4 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BQ79H UT WOS:000089530500081 ER PT B AU Bushy, RL Haines, TK Cleaves, DA AF Bushy, RL Haines, TK Cleaves, DA GP SAF SAF TI Prescribed burning in the South - Acreage, purpose, and barriers SO PORTLAND'99: PIONEERING NEW TRAILS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Society-of-American-Foresters National Convention on Pioneering New Trails CY SEP 11-15, 1999 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Soc Amer Foresters DE prescribed fire; air quality laws; ecosystem management AB Results from a survey of fire management officials concerning prescribed burning activity in the South are reported. Prescribed burning activities in twelve states are described in terms of acreage burned by ownership, intended benefits, barriers to expanded burning, and optimum burning levels needed to achieve management goals. C1 USDA, So Reg Res Stn, Forest Serv, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Bushy, RL (reprint author), USDA, So Reg Res Stn, Forest Serv, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA PY 2000 BP 526 EP 527 PG 2 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BQ79H UT WOS:000089530500090 ER PT B AU Busby, RL Hodges, DG AF Busby, RL Hodges, DG GP SAF SAF TI Fire in longleaf pine stand management: An economic analysis SO PORTLAND'99: PIONEERING NEW TRAILS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Society-of-American-Foresters National Convention on Pioneering New Trails CY SEP 11-15, 1999 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Soc Amer Foresters DE fire; economics AB A simulation analysis of the economics of using prescribed fire as a forest management tool in the management of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) plantations was conducted. A management regime using frequent prescribed fire was compared to management regimes involving fertilization and chemical release, chemical control, and mechanical control. Determining the cost-effectiveness of the management alternatives was accomplished by estimating the growth response needed to recover the costs associated with the silvicultural treatments and making comparisons among the alternatives. The results show prescribed fire would require the least growth response to pay for the expenses required to implement the alternatives. Fire retained its cost-effectiveness for a range of rotation lengths and sawtimber stumpage values. C1 USDA, So Reg Res Stn, Forest Serv, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Busby, RL (reprint author), USDA, So Reg Res Stn, Forest Serv, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA PY 2000 BP 528 EP 529 PG 2 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BQ79H UT WOS:000089530500091 ER PT B AU Colbert, JJ Racin, G AF Colbert, JJ Racin, G GP SAF SAF TI Java applets or applications? How best to provide forestry data management and simulation modeling tools SO PORTLAND'99: PIONEERING NEW TRAILS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Society-of-American-Foresters National Convention on Pioneering New Trails CY SEP 11-15, 1999 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Soc Amer Foresters DE Java applets; Java applications; tree growth models; stand management AB The Stand-Damage Model is a forest ecosystem gap simulator extended for analysis of tree growth and stand management. We compare a Java applet and application interface far this model. We have created a user interface using Java. We describe the strengths and weaknesses of both these approaches, showing how the strengths of a database backend can be offset by the limitations of web based systems. We demonstrate how to provide users with the ability to store data locally, print, and manage output from simulations using an application. We demonstrate the strength of a web based approach providing users with immediate updates to program modules and data as server-based information is updated. Java provides tools to view, store, and retrieve output in graphical and tabular formats. Using the applet version, online documentation is available defining parameters and assisting users in setting values by providing online literature, a climatic range map for accumulated annual day-degrees in North America, and methods for calculating growth rate parameters fi om diameter increment data. C1 USDA, NE Forest Expt Stn, Forest Serv, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Colbert, JJ (reprint author), USDA, NE Forest Expt Stn, Forest Serv, 180 Canfield St, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA PY 2000 BP 534 EP 535 PG 2 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BQ79H UT WOS:000089530500094 ER PT B AU Olson, DH Chan, SS Cunningham, P Hansen, B Moldenke, A Progar, R Muir, PS McCune, B Rosso, A Peterson, EB AF Olson, DH Chan, SS Cunningham, P Hansen, B Moldenke, A Progar, R Muir, PS McCune, B Rosso, A Peterson, EB GP SAF SAF TI Characterizing managed headwater forests: Integration of stream, Riparian and upslope habitats and species in western Oregon SO PORTLAND'99: PIONEERING NEW TRAILS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Society-of-American-Foresters National Convention on Pioneering New Trails CY SEP 11-15, 1999 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Soc Amer Foresters DE headwater forests; microhabitat; amphibians; forest arthropods; lichens and bryophytes AB Headwater streams and their drainages encompass large portions of the forests in the Pacific Northwest; they are an important part of these forest ecosystems. Uncertainty over the management of headwater areas and potential effects on sensitive species has led to our Riparian Buffer Study. Four integrated studies are being conducted within the experimental treatments of the "Density Management Studies" J. Tappeiner et al. (in this proceedings) to provide information to aid riparian reserve width decisions when forest thinning is conducted in headwaters. Pretreatment surveys to characterize 40 to 70 years-old managed Douglas-fir/western hemlock forest communities in latitudinal (perpendicular to) and longitudinal (along) profiles to streams have yielded new information about habitats and species conditions in unthinned managed headwater subdrainages. First, microsites and microclimates are being examined in transects perpendicular to streams. Pre-treatment results of these intact young stands show: 1) macroclimate conditions associated with site locations, versus microsite features such as vegetation and topography, often account for the majority of the variation observed in microclimate; 2) microsite conditions tend to be different within the first 15 m from streams, and rapidly approximate upland forest conditions at distances beyond about 15 m; 3) light levels are low and are often likely to be a limiting factor for understory development and 4) large woody debris is in primarily advanced decay stages, and little recruitment is occurring. These pre-thinning results provide a reference against which post-harvest impacts will be evaluated. Second, stream habitats and their fish and amphibian fauna are being characterized at our managed forest headwater sites before thinning treatments are installed. The 15 species found in and along headwater streams sort into multiple distinct faunal assemblages, associated with different headwater microhabitats. Upslope, >2m from water, the assemblages collapse to primarily 2 amphibian species. Most relevant for headwater stream management in western Oregon forests is that torrent salamanders (under status review for United States Threatened and Endangered listing) are associated with discontinuous channels, the most frequent stream type at our headwater sites. Riparian management approaches (e.g., buffers, leave areas, harvest treatments) are recommended to identify and manage habitats of these critical populations in the uppermost headwaters. Third, forest arthropod diversity of headwater areas is under investigation. Aquatic insect assemblages are compared between perennial and ephemeral stream segments (emergence traps). Terrestrial arthropod assemblages are compared between riparian zone, the upslope "ecological break" (interface between streamside and upland), and upland forest habitat (pitfall traps). The abundance of aquatic insects was greatest in ephemeral reaches due to higher numbers of Diptera (flies) ephemeral streams appear to play a disproportionately important role in forest aquatic ecology relative to this taxa. However, arthropod diversity was greater in perennial streams. Perpendicular to streams, terrestrial arthropod abundance was greater in riparian zones, where unique species occurrence was highest as well. Our pre-treatment results show that all species characteristic of the forest floor may be preserved within the riparian zone. Fourth, lichens and bryophytes also are being examined in these managed forest stands. Diversity and abundance "hotspots" of these taxa are associated with managed forest microhabitats including riparian areas, hardwood gaps, remnant trees, and wolf trees. Our hypothesis is that creative thinning practices that preserve these habitat features can promote lichen/bryophyte species richness and abundance. This hypothesis is being tested in the BLM Density Management project, which places 1/4 to 1 acre leave-islands around these features within an upslope thinning treatment. The responses of these taxa to various thinning densities also is being examined, through analysis of selected species' growth rates and pre- and post-thinning analyses of their communities. In summary, pre-treatment findings from our integrated studies indicate: Across all taxa, species thought to be associated with. late-successional, old-growth forest conditions are being found in our managed forest sites. The near-stream environment in headwater landscapes is distinct from upslope areas relative to microsite and microclimate, and amphibian and arthropod diversity. The array of water flow patterns in headwaters creates a complex habitat mosaic, in which unique arthropod and amphibian assemblages are found in the uppermost segments of the stream network. Lichen and bryophyte diversity hotspots are tied to habitat features including riparian areas, hardwood gaps, remnant and wolf trees. Under investigation are: 1) conservation of the integrity of near-stream and instream habitats and fauna with alternative Riparian Buffer widths in a thinning matrix; and 2) conservation of upslope habitats for biodiversity with alternative thinning densities, and creative thinning designs including patch upslope reserves (leave islands). C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Olson, DH (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 3 U2 8 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA PY 2000 BP 539 EP 540 PG 2 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BQ79H UT WOS:000089530500097 ER PT B AU McCracken, RD AF McCracken, RD GP SAF SAF TI On-line delivery of research products SO PORTLAND'99: PIONEERING NEW TRAILS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Society-of-American-Foresters National Convention on Pioneering New Trails CY SEP 11-15, 1999 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Soc Amer Foresters DE Internet; database; research delivery; World Wide Web AB Research institutions are under increasing pressure to provide customers with fast and easy access to scientific publications. Responding to a customer base that has grown exponentially over the last decade, roughly 140 USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station (SRS) scientists are now able to provide research results almost as soon as their manuscripts are released for publication. Using the Internet, the SRS Webmaster helps distribute a quarterly catalog of publications to more than 1,000 e-mail addressees worldwide. He and other employees in the SRS Communications Office also maintain a Web-to-database interface that allows R&D customers to search for publications by title, author, subject matter description, or date; and then to view those documents on-line in PDF (Portable Document Format). Before this system was established, customer requests for publications would always take days-sometimes even weeks-to fill. Now, with the use of an active server interface to a Station database, SRS customers have almost instant access to all on-line publications, as well as an archive listing of all SRS publications. This system provides an expeditious and cost-efficient way to manage thousands of records and electronic copies of publication reprints. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Asheville, NC USA. RP McCracken, RD (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Asheville, NC USA. EM rdm@srs.fs.usda.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA PY 2000 BP 545 EP 546 PG 2 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BQ79H UT WOS:000089530500099 ER PT B AU McIver, J Youngblood, A Niwa, C Ottmar, R Smith, J AF McIver, J Youngblood, A Niwa, C Ottmar, R Smith, J GP SAF SAF TI Hypotheses on the ecological effects of alternative fuel reduction methods SO PORTLAND'99: PIONEERING NEW TRAILS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Society-of-American-Foresters National Convention on Pioneering New Trails CY SEP 11-15, 1999 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Soc Amer Foresters DE prescribed fire; thinning; historic fire regime AB Hypotheses on the consequences of prescribed fire and thinning/removal for fuel reduction are presented. Short and long term ecological response to four treatments (control, burn, thin, thin/burn) will be compared at the Hungry Bob study site in a ponderosa pine forest of northeastern Oregon. Core variables capture the response of the system most meaningful to forest managers, including soil and stand productivity, fuels, stand structure, bark beetle population dynamics, and wildlife-habitat relationships. These variables are discussed within the context of five hypotheses that focus on how the fuel reduction treatments will effect the system, and how that system effect will change over time. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry & Range Sci Lab, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. RP McIver, J (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry & Range Sci Lab, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA PY 2000 BP 552 EP 555 PG 4 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BQ79H UT WOS:000089530500103 ER PT J AU Gonzalez-Aguilar, GA Gayosso, L Cruz, R Fortiz, J Baez, R Wang, CY AF Gonzalez-Aguilar, GA Gayosso, L Cruz, R Fortiz, J Baez, R Wang, CY TI Polyamines induced by hot water treatments reduce chilling injury and decay in pepper fruit SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE polyamine; hot water dips; film packaging; chilling injury; decay; pepper ID POSTHARVEST HEAT-TREATMENTS; POLYETHYLENE BAGS; FORTUNE MANDARINS; ZUCCHINI SQUASH; BELL PEPPERS; LOW-OXYGEN; TEMPERATURE; STORAGE; LIFE; DIPS AB Treatment of peppers with hot water (53 degrees C) for 4 min was found to be effective in alleviating chilling injury and reducing decay after 14 and 28 days of storage at 8 degrees C. Treatment at 45 degrees C for 15 min was less effective in maintaining pepper quality during storage. Packaging with low density polyethylene film significantly reduced weight loss and chilling injury during low temperature storage. Lower O-2 and higher CO2 levels were found in internal and in-package atmospheres of heated fruit than controls. Ethylene was not detected in the in-package atmosphere of treated fruit, but was present in the control. Polyamine levels increased immediately after hot water treatments. Putrescine levels increased during storage at 8 degrees C particularly in heat-treated fruit and in packaged fruit. A significant increase in putrescine was noted in packaged fruit treated at 53 degrees C for 4 min after 14 days of storage. Spermine levels decreased in control fruit during storage. However, heat treatment in combination with film packaging maintained higher levels of spermine in peppers during storage than controls. These results indicated that hot water treatment in conjunction with film packaging may delay chilling injury and decay of bell peppers through a mechanism that involved elevation of polyamine levels. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Ctr Invest Alimentac & Desarrollo, AC, Direcc Tecnol Alimentos Origen Vegetal, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico. USDA, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Gonzalez-Aguilar, GA (reprint author), Ctr Invest Alimentac & Desarrollo, AC, Direcc Tecnol Alimentos Origen Vegetal, AP 1735, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico. NR 27 TC 41 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 18 IS 1 BP 19 EP 26 DI 10.1016/S0925-5214(99)00054-X PG 8 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 297YJ UT WOS:000086110400003 ER PT J AU Kliger, CA Gehad, AE Hulet, RM Roush, WB Lillehoj, HS Mashaly, MM AF Kliger, CA Gehad, AE Hulet, RM Roush, WB Lillehoj, HS Mashaly, MM TI Effects of photoperiod and melatonin on lymphocyte activities in male broiler chickens SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE photoperiod; melatonin; lymphocyte proliferation; broilers ID MALE SYRIAN-HAMSTERS; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; IMMUNE-SYSTEM; PROLIFERATION; SPLENOCYTES; RESPONSES; BINDING; BLOOD AB Understanding the role of the pineal gland in regulating the immune response and the role of photoperiod in influencing pineal gland secretions are becoming increasingly important. The purposes of the present experiments were to investigate the effects of different photoperiod regimens on T- and B-lymphocyte activities in broiler chickens. Next, the influence of different photoperiod regimens on the responsiveness of lymphocytes to melatonin in vitro was examined. The effect of melatonin in vitro on lymphocyte activities was also studied, regardless of the photoperiod received. Finally, the effects of photoperiod on the profiles of different splenocyte cell types were investigated. To study the effect of photoperiod on lymphocyte activities, different photoperiod regimens were used. These were: constant lighting, 23 h light:1 h darkness; intermediate lighting, 12 h light:12 h darkness; and intermittent lighting, 1 h light:3 h darkness. Peripheral blood and splenic lymphocyte activities were tested at 3 and 6 wk of age by performing a mitogen cell-proliferation assay with a polyclonal T-cell mitogen, concanavalin A (Con A), and T-dependent B-cell mitogen, pokeweed mitogen (PWM). To study the effect of photoperiod on the responsiveness of lymphocytes to melatonin in vitro or the effect of melatonin in vitro on lymphocyte activities regardless of photoperiod received, lymphocytes from the chickens that were exposed to the different photoperiod regimens were incubated with mitogen and different concentrations of melatonin. To study the effect of photoperiod on profiles of different cell types, the percentages of splenocyte subpopulations from birds exposed to different photoperiods were determined using flow cytometry with CD4(+), CD8(+), CD3(+), and B-cell markers. The results of these studies indicate that splenic T and B lymphocytes from 6-wk-old chickens grown in intermittent Lighting had higher activities than those from chickens grown in constant lighting. Peripheral blood and splenic lymphocytes from chickens raised under constant lighting were more responsive to melatonin in vitro than those from chickens raised under intermittent lighting. This difference in response may be due to lower levels of melatonin in birds receiving constant lighting, making them more sensitive to melatonin in vitro. Melatonin in vitro enhanced the mitogenic response of peripheral blood T lymphocytes from 6-wk-old chickens, splenic T lymphocytes from 3-wk-old chickens, and splenic T and possibly B lymphocytes from B-wk-old chickens. Finally, intermittent lighting increased the percentages of splenic CD4(+), CD8(+), and CD3(+) cells but not B-cell subpopulations at 6 wk of age, presumably because of increased levels of melatonin in birds receiving intermittent lighting. Our results re-emphasize the importance of melatonin in regulating host immune response; this regulation could be accomplished through exposing broiler chicks to intermittent lighting. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. USDA, LPSI, IDRL, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Mashaly, MM (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM XN9@PSU.EDU NR 32 TC 41 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 8 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 79 IS 1 BP 18 EP 25 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 274JG UT WOS:000084762300004 PM 10685884 ER PT J AU Xie, H Rath, NC Huff, GR Huff, WE Balog, JM AF Xie, H Rath, NC Huff, GR Huff, WE Balog, JM TI Effects of Salmonella typhimurium lipopolysaccharide on broiler chickens SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE chicken; lipopolysaccharide; interleukin-(g); liver; heterophil; acute phase protein ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; HEPATOCYTE-STIMULATING FACTOR; ACUTE PHASE RESPONSE; AVIAN HETEROPHILS; IMMUNE-RESPONSES; ENDOTOXIN; INTERLEUKIN-6; MACROPHAGES; PROTEIN; INFLAMMATION AB The effects of Salmonella typhimurium lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the physiology of 3-wk-old broiler chickens were studied at 12, 24, and 48 h after a single intravenous injection of saline or LPS. Lipopolysaccharide elevated cloacal temperature by 3 h after injection, induced a diuretic response, and decreased BW gain. An increase in the relative liver weight was evident in LPS-treated birds at all time intervals, whereas a decrease in the relative weight of bursa of Fabricius was observed only at the 48-h time point. The plasma interleukin (IL)-6 and the blood heterophil concentrations were elevated at 12 and 24 h following LPS administration. These changes were not observed in control chickens or in LPS-treated chickens at 48 h. A decrease in the blood glucose concentration in LPS-treated birds at 12 h was accompanied by an elevation in the blood phosphate level. An increase in total plasma protein concentration was observed only at 24 and 48 h after LPS treatment. Comparative SDS-PAGE analysis of plasma proteins from these birds under nonreducing conditions showed some quantitative differences in four bands of proteins between saline and LPS-treated chickens. A protein corresponding to an approximate molecular weight (MW) of 65 kDa increased in LPS-treated chickens, and three other proteins with MW of approximately 39, 49, and 56 kDa showed reductions in concentration compared with saline-treated controls. These results show that LPS induces a number of physiological changes that may be responsible for the regulation of the acute phase response in chickens. C1 Univ Arkansas, USDA ARS, PPPSRU, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Poultry Sci, Poultry Sci Ctr, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Rath, NC (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, USDA ARS, PPPSRU, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. NR 44 TC 71 Z9 82 U1 3 U2 14 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 79 IS 1 BP 33 EP 40 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 274JG UT WOS:000084762300006 PM 10685886 ER PT J AU Meek, KI Claus, JR Duncan, SE Marriott, NG Solomon, MB Kathman, SJ Marini, ME AF Meek, KI Claus, JR Duncan, SE Marriott, NG Solomon, MB Kathman, SJ Marini, ME TI Quality and sensory characteristics of selected post-rigor, early deboned broiler breast meat tenderized using hydrodynamic shock waves SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE broiler; breasts; early deboning; tenderness; shock waves ID MORTEM ELECTRICAL-STIMULATION; PECTORALIS-MAJOR; SARCOMERE-LENGTH; SHEAR VALUES; TENDERNESS; MUSCLE; TEXTURE; TEMPERATURE; CARCASSES; FILLETS AB Our first objective was to determine the effects of explosive amount and distance of the explosive to the meat surface in the Hydrodyne process on broiler breast tenderness. Early deboned (EB) breasts were removed immediately after initial chill (45 min postmortem), stored for 24 h (4 C), and subjected to one of four Hydrodyne treatments (200 g at 20 cm 350 g at 23 cm, 275 g at 20 cm, or 350 g at 20 cm). Breasts were water-cooked (78 C internal). Hydrodyne treatment (HYD) of 350 g at 20 cm produced the greatest reduction (28.3%) in Warner-Bratzler shear (WBS, 1.9-cm wide strips). This combination was the only treatment to improve tenderness (peak force 4.3 kg) to a level equivalent (P > 0.05) to aged controls (CA; peak force 3.1 kg). The second objective was to determine the quality and sensory characteristics of Hydrodyne-treated (350 g explosive at 20 cm) broiler breasts as compared with CA and Er. The WBS values (1.0-cm wide and thick strips) for CA (1.56 kg) were different from both HYD (3.7 kg) and EB breasts (4.7 kg). The CA resulted in more tender, flavorful, and juicer breasts than EB and HYD. The EB was higher in initial moisture release than HYD. The Er breasts with tenderness problems can be tenderized by the Hydrodyne process based on WBS results. However, higher levels of explosive may be required to optimize the tenderness improvement of EB breasts that vary significantly in initial tenderness. C1 Kellogg Brown & Root Inc, Buena Vista, VA 24416 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. USDA ARS, Meat Sci Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Stat, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Claus, JR (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Meat Sci & Muscle Biol Lab, 1805 Linden Dr W, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 37 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 79 IS 1 BP 126 EP 136 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 274JG UT WOS:000084762300020 PM 10685900 ER PT B AU Sharratt, BS AF Sharratt, BS GP ASAE ASAE TI Groundwater recharge during spring thaw in the Prairie Pothole Region via large, unfrozen preferential pathways SO PREFERENTIAL FLOW: WATER MOVEMENT AND CHEMICAL TRANSPORT IN THE ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Symposium on Preferential Flow CY JAN 03-05, 2001 CL HONOLULU, HI SP ASAE, Amer Soc Agron, Chinese Soil & Water Conservat Soc Taiwan, Council Agr Taiwan, European Soc Soil Conservat, Int Eros Control Assoc, Int Union Soil Sci, Soil Sci Soc Amer, Soil & Water Conservat Soc, USDA Agr Res Serv, USDA Cooperat State Res, Educ & Extens Serv, USDA Forest Serv, USDA Nat Resources Conservat Serv, World Assoc Soil & Water Conservat DE macropore; snowmelt; infiltration ID SOIL-WATER; FROST; SNOW AB Snowmelt is an important source for replenishing groundwater in the Prairie Pothole Region of North America. Snowmelt collects in landscape depressions (forming temporary ponds) as a result of frozen soil impeding infiltration. These ponds aid in replenishing groundwater during spring thaw. Little is known, however, about the dynamic changes in groundwater and the associated physical state of the soil at the time of recharge. In February 2000, the water table within a 2-ha landscape depression rose by 1 m within 24 h after a pond (surface area of 2000 m(2)) had formed as a result of snowmelt runoff. Recharge of groundwater occurred despite a 0.85-m thick layer of frozen soil. Five unfrozen pathways or conduits were found within the soil profile underlying the pond. These vertical conduits had a surface area that varied from about 0.1 to 0.4 m(2). Two conduits were completely thawed and protruded through (bypassed) the frozen layer of soil. All conduits were located in the bottom of the depression within an area of about 10 m(2). The structure and texture of soil within these conduits were similar to soil adjacent to the conduits. Recharge of groundwater within a prairie pothole during snowmelt is a seemingly localized process where surface water drains through thawed conduits or pathways located near the bottom of landscape depressions. The importance of these pathways in groundwater hydrology warrants further investigation into their formation. C1 USDA ARS, N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, Morris, MN 56267 USA. RP Sharratt, BS (reprint author), USDA ARS, N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, Morris, MN 56267 USA. EM sharratt@morris.ars.usda.gov NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL & BIOLOGICAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-14-X PY 2000 BP 49 EP 52 PG 4 WC Agricultural Engineering; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA BU16K UT WOS:000175185900010 ER PT B AU McCarty, GW Angier, J AF McCarty, GW Angier, J GP ASAE ASAE TI Impact of preferential flow pathways on ability of riparian wetlands to mitigate agricultural pollution SO PREFERENTIAL FLOW: WATER MOVEMENT AND CHEMICAL TRANSPORT IN THE ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Symposium on Preferential Flow CY JAN 03-05, 2001 CL HONOLULU, HI SP ASAE, Amer Soc Agron, Chinese Soil & Water Conservat Soc Taiwan, Council Agr Taiwan, European Soc Soil Conservat, Int Eros Control Assoc, Int Union Soil Sci, Soil Sci Soc Amer, Soil & Water Conservat Soc, USDA Agr Res Serv, USDA Cooperat State Res, Educ & Extens Serv, USDA Forest Serv, USDA Nat Resources Conservat Serv, World Assoc Soil & Water Conservat DE denitrification; riparian buffers; water quality AB The impact of preferential pathways for groundwater movement on wetland function was studied in the riparian system associated with a first-order stream draining an agricultural catchment. Evidence for preferential groundwater flow includes finding open macropores and layers of wetland soil with high hydraulic conductivity. These flow pathways were found to operate on different orders of scale within the wetland ecosystem. Open channel macropores in the system typically function on a relatively small (centimeter) scale as determined by pore diameter and length. Larger orders of scale include the continuous layers of high-conductivity material which can operate with meter-plus dimension. The range of hydraulic conductivity can span three orders of magnitude (10(-4) to 10(-7)) within typical profiles of the wetland soil, which provides a strong tendency for preferential movement of water through sections of high conductivity. Biological activities are also highly stratified in these profiles with the highest activity occurring in the upper portion of profile that receives organic residue from wetland vegetation. The prevalent movement of groundwater by preferential flow pathways in conjunction with strong anisotropic structure of biological activities, such as denitrification, suggests that strong spatial components within wetland ecosystems may limit their ability to mitigate agricultural pollutants. Concentrated flow of water limits both residence time and degree of interaction with biologically active zones, with possible bypass of zones with greatest ability to remove pollutants. C1 USDA ARS, BARC W, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP McCarty, GW (reprint author), USDA ARS, BARC W, Environm Chem Lab, 10300 Baltimore Blvd, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 3 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-14-X PY 2000 BP 53 EP 56 PG 4 WC Agricultural Engineering; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA BU16K UT WOS:000175185900011 ER PT B AU Arnold, JG Potter, KN Allen, PM King, KW AF Arnold, JG Potter, KN Allen, PM King, KW GP ASAE ASAE TI Prediction of soil cracking and the effect on surface runoff in a Texas blackland prairie watershed SO PREFERENTIAL FLOW: WATER MOVEMENT AND CHEMICAL TRANSPORT IN THE ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Symposium on Preferential Flow CY JAN 03-05, 2001 CL HONOLULU, HI SP ASAE, Amer Soc Agron, Chinese Soil & Water Conservat Soc Taiwan, Council Agr Taiwan, European Soc Soil Conservat, Int Eros Control Assoc, Int Union Soil Sci, Soil Sci Soc Amer, Soil & Water Conservat Soc, USDA Agr Res Serv, USDA Cooperat State Res, Educ & Extens Serv, USDA Forest Serv, USDA Nat Resources Conservat Serv, World Assoc Soil & Water Conservat DE crack measurement; hydrologic model; surface runoff ID MODEL; CURVE AB Soil surface elevation changes were measured and soil crack volume calculated for a two-year period at the USDA-ARS Riesel Y-2 watershed in central Texas. Soil anchors were placed in triplicate at depths of 0.15, 0.45, 0.91, 1.52, and 2.44 m. A crack flow submodel was developed for this study and incorporated into SWAT, a comprehensive hydrologic model. The model computes crack volume from crack potential, soil depth and soil moisture. SWAT was run with and without the crack subroutine and in general, the model more accurately simulated the surface runoff process using the crack subroutine. C1 USDA ARS, Temple, TX 76502 USA. RP Arnold, JG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Temple, TX 76502 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-14-X PY 2000 BP 57 EP 60 PG 4 WC Agricultural Engineering; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA BU16K UT WOS:000175185900012 ER PT B AU Bosch, DD Truman, CC Davis, FM AF Bosch, DD Truman, CC Davis, FM GP ASAE ASAE TI Vadose zone clay lens impacts on groundwater loading rates SO PREFERENTIAL FLOW: WATER MOVEMENT AND CHEMICAL TRANSPORT IN THE ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Symposium on Preferential Flow CY JAN 03-05, 2001 CL HONOLULU, HI SP ASAE, Amer Soc Agron, Chinese Soil & Water Conservat Soc Taiwan, Council Agr Taiwan, European Soc Soil Conservat, Int Eros Control Assoc, Int Union Soil Sci, Soil Sci Soc Amer, Soil & Water Conservat Soc, USDA Agr Res Serv, USDA Cooperat State Res, Educ & Extens Serv, USDA Forest Serv, USDA Nat Resources Conservat Serv, World Assoc Soil & Water Conservat DE water quality; modeling; preferential transport AB Pesticide leaching to ground water has been shown to be a significant environmental problem. Detailed investigations conducted on a 1 ha corn field near Plains, Georgia indicated that clay lenses throughout the vadose zone altered the flow paths of water and water soluble agrichemicals. High pesticide concentrations in the vadose zone and significant concentrations in ground water were observed. A two-dimensional model (VS2DT) was used to quantify transport rates and examine the impacts of preferential flow along clay lenses. The lenses induced ponded water in the vadose zone and redirected flow. While point observations of solute concentration of flows to ground water increased in some positions under the clay lens, the composite effect decreased overall groundwater contamination. The lenses increase the period over which the solutes were delivered to the water table, decreasing the concentration in ground water at any one time. C1 USDA ARS, SE Watershed Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Bosch, DD (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Watershed Res Lab, POB 946, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-14-X PY 2000 BP 69 EP 72 PG 4 WC Agricultural Engineering; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA BU16K UT WOS:000175185900015 ER PT B AU Jaynes, DB Kung, KJS Ahmed, SI Kanwar, RS AF Jaynes, DB Kung, KJS Ahmed, SI Kanwar, RS GP ASAE ASAE TI Temporal dynamics of preferential flow to a field tile SO PREFERENTIAL FLOW: WATER MOVEMENT AND CHEMICAL TRANSPORT IN THE ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Symposium on Preferential Flow CY JAN 03-05, 2001 CL HONOLULU, HI SP ASAE, Amer Soc Agron, Chinese Soil & Water Conservat Soc Taiwan, Council Agr Taiwan, European Soc Soil Conservat, Int Eros Control Assoc, Int Union Soil Sci, Soil Sci Soc Amer, Soil & Water Conservat Soc, USDA Agr Res Serv, USDA Cooperat State Res, Educ & Extens Serv, USDA Forest Serv, USDA Nat Resources Conservat Serv, World Assoc Soil & Water Conservat DE herbicides; conservative tracers; tile drainage ID SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE; TRANSPORT; SOIL; MOVEMENT; TRACERS AB We conducted a sequential tracer leaching study on a field plot to investigate the temporal behavior of preferential flow to a field tile during an irrigation and subsequent rainfall events over a 14-d period. Two herbicides, along with the conservative tracer Br, were applied to a strip adjacent to a tile drain immediately before a 4.2-mm hr(-1) irrigation, Three additional conservative fluoridated benzoates (PF, TF, and PF) were applied to the strip at 2-hr intervals during the irrigation. Breakthrough of the conservative tracer Br and the two herbicides occurred within the first 2-hr of irrigation, indicating that a small fraction of the solute moved through preferential flow paths. The last tracer (PF), applied 6 hr after the start of irrigation, took only 15 min and 1 mm of irrigation water to travel the 1.2-m distance between the soil surface and the tile. Thus, flow along preferential flow paths was faster during later stages of the irrigation. This study demonstrates that solute transport rates in preferential flow pathways is not a constant during a leaching event. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Jaynes, DB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-14-X PY 2000 BP 89 EP 92 PG 4 WC Agricultural Engineering; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA BU16K UT WOS:000175185900020 ER PT B AU Starr, JL Timlin, DJ AF Starr, JL Timlin, DJ GP ASAE ASAE TI Estimating preferential infiltration and redistribution from reaI-time measurements of soil water content SO PREFERENTIAL FLOW: WATER MOVEMENT AND CHEMICAL TRANSPORT IN THE ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Symposium on Preferential Flow CY JAN 03-05, 2001 CL HONOLULU, HI SP ASAE, Amer Soc Agron, Chinese Soil & Water Conservat Soc Taiwan, Council Agr Taiwan, European Soc Soil Conservat, Int Eros Control Assoc, Int Union Soil Sci, Soil Sci Soc Amer, Soil & Water Conservat Soc, USDA Agr Res Serv, USDA Cooperat State Res, Educ & Extens Serv, USDA Forest Serv, USDA Nat Resources Conservat Serv, World Assoc Soil & Water Conservat DE preferential flow; infiltration; multi-sensor capacitance probes; real-time measurements ID FLOW AB Preferential infiltration and flow of water in soils are highly transient processes, but can be estimated from real-time measurements of hydrologic conditions (e.g., water content). Soil and crop management factors can impact water infiltration and redistribution resulting in preferential water flow. The purpose of this paper is to assess the capability of measuring preferential flow from near-continuous measurements of soil water content profiles and the associated water inputs at a nearby climate station. Multisensor capacitance probes (MCP) and monitoring system were installed in maize plots to assess year around variation in these processes, and to relate observations to changing soil, crop, rainfall, and antecedent water conditions. The MCP provided for collection of near-continuous measurements (10 minute intervals over a three-year period) on soil water storage and redistribution. In this study we focused on soil water content changes shortly before, during, and shortly after rainfall to estimate water infiltration and redistribution. C1 USDA ARS, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Starr, JL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-14-X PY 2000 BP 97 EP 100 PG 4 WC Agricultural Engineering; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA BU16K UT WOS:000175185900022 ER PT B AU Pachepsky, YA Rawls, WJ AF Pachepsky, YA Rawls, WJ GP ASAE ASAE TI Fractional advective-dispersive equation to simulate solute transport in soils SO PREFERENTIAL FLOW: WATER MOVEMENT AND CHEMICAL TRANSPORT IN THE ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Symposium on Preferential Flow CY JAN 03-05, 2001 CL HONOLULU, HI SP ASAE, Amer Soc Agron, Chinese Soil & Water Conservat Soc Taiwan, Council Agr Taiwan, European Soc Soil Conservat, Int Eros Control Assoc, Int Union Soil Sci, Soil Sci Soc Amer, Soil & Water Conservat Soc, USDA Agr Res Serv, USDA Cooperat State Res, Educ & Extens Serv, USDA Forest Serv, USDA Nat Resources Conservat Serv, World Assoc Soil & Water Conservat DE water quality; modeling; scale; solute transport AB Solute dispersivity in the conventional advective-dispersive equation (ADE) was found to increase with a distance from the source. This can be explained assuming the movement of solute particles belongs to the family of Levy motions. A one-dimensional solute transport equation was derived for Levy motions using fractional derivatives to describe the dispersion. Our objective was to test applicability of this fractional ADE, or FADE, to soils. The FADE has two parameters - the fractional dispersion coefficient and the order of fractional differentiation alpha, 02 mg kg(-1)) were selected for continued evaluation and crossing. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Hammond, JJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Environm Chem Lab, 10300 Baltimore Ave,Bldg 007,Room 224, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIV, FLAX INST PI FARGO PA LOFTSGARD HALL 270A BOX 5051, FARGO, ND 58105 USA PY 2000 BP 108 EP 115 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA BT78J UT WOS:000174051100014 ER PT B AU Akin, DE Morrison, WH Rigsby, LL Dodd, RB Foulk, JA McAlister, DD AF Akin, DE Morrison, WH Rigsby, LL Dodd, RB Foulk, JA McAlister, DD BE Carter, JF TI Flax fiber: Structure, properties, and enzyme retting SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 58TH FLAX INSTITUTE OF THE UNITED STATES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 58th Flax-Institute-of-the-United-States Conference CY MAR 23-25, 2000 CL FARGO, ND SP Flax Inst United States C1 USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30613 USA. RP Akin, DE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30613 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIV, FLAX INST PI FARGO PA LOFTSGARD HALL 270A BOX 5051, FARGO, ND 58105 USA PY 2000 BP 202 EP 208 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA BT78J UT WOS:000174051100028 ER PT B AU Brothers, ME AF Brothers, ME BE Carter, JF TI The NPGS flax germplasm collection SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 58TH FLAX INSTITUTE OF THE UNITED STATES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 58th Flax-Institute-of-the-United-States Conference CY MAR 23-25, 2000 CL FARGO, ND SP Flax Inst United States C1 Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, N Cent Reg Plant Introduct Stn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Brothers, ME (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, N Cent Reg Plant Introduct Stn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIV, FLAX INST PI FARGO PA LOFTSGARD HALL 270A BOX 5051, FARGO, ND 58105 USA PY 2000 BP 232 EP 233 PG 2 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA BT78J UT WOS:000174051100033 ER PT J AU Brown, JW AF Brown, JW TI Revision of Lobogenesis razowski and Odonthalitus Razowski (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae : Tortricinae), with comments on their monophyly SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE phylogeny; systematics; South America; Central America; Anopina; Euliini; new species; genitalia AB The Neotropical tortricid genera Lobogenesis Razowski and Odonthalitus Razowski are revised. Eight species are included in Lobogenesis: L. lobata Razowski (type species) from Costa Rica and Panama; L, penai, new species, from Cochabamba, Bolivia; L, magdalenana, new species, from Colombia and Venezuela; L, larana, new species, from Lara Province, Venezuela; L, contrasta, new species, from Cochabamba, Bolivia; L, antiqua, new species, from Cochabamba, Bolivia; L, peruviana, new species, from Peru; and L, varnicosa, new species, from Argentina. Nine species are included in Odonthalitus: O. lacticus Razowski (type species) from Durango, Mexico; O, bisetanus, new species, from Oaxaca, Mexico; O, improprius, new species, from Oaxaca, Mexico; O, conservanus, new species, from Jalisco, Mexico; O. orinoma (Walsingham), new combination, from Guerrero, Mexico; O, fuscomaculatus, new species, from Michoacan, Mexico; O, poas, new species, from Alajuela Province, Costa Rica; O, viridimontis, new species, from Puntarenas Province, Costa Rica; and O. regilla (Walsingham), new combination, from Guatemala. While the monophyly of Lobogenesis is well supported by characters of the male and female genitalia, Odonthalitus, as currently defined, may be paraphyletic with respect to Lobogenesis. C1 Natl Museum Nat Hist, Systemat Entomol Lab, PSI, USDA ARS, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Brown, JW (reprint author), Natl Museum Nat Hist, Systemat Entomol Lab, PSI, USDA ARS, Washington, DC 20560 USA. EM jbrown@sel.barc.usda.gov NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 102 IS 1 BP 21 EP 49 PG 29 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 275NE UT WOS:000084825600002 ER PT J AU Vandenberg, NJ Rabaglia, RJ Bright, DE AF Vandenberg, NJ Rabaglia, RJ Bright, DE TI New records of two Xyleborus (Coleoptera : Scolytidae) in North America SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE Xyleborus; Scolytidae; eastern North America; introductions ID IMMIGRANT AB New American locality records are given for two exotic ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in the genus Xyleborus. Xyleborus pfeili (Ratzeburg), a widely distributed Old World species, is reported for the first time in North America, from three counties in Maryland. Xyleborus californicus Wood, of northern Palearctic origin, but previously established in the western United States, is reported for the first time from Maryland, Delaware, South Carolina and Arkansas. Diagnoses and descriptions are given for the two species, along with scanning electron micrographs of key characters. Modifications are made to a previous key to include these new additions to the eastern North American ambrosia beetle fauna. C1 Natl Museum Nat Hist, NJV Systemat Entomol Lab, PSI, USDA ARS, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Vandenberg, NJ (reprint author), Natl Museum Nat Hist, NJV Systemat Entomol Lab, PSI, USDA ARS, MRC 168, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NR 11 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 102 IS 1 BP 62 EP 68 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 275NE UT WOS:000084825600005 ER PT J AU Norrbom, AL Foote, BA AF Norrbom, AL Foote, BA TI A new subgenus, Footerellia, and new distribution records of Neaspilota Osten Sacken (Diptera : Tephritidae : Terellini) SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE Neaspilota; Terelliini; Asteraceae; distribution; Bahamas; Georgia; Kentucky AB The subgenus Footerellia of Nenspilota is described based on N, (F.) reticulata, n. sp., from USA: Ohio and Michigan. It is unusual for the tribe Terelliini in having an extensively reticulate wing pattern. It breeds in flowers of Coreopsis tripteris L. (Asteraceae). Distributional data (new records or corrections) are given for three other species of Neaspilota: N. floridana is reported from the Bahamas, the first record of Neaspilota from the Neotropical Region; N. achilleae is recorded from Georgia; and N. vernoniae is reported from Kentucky, but not Newfoundland as previously reported. Updated couplets for the genera of Terelliini are also provided for the most recent key to Nearctic genera of Tephritidae. C1 Natl Museum Nat Hist, PSI, USDA ARS, ALN Systemat Entomol Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Norrbom, AL (reprint author), Natl Museum Nat Hist, PSI, USDA ARS, ALN Systemat Entomol Lab, MRC 168, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 102 IS 1 BP 142 EP 150 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 275NE UT WOS:000084825600014 ER PT J AU Hung, ACF Shimanuki, H AF Hung, ACF Shimanuki, H TI Nucleotide sequence and restriction site analyses in three isolates of Kashmir bee virus from Apis mellifera L-(Hymenoptera : Apidae) SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE Apis mellifera; honey bees; Kashmir bee virus; amino acid sequence; nucleotide sequence; restriction endonuclease; RT-PCR ID COLONIES; STRAINS AB The 393bp nucleotide sequences of RNA polymerase genes in three isolates of Kashmir bee virus were compared. There was a 97.4% similarity between Canadian and U.S. isolates and an 80.4% or 81.2% similarity between the Australian strain and the two North American isolates. The amino acid sequence similarity between the two North American isolates was 99.2%. The similarities between the Australian isolate and Canadian and U.S. isolates were 97.7% and 96.9%, respectively. These three KBV isolates could also be differentiated by differences in the cleavage sites of the restriction endonuclease MaeII. C1 USDA, Bee Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Hung, ACF (reprint author), USDA, Bee Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 12 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 102 IS 1 BP 178 EP 182 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 275NE UT WOS:000084825600018 ER PT J AU McKamey, SH AF McKamey, SH TI A review of the new world leafhopper subgenus Texananus (Iowanus Ball) (Hemiptera : Cicadellidae : Deltocephalinae) with a checklist and distribution summary for species in the genus SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE taxonomy; vector; Athysanini; Exculatanus C1 Natl Museum Nat Hist, Systemat Entomol Lab, PSI, USDA ARS, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP McKamey, SH (reprint author), Natl Museum Nat Hist, Systemat Entomol Lab, PSI, USDA ARS, MRC-168, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NR 29 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 102 IS 1 BP 212 EP 224 PG 13 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 275NE UT WOS:000084825600022 ER PT B AU Ford, WM Menzel, MA McCay, TS Gassett, JW Laerm, J AF Ford, WM Menzel, MA McCay, TS Gassett, JW Laerm, J GP EAFWA EAFWA EAFWA EAFWA TI Woodland salamander and small mammal responses to alternative silvicultural practices in the Southern Appalachians of North Carolina SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTY-FOURTH ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE SOUTHEASTERN ASSOCIATION OF FISH AND WILDLIFE AGENCIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 54th Annual Conference of the Southeastern-Association-of-Fish-and-Wildlife-Agencies CY OCT 28-NOV 01, 2000 CL BATON ROUGE, LA SP SE Assoc Fish & Wildlife Agencies ID ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT; FORESTS; MOUNTAINS; LANDSCAPE AB The effects of 2 years post-treatment of group selection and 2-aged timber harvests on woodland salamanders and mammals were assessed on stands in high elevation, southern Appalachian northern red oak (Quercus rubra)-flame azalea (Rhododendron calendulaceum) communities, in the Nantahala National Forest. We collected 4 salamander species and 10 small mammal species. We detected no difference in woodland salamander relative abundance between timber harvests and uncut (control) stands. Similarly, relative abundance of all small mammal species, except masked shrews (Sorex cinereus), was unaffected by timber harvest. Masked shrew relative abundance was greater post-harvest in 2-aged harvest stands than in group selection harvest stands or uncut stands, For masked shrews, these high elevation, 2-aged harvests may have provided an optimal mix of residual overstory shading, dense shrub-layer shading from new regeneration, and abundant downed coarse woody debris. Alternative silvicultural practices such as group selection harvest and 2-aged harvests are compatible with goals of providing timber production without altering small mammal and woodland salamander assemblages on the Wine Spring Creek Ecosystem Management Project area. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Parsons, WV 26287 USA. RP US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Box 404, Parsons, WV 26287 USA. NR 49 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 3 PU SOUTHEASTERN ASSOCIATION FISH & WILDLIFE AGENCIES (SEAFWA) PI TALLAHASSEE PA 8005 FRESHWATER FARMS RD, TALLAHASSEE, FL 32308 USA PY 2000 BP 241 EP 250 PG 10 WC Ecology; Fisheries; Ornithology; Veterinary Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Fisheries; Zoology; Veterinary Sciences GA BU26T UT WOS:000175525900026 ER PT S AU Ryan, FJ Aung, LH AF Ryan, FJ Aung, LH BE Goren, R Goldschmidt, EE TI Changes in biochemical constituents of lemon flavedo during conditioning SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CITRUS BIOTECHNOLOGY SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Symposium on Citrus Biotechnology CY NOV 29-DEC 03, 1998 CL ELAT, ISRAEL SP Int Soc Hort Sci, Int Soc Citriculture DE Citrus limon; abscisic acid; curing; fructose; glucose; postharvest quality; starch; sucrose ID SOLUBLE SUGARS; DESERT LEMONS; ABSCISIC-ACID; CITRUS-FRUIT; PROTEINS; HEAT AB Conditioning refers to postharvest treatments that extend the shelf life of fresh commodities. Conditions during fruit development, season, and fruit maturity influence the physiological state of the fruit, which may affect the treatment necessary for conditioning. In order to understand the basis of conditioning, we measured changes in biochemical parameters in green and yellow lemon flavedo associated with a 3-day treatment at 15 degreesC, shown to produce conditioning. Sugars, starch, and abscisic acid (ABA) were measured and proteins were visualized after denaturing electrophoresis. Raffinose increased in yellow flavedo from coastal lemons from 0.10 to 0.29 mg g(-1) fresh weight during this treatment, while sucrose content went from 2.68 to 3.86 mg g(-1) fresh weight. Glucose and fructose increased as well. Similar changes were seen for green flavedo. Starch levels in these fruits were low, around 1% to 3% of the soluble sugars. For desert lemons, initial ABA content was 10.74 and 16.03 mug g(-1) dry weight in green and yellow flavedo, respectively. After a 3-day treatment at 15 degreesC, green and yellow flavedo had ABA contents of 16.22 and 20.61 mug g-l dry weight. Proteins were characteristic of fruit maturity level but did not respond to conditioning within the limits of resolution of the gels. C1 ARS, USDA, Hort Crops Res Lab, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. RP Ryan, FJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Hort Crops Res Lab, 2021 S Peach Ave, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-962-1 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 2000 IS 535 BP 147 EP 153 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Horticulture SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Agriculture GA BR43K UT WOS:000166400700017 ER PT B AU Reddy, VR Boone, M Pachepsky, Y Whisler, FD AF Reddy, VR Boone, M Pachepsky, Y Whisler, FD BE Salokhe, VM Hossain, MB TI Validation data bases for crop simulators: Design, assembling, delivery, and use SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Agricultural Engineering Conference CY DEC 04-07, 2000 CL ASIAN INST TECHNOL, BANGKOK, THAILAND SP Asian Assoc Agr Engn, Int Commiss Agr Engn, Amer Soc Agr Engineers, Japanese Soc Agr Machinery, Chinese Soc Agr Machinery, Chinese Soc Agr Engn HO ASIAN INST TECHNOL DE data base; crop simulators; design; decision support systems ID RELATIONAL DATABASE; MODEL; MANAGEMENT AB Crop models are increasingly being used in decision support systems relying on modern computer technology, remote sensing, and global positioning systems. Typically, modern crop models require input data file categories specifying weather,, soil, cultivar characteristics, crop management, crop growth and development. These data can be used for a variety of applications: (a) testing crop models (O'Leary and Conner, 1996; Forcella et al., 1996), (b) developing new modules in crop models (Wang et al., 1987), (c) estimating cultivar parameters in crop models (Deer-Ascough et al., 1995; Reddy et al., 1995; Tarbell et al., 1995), (d) comparing performance of different models for the same crop (Groot et al., 1990), (e) finding allometric relationships (Reddy et al., 1998) (f) establishing variability ranges and scale effects and evaluating sensitivity of crop models to various input data (Renard and Ferreira, 1993), (g) generating weather patterns (De Jager, 1998; Smith, 1993), (h) searching for spatial and spatio-temporal relations in crops and designing strategies to use remote sensing (Zhang et al., 1994), (i) estimating water and chemical use efficiency with typical practices, and (j) providing decision support (Stigliani ct al., 1996; Prestwidge 1994). Therefore, data collected in field and controlled environment experiments are a valuable resource to test and improve performance of crop models. To enhance the use of this resource, these data have to be in electronic format and easily accessible to provide the following: (a) structural validity to ensure consistency in how the data are defined and organized by the users in the real world, (b) simplicity in terms of ease of understanding by users, (c) non-redundancy that precludes extraneous information, (d) platform-indpendence so that the data can be used with different computer systems, and (e) expandability to allow collection of new variables with minimum effect on existing data collection. All databases implement a particular data model, which is a conceptual representation of the data structures that are required by a database (Celco, 1999). The data structures include the data objects, the associations between data objects, and the rules, which govern operations on the objects. As the name implies, the data model focuses on what data is required and how it should be organized rather than what operations will be performed on the data. A data model is independent of hardware or software constraints. Rather than try to represent the data, as a database would see it, the data model focuses on representing the data as the user sees it in the "real world". Thus, a data model serves as a bridge between the concepts that make up real-world events and processes, and the physical representation of those concepts in a database. The objective of this paper is to summarize our experience in development and use of cotton and soybean validation databases assembled from data collected in the Southern United States. C1 USDA ARS, Remote Sensing & Modeling Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Reddy, VR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Remote Sensing & Modeling Lab, Bldg 007,Rm 116,BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 26 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASIAN INST TECHNOLOGY PI BANGKOK 10501 PA PO BOX 2754, BANGKOK 10501, THAILAND BN 974-8202-77-1 PY 2000 BP 472 EP 480 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA BR78V UT WOS:000167523600062 ER PT S AU Mazzola, M Gu, YH AF Mazzola, M Gu, YH BE Gullino, ML Garibaldi, A Katan, J Matta, A TI Phyto-management of microbial community structure to enhance growth of apple in replant soils SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CHEMICAL AND NON-CHEMICAL SOIL AND SUBSTRATE DISINFESTATION SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Chemical and Non-Chemical Soil and Substrate Disinfestation CY SEP 11-15, 2000 CL TURIN, ITALY SP Int Soc Hort Sci, Working Grp Soil Borne Pathogens DE replant disease; fluorescent pseudomonads AB Replant disease of apple is the primary biological impediment to the establishment of an economically viable orchard on sites previously cultivated to this crop. Control of replant disease has typically relied on pre-plant application of broad-spectrum soil fumigants. However, due to environmental and health concerns, the long-term availability of these chemicals is in doubt. Our studies defining etiology of apple replant disease in Washington have enabled evaluation of specific biologically-based systems for control of the causal fungal complex that incites this disease. Under controlled greenhouse conditions, cultivation of replant soils with wheat prior to planting apple, substantially reduced root infection or infestation by Pythium spp., Rhizoctonia spp. and Pratylenchus penetrans, resulting in enhanced seedling growth. This response occurred in a wheat cultivar-specific manner and was not induced by other grasses including annual ryegrass. "Growth-enhancing" but not "growth-neutral" wheat cultivars induced a consistent alteration in certain components of the saprophytic microbial community, including composition of the fluorescent pseudomonad population in replant soils; Pseudomonas fluorescens by. III dominated replant soils but Pseudomonas putida was the primary species after wheat cultivation of the same soils. The majority of P, putida, but not P. fluorescens by. III, isolates from these soils exhibit in vitro inhibition toward all elements of the fungal complex inciting replant disease. Likewise, root exudates from growth-enhancing wheat cultivars could serve as a sole carbon source for growth of the biocontrol strain P. putida 2C8 but this was not the case for exudates from growth-neutral wheat cultivars. These findings strongly suggest that alterations in the fluorescent pseudomonad community, in part, contribute to the suppression of apple replant that is observed in response to prior cultivation of replant soils with wheat. C1 USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Mazzola, M (reprint author), USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, 1104 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 8 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-932-X J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 2000 IS 532 BP 73 EP 78 PG 6 WC Horticulture; Soil Science SC Agriculture GA BR43G UT WOS:000166399000007 ER PT S AU Rosskopf, EN Chellemi, DO Charudattan, R Chandramohan, S AF Rosskopf, EN Chellemi, DO Charudattan, R Chandramohan, S BE Gullino, ML Garibaldi, A Katan, J Matta, A TI Alternatives to methyl bromide for weed control SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CHEMICAL AND NON-CHEMICAL SOIL AND SUBSTRATE DISINFESTATION SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Chemical and Non-Chemical Soil and Substrate Disinfestation CY SEP 11-15, 2000 CL TURIN, ITALY SP Int Soc Hort Sci, Working Grp Soil Borne Pathogens DE biological control; mycoherbicides; Cyperus; Amaranthus; Portulaca AB The use of methyl bromide as a broad-spectrum soil fumigant has contributed significantly to the control of weeds and soilborne plant pathogens in vegetable production and has served as a "stand alone" weed control tactic in Florida, U.S.A. for many years. The pending loss of this biocide due to environmental issues, has created a need for alternative weed control measures, particularly for minor crops, such as tomato, pepper, and strawberry, for which there are few chemical herbicides registered for use. Losses in fresh market tomatoes in Florida due to weed pressure, with methyl bromide available, have been estimated at more than US$291 million (Bridges, 1992). In the absence of methyl bromide, these losses could increase substantially and represent an area of great concern to vegetable producers. Alternative soil disinfestation methods have been tested in several locations throughout Florida and several methods have provided adequate control of some pathogens and weeds, to date there is no single universal replacement for methyl bromide. Yellow and purple nutsedge have been the focus of several studies and are the most significant weed problems facing growers immediately after cessation of methyl bromide use. However, a greater diversity of weed problems is expected to develop without the broad-spectrum activity of methyl bromide. Studies were conducted to identify what weed problems arise with the use of alternative soil disinfestation practices and biological control agents for these target weeds sought and developed. C1 USDA ARS, USHRL, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. RP Rosskopf, EN (reprint author), USDA ARS, USHRL, 2001 S Rock Rd, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-932-X J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 2000 IS 532 BP 103 EP 107 PG 5 WC Horticulture; Soil Science SC Agriculture GA BR43G UT WOS:000166399000011 ER PT S AU Chellemi, DO AF Chellemi, DO BE Gullino, ML Garibaldi, A Katan, J Matta, A TI Designing and implementing programmes for the management of soilborne pests and pathogens in field production systems SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CHEMICAL AND NON-CHEMICAL SOIL AND SUBSTRATE DISINFESTATION SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Chemical and Non-Chemical Soil and Substrate Disinfestation CY SEP 11-15, 2000 CL TURIN, ITALY SP Int Soc Hort Sci, Working Grp Soil Borne Pathogens DE ecologically based pest management integrated pest management; proactive pest management ID TOMATO LYCOPERSICON-ESCULENTUM; SOIL SOLARIZATION; NEMATODE MANAGEMENT; PURPLE NUTSEDGE; METHYL-BROMIDE; HAIRY VETCH; GROWTH; POLYETHYLENE; COMPETITION; FUMIGATION AB The successful design of management programs for soilborne pests is contingent upon consideration of a broad range of components in addition to traditional concerns regarding pest control (efficacy). Marketing, economic, environmental, health, and social factors will all impact the applicability of a pest management program. A systems approach will facilitate the integration of components into management programs that are compatible with crop production systems. Examples of factors impinging upon the development of pest management programs is addressed and examples of how these constraints were overcome are presented. C1 USDA ARS, Hort Res Lab, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. RP Chellemi, DO (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hort Res Lab, 2001 S Rock Rd, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. NR 35 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-932-X J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 2000 IS 532 BP 231 EP 236 PG 6 WC Horticulture; Soil Science SC Agriculture GA BR43G UT WOS:000166399000031 ER PT S AU Brazee, RD Fox, RD Reichard, DL Cooper, JA Bukovac, MJ AF Brazee, RD Fox, RD Reichard, DL Cooper, JA Bukovac, MJ BE Janoudi, A TI Dynamic surface tension in relation to droplet impaction interactions with leaf surfaces SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF FRUIT CROPS: A TRIBUTE TO THE CAREER OF MJ BUKOVAC SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Growth and Development of Fruit Crops CY JUN 19-21, 1997 CL E LANSING, MI SP Int Soc Hort Sci, Fruit Sect, Working Grp Environm Physiol Fruit Crops DE air-liquid interface; atomization; oscillating jet; surfactant AB Spray droplets of a wide range of sizes and velocities are reflected upon impaction on leaves of many plants. Several physical properties of the droplet liquid, such as surface tension and extensional viscosity, may affect reflective potential. Equilibrium surface tension, a commonly measured liquid property, is not a reliable indicator of reflection tendency. However, dynamic surface tension has been found to be strongly related to droplet reflection. An oscillating jet method was developed enabling measurement of dynamic surface tension at a range of short surface ages, even as short as 1ms. Some surfactants are unable to reduce surface tension rapidly at short air-liquid interface ages typical of droplet impaction processes. Hence, they may be unable to effectively limit reflection and improve retention. A thin-film diffusion model was developed which can be used to calculate dynamic surface tension at a range of surface ages, given liquid properties, surfactant diffusivity, apparent interfacial film thickness, and surfactant concentration. Correlating measured dynamic surface tension data with the diffusion model provides estimates of apparent film thickness and diffusion of surfactant/water mixtures. These activity properties are useful in understanding surfactant effects on high shear rate physical processes such as droplet atomization and leaf-surface impact, where short surface ages are critical. This paper describes the oscillating jet system, the diffusion model, and presents dynamic surface tension results and model fit for several surfactants. C1 OARDC, USDA ARS, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. RP Brazee, RD (reprint author), OARDC, USDA ARS, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-882-X J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 2000 IS 527 BP 65 EP 71 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Horticulture SC Agriculture GA BQ46J UT WOS:000088412500007 ER PT S AU Hammerschlag, FA Liu, Q Zimmerman, RH Gercheva, P AF Hammerschlag, FA Liu, Q Zimmerman, RH Gercheva, P BE Cassells, AC Doyle, BM Curry, RF TI Generating apple transformants free of Agrobacterium tumefaciens by vacuum infiltrating explants with an acidified medium and with antibiotics SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON METHODS AND MARKERS FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE IN MICROPROPAGATION SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Methods and Markers for Quality Assurance in Micropropagation CY AUG 24-27, 1999 CL CORK, IRELAND SP Int Soc Hort Sci, Commiss Biotechnol, Working Grp Qual Management Micropropagat DE antibiotics; GUS assay; low pH; Malus x domestica; transformation ID ADVENTITIOUS SHOOT FORMATION; GENE FUSION MARKER; X DOMESTICA BORKH; MEDIATED TRANSFORMATION; XANTHOMONAS-CAMPESTRIS; BETA-GLUCURONIDASE; TRANSGENIC PLANTS; LEAF EXPLANTS; REGENERATION; CULTURES AB As part of a program to develop transgenic 'Royal Gala' apple (Malus x domestica Borkh), long-term exposure to antibiotics was compared with short-term vacuum infiltration with an acidified (pH 3.0) medium and/or a range of antibiotics for their effect on shoot regeneration and on eliminating Agrobacterium tumefaciens, supervirulent strain EHA 101, from apple leaf explants following co-cultivation. None of the antibiotics, carbenicillin (crb), cefotaxime (cef) or mefoxin (mef), when incorporated into regeneration medium at 100 mug ml(-1) eliminated A. tumefaciens from explants and cef inhibited shoot regeneration. Vacuum infiltration with either crb, cef, or mef at 2000 mug ml(-1) for 30 min did not inhibit shoot regeneration; however, none of the treatments eliminated A. tumefaciens from explants. Vacuum infiltration with either acidified medium for 1 h or cef (5000 mug ml(-1) )for 18 h reduced contamination by about 20 - 30 %, whereas combining the two treatments reduced contamination with A. tumefaciens by 87 %. Kanamycin (kan) resistant, putative transformants without A. tumefaciens were generated when explants, following a 2-d cocultivation with strain EHA101, were vacuum infiltrated for 1 h with an acidified medium, followed by an 18 h vacuum infiltration with cef at 5000 mug ml(-1) and incubated for 52 days on regeneration and elongation media with crb (100 mug ml(-1)), mef(100 mug ml(-1)), and kan (10 mug ml(-1)). C1 USDA ARS, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Hammerschlag, FA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 35 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-992-3 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 2000 IS 530 BP 103 EP 111 PG 9 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA BR43F UT WOS:000166397900010 ER PT S AU Wang, XP Ross, RJ Erickson, JR Ligon, JB AF Wang, XP Ross, RJ Erickson, JR Ligon, JB GP SEM SEM TI Stress wave nondestructive evaluation of wood, properties in trees SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SEM IX INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON EXPERIMENTAL MECHANICS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON EXPERIMENTAL MECHANICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT SEM 9th International Congress on Experimental Mechanics CY JUN 05-08, 2000 CL ORLANDO, FL SP British Soc Strain Measurement, Chinese Soc Mech Engineers, Japan Soc Mech Engineers Mat & Mech Div, Machinery Failure Pervent Technol Soc, Korean Soc, Mech Engineers, Mat & Fracture Div, SEM Republic China Local Sect, Shock & Vibrat Informat Analy Ctr, strain Soc South Africa AB Current stress wave NDE techniques for wood property evaluation are limited to wood members with simple boundary condition, where one end of the material (in longitudinal direction) is usually accessible, and therefore are not adaptable to live trees. This paper describes a novel experimental technique that we utilized to evaluate wood properties in standing trees. The experimental setup consisted of two accelerometers attached on the trunk of a tree, a hand-held hammer, and a portable digital oscilloscope. With this technique, we were able to obtain relatively accurate and reliable stress wave information of wood that could enable the in-situ wood property evaluation in trees. The typical results obtained from its use were presented. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Wang, XP (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOC EXPERIMENTAL MECHANICS INC PI BETHEL PA 7 SCHOOL ST, BETHEL, CT 06801 USA SN 1046-672X BN 0-91205-369-0 J9 P INT CONG EXPERIT M PY 2000 BP 276 EP 278 PG 3 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Mechanics; Physics GA BU51C UT WOS:000176203100074 ER PT B AU Bouwer, H AF Bouwer, H GP SF SF TI Groundwater problems caused by irrigation with sewage effluent SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SMALL DRINKING WATER AND WASTEWATER SYSTEMS: TECHNOLOGY FOR THE 21ST CENTURY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Small Drinking Water and Wastewater Systems CY JAN 12-15, 2000 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP US EPA, Hlth Canada, Chlorine Chem Council, Int Bottled Water Assoc, Amer Water Works Assoc Res Fdn, USDA, Rural Utilities Serv, Natl Drinking Water Clearinghouse, Natl Environm Training Ctr Small Communities, Natl Small Flows Clearing House, Natl Rural Water Assoc, Electr Power Res Inst, Water Qual Assoc World Assembly Div, World Water All, Natl Water Res Inst, US DOE ID CHEMICALS AB Sewage effluent will be increasingly used for urban and agricultural irrigation. The main concern is treatment to prevent infectious diseases in farm workers and city dwellers exposed to the effluent, and in people consuming the crops, especially when eaten raw or brought raw into the kitchen. This requires adequate disinfection. of the effluent. The effluent must also me et normal irrigation water requirements like salt content, sodium adsorption ratio, trace elements, etc. Unfortunately, little or no attention is paid to long-term effects of sewage irrigation on underlying groundwater. Considering that most of the water applied for irrigation in dry climates is evaporated, the concentrations of non-biodegradable chemicals in the drainage or deep-percolation water going down to the groundwater are much higher than in the effluent itself (about five times for an irrigation efficiency of 80%). These chemicals not only consist of salts, nitrates, and possibly pesticide residues normally expected in irrigated agriculture, but also of "sewage chemicals" like synthetic organic compounds, disinfection byproducts, pharmaceuticals and pharmaceutically active chemicals like endocrine disruptors, and fulvic and humic acids. These acids are known precursors of disinfection byproducts that are formed when the drainage water ends up in drinking water supplies that are chlorinated. Thus, groundwater below sewage irrigated areas eventually may become unfit for drinking, which opens up questions of liability. More research on long-term effects of sewage irrigation on groundwater is urgently needed. C1 USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Bouwer, H (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU NSF INTERNATIONAL PI ANN ARBOR PA 789 N DIXBORO RD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA BN 0-9675817-0-2 PY 2000 BP 234 EP 239 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BW94D UT WOS:000183706300030 ER PT J AU Pond, WG Boleman, SL Fiorotto, ML Ho, H Knabe, DA Mersmann, HJ Savell, JW Su, DR AF Pond, WG Boleman, SL Fiorotto, ML Ho, H Knabe, DA Mersmann, HJ Savell, JW Su, DR TI Perinatal ontogeny of brain growth in the domestic pig SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID CHOLESTEROL; SPURT AB The perinatal development of the brain is highlighted by a growth spurt whose timing varies among species. The growth of the porcine cerebrum was Investigated from the third trimester of gestation (70 days postconception) through the first 3.5 weeks of postnatal life(140 days postconception). The shape of the growth curves for cerebrum weight, total protein mass, total cell number (estimated by DNA content), and myelination (estimated by cholesterol accretion) were described, The growth velocity of cerebrum weight had two peaks, one at 90 days and the of her at 130 days postconception, whereas that of total protein was greatest from 90 to 130 days post- conception, and that of total DNA was greatest between 90 and 110 days and again at 130 days postconception. The growth velocity for total cholesterol continued to increase during the entire period, suggesting that myelination continued after the growth spurts for cells (protein and DNA). The growth velocity patterns observed in these contemporary pigs suggest that this species may be an appropriate model far human brain development, not only in the perinatal pattern of Increase in mass of the cerebrum, as established previously, but also with regard to the patterns of cellular development and myelination. C1 Baylor Univ, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Texas A&M Univ, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Pond, WG (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RI Savell, Jeffrey/C-2434-2008 OI Savell, Jeffrey/0000-0003-0354-1286 NR 25 TC 60 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 16 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0037-9727 J9 P SOC EXP BIOL MED JI Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 223 IS 1 BP 102 EP 108 DI 10.1046/j.1525-1373.2000.22314.x PG 7 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA 278KE UT WOS:000084988300014 PM 10632968 ER PT B AU Torrence, ME AF Torrence, ME BE Thrusfield, MV Goodall, EA TI US activities to address antimicrobial resistance SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY FOR VETERINARY EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PREVENTIVE MEDICINE, 2000 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference of the Society-for-Veterinary-Epidemiology-and-Preventive-Medicine CY MAR 29-31, 2000 CL UNIV EDINBURGH, EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND SP Univ Edinburgh, Off Int Epizooties, Lothian Enterprise Ltd, Edinburgh Enterprise Ltd HO UNIV EDINBURGH AB Antimicrobials have played an important role in livestock production as well as the treatment and prevention of infections in humans and animals. Subtherapeutic doses of certain antimicrobials have been used as growth promotants for over 40 years. The subject of antimicrobial resistance and its development is not new nor surprising; however, over the last few years, it has gained attention because of the potential public health impact. Antimicrobial resistance remains unclear. The development of antimicrobial resistance, its persistence and transmission, and even the public health impact are multifactorial. The role of risk factors such as duration, type, and dosage of antimicrobial use is also unclear. Data are limited on the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant zoonotic bacteria in foods of animal origin and on the use of antimicrobials in agriculture and human medicine. There are problems with study designs involving the testing of representative sampling, the determination of sources, and tracing of animals. C1 USDA, CSREES, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Torrence, ME (reprint author), USDA, CSREES, AgBox 2220,1400 Independence Ave SW, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC VETERINARY EPIDEMIOLOGY & PREVENTIVE MEDICINE PI EDINBURGH PA DEPT VETERINARY CLINIC STUDIES ROYAL DICK SCH VETERINARY STUDIES, VETERINARY FIELD STN, EDINBURGH EH25 9RG, MIDLOTHIAN, SCOTLAND BN 0-948073-44-6 PY 2000 BP 8 EP 13 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology; Veterinary Sciences SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology; Veterinary Sciences GA BQ06R UT WOS:000087040200003 ER PT B AU Salwasser, H AF Salwasser, H GP SAF SAF TI Foresters roles as forestry changes: General session I opening remarks SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS 1999 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-of-American-Foresters CY SEP 11-15, 1999 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Soc Amer Foresters C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Berkeley, CA USA. RP Salwasser, H (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Berkeley, CA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-81-3 PY 2000 BP 7 EP 8 PG 2 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BS21Y UT WOS:000169105400001 ER PT B AU McRoberts, RE Lessard, VC AF McRoberts, RE Lessard, VC GP SAF SAF TI Precision versus cost relationships when using growth models to update annual forest inventories SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS 1999 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-of-American-Foresters CY SEP 11-15, 1999 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Soc Amer Foresters AB Forest inventories featuring annual samples of field plots have been initiated by the USDA Forest Service in the eastern regions of the US. Estimates may be obtained annually from the resulting data using several options: (1) base estimates on plot measurements for the current year; (2) base estimates on the most recent measurements for all plots, regardless of the years of measurement; and (3) base estimates on plot measurements for the current year and model-updates for plots measured in previous years. Monte Carlo simulations indicate that for estimates of mean basal area per acre for large areas, the greatest information per plot measured is obtained with the third option. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, St Paul, MN USA. RP McRoberts, RE (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, St Paul, MN USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-81-3 PY 2000 BP 93 EP 98 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BS21Y UT WOS:000169105400014 ER PT B AU Moeur, M AF Moeur, M GP SAF SAF TI Extending stand exam data with most similar neighbor inference SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS 1999 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-of-American-Foresters CY SEP 11-15, 1999 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Soc Amer Foresters DE most similar neighbor analysis; imputation; auxiliary data; satellite imagery ID IMPUTATION AB Most Similar Neighbor inference (MSN) was used to extend ground-based inventory attributes (species composition, size, and density) to unsampled units for a 2,000-stand project area in the Deschutes National Forest, Oregon. The resulting product-a current and complete vegetation layer and database-is needed for project- and landscape-level analysis. Using LandSat spectral reflectance data to guide MSN imputations provided very good estimates for class attributes such as cover type, and for continuous stand attributes such as basal area, volume, and total cover. "Conditional classifications" made by controlling the inclusion of specific inventory variables can be used to target specific analysis objectives. Results of a sampling simulation suggest guidelines for a minimum in-place inventory of about 20 percent of stands. A comparison of imputation and estimation approaches for supplying data to support ecosystem management is discussed In general, terms. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. RP Moeur, M (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 1221 S Main St, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. NR 9 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-81-3 PY 2000 BP 99 EP 107 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BS21Y UT WOS:000169105400015 ER PT B AU Nowak, DJ AF Nowak, DJ GP SAF SAF TI Impact of urban forest management on air pollution and greenhouse gases SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS 1999 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-of-American-Foresters CY SEP 11-15, 1999 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Soc Amer Foresters DE urban forestry; air quality; global climate change ID OZONE AB Urban forests and their management affect global climate change and local and regional air quality by affecting local meteorology, pollution removal, and emission of various chemicals, and by altering building energy use. Choices made by urban foresters related to tree species selection, landscape design, and maintenance activities affect the overall function of the urban forest in improving human health and environmental quality in and around cities. This paper explores the individual and cumulative impacts of urban forests and their management on air quality and greenhouse gases, and offers urban forest management strategies to help improve air quality and mitigate global climate change. C1 SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Forest Serv, Northeastern Res Stn, USDA, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. RP Nowak, DJ (reprint author), SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Forest Serv, Northeastern Res Stn, USDA, 5 Moon Lib, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-81-3 PY 2000 BP 143 EP 148 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BS21Y UT WOS:000169105400020 ER PT B AU Dwyer, JF Nowak, DJ AF Dwyer, JF Nowak, DJ GP SAF SAF TI A national assessment of the urban forest: An overview SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS 1999 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-of-American-Foresters CY SEP 11-15, 1999 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Soc Amer Foresters DE adaptive management; urban ecosystems; urban forests; sustainability AB Urban forest management promises to play a critical role in the management of our nation's forest resources in the 21(st) century. Urban forests are significant and diverse ecosystems with intricate connections among their physical, biological, and social components; as well as with other elements of urban and natural resource systems. Urban forests are also dynamic systems, shaped by the relatively slow growth and development of trees in the context of rapidly changing urban environments. To sustain forest structure, health, and benefits over the long-term, comprehensive and adaptive management approaches are needed. The management of urban forests has important implications for the health and well-being of the residents of urban and urbanizing areas; but its influence on forest management extends well beyond the boundaries of urbanizing areas. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, Evanston, IL 60202 USA. RP Dwyer, JF (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, 845 Chicago Ave,Suite 225, Evanston, IL 60202 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-81-3 PY 2000 BP 157 EP 162 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BS21Y UT WOS:000169105400022 ER PT B AU Alexander, SJ McLain, RJ Kim, YS Johnson, R AF Alexander, SJ McLain, RJ Kim, YS Johnson, R GP SAF SAF TI Recreational harvest of wild foods on the Gifford Pinchot National Forest: Resources and issues SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS 1999 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-of-American-Foresters CY SEP 11-15, 1999 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Soc Amer Foresters DE wild foods; non-timber forest products; public policy AB The harvest of wild foods fi om forest lands is an important activity to many people. People with diverse backgrounds harvest berries and mushrooms for personal use, for commercial sale, for subsistence and for cultural use. Often these varying goals will overlap. Although some management for these products has occurred, loss of habitat for these foods is becoming a problem. Survey information from the Gifford Pinchot National Forest in Washington and other studies in Michigan, in France and in Finland demonstrate the importance of wild foods to many people. Policies intended to regulate harvest of these products may have unintended consequences if the various uses and users are not recognized. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RP Alexander, SJ (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-81-3 PY 2000 BP 180 EP 185 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BS21Y UT WOS:000169105400027 ER PT B AU Ostry, ME AF Ostry, ME GP SAF SAF TI Progress in developing disease control strategies for hybrid poplars SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS 1999 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-of-American-Foresters CY SEP 11-15, 1999 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Soc Amer Foresters DE Populus; Septoria spp.; Melampsora spp. ID CENTRAL UNITED-STATES; 1ST REPORT; POPULUS AB Hybrid poplars are being grown throughout many regions of the world for purposes including the production of fiber and energy, ornamental landscape plantings, and soil stabilization. Disease has often been responsible for planting failures resulting in poplars being labeled the universal host to many damaging pathogens. However, many of the poplar species and their hybrids are not native to the areas where they are being planted and so they do not have resistance to the local pathogen populations they are exposed to. Currently research is aimed at detecting pathogenic variation in populations of fungi affecting poplars and in gaining knowledge of the underlying genetic mechanisms of disease resistance in poplars. Significant progress is being made in breeding for disease resistance and in developing poplar clones that are better adapted to the sites on which they are being planted. There is evidence that some phenological traits of clones such as time of leaf flush and leaf fall may be used to select clones that can escape peak periods of infection by some pathogens. Somaclonal. selection, a tissue culture technique coupled with a laboratory bioassay, has been used to generate clonal lines of poplars with increased disease resistance that have performed well in field tests. A biorational approach to disease control using a common soil bacterium has shown promise in laboratory and field tests against several major poplar pathogens. Progress in the above areas of disease research will enable growers to plant productive, disease resistant hybrid poplar clones. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Ostry, ME (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, 1992 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-81-3 PY 2000 BP 192 EP 197 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BS21Y UT WOS:000169105400029 ER PT B AU Kuhn, GA AF Kuhn, GA GP SAF SAF TI Lessons learned from hybrid poplar special application agroforestry projects SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS 1999 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-of-American-Foresters CY SEP 11-15, 1999 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Soc Amer Foresters DE hybrid poplars; filter; nutrients; waste; clone; suitability AB The USDA National Agroforestry Center (NAC) in cooperation with its partners tested hybrid poplars in riparian buffers, wastewater treatment, and timberbelts. The plantings were established with a dual-purpose concept, to produce both environmental and economic benefits. Hybrid poplars have emerged as a living tool to filter and uptake excess nutrients in riparian buffers and plantations to treat agricultural waste. They also can be used in multi-row windbreaks to protect soil and crops. As an added benefit, they can be harvested for wood products which helps offset the cost of stand establishment and waste treatment. Status reviews were done in the fall by the cooperating partners to determine clone suitability and growth. Site factors and establishment methods such as site preparation and weed control were noted in relation to clone growth and survival. Animal damage was also recorded. The intensity of site preparation and weed control, soil/site factors and clone selection had significant effects on clone growth and survival in all of the projects. Animal damage, specifically deer and beaver, were important factors where these animals were prevalent in the project area. C1 USDA, Natl Agroforestry Ctr, Western Off, WSU Spokane, Spokane, WA 99202 USA. RP Kuhn, GA (reprint author), USDA, Natl Agroforestry Ctr, Western Off, WSU Spokane, 668 N Riverpoint Blvd,Box B, Spokane, WA 99202 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-81-3 PY 2000 BP 198 EP 201 PG 4 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BS21Y UT WOS:000169105400030 ER PT B AU Smith, HY AF Smith, HY GP SAF SAF TI Factors affecting ponderosa pine snag longevity SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS 1999 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-of-American-Foresters CY SEP 11-15, 1999 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Soc Amer Foresters DE Snags; ponderosa pine; longevity; age; diameter; pitch content; wood density ID COARSE WOODY DEBRIS AB Little is known about what factors contribute to the persistence of snags (standing dead trees), which are important ecological components of western forests. Knowledge of snag persistence, or longevity, would be useful for land managers making decisions about snag retention or recruitment. Snag management guidelines often use diameter at breast height (dbh) as a decision criterion. This investigation looked at the relationships between tree age, dbh, wood density, and pitch content of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) snags and their longevity. Snags that were created 10 years earlier in a wildfire event were sampled. Longevity was classified by whether the snag was standing or had broken off below 10 feet (3m). The one attribute measured that was positively related to snag longevity was tree age. Snags standing 10 years after tree mortality averaged 228 +/- 25 years at one site (n=15) and 273 +/- 19 years at another site (n=13), while those broken averaged 154 +/- 24 (n=16) years and 182 +/- 23 years (n=9), respectively. Pitch content and wood density in relation to snag longevity was explored but will require further research, which can benefit from the exploratory study techniques used here. C1 USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Fire Effects Unit, Missoula, MT USA. RP Smith, HY (reprint author), USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Fire Effects Unit, Missoula, MT USA. NR 27 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-81-3 PY 2000 BP 223 EP 229 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BS21Y UT WOS:000169105400034 ER PT B AU Solomon, DS Leak, WB AF Solomon, DS Leak, WB GP SAF SAF TI Application of silvicultural systems in Northern New England forests SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS 1999 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-of-American-Foresters CY SEP 11-15, 1999 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Soc Amer Foresters DE silviculture; northern hardwoods; spruce-fir AB Most standard silvicultural systems are applied successfully in northern New England forests depending upon forest type, stand conditions, regeneration objectives, and public concern. The primary forest types are northern hardwoods and spruce-fir. In the northern hardwood type the most valuable species include those that are intolerent to intermediately tolerant of shade. Thus, silvicultural systems that result in significant openings such as patch or group selection, clearcutting and deferred low-density shelterwoods work well. In spruce-fir, the valuable species are tolerant to intermediately tolerant which means single-tree selection and high-density shelterwoods produce the best results. Herbicide applications with and without planting may be necessary. C1 USDA, Forest Serv Projects, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Solomon, DS (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv Projects, NE-4104 & NE-4155, Durham, NH 03824 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-81-3 PY 2000 BP 255 EP 261 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BS21Y UT WOS:000169105400039 ER PT B AU Deal, RL AF Deal, RL GP SAF SAF TI The effects of partial cutting on stand structure and growth, and forest plant communities of western hemlock-sitka spruce stands in southeast Alaska SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS 1999 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-of-American-Foresters CY SEP 11-15, 1999 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Soc Amer Foresters DE partial cutting; stand structure; residual trees; sitka spruce; western; hemlock ID HISTORY AB This study evaluated the effects of partial cutting on stand structure and growth, and understory plant diversity and abundance. Seventy-three 0.2 ha plots were established in 18 stands throughout southeast Alaska that had been partially cut 12 to 96 years ago, removing 16 to 96 percent of the original basal area. Partial cutting resulted in complex stand structures that appeared similar to uncut old-growth stands. Sitka spruce, a relatively less shade-tolerant tree than western hemlock, was maintained over a wide range of cutting intensities. The current stand basal area, tree species composition, and stand growth were significantly related to trees left after harvest. Overall, plant species richness and community composition were similar between uncut and partially cut plots. However, stands resulting from moderate and heavy cutting intensities had significantly different composition than uncut plots. Concerns about changing tree species composition, lack of spruce regeneration, and greatly reduced stand vigor with partial cuts were largely unsubstantiated. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, PNW Res Stn, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Deal, RL (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, PNW Res Stn, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-81-3 PY 2000 BP 269 EP 281 PG 13 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BS21Y UT WOS:000169105400041 ER PT B AU Chan, SS Maas-Hebner, KG Emmingham, WH AF Chan, SS Maas-Hebner, KG Emmingham, WH GP SAF SAF TI Commercial thinning and underplanting to increase structural and species diversity in young managed Douglas-fir stands SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS 1999 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-of-American-Foresters CY SEP 11-15, 1999 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Soc Amer Foresters DE Density management; underplanting; structural diversity; canopy development; Douglas-fir ID PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; FORESTS AB Large areas of the highly productive forests of western Oregon and Washington have primarily been intensively managed in even-aged stands for wood production. The resulting stands are densely stocked with Douglas-fir and lack species and structural diversity associated with late-successional stands such as multi-layered canopies, large snags, and large downed woody debris. Habitat diversity is often lacking in these stands and has become a primary concern in ecosystem based management. Active density management accompanied by understory tree regeneration may accelerate the development of diverse structure and composition to support late-successional species. Our study examines the processes and effects of commercial thinning at normal to very wide spacings and underplanting with a variety of tree species to promote the development of structurally diverse stands for both biodiversity and forest commodities. Increases in light availability from thinning were not proportional to the number of trees removed. Understory species diversity was lowest in unthinned stands and tree regeneration was absent. Thinning retained key mid- to late-successional understory species although abundances changed. Early-successional species, natural tree regeneration, and growth of underplanted seedlings increased with thinning intensity. We noticed substantial growth and canopy closure in the thinned stands, particularly in the normal thinned stands. Establishing a mosaic of small openings, variable spaced thinning to wider spacings, or repeated thinning entries is recommended to promote late-successional stand characteristics. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Chan, SS (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-81-3 PY 2000 BP 282 EP 290 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BS21Y UT WOS:000169105400042 ER PT B AU Youngblood, A Riegel, G AF Youngblood, A Riegel, G GP SAF SAF TI Reintroducing fire in eastside ponderosa pine forests: Long-term silvicultural practices SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS 1999 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-of-American-Foresters CY SEP 11-15, 1999 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Soc Amer Foresters DE fire restoration; fuel reduction; long-term study; Metolius Research Natural Area AB Coniferous forests east of the crest of the Cascade Range in Oregon and Washington have changed substantially in the last 100 years. Much of this change, manifested in increased stand densities and new species compositions, dead and dying trees, accumulated litter, and disruption of historic insect population levels, can be attributed to decades of fire exclusion. Current structure and composition of many eastside forest stands, especially late-successional and old-growth ponderosa pine stands, places them at greater risk to stand-replacement disturbances. Throughout the West, many forest managers are interested in returning fire to pre-exclusion frequencies as one means of maintaining and protecting old-growth structural characteristics. Yet there is little quantitative information available on the effect of repeated prescribed fires in these high-risk systems. We describe a long-term study designed to develop a better understanding of the role of fire and ecosystem attributes and functions that may be affected by reintroducing fire in fire-dependent ecosystems, focusing on Pinus ponderosa stands in central Oregon. Since 1992, burns at 5-,10- and 20-year intervals have been applied in a randomized block design of three burn intervals and controls replicated across 12 units. We believe this study will increase our understanding of how long-term silvicultural treatments such as these affect forest health over a long time scale. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. RP Youngblood, A (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, 1401 Gekeler Lane, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-81-3 PY 2000 BP 291 EP 298 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BS21Y UT WOS:000169105400043 ER PT B AU Christensen, G Barbour, RJ AF Christensen, G Barbour, RJ GP SAF SAF TI Veneer recovery from small diameter logs SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS 1999 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-of-American-Foresters CY SEP 11-15, 1999 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Soc Amer Foresters DE Small diameter logs; veneer recovery; veneer yield; Douglas-fir AB Veneer yields are strongly related to the small end diameter (SED) of peeler blocks. As block SED increases from 6 to 12 inches the percentage of block volume lost to roundup and the core as low value pulp chips drops from 48% to 24%. Over the same diameter range the percent of block volume manufactured into the highest value product (full veneer sheets) increases from 33% to 63%. This has a dramatic impact on both the product mix that a veneer mill can manufacture and the gross product value of the mill's production. Other block characteristics that influence product yield and value include block shape, defects, and branching characteristics. These were considered in a qualitative sense they were not quantitatively evaluated in this example. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Portland, OR USA. RP Christensen, G (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Portland, OR USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-81-3 PY 2000 BP 299 EP 304 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BS21Y UT WOS:000169105400044 ER PT B AU Hansen, B Araman, P West, C Schuler, A AF Hansen, B Araman, P West, C Schuler, A GP SAF SAF TI Hardwood timber product markets: A focus on small-diameter SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS 1999 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-of-American-Foresters CY SEP 11-15, 1999 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Soc Amer Foresters AB Reviews major solid wood and fiber markets. Discusses studies of "brown" maple acceptance including consumer preferences and knowledge. In conclusion, we review rubberwood attributes and its use in the manufacture of numerous wood products. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Princeton, WV 24740 USA. RP Hansen, B (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Princeton, WV 24740 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-81-3 PY 2000 BP 305 EP 311 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BS21Y UT WOS:000169105400045 ER PT B AU Keane, RE Arno, S AF Keane, RE Arno, S GP SAF SAF TI Restoration of whitebark pine ecosystems in western Montana and central Idaho SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS 1999 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-of-American-Foresters CY SEP 11-15, 1999 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Soc Amer Foresters DE Whitebark pine; restoration; Clark's nutcracker; prescribed fire; silvicultural cuttings AB Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) is a prominent tree species of upper subalpine forests in the northern Rocky Mountains, Cascades and Sierra Nevada mountain ranges that creates unique ecosystems critical for maintaining natural biodiversity and landscape function in the high mountains. A decline in whitebark pine has been occurring over the last 60 years in the northern portions of its range because of three interrelated factors: epidemics of mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae); the introduced disease white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola); and successional replacement by shade-tolerant conifers, specifically subalpine fir (Abies Ir;lasiocarpa) and Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii), enhanced by fire exclusion policies of the last 60-80 years. New methods for conserving and restoring these damaged ecosystems using silvicultural cuttings and prescribed fire techniques are being implemented on five study areas in western Montana and central Idaho. Study results are presented and the future of whitebark pine restoration is discussed. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Fire Sci Lab, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP Keane, RE (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Fire Sci Lab, POB 8089, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 7 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-81-3 PY 2000 BP 324 EP 330 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BS21Y UT WOS:000169105400048 ER PT B AU McClung, M Frost, S Russell, S AF McClung, M Frost, S Russell, S GP SAF SAF TI Forest Service camps and education lots of learning and fun? - You bet!! SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS 1999 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-of-American-Foresters CY SEP 11-15, 1999 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Soc Amer Foresters DE forest service; camps; education; tribal; careers; natural resources AB Three Forest Service camps in Alaska are highlighted. Upper elementary and middle school students explore the environment surrounding Cordova with the assistance of natural resource professionals and educators during the "From the Forest to the Sea" camp. Tribal members and federal land management agency resource professionals guide Alaska Native high school students as they develop management plans focusing on natural resources, cultural heritage, and social needs at the "Alaska Intertribal Youth Practicum". High school students learn about the many natural resource careers available through "hands on" involvement with Forest Service natural resource professionals throughout the "Natural Resources Career Camp". C1 US Forest Serv, Alaska Reg Off, Juneau, AK USA. RP McClung, M (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Alaska Reg Off, Juneau, AK USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-81-3 PY 2000 BP 425 EP 430 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BS21Y UT WOS:000169105400066 ER PT B AU Leatherberry, EC AF Leatherberry, EC GP SAF SAF TI An overview of African Americans' historical, religious, and spiritual ties to forests SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS 1999 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-of-American-Foresters CY SEP 11-15, 1999 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Soc Amer Foresters DE Slavery; forests; religion; spiritual values AB Forests have played a significant role in the development of American cultural values. Research has consistently demonstrated that a wide range of benefits accrues to people from contact with natural environments such as forests. Governmental agencies provide access to forests and support various forestry programs. It is generally known that African Americans are underrepresented in forestry and forest-related activities. However, African Americans have historical ties to forests that are not well understood by natural resources professionals. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Inventory & Anal Program, N Cent Res Stn, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Leatherberry, EC (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Inventory & Anal Program, N Cent Res Stn, 1992 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-81-3 PY 2000 BP 452 EP 457 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BS21Y UT WOS:000169105400071 ER PT B AU Clark, N Schmoldt, D Araman, P AF Clark, N Schmoldt, D Araman, P GP SAF SAF TI Development of a digital camera tree evaluation system SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS 1999 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-of-American-Foresters CY SEP 11-15, 1999 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Soc Amer Foresters DE dendrometer; forest inventory; mensuration; digital camera; instrumentation AB Within the Strategic Plan for Forest Inventory and Monitoring (USDA Forest Service 1998), there is a call to "conduct applied research in the use of [advanced technology] towards the end of increasing the operational efficiency and effectiveness of our program". The digital Camera tree evaluation system is part of that research, aimed at decreasing field time and increasing the informational value and reliability of field data. Our approach started with the use of a commercially available, non-metric digital camera for obtaining diameter and height measurements fr-om individual stems. The lessons learned fr-om these original attempts have shown that this concept is feasible, and helped to indicate specific areas needing improvement. Methodological improvements to be made include using convergent images and digital range information to account for tree lean and investigation into ways to address the faulty assumption of a circular (or elliptical) cross section. A completely new field-ready, durable, self contained instrument is being constructed that will digitally output image, 3 axis inclination, and range data; and compatible software is being developed to process this data and output information according to user requirements. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Blacksburg, VA USA. RP Clark, N (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Blacksburg, VA USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-81-3 PY 2000 BP 495 EP 497 PG 3 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BS21Y UT WOS:000169105400078 ER PT B AU Soeth, JR Gottfried, GJ AF Soeth, JR Gottfried, GJ GP SAF SAF TI Adaptive management in pinyon-juniper woodlands of central Arizona SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS 1999 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-of-American-Foresters CY SEP 11-15, 1999 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Soc Amer Foresters DE Adaptive management; pinyon-juniper woodlands; landscape mosaics; herbaceous responses; prescribed fire AB Adaptive management techniques were used to develop a successful multiple resource management prescription for stewardship of the pinyon-juniper woodlands on the Pleasant Valley Ranger District. A prescription, which was based on the best available management and scientific information, was evaluated on a 4,000-acre area before being applied to a larger project area. The treatment created more than 40 irregular openings of less than 40 acres by hanresting most of the juniper trees. Openings retained a minimum of 40 selected trees per 40 acres and were surrounded by unharvested areas. Alligator juniper sprouts were controlled by prescribed fire. Monitoring indicated more plant species, higher density of herbaceous species, more litter cover, and less exposed rock and bare soil in treated than in adjacent unharvested sites. Forage production on the harvested areas was higher than in unharvested areas. The landscape contains a more diverse mix of successional stages that appears to benefit many wildlife species. Alligator juniper sprout control should be done in the fall to avoid site damage. C1 US Forest Serv, Tech Des Ctr, Corp Training Human Resources Management, USDA, Rosslyn, VA USA. RP Soeth, JR (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Tech Des Ctr, Corp Training Human Resources Management, USDA, Rosslyn, VA USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-81-3 PY 2000 BP 505 EP 508 PG 4 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BS21Y UT WOS:000169105400081 ER PT B AU Busby, RL Haines, TK Cleaves, DA AF Busby, RL Haines, TK Cleaves, DA GP SAF SAF TI Prescribed burning in the South - Acreage, purpose, and barriers SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS 1999 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-of-American-Foresters CY SEP 11-15, 1999 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Soc Amer Foresters DE prescribed fire; air quality laws; ecosystem management AB Results from a survey of fire management officials concerning prescribed burning activity in the South are reported. Prescribed burning activities in twelve states are described in terms of acreage burned by ownership, intended benefits, barriers to expanded burning, and optimum burning levels needed to achieve management goals. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Southern Res Stn, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Busby, RL (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Southern Res Stn, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-81-3 PY 2000 BP 526 EP 527 PG 2 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BS21Y UT WOS:000169105400090 ER PT B AU Busby, RL Hodges, DG AF Busby, RL Hodges, DG GP SAF SAF TI Fire in Longleaf Pine Stand Management: An economic analysis SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS 1999 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-of-American-Foresters CY SEP 11-15, 1999 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Soc Amer Foresters DE fire; economics AB A simulation analysis of the economics of using prescribed fire as a forest management tool in the management of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) plantations was conducted. A management regime using frequent prescribed fire was compared to management regimes involving fertilization and chemical release, chemical control, and mechanical control. Determining the cost-effectiveness of the management alternatives was accomplished by estimating the growth response needed to recover the costs associated with the silvicultural treatments and making comparisons among the alternatives. The results show prescribed fire would require the least growth response to pay for the expenses required to implement the alternatives. Fire retained its cost-effectiveness for a range of rotation lengths and sawtimber stumpage values. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, New Orleans, LA 70113 USA. RP Busby, RL (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, New Orleans, LA 70113 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-81-3 PY 2000 BP 528 EP 529 PG 2 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BS21Y UT WOS:000169105400091 ER PT B AU Colbert, JJ Racin, G AF Colbert, JJ Racin, G GP SAF SAF TI Java applets or applications? How best to provide forestry data management and simulation modeling tools SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS 1999 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-of-American-Foresters CY SEP 11-15, 1999 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Soc Amer Foresters DE Java applets; Java applications; tree growth models; stand management AB The Stand-Damage Model is a forest ecosystem gap simulator extended for analysis of tree growth and stand management. We compare a Java applet and application interface for this model. We have created a user interface using Java. We describe the strengths and weaknesses of both these approaches, showing how the strengths of a database backend can be offset by the limitations of web based systems. We demonstrate how to provide users with the ability to store data locally, print, and manage output from simulations using an application. We demonstrate the strength of a web based approach providing users with immediate updates to program modules and data as server-based information is updated. Java provides tools to view, store, and retrieve output in graphical and tabular formats. Using the applet version, online documentation is available defining parameters and assisting users in setting values by providing online literature, a climatic range map for accumulated annual day-degrees in North America, and methods for calculating growth rate parameters from diameter increment data. C1 USDA Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Colbert, JJ (reprint author), USDA Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, 180 Canfield St, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-81-3 PY 2000 BP 534 EP 535 PG 2 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BS21Y UT WOS:000169105400094 ER PT B AU Olson, DH Chan, SS Cunningham, P Hansen, B Moldenke, A Progar, R Muir, PS McCune, B Rosso, A Peterson, EB AF Olson, DH Chan, SS Cunningham, P Hansen, B Moldenke, A Progar, R Muir, PS McCune, B Rosso, A Peterson, EB GP SAF SAF TI Characterizing managed headwater forests: Integration of stream, riparian and upslope habitats and species in Western Oregon SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS 1999 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-of-American-Foresters CY SEP 11-15, 1999 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Soc Amer Foresters DE headwater forests; microhabitat; amphibians; forest arthropods; lichens and bryophytes C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Olson, DH (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-81-3 PY 2000 BP 539 EP 540 PG 2 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BS21Y UT WOS:000169105400097 ER PT B AU McCracken, RD AF McCracken, RD GP SAF SAF TI On-line delivery of research products SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS 1999 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-of-American-Foresters CY SEP 11-15, 1999 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Soc Amer Foresters DE internet; database; research delivery; world wide web AB Research institutions are under increasing pressure to provide customers with fast and easy access to scientific publications. Responding to a customer base that has grown exponentially over the last decade, roughly 140 USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station (SRS) scientists are now able to provide research results almost as soon as their manuscripts are released for publication. Using the Internet, the SRS Webmaster helps distribute a quarterly catalog of publications to more than 1,000 e-mail addressees worldwide. I-Ie and other employees in the SRS Communications Office also maintain a Web-to-database interface that allows R&D customers to search for publications by title, author, subject matter description, or date; and then to view those documents on-line in PDF (Portable Document Format). Before this system was established, customer requests for publications would always take days-sometimes even weeks-to fill. Now, with the use of an active server interface to a Station database, SRS customers have almost instant access to all on-line publications, as well as an archive listing of all SRS publications. This system provides an expeditious and cost-efficient way to manage thousands of records and electronic copies of publication reprints. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Asheville, NC USA. RP McCracken, RD (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Asheville, NC USA. EM rdm@srs.fs.usda.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-81-3 PY 2000 BP 545 EP 546 PG 2 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BS21Y UT WOS:000169105400099 ER PT S AU Poss, JA Suarez, DL Grieve, CM Shannon, MC Grattan, SR AF Poss, JA Suarez, DL Grieve, CM Shannon, MC Grattan, SR BE Ferreira, MI Jones, HG TI Carbon isotope discrimination and transpiration efficiency in eucalyptus under salinity and boron stress SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON IRRIGATION OF HORTICULTURAL CROPS, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Symposium on Irrigation of Horticultural Crops CY JUN 28-JUL 02, 1999 CL ESTORIL, PORTUGAL SP Int Soc Hort Sci, Junta Turisma Costa Estoril, Minist Agr Desenvolvimento Rural Pescas, Fdn Ciencia & Tecnol, Fdn Luso Amer Desenvolvimento, Reitoria Univ Tecn Lisboa, Adubos Portugal DE Eucalyptus camaldulensis; C-13 discrimination; salt stress; salt tolerance ID WHEAT AB We tested the hypothesis that stable carbon-isotopic composition in Eucalyptus trees can be an indicator of the cumulative salinity and boron stress history of the plant. In a controlled, outdoor sand-tank study, Eucalyptus camaldulensis saplings were irrigated with combinations of salinity (EC 2 to 28 dS m(-1)) and B (1 to 30 mg l(-1)) to determine their influence on tree growth, water use, and stable carbon-isotope discrimination. Our results indicate carbon-isotope discrimination (Delta) was primarily reduced by salinity stress, whereas boron effects were smaller in magnitude and significant only at low salinity. Carbon-isotopic discrimination in leaves of Eucalyptus varied with position in the canopy. For example, proximal leaves sampled low in the canopy ii decreased from 23.6 parts per thousand at low salinity (2 dS m(-1) and 1 mg l(-1) B) to 22.6 parts per thousand at high salinity (22 dS m(-1) and 1 mg l(-1) B). In distal leaves sampled high in the canopy, Delta decreased from 21.1 parts per thousand to 19.8 parts per thousand in corresponding treatments. Isotopic discrimination in woody tissue from tree trunks also correlated well with salinity stress. Moreover we found the relationship between Delta and EC of the irrigation water was similar to that of biomass and EC suggesting that Delta may be useful in describing salt tolerance in as well as quantifying the salt-stress history in C-3 trees. There was a significant relationship between isotope discrimination in leaf and wood tissue with transpiration efficiency. The relationship was position sensitive for leaves and correlations with wood tissue increased with time under stress. C1 USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Poss, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-913-3 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 2000 IS 537 BP 215 EP 222 PG 8 WC Horticulture; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA BR48T UT WOS:000166608800022 ER PT S AU Mahan, JR Burke, JJ Upchurch, DR Wanjura, DF AF Mahan, JR Burke, JJ Upchurch, DR Wanjura, DF BE Ferreira, MI Jones, HG TI Irrigation scheduling using biologically-based optimal temperature and continuous monitoring of canopy temperature SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON IRRIGATION OF HORTICULTURAL CROPS, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Symposium on Irrigation of Horticultural Crops CY JUN 28-JUL 02, 1999 CL ESTORIL, PORTUGAL SP Int Soc Hort Sci, Junta Turisma Costa Estoril, Minist Agr Desenvolvimento Rural Pescas, Fdn Ciencia & Tecnol, Fdn Luso Amer Desenvolvimento, Reitoria Univ Tecn Lisboa, Adubos Portugal DE BIOTIC; irrigation scheduling; infrared thermometry ID DEPENDENCE; COTTON AB BIOTIC (Biologically Identified Optimal Temperature Interactive Console) is an irrigation scheduling protocol that has been developed over the course of the last 10 years by researchers at the USDA/ARS in Lubbock, Texas USA. The BIOTIC system uses a species-specific optimal temperature value acid continuous monitoring of plant canopy temperatures to determine the need for irrigation. Ten years of field studies have demonstrated the applicability of the BIOTIC method to a number of different crops with several irrigation systems. C1 USDA ARS, Plant Stress & Water Conservat Lab, Lubbock, TX 79401 USA. RP Mahan, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Plant Stress & Water Conservat Lab, Lubbock, TX 79401 USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 4 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-913-3 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 2000 IS 537 BP 375 EP 381 PG 7 WC Horticulture; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA BR48T UT WOS:000166608800044 ER PT S AU Trout, TJ AF Trout, TJ BE Ferreira, MI Jones, HG TI Environmental effects of irrigated agriculture SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON IRRIGATION OF HORTICULTURAL CROPS, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Symposium on Irrigation of Horticultural Crops CY JUN 28-JUL 02, 1999 CL ESTORIL, PORTUGAL SP Int Soc Hort Sci, Junta Turisma Costa Estoril, Minist Agr Desenvolvimento Rural Pescas, Fdn Ciencia & Tecnol, Fdn Luso Amer Desenvolvimento, Reitoria Univ Tecn Lisboa, Adubos Portugal DE irrigation; environment; erosion; water; water quality; pollution AB Irrigation is the largest water user worldwide. In the process of storing, diverting, transporting, irrigating, consuming, and draining water, the natural hydrology of a watershed is changed significantly. These changes impact the natural environment. River flows are altered and reduced and sometimes depleted; groundwater levels may be lowered by pumping or raised by over irrigation; wetlands may be created or dried up. Drainage waters from agricultural lands are usually of poorer quality than the applied water and may carry both agricultural chemicals and naturally occurring substances into groundwater, rivers, and lakes. Although many of the environmental impacts of irrigation are negative, irrigation plays a critical role in providing food and fiber for our growing population. Most of the world's fruits and vegetables are grown with irrigation. Providing the same food without irrigation would likely have even greater environmental impacts. We must educate the public of the benefits of irrigated agriculture and work to minimize the negative environmental impacts. C1 USDA ARS, Water Managemnet Res Lab, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. RP Trout, TJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Water Managemnet Res Lab, 2021 S Peach Ave, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. OI Trout, Thomas/0000-0003-1896-9170 NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-913-3 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 2000 IS 537 BP 605 EP 610 PG 6 WC Horticulture; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA BR48T UT WOS:000166608800071 ER PT S AU Forsline, PL AF Forsline, PL BE VanderPlas, LHW TI Procedures for collection, conservation, evaluation and documentation of Malus germplasm SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE XXV INTERNATIONAL HORTICULTURAL CONGRESS, PT 12: APPLICATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND BREEDING, GENERAL BREEDING, AND EVALUATION OF TEMPERATE ZONE FRUITS FOR THE TROPICS AND SUBTROPICS SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT XXVth International Horticultural Congress CY AUG 02-07, 1998 CL BRUSSELS, BELGIUM SP Commiss European Union, European Crop Protect Assoc, Interbrew, Int Soc Hort Sci, Kredietbank & CERA Bank, ABB Insurances, Kluwer Acad Publishers, Les Marques Natl, Luxembourg, Minist Agr, Luxembourg, Minist Agr Nat Management & Fisheries, Minist Dev Cooperat, Minist Small & Medium Size Enterprise & Agr, Minist Flemish Community, Minist Walloon Reg, Norwegian Agcy Dev Cooperat, Palm Breweries, Prod Board Hort, SABENA Belgian Airlines, Tech Ctr Agr & Rural Cooperat, Wageningen Univ & Res Ctr, Benelux Soc Hort Sci DE cryopreservation; germplasm; Malus ID APPLE BUDS; CRYOPRESERVATION; DIVERSITY; HYBRIDIZATION AB The Plant Genetic Resources Unit in Geneva (PGRU) New York, U.S.A., is part of the National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS), administered by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS). Malus is the most extensive PGRU collection and consists of 3739 accessions. The majority of these accessions (2438) are clonally-propagated and stored as duplicate orchard trees. Dormant buds of 1503 accessions are stored in a back-up collection in liquid nitrogen at the National Seed Storage Laboratory (NSSL) in Fort Collins, Colorado, U.S.A. Since 1988, 1301 accessions of wild Malus spp. from centers of origin throughout the world are preserved as seed lots. The majority of these were collected from the primary gene pool (Malus sieversii, Lebed.) in Central Asia from 12 distinct habitats and 892 tree sources. Collaborative evaluation for disease resistance and horticultural and molecular characterization is being conducted on 25,000 of these seedlings in 24 worldwide laboratories. A core subset has been established including 208 clones. This is a test-array of the most genetically-diverse accessions available for evaluation of specific genetic traits. About 3000 accessions are distributed annually. Accession history, characterization, and evaluation are documented in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). The core subset and 40% of the remainder of the collection has been characterized with 25 morphological descriptors. Information on the Malus collection and other commodities in the NPGS can be accessed: http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/. C1 Cornell Univ, New York State Agr Expt Stn, USDA ARS, Plant Genet Resources Unit, Geneva, NY 14456 USA. RP Forsline, PL (reprint author), Cornell Univ, New York State Agr Expt Stn, USDA ARS, Plant Genet Resources Unit, Geneva, NY 14456 USA. NR 51 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 3 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-863-3 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 2000 IS 522 BP 223 EP 234 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Horticulture SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Agriculture GA BP93K UT WOS:000086666800025 ER PT S AU Wang, CY AF Wang, CY BE Herregods, M TI Effect of heat treatment on postharvest quality of kale, collard and brussels sprouts SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE XXV INTERNATIONAL HORTICULTURAL CONGRESS, PT 8 SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT XXVth International Horticultural Congress CY AUG 02-07, 1998 CL BRUSSELS, BELGIUM SP Commiss European Union, European Crop Protect Assoc, Interbrew, Int Soc Hort Sci, Kredietbank & CERA Bank, ABB Insurances, Kluwer Acad Publishers, Les Marques Natl, Luxembourg, Minist Agr, Luxembourg, Minist Agr Nat Management & Fisheries, Minist Dev Cooperat, Minist Small & Medium Size Enterprise & Agr, Minist Flemish Community, Minist Walloon Reg, Norwegian Agcy Dev Cooperat, Palm Breweries, Prod Board Hort, SABENA Belgian Airlines, Tech Ctr Agr & Rural Cooperat, Wageningen Univ & Res Ctr, Benelux Soc Hort Sci DE storage; sugar; organic acid; color; yellowing; senescence; Brassica oleracea ID HOT-WATER TREATMENT; CHILLING INJURY; HIGH-TEMPERATURE; TOMATO FRUIT; SHELF-LIFE; BROCCOLI; TOLERANCE; APPLES; DECAY; COLOR AB The effect of heat treatment with moist air at temperatures of 40, 45, 50, or 55 degrees C for durations of 0, 30, 60, or 90 minutes was studied in mature leaves of kale (Brassica oleracea L., Alboglabra group) and collard (Brassica oleracea L., Acephala group), and Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleracea L., Gemmifera group). The optimal heat treatment for kale was found to be at 45 degrees C for 30 minutes and resulted in higher postharvest quality, delayed yellowing, and less decline of sugars and organic acids with later storage at 15 degrees C. Collard treated with 40 degrees C for 60 minutes had the best maintenance of leaf structure and latest onset of yellowing, compared to the other heat treatments. When temperature and duration exceeded tolerance levels, heat injury was observed. In some cases of heat injury, tissues maintained their green color but developed fungal infection. In Brussels sprouts, heat treatments caused no significant effects in the rate of senescence or storage quality. C1 ARS, USDA, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Plant Sci Inst,Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Wang, CY (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Plant Sci Inst,Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 27 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-823-4 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 2000 IS 518 BP 71 EP 78 PG 8 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA BQ42X UT WOS:000088354800008 ER PT S AU Curry, EA AF Curry, EA BE Herregods, M TI Farnesene and squalene reduce scald in apples and pears SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE XXV INTERNATIONAL HORTICULTURAL CONGRESS, PT 8 SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT XXVth International Horticultural Congress CY AUG 02-07, 1998 CL BRUSSELS, BELGIUM SP Commiss European Union, European Crop Protect Assoc, Interbrew, Int Soc Hort Sci, Kredietbank & CERA Bank, ABB Insurances, Kluwer Acad Publishers, Les Marques Natl, Luxembourg, Minist Agr, Luxembourg, Minist Agr Nat Management & Fisheries, Minist Dev Cooperat, Minist Small & Medium Size Enterprise & Agr, Minist Flemish Community, Minist Walloon Reg, Norwegian Agcy Dev Cooperat, Palm Breweries, Prod Board Hort, SABENA Belgian Airlines, Tech Ctr Agr & Rural Cooperat, Wageningen Univ & Res Ctr, Benelux Soc Hort Sci DE antioxidant; diphenylamine; disorders; DPA; ethoxyquin; malus; postharvest; pyrus; scald; squalene; farnesene; a-tocopherol; wheat germ oil ID SUPERFICIAL SCALD; ALPHA-FARNESENE AB Preliminary work in this laboratory in 1991, showed farnesene applied as a wipe to apples and pears reduced scald in regular storage to almost 0%. Dipping fruit in various rates of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), or ascorbic acid, had differing effects on scald, however, none were as effective as farnesene. Other farnesene derivatives such as farnesyl acetone, farnesyl acetate, and farnesol had variable results. Treating fruit with geraniol increased scald in all fruit. Treating with squalene, reduced scald more than all other treatments. Because of its use as a human nutritional supplement, as well as its near odorless properties, a series of squalene emulsions were evaluated for efficacy in scald reduction. Fruit were dipped in simple macroemulsions of 0, 1.25, 2.5, and 5.0% squalene plus 0.2% Tween 20. Results indicated that at 2.5% squalene, scald was reduced by about 60-80% in apples and 95% in pears. In 1996, combinations of squalene, and ethoxyquin (ETQ) or diphenylamine (DPA) were applied to fruit at harvest. After 6 months at -1 degrees C plus 7 days at 20 degrees C, a 5% emulsion of squalene reduced scald to 0% on 'd'Anjou' pears, whereas only at 0.27% did ETQ achieve the same level of control. In 'Delicious' apples after 10 months at -1 degrees C plus 7 days at 20 degrees C, DPA at 0.2% reduced scald to 55%. The combination of 5% squalene plus 0.2% DPA reduced scald to 7%. C1 USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Curry, EA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, 1104 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-823-4 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 2000 IS 518 BP 137 EP 144 PG 8 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA BQ42X UT WOS:000088354800018 ER PT S AU Spiers, JM AF Spiers, JM BE Fokkema, NJ Beek, MA VanSteekelenburg, NAM Samyn, G Maas, JL Robinson, TL TI Influence of cultural practices on root distribution of 'Gulfcoast' blueberry SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE XXVTH INTERNATIONAL HORTICULTURAL CONGRESS, PT 3: CULTURE TECHNIQUES WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT XXVth International Horticultural Congress CY AUG 02-07, 1998 CL BRUSSELS, BELGIUM SP Commiss European Union, European Crop Protect Assoc, Interbrew, Int Soc Hort Sci, Kredietbank & CERA Bank, ABB Insurances, Kluwer Acad Publishers, Les Marques Natl, Luxembourg, Minist Agr, Luxembourg, Minist Agr Nat Management & Fisheries, Minist Dev Cooperat, Minist Small & Medium Size Enterprise & Agr, Minist Flemish Community, Minist Walloon Reg, Norwegian Agcy Dev Cooperat, Palm Breweries, Prod Board Hort, SABENA Belgian Airlines, Tech Ctr Agr & Rural Cooperat, Wageningen Univ & Res Ctr, Benelux Soc Hort Sci DE southern highbush; Vaccinium ID HIGHBUSH; MULCH AB A field study was conducted to evaluate individual and collective influences of 3 soil moisture-supplementing practices (irrigation, incorporated peatmoss, and mulching) on root system development in 'Gulfcoast' southern highbush blueberries. Root growth was least in plants not mulched and greatest in plants receiving all three supplements. Ranking of individual treatments on root dry weight production was mulch > incorporated peatmoss irrigation. Mulching resulted in uniform root distribution from the plant crown outward and in root growth concentrated in the upper 15 cm of soil. Other practices (peatmoss > irrigation) tended to concentrate the root system near the crown area and resulted (peatmoss = irrigation) in greater root depth. Soil moisture appeared to be the major factor influencing root distribution. C1 USDA ARS, Small Fruit Res Stn, Poplarville, MS 39470 USA. RP Spiers, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Small Fruit Res Stn, Poplarville, MS 39470 USA. NR 18 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-773-4 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 2000 IS 513 BP 247 EP 252 PG 6 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA BR43E UT WOS:000166397200028 ER PT S AU Maas, JL AF Maas, JL BE Fokkema, NJ Beek, MA VanSteekelenburg, NAM Samyn, G Maas, JL Robinson, TL TI Opportunities to reduce the potential for disease infection and spread with strawberry plug plants SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE XXVTH INTERNATIONAL HORTICULTURAL CONGRESS, PT 3: CULTURE TECHNIQUES WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT XXVth International Horticultural Congress CY AUG 02-07, 1998 CL BRUSSELS, BELGIUM SP Commiss European Union, European Crop Protect Assoc, Interbrew, Int Soc Hort Sci, Kredietbank & CERA Bank, ABB Insurances, Kluwer Acad Publishers, Les Marques Natl, Luxembourg, Minist Agr, Luxembourg, Minist Agr Nat Management & Fisheries, Minist Dev Cooperat, Minist Small & Medium Size Enterprise & Agr, Minist Flemish Community, Minist Walloon Reg, Norwegian Agcy Dev Cooperat, Palm Breweries, Prod Board Hort, SABENA Belgian Airlines, Tech Ctr Agr & Rural Cooperat, Wageningen Univ & Res Ctr, Benelux Soc Hort Sci DE Fragaria x ananassa; Colletotrichum; Botrytis; anthracnose; phytoplasma; MLO; bacteria ID PHYTOPLASMA; ELIMINATION AB Strawberry plug, or tray, plants offer growers a means to minimize disease problems in transplants. This advantage has been widely recognized since development of the technology into a commercially feasible practice. There are, however, occasions during establishment of plug plants that may predispose them to some diseases that otherwise may not be of consequence in the field. In addition, some diseases caused by systemic pathogens, for example certain phytoplasmas (such as those associated with strawberry multiplier, green petal, and phyllody diseases) and bacteria (such as Xanthomonas fragariae) may be carried in symptomless runner-tip plantlets. Other diseases (such as anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum species) may be carried with runner-tip plantlets in infections of stolons. These aspects of potential pathogens and occurrence of diseases in plug plants, as well as the roles of meristem culture of mother plants, soil-less culture media, vector control, and methods of strawberry plug-plant production that contribute to disease initiation and prevention will be discussed. C1 USDA ARS, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Maas, JL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 24 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-773-4 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 2000 IS 513 BP 409 EP 414 PG 6 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA BR43E UT WOS:000166397200049 ER PT B AU Hutchinson, TF Sutherland, S AF Hutchinson, TF Sutherland, S GP USDA USDA USDA USDA TI Fire and understory vegetation: A large-scale study in Ohio and a search for general response patterns in central hardwood forests SO PROCEEDINGS: WORKSHOP ON FIRE, PEOPLE, AND THE CENTRAL HARDWOOD LANDSCAPE SE USDA FOREST SERVICE GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT NORTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENTAL STATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Fire, People, and the Central Hardwoods Landscape CY MAR 12-14, 2000 CL RICHMOND, KY SP Eastern Kentucky Univ Div Nat Area, Univ Kentucky, Dept Forest, Univ Tennessee, Dept Forest, Wildlife & Fisheries, USDA Forest Serv, USDA Forest Serv, Daniel Boone Natl Forest, USDA Forest Serv, Ne Res Stat, USDA Forest Serv, Reg 8, USDA Forest Serv, Reg 9, USDI Fish & Wildlife Serv, USDA Fish & Natl Pk Serv,Great Smoky Mt, Kentucky Div Forest, Kentucky Dept Fish & Wildlife Resource, Kentucky State Nat Preserve Commiss, Forest Landowners Assoc, Kentucky Forest Indust Assoc, Nat Conservancy, Kentucky Woodland Owners Assoc ID SEASON PRESCRIBED FIRE; OAK FORESTS; HERBACEOUS VEGETATION; SOUTHEASTERN OHIO; GROUND-FLORA; NEW-ENGLAND; COMMUNITY; USA; PRODUCTIVITY; ECOSYSTEMS AB Oak-dominated ecosystems throughout the central hardwood region (CHR) are experiencing a shift in species composition toward more mesic and/or fire-sensitive species such as red maple (Acer rubrum), sugar maple (Acer saccharum), and blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica). Prescribed fire can enhance oak regeneration but few studies have examined the effects of fire on other ecosystem components, including understory vegetation. In 1994, a multi-disciplinary project was initiated to study the use of prescribed fire as a restoration tool in mixed oak ecosystems in southern Ohio. Here, I report on the response of understory vegetation after 3 years of early spring (dormant-season) fires. Each year, from 1995 to 1998, species' frequencies were recorded in 1,728 2m(2) quadrats in four 75 to 100 ha study areas. Each study area included a control, infrequently burned (1X), and frequently burned (3X) unit. In all, 428 vascular plant species were identified. Surface fires have altered the understory environment by greatly reducing the quantity of leaf litter on the forest floor, but light availability has increased only slightly as the tree canopy has remained closed. Several groups of species have responded consistently to fire, including seed bank increasers, tree seedlings, and spring monocots. On control plots, few species have increased or decreased in frequency by more than 5 percent. On 1X plots, 18 species have increased and 5 have decreased; on the 3X plots, 22 species have increased and 18 have decreased in frequency. From 1995 to 1998, species richness (nearly all native species) increased on the burned plots relative to the control plots. This was particularly true at the quadrat level, where richness has decreased slightly on the control plots but increased by 11.4 and 10.4 percent on 1X and 3X plots, respectively. From our research in Ohio and from other studies in the CHR, we conclude that dormant-season prescribed fire may be used to promote oak and pine regeneration while maintaining or increasing the diversity of native understory species. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. RP Hutchinson, TF (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, 359 Main Rd, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. NR 54 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV NE EXPTL STN PI RADNOR PA 5 RADNOR CORPORATE CTR, 100 MATSONFORD RD, STE 200, PO BOX 6775, RADNOR, PA 19087 USA J9 USDA NE EXP PY 2000 VL 274 BP 64 EP 74 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BR53T UT WOS:000166733200008 ER PT B AU Waldrop, TA Welch, NT Brose, PH Elliott, KJ Mohr, HH Gray, EA Tainter, FH Ellis, LE AF Waldrop, TA Welch, NT Brose, PH Elliott, KJ Mohr, HH Gray, EA Tainter, FH Ellis, LE GP USDA USDA USDA USDA TI Current research on restoring ridgetop pine communities with stand replacement fire SO PROCEEDINGS: WORKSHOP ON FIRE, PEOPLE, AND THE CENTRAL HARDWOOD LANDSCAPE SE USDA FOREST SERVICE GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT NORTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENTAL STATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Fire, People, and the Central Hardwoods Landscape CY MAR 12-14, 2000 CL RICHMOND, KY SP Eastern Kentucky Univ Div Nat Area, Univ Kentucky, Dept Forest, Univ Tennessee, Dept Forest, Wildlife & Fisheries, USDA Forest Serv, USDA Forest Serv, Daniel Boone Natl Forest, USDA Forest Serv, Ne Res Stat, USDA Forest Serv, Reg 8, USDA Forest Serv, Reg 9, USDI Fish & Wildlife Serv, USDA Fish & Natl Pk Serv,Great Smoky Mt, Kentucky Div Forest, Kentucky Dept Fish & Wildlife Resource, Kentucky State Nat Preserve Commiss, Forest Landowners Assoc, Kentucky Forest Indust Assoc, Nat Conservancy, Kentucky Woodland Owners Assoc ID SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS AB Ridgetop pine communities of the Southern Appalachian Mountains historically have been maintained by lightning- and human-caused fires. With fire suppression for several decades, characteristic stands are entering later seral stages. They typically have an overstory of Table Mountain (Pinus pungens) and/or pitch pine (P. rigida), a midstory of chestnut oak (Quercus prinus), scarlet oak (Q. coccinea) and blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica), and a shrub layer of dense mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia). Previous research suggests that restoration of these communities can be accomplished with high-intensity fires that open the forest canopy and expose mineral soil. Three recent studies examined plant-community response to high-intensity prescribed fires. A series of corollary studies help to explain some of the results of these field studies. High and medium-high intensity fires provided adequate sunlight for pine seedlings, whereas medium-low and low intensity fires did not. Post-burn duff was deep and did not vary by fire intensity. We observed sufficient seedling densities to restore pine-dominated stands after all but the highest intensity fires. Many seedlings survived the first growing season as their roots penetrated duff to reach mineral soil. Hardwood rootstocks resprouted on sites treated with all fire intensities and may out-compete pine seedlings for available resources. High-intensity fires may have reduced mycorrhizal abundance and moisture availability for new germinants. Fires of lower intensity than previously recommended or multiple fires of very low-intensity may best provide conditions for pine regeneration, but additional research is needed. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Clemson, SC USA. RP Waldrop, TA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Clemson, SC USA. NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 5 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV NE EXPTL STN PI RADNOR PA 5 RADNOR CORPORATE CTR, 100 MATSONFORD RD, STE 200, PO BOX 6775, RADNOR, PA 19087 USA J9 USDA NE EXP PY 2000 VL 274 BP 103 EP 109 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BR53T UT WOS:000166733200014 ER PT B AU Sutherland, EK Smith, KT AF Sutherland, EK Smith, KT GP USDA USDA USDA USDA TI Resistance is not futile: The response of hardwoods to fire-caused wounding SO PROCEEDINGS: WORKSHOP ON FIRE, PEOPLE, AND THE CENTRAL HARDWOOD LANDSCAPE SE USDA FOREST SERVICE GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT NORTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENTAL STATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Fire, People, and the Central Hardwoods Landscape CY MAR 12-14, 2000 CL RICHMOND, KY SP Eastern Kentucky Univ Div Nat Area, Univ Kentucky, Dept Forest, Univ Tennessee, Dept Forest, Wildlife & Fisheries, USDA Forest Serv, USDA Forest Serv, Daniel Boone Natl Forest, USDA Forest Serv, Ne Res Stat, USDA Forest Serv, Reg 8, USDA Forest Serv, Reg 9, USDI Fish & Wildlife Serv, USDA Fish & Natl Pk Serv,Great Smoky Mt, Kentucky Div Forest, Kentucky Dept Fish & Wildlife Resource, Kentucky State Nat Preserve Commiss, Forest Landowners Assoc, Kentucky Forest Indust Assoc, Nat Conservancy, Kentucky Woodland Owners Assoc ID NORTH-AMERICA; OAK; COMPARTMENTALIZATION; TREES; BARK AB Fires wound trees; but not all of them, and not always. Specific fire behavior and differences among tree species and individual trees produce variable patterns of wounding and wound response. Our work focuses on the relationships between fire behavior and tree biology to better understand how hardwood trees resist injury to the lower stem and either survive or succumb to low-intensity fire. Our objectives here were to 1) define and describe the wounding process, 2) to describe compartmentalization and wound closure and 3) to discuss species-specific differences among several common hardwood trees in the resistance to injury and resilience after wounding. Characteristics of fire scars are summarized. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP Sutherland, EK (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, POB 8089, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. NR 35 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV NE EXPTL STN PI RADNOR PA 5 RADNOR CORPORATE CTR, 100 MATSONFORD RD, STE 200, PO BOX 6775, RADNOR, PA 19087 USA J9 USDA NE EXP PY 2000 VL 274 BP 111 EP 115 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BR53T UT WOS:000166733200016 ER PT B AU Brose, P Van Lear, D AF Brose, P Van Lear, D GP USDA USDA USDA USDA TI A shelterwood-burn technique for regenerating productive upland oak sites SO PROCEEDINGS: WORKSHOP ON FIRE, PEOPLE, AND THE CENTRAL HARDWOOD LANDSCAPE SE USDA FOREST SERVICE GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT NORTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENTAL STATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Workshop on Fire, People, and the Central Hardwoods Landscape CY MAR 12-14, 2000 CL RICHMOND, KY SP Eastern Kentucky Univ Div Nat Area, Univ Kentucky, Dept Forest, Univ Tennessee, Dept Forest, Wildlife & Fisheries, USDA Forest Serv, USDA Forest Serv, Daniel Boone Natl Forest, USDA Forest Serv, Ne Res Stat, USDA Forest Serv, Reg 8, USDA Forest Serv, Reg 9, USDI Fish & Wildlife Serv, USDA Fish & Natl Pk Serv,Great Smoky Mt, Kentucky Div Forest, Kentucky Dept Fish & Wildlife Resource, Kentucky State Nat Preserve Commiss, Forest Landowners Assoc, Kentucky Forest Indust Assoc, Nat Conservancy, Kentucky Woodland Owners Assoc C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Irvine, PA 16329 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV NE EXPTL STN PI RADNOR PA 5 RADNOR CORPORATE CTR, 100 MATSONFORD RD, STE 200, PO BOX 6775, RADNOR, PA 19087 USA J9 USDA NE EXP PY 2000 VL 274 BP 123 EP 123 PG 1 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BR53T UT WOS:000166733200022 ER PT B AU Smith, KR AF Smith, KR GP NRC TI Economist's view of ecologically based pest management SO PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES AND ECOLOGICALLY BASED PEST MANAGEMENT, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Professional Societies and Ecologically Based Pest Management CY MAR 07-11, 1999 CL N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC SP Natl Res Council HO N Carolina State Univ C1 USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Smith, KR (reprint author), USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL ACADEMIES PRESS PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA BN 0-309-07132-1 PY 2000 BP 20 EP 25 PG 6 WC Ecology; Entomology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Entomology GA BBC55 UT WOS:000224826800004 ER PT S AU Ludemann, LR AF Ludemann, LR BE Balls, M VanZeller, AM Halder, ME TI USDA initiatives for reducing in vivo testing of inactivated veterinary vaccines SO PROGRESS IN THE REDUCTION, REFINEMENT AND REPLACEMENT OF ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION SE DEVELOPMENTS IN ANIMAL AND VETERINARY SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd World Congress on Alternatives and Animal Use in the Life Science CY AUG 29-SEP 02, 1999 CL BOLOGNA, ITALY SP Colgate Palmolive Co, European Commiss, Environm DIrector Gen, European Commiss, Joint Res Ctr, Toiletry & Perfumery Assoc, European Cosmet, Gillette Co, Glaxo Wellcome, Int Fdn Eth Res, Kimberly Clark Corp, L Oreal, Procter & Gamble Co, Unilever Res, Utrecht Congress ID ANTIGEN AB In an effort to decrease animal use, reduce animal suffering, speed-up testing, and control testing costs, the USDA is encouraging the development and use of in vitro antigen quantification tests for determining the potency of inactivated veterinary vaccines. General regulations covering in vitro tests are contained in the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 9, Part 113.8, and guidelines for the use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for antigen quantification are outlined in Veterinary Services Memorandum No. 800.90, available from the USDA, In this application of the ELISA technology, the relative potency of inactivated products is determined by comparing the relative concentration of protective immunogen of the test Vaccine to that of a reference vaccine which is directly or indirectly correlated to protection in animals. Optical density readings from respective dose-response curves are compared in a parallel line immunoassay. This presentation provides a summary of the important features in the USDA regulations and guidelines for developing in vitro antigen quantification ELISAs, Progress in the development of a reference standard to be used for measuring infectious bovine rhinotracheitis stability by US veterinary biologicals manufacturers is described. This reference standard is intended for use by manufacturers to requalify and monitor the stability of their reference vaccine. C1 Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Vet Serv, Ctr Vet Biol Lab, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Ludemann, LR (reprint author), Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Vet Serv, Ctr Vet Biol Lab, POb 844, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-5168 BN 0-444-50529-6 J9 DEV AN VET PY 2000 VL 31 BP 945 EP 950 PN A & B PG 6 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA BS42Q UT WOS:000169797500091 ER PT J AU Blanco-Molina, A Martin-Escalante, D Bravo, D Gonzalez-Reyes, JA Lopez-Miranda, J Ordovas, JM Lopez-Segura, F Jimenez-Pereperez, JA Perez-Jimenez, F AF Blanco-Molina, A Martin-Escalante, D Bravo, D Gonzalez-Reyes, JA Lopez-Miranda, J Ordovas, JM Lopez-Segura, F Jimenez-Pereperez, JA Perez-Jimenez, F TI High-density lipoproteins protect endothelial cells from apoptosis induced by oxidized low-density lipoproteins SO PROTOPLASMA LA English DT Article DE apoptosis; atherosclerosis; endothelium; lipoproteins ID MONOCYTE CHEMOTACTIC PROTEIN-1; CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; VASCULAR SMOOTH-MUSCLE; LYMPHOBLASTOID-CELLS; BLOOD-PLASMA; LDL; FRAGMENTATION; MIGRATION; INDUCTION; CULTURE AB Endothelial lesion by oxidized low-density liproproteins (LDL) is one of the first stages in the development of atherosclerosis. The effect of these lipoproteins can range from a functional lesion of the endothelium to death of the endothelial cells by apoptosis. High-density lipoproteins (HDL) are one of the factors which can have a protective effect against the development of atheromatous plaques. The aim of this study is to establish whether the death of endothelial cells by apoptosis induced by oxidized LDLs is prevented by HDLs. ECV304 endothelial cells and bovine aorta endothelial cells were incubated with native LDLs, oxidized LDLs, and a combination of both oxidized LDLs and HDLs. Oxidized LDLs caused a significant increase of mortality mainly by apoptosis. However, when HDLs were added together with oxidized LDLs the percentage of total mortality, the degree of lipoprotein oxidation in the medium, and the percentage of cells in apoptosis were all significantly decreased. HDLs protect against the cytotoxicity of oxidized LDLs possibly by preventing the propagation of the oxidative chain in these lipoproteins. C1 Univ Cordoba, Dept Biol Celular Fisiol & Inmunol, Cordoba 14004, Spain. Hosp Reina Sofia, Unidad Lipidos & Arteriosclerosis, Sofia, Bulgaria. Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA, Lipid Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Gonzalez-Reyes, JA (reprint author), Univ Cordoba, Dept Biol Celular Fisiol & Inmunol, San Alberto Magno S-N, Cordoba 14004, Spain. EM bclgorej@lucano.uco.es RI Gonzalez-Reyes, Jose A/K-1367-2014; OI Gonzalez-Reyes, Jose A/0000-0003-1918-5490; Perez-Jimenez, Francisco/0000-0001-7499-7681; Perez Jimenez, Francisco/0000-0001-9808-1280; Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 NR 40 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER WIEN PI WIEN PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 WIEN, AUSTRIA SN 0033-183X J9 PROTOPLASMA JI Protoplasma PY 2000 VL 211 IS 3-4 BP 198 EP 206 DI 10.1007/BF01304487 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology SC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology GA 313JP UT WOS:000086996800008 ER PT B AU Lukaski, HC AF Lukaski, HC BE Pierson, RN TI Bioimpedance analysis SO QUALITY OF THE BODY CELL MASS: BODY COMPOSITION IN THE THIRD MILLENNIUM SE SERONO SYMPOSIA, USA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Quality of the Body Cell Mass CY FEB 27-MAR 02, 1997 CL FT LAUDERDALE, FL SP Serono Symposia USA ID TOTAL-BODY WATER; BIOELECTRICAL-IMPEDANCE ANALYSIS; FAT-FREE MASS; HEMODIALYSIS-PATIENTS; PREGNANCY; FLUID C1 USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Lukaski, HC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 37 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES BN 0-387-95120-2 J9 SERONO SYMP PY 2000 BP 76 EP 88 PG 13 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA BR74L UT WOS:000167395700007 ER PT B AU Roubenoff, R AF Roubenoff, R BE Pierson, RN TI Body composition in starvation, inflammation, and aging: The relationship among wasting, cachexia, and sarcopenia SO QUALITY OF THE BODY CELL MASS: BODY COMPOSITION IN THE THIRD MILLENNIUM SE SERONO SYMPOSIA, USA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Quality of the Body Cell Mass CY FEB 27-MAR 02, 1997 CL FT LAUDERDALE, FL SP Serono Symposia USA ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; RESTING ENERGY-EXPENDITURE; RHEUMATOID-ARTHRITIS; MUSCLE STRENGTH; NUTRITIONAL-STATUS; PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; BURN INJURY; CELL MASS; MORTALITY; WOMEN C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Roubenoff, R (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 37 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES BN 0-387-95120-2 J9 SERONO SYMP PY 2000 BP 312 EP 320 PG 9 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA BR74L UT WOS:000167395700029 ER PT S AU Suzuki, YJ Shi, SS Day, RM Blumberg, JB AF Suzuki, YJ Shi, SS Day, RM Blumberg, JB BE Chiueh, CC TI Differential regulation of MAP kinase signaling by pro- and antioxidant biothiols SO REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES: FROM RADIATION TO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY: A FESTSCHRIFT IN HONOR OF DANIEL L GILBERT SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Reactive Oxygen Species from Radiation to Molecular Biology in honor of Daniel L Gilbert CY JUL 02, 1998 CL NIH, ROS INTEREST GRP, BETHESDA, MARYLAND SP NIH Labs, Oxygen Club HO NIH, ROS INTEREST GRP ID ALPHA-LIPOIC ACID; NF-KAPPA-B; MICROSOMAL LIPID-PEROXIDATION; VASCULAR-DISEASE; PLASMA HOMOCYSTEINE; RISK FACTOR; T-CELLS; C-FOS; ACTIVATION; TRANSDUCTION AB Some biologically derived thiol-containing compounds have potential for health benefits whereas others elicit biochemical events leading to pathogenesis, Effects of two biothiols, alpha-lipoic acid (alpha LA), a therapeutic antioxidant, and homocysteine (Hcy), a risk factor for age-associated cardiovascular disease, on cell signaling events involving p44 and p42 MAP kinases (p44/42 MAPK) were evaluated in cell culture, Treatment of serum-deprived NIH/3T3 cells with Hey (20 mu M) resulted in the activation of p44/42 MAPK as determined by Western blot analysis using the phospho specific p44/42 MAPK antibody. p44/42 MAPK phosphorylation was rapid and transient with maximal activation occurring at 10-30 min. Transient activation of p44/42 MAPK was also observed in response to treatment of serum-deprived cells with alpha LA. In cells grown in serum, serum-dependent p44/42 MAPK phosphorylation was transiently enhanced by Hey or Hey thiolactone, but inhibited by alpha LA. Thus, alpha LA and Hey differentially influence signal transduction events depending on the state of cells. These observations may be important in understanding how some biothiols are associated with pathogenic events while others have potential as therapeutic agents. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Antioxidants Res lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. New England Med Ctr, Div Pulm & Crit Care, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Suzuki, YJ (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Antioxidants Res lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 30 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-238-X J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 2000 VL 899 BP 159 EP 167 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA BQ52C UT WOS:000088609100013 PM 10863537 ER PT J AU Nouvellon, Y Seen, DL Rambal, S Begue, A Moran, MS Kerr, Y Qi, JG AF Nouvellon, Y Seen, DL Rambal, S Begue, A Moran, MS Kerr, Y Qi, JG TI Time course of radiation use efficiency in a shortgrass ecosystem: Consequences for remotely sensed estimation of primary production SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article ID NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; PHOTOSYNTHETICALLY ACTIVE RADIATION; LEAF-AREA INDEX; SATELLITE DATA; SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE; SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; CANOPY REFLECTANCE; BIOMASS PRODUCTION; SOLAR-RADIATION; VEGETATION AB A reliable estimation of primary production of terrestrial ecosystems is often a prerequisite for land survey and management, while being important also in ecological and climatological studies. At a regional scale, grassland primary production estimates are increasingly being made with the use of satellite data. In a currently used approach, regional gross, net, and aboveground net primary productivity (GPP, NPP, and ANPP) are derived from the parametric model of Monteith and are calculated as the product of the fraction of incident photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by the canopy (f(APAR)) and gross, net, and aboveground net production (radiation-use) efficiencies (epsilon(g), epsilon(n), and epsilon(an)); f(APAR) being derived from indices calculated from satellite-measured reflectances in the red and near infrared. The accuracy and realism of the primary production values estimated by this approach therefore largely depend on an accurate estimation of epsilon(g), epsilon(n), and epsilon(an). However, data are scarce for production efficiencies of semiarid grasslands, and their time and spatial variations are poorly documented, often leading to large errors for the estimates. In this paper, a modelling approach taking into account relevant ecosystem processes and based on extensive field data was used to estimate time variations of epsilon(g), epsilon(n), and epsilon(an) of a shortgrass site in Arizona. These variations were explained by variations in plant water stress, temperature, leaf aging, and processes such as a respiration and changes in allocation pattern between above- and below-ground compartments. Over the 3 study years, averaged values of epsilon(g), epsilon(n), and epsilon(an) were found to be 1.92, 0.74, and 0.29 g DM (MJ IPAR)(-1), respectively. epsilon(g) and epsilon(n) exhibited large interannual and seasonal variations mainly due to changes in water limitations during the growing season. Interannual variations of epsilon(an) were much less important. However, for shorter periods, epsilon(an) exhibited very contrasting values from regrowth to senescence. The calculation of ANPP seems less prone to errors due to environmental effects when computed on an annual basis. When estimating GPP and NPP, better results are expected if water limitations are taken into account. This could be possible through the estimation of water-stress factor by using surface temperature or other indices derived from thermal infrared remote sensing data. The limitations due to temporally varying efficiencies, shown here for shortgrass ecosystems, are also relevant to all drought-exposed ecosystems, particularly those with abundant evergreen or perennial species. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 AMIS, CIRAD, Montpellier, France. CNRS, CEFE, DREAM Unit, Montpellier, France. ARS, USDA, USWCL, Phoenix, AZ USA. CNES, CESBIO, Toulouse, France. RP Nouvellon, Y (reprint author), 300 Rue JF Breton, F-34093 Montpellier 5, France. RI Lo Seen, Danny/C-2679-2008; begue, agnes/A-5718-2011; Young, Kristina/M-3069-2014; Nouvellon, Yann/C-9295-2016; OI Lo Seen, Danny/0000-0002-7773-2109; begue, agnes/0000-0002-9289-1052; Nouvellon, Yann/0000-0003-1920-3847; rambal, serge/0000-0001-5869-8382 NR 67 TC 48 Z9 51 U1 4 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 71 IS 1 BP 43 EP 55 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(99)00063-2 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 271AW UT WOS:000084570200004 ER PT J AU Uzumcu, M Carnahan, KG Braileanu, GT Mirando, MA AF Uzumcu, M Carnahan, KG Braileanu, GT Mirando, MA TI Oxytocin-stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis and prostaglandin F-2 alpha secretion by luminal epithelial, glandular epithelial and stromal cells from pig endometrium. II. Responses of cyclic, pregnant and pseudopregnant pigs on days 12 and 16 post oestrus SO REPRODUCTION FERTILITY AND DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article ID UTERO-OVARIAN VEIN; CELLULAR MECHANISMS; BOVINE ENDOMETRIUM; ESTROUS-CYCLE; EXOCRINE SECRETION; ESTRADIOL VALERATE; PHOSPHOLIPASE-C; SWINE; GILTS; PROGESTERONE AB In pigs, the exact mechanism for the shift in endometrial PGF(2 alpha) secretion from an endocrine to an exocrine mode during pregnancy recognition is not known. The objective of this study was to examine whether this shift involved a change in the responsiveness of luminal epithelial, glandular epithelial and stromal cells to 0 or 100 nM oxytocin. Luminal epithelial cells, glandular epithelial cells and stromal cells were isolated from cyclic, pregnant or oestrogen-induced pseudopregnant gilts on Day 12 (Experiment 1) or Day 16 (Experiment 2) post oestrus (oestrus = Day 0). For cells obtained on Day 12, oxytocin stimulated PGF(2 alpha) secretion by stromal cells (P<0.01) similarly for each reproductive status, whereas oxytocin stimulated PGF(2) secretion from luminal and glandular epithelial cells (P<0.05) from pregnant and pseudopregnant gilts but not from cyclic gilts. For both concentrations of oxytocin, mean PGF(2) secretion was less (P<0.05) from stromal cells of pregnant than cyclic gilts. For cells obtained on Day 16, oxytocin stimulated PGF(2) release from stromal cells of cyclic gilts but not from stromal cells of pregnant gilts. Mean PGF(2 alpha) secretion also was less (P<0.05) from stromal cells of pregnant gilts than cyclic gilts. Oxytocin tended to stimulate PGF(2) release (P<0.07) from glandular epithelial cells of cyclic but not pregnant or pseudopregnant gilts. Luminal epithelial cells from all reproductive statuses were similarly unresponsive to oxytocin. In conclusion, the increased PGF(2) secretory response to oxytocin of luminal and glandular epithelial cells from pregnant gilts on Day 12, combined with the decreased response of stromal cells from pregnant gilts on Days 12 and 16, may contribute, in part, to the shift in endometrial PGF(2 alpha) secretion from an endocrine to an exocrine direction during early pregnancy in pigs. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Ctr Reprod Biol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Mirando, MA (reprint author), USDA, Natl Res Initiat Competit Grants Program, Stop 2241,1400 Independence Ave SW, Washington, DC 20520 USA. FU NICHD NIH HHS [HD30268] NR 48 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU C S I R O PUBLISHING PI COLLINGWOOD PA 150 OXFORD ST, PO BOX 1139, COLLINGWOOD, VICTORIA 3066, AUSTRALIA SN 1031-3613 J9 REPROD FERT DEVELOP JI Reprod. Fertil. Dev. PY 2000 VL 12 IS 3-4 BP 157 EP 164 DI 10.1071/RD00084 PG 8 WC Developmental Biology; Reproductive Biology; Zoology SC Developmental Biology; Reproductive Biology; Zoology GA 412HW UT WOS:000167549800006 PM 11302425 ER PT J AU Barb, CR Kraeling, RR Rampacek, GB Estienne, MJ AF Barb, CR Kraeling, RR Rampacek, GB Estienne, MJ TI Current concepts of the onset of puberty in the gilt SO REPRODUCTION IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Conference on the European-Society-for-Domestic-Animal-Reproduction CY NOV 26-27, 1999 CL ANGERS, FRANCE SP European Soc Domest Anim Reprod, Reg Pays Loire, Intervet, Oger, Schering Plough, IMV, Hoeschst, Merial, Minitub, Sanofi, Virbac, INRA, Sersia, Pie Med, Cook, Coboporc, Equitech, Credit Agricole, Beckman Coulter, Conseil Gen Maine & Loire ID LUTEINIZING-HORMONE SECRETION; GROWTH-FACTOR-I; EXCITATORY AMINO-ACIDS; CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM; NORMAL FEMALE MICE; NEGATIVE FEEDBACK; MESSENGER-RNA; ENDOCRINE MECHANISMS; PULSATILE SECRETION; SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AB The integral components of the hypathalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis of the pig are functional before the normal onset of puberty. Little is known, however, about the mechanisms within the brain which bring these various components into the proper temporal relationship to initiate puberty. Induction of estrus and ovulation in prepuberal gifts with hourly i.v. injections of GnRH demonstrated the importance of pulsatile GnRH secretion. The "gonadostat" hypothesis is one of the most widely accepted theories regarding neuroendocrine mechanisms controlling the onset of puberty and contends that as an animal ages, sensitivity to estrogen negative feedback on pulsatile LH secretion declines. The pig appears to conform to the "gonadostat" hypothesis because onset of puberty is immediately preceded by a significant increase in pulsatile LH secretion in the face of increasing estrogen secretion. In addition, the neuroendocrine axis became less sensitive to the suppressive effects of exogenous estrogen on LH secretion as gilts progressed from prepuberal to peripuberal states. This change in sensitivity could be the result of brain maturational processes which reflect decreased inhibitory inputs and (or) increased stimulatory inputs to the GnRH neurons. For example, stimulatory neurotransmitters such as glutamate, may play a role in maturational processes which culminate in stimulation of the LH pulse generator. The glutamate agonist, n-methyl-d,l-aspartate (NMA), increased LH secretion in prepuberal gilts and in gilts during the luteal phase, but not the follicular phase of the estrous cycle. Moreover, NMA increased LH secretion in mature, but not immature boars. This is consistent with the concept of an age-related change in sensitivity of the LH response to NMA. Onset of puberty may be linked to attainment of a critical body weight or a minimum percentage of body fat. Two metabolic hormones, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and leptin, have been implicated as possible modulators of reproductive function. Increased serum IGF-I and leptin concentrations are associated with onset of puberty and follicular development. Prepuberal gilts are readily induced to ovulate with a combination of pregnant mares serum gonadotropin and human chorionic gonadotropin (PG600), but ovulatory response and pregnancy rates are variable. In a recent series of studies in which 102 prepuberal gilts were treated with PG600, 82% expressed estrus within 7 days and ovulation rate ranged from 1 to 33. In one study, pregnancy rate was only 53% (23/43 gilts) with an average litter size of 7.7 +/- .5. The variable ovulatory response and low pregnancy rate is attributed to abnormal follicular development and function of corpora lutea (CL) characterized by increased sensitivity to the uterine luteolysin, low LW receptor numbers and perturbations in progesterone synthesis. Further, the temporal relationship among serum estrogen, prolactin and LH concentrations differ in prepuberal gilts induced to ovulate compared to naturally ovulating mature gilts. Thus, the variable response to induction of ovulation and subsequent pregnancy maintenance in prepuberal gilts may also be due, in part, to maturation of the neuroendocrine-ovarian axis. C1 USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Anim Physiol Res Unit, Athens, GA 30604 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Dairy & Anim Sci, Athens, GA USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Anim & Poultry Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Barb, CR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Anim Physiol Res Unit, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 76 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 9 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0936-6768 J9 REPROD DOMEST ANIM JI Reprod. Domest. Anim. PY 2000 SU 6 BP 82 EP 89 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Agriculture; Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA 347AF UT WOS:000088903500037 ER PT S AU Tumeo, MA Mauriello, DA Sadeghi, AM Meekhof, R AF Tumeo, MA Mauriello, DA Sadeghi, AM Meekhof, R BE Haimes, YY Steuer, RE TI Case studies on the application of adaptive risk analysis to USDA's resource conservation programs SO RESEARCH AND PRACTICE IN MULTIPLE CRITERIA DECISION MAKING SE LECTURE NOTES IN ECONOMICS AND MATHEMATICAL SYSTEMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th International Conference on Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) CY JUN 08-12, 1998 CL CHARLOTTESVILLE, VIRGINIA AB As part of its role of ensuring that major regulations proposed by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) are based on sound scientific and economic analysis, the Office of Risk Assessment and Cost-Benefit Analysis (ORACBA) is undertaking a series of case studies to apply a multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) risk analysis technique to USDA's Resource Conservation Programs. The MCDM tool being developed and tested is aimed at providing a clear understanding of the environmental and human health benefits and associated level of uncertainty of various management practices that are implemented under the Resource Conservation Programs. The case studies examine two different programs: 1) the Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP), and 2) the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP). The EQIP case study will focus on specific watersheds and determine the impact of a range of manure management practices on multiple environmental and human health objectives and will provide the basis for a comparison of benefits, including those related to the reduction or prevention of risk to the costs associated with a set of potential alternative management strategies. The CRP case study will evaluate the effects of various kinds of managed disturbances to grasslands enrolled in the CRP with the objectives of reducing nutrient runoff and enhancing wildlife values. Both projects were in their initial stages at the time this paper was prepared and therefore only the progress to-date and the underlying theory being applied to the case studies are discussed. C1 US EPA, RAD, OPPT, Washington, DC 20460 USA. USDA, Agr Res Serv, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Tumeo, MA (reprint author), US EPA, RAD, OPPT, SSB 7403,401 M St,SLO, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0075-8442 BN 3-540-67266-4 J9 LECT NOTES ECON MATH PY 2000 VL 487 BP 492 EP 509 PG 18 WC Economics; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Business & Economics; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA BQ67B UT WOS:000089141200043 ER PT J AU Hjelle, JT Miller-Hjelle, MA Nowak, DM Dombrink-Kurtzman, MA Peterson, SW AF Hjelle, JT Miller-Hjelle, MA Nowak, DM Dombrink-Kurtzman, MA Peterson, SW TI Polycystic kidney disease, fungi, and bacterial endotoxin: shifting paradigms involving infection and diet SO REVIEWS IN MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE polycystic kidney disease; glucan; endotoxin; fumonisin; shingolipids ID FUMONISIN B-1; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; IDENTIFICATION; DNA; RAT; PATHOGENESIS; ASPERGILLUS; MYCOTOXINS; DIAGNOSIS; CERAMIDE AB The effort to understand the significance of ever-more numerous observations of fungal and bacterial components in tissues and fluids from patients with polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is the focus of this review. Could this second most common genetic disease in man be promoted or even caused by microbes or their components/toxins found in PKD patients? Findings include fungal glucans, fungal antigens, immunoglobulin E reactive with fungal antigens, fungal DNA, bacterial endotoxin from at least three genera, and a newly discovered class of bacteria, Nanobacterium. FL new species of fungus, Penicillium pimiteouiense, has been isolated from PKD kidney cells in vitro. What are the sources of these microbes or microbial parts and by what mechanism(s) do they alter those few cells that become the progenitors of all phenotypically cystic cells? Hypotheses concerning the interactions of microbial components with PKD biology are presented along with strategies to confirm and exploit therapeutically these ideas. The study of microbes and their parts in this prominent chronic, genetic disease may provide insights into other polymicrobic, multifactorial diseases. (C) 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. C1 Univ Illinois, Coll Med, Dept Biomed & Therapeut Sci, Peoria, IL 61656 USA. ARS, Motoxin Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL USA. ARS, Microbial Properties Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL USA. RP Hjelle, JT (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Coll Med, Dept Biomed & Therapeut Sci, POB 1649, Peoria, IL 61656 USA. NR 68 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0954-139X J9 REV MED MICROBIOL JI Rev. Med. Microbiol. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 11 IS 1 BP 23 EP 35 PG 13 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 287RQ UT WOS:000085520100003 ER PT B AU Verry, ES Dolloff, CA AF Verry, ES Dolloff, CA BE Verry, ES Hornbeck, JW Dolloff, CA TI The challenge of managing for healthy riparian area SO RIPARIAN MANAGEMENT IN FORESTS OF THE CONTINENTAL EASTERN UNITED STATES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Riparian Management in Forests of the Continental Eastern United States CY MAR 23-25, 1998 CL COLUMBUS, OH C1 USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 USA. RP Verry, ES (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, 1831 Highway 169 E, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 USA. NR 0 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU LEWIS PUBLISHERS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA BN 1-56670-501-0 PY 2000 BP 1 EP 22 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Forestry; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA BP69C UT WOS:000085868200001 ER PT B AU Ilhardt, BL Verry, ES Palik, BJ AF Ilhardt, BL Verry, ES Palik, BJ BE Verry, ES Hornbeck, JW Dolloff, CA TI Defining riparian areas SO RIPARIAN MANAGEMENT IN FORESTS OF THE CONTINENTAL EASTERN UNITED STATES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Riparian Management in Forests of the Continental Eastern United States CY MAR 23-25, 1998 CL COLUMBUS, OH C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Milwaukee, WI 53203 USA. RP Ilhardt, BL (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Reg 9,310 W Wisconsin Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53203 USA. NR 0 TC 19 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 5 PU LEWIS PUBLISHERS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA BN 1-56670-501-0 PY 2000 BP 23 EP 42 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Forestry; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA BP69C UT WOS:000085868200002 ER PT B AU Parrott, H Edwards, C Higgins, D AF Parrott, H Edwards, C Higgins, D BE Verry, ES Hornbeck, JW Dolloff, CA TI Classifying aquatic ecosystems and mapping riparian areas SO RIPARIAN MANAGEMENT IN FORESTS OF THE CONTINENTAL EASTERN UNITED STATES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Riparian Management in Forests of the Continental Eastern United States CY MAR 23-25, 1998 CL COLUMBUS, OH C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Milwaukee, WI 53203 USA. RP Parrott, H (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Reg 9,310 W Wisconsin Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53203 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LEWIS PUBLISHERS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA BN 1-56670-501-0 PY 2000 BP 67 EP 88 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Forestry; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA BP69C UT WOS:000085868200004 ER PT B AU Hornbeck, JW Kochenderfer, JN AF Hornbeck, JW Kochenderfer, JN BE Verry, ES Hornbeck, JW Dolloff, CA TI Linkages between forests and streams: A perspective in time SO RIPARIAN MANAGEMENT IN FORESTS OF THE CONTINENTAL EASTERN UNITED STATES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Riparian Management in Forests of the Continental Eastern United States CY MAR 23-25, 1998 CL COLUMBUS, OH C1 USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Hornbeck, JW (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, POB 640, Durham, NH 03824 USA. NR 0 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 2 PU LEWIS PUBLISHERS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA BN 1-56670-501-0 PY 2000 BP 89 EP 98 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Forestry; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA BP69C UT WOS:000085868200005 ER PT B AU Verry, ES AF Verry, ES BE Verry, ES Hornbeck, JW Dolloff, CA TI Water flow in soils and streams: Sustaining hydrologic function SO RIPARIAN MANAGEMENT IN FORESTS OF THE CONTINENTAL EASTERN UNITED STATES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Riparian Management in Forests of the Continental Eastern United States CY MAR 23-25, 1998 CL COLUMBUS, OH C1 USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 USA. RP Verry, ES (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, 1831 Highway 169 E, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 USA. NR 0 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU LEWIS PUBLISHERS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA BN 1-56670-501-0 PY 2000 BP 99 EP 124 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Forestry; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA BP69C UT WOS:000085868200006 ER PT B AU Dolloff, CA Webster, JR AF Dolloff, CA Webster, JR BE Verry, ES Hornbeck, JW Dolloff, CA TI Particulate organic contributions from forests to streams: Debris isn't so bad SO RIPARIAN MANAGEMENT IN FORESTS OF THE CONTINENTAL EASTERN UNITED STATES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Riparian Management in Forests of the Continental Eastern United States CY MAR 23-25, 1998 CL COLUMBUS, OH C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Dolloff, CA (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, 140 Cheatham Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NR 0 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU LEWIS PUBLISHERS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA BN 1-56670-501-0 PY 2000 BP 125 EP 138 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Forestry; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA BP69C UT WOS:000085868200007 ER PT B AU DeGraaf, RM Yamasaki, M AF DeGraaf, RM Yamasaki, M BE Verry, ES Hornbeck, JW Dolloff, CA TI Bird and mammal habitat in riparian areas SO RIPARIAN MANAGEMENT IN FORESTS OF THE CONTINENTAL EASTERN UNITED STATES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Riparian Management in Forests of the Continental Eastern United States CY MAR 23-25, 1998 CL COLUMBUS, OH C1 Univ Massachusetts, USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP DeGraaf, RM (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, 201 Holdsworth Hall, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU LEWIS PUBLISHERS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA BN 1-56670-501-0 PY 2000 BP 139 EP 156 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Forestry; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA BP69C UT WOS:000085868200008 ER PT B AU Dwyer, JF Jakes, PJ Barro, SC AF Dwyer, JF Jakes, PJ Barro, SC BE Verry, ES Hornbeck, JW Dolloff, CA TI The human dimensions of riparian areas: Implications for management and planning SO RIPARIAN MANAGEMENT IN FORESTS OF THE CONTINENTAL EASTERN UNITED STATES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Riparian Management in Forests of the Continental Eastern United States CY MAR 23-25, 1998 CL COLUMBUS, OH C1 USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, Evanston, IL 60202 USA. RP Dwyer, JF (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, 845 Chicago Ave,Suite 225, Evanston, IL 60202 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU LEWIS PUBLISHERS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA BN 1-56670-501-0 PY 2000 BP 193 EP 206 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Forestry; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA BP69C UT WOS:000085868200011 ER PT B AU Eubanks, ST Emmons, S Pert, HA AF Eubanks, ST Emmons, S Pert, HA BE Verry, ES Hornbeck, JW Dolloff, CA TI Integrated management of riparian areas SO RIPARIAN MANAGEMENT IN FORESTS OF THE CONTINENTAL EASTERN UNITED STATES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Riparian Management in Forests of the Continental Eastern United States CY MAR 23-25, 1998 CL COLUMBUS, OH C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Tahoe Natl Forest, Nevada City, CA 95959 USA. RP Eubanks, ST (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Tahoe Natl Forest, 631 Coyote St, Nevada City, CA 95959 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LEWIS PUBLISHERS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA BN 1-56670-501-0 PY 2000 BP 219 EP 232 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Forestry; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA BP69C UT WOS:000085868200013 ER PT B AU Palik, BJ Zasada, JC Hedman, CW AF Palik, BJ Zasada, JC Hedman, CW BE Verry, ES Hornbeck, JW Dolloff, CA TI Ecological principles for riparian silviculture SO RIPARIAN MANAGEMENT IN FORESTS OF THE CONTINENTAL EASTERN UNITED STATES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Riparian Management in Forests of the Continental Eastern United States CY MAR 23-25, 1998 CL COLUMBUS, OH C1 USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 USA. RP Palik, BJ (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, 1831 Highway 169 E, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 USA. NR 0 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU LEWIS PUBLISHERS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA BN 1-56670-501-0 PY 2000 BP 233 EP 254 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Forestry; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA BP69C UT WOS:000085868200014 ER PT B AU Mattson, JA Baumgras, JE Blinn, CR Thompson, MA AF Mattson, JA Baumgras, JE Blinn, CR Thompson, MA BE Verry, ES Hornbeck, JW Dolloff, CA TI Harvesting options for riparian areas SO RIPARIAN MANAGEMENT IN FORESTS OF THE CONTINENTAL EASTERN UNITED STATES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Riparian Management in Forests of the Continental Eastern United States CY MAR 23-25, 1998 CL COLUMBUS, OH C1 USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. RP Mattson, JA (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, 410 MacInnes Dr, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. NR 0 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU LEWIS PUBLISHERS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA BN 1-56670-501-0 PY 2000 BP 255 EP 272 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Forestry; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA BP69C UT WOS:000085868200015 ER PT B AU Stuart, GW Edwards, PJ McLaughlin, KR Phillips, MJ AF Stuart, GW Edwards, PJ McLaughlin, KR Phillips, MJ BE Verry, ES Hornbeck, JW Dolloff, CA TI Monitoring the effects of riparian management on water resources SO RIPARIAN MANAGEMENT IN FORESTS OF THE CONTINENTAL EASTERN UNITED STATES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Riparian Management in Forests of the Continental Eastern United States CY MAR 23-25, 1998 CL COLUMBUS, OH C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Westbrook, ME 04092 USA. RP Stuart, GW (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, 97 Seavey St, Westbrook, ME 04092 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU LEWIS PUBLISHERS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA BN 1-56670-501-0 PY 2000 BP 287 EP 302 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Forestry; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA BP69C UT WOS:000085868200017 ER PT B AU LaFayette, RA Bernard, J Brady, D AF LaFayette, RA Bernard, J Brady, D BE Verry, ES Hornbeck, JW Dolloff, CA TI Riparian restoration SO RIPARIAN MANAGEMENT IN FORESTS OF THE CONTINENTAL EASTERN UNITED STATES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Riparian Management in Forests of the Continental Eastern United States CY MAR 23-25, 1998 CL COLUMBUS, OH C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP LaFayette, RA (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, 201 14th St,SW Independence Ave, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LEWIS PUBLISHERS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA BN 1-56670-501-0 PY 2000 BP 303 EP 314 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Forestry; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA BP69C UT WOS:000085868200018 ER PT B AU Solomon, MJ AF Solomon, MJ BE Verry, ES Hornbeck, JW Dolloff, CA TI Dams: A watershed restoration opportunity SO RIPARIAN MANAGEMENT IN FORESTS OF THE CONTINENTAL EASTERN UNITED STATES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Riparian Management in Forests of the Continental Eastern United States CY MAR 23-25, 1998 CL COLUMBUS, OH C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Huron Manistee Natl Forest, Cadillac, MI 49601 USA. RP Solomon, MJ (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Huron Manistee Natl Forest, 1755 S Mitchell, Cadillac, MI 49601 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LEWIS PUBLISHERS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA BN 1-56670-501-0 PY 2000 BP 315 EP 320 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Forestry; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA BP69C UT WOS:000085868200019 ER PT B AU Welsch, DJ Hornbeck, JW Verry, ES Dolloff, CA Greis, JG AF Welsch, DJ Hornbeck, JW Verry, ES Dolloff, CA Greis, JG BE Verry, ES Hornbeck, JW Dolloff, CA TI Riparian area management: Themes and recommendations SO RIPARIAN MANAGEMENT IN FORESTS OF THE CONTINENTAL EASTERN UNITED STATES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Riparian Management in Forests of the Continental Eastern United States CY MAR 23-25, 1998 CL COLUMBUS, OH C1 USDA, Forest Serv, NE Area State & Private Forestry, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Welsch, DJ (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, NE Area State & Private Forestry, POB 640, Durham, NH 03824 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU LEWIS PUBLISHERS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA BN 1-56670-501-0 PY 2000 BP 321 EP 322 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Forestry; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA BP69C UT WOS:000085868200020 ER PT B AU Singleton, JA Stikeleather, LF Haney, CA AF Singleton, JA Stikeleather, LF Haney, CA BE Oleszek, W Marston, A TI Micro-extraction and characterization of saponins in peanut meal and soybean flour using HPLC and FAB mass spectrometry SO SAPONINS IN FOOD, FEEDSTUFFS AND MEDICINAL PLANTS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Saponins in Food, Feedstuffs and Medicinal Plants CY 1999 CL PULAWY, POLAND ID TRITERPENOID SAPONINS C1 N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Singleton, JA (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 0-7923-6023-0 J9 PR PHYT SOC PY 2000 VL 45 BP 25 EP 33 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Analytical SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry GA BR77A UT WOS:000167471800003 ER PT B AU Potter, BE Croft, PJ AF Potter, BE Croft, PJ GP AMS AMS TI Spatial variation in growing season heat sums within northern hardwood forest canopy gaps SO SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Symposium on Environmental Applications CY JAN 09-14, 2000 CL LONG BEACH, CA SP Amer Meteorol Soc ID PHENOLOGY; PINE C1 USDA ARS, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. RP Potter, BE (reprint author), USDA ARS, N Cent Res Stn,1407 S Harrison Rd,Suite 220, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2000 BP 130 EP 134 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BS13K UT WOS:000168779300024 ER PT B AU Walker-Simmons, MK AF Walker-Simmons, MK BE Black, M Bradford, KJ VazquezRamos, J TI Recent advances in ABA-regulated gene expression in cereal seeds: Evidence for regulation by PKABA1 protein kinase SO SEED BIOLOGY: ADVANCES AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Workshop on Seeds CY JAN, 1999 CL MERIDA, MEXICO SP Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Fac Quim, Accessolab, Monsanto, Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Coordinac Invest Cientif, CABI Publishing, Boehringer Mannheim, Farmaceuticos Lakeside, SA CV, Mexico, BQ The Providers ID ACID SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; ABSCISIC-ACID; BARLEY ALEURONE; INDUCTION; COMPLEXES; PROMOTER; DORMANCY; PLANTS AB The plant hormone, abscisic acid (ABA) has an essential role in the physiological processes that affect seed survival and reproduction. Many of these responses to ABA occur through ABA signalling processes that stimulate or suppress ABA-responsive gene expression. A protein kinase mRNA called PKABA1 (protein kinase - ABA-responsive), that is a potential intermediate in ABA signal transduction has been cloned from dormant wheat seeds. Constitutive PKABA1 suppresses gibberellin (GA)-regulated alpha-amylase and protease gene expression in barley aleurone. A brief overview of this protein kinase research and other recent advances in ABA signalling processes in cereals seeds is presented. C1 Washington State Univ, Wheat Genet Qual Physiol & Dis Res Unit, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Walker-Simmons, MK (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Wheat Genet Qual Physiol & Dis Res Unit, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 20 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU CABI PUBLISHING PI CAMBRIDGE PA 875 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, 7TH FLOOR, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA BN 0-85199-404-0 PY 2000 BP 271 EP 276 DI 10.1079/9780851994048.0271 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA BQ82X UT WOS:000089733500025 ER PT B AU Foley, ME AF Foley, ME BE Black, M Bradford, KJ VazquezRamos, J TI Genetic model for dormancy in wild oat SO SEED BIOLOGY: ADVANCES AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Workshop on Seeds CY JAN, 1999 CL MERIDA, MEXICO SP Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Fac Quim, Accessolab, Monsanto, Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Coordinac Invest Cientif, CABI Publishing, Boehringer Mannheim, Farmaceuticos Lakeside, SA CV, Mexico, BQ The Providers ID SEED DORMANCY; MARKERS AB Seed dormancy is a key characteristic associated with the weedy nature of wild oat (Avena fatua). Wild oat seeds require afterripening under warm-dry conditions to exhibit a normal-rapid onset and rate of germination. Wild oat seeds in natural populations range from highly dormant to non-dormant. Genetic and environmental, factors influence germinability of wild oat seeds. A highly dormant (M73) and a non-dormant (SH430) inbred line were cross-pollinated. FZ, backcross (BC1NDF1 and BC1DF1) and recombinant inbred populations were developed. Germinability of seeds in these populations was evaluated and data were used to propose a three-locus model to explain dormancy. Bulked segregant analysis and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) techniques were used to identify molecular markers linked to quantitative trait loci (QTL) that regulate germinability in wild oat. C1 USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Foley, ME (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, POB 5674,State Univ Stn, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU CABI PUBLISHING PI CAMBRIDGE PA 875 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, 7TH FLOOR, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA BN 0-85199-404-0 PY 2000 BP 323 EP 327 DI 10.1079/9780851994048.0323 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA BQ82X UT WOS:000089733500031 ER PT J AU Widrlechner, MP Kovach, DA AF Widrlechner, MP Kovach, DA TI Dormancy-breaking protocols for Cuphea seed SO SEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LAMINULIGERA; LANCEOLATA AB Several species of Cuphea exhibit primary seed dormancy. This hampers viability testing and seed regeneration for germplasm managers, plant breeders, and other researchers. An accurate viability test involving embryo excision has been developed. This research explores alternatives to that labor-intensive technique. Seeds of C. viscosissima Jacq. lost much of their dormancy after 4 to 6 months of cold, moist storage or after four years of dry storage at room temperature. In either situation, an alternating temperature regimen with light was required during the germination test for optimal nonexcised results. Seeds of C. viscosissima, after-ripened at room temperature for seven weeks after harvest, responded well to an alternating temperature regimen with light, if the seeds were first placed under high-humidity conditions in accelerated aging boxes (termed herein as accelerated after-ripening). Response to accelerated after-ripening treatments by older samples of nine other species of Cuphea, obtained from the germplasm collections of the North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station, was generally inferior to results obtained by the use of embryo excision. It is possible that the mechanical methods used during the harvesting of the older samples contributed to premature loss of viability and vigor in these seeds. Also, experiments comparing germination tests of freshly-harvested seeds with tests of the same seeds approximately one year later showed that the benefits obtained by using the accelerated after-ripening technique versus controls were less dramatic over time, as increased germinations, probably due to natural after-ripening of the seeds, reduced differences in germination percentages between the two treatments. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, USDA ARS, N Cent Reg Plant Intro Stn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Widrlechner, MP (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, USDA ARS, N Cent Reg Plant Intro Stn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 22 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU ISTA PI ZURICH PA RECKENHOLZ PO BOX 412, CH-8046 ZURICH, SWITZERLAND SN 0251-0952 J9 SEED SCI TECHNOL JI Seed Sci. Technol. PY 2000 VL 28 IS 1 BP 11 EP 27 PG 17 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 316LJ UT WOS:000087168200002 ER PT J AU Douglas, JL Grabowski, JM Keith, BC AF Douglas, JL Grabowski, JM Keith, BC TI A comparison of seed cleaning techniques for improving quality of eastern gamagrass seed SO SEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Air screen cleaners (ASC) are not efficient in separating complete seed units from incomplete seed units of eastern gamagrass [Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) L.]. A study was conducted to determine the feasibility of utilizing two seed cleaning apparatus, an air fractionating aspirator (AFA) and a gravity separator (GS), to improve seed quality of eastern gamagrass that was initially cleaned with an ASC. Three lots of eastern gamagrass seed harvested in 1992, 1993 and 1995 were separated into four fractions by an AFA and a GS separated one lot into two fractions. Fraction one from the GS and fractions one and two from the AFA increased per cent seed fill and percent germination as compared to the other fractions and control. Fractions three and four from the AFA and fraction two from the GS were found to have low germination potential. Both the AFA and GS were effective in improving seed quality of eastern gamagrass lots used in this study. C1 Nat Resources Conservat Serv, USDA, Jamie L Whitten Plant Mat Ctr, Coffeeville, MS 38922 USA. RP Douglas, JL (reprint author), Nat Resources Conservat Serv, USDA, Jamie L Whitten Plant Mat Ctr, 2533 CR 65, Coffeeville, MS 38922 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU ISTA PI ZURICH PA RECKENHOLZ PO BOX 412, CH-8046 ZURICH, SWITZERLAND SN 0251-0952 J9 SEED SCI TECHNOL JI Seed Sci. Technol. PY 2000 VL 28 IS 1 BP 163 EP 167 PG 5 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 316LJ UT WOS:000087168200016 ER PT J AU Chachalis, D Smith, ML AF Chachalis, D Smith, ML TI Imbibition behavior of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) accessions with different testa characteristics SO SEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SEED COAT; WATER-ABSORPTION; COLOR; PERMEABILITY; CULTIVARS; QUALITY; VIGOR AB The imbibition behavior of 18 soybean accessions with a wide range of seed size and testa color was examined. In two accessions, the presence of an intact testa did not reduce the rate of water uptake, and provided no protection against imbibition damage. In one black-seeded accession, seeds soaked with the testa intact had a higher rate of water uptake than embryos without testas due to the loose adherence of the testa, hence creating a wide gap that allowed free water to be trapped between embryos and testa. In the other black-seeded accession, a delayed-permeability testa characteristic was associated with low levels of imbibition damage. Wetting and drying of seeds increased the rate of the water uptake, but this effect could not be attributed entirely to a loosening of the seed coat to the embryo due to the presence of ruptures in the testa surface. Although adherence of the testa to the embryo could play an important role in controlling water uptake in soybeans, it appeared to be difficult to measure or quantify its role per se. C1 Univ Edinburgh, IERM, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, Midlothian, Scotland. RP Chachalis, D (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, POB 350, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 30 TC 25 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 6 PU ISTA PI ZURICH PA RECKENHOLZ PO BOX 412, CH-8046 ZURICH, SWITZERLAND SN 0251-0952 J9 SEED SCI TECHNOL JI Seed Sci. Technol. PY 2000 VL 28 IS 2 BP 321 EP 331 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 355HJ UT WOS:000089380000010 ER PT J AU Wheeler, MH AF Wheeler, MH TI Cryostorage of cottonseed with liquid nitrogen SO SEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Storage of cottonseed with LN for long periods of time would prevent having to replace valuable germplasm stocks except when they are required for breeding or research purposes. Seeds of eight cultivars of Gossypium hirsutum L. were stored either above or immersed under liquid nitrogen (LN) and then returned to room temperature and evaluated for quality on the basis of germination, vigor, and field development. Storage above LN at 150 degrees C for 180 days did not appreciably affect germination and vigor and seedlings from the LN-treated seeds appeared normal. Treated and control cottonseed grown under field conditions had similar stands. The best seed moisture levels for LN storage, acccording to germination and vigor tests, were between 4 and 12%. A significant decrease in germination and vigor was observed at moisture levels above 12%. Immersion of cottonseed under LN often caused severe damage to cotyledons that was apparent during seedling development. These cottonseed germinated well on germination towels after removal from under LN, but their seedlings often did not grow as well as controls under growth chamber conditions. The present cryogenic studies indicate that storage above but not directly in LN may be suitable for long-term preservation of cotton germplasm. C1 USDA ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, Cotton Pathol Res Unit, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Wheeler, MH (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, Cotton Pathol Res Unit, 2765 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 13 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU ISTA PI ZURICH PA RECKENHOLZ PO BOX 412, CH-8046 ZURICH, SWITZERLAND SN 0251-0952 J9 SEED SCI TECHNOL JI Seed Sci. Technol. PY 2000 VL 28 IS 2 BP 357 EP 366 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 355HJ UT WOS:000089380000014 ER PT J AU McGrath, JM Derrico, CA Morales, M Copeland, LO Christenson, DR AF McGrath, JM Derrico, CA Morales, M Copeland, LO Christenson, DR TI Germination of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) seed submerged in hydrogen peroxide and water as a means to discriminate cultivar and seedlot vigor. SO SEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Adequate field emergence of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) seed is a major concern of sugar beet growers, particularly in rainfed systems such as the Great Lakes region of the United States. Despite commercial requirements for high germinability (>92%), field emergence is much lower (50 - 60% on average), and the causes of this discrepancy are presumed to be stress related. Many stress factors may be involved, and alternative stress-germination tests may help to identify some of the more important factors, particularly as related to breeding for better emergence. We have begun to re-examine germination in the laboratory using rapid, non-conventional methods. Here, we report results from germination in liquid media that (i) simulate optimal conditions for germination and (ii) differentiate cultivars and seedlots. Using a range of germplasm, some known to be compromised in their germinability, incubation in dilute hydrogen peroxide solutions stimulated germination, but not generally beyond values obtained with standardized germination tests. Incubation in water alone showed a range of germination values from <25% to >90% among seedlots with otherwise good germinability. Different seedlots of the same cultivar often showed differences in water germination. However, differences between cultivars were apparent. This system may be of use as a sugarbeet seed quality and vigor test with further applications in selection and breeding. C1 Michigan State Univ, USDA ARS, Sugarbeet & Bean Res Unit, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP McGrath, JM (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, USDA ARS, Sugarbeet & Bean Res Unit, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, Plant & Soil Sci Bldg, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NR 27 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU ISTA PI ZURICH PA RECKENHOLZ PO BOX 412, CH-8046 ZURICH, SWITZERLAND SN 0251-0952 J9 SEED SCI TECHNOL JI Seed Sci. Technol. PY 2000 VL 28 IS 3 BP 607 EP 620 PG 14 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 388YE UT WOS:000166210000007 ER PT B AU McArthur, ED AF McArthur, ED GP USDA USDA TI The shrub sciences laboratory at 25 years: Retrospective and prospective SO SHRUBLAND ECOSYSTEM GENETICS AND BIODIVERSITY: PROCEEDINGS SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th Wildland Shrub Symposium CY JUN 13-15, 2000 CL BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV, PROVO, UT HO BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV ID SAGEBRUSH ARTEMISIA-TRIDENTATA; NARROW HYBRID ZONE; MOUNTAIN BIG SAGEBRUSH; BROMUS-TECTORUM L; SEED-GERMINATION REGULATION; ATRIPLEX-CANESCENS CHENOPODIACEAE; HABITAT-CORRELATED VARIATION; MAHOGANY CERCOCARPUS-LEDIFOLIUS; GRAYIA-BRANDEGEI CHENOPODIACEAE; DESERT EXPERIMENTAL RANGE AB The Shrub Sciences Laboratory celebrated its 2(th) anniversary with the symposium documented by these proceedings and a ceremony honoring people instrumental in its establishment: Mr. A. Perry Plummer represented Forest Service Research and Development and Dr. Howard C. Stutz represented Brigham Young University. The laboratory came into being because of the research foundation in Western shrub ecosystems generated by USDA Forest Service researchers and their colleagues and the need to carry on programmatic research in vast Western shrublands. Since establishment of the laboratory, dozens of scientists and professionals with technical and clerical support have conducted shrubland ecosystem research and development centered on shrubland ecosystem ecology and experimental range management, including winter livestock management on salt shrublands; seed quality testing and production and seed and seedbed ecology and adaptation; genetic variation, population biology, and systematics and taxonomy; breeding systems, hybridization, and hybrid zones; rangeland rehabilitation and restoration; equipment development, and cultural care of wildland species; soil/plant interactions, pathology, entomology, and mycorrhizae; nutritive quality, palatability, and wildlife habitat; and invasive weeds and weed biology. A continuing robust research program is anticipated that will build on previous research accomplishments, and will especially emphasize genetic variation and plant material development, fire susceptible ecosystems, invasive weed control and biology, and the ecology and restoration of ecosystems on the urban/wildland interface. Laboratory personnel and collaborators have published nearly 800 titles during the past quarter century; these are listed in the References section and in appendix A. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Shrub Sci Lab, Provo, UT 84606 USA. RP McArthur, ED (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Shrub Sci Lab, 735 N 500 E, Provo, UT 84606 USA. NR 834 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 3 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P JI USDA For. Ser. Rocky Mt. Res. Stat. Proc. PY 2000 IS 21 BP 3 EP 41 PG 39 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BU32J UT WOS:000175696900001 ER PT B AU Monsen, SB Shaw, NL AF Monsen, SB Shaw, NL GP USDA USDA TI Development and use of plant resources for western wildlands SO SHRUBLAND ECOSYSTEM GENETICS AND BIODIVERSITY: PROCEEDINGS SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th Wildland Shrub Symposium CY JUN 13-15, 2000 CL BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV, PROVO, UT HO BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV ID RIPARIAN RESTORATION; PERSPECTIVE; BITTERBRUSH; TRIDENTATA; PURSHIA; ECOLOGY; POLICY; PINE AB Concern for declines in big game habitat throughout the West and the pioneering work of revegetation researchers in the mid twentieth century led to increased use of native shrubs, grasses, and forbs for revegetation, and the 1975 establishment of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Shrub Sciences Laboratory in Provo, Utah. During this period revegetation objectives shifted from an emphasis on production of commodities to conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem functions. Plant resource development altered from an agronomic approach focusing on plant improvement to one that incorporates ecological, genetic, and practical considerations. Although many problems remain, research, technological advances, efforts to stabilize the native seed industry, and improved seed testing and certification procedures are increasing our options for revegetating disturbed lands. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Shrub Sci Lab, Provo, UT 84606 USA. RP Monsen, SB (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Shrub Sci Lab, Provo, UT 84606 USA. NR 181 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P JI USDA For. Ser. Rocky Mt. Res. Stat. Proc. PY 2000 IS 21 BP 47 EP 61 PG 15 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BU32J UT WOS:000175696900003 ER PT B AU Sommers, WT AF Sommers, WT GP USDA USDA TI Scientific challenges in shrubland ecosystems SO SHRUBLAND ECOSYSTEM GENETICS AND BIODIVERSITY: PROCEEDINGS SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th Wildland Shrub Symposium CY JUN 13-15, 2000 CL BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV, PROVO, UT HO BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV ID RANGELAND SUSTAINABILITY; APPLICABILITY; CONSERVATION; MAINTENANCE AB A primary goal in land management is to sustain the health, diversity, and productivity of the country's rangelands and shrublands for future generations. This type of sustainable management is to assure the availability and appropriate use of scientific information for decisionmaking. Some of most challenging scientific problems of shrubland ecosystem management are non-native invasive species, probable effects of global climate change, detrimental effects due to land use change, restoration of degraded environments, and maintaining the quality and quantity of water. C1 US Forest Serv, Vegetat & Management Protect Res Staff, USDA, Washington, DC 20090 USA. RP Sommers, WT (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Vegetat & Management Protect Res Staff, USDA, POB 96090, Washington, DC 20090 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P PY 2000 IS 21 BP 62 EP 64 PG 3 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BU32J UT WOS:000175696900004 ER PT B AU Sanderson, SC Stutz, HC AF Sanderson, SC Stutz, HC GP USDA USDA TI Chromosome races of fourwing saltbush (Atriplex canescens) chenopodiaceae SO SHRUBLAND ECOSYSTEM GENETICS AND BIODIVERSITY: PROCEEDINGS SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th Wildland Shrub Symposium CY JUN 13-15, 2000 CL BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV, PROVO, UT HO BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV ID ASTERACEAE; HAWAIIAN; PLANTS; DNA AB Atriplex canescens (Pursh.) Nutt. is the most widespread species of perennial Atriplex in North America, distributed from southern San Luis Potosi, Mexico, to southern Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada, and from the Pacific Coast of California and Baja California to Texas, Oklahoma, Nebraska, Kansas, and the Dakotas. Throughout its distributional range, A. canescens shows considerable between-population variation. Some of this variation may be due to phenotypic plasticity, but most of it appears to be genetic. Mutations, polyploidy, introgressive hybridization, and segregation from interspecific hybrids all appear to have contributed to its extensive heritable variation. Polyploidy is unusually common with numerous chromosome races (2x, 4x, 6x, 8x, 10x, 12x, 14x, 20x). Proper identification is important to the utilization of fourwing saltbush in reclamation. While many of the races have been named as varieties, others have not. Even though differentiated by ploidy, chemical constituents, geographic distribution, and morphological characters, they may lack sufficient diagnostic differences to allow facile identification, at least in the herbarium. Rather than combining unnamed races under those that do have a taxonomic name, it seems better at present not to use the formal infraspecific categories in treating the fourwing saltbushes, but to consider them all as races. One new variety, Atriplex canescens vas. obtusifolia vas. nov., is described, and the combination Atriplex canescens vas. prosopidium (I. M. Johnston) comb. nov. is made. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Shrub Sci Lab, Provo, UT USA. RP Sanderson, SC (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Shrub Sci Lab, Provo, UT USA. NR 34 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P PY 2000 IS 21 BP 75 EP 88 PG 14 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BU32J UT WOS:000175696900006 ER PT B AU Waldron, BL Harrison, RD Dzyubenko, NI Khusainov, A Shuvalov, S Alexanian, S AF Waldron, BL Harrison, RD Dzyubenko, NI Khusainov, A Shuvalov, S Alexanian, S GP USDA USDA TI Kochia prostrata germplasm collection expedition to Kazakhstan SO SHRUBLAND ECOSYSTEM GENETICS AND BIODIVERSITY: PROCEEDINGS SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th Wildland Shrub Symposium CY JUN 13-15, 2000 CL BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV, PROVO, UT HO BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV AB The low stature of 'Immigrant' forage kochia (Kochia prostrata) limits its use as winter forage and habitat for livestock and wildlife. In October 1999, a germplasm collection trip was undertaken to obtain forage kochia ecotypes that have potential to improve fall and winter forage. The collection area was north of the Aral Sea in the Clay and Sand Desert Steppes of Kazakhstan. Seed samples brought back to the U.S. included 192 forage kochia ecotypes. The desert shrub ecosystems had major components of chenopods. In general, the area was classified as Brown Desert Steppe, Light Chestnut Steppe, Solonetz, or Degraded Solonetz. Most soils in the Clay Desert Steppes had a clay to clay loam subsoil and were generally saline and alkaline. Elevation ranged from 250 to 1,000 feet above sea level. Average annual precipitation was 6 to 9 inches. Average annual air and soil surface temperatures were 41 and 44 degrees Fahrenheit, respectively. On average, forage kochia made up 6 percent of the plant composition on sites in the native steppe where it was present, ranging from 1 to 20 percent. Forage kochia was more prevalent when present on disturbed areas such as abandon fields, homesteads, and roadways, where it comprised 15 to 60 percent of the plant composition. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that 2x, 4x, and 6x ploidy levels of forage kochia were collected. C1 Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Waldron, BL (reprint author), Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RI Dzyubenko, Nikolay /B-4439-2017 OI Dzyubenko, Nikolay /0000-0003-0250-5814 NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P PY 2000 IS 21 BP 113 EP 117 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BU32J UT WOS:000175696900011 ER PT B AU St John, L Blaker, P AF St John, L Blaker, P GP USDA USDA TI New plant releases from the USDA-NRCS Aberdeen, Idaho, Plant Materials Center SO SHRUBLAND ECOSYSTEM GENETICS AND BIODIVERSITY: PROCEEDINGS SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th Wildland Shrub Symposium CY JUN 13-15, 2000 CL BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV, PROVO, UT HO BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV AB The Plant Materials Center at Aberdeen, Idaho, is operated by the United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. The purpose of the Plant Materials Center is to evaluate and release plant materials for conservation use and to develop and transfer new technology for the establishment and management of plants. The Center serves portions of Nevada, Utah, California, Oregon and Idaho. 'Rush' intermediate wheatgrass was released in 1994 and was chosen for superior seedling emergence, high forage production and drought tolerance. In 1995, two selected ecotypes of penstemon were released. The Richfield Selection of firecracker penstemon has bright red flowers on upright racemes. The Clearwater Selection of alpine penstemon has bright lavender flowers on narrow panicles. Native penstemons provide soil stabilization, plant diversity and beautification. 'Bannock' thickspike wheatgrass was released in 1995 to be used as a component of seed mixes for rangeland and pasture seedings. The Aberdeen Selection of Laurel willow was released in 1997. The original material was collected in the upper Midwest from naturalized stands. The medium to tall shrub has lustrous, dark green foliage and is very attractive. It shows great promise for use throughout the Intermountain West in irrigated windbreaks and as an ornamental. C1 USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Plant Mat Ctr, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. RP St John, L (reprint author), USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Plant Mat Ctr, POB 296, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P PY 2000 IS 21 BP 143 EP 144 PG 2 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BU32J UT WOS:000175696900016 ER PT B AU Ott, JE McArthur, ED Sanderson, SC AF Ott, JE McArthur, ED Sanderson, SC GP USDA USDA TI Plant community dynamics of burned and unburned sagebrush and Pinyon-Juniper vegetation in west-central Utah SO SHRUBLAND ECOSYSTEM GENETICS AND BIODIVERSITY: PROCEEDINGS SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th Wildland Shrub Symposium CY JUN 13-15, 2000 CL BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV, PROVO, UT HO BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV ID GREAT-BASIN; WOODLANDS; WILDFIRE; SEED; SUCCESSION; RANGELANDS; SMOKE; FIRE AB Fire ecology of sagebrush and pinyon-juniper vegetation in the Great Basin has been influenced by human disturbances and exotic plant introductions. Late-seral woody vegetation, which increased following Euro-American settlement, is now decreasing because of wildfire and exotic annuals. Multiple successional pathways following fire have been observed in these vegetation types. Following the 1996 wildfires in west-central Utah, burned and unburned vegetation were compared at four sites. Measures of frequency, cover, and density of vascular plant species were used to show fire effects and to follow population dynamics over a period of 3 years. Woody species characteristic of the unburned areas were generally absent from the burned areas. Native herbaceous species, particularly annual forbs, were abundant in the burned areas 1 year after the fires, but many of these declined by the second and third year, as exotic species, particularly cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), increased. Cheatgrass became dominant in the interspaces among burned trees by the second year following the fires, a period of high precipitation. In the subcanopy zones of burned trees, cheatgrass did not become dominant until the third year following the fire, and was preceded by exotic annual forbs. Community composition and structure differed by site as well as by fire history. Cheatgrass cover was lowest at a site where perennial grasses and forbs had become established through aerial broadcast seeding. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Shrub Sci Lab, Provo, UT USA. RP Ott, JE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Shrub Sci Lab, Provo, UT USA. NR 49 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P JI USDA For. Ser. Rocky Mt. Res. Stat. Proc. PY 2000 IS 21 BP 177 EP 191 PG 15 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BU32J UT WOS:000175696900021 ER PT B AU Kitchen, SG Jorgensen, GL AF Kitchen, SG Jorgensen, GL GP USDA USDA TI Winterfat decline and halogeton spread in the Great Basin SO SHRUBLAND ECOSYSTEM GENETICS AND BIODIVERSITY: PROCEEDINGS SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th Wildland Shrub Symposium CY JUN 13-15, 2000 CL BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV, PROVO, UT HO BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV ID RANGE CONDITION; THRESHOLDS; VIEWPOINT; DYNAMICS AB Winterfat (Ceratoides lanata) is a long-lived shrub with excellent drought tolerance and good to moderate tolerance for herbivory. It often occurs as near monocultures in deep fine-textured soils of alluvial fans and valley bottoms. Winterfat communities are second only to those of shadscale (A triplex confertifolia) in dominance of the 16 million ha of salt-desert shrublands found in Western North America. In spite of improved grazing practices, winterfat is declining in many areas of the Great Basin. The Eurasian summer annual, halogeton (Halogeton glomeratus), is well adapted to the soils and climate associated with winterfat communities and is invasive, replacing winterfat on degraded sites. Recolonization of halogeton stands by winterfat is rare. Subsequently, distinct winterfat- and halogeton-dominated communities often occur side by side. At the Desert Experimental Range (Utah), episodic winterfat mortality at the ecotone has been observed particularly after flood events and periods of higher than average precipitation. The upward translocation and accumulation of cations, particularly sodium, in the soil by halogeton may account, at least in part, for the lack of winterfat establishment in halogeton stands. Other evidence suggests that a possible halogeton-induced change in soil microbiota may also be unfavorable for winterfat. The development of viable management options to restore winterfat communities will require a greater understanding of plant-soil interactions for these species. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Shrub Sci Lab, Provo, UT 84606 USA. RP Kitchen, SG (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Shrub Sci Lab, Provo, UT 84606 USA. NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P JI USDA For. Ser. Rocky Mt. Res. Stat. Proc. PY 2000 IS 21 BP 200 EP 203 PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BU32J UT WOS:000175696900023 ER PT B AU Waldron, BL Harrison, RD Chatterton, NJ Davenport, BW AF Waldron, BL Harrison, RD Chatterton, NJ Davenport, BW GP USDA USDA TI Forage kochia: Friend or foe SO SHRUBLAND ECOSYSTEM GENETICS AND BIODIVERSITY: PROCEEDINGS SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th Wildland Shrub Symposium CY JUN 13-15, 2000 CL BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV, PROVO, UT HO BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV ID PLANTS AB Perennial forage kochia (Kochia prostrate) is a half-shrub valuable for reclamation, fire breaks, and livestock and wildlife forage on semiarid and saline rangelands. Interest is mounting about this species, but some are concerned that it will become an invader of perennial communities. Only one cultivar (Immigrant) has been released in the United States. Eighty-one forage kochia plantings (mainly Immigrant) were evaluated to document forage kochia's adaptation and spread. Ecological descriptions were taken for each site and multiple regression analyses were done to determine prediction equations for recruitment outside the original plantings. Our results indicated that forage kochia is well adapted to a wide range of semiarid and arid rangelands, but is not an aggressive spreader. However, it may recruit into playas, slick spots, and disturbed and/or degraded areas. The fringe of recruitment, defined as the marginal recruitment threshold, ranged from 0 to 100 ft with a mean and median distance of 20 ft. Regression only explained 22 percent of fringe threshold variation and consisted of the following factors: medium textured soils, lower elevation, and age of seeding. Unexplained variation may be due to factors not determined, such as the disturbed peripheral area surrounding each planting. C1 USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Waldron, BL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 46 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P JI USDA For. Ser. Rocky Mt. Res. Stat. Proc. PY 2000 IS 21 BP 210 EP 215 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BU32J UT WOS:000175696900025 ER PT B AU Meyer, SE Garvin, SC Beckstead, J AF Meyer, SE Garvin, SC Beckstead, J GP USDA USDA TI Factors mediating Cheatgrass invasion of intact salt desert shrubland SO SHRUBLAND ECOSYSTEM GENETICS AND BIODIVERSITY: PROCEEDINGS SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th Wildland Shrub Symposium CY JUN 13-15, 2000 CL BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV, PROVO, UT HO BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV AB Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) has recently displaced salt desert shrubland in many areas of the Great Basin. We studied the dynamics of cheatgrass invasion into an intact shadscale-gray molly community in Dugway Valley, Utah, by adding seeds and manipulating disturbance regime and resource availability. Shrub clipping or cryptobiotic crust trampling on large plots increased cheatgrass recruitment and biomass production slightly in a favorable moisture year (1997 to 1998), whereas in a less favorable moisture year (1998 to 1999) these disturbance treatments had a significant negative effect. In 1998 to 1999 small plot studies, recruitment was similar in intact shrub clumps and openings, but biomass and, therefore, seed production was three times greater in shrub clumps. Disturbance decreased recruitment but had no significant effect on biomass per plant. Added water had no effect in openings, but added N increased and reduced N decreased biomass. In shrub clumps, fertility manipulation had little effect, but added water increased biomass. Shrub simulation (water + N + shade) increased biomass per plant in openings, whether intact or disturbed. It had no effect in shrub clumps where shrubs were intact, but caused a large increase in both recruitment and biomass per plant where shrubs were removed. Shrub clumps provide foci of invasion because of their higher resource availability, but the shrubs have competitive as well as facilitative effects. In a dry year (1999 to 2000), there was no survival to reproduction in any treatment. There are no intrinsic obstacles to cheatgrass invasion at this site, but the process will be very slow because of low site productivity and the high probability of drought years. Disturbance is not a necessary precondition for invasion, but may facilitate the process in favorable years. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Shrub Sci Lab, Provo, UT 84606 USA. RP Meyer, SE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Shrub Sci Lab, 735 N 500 E, Provo, UT 84606 USA. NR 23 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P PY 2000 IS 21 BP 224 EP 232 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BU32J UT WOS:000175696900027 ER PT B AU Thygerson, T Booth, DT Harris, JM Hansen, LD Smith, BN AF Thygerson, T Booth, DT Harris, JM Hansen, LD Smith, BN GP USDA USDA TI Microcalorimetric studies on metabolic and germination response to temperature for three Populations of winterfat (Eurotia lanata) SO SHRUBLAND ECOSYSTEM GENETICS AND BIODIVERSITY: PROCEEDINGS SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th Wildland Shrub Symposium CY JUN 13-15, 2000 CL BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV, PROVO, UT HO BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV ID IMBIBITION TEMPERATURE; COLD-HARDINESS; PLANT-GROWTH; RESPIRATION; SEEDS AB Eurotia lanata (Pursh) Moq. (winterfat) is a boreal cold-desert subshrub, seldom more than 2 feet tall, that thrives in dry climates at cool temperatures. Diaspore collections from Matador, Saskatchewan, Canada; Pine Bluffs, Wyoming; and Sterling, Colorado, were cleaned and placed on moistened filter paper in petri dishes maintained at 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 degreesC to study germination. Seeds germinated at all temperatures but seedlings were not acclimated to cold by germination temperature. At radicle emergence (ca. 3 mm), seeds were placed in calorimeter ampules. Heat-rate (q) was measured at a given temperature, then a vial containing NaOH solution was added to measure the rate of CO2 evolution (R-CO2) for the same tissue at the same temperature. This procedure was repeated for each of the populations at temperatures ranging from -10 to +20 degreesC. Metabolic efficiency and predicted specific growth rates were calculated from these measurements. Optimum temperature for germination, metabolism, and early seedling growth was about 10 degreesC. Stress was noted near 20 and -5 degreesC. Acclimation during germination had no effect. Differences between the three populations correlated with altitude rather than latitude. C1 USDA ARS, High Plains Grassland Res Stn, Cheyenne, WY 82009 USA. RP Thygerson, T (reprint author), USDA ARS, High Plains Grassland Res Stn, Cheyenne, WY 82009 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P PY 2000 IS 21 BP 283 EP 286 PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BU32J UT WOS:000175696900037 ER PT B AU Barrow, JR AF Barrow, JR GP USDA USDA TI Carbon transport by symbiotic fungi in fourwing saltbush, Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt SO SHRUBLAND ECOSYSTEM GENETICS AND BIODIVERSITY: PROCEEDINGS SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th Wildland Shrub Symposium CY JUN 13-15, 2000 CL BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV, PROVO, UT HO BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV ID RHIZOSPHERE; PLANTS; SOIL; ENDOPHYTES; NITROGEN AB Mycorrhizal fungi enhance the nutrition and survival of host plants in native ecosystems. Arid rangelands severely challenge plants because of chronic nutrient and water stress. Fourwing saltbush, Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt., a dominant and important shrub of western arid rangelands, generally considered to be non-mycorrhizal, is more extensively colonized by dark septate (DS) fungal endophytes than by traditional mycorrhizal fungi. Roots of fourwing saltbush colonized by DS fungi were stained with sudan IV and analyzed with differential interference microscopy that revealed extensive internal colonization by vacuolated hyaline hyphae that is not evident using conventional fungus staining methods. Fungal vacuoles accumulated substantial quantities of lipids in the sieve elements and cortex when roots were physiologically active. The widespread colonization of fourwing saltbush by DS fungi and their extensive accumulation of lipids suggests that these fungi transport and manage carbon in arid ecosystems. Their potential role in ecosystems stability is discussed. C1 New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Barrow, JR (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, POB 30003,MSC,3JER, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NR 27 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P PY 2000 IS 21 BP 291 EP 294 PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BU32J UT WOS:000175696900039 ER PT B AU Goodrich, S Thompson, RM Huber, A AF Goodrich, S Thompson, RM Huber, A GP USDA USDA TI A yellowbrush/grass community type from the Uinta Mountains and Utah plateaus SO SHRUBLAND ECOSYSTEM GENETICS AND BIODIVERSITY: PROCEEDINGS SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th Wildland Shrub Symposium CY JUN 13-15, 2000 CL BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV, PROVO, UT HO BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV AB Ecological inventory and vegetation monitoring in the Uinta Mountains and Utah Plateaus on the Ashley National Forest and Manti-LaSal National Forest of the past several years suggest a community type in which yellowbrush (Chrysothamnus uiscidiflorus sap. lanceolatus), and slender wheatgrass (Elymus trachycaulus) are indicator species. This community type is common at elevations or slope positions where snow depth and duration are sufficient to greatly suppress big sagebrush. Features of this community type are discussed in context of management implications. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Ashley Natl Forest, Vernal, UT 84078 USA. RP Goodrich, S (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Ashley Natl Forest, Vernal, UT 84078 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P PY 2000 IS 21 BP 344 EP 346 PG 3 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BU32J UT WOS:000175696900049 ER PT J AU Buongiorno, J Kolbe, A Vasievich, M AF Buongiorno, J Kolbe, A Vasievich, M TI Economic and ecological effects of diameter-limit and BDq management regimes: Simulation results for northern hardwoods SO SILVA FENNICA LA English DT Article DE uneven-aged management; hardwoods; mixed-species stands; simulation; economics; diversity ID MATRIX GROWTH-MODEL; TREE DIVERSITY; FORESTS; VEGETATION; RETURNS; STANDS; INCOME AB The long-term financial and ecological effects of diameter-limit regimes and basal-area-diameter-q-ratio (BDq) regimes were compared by simulation in the case of northern hardwood forests. Varying the cutting cycle between 10 and 20 years had little effect on returns or stand structure. A 28-cm diameter-limit cut gave the highest production and financial returns, and the highest species diversity, but considerably lower size diversity. A 38-cm diameter-limit cut and a heavy BDq selection harvest gave high returns, while maintaining high levels of diversity. On lands of equal site quality, Michigan's stands were more productive than Wisconsin's. The results suggest that it is possible to manage northern hardwood stands sustainably with diameter-limit cuts, combined with removal of poorly performing understory trees. Adjusting the diameter limit gave rise to stands similar in productivity and structure to those obtained by BDq cutting regimes. Given their simplicity of implementation and monitoring, more attention should be given to diameter-limit cutting regimes, with attendant stand improvement measures, as a practical means for uneven-aged management of northern hardwoods. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forest Ecol & Management, Madison, WI 53705 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. RP Buongiorno, J (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forest Ecol & Management, 1630 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. EM Jbuongio@facstaff.wisc.edu NR 31 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 5 PU FINNISH SOC FOREST SCIENCE-NATURAL RESOURCES INST FINLAND PI VANTAA PA PO BOX 18, FI-01301 VANTAA, FINLAND SN 0037-5330 EI 2242-4075 J9 SILVA FENN JI Silva. Fenn. PY 2000 VL 34 IS 3 BP 223 EP 235 DI 10.14214/sf.627 PG 13 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 397YF UT WOS:000166725800003 ER PT J AU Baldwin, RL AF Baldwin, RL TI Sheep gastrointestinal development in response to different dietary treatments SO SMALL RUMINANT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE rumen; development; sheep; intestine; volatile fatty acids ID ENERGY; METABOLISM; NUTRITION; GLUCOSE; OXYGEN; TRACT; PLANE AB Physical maturation of the ruminal epithelium has previously been linked to ruminal production of VFA following the initiation of: solid feed intake. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of VFA administration and energy intake on sheep gastrointestinal development. Twelve lambs were removed from their dams at birth and trained to nurse on nipple buckets. All lambs consumed milk until 49 d of age and were subsequently assigned to one of four treatments: continued ad libitum intake of milk (hl), ad libitum intake of a pelleted lamb starter (F), restricted intake of a pelleted lamb starter (P: paired to the energy intake of M lambs), or continued ad libitum intake df milk replacer plus an oral VFA solution (V; 55.2:36.9:7.2 mmol/100 mmol acetate:propionate:butyrate) via stomach tube to provide 10% of the predicted NEg. At slaughter visceral organs were removed and separated. Ruminal and intestinal tissues were weighed and intestinal tissue length was determined. Subsections of the rumen, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and the colon were used to determine total, epithelial and musculature DM, protein, DNA, and RNA. Data are presented as a percent of empty body weight (%EBW) unless otherwise noted. Both F and P stimulated increases (P<0.05) in rumen mass (2.232+/-0.077 and 2.126+/-0.238 %EBW, respectively), while V treatment did not (0.761+/-0.038 %EBW) in comparison to milk fed animals (0.88+/-0.104 %EBW). Small intestinal weights (%EBW) were unaffected by P and F relative to milk fed animals yet increased in V (3.32+/-0.982, 2.66+/-0.242, 3.122+/-0.354, and 4.061+/-0.158 %EBW for M, P F, and V, respectively). The ratio of small intestinal length to empty body weight declined (P<0.05) with intake of solid feed and VFA treatment. However, wet weight pet unit length of the small intestine was increased by F, P and V above that observed for M. Thus, although VFA treatment at this dose was insufficient to induce normal ruminal development, intestinal physical development was stimulated by oral VFA infusion in developing lambs. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, Nutrient Conservat & Metab Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Baldwin, RL (reprint author), ARS, Nutrient Conservat & Metab Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 21 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4488 J9 SMALL RUMINANT RES JI Small Ruminant Res. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 35 IS 1 BP 39 EP 47 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 267YM UT WOS:000084386900006 ER PT J AU McDonald, B AF McDonald, B TI "Once you know something, you can't not know it" - An empirical look at becoming vegan SO SOCIETY & ANIMALS LA English DT Article ID VEGETARIANS; FEMINISTS; VALUES AB In spite of a growing body of vegetarian literature, there remains a lack of information about how people learn to become vegan. Using qualitative methodology, this research identified a psychological process of how people learn about and adopt veganism. Elements of the process include who I was, catalytic experiences, possible repression of information, an orientation to learn, the decision, learning about veganism, and acquiring a vegan world view. Noteworthy observations include individual and temporal variation in the use of logic and emotion, the centrality of reading, the repression and recollection of undesirable information, and the importance of two types of learning tasks to successful vegans. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP McDonald, B (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, 320 Green St, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 25 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 5 U2 22 PU BRILL ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA PLANTIJNSTRAAT 2, P O BOX 9000, 2300 PA LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS SN 1063-1119 J9 SOC ANIM JI Soc. Anim. PY 2000 VL 8 IS 1 BP 1 EP 23 DI 10.1163/156853000X00011 PG 23 WC Sociology; Veterinary Sciences SC Sociology; Veterinary Sciences GA 584FE UT WOS:000177455900001 ER PT J AU Winter, G Fried, JS AF Winter, G Fried, JS TI Homeowner perspectives on fire hazard, responsibility, and management strategies at the wildland-urban interface SO SOCIETY & NATURAL RESOURCES LA English DT Article DE fire management; fire prevention; prescribed fire ID RISK AB Following a survey of forest homeowners in rural Michigan to assess the value of reducing the risk of damage from wildfires at the wildland-urban interface, focus group discussions were conducted with a subset of survey participants to learn about their perceptions concerning specific components of fire hazard (e.g., how fires start, fire control, fire damage), their understanding of how fire protection responsibility is allocated between government and individuals, and their understanding of and preferences for alternative fire management strategies. Focus-group data were analyzed using a framework based on behavioral economics and psychometric models of risk. Attributes associated with the fire risk help explain the relative popularity of different fire protection strategies. Because participants consider forest fires inherently uncontrollable, and the resulting damage essentially random, they ape only weakly supportive of investments in firefighting infrastructure, unlikely to take all possible steps to safeguard their own properties, and resolute in their emphasis on solutions that reduce the number of fire ignitions. Their universally negative perceptions of prescribed fire may ultimately preclude its use as a risk management tool in Michigan's wildland-urban ban interface forests. C1 Paul Schissler Associates, Bellingham, WA 98225 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Portland, OR USA. RP Winter, G (reprint author), Paul Schissler Associates, 1101 Harris Ave, Bellingham, WA 98225 USA. NR 25 TC 98 Z9 101 U1 0 U2 18 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0894-1920 J9 SOC NATUR RESOUR JI Soc. Nat. Resour. PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 13 IS 1 BP 33 EP 49 DI 10.1080/089419200279225 PG 17 WC Environmental Studies; Planning & Development; Sociology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public Administration; Sociology GA 279MR UT WOS:000085048900003 ER PT J AU Torres, JA Snelling, RR Jones, TH AF Torres, JA Snelling, RR Jones, TH TI Distribution, ecology and behavior of Anochetus kempfi (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) and description of the sexual forms SO SOCIOBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ants; behavior; Puerto Rico; queen execution; tropics ID COLONY FOUNDATION; PONERINE ANTS; EVOLUTION AB The ponerine, Anochetus kempfi Brown, is a cryptic nocturnal ant, widely distributed in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. It is found in various habitats ranging from dry forest to rain forest. Males and the ergatoid queens are here described and illustrated for the first time. Mature colonies contain about 100 workers and may include several queens. We have observed males flying every month except March. In artificial nests we have observed that workers execute excess queens and males which do not depart from the nest within a short time following eclosion. These executions appear to be mechanisms to enforce outbreeding in the case of males, or to force emigration of excess queens to establish new colonies. Few queens are produced and this could be related to local resource competition. Permanent egg carrying by workers occurs in this species, a behavior not previously observed for any ant species. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Inst Inst Trop Forestry, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. CUB, Dept Biol, Bayamon, PR 00959 USA. Nat Hist Museum Los Angeles Cty, Los Angeles, CA 90007 USA. Virginia Mil Inst, Dept Chem, Lexington, VA 24550 USA. RP Torres, JA (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Inst Inst Trop Forestry, POB 25000, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. NR 20 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU CALIF STATE UNIV PI CHICO PA DEPT BIOL SCI, CHICO, CA 95929 USA SN 0361-6525 J9 SOCIOBIOLOGY JI Sociobiology PY 2000 VL 36 IS 3 BP 505 EP 516 PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 362MC UT WOS:000089780900005 ER PT J AU Allen, LH Brakke, MP Baker, JT Jones, JW AF Allen, LH Brakke, MP Baker, JT Jones, JW TI Gas exchange and biomass responses of young citrus trees to partial rooting-volume irrigation SO SOIL AND CROP SCIENCE SOCIETY OF FLORIDA PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 59th Annual Meeting of the Soil-and-Crop-Science-Society-of-Florida CY SEP 22-24, 1999 CL SARASOTA, FLORIDA SP Soil & Crop Sci Soc Florida ID WATER RELATIONS; ORANGE TREES; SEEDLINGS; GROWTH AB Partial-area irrigation has been proposed for decreasing water use in field-irrigated citrus. Since micro-irrigation wets only part of the soil surface, it may not always meet citrus tree water needs and thus lead to water deficits. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the impact of partial rooting-volume irrigation (RVI) on gas exchange, biomass, and root hydraulic conductivity of young citrus trees. Sunlit, controlled-environment chambers were used to measure evapotranspiration rate (ET), carbon dioxide exchange rate (CER), water-use efficiency (WUE = CER/ET), and biomass accumulation of trees exposed to partial RVI treatments. One-year old 'Hamlin' orange scions [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] budded on either 'Carrizo' citrange [Poncirus trifoliata Raf x C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck],'Swingle' citrumelo (Ei trifoliata Raf x C, paradisii Macf.), or sour orange [C. aurantium (L.)] rootstocks were established in 4-compartment, split-root containers filled with 6.8 L of coarse sand in each compartment. Trees with 1/4, 2/4, 3/4, or 4/4 RVI were grown in chambers from 15 June to 15 Sept. 1986 and were irrigated at 2/3 depletion of available soil water (ASW). Maximum CERs occurred before 1100 h EST in all treatments followed by mid-day depression of CER, whereas daytime ET remained nearly constant. Typically, CER was highest for 4/4 RVI and lowest for 1/4 RVI. Leaf area and dry-weight accumulations of leaves and stems were positively related to the fraction RVI, whereas root hydraulic conductivity did not differ among RVI. Growth limitations by 1/4 RVI were least for scions on Swingle citrumelo rootstock. These results indicate that, for citrus grown on a son with low water-holding capacity, a progressive reduction of the irrigated portion of roots would likely lead to increasingly severe water stresses and, furthermore, decrease CER, WUE, and growth more severely than it would decrease ET. C1 USDA ARS, Res Serv, Crop Genet & Environm Res Unit, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Allen, LH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Res Serv, Crop Genet & Environm Res Unit, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 41 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOIL CROP SCIENCE FLORIDA PI IMMOKALEE PA 2686 S R 29 N, IMMOKALEE, FL 34142 USA SN 0096-4522 J9 SOIL CROP SCI SOC FL JI Soil Crop Sci. Soc. Fla. Proc. PY 2000 VL 59 BP 37 EP 45 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 392DK UT WOS:000166395200010 ER PT J AU Allen, LH Rowland-Bamford, AJ Baker, JT Boote, KJ Bowes, G AF Allen, LH Rowland-Bamford, AJ Baker, JT Boote, KJ Bowes, G TI Response of rice ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activity to elevated CO2 concentration and temperature SO SOIL AND CROP SCIENCE SOCIETY OF FLORIDA PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 59th Annual Meeting of the Soil-and-Crop-Science-Society-of-Florida CY SEP 22-24, 1999 CL SARASOTA, FLORIDA SP Soil & Crop Sci Soc Florida ID RIBULOSE BISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE; CARBON-DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION; INTRASPECIFIC VARIATION; OXYGENASE ACTIVITY; RUBISCO ACTIVITY; AIR-TEMPERATURE; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; ACTIVITY INVIVO; YIELD RESPONSE; PHOTOSYNTHESIS AB Elevated CO2 increases photosynthetic rates, but many plants, including rice (Oryza sativa L.), lose photosynthetic capacity via decreases in amount and activity of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO). Our objective was to determine the effect of both elevated CO2 and temperature on rice RuBisCO activity and carbamylation state. Rice (cv. IR-30) was gown at 330 ("ambient") and 660 (elevated) mu mol CO2 mol(-1) air, and at 40/33/37, 34/27/31, and 28/21/25 degreesC daytime/nighttime/paddy temperatures, respectively. At 23 d after planting (DAP), leaves were sampled in pre-dawn darkness and in midday sunlight. At 59 DAP, leaves were sampled eight times from predawn to sunset. In high sunlight at 23 DAP, carbamylation state, manifested by initial (in vivo) RuBisCO activity, remained constant at all temperatures in ambient CO2, but decreased with increasing daytime temperature from 28 to 40 degreesC in elevated CO2. At 59 DAP, carbamylation state response to elevated CO2 and temperature at midday was confounded by variable sunlight. The total (Mg2+/CO3.-activated) RuBisCO activity at midday was generally not affected by elevated CO2 at either DAP. Thus the endogenous inhibitor of RuBisCO, 2-carboxyarabinitol-1-phosphate (CA1P), was not responsible for changes of initial RuBisCO activity in response to elevated CO2 in high sunlight. In darkness at 23 DAP, under elevated CO2, percentage of potential maximum activity of RuBisCO was similar across all temperatures. Under ambient CO2, percentage of potential maximum activity of RuBisCO was similar to elevated CO2 at 34 degreesC, but increased at 28 degreesC and decreased at 40 degreesC, due to changes in inhibition of RuBisCO by CA1P. RuBisCO protein per unit total soluble protein was generally not affected by CO2. Photosynthetic rates were always greater in elevated CO2. Thus, high CO2 overcame lack of complete carbamylation of RuBisCO in maintaining high rates of CO2 uptake at elevated temperatures. C1 USDA ARS, Res Serv, Crop Genet & Environm Res Unit, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Allen, LH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Res Serv, Crop Genet & Environm Res Unit, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. OI Boote, Kenneth/0000-0002-1358-5496 NR 38 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOIL CROP SCIENCE FLORIDA PI IMMOKALEE PA 2686 S R 29 N, IMMOKALEE, FL 34142 USA SN 0096-4522 J9 SOIL CROP SCI SOC FL JI Soil Crop Sci. Soc. Fla. Proc. PY 2000 VL 59 BP 46 EP 56 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 392DK UT WOS:000166395200011 ER PT J AU Nelson, SD Allen, LH Gan, J Riegel, C Dickson, DW Locascio, SJ Mitchell, DJ AF Nelson, SD Allen, LH Gan, J Riegel, C Dickson, DW Locascio, SJ Mitchell, DJ TI Can virtually impermeable films reduce the amount of fumigant required for pest-pathogen management in high value crops? SO SOIL AND CROP SCIENCE SOCIETY OF FLORIDA PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 59th Annual Meeting of the Soil-and-Crop-Science-Society-of-Florida CY SEP 22-24, 1999 CL SARASOTA, FLORIDA SP Soil & Crop Sci Soc Florida ID METHYL-BROMIDE EMISSION; 1,3-DICHLOROPROPENE; ALTERNATIVES; POLYETHYLENE; FIELD; SOIL AB Methyl bromide (MeBr) is scheduled to be phased out as a preplant soil fumigant by 2005 because it has been identified as a chemical that is alleged to contribute to stratospheric ozone depletion. Potential replacement chemicals such as 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) products might also face future use restrictions due to health risks and environmental hazards unless greater efforts are made to prevent losses from treated fields. One approach to reduce risks of volatilization and plume drift is to apply 1,3-D under virtually impermeable films (VIFs). Our objectives were to determine efficacy of VIF and standard polyethylene (PE) films for pest and pathogen management under raised-bed plasticulture and quantify chemical efflux through the films. MeBr under VIF film was applied at full (400 kg ha(-1)) and half the labeled rate. MeBr under VIF film at half-rate performed equivalent to all full-rate MeBr treatments. In plots where the pesticide was applied with no-film cover, plant growth and fruit yields were reduced by one-half due to poor pest-pathogen control. In 1,PD trials, the VIFs reduced substantially the amount of 1,3D emission to the atmosphere and enhanced residence time within the soil for potential degradation. Because of potential volatilization and plume drift, VIF use should be considered more often in research dealing-with alternative chemical replacements for MeBr. Decreased atmospheric release and lowered chemical use may prevent other agricultural fumigants from also being phased out or limited further in their uses. C1 Univ Florida, USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Environm Res Unit, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Allen, LH (reprint author), Univ Florida, USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Environm Res Unit, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 17 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOIL CROP SCIENCE FLORIDA PI IMMOKALEE PA 2686 S R 29 N, IMMOKALEE, FL 34142 USA SN 0096-4522 J9 SOIL CROP SCI SOC FL JI Soil Crop Sci. Soc. Fla. Proc. PY 2000 VL 59 BP 85 EP 89 PG 5 WC Agronomy; Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 392DK UT WOS:000166395200018 ER PT B AU Johnson, PW AF Johnson, PW BE Napier, TL Napier, SM Tvrdon, J TI The role of the natural resources conservation service in the development and implementation of soil and water conservation policies in the United States SO SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION POLICIES AND PROGRAMS: SUCCESSES AND FAILURES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Soil and Water Conservation Policies and Programs CY SEP, 1996 CL CZECH AGR UNIV, PRAGUE, CZECH REPUBLIC SP Farm Fdn, USDA Nat Resources Conservat Serv HO CZECH AGR UNIV C1 USDA, NRCS, Washington, DC USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU CRC PRESS-TAYLOR & FRANCIS GROUP PI BOCA RATON PA 6000 BROKEN SOUND PARKWAY NW, STE 300, BOCA RATON, FL 33487-2742 USA BN 0-8493-0005-3 PY 2000 BP 45 EP 49 PG 5 WC Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BP38N UT WOS:000084944600004 ER PT B AU Weber, TA Margheim, GA AF Weber, TA Margheim, GA BE Napier, TL Napier, SM Tvrdon, J TI Conservation policy in the United States: Is there a better way? SO SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION POLICIES AND PROGRAMS: SUCCESSES AND FAILURES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Soil and Water Conservation Policies and Programs CY SEP, 1996 CL CZECH AGR UNIV, PRAGUE, CZECH REPUBLIC SP Farm Fdn, USDA Nat Resources Conservat Serv HO CZECH AGR UNIV C1 USDA, NRCS, Washington, DC USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU CRC PRESS-TAYLOR & FRANCIS GROUP PI BOCA RATON PA 6000 BROKEN SOUND PARKWAY NW, STE 300, BOCA RATON, FL 33487-2742 USA BN 0-8493-0005-3 PY 2000 BP 51 EP 61 PG 11 WC Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BP38N UT WOS:000084944600005 ER PT B AU Conrad, D AF Conrad, D BE Napier, TL Napier, SM Tvrdon, J TI Implementation of conservation title provisions at the state level SO SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION POLICIES AND PROGRAMS: SUCCESSES AND FAILURES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Soil and Water Conservation Policies and Programs CY SEP, 1996 CL CZECH AGR UNIV, PRAGUE, CZECH REPUBLIC SP Farm Fdn, USDA Nat Resources Conservat Serv HO CZECH AGR UNIV C1 USDA, NRCS, Washington, DC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CRC PRESS-TAYLOR & FRANCIS GROUP PI BOCA RATON PA 6000 BROKEN SOUND PARKWAY NW, STE 300, BOCA RATON, FL 33487-2742 USA BN 0-8493-0005-3 PY 2000 BP 63 EP 75 PG 13 WC Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BP38N UT WOS:000084944600006 ER PT B AU Schnepf, M AF Schnepf, M BE Napier, TL Napier, SM Tvrdon, J TI The role of private and professional organizations in the development of soil and water conservation policy SO SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION POLICIES AND PROGRAMS: SUCCESSES AND FAILURES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Soil and Water Conservation Policies and Programs CY SEP, 1996 CL CZECH AGR UNIV, PRAGUE, CZECH REPUBLIC SP Farm Fdn, USDA Nat Resources Conservat Serv HO CZECH AGR UNIV C1 USDA, NRCS, Ankeny, IA USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU CRC PRESS-TAYLOR & FRANCIS GROUP PI BOCA RATON PA 6000 BROKEN SOUND PARKWAY NW, STE 300, BOCA RATON, FL 33487-2742 USA BN 0-8493-0005-3 PY 2000 BP 77 EP 82 PG 6 WC Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BP38N UT WOS:000084944600007 ER PT B AU Schertz, DL AF Schertz, DL BE Laflen, JM Tian, JL Huang, CH TI ]Role of conservation planning in technology transfer SO SOIL EROSION AND DRYLAND FARMING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming CY 1999 CL YANGLING, PEOPLES R CHINA AB Technology transfer is a vital ongoing process for maintaining and improving agriculture production of food and fiber. Without improved technology, we can only hope to maintain the status quo, but in reality, as the world population grows, agricultural production would not be able to keep pace. Conservation planning and implementation plays a vital role in the overall process of improving agricultural production by protecting and improving our natural resources to allow new technology to contribute to improve productivity levels. If we do not at least maintain and continue to strive to improve our natural resources of soil, water, air, plants, and animals, as well as our human resources, the best technology will not be able to reach its intended potential. This paper will discuss what is meant by protection of our natural resources, the progression of conservation planning in the United States, the importance of protection to aid technology transfer and the role of conservation planning in technology transfer. Discussion of conservation planning will span the time period before and after federal legislation to reduce erosion on highly erodible cropland. The primary emphasis of this discussion will be to demonstrate the value of various entities in agriculture working together, under a common goal and theme, to implement conservation practices to reduce soil erosion and help farmers meet their conservation goals. C1 USDA, NRCS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Schertz, DL (reprint author), USDA, NRCS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU CRC PRESS-TAYLOR & FRANCIS GROUP PI BOCA RATON PA 6000 BROKEN SOUND PARKWAY NW, STE 300, BOCA RATON, FL 33487-2742 USA BN 0-8493-2349-5 PY 2000 BP 425 EP 430 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Environmental Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BQ57G UT WOS:000088804600042 ER PT B AU Schmidt, BL AF Schmidt, BL BE Laflen, JM Tian, JL Huang, CH TI The federal-university partnership for soil erosion research and extension programs in the United States SO SOIL EROSION AND DRYLAND FARMING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming CY 1999 CL YANGLING, PEOPLES R CHINA ID MOVEMENT AB A partnership between the federal government and the state land-grant universities through the Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service (CSREES) in the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), supports and coordinates research, education, and extension programs that address national and regional needs in soil erosion and natural resources protection on agricultural lands. CSREES provides this support and assistance through formula funds to the state partners, special grants, national competitive grants programs, regional research projects and committees, and special programs and initiatives. Emphasis is being placed, at the national level, on multi-disciplinary and multi-institutional projects and programs that involve both research and extension objectives and goals. This collaboration facilitates more efficient transfer of research results and new technologies to agricultural producers and users for timely adoption and implementation of effective soil erosion control and soil and water management practices. C1 USDA, CSREES, Aerosp Ctr, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Schmidt, BL (reprint author), USDA, CSREES, Aerosp Ctr, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CRC PRESS-TAYLOR & FRANCIS GROUP PI BOCA RATON PA 6000 BROKEN SOUND PARKWAY NW, STE 300, BOCA RATON, FL 33487-2742 USA BN 0-8493-2349-5 PY 2000 BP 431 EP 445 PG 15 WC Agronomy; Environmental Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BQ57G UT WOS:000088804600043 ER PT B AU Laflen, JM AF Laflen, JM BE Laflen, JM Tian, JL Huang, CH TI WEPP - Erosion prediction technology SO SOIL EROSION AND DRYLAND FARMING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming CY 1999 CL YANGLING, PEOPLES R CHINA ID SOIL LOSS; RESIDUE; RUNOFF; MODEL AB WEPP is a new generation of erosion prediction technology designed to replace the USLE. WEPP is a daily simulation computer model for predicting soil erosion and sediment delivery from cropland, forestland, rangeland, construction sites, and urban areas. Soil erosion is modeled as a rill-interrill process that includes detachment by raindrops and flowing water and transport and deposition by flowing water. Sediment delivery is modeled in WEPP with channels and impoundments on and leading from hillslope areas. Every day the status of the soil and biomass (live and dead) is computed, including soil moisture content, evaporation, transpiration, surface roughness, residue decomposition, surface cover, and live biomass. If rain, snowmelt, or irrigation occurs, infiltration and runoff are computed. If runoff is predicted, then detachment, transport and deposition of soil by rain, irrigation and runoff in rills is computed. WEPP has been well tested for applications on cropland, rangeland, and forestland. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Laflen, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU CRC PRESS-TAYLOR & FRANCIS GROUP PI BOCA RATON PA 6000 BROKEN SOUND PARKWAY NW, STE 300, BOCA RATON, FL 33487-2742 USA BN 0-8493-2349-5 PY 2000 BP 557 EP 566 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Environmental Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BQ57G UT WOS:000088804600054 ER PT B AU Wagner, LE Skidmore, EL AF Wagner, LE Skidmore, EL BE Laflen, JM Tian, JL Huang, CH TI Methods to quantify residue, roughness, and soil aggregates in wind erosion studies SO SOIL EROSION AND DRYLAND FARMING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming CY 1999 CL YANGLING, PEOPLES R CHINA ID CRUSHING-ENERGY METER; ROTARY SIEVE; CHAIN METHOD; STABILITY; INDEX AB Over the years various measurement techniques and equipment have been used in wind erosion studies for monitoring and assessing the most important factors influencing a site's susceptibility to wind erosion. As the physics of wind erosion processes became better understood, measurement methods and techniques improved accordingly. In addition, enhancements in electronics, computers, lasers, photography, and other technologies have provided more automation, increased accuracy, and a reduction in the potential for operator bias in measurements. The evolution of common wind erosion measurements is presented along with discussion of what the future may hold with respect to measuring and quantifying residue, surface roughness, and soil aggregate status in wind erosion studies. C1 Kansas State Univ, USDA ARS, Wind Eros Res Unit, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Wagner, LE (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, USDA ARS, Wind Eros Res Unit, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 53 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU CRC PRESS-TAYLOR & FRANCIS GROUP PI BOCA RATON PA 6000 BROKEN SOUND PARKWAY NW, STE 300, BOCA RATON, FL 33487-2742 USA BN 0-8493-2349-5 PY 2000 BP 663 EP 671 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Environmental Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BQ57G UT WOS:000088804600065 ER PT J AU Yaalon, DH Arnold, RW AF Yaalon, DH Arnold, RW TI Attitudes toward soils and their societal relevance: Then and now SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE pedosphere; soil functions; soil care; climate change; soil degradation; civilization rise and fall; environmental ethics; soil convention AB Soils are relevant to society in diverse ways, supplying various economic and cultural services or functions as well as being the substrate for plants and a life-support system. Attitudes to the diverse kinds of soil resources and resulting land-use practices throughout human history indicate that mankind has frequently used other than the most fertile or easiest accessible soils. Many special techniques, such as terracing, have been developed to utilize and preserve less accessible land and shallow soil on slopes. Soil degradation and erosion following deforestation have frequently been a problem in the past, especially when some land was abandoned for cultural or economic reasons. Better data on current degree and extent of soil degradation are needed. Man has made soils fertile on a large scale, providing more secure food resources for the ever growing population. Yet, there is a growing threat to soils, in many instances, on marginal soils or in less resilient soil regions. A good environmental ethic requires equally good soil care of open spaces and of forests, woods, and deserts for better quality of life and for future generations of town and country populations. For this purpose an Eleventh Commandment was formulated a generation ago, and efforts are now being made to institute an internationally secured global treaty or soil convention for better soil care and sustainable use of soils. Soil scientists need to support such proposals and to bridge the gaps and differences between local and governmental efforts. C1 Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Inst Earth Sci, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel. USDA, NRCS, Washington, DC 20013 USA. RP Yaalon, DH (reprint author), Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Inst Earth Sci, Givat Ram Campus, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel. NR 23 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 10 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 165 IS 1 BP 5 EP 12 DI 10.1097/00010694-200001000-00003 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 281TC UT WOS:000085176000003 ER PT J AU Wienhold, BJ Power, JF Doran, JW AF Wienhold, BJ Power, JF Doran, JW TI Agricultural accomplishments and impending concerns SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Review DE sustainable agriculture; environmental quality; history of soil science; agricultural research; soil health ID WINTER COVER CROPS; GROUND-PENETRATING RADAR; NITROGEN MINERALIZATION; SOIL LOSS; CORN; QUALITY; WATER; SUSTAINABILITY; PHOSPHORUS AB The thin layer of soil on the earth's surface performs many functions essential to life. Humankind has known of the importance of this resource for thousands of years, but formal study of soils began only in the 1800s using knowledge acquired in the basic sciences of physics, chemistry, and biology. During the mid-1800s, much of the infrastructure for soil science was put into place. Land-grant universities and experiment stations were established, and funding mechanisms for conducting research were created. In the early 1900s, as the number of scientists grew and the level of research activity increased, professional societies were formed, and scholarly journals began publication. Research efforts during this time concentrated on understanding water movement and nutrient availability largely as it applied to crop production. As a consequence of natural and human aggravated disasters, such as the American dust bowl in the 1930s, management practices were developed to reduce wind and water erosion and conserve the soil resource. In the 1960s, environmental awareness grew, and research efforts were directed at understanding the processes involved in environmental contamination, development of management practices to reduce the potential for environmental contamination, and procedures to remediate contaminated sites. Soils research has accomplished much, providing us with a thorough understanding of the physical, chemical, and biological properties and processes of soils, determining the role of sons in environmental quality, and developing the management practices used to produce a bountiful food supply. However, despite these accomplishments and continued demands for soils-related information, soil scientists are currently facing many challenges. A steady supply of inexpensive, high quality food produced by less than 2% of a largely urban population has left the majority of people with Little appreciation of the problems and challenges facing agriculture. Competing interests for budget dollars have left funding for agricultural research level or in decline in recent years. In addition, the current crisis in agriculture has resulted in a lower market share than ever before being returned to farmers, leaving producers with little incentive or flexibility to change management practices. Soil scientists must work with these challenges to ensure that the science is available to address critical problems facing society, namely: population pressure and the need for increasing agricultural productivity; competing uses for land and water resources; dependence on nonrenewable resources; and environmental quality, especially in developing countries. Facing current challenges and solving future problems will likely require that soil scientists conduct research differently than in the past, with greater emphasis on holistic team- and interdisciplinary analyses of problem areas, followed by reductionist disciplinary research that ensures optimal use of research resources. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, SWCRU, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Wienhold, BJ (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, SWCRU, 119 Keim Hall,East Campus, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 124 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 4 U2 17 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 165 IS 1 BP 13 EP 30 DI 10.1097/00010694-200001000-00004 PG 18 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 281TC UT WOS:000085176000004 ER PT J AU Zheng, FL Huang, CH Norton, LD AF Zheng, FL Huang, CH Norton, LD TI Vertical hydraulic gradient and run-on water and sediment effects on erosion processes and sediment regimes SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SOIL-EROSION; MODEL; SLOPE AB During rainfall events, runoff water carries sediment downslope. It has been hypothesized that the detachment potential of the runoff water would decrease as the sediment content is increased until a sediment transport capacity, T-c, is reached and the excessive amount of sediment beyond T-c would then be deposited. Translating this concept to a hill slope setting implies that water and sediment from upslope areas would affect erosion processes on a downslope segment. However, there are few experimental data to support this hypothesis or the run-on water and sediment transport capacity effect. A dual-box system, consisting of a 1.8-m-long sediment feeder box and a 5-m-long test box, was used to quantify run-on water and sediment effects. The test box has holes at the bottom for controlling the vertical hydraulic gradient. Experimental variables were rainfall intensity, slope steepness, near-surface hydraulic gradient, and run-on sediment concentration. Results demonstrated that under free soil drainage conditions, a decrease in run-on sediment content caused a corresponding increase in downslope sediment detachment, resulting in a relatively constant sediment delivery from the test box. Under artesian seepage conditions, sediment deliveries were three to six times greater than those under drainage conditions and decreased as the erosion event progressed, possibly because of a reduction in soil erodibility, Sediment detachment by the run-on water increased as either slope or rainfall intensity was increased or when the surface was changed from a drainage to a seepage condition. These results demonstrated that the sediment delivery reached a dynamic equilibrium and the dual-box system can be used to study erosion processes similar to those occurring on a hill slope. A process-based erosion model needs to account for surface hydraulic renditions and the associated erosion professes and their interactions. C1 Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Inst Soil & Water Conservat, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, Peoples R China. RP Huang, CH (reprint author), Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, 1196 Soil Bldg, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 17 TC 33 Z9 50 U1 5 U2 15 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 64 IS 1 BP 4 EP 11 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 356MA UT WOS:000089446000001 ER PT J AU Celis, R Koskinen, WC Hermosin, MC Ulibarri, MA Cornejo, J AF Celis, R Koskinen, WC Hermosin, MC Ulibarri, MA Cornejo, J TI Triadimefon interactions with organoclays and organohydrotalcites SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID LAYERED DOUBLE HYDROXIDES; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; SORPTION; CLAYS; DESORPTION; RELEASE; SOILS; WATER; PENTACHLOROPHENOL; COMPONENTS AB We determined the ability of several organoclays (octaderylammonium- and hexadecgltrimethylammonium-exchanged montmorillonite) and organohydrotalcites (dodecylsulfate- and dodecylbenzene-sulfonate-exchanged hydrotalcite) to sorb the uncharged pesticide triadimefon [1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-2-butanone] to test the potential use of these sorbents for decontamination purposes and as slow release formulations of the pesticide. Interlayered organoclays and organohydrotalcites were at least six times more sorptive than the untreated minerals. Triadimefon sorption was higher on paraffin-like sorbents (organohydrotalcites and organoclays prepared from high-charge Arizona montmorillonite) than on bilayered sorbents (organoclays prepared from low-charge Wyoming montmorillonite). The nature and amount of organic ion in the interlayer also influenced triadimefon desorption from the different sorbents, Desorption and spectroscopic studies suggested, in general, weak hydrophobic interactions between triadimefon and the interlayer organic phase of the organoclays and organohydrotalcites. However, hydrogen bonding between the carbonyl group of triadimefon and the monosubstituted amino group of oetadecylammonium-exchanged organoclays reinforced the strength of the interaction and resulted in reduced desorption from these sorbents, Selecting the interlayer ion appeared, therefore, as a good strategy to control the sorptivity and desorption of the sorbed pesticide for organoclays and organohydrotalcites. The results showed that organoclays and organohydrotalcites may find application as sorbents of pesticides similar to triadimefon. C1 USDA ARS, Soil & Water Management Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. CSIC, Inst Recursos Nat & Agrobiol, E-41080 Seville, Spain. RP Koskinen, WC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Soil & Water Management Res Unit, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RI Celis, Rafael/D-8074-2012; OI Celis, Rafael/0000-0002-0548-0774; Cornejo, Juan/0000-0002-2552-3495 NR 42 TC 55 Z9 57 U1 3 U2 11 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 64 IS 1 BP 36 EP 43 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 356MA UT WOS:000089446000006 ER PT J AU Paltineanu, IC Starr, JL AF Paltineanu, IC Starr, JL TI Preferential water flow through corn canopy and soil water dynamics across rows SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID MULTISENSOR CAPACITANCE PROBES; THROUGHFALL; TILL AB Small-scale and spatially dependent variation in real-time soil water dynamics, caused largely by agricultural practices, is not well understood. Objectives of this study were (i) to quantify the preferential stemflow vs. throughfall of water under rainfall and sprinkler irrigation during the closed corn (Zea mays L.) canopy period and from senescence to harvest, and (ii) to quantify in real time the corresponding row and interrow soil water dynamics under multiple annual no-tillage and plow-tillage corn experiments. Water redistribution through the corn canopy was studied for a 2-yr period, with stemflow measured by placing flexible polyethylene bags on plants, and throughfall by placing jars between corn rows. Soil water dynamics was studied for a 3-yr period, with multisensor capacitance probes and a monitoring system at five-row and interrow positions for each tillage. Highly significant (P < 0.001) linear positive relationships were found between both stemflow (S-F) and average throughfall (T-F) to rainfall. An inverse third-order relationship was found between the ratio of S-F/T-F and rainfall. Real-time soil water dynamics data showed that the smaller rainfall events (<15 mm) resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) water infiltration advantage for the no-tillage in-row position compared with the no-tillage interrow positions and compared with the plow-tillage in-row position. These results were consistent with the stemflow vs, throughfall data obtained under the closed corn canopy. Real-time soil water dynamics vs. rainfall intensity at different soil layers showed the importance of rainfall and sprinkler irrigation redistribution induced by the canopy, type of tillage, and position across corn rows. C1 USDA ARS, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Paltin Int Inc, Laurel, MD 20707 USA. RP Starr, JL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 19 TC 41 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 8 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 64 IS 1 BP 44 EP 54 PG 11 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 356MA UT WOS:000089446000007 ER PT J AU Logsdon, SD AF Logsdon, SD TI Effect of cable length on time domain reflectometry calibration for high surface area soils SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID VOLUMETRIC WATER-CONTENT; DIELECTRIC PERMITTIVITY; ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY; PROPAGATION VELOCITY; UNDISTURBED SOIL; ERRORS; CLAY; TDR; HYDRATION; BEHAVIOR AB Time domain reflectometry (TDR) has been used by soil scientists to determine soil water content (theta), A waveform analysis determines an apparent dielectric number (epsilon(a)) which can often be empirically related to epsilon. "Bound water" near colloid surfaces has different properties than free water. At the gigahertz frequencies used for TDR, free water has a negative temperature effect but bound water has a positive temperature effect on dielectric number. Long coaxial cables reduce the higher frequencies of the TDR equipment, which can influence the frequency dependent epsilon(a)of bound water. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of coaxial cable length and temperature on apparent dielectric properties for samples with and without large amounts of bound water. Two undisturbed columns of Okoboji mucky silty day loam (fine, smectitic, mesic cumulic Endoaquoll) with a specific surface area of 286 m(2) g(-1) and two packed sand samples with calculated surface areas of 0.01 m(2) g(-1) were used for the experiment. The epsilon(a) was determined at four table length combinations, three temperatures, and a range of theta, The temperature correction factors for Okoboji ranged from 0.008 to 0.012 theta/degrees C, depending on cable length. Long cables increased the rise time 41%, which decreased the frequency bandwidth. The Okobuji samples had a bulk electrical conductivity as high as 0.14 S m(-1), which hampered determination of the anal part of the waveform. In summary for Okoboji, cable length and temperature had a greater effect on epsilon(a) than did theta. Nigh surface area samples should be calibrated using the same cable length used for measurements, and the temperature effect should be incorporated. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Logsdon, SD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 42 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 64 IS 1 BP 54 EP 61 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 356MA UT WOS:000089446000008 ER PT J AU Su, CM Suarez, DL AF Su, CM Suarez, DL TI Selenate and selenite sorption on iron oxides: An infrared and electrophoretic study SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID VARIABLE-CHARGE SOILS; ALLUVIAL SOILS; SOLUTION INTERFACES; MECHANISTIC MODEL; MINERAL SURFACES; ANION ADSORPTION; GOETHITE; PHOSPHATE; BORON; CLAY AB We studied selenate and selenite sorption by amorphous Fe oxide [am-Fe(OH)(3)] and goethite (alpha-FeOOH) as a fuuction of time (25 min-96 h), pH (3-12), ionic strength (0.01-1.0 M NaCl), and total Se concentration (0.0001-1.0 M). We examined sorbed selenate and selenite by in situ attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy, and electrophoresis to deduce sorption mechanisms. Sorption of both selenate and selenite reached equilibrium in <25 min and the sorption isotherm was not reversible. Increasing ionic strength decreased selenate sorption but did not affect selenite sorption. The presence of either selenate or selenite lowered the electrophoretic mobility (EM) and decreased the point of zero charge (PZC) of both sorbents, suggesting inner-sphere complexation for both selenate and selenite species. Both in situ ATR-FTIR and DRIFT difference spectra showed bidentate complexes of selenate with am-Fe(OH)(3). The structure of selenite complexes in am-Fe(OH)(3)-solution interface was uncertain due to insensitivity of the in situ ATR-FTIR technique. The DRIFT spectra of selenite on am-Fe(OH)(3) showed nu(3) splitting as evidence of complexation. The DRIFT spectra of selenite on goethite showed bridging bidentate complex of selenite. We conclude that the influence of ionic strength on Se sorption cannot be used as a criterion for distinguishing outer- vs. inner-sphere complex formation. C1 USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Su, CM (reprint author), ManTech Environm Res Serv Corp, RS Kerr Environm Res Ctr, 919 Kerr Res Dr, Ada, OK 74821 USA. EM su.chunming@epa.gov NR 55 TC 101 Z9 105 U1 11 U2 50 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 EI 1435-0661 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 64 IS 1 BP 101 EP 111 PG 11 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 356MA UT WOS:000089446000013 ER PT J AU Gaston, LA Locke, MA AF Gaston, LA Locke, MA TI Acifluorfen sorption, degradation, and mobility in a Mississippi delta soil SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID TILL DUNDEE SOIL; HERBICIDE ACIFLUORFEN; ADSORPTION; BIODEGRADATION; BENTAZON; KINETICS; MODELS AB Potential surface water and groundwater contaminants include herbicides that are applied postemergence. Although applied to the plant canopy, a portion of any application reaches the soil either directly or,ia subsequent foliar washoff. This study examined sorption, degradation, and mobility of the postemergence herbicide acifluorfen (5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoic acid) in Dundee silty clay loam (fine-silty, mixed, thermic, Aeric Ochraqualf) taken from conventional till (CT) and no-till (NT) field plots, Homogeneous surface and subsurface samples were used in the sorption and degradation studies; intact soil columns (30 cm long and 10 cm diam.) were used in the mobility study. Batch sorption isotherms were nonlinear (Freundlich model) and sorption paralleled organic C (OC) content, All tillage by depth combinations of soil exhibited a time-dependent approach to sorption equilibrium that was well described by a two-site equilibrium-kinetic model. Acifluorfen degradation followed first-order kinetics, No more than about 6% of applied C-14-acifluorfen was mineralized by 49-d incubation, Extracts of incubated soil gave little indication of degradation products; however, C-14 did accumulate in an unextractable fraction. Degradation was faster in the surface soils compared to subsurface soils and faster in CT surface soil compared to NT surface soil. Tillage did not affect acifluorfen degradation in subsurface samples. Elution of Br pulses from the intact soil columns under steady-state, unsaturated flow indicated preferential water now. Nonequilibrium transport of Br was well described using a two-region, mobile-immobile water model. Inclusion of sorption kinetics in the transport model rather than assuming equilibrium sorption led to improved predictions of acifluorfen retardation. Column effluent contained negligible concentrations of acifluorfen degradation products and, as in the incubation study, an unextractable residue developed in the soil columns. However, unlike results from the incubation study, a greater fraction of applied acifluorfen was apparently bound and there was also evidence of extractable degradation products. Furthermore, first-order rate constants obtained from the hatch study underestimated acifluorfen degradation during transport. Faster acifluorfen degradation in the soil columns may have been due to poorer aeration compared to the batch systems. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Agron, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Lab, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Gaston, LA (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Agron, 104 Madison Sturgis Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 21 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 10 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 64 IS 1 BP 112 EP 121 PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 356MA UT WOS:000089446000014 ER PT J AU Manning, BA Suarez, DL AF Manning, BA Suarez, DL TI Modeling arsenic(III) adsorption and heterogeneous oxidation kinetics in soils SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID ARSENITE; ARSENATE; SORPTION; GOETHITE; FERRIHYDRITE; ABSORPTION; RETENTION; STABILITY; SEDIMENTS; MANGANESE AB Arsenite [As(III)] is a soluble and toxic species of arsenic that can be introduced into soil by geothermal waters, mining activities, irrigation practices, and disposal of industrial wastes. We determined the rates of As(In) adsorption, and subsequent oxidation to arsenate [As(V)] in aerobic soil-water suspensions using four California soils, The rate of As(III) adsorption on the soils was closely dependent on soil properties that reflect the reactivity of mineral surfaces including citrate-dithionite (CD) extractable metals, soil texture, specific surface area, and pH, Heterogeneous oxidation of As(III) to As(V) was observed in all soils studied. The recovery of As(V) from As(III)treated soils was dependent on levels of oxalate-extractable Mn and soil texture, After derivation of rate equations to describe the changes in soluble and recoverable As(III) and As(V) in soil suspensions, soil property measurements were used to normalize the empirically derived rate constants for three soils. The fourth soil, which had substantially different soil properties from the other three soils, was used to independently test the derived soil property-normalized model. The soil property-normalized consecutive reaction model gave a satisfactory description of the trends seen in the experimental data for all four soils. Understanding the effects of soil properties on the kinetics of chemical reactions of As(III) and As(V) in soils will be essential to development of quantitative models for predicting the mobility of As in the field. C1 San Francisco State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, San Francisco, CA 94132 USA. USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Manning, BA (reprint author), San Francisco State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, 1600 Holloway Ave, San Francisco, CA 94132 USA. NR 29 TC 24 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 18 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 64 IS 1 BP 128 EP 137 PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 356MA UT WOS:000089446000016 ER PT J AU Gale, WJ Cambardella, CA AF Gale, WJ Cambardella, CA TI Carbon dynamics of surface residue- and root-derived organic matter under simulated no-till SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID DECOMPOSITION; SOILS; FRACTIONATION AB No-till practices have the potential to increase soil organic C, but little is known about the relative contribution of surface residue and roots to soil organic C accumulation, In a simulated no-till experiment, we studied the fate of C-14-labeled surface residue and in situ roots during a 1-yr incubation. Soil samples collected during the incubation were chemically dispersed and separated into five particle size and density fractions. The organic C, C-14, and total N content of each fraction was determined, Alkali traps were used to measure (14C) losses due to respiration. After 360 d, 66% of the C-14 contained in the surface residue on Day 0 had been respired as (CO2)-C-14, 11% remained in residue on the soil surface, and 16% was in the soil. In comparison, 56% of the root-derived C-14 in the soil was evolved as (CO2)-C-14 and 42% remained in the soil. The large (500-2000 mu m) and small (53-500 mu m) particulate organic matter (POM) fractions together contained 11 to 16% of the initial root-derived C-14 in the soil, In contrast, POM contained only 1 to 3% of the inital surface residue-derived C-14. These data show clear differences in the partitioning of surface residue- and root-derived C during decomposition and imply that the beneficial effects of no-till on soil organic C accrual are primarily due to the increased retention of root-derived C in the soil. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Cambardella, CA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 17 TC 127 Z9 143 U1 5 U2 31 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 64 IS 1 BP 190 EP 195 PG 6 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 356MA UT WOS:000089446000025 ER PT J AU Gale, WJ Cambardella, CA Bailey, TB AF Gale, WJ Cambardella, CA Bailey, TB TI Surface residue- and root-derived carbon in stable and unstable aggregates SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID ORGANIC-MATTER; CULTIVATED SOILS; NITROGEN AB Stable macroaggregates are enriched in new C relative to unstable macroaggregates, but the origin and form of this new C is not known. Under simulated no-till (NT) conditions, we used a C-14 label to monitor changes in the concentration of new surface residue- and root-derived C in aggregates of different size and stability during a 1-yr incubation. Two water pretreatments (capillary-wetted and slaked) were applied to the soil samples collected during the incubation. The samples were then wet sieved to obtain five aggregate size classes. Densiometric separations were used to isolate free and released particulate organic matter (frPOM) and intraaggregate POM (iPOM). Root-derived C-14 was distributed differently in the soil compared to surface residue-derived C-14. A comparison of the two water pretreatments indicated that root-derived aggregate-C-14 and iPOM-C-14 concentrations were significantly higher in stable (slaking-resistant) small macroaggregates (250-2000 pm) relative to those in the capillary-wetted pretreatment. In contrast, there were no significant differences in the amount of surface residue-derived aggregate-C-14 or iPOM-C-14 in small macroaggregates (250-2000 mu m) between the two pretreatments. We conclude that in relatively undisturbed systems like no-till, new root-derived iPOM-C is more important than surface residue-derived C in the stabilization of small macroaggregates (250-2000 mu m). C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Stat, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Cambardella, CA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 16 TC 68 Z9 70 U1 6 U2 18 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 64 IS 1 BP 196 EP 201 PG 6 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 356MA UT WOS:000089446000026 ER PT J AU Gale, WJ Cambardella, CA Bailey, TB AF Gale, WJ Cambardella, CA Bailey, TB TI Root-derived carbon and the formation and stabilization of aggregates SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SOIL AB It is hypothesized that particulate organic matter (POM) contributes to aggregate stability. However, little is known about the dynamics of the POM fraction or its role in aggregate formation. A simulated no-till study was conducted to examine changes in free and aggregate-associated POM during the decomposition of in situ (14)C-labeled roots during a 1-yr incubation in a loess-derived silt loam. Two water pretreatments (capillary-wetted and slaked) were applied to soil samples collected during the incubation, and the samples were then wet sieved to obtain five aggregate size fractions, Densiometric separations were used to isolate free and released POM (frPOM) and intraaggregate POM (iPOM). Small macroaggregates (250-2000 mu m) were enriched in iPOM-(14)C on Day 0 which suggested that many of these aggregates formed around cores of new, root-derived POM during the growth and senescence of the oat plants. Slaking resulted in the disruption of many of the small macroaggregates (250-2000 mu m) and a large increase in frPOM-(14)C on Day 0. The amount of (14)C released into the frPOM pool with slaking declined with time. In contrast, there was a significant linear increase in the amount of new, root-derived iPOM-(14)C in large microaggregates (53-250 mu m) that were released when unstable macroaggregates (>250 pm) slaked. These data support the hypothesis that new microaggregates are formed within existing macroaggregates and provide strong evidence that, in no-till, aggregate formation and stabilization processes are directly related to the decomposition of root-residue and the dynamics of POM C in the soil. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Stat, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Cambardella, CA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM cindyc@nstl.gov NR 8 TC 147 Z9 165 U1 6 U2 48 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 64 IS 1 BP 201 EP 207 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 356MA UT WOS:000089446000027 ER PT J AU Malpassi, RN Kaspar, TC Parkin, TB Cambardella, CA Nubel, NA AF Malpassi, RN Kaspar, TC Parkin, TB Cambardella, CA Nubel, NA TI Oat and rye root decomposition effects on nitrogen mineralization SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID RESIDUE DECOMPOSITION; MICROBIAL BIOMASS; SOIL; CARBON; CROP; DENITRIFICATION; TURNOVER; CORN AB Decomposition and mineralization of cover crop rents needs to be understood to determine if N taken up by cover crops is mineralized during main crop growth. Two experiments were conducted in a controlled environment to measure decomposition of oat (Avena sativa L, 'Ogle') and rye (Secale cereale L. 'Rymin') root residues and to examine its effect on soil N mineralization, In the first, oat and rye roots were mixed with soil and in the second, roots were grown in situ. At 7, 14, 28, 56, 84, and 112 d after the start of decomposition, denitrification, soil NO3- and soil NH4+ were measured to determine net mineralized N. Soil respiration and C and N contained in roots and coarse soil organic matter were measured to determine decomposition, All treatments in both experiments showed an increase in net mineralized N during the first 56 d, After 56 d, net mineralized N in the control remained relatively constant, whereas mineral N continued to accumulate in the treatments with root residues. Net N mineralization of the rye and oat root treatments did not differ. Roots mixed with soil had high respiration rates during the first 3 d and there were no differences between oat and rye root treatments. In the roots in situ experiment, however, respiration peaked for oat roots at Day 12 and for rye roots at Day 33, The oat treatment also had less C and N remaining in roots and coarse organic matter throughout the experiment. Even though oat roots decomposed faster than the rye roots, we predict that <55% of the N contained in the roots of a spring-killed oat or rye cover crop will become available to the following crop. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Nacl Rio Cuarto, RA-5800 Cordoba, Argentina. RP Kaspar, TC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 27 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 11 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 64 IS 1 BP 208 EP 215 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 356MA UT WOS:000089446000028 ER PT J AU Bajracharya, RM Lal, R Kimble, JM AF Bajracharya, RM Lal, R Kimble, JM TI Diurnal and seasonal CO(2)-C flux from soil as related to erosion phases in central Ohio SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CARBON-DIOXIDE FLUX; RESPIRATION; ECOSYSTEMS; CHAMBERS AB The CO(2)-C flux from soil is an important part of the global C cycle, whose dependence on erosion is as yet largely unknown. We hypothesized that the magnitude of diurnal and seasonal C flux is related to soil erosion phase and is influenced by soil water and temperature regimes. The CO(2)-C flux from the surface of a Miamlan silt loam soil (fine, mixed, active, mesic Oxyaquic Hapludalf) in central Ohio was monitored using the static chamber method. Gas samples were collected four times daily (at 0900, 1200, 1500 and 1800 h) at approximate to 2-wk intervals between July 1995 and June 1997, The CO(2) evolved from the soil surface varied significantly among seasons ranging from 0 g C m(-2) d(-1) in the winter to approximate to 1.6 g C m(-2) d(-1) during the summer. Soil erosion phase had no direct effect on C flux from the soil, although depositional areas had 20 to 25% higher water content than other phases, while severely eroded and depositional areas generally had higher soil temperatures than slightly and moderately eroded phases. Soil C flux exhibited diurnal variations with high values differing from lows by as much as 0.04 g C m(-2) h(-1). Peak flux rates as high as 0.082 g C m(-2) h(-1) occurred during the mid afternoon during the spring, summer, and autumn seasons. Soil C flux was significantly correlated with soil temperature (r(2) = 0.804) and air temperature (r(2) = 0.806) but not with soil moisture content. C1 Ohio State Univ, Sch Nat Resources, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. USDA, NRCS, Natl Soil Survey Ctr, Lincoln, NE 68508 USA. RP Bajracharya, RM (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Sch Nat Resources, 2021 Coffey Rd, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. EM rmbajra@ccsl.com.np RI Lal, Rattan/D-2505-2013 NR 33 TC 54 Z9 69 U1 4 U2 15 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 64 IS 1 BP 286 EP 293 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 356MA UT WOS:000089446000039 ER PT J AU Hill, PR Stott, DE AF Hill, PR Stott, DE TI Corn residue retention by a combination chisel plow SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CROP RESIDUE; TILLAGE; COVER; EROSION; SYSTEMS AB Using combination chisel plows in corn (Zea mays L.) residue can reduce surface residue cover to below levels that will protect the soil against erosion. Equipment operation and setup changes can alter the residue amount incorporated into soil. We evaluated the operational effects of using a combination chisel plow, equipped with coulter gangs, on corn residue cover on two silt loam soils. Variables included timing of chiseling, point selection, speed and depth of chiseling, and coulter-gang engagement. Chisel plowing left 21 to 46% residue cover in the fall, and 13 to 33% residue cover in the spring. Differences were negated when overwintering losses after fall chiseling were considered. Only three of the eight spring chiseling treatments left >30% residue cover: (i) the DMI Tiger-C point with coulter-gang engagement, (ii) the DMI Tiger-C point without coulter-gang engagement, and (iii) the 406-mm sweep with gang engaged. Ranking of residue-retention coefficients for the chisel points was as follows: 406-mm low-crown sweep (0.42-0.53) approximate to DMI Tiger-C specialty point > 51-mm chisel point (0.33-0.40) > 102-mm twisted shovel (0.17-0.25). Depth of chiseling did not affect residue retention. Slowing the speed of operation from 6.4 to 3.2 km h(-1) (resulting in 27-42% increased residue retention) had more effect than slowing from 9.6 to 6.4 km h(-1) (19-24%). Primary tillage of corn residue using a combination chisel plow can provide adequate (>30%) soil surface protection from erosion processes. Residue-cover levels following secondary tillage and planting operations will likely fall below 30%. C1 Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Monsanto, W Des Moines, IA 50266 USA. RP Stott, DE (reprint author), Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, 1196 Soil Bldg, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RI Stott, Diane/A-1270-2010 OI Stott, Diane/0000-0002-6397-3315 NR 22 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 64 IS 1 BP 293 EP 299 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 356MA UT WOS:000089446000040 ER PT J AU Fares, A Alva, AK AF Fares, A Alva, AK TI Soil water components based on capacitance probes in a sandy soil SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID NITROGEN AB Understanding soil water movement is needed to manage irrigation to minimize water drainage, nutrient leaching below the root zone, and contamination of groundwater. We hypothesized that soil wafer content determined by capacitance probes can be used for irrigation scheduling and estimating soil water components. Objectives of this study were (i) to evaluate the performance of capacitance probes for optimizing irrigation management for 'Hamlin' orange trees [Citrus sinensis (L,) Osb.] on Swingle citrumelo [Citrus paradisi Macf. x Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] rootstock on a Candler fine sand soil (hyperthermic, uncoated, Typic Quartzipsamment) in Central Florida and (ii) to determine soil water balance components. Irrigation levels were determined based on available soil water (ASW) and tree growth stage. The soil water data measured at finite time interval by capacitance probes were used with irrigation and rainfall data to calculate daily evapotranspiration (ET) and drainage rates. Daily ET rates showed strong seasonal patterns and varied From <0.4 mm d(-1) in January to 5 mm d(-1) in July and August. The annual ET in 1997 was 920 mm or 53% of the total water input (irrigation and rainfall). The cumulative annual drainage in 1997 was 890 mm, or 47% of the total water input. Furthermore, 82% of the cumulative annual drainage was contributed by rainfall. Irrigation based on monitoring soil water content using capacitance probes minimized water drainage below the root zone in a system where rainfall contributed substantially to drainage. C1 USDA ARS, PWA, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. Univ Florida, Ctr Citrus Res & Educ, IFAS, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 USA. RP Alva, AK (reprint author), USDA ARS, PWA, 24106 N Bunn Rd, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. NR 29 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 4 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 64 IS 1 BP 311 EP 318 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 356MA UT WOS:000089446000042 ER PT J AU Hymer, DC Moran, MS Keefer, TO AF Hymer, DC Moran, MS Keefer, TO TI Soil water evaluation using a hydrologic model and calibrated sensor network SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Studies show that it may be possible to combine satellite-derived soil water maps with soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer (SVAT) models to obtain spatially distributed, temporally continuous information on vadose zone water contents. However, before this method can be instituted, it is essential to determine the ability of a SVAT model to simulate vadose zone soil water contents. A study was designed to evaluate the simultaneous heat and water (SHAW) model by comparing its soil water predictions with measured soil water contents collected by electrical resistance sensors (ERS) during the Monsoon '90 multidisciplinary field experiment. ERS collected hourly soil water measurements at 5-, 15-, and 30-cm depths in a shrub-dominated site [Larrea tridentada (Sesse & Moc, ex DC.) Coville] with large bare interspace areas. Data collected by the ERS were calibrated to time domain reflectometer (TDR) sensor measurements placed adjacent to the ERS using an in situ calibration technique. Results indicated that the SHAW model overestimated soil water at each depth by 0.02 m(3) m(-3) under bare soil and underestimated soil water at each depth under shrub cover by 0.02 m3 m-3. The ability of the model to simulate ERS water content values gives it the potential to be periodically updated with remotely sensed data to predict vadose zone soil water content over large areas at high temporal resolutions. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. USDA, SWRC, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP Hymer, DC (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Branch, Code 974, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 24 TC 40 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 64 IS 1 BP 319 EP 326 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 356MA UT WOS:000089446000043 ER PT J AU Kettler, TA Lyon, DJ Doran, JW Powers, WL Stroup, WW AF Kettler, TA Lyon, DJ Doran, JW Powers, WL Stroup, WW TI Soil quality assessment after weed-control tillage in a no-till wheat-fallow cropping system SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID BROME BROMUS-TECTORUM; WINTER-WHEAT; REDUCED TILLAGE; ORGANIC-MATTER; NORTH-AMERICA; MANAGEMENT; FERTILIZER; SEED AB Adoption of reduced-tillage fallow systems in the western USA is limited by winter annual grass weeds such as downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.). Moldboard plowing is an effective means of controlling downy brome in winter wheat (Tritcum aestivum L.)-fallow systems. The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of plowing and secondary tillage operations, for the purpose of weed control, on soil quality attributes of a silt loam soil that had been cropped in a sub-till or no-till (NT) winter wheat-fallow system for more than 20 yr. Compared with undisturbed NT, downy brome populations in plowed NT decreased 97 and 41% in the first and third crops following tillage, respectively. Wheat yields in plowed NT treatments were 30 and 9% greater in the first and third crops following tillage, respectively, compared with undisturbed NT. Soil quality indicators assessed were organic C (OC), total N, inorganic N, pH, electrical conductivity, bulk density, water infiltration rate, and pore-size distribution. Five years after tillage, soil OC decline in the 0- to 7.5-cm depth was 20% in plowed compared with undisturbed NT; however, OC increased 15% in the 7.5- to 15-cm depth and was not different in the 0- to 30-cm depth. Total soil N followed similar trends. Soil inorganic N in plowed NT decreased 37%, and soil pH increased 9%, compared with undisturbed NT, at the 0- to 7.5-cm depth. Occasional tillage with the moldboard plow in a reduced- or no-tillage management system will help control winter annual grass weeds, while retaining many of the soil quality benefits of conservation-tillage management. C1 USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Panhandle Res & Extens Ctr, Scottsbluff, NE 69361 USA. Univ Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Div Agr Res, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Kettler, TA (reprint author), USDA ARS, 119 Keim Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. EM tkettler@unlinfo.uni.edu NR 39 TC 65 Z9 66 U1 3 U2 17 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 EI 1435-0661 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 64 IS 1 BP 339 EP 346 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 356MA UT WOS:000089446000045 ER PT J AU Kristensen, HL McCarty, GW Meisinger, JJ AF Kristensen, HL McCarty, GW Meisinger, JJ TI Effects of soil structure disturbance on mineralization of organic soil nitrogen SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID NO-TILLAGE SOILS; MICROBIAL BIOMASS; CONVENTIONAL-TILLAGE; N-15; IMMOBILIZATION; DECOMPOSITION; CULTIVATION; FERTILIZER; DYNAMICS; SAMPLES AB Disturbance of soil structure by tillage operations is thought to make soil organic N accessible for mineralization which was otherwise protected from degradation. The origin of N released by disturbance of soil structure is, however, poorly understood and needs to be related to microbial activity. This study was performed to investigate the effect of soil structure disturbance on the release of active or protected organic N pools in surface soils (0-2 cm) under plow- (PT) or no-tillage (NT) management. Active soil N was defined as the pool participating in mineralization-immobilization turnover during shortterm incubation (6 df while protected pools were considered inactive during this period. The active pool of soil N was labelled with N-15 in intact samples of PT and NT soils. The samples were either kept intact or sieved and repacked, and then leached weekly during a 35-d incubation period. The disturbance of soil structure increased mineral N release from 6 to 15 mg kg(-1) in the NT soil within the first week after disturbance. This release was found to originate from both active and physically protected N pools as could be assessed by the relative differences in N-15 content of mineralized N by intact and disturbed soil samples. In contrast, the release from the PT soil was 7 to 9 mg N kg(-1) after disturbance, with only a minor contribution from protected N pools. These results support the theory that disturbance of soil structure by tillage may destabilize and release protected pools of soil N. Over the entire period of incubation, protected N accounted for 27% of total N release in the NT soil and 12% in that of PT. The calculation of availability ratios, defined as the ratio between the N-15 enrichment of mineralized N and that of total soil N, showed that recently added N-15 was less available for mineralization in the NT soil as compared to that of PT. The probable cause for this difference was the higher C/N ratio of organic matter in NT surface soil indicating more nonhumified organic matter when compared to PT organic matter. C1 Natl Environm Res Inst, Dep Terr Ecol, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark. USDA ARS, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP McCarty, GW (reprint author), Natl Environm Res Inst, Dep Terr Ecol, Vejlsovej 25, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark. RI Kristensen, Hanne Lakkenborg/C-1735-2016 OI Kristensen, Hanne Lakkenborg/0000-0002-9200-1849 NR 31 TC 56 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 15 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 64 IS 1 BP 371 EP 378 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 356MA UT WOS:000089446000049 ER PT J AU Wienhold, BJ Tanaka, DL AF Wienhold, BJ Tanaka, DL TI Haying, tillage, and nitrogen fertilization influences on infiltration rates at a conservation reserve program site SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID WATER INFILTRATION; MANAGEMENT; SYSTEMS AB Effect of haying (hayed or not hayed prior to tillage), tillage (no-tillage, minimum tillage, or conventional tillage), and N fertilization (0 or 67 kg ha(-1)) on surface infiltration rates, Q(h), was evaluated for Conservation Research Program (CRP) site conversion. Soils included Amor loam (fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid Typic Haplustoll) and Cabba silt loam (loamy, mixed, superactive, calcareous, frigid, shallow Typic Ustorthent), In reference plots Q(h) increased from 1995 to 1997 (27.2 +/- 3.2 vs. 36.4 +/- 2.9 mm h(-1) at 50-mm tension, 10.9 +/- 1.2 vs. 20.6 +/- 1.4 mm h(-1) at 100-mm tension, and 4.1 +/- 0.6 vs. 10.9 +/- 1.1 mm h(-1) at 150 mm-tension) under permanent vegetation. Plots hayed prior to tillage exhibited higher Q(h) when no fertilizer was applied than plots hayed and fertilized or not hayed (31.9 +/- 2.9 vs. 23.3 +/- 1.3 mm h(-1) at 50-mm tension and 18.1 +/- 1.3 vs. 13.5 +/- 0.6 mm h(-1) at 100-mm tension). As tillage intensity increased, Q(h) at 50-mm tension increased (20.1 +/- 2.6 mm h(-1) under no-tillage, 25.5 +/- 1.6 mm h(-1) under minimum tillage, and 30.1 +/- 2.0 mm h(-1) under conventional tillage), Q(h) did not change from 1995 to 1997 in cropped plots. C1 USDA ARS, Soil & Water Conservat Res Unit, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. USDA ARS, No Great Plains Res Lab, Mandan, ND 58554 USA. RP Wienhold, BJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Soil & Water Conservat Res Unit, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 15 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 5 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 64 IS 1 BP 379 EP 381 PG 3 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 356MA UT WOS:000089446000050 ER PT J AU Conant, RT Klopatek, JM Klopatek, CC AF Conant, RT Klopatek, JM Klopatek, CC TI Environmental factors controlling soil respiration in three semiarid ecosystems SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CARBON-DIOXIDE; CLIMATIC-CHANGE; TEMPERATURE; DYNAMICS; CO2; DECOMPOSITION; VEGETATION; GRASSLAND; EVOLUTION; EMISSIONS AB Previous research suggests that soil organic C pools may be a feature of semiarid regions that are particularly sensitive to climatic changes. We instituted an 18-mo experiment along an elevation gradient in northern Arizona to evaluate the influence of temperature, moisture, and soil C pool size on soil respiration. Soils, from underneath different free canopy types and interspaces of three semiarid ecosystems, were moved upslope and/or downslope to modify soil climate. Soils moved downslope experienced increased temperature and decreased precipitation, resulting in decreased soil moisture and soil respiration las much as 23 acid 20%, respectively). Soils moved upslope to more mesic, cooler sites had greater soil water content and increased rates of soil respiration las much as 40%), despite decreased temperature. Soil respiration rates normalized for total C were not significantly different within any of the three incubation sites, indicating that under identical climatic conditions, soil respiration is directly related to soil C pool size for the incubated soils. Normalized soil respiration rates between sites differed significantly for all soil types and were always greater for soils incubated under more mesic, but cooler, conditions. Total soil C did not change significantly during the experiment, but estimates suggest that significant portions of the rapidly cycling C pool were lost. While long-term decreases in aboveground and belowground detrital inputs may ultimately be greater than decreased soil respiration, the initial response to increased temperature and decreased precipitation in these systems is a decrease in annual soil C efflux. C1 Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Bot, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Arizona State Univ, USDA, Forest Serv, Dept Microbiol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RP Conant, RT (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RI Conant, Richard/B-7586-2013 OI Conant, Richard/0000-0001-7315-2476 NR 43 TC 86 Z9 110 U1 3 U2 40 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 64 IS 1 BP 383 EP 390 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 356MA UT WOS:000089446000052 ER PT J AU Funk, PA AF Funk, PA TI Evaluating the international standard procedure for testing solar cookers and reporting performance SO SOLAR ENERGY LA English DT Article AB The international standard procedure for testing solar cookers and reporting performance was proposed at the Third World Conference on Solar Cooking (Avinashilingam University, Coimbatore, India, 6-10 January, 1997) and revised by the committee over the following months. The standard sets limits for environmental conditions, specifies test procedures and calls for performance to be reported in terms of cooking power (W). While this value, like the fuel economy rating of an automobile, is not a guarantee of performance, it does provide a useful tool for comparison. The entire standard is presented in this paper. It was evaluated both by using ii to analyze data previously collected and by using it to test one of the solar cookers in the historical data set. The rest standard cooking power curve clearly distinguishes between solar cookers of differing design. Estimates of solar cooker performance for different locations and dates are fairly consistent when the test standard is employed. The criteria of being easy to use and presenting data predictive of thermal performance are also satisfied. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 ARS, USDA, Mesilla Pk, NM 88047 USA. RP Funk, PA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, POB 578, Mesilla Pk, NM 88047 USA. NR 4 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-092X J9 SOL ENERGY JI Sol. Energy PD JAN PY 2000 VL 68 IS 1 BP 1 EP 7 PG 7 WC Energy & Fuels SC Energy & Fuels GA 256WR UT WOS:000083749900001 ER PT B AU Moran, MS AF Moran, MS BE Johnson, SW Chua, KM Galloway, R Richter, P TI Image-based remote sensing for precision crop management - A status report SO SPACE 2000, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference and Exposition on Engineering, Construction, Operations, and Business in Space CY FEB 27-MAR 02, 2000 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NM SP Amer Soc Civil Engineers, Aerosp Div, Amer Astronaut Soc, NASA, SandiA Natl Labs, Natl Space Soc, Int Assoc Automat & Robot Construct, Univ New Mexico, Dept Civil Engn, Space Daily, Spacenews Com, Bechtel Grp, Fluor Global Serv ID TEMPERATURE AB This status report offers an assessment of progress made in image-based remote sensing in relation to the information needs of precision crop management(PCM). The assessment includes discussion of 1) image geometric, radiometric, and atmospheric correction, 2) retrieval of crop and soil information from image data, and 3) transformation of such information into management advice that could be implemented with PCM technology. The report is presented through examples of case studies conducted on Arizona farms by scientists with the USDA Agricultural Research Service. C1 USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Moran, MS (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, 4331 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0479-8 PY 2000 BP 185 EP 193 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Civil SC Engineering GA BQ36D UT WOS:000088122100018 ER PT J AU Riley, RT Plattner, RD AF Riley, RT Plattner, RD TI Fermentation, partial purification, and use of serine palmitoyltransferase inhibitors from Isaria (= Cordyceps) sinclairii SO SPHINGOLIPID METABOLISM AND CELL SIGNALING, PT A SE METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY LA English DT Review ID FREE SPHINGOID BASES; FUSARIUM-MONILIFORME; COMPLEX SPHINGOLIPIDS; FUMONISIN B-1; LLC-PK1 CELLS; BIOSYNTHESIS; POTENT; CYTOTOXICITY; SPHINGANINE; DISRUPTION C1 USDA ARS, Russell Agr Res Ctr, Toxicol & Mycotoxin Res Unit, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Riley, RT (reprint author), USDA ARS, Russell Agr Res Ctr, Toxicol & Mycotoxin Res Unit, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 32 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0076-6879 J9 METHOD ENZYMOL JI Methods Enzymol. PY 2000 VL 311 BP 348 EP 361 PG 14 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA BP55U UT WOS:000085491100036 PM 10563339 ER PT B AU Dawdy, DR Lucas, W Wang, WC AF Dawdy, DR Lucas, W Wang, WC BE Wang, ZY Hu, SX TI Physical basis of stage-discharge ratings SO STOCHASTIC HYDRAULICS 2000 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Symposium Stochastic Hydraulics CY JUL 25-28, 2000 CL BEIJING, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Tsinghua Univ, Int Res & Training Ctr Eros & Sedimentat, Int Assoc Hydraul Res, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, UNESCO, Int Assoc Hydraul Sci, Amer Soc Civil Engineers, Water Resources Engn Div, German Sino Unsteady Sediment Transport, Chinese Hydraul Engn Soc DE stage-discharge rating; relative roughness; width-depth ratio; channel shape AB The Manning's equation can be used to determine the shape of the stage discharge rating based on physical principles. The analysis constrains the parameters of the rating. For within-bank flows with channel control, the rating is a parabola, and plots as a straight line on logarithmic paper. The physical factors, which determine the parameters of the rating, are described. C1 US Forest Serv, Klamath Falls, OR USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5809-166-X PY 2000 BP 561 EP 564 PG 4 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Statistics & Probability; Water Resources SC Engineering; Mathematics; Water Resources GA BQ63D UT WOS:000089017700066 ER PT S AU Yazdani, N Kadnar, JO Kainz, JA Ritter, M AF Yazdani, N Kadnar, JO Kainz, JA Ritter, M GP TRB TRB TRB TRB TRB TI Parametric study on behavior of stress-laminated southern pine bridge decks SO STRUCTURAL DESIGN ISSUES: BRIDGES, OTHER STRUCTURES, AND HYDRAULICS AND HYDROLOGY SE TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 79th Annual Meeting of the Transportation-Research-Board CY JAN 09-13, 2000 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Transportat Res Board AB Stress-laminated timber bridge decks have gained popularity in the United States in recent years. As with all wood exposed to the environment, wood for these decks must be treated with preservatives. There has been reluctance to build chromated copper arsenate (CCA)treated wood bridges because of concerns about dimensional stability. Because no research has been undertaken to investigate the use of CCA-treated southern pine stress-laminated bridge decks, a good resource for economical rural bridges has remained untapped. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the performance of various wood preservatives on stress-laminated southern pine bridge decks. A total of nine decks with seven different preservatives were built and exposed to the environment for more than 2 years. Force levels in prestressing rods and wood moisture contents from each deck were continuously monitored. It was found that the short-term variations in the rod stress levels are less for decks with oil-type preservatives than for decks with CCA preservatives. The long-term performances of decks with both preservative types were found to be similar. The anchorage effect on deck performance was found to be negligible. C1 Florida State Univ, Florida A&M Univ, Coll Engn, Dept Civil Engn, Tallahassee, FL 32310 USA. Gas Operat Div, Tallahassee, FL 32310 USA. USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Yazdani, N (reprint author), Florida State Univ, Florida A&M Univ, Coll Engn, Dept Civil Engn, 2525 Pottsdamer St,Room 129, Tallahassee, FL 32310 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL PI WASHINGTON PA 500 FIFTH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20001 USA SN 0361-1981 BN 0-309-06744-8 J9 TRANSPORT RES REC PY 2000 IS 1740 BP 85 EP 95 PG 11 WC Engineering, Civil; Transportation Science & Technology SC Engineering; Transportation GA BU61R UT WOS:000176513100011 ER PT S AU Ritter, MA Duwadi, SR Wacker, JP AF Ritter, MA Duwadi, SR Wacker, JP GP TRB TRB TRB TRB TRB TI Field performance of stress-laminated timber bridges SO STRUCTURAL DESIGN ISSUES: BRIDGES, OTHER STRUCTURES, AND HYDRAULICS AND HYDROLOGY SE TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 79th Annual Meeting of the Transportation-Research-Board CY JAN 09-13, 2000 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Transportat Res Board AB Stress-laminated timber bridges were introduced into the United States in the late 1980s. Since then this concept has been used for more than 500 bridges constructed on roadways throughout the United States. To evaluate the performance of these bridges, the Forest Products Laboratory of the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service and FHWA initiated a nationwide bridge-monitoring program. A field evaluation and the results obtained through that monitoring program for stress-laminated bridges that have been continuously monitored for 2 or more years after installation are presented. Included are discussions related to bridge design and construction, moisture content, stressing bar force, vertical creep, load test behavior, and condition evaluation. On the basis of the monitoring program results, the performance of stress-laminated timber bridges is generally satisfactory, although there are areas in which performance can be improved. C1 USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. FHWA, Turner Fairbank Highway Res Ctr, Mclean, VA 22101 USA. RP Ritter, MA (reprint author), USDA, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 29 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL PI WASHINGTON PA 500 FIFTH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20001 USA SN 0361-1981 BN 0-309-06744-8 J9 TRANSPORT RES REC PY 2000 IS 1740 BP 96 EP 103 PG 8 WC Engineering, Civil; Transportation Science & Technology SC Engineering; Transportation GA BU61R UT WOS:000176513100012 ER PT B AU Way, TR Kishimoto, T Burt, EC Bailey, AC AF Way, TR Kishimoto, T Burt, EC Bailey, AC BE Horn, R VandenAkker, JJH Arvidsson, J TI Soil-tire interface pressures of a low aspect ratio tractor tire SO SUBSOIL COMPACTION: DISTRIBUTION, PROCESSES AND CONSEQUENCES SE ADVANCES IN GEOECOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Subsoil Compaction CY MAR, 1999 CL KIEL, GERMANY SP Int Union Soil Sci, European Union, Catena Verlag, Class Ind, Eijkelkemp Agrisearch Equipment DE soil compaction; soil dynamics; tires; low profile tires; soil-wheel interaction ID STRESSES AB A 580/70R38 radial-ply tractor drive tire was operated at two dynamic loads and two inflation pressures at 10% travel reduction on a sandy loam with loose soil above a hardpan. Soil-tire interface pressures on the face of a lug were measured as the lug passed through the soil-tire contact zone. Soil-tire interface pressures were concentrated more at the middle of the lug and at the edge of the,tread than near the centerline of the tire when the tire inflation pressure was 40 kPa and the corresponding correct load was used. When the inflation pressure was 120 kPa and the corresponding correct load was used, the interface pressures were distributed more uniformly among the three locations on the lug. Overinflation caused relatively high interface pressures at the middle of the lug and near the tire centerline, and caused the length of the footprint and the footprint area to be relatively small. When the tire was underinflated, greater interface pressures were concentrated at the edge of the tread and the length of the footprint and the footprint area were relatively large. Distributions of soil-tire interface pressures on lugs of a radial-ply tractor drive tire on loose soil are more uniform if the tire is operated at a combination of dynamic load and inflation pressure recommended by the manufacturer than if the tire is overinflated underflated. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Dynam Lab, Auburn, AL 36832 USA. RP Way, TR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Dynam Lab, Auburn, AL 36832 USA. NR 9 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU CATENA VERLAG PI REISKIRCHEN PA ARMELGASSE 11, 35447 REISKIRCHEN, GERMANY BN 3-923381-44-1 J9 ADV GEOECOL PY 2000 VL 32 BP 82 EP 92 PG 3 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA BS53E UT WOS:000170233300009 ER PT B AU Voorhees, WB AF Voorhees, WB BE Horn, R VandenAkker, JJH Arvidsson, J TI Long-term effect of subsoil compaction on yield of maize SO SUBSOIL COMPACTION: DISTRIBUTION, PROCESSES AND CONSEQUENCES SE ADVANCES IN GEOECOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Subsoil Compaction CY MAR, 1999 CL KIEL, GERMANY SP Int Union Soil Sci, European Union, Catena Verlag, Class Ind, Eijkelkemp Agrisearch Equipment DE subsoil; compaction; yield; axle load AB The size of fanning units in the maize growing region of North America continues to increase, forcing farm managers to use larger field equipment to perform field operations in a timely manner. In the northern latitudes where impending winter conditions force farmers to harvest as soon as the crop is mature, regardless of soil conditions, it is often necessary to operate heavy field equipment when the soil is quite wet and easily deformed. This paper summarizes several years of field experiments, in Minnesota, Wisconsin and Quebec. Plots were compacted track by track until the entire plot surface was covered with wheel traffic carrying axle loads ranging from 7 - 18 Mg, typical for maize harvesting equipment. This wheel traffic was applied only at the beginning of the long-term field experiments, after which all wheel traffic on the plots was limited to 5 Mg per axle or less. The surface 0.25 m of the soil was then intensively tilled to remove surface compaction. The objectives were to (1) measure extent,,depth and persistence of changes in soil physical properties from heavy wheel traffic, and (2) measure effects of any subsoil compaction on yield of maize. High axle load wheel traffic altered physical properties in the subsoil to a depth of at least 0.6 in. Depending on location, significant reductions in maize yield (up to 55%) were measured the first growing season after the initial application of high compaction forces. There was long-term residual subsoil compaction that affected maize yield, the magnitude of which depended on soil type and climatic factors. Natural forces (freezing and thawing, wetting and drying) did not completely ameliorate subsoil compaction. Fields subjected to annual heavy wheel traffic may suffer a permanent maize yield reduction. C1 USDA ARS, N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, Morris, MN 56267 USA. RP Voorhees, WB (reprint author), USDA ARS, N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, 803 Iowa Ave, Morris, MN 56267 USA. NR 8 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 3 PU CATENA VERLAG PI REISKIRCHEN PA ARMELGASSE 11, 35447 REISKIRCHEN, GERMANY BN 3-923381-44-1 J9 ADV GEOECOL PY 2000 VL 32 BP 331 EP 338 PG 4 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA BS53E UT WOS:000170233300035 ER PT S AU King, JW AF King, JW BE Kiran, E Debenedetti, PG Peters, CJ TI Sub- and supercritical fluid processing of agrimaterials: Extraction, fractionation and reaction modes SO SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS: FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS SE NATO ADVANCED SCIENCE INSTITUTES SERIES, SERIES E, APPLIED SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference of the NATO-Advanced-Study-Institute on Supercritical Fluids CY JUL 12-24, 1998 CL KEMER, TURKEY SP NATO ID EVENING PRIMROSE OIL; CARBON-DIOXIDE; SOYBEAN OIL; SEED; CO2; GLYCEROLYSIS; MIXTURES; PRODUCTS; WATER C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP King, JW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. EM kingjw@mail.ncaur.usda.gov NR 55 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-132X BN 0-7923-6235-7 J9 NATO ADV SCI I E-APP PY 2000 VL 366 BP 451 EP 488 PG 38 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA BR46S UT WOS:000166546300019 ER PT S AU Barbour, RJ Wong, AHH AF Barbour, RJ Wong, AHH GP USDA USDA TI Sustainable forestry and wood production: Common ground and conflicts - the mission of IUFRO Research Group 5.12 SO SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION OF FOREST PRODUCTS 2000, PROCEEDINGS SE USDA FOREST SERVICE GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PACIFIC NORTHWEST LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 21st IUFRO World Congress CY AUG 07-12, 2000 CL KUALA LUMPUR, MALAYSIA SP Forest Res Inst Malaysia DE sustainable forestry; forest products; silviculture; wood AB The International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO) Division 5 Research Group 5.12 Sustainable Production of Forest Products was created in 1998 to (1) promote research on the sustainable production of wood products and (2) encourage communication between IUFRO Division 5, other IUFRO divisions, and other organizations and individuals interested in sustainable forestry. This paper describes the history and objectives of this research group, provides some thoughts on future directions, and summarizes the technical and poster sessions held at the IUFRO 2000 congress in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. C1 USDA, US Forest Serv, PNW Res Stn, Portland, OR 97202 USA. RP Barbour, RJ (reprint author), USDA, US Forest Serv, PNW Res Stn, 1221 SW Yamhill, Portland, OR 97202 USA. RI Wong, Andrew, Han Hoy/A-3614-2009 NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV PACIFIC NW RESEARCH STN PI PORTLAND PA 319 SW PINE ST, PO BOX 3890, PORTLAND, OR 97208 USA SN 0363-6224 J9 US FOR SERV T R PNW PY 2000 VL 520 BP 1 EP 5 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BT09X UT WOS:000171939700001 ER PT B AU Stetson, LE Zulovich, JM AF Stetson, LE Zulovich, JM GP ASAE ASAE TI Electrical wiring and equipment for swine facilities SO SWINE HOUSING, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Swine Housing CY OCT 09-11, 2000 CL DES MOINES, IA SP Amer Soc Agr Engineers, Amer Acad Environm Engineers, Amer Agr Econ Assoc, Amer Dairy Sci Assoc, Amer Soc Agron, Amer Soc Anim Sci, Amer Soc Swine Practitioners, Amer Vet Med Assoc, Amer Water Resources Assoc, Council Agr Sci & Technol, Inst Food Technologists, Int Assoc Milk, Food, & Environm Sanitarians Inc, Feedstuffs, MidW Plant Serv, Natl Broiler Council, Natl Cotton Council Amer, Natl Cotton Ginners Assoc, Natl Hog Farmer, Natl Pork Producers Council, Rural Builder, Soil & Water Conservat Soc, Soil Sci Soc Amer, Univ Guelph, USDA ARS, USDA CSREES, PAS, USDA NRCS DE electric wiring; electrical codes; electric power; swine AB Environments found in swine housing require appropriate electrical equipment and wiring methods. Recommendations are provided for selecting and locating equipment, applying wiring methods, and adding safety switches for protection of equipment and personnel. Proper grounding of systems and equipment and selection of overcurrent devices to facilitate fail-safe electrical systems are presented. Methods to limit voltage drop to 5% from the facility power source to the end-use equipment are offered. Since many recommendations are general, there are suggested references for further details on wiring and equipment selection. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Stetson, LE (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-10-7 PY 2000 BP 94 EP 102 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA BR58N UT WOS:000166855000014 ER PT J AU Estrella, MJ Pfeffer, PE Brouillette, JN Ugalde, RA De Iannino, NI AF Estrella, MJ Pfeffer, PE Brouillette, JN Ugalde, RA De Iannino, NI TI Biosynthesis and structure of cell associated glucans in the slow growing Rhizobium loti strain NZP 2309 SO SYMBIOSIS LA English DT Article DE Rhizobium loti; cyclic glucan structure; NMR ID FRAGMENT-LENGTH-POLYMORPHISM; CHVB VIRULENCE REGION; AGROBACTERIUM-TUMEFACIENS; BRADYRHIZOBIUM-JAPONICUM; PROTEIN INTERMEDIATE; BETA-(1->2) GLUCAN; NDVB LOCUS; 16S RDNA; MELILOTI; GENES AB Slow growing Rhizobium loti strain NZP 2309 synthesizes cellular neutral cyclic beta (1-6), beta (1-3) glucans closely related with the previously described cyclic beta (1-6), beta (1-3) glucans of Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 110. This glucan consists of ten (three-1,3 and six-1,6 beta -linked glucose units) with a single 6 branched glucose unit with a beta -1 linked terminal glucose. The ratio of beta (1-6) to beta (1-3) linked glucose units is 2:1. Incubation of inner membranes derived from strain NZP 2309 with UDP-[C-14]glucose led to the incorporation of radioactivity into soluble and TCA-insoluble compounds. A soluble compound was characterized by gel filtration, TLC, mild acid hydrolysis, paper chromatography and Smith degradation as a beta (1-3) linked ring of 10 glucose units with a beta (1-6) linked branch of two glucoses, similar to that formed in vitro by the slow growing strain B. japonicum USDA 110 and identical to the glucan synthesized by the ndvC mutant of B. japonicum AB-1 (Bhagwat et al., 1999). A TCA-insoluble compound labeled after incubation with UDP-[C-14]glucose was characterized as an insoluble protein having an apparent molecular mass of 85 kDa and an associated insoluble laminarin-like glucan. Pulse chase experiments suggest that this protein may be an intermediate or precursor during the synthesis of insoluble laminarin-like glucans, soluble beta (1-3), beta (1-6) glucans, or both. REP-PCR analysis showed that R. loti NZP 2309 and B. japonicum USDA 110 are different strains; but according to PCR-RFLPs of the 16SrDNA gene they are closely phylogenetically related. The strains have different host specificity for nodulation. C1 Univ Nacl Gen San Martin, CONICET, Inst Tecnol Chascomus, Inst Invest Biotecnol, RA-1650 San Martin, Buenos Aires, Argentina. ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Wyndmoor, PA USA. RP De Iannino, NI (reprint author), Univ Nacl Gen San Martin, CONICET, Inst Tecnol Chascomus, Inst Invest Biotecnol, POB 30, RA-1650 San Martin, Buenos Aires, Argentina. NR 46 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU INT SCIENCE SERVICES/BALABAN PUBLISHERS PI REHOVOT PA PO BOX 2039, REHOVOT 76120, ISRAEL SN 0334-5114 J9 SYMBIOSIS JI Symbiosis PY 2000 VL 29 IS 3 BP 173 EP 199 PG 27 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 390FV UT WOS:000166285800001 ER PT B AU McWilliams, WH Schmidt, TL AF McWilliams, WH Schmidt, TL BE McManus, KA Shields, KS Souto, DR TI Composition, structure, and sustainability of hemlock ecosystems in eastern North America SO SYMPOSIUM ON SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF HEMLOCK ECOSYSTEMS IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA, PROCEEDINGS SE USDA FOREST SERVICE GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT NORTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENTAL STATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Sustainable Management of Hemlock Ecosystems in Eastern North America CY JUN 22-24, 1999 CL DURHAM, NH SP USDA, Forest Serv, NE State & Private Forestry, NE Res Stn, New Hampshire Fish & Game Dept, Ruth E Farrington Forest Fund, Univ New Hampshire AB Across its natural range in North America, eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carriere) is an important resource for people and wildlife, but it is seriously threatened by the hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA) (Adelges tsugae Annand). From 10 to 20 percent of the hemlock resource is found in the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, and Quebec. In the United States, hemlock is found across a wide range of forest types and stand conditions. There are 2.3 million acres of hemlock-dominated stands, but this species also is a common associate in many other forest types. The total net volume of live hemlock trees in the United States is 8.4 billion cubic feet, or 2 percent of the total inventory in states within its natural range. The existing hemlock resource is in a mature condition dominated by large-sized stands and trees. Young stands of hemlock are uncommon. Currently, hemlock mortality is low compared to other species within its range, but this would change if the HWA continues to expand. Hemlock is growing at a rate three times faster than it is being removed by harvesting and changes in land use. Long-term sustainability will depend heavily on the degree that hemlock is favored in future management practices, the future spread of the HWA, and the ability of forest managers and policymakers to control the HWA. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Newtown Sq, PA 19073 USA. RP McWilliams, WH (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, 11 Campus Blvd,Suite 200, Newtown Sq, PA 19073 USA. NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 6 U2 6 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV NE EXPTL STN PI RADNOR PA 5 RADNOR CORPORATE CTR, 100 MATSONFORD RD, STE 200, PO BOX 6775, RADNOR, PA 19087 USA J9 USDA NE EXP PY 2000 VL 267 BP 5 EP 10 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BQ43J UT WOS:000088358100002 ER PT B AU Brissette, JC Kenefic, LS AF Brissette, JC Kenefic, LS BE McManus, KA Shields, KS Souto, DR TI Eastern hemlock response to even- and uneven-age management in the Acadian forest: Results from the Penobscot Experimental Forest long-term silviculture study SO SYMPOSIUM ON SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF HEMLOCK ECOSYSTEMS IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA, PROCEEDINGS SE USDA FOREST SERVICE GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT NORTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENTAL STATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Sustainable Management of Hemlock Ecosystems in Eastern North America CY JUN 22-24, 1999 CL DURHAM, NH SP USDA, Forest Serv, NE State & Private Forestry, NE Res Stn, New Hampshire Fish & Game Dept, Ruth E Farrington Forest Fund, Univ New Hampshire AB Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.) is an important tree species in the mixed-species conifer forests of northern New England and adjacent Canada. Hemlock is very tolerant of understory conditions; consequently, it responds differently to various silvicultural treatments. In a long-term study at the Penobscot Experimental Forest in east-central Maine, shelterwood silviculture reduced the hemlock component in regenerating stands compared to parent stands, while hemlock increased in abundance and dominance under selection silviculture. On sites where hemlock is common, managers have some control over its prevalence through silviculture. C1 US Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Brissette, JC (reprint author), US Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, 271 Mast Rd, Durham, NH 03824 USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV NE EXPTL STN PI RADNOR PA 5 RADNOR CORPORATE CTR, 100 MATSONFORD RD, STE 200, PO BOX 6775, RADNOR, PA 19087 USA J9 USDA NE EXP PY 2000 VL 267 BP 23 EP 28 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BQ43J UT WOS:000088358100005 ER PT B AU Kenefic, LS Seymour, RS AF Kenefic, LS Seymour, RS BE McManus, KA Shields, KS Souto, DR TI Growth patterns of Tsuga canadensis in managed uneven-aged northern conifer stands SO SYMPOSIUM ON SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF HEMLOCK ECOSYSTEMS IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA, PROCEEDINGS SE USDA FOREST SERVICE GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT NORTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENTAL STATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Sustainable Management of Hemlock Ecosystems in Eastern North America CY JUN 22-24, 1999 CL DURHAM, NH SP USDA, Forest Serv, NE State & Private Forestry, NE Res Stn, New Hampshire Fish & Game Dept, Ruth E Farrington Forest Fund, Univ New Hampshire AB This study reports patterns of regeneration and growth for 100 eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.) up to 20 inches (50 cm) dbh in two mixed-species selection stands on the Penobscot Experimental Forest in east-central Maine. The study stands are part of a U.S.D.A. Forest Service experiment in which eastern hemlock has remained stable over a 40-year period despite efforts to favor other species. Relative to red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) and balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.), eastern hemlock exhibits different growth patterns and canopy structures in response to frequent light partial disturbances. These characteristics, along with frequent and abundant regeneration, make eastern hemlock very well-suited to the selection system in this forest type. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Bradley, ME 04411 USA. RP Kenefic, LS (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, RR1 Box 589, Bradley, ME 04411 USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV NE EXPTL STN PI RADNOR PA 5 RADNOR CORPORATE CTR, 100 MATSONFORD RD, STE 200, PO BOX 6775, RADNOR, PA 19087 USA J9 USDA NE EXP PY 2000 VL 267 BP 29 EP 33 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BQ43J UT WOS:000088358100006 ER PT B AU Solomon, DS Leak, WB AF Solomon, DS Leak, WB BE McManus, KA Shields, KS Souto, DR TI Growth and stocking of eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) in New England SO SYMPOSIUM ON SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF HEMLOCK ECOSYSTEMS IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA, PROCEEDINGS SE USDA FOREST SERVICE GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT NORTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENTAL STATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Sustainable Management of Hemlock Ecosystems in Eastern North America CY JUN 22-24, 1999 CL DURHAM, NH SP USDA, Forest Serv, NE State & Private Forestry, NE Res Stn, New Hampshire Fish & Game Dept, Ruth E Farrington Forest Fund, Univ New Hampshire ID DYNAMICS; FOREST AB Summarization of the limited growth information in mixed-species stands in New England indicates that eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) may be one of the fastest growing species in diameter, second only to white pine. However, on some sites hemlock diameter growth is about equal to that of associated hardwoods. Hemlock grows slowly in height and often endures long periods of suppression, which limits the usefulness of site index curves. Suppressed trees, once released, may grow relatively faster than non-suppressed trees. Hemlock stands attain high basal areas per acre, up to 240 square feet per acre, and recommended residual basal areas after thinning range from 100 to 140 square feet. Volumes may be as high as 4,500 cubic feet in 100-year-old stands, much higher than hardwood stands; however, both hemlock and hardwoods attain similar aboveground dry weights of about 85 tons per acre. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Solomon, DS (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, 271 Mast Rd, Durham, NH 03824 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV NE EXPTL STN PI RADNOR PA 5 RADNOR CORPORATE CTR, 100 MATSONFORD RD, STE 200, PO BOX 6775, RADNOR, PA 19087 USA J9 USDA NE EXP PY 2000 VL 267 BP 43 EP 49 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BQ43J UT WOS:000088358100008 ER PT B AU Souto, DR Shields, KS AF Souto, DR Shields, KS BE McManus, KA Shields, KS Souto, DR TI Overview of hemlock health SO SYMPOSIUM ON SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF HEMLOCK ECOSYSTEMS IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA, PROCEEDINGS SE USDA FOREST SERVICE GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT NORTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENTAL STATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Sustainable Management of Hemlock Ecosystems in Eastern North America CY JUN 22-24, 1999 CL DURHAM, NH SP USDA, Forest Serv, NE State & Private Forestry, NE Res Stn, New Hampshire Fish & Game Dept, Ruth E Farrington Forest Fund, Univ New Hampshire C1 US Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Souto, DR (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, 271 Mast Rd, Durham, NH 03824 USA. NR 6 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV NE EXPTL STN PI RADNOR PA 5 RADNOR CORPORATE CTR, 100 MATSONFORD RD, STE 200, PO BOX 6775, RADNOR, PA 19087 USA J9 USDA NE EXP PY 2000 VL 267 BP 76 EP 80 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BQ43J UT WOS:000088358100012 ER PT B AU Montgomery, ME Yao, DF Wang, HB AF Montgomery, ME Yao, DF Wang, HB BE McManus, KA Shields, KS Souto, DR TI Chinese Coccinellidae for biological control of the hemlock woolly adelgid: Description of native habitat SO SYMPOSIUM ON SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF HEMLOCK ECOSYSTEMS IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA, PROCEEDINGS SE USDA FOREST SERVICE GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT NORTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENTAL STATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Sustainable Management of Hemlock Ecosystems in Eastern North America CY JUN 22-24, 1999 CL DURHAM, NH SP USDA, Forest Serv, NE State & Private Forestry, NE Res Stn, New Hampshire Fish & Game Dept, Ruth E Farrington Forest Fund, Univ New Hampshire ID JAPAN AB The hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand, is generally believed to be native to Asia and is known to occur in India, Japan, and China. In China, there are approximately four species of hemlock that grow in 14 provinces. We explored regions of the Southwestern Plateau in Yunnan, Sichuan, and Shaanxi Provinces for the adelgid and its natural enemies. The montane- forests of this region are largely in their natural state and noted for their biological diversity. We found the hemlock woolly adelgid in all three provinces and on each hemlock species examined (Tsuga dumosa (D. Don) Eichler, T: forrestii Downii, and T:chinensis (Franch.) Pritz.). More than 9 families of natural enemies were found in association with A. tsugae in China. One family, the Coccinellidae, is exceptionally diverse and seems to have an important role in maintaining the adelgid at low population densities. Of the 50+ species of lady beetles found on hemlock, at least 25 are new to science. Nine species are known to feed on HWA and three have been imported for further evaluation as biological control agents. The biodiversity of the lady beetles is discussed in relation to the habitat and climate of their native range compared with potential release sites in the United States. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Ctr Forest Hlth Res, Hamden, CT 06514 USA. RP Montgomery, ME (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Ctr Forest Hlth Res, 51 Mill Pond Rd, Hamden, CT 06514 USA. NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV NE EXPTL STN PI RADNOR PA 5 RADNOR CORPORATE CTR, 100 MATSONFORD RD, STE 200, PO BOX 6775, RADNOR, PA 19087 USA J9 USDA NE EXP PY 2000 VL 267 BP 97 EP 102 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BQ43J UT WOS:000088358100015 ER PT B AU Yamasaki, M DeGraaf, RM Lanier, JW AF Yamasaki, M DeGraaf, RM Lanier, JW BE McManus, KA Shields, KS Souto, DR TI Wildlife habitat associations in eastern hemlock - Birds, smaller mammals, and forest carnivores SO SYMPOSIUM ON SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF HEMLOCK ECOSYSTEMS IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA, PROCEEDINGS SE USDA FOREST SERVICE GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT NORTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENTAL STATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Sustainable Management of Hemlock Ecosystems in Eastern North America CY JUN 22-24, 1999 CL DURHAM, NH SP USDA, Forest Serv, NE State & Private Forestry, NE Res Stn, New Hampshire Fish & Game Dept, Ruth E Farrington Forest Fund, Univ New Hampshire ID BREEDING BIRDS; NEW-HAMPSHIRE; MAINE; DEER; SELECTION; FISHERS; COYOTES; DENSITY; SIZE AB Ninety-six bird and forty-seven mammal species are associated with the hemlock type in the northeastern United States. Of these species eight bird and ten mammal species are strongly associated with the hemlock type though none of these species are limited to it. Hemlock species richness appears to be lower than in other conifer or hardwood types. Avian habitat considerations include the distribution and variety of structural habitat features throughout managed and unmanaged stands in sustainable patterns. Sawtimber hemlock stands support significantly higher bird communities than young stands. Smaller mammal habitat considerations include dense patches of coniferous regeneration, hard mast-producing inclusions, cavity trees, coarse woody debris, and wetland seeps and inclusions. Forest carnivore habitat considerations include the availability and distribution of predictable prey and suitable cover opportunities (cavity trees, coarse woody debris, wetland seeps and inclusions, and rocky ledge and well-drained den sites). Differences of ten or more inches of annual precipitation distinguish most northern New England landscapes from the majority of landscapes in the western Great Lakes region. Northern New England landscape level habitat elements include lower slope positions and imperfectly drained, excessively drained, or shallow to bedrock sites. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Yamasaki, M (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, 271 Mast Rd, Durham, NH 03824 USA. NR 50 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 4 U2 9 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV NE EXPTL STN PI RADNOR PA 5 RADNOR CORPORATE CTR, 100 MATSONFORD RD, STE 200, PO BOX 6775, RADNOR, PA 19087 USA J9 USDA NE EXP PY 2000 VL 267 BP 135 EP 143 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BQ43J UT WOS:000088358100025 ER PT B AU Brooks, RT AF Brooks, RT BE McManus, KA Shields, KS Souto, DR TI Effects of the removal of overstory hemlock on redback salamanders and other forest-floor fauna SO SYMPOSIUM ON SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF HEMLOCK ECOSYSTEMS IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA, PROCEEDINGS SE USDA FOREST SERVICE GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT NORTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENTAL STATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Sustainable Management of Hemlock Ecosystems in Eastern North America CY JUN 22-24, 1999 CL DURHAM, NH SP USDA, Forest Serv, NE State & Private Forestry, NE Res Stn, New Hampshire Fish & Game Dept, Ruth E Farrington Forest Fund, Univ New Hampshire C1 Univ Massachusetts, USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Brooks, RT (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, 201 Holdsworth NRC, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV NE EXPTL STN PI RADNOR PA 5 RADNOR CORPORATE CTR, 100 MATSONFORD RD, STE 200, PO BOX 6775, RADNOR, PA 19087 USA J9 USDA NE EXP PY 2000 VL 267 BP 154 EP 154 PG 1 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BQ43J UT WOS:000088358100028 ER PT B AU Baumgras, JE Sendak, PE Sonderman, DL AF Baumgras, JE Sendak, PE Sonderman, DL BE McManus, KA Shields, KS Souto, DR TI Ring shake in eastern hemlock: Frequency and relationship to tree attributes SO SYMPOSIUM ON SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF HEMLOCK ECOSYSTEMS IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA, PROCEEDINGS SE USDA FOREST SERVICE GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT NORTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENTAL STATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Sustainable Management of Hemlock Ecosystems in Eastern North America CY JUN 22-24, 1999 CL DURHAM, NH SP USDA, Forest Serv, NE State & Private Forestry, NE Res Stn, New Hampshire Fish & Game Dept, Ruth E Farrington Forest Fund, Univ New Hampshire AB Ring shake is a barrier to improved utilization of eastern hemlock, an important component of the total softwood timber resource in the Eastern United States and Canada. Ring shake is the lengthwise separation of wood that occurs between and parallel to growth rings, diminishing lumber yields and values. Evaluating the potential for ring shake is essential to improving estimates of tree and stand volume and value, and identifying forest management practices that could minimize the occurrence of ring shake. To assess the incidence and extent of ring shake in eastern hemlock, we sampled 377 trees containing 1,247 sawlogs from sites in Maine, New York, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Georgia. Results include relative frequencies of trees and logs with ring shake detected in dry and green lumber. Relationships between tree attributes and the occurrence of ring shake in dry and green lumber also are presented. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, Princeton, WV 24740 USA. RP Baumgras, JE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, 241 Mercer Springs Rd, Princeton, WV 24740 USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV NE EXPTL STN PI RADNOR PA 5 RADNOR CORPORATE CTR, 100 MATSONFORD RD, STE 200, PO BOX 6775, RADNOR, PA 19087 USA J9 USDA NE EXP PY 2000 VL 267 BP 156 EP 160 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BQ43J UT WOS:000088358100030 ER PT B AU Colbert, JJ Onken, B AF Colbert, JJ Onken, B BE McManus, KA Shields, KS Souto, DR TI Impacts of hemlock woolly adelgid - The effects on tree health and mortality probability SO SYMPOSIUM ON SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF HEMLOCK ECOSYSTEMS IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA, PROCEEDINGS SE USDA FOREST SERVICE GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT NORTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENTAL STATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Sustainable Management of Hemlock Ecosystems in Eastern North America CY JUN 22-24, 1999 CL DURHAM, NH SP USDA, Forest Serv, NE State & Private Forestry, NE Res Stn, New Hampshire Fish & Game Dept, Ruth E Farrington Forest Fund, Univ New Hampshire C1 USDA, US Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Colbert, JJ (reprint author), USDA, US Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, 180 Canfield St, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV NE EXPTL STN PI RADNOR PA 5 RADNOR CORPORATE CTR, 100 MATSONFORD RD, STE 200, PO BOX 6775, RADNOR, PA 19087 USA J9 USDA NE EXP PY 2000 VL 267 BP 181 EP 181 PG 1 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BQ43J UT WOS:000088358100036 ER PT B AU Wargo, PM Fagan, JC AF Wargo, PM Fagan, JC BE McManus, KA Shields, KS Souto, DR TI Hemlock mortality after hemlock woolly adelgid attack: Role of Armillaria SO SYMPOSIUM ON SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF HEMLOCK ECOSYSTEMS IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA, PROCEEDINGS SE USDA FOREST SERVICE GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT NORTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENTAL STATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Sustainable Management of Hemlock Ecosystems in Eastern North America CY JUN 22-24, 1999 CL DURHAM, NH SP USDA, Forest Serv, NE State & Private Forestry, NE Res Stn, New Hampshire Fish & Game Dept, Ruth E Farrington Forest Fund, Univ New Hampshire C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Ctr Forest Hlth Res, Hamden, CT 06514 USA. RP Wargo, PM (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Ctr Forest Hlth Res, 51 Mill Pond Rd, Hamden, CT 06514 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV NE EXPTL STN PI RADNOR PA 5 RADNOR CORPORATE CTR, 100 MATSONFORD RD, STE 200, PO BOX 6775, RADNOR, PA 19087 USA J9 USDA NE EXP PY 2000 VL 267 BP 215 EP 215 PG 1 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BQ43J UT WOS:000088358100046 ER PT J AU Kozar, F Miller, DR AF Kozar, F Miller, DR TI World revision of Ortheziola Sulc (Homoptera : Coccoidea : Ortheziidae) with descriptions of eleven new species SO SYSTEMATIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Soil samples and museum collections were analysed from all zoogeographic regions of the world. From this material eleven new species of Ortheziola Sulc are described from Africa and the U.K., five additional species are redescribed and a key is presented for the identification of all sixteen species. A slightly modified concept of the genus is presented and several new characters are given as diagnostic of the genus. A phylogenetic hypothesis is given based on analysis of the morphological features of adult females. Results show that Ortheziola is most diverse in eastern Africa where relatively more advanced species occur. Basal species occur primarily in western Africa and Asia. C1 ARS, USDA, Syst Entomol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Hungarian Acad Sci, Inst Plant Protect, H-1051 Budapest, Hungary. RP Miller, DR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Syst Entomol Lab, Bldg 046, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 20 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0307-6970 J9 SYST ENTOMOL JI Syst. Entomol. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 25 IS 1 BP 15 EP 45 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3113.2000.00090.x PG 31 WC Evolutionary Biology; Entomology SC Evolutionary Biology; Entomology GA 271XM UT WOS:000084620200002 ER PT J AU Goynes, WR AF Goynes, WR CA Gulf Coast Section TI Fabrication and finishing of nonwoven blankets from recycled fibers SO TEXTILE CHEMIST AND COLORIST & AMERICAN DYESTUFF REPORTER LA English DT Article DE cotton; environment; nonwoven; recycled fibers AB Waste fiber and fibers that require no chemical processing were used to produce a low-cost, semi-aurable, nonwoven thermal blanket. Materials used were 70% reprocessed polyester and 30% greige cotton. Fabrics were given a carboxylic acid finish to improve structural stability during use and laundering. These finished blankets were stable through at lead five laundry cycles. The finish greatly reduced surface matting of loose fibers. An antibacterial finish was tested for specific use needs. Physical and thermal properties of the blankets were compared with four commercially available nonwoven blankets. The blanket material produced was lightweight had a good hand, and exhibited excellent thermal and comfort qualities. Overall these "environmentally improved" fabrics can provide the textile industry with an economically viable product. C1 USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Goynes, WR (reprint author), USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSN TEXT CHEM COLOR PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA PO BOX 12215, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA SN 1526-2847 J9 TEXT CHEM COLOR AM D JI Text. Chem. Color Am. Dyest Rep. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 32 IS 1 BP 40 EP 45 PG 6 WC Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Textiles SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 321WU UT WOS:000087478300004 ER PT J AU Bai, GH Shaner, G Ohm, H AF Bai, GH Shaner, G Ohm, H TI Inheritance of resistance to Fusarium graminearum in wheat SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE Fusarium head blight; partial resistance; quantitative resistance ID HEAD BLIGHT; WINTER-WHEAT; SCAB; CULMORUM AB To study the inheritance of resistance in wheat to Fusarium graminearum, six resistant cultivars from China were crossed to two susceptible cultivars. The parents and their progenies were evaluated in the greenhouse for resistance to the spread of scab within a spike. A central floret was inoculated by injecting a droplet of inoculum at the time of anthesis. Inoculated plants were kept in a moist chamber for three subsequent nights. The proportion of scabbed spikelets was recorded six-times from 3-days to 21-days after inoculation, and the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was calculated from these proportions. One to three genes, depending on the cultivar, conditioned resistance to scab as reflected by the AUDPC. A simple additive-dominance effect model fitted the segregation data for 8 of the 11 crosses. Dominance and epistatic effects were significant in a few crosses. These effects increased resistance in some crosses but decreased resistance in others. However, relative to additive effects, dominant and epistatic effects accounted for only a small portion of the genetic effects in the populations evaluated. The importance of additive effects means that it should be possible to accumulate different genes to enhance resistance to scab in wheat. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Agron, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Bai, GH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 22 TC 70 Z9 79 U1 0 U2 8 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 100 IS 1 BP 1 EP 8 DI 10.1007/PL00002902 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 273DU UT WOS:000084693200001 ER PT J AU Gwaze, DP Bridgwater, FE Byram, TD Woolliams, JA Williams, CG AF Gwaze, DP Bridgwater, FE Byram, TD Woolliams, JA Williams, CG TI Predicting age-age genetic correlations in tree-breeding programs: a case study of Pinus taeda L. SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE age-age genetic correlations; phenotypic correlations; conifers; tree breeding; woody perennials ID EARLY SELECTION; LOBLOLLY-PINE; HEIGHT; PARAMETERS; TRENDS; GROWTH AB A meta-analysis of 520 parents and 51,439 individuals was used to develop two equations for predicting age-age genetic correlations in Pinus taeda L. Genetic and phenotypic family mean correlations and heritabilities were estimated for ages ranging from 2 to 25 years on 31 sites in the southern U.S. and Zimbabwe. Equations for predicting age-age correlations based on P. taeda populations from west and east of the Mississippi River proved statistically different. Both predictive equations proved conservative for validation datasets consisting of younger tests in the U.S. and Zimbabwe. Age-dependant log-linear predictive equations were favored over growth-dependent equations. All P. taeda predictive equations based on genetic correlations favored earlier selection when compared to a generalized conifer predictive equation based on phenotypic correlations. The age-age correlations structure showed stability independent of planting density and across a wide range of family sizes. C1 Texas A&M Univ, US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Sci Lab, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Forest Res Ctr, Harare, Zimbabwe. Texas A&M Univ, Forest Sci Lab, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Roslin Inst, Edinburgh EH25 9PS, Midlothian, Scotland. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Forest Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Bridgwater, FE (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Sci Lab, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 19 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 5 U2 8 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 100 IS 2 BP 199 EP 206 DI 10.1007/s001220050027 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 282CA UT WOS:000085197500006 ER PT B AU Fujioka, FM Weise, DR Burgan, RE AF Fujioka, FM Weise, DR Burgan, RE GP AMS AMS TI A high resolution fire danger rating system for Hawaii SO THIRD SYMPOSIUM ON FIRE AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Symposium on Fire and Forest Meteorology CY JAN 09-14, 2000 CL LONG BEACH, CA SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Fujioka, FM (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, 4955 Canyon Crest Dr, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2000 BP 103 EP 106 PG 4 WC Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BS01L UT WOS:000168322400028 ER PT B AU Bradshaw, LS Britton, S AF Bradshaw, LS Britton, S GP AMS AMS TI Firefamly plus: Fire weather and fire danger climatology at your fingertips SO THIRD SYMPOSIUM ON FIRE AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Symposium on Fire and Forest Meteorology CY JAN 09-14, 2000 CL LONG BEACH, CA SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Fire Sci Lab, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP Bradshaw, LS (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Fire Sci Lab, POB 8089, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2000 BP 112 EP 113 PG 2 WC Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BS01L UT WOS:000168322400031 ER PT B AU King, JC AF King, JC BE Roussel, AM Anderson, RA Favrier, AE TI Recommended dietary intakes for trace elements - New trends SO TRACE ELEMENTS IN MAN AND ANIMALS 10 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Symposium on Trace Elements in Man and Animals (TEMA 10) CY MAY 02-07, 1999 CL EVIAN LES BAINS, FRANCE SP Activat Lab, Albion Labs Inc, AMBI Nutr Co, Astra Calve, Banque Populaire Dauphine & Alpes Sud, Beghin Meiji Ind, Candia Cedillac SA, Co Des Salins Midi & Des Salines Est, Diepal-nsa, Estee Lauder Co, Ingen Inter Genet Techn, INRA, Labcatal SA, Lab Boiron, Lab CCD, Lab Des Granions, Lab Randox, Lab Richelet, Lab Robapharm Pierre Fabre Medicament, Lab Roche Nicholas SA, Mairie Grenoble, Micromass UK Ltd, Nestle Res Ctr, Nicomed AS SERO, Perkin Elmer SA, Pharma N, Roche Diagnost SA, Selenium Tellurium Dev Assoc Inc, Univ Joseph Fourier, Reg Rhone Alpes, SA Eaux Minerales Evian, US Borax Inc C1 Univ Calif Davis, USDA, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP King, JC (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, USDA, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-46378-4 PY 2000 BP 189 EP 194 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics; Physiology SC Nutrition & Dietetics; Physiology GA BR11V UT WOS:000165695000053 ER PT B AU Klevay, LM Christopherson, DM Shuler, TR AF Klevay, LM Christopherson, DM Shuler, TR BE Roussel, AM Anderson, RA Favrier, AE TI Variability of multiple nutritional elements in hair of one man over two decades SO TRACE ELEMENTS IN MAN AND ANIMALS 10 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Symposium on Trace Elements in Man and Animals (TEMA 10) CY MAY 02-07, 1999 CL EVIAN LES BAINS, FRANCE SP Activat Lab, Albion Labs Inc, AMBI Nutr Co, Astra Calve, Banque Populaire Dauphine & Alpes Sud, Beghin Meiji Ind, Candia Cedillac SA, Co Des Salins Midi & Des Salines Est, Diepal-nsa, Estee Lauder Co, Ingen Inter Genet Techn, INRA, Labcatal SA, Lab Boiron, Lab CCD, Lab Des Granions, Lab Randox, Lab Richelet, Lab Robapharm Pierre Fabre Medicament, Lab Roche Nicholas SA, Mairie Grenoble, Micromass UK Ltd, Nestle Res Ctr, Nicomed AS SERO, Perkin Elmer SA, Pharma N, Roche Diagnost SA, Selenium Tellurium Dev Assoc Inc, Univ Joseph Fourier, Reg Rhone Alpes, SA Eaux Minerales Evian, US Borax Inc C1 USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Klevay, LM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-46378-4 PY 2000 BP 339 EP 339 PG 1 WC Nutrition & Dietetics; Physiology SC Nutrition & Dietetics; Physiology GA BR11V UT WOS:000165695000104 ER PT B AU Anderson, RA AF Anderson, RA BE Roussel, AM Anderson, RA Favrier, AE TI Exercise effects on trace element metabolism SO TRACE ELEMENTS IN MAN AND ANIMALS 10 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Symposium on Trace Elements in Man and Animals (TEMA 10) CY MAY 02-07, 1999 CL EVIAN LES BAINS, FRANCE SP Activat Lab, Albion Labs Inc, AMBI Nutr Co, Astra Calve, Banque Populaire Dauphine & Alpes Sud, Beghin Meiji Ind, Candia Cedillac SA, Co Des Salins Midi & Des Salines Est, Diepal-nsa, Estee Lauder Co, Ingen Inter Genet Techn, INRA, Labcatal SA, Lab Boiron, Lab CCD, Lab Des Granions, Lab Randox, Lab Richelet, Lab Robapharm Pierre Fabre Medicament, Lab Roche Nicholas SA, Mairie Grenoble, Micromass UK Ltd, Nestle Res Ctr, Nicomed AS SERO, Perkin Elmer SA, Pharma N, Roche Diagnost SA, Selenium Tellurium Dev Assoc Inc, Univ Joseph Fourier, Reg Rhone Alpes, SA Eaux Minerales Evian, US Borax Inc ID CHROMIUM EXCRETION; BODY-COMPOSITION; ZINC; SUPPLEMENTATION; INSULIN; COPPER; GLUCOSE; SERUM; URINE C1 USDA ARS, NRFL, BHNRC, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Anderson, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS, NRFL, BHNRC, Bldg 307,Rm 224,BARC East, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 19 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-46378-4 PY 2000 BP 393 EP 397 PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics; Physiology SC Nutrition & Dietetics; Physiology GA BR11V UT WOS:000165695000125 ER PT B AU Anderson, RA Cefalu, W Jeejeebhoy, KN Kaats, GR AF Anderson, RA Cefalu, W Jeejeebhoy, KN Kaats, GR BE Roussel, AM Anderson, RA Favrier, AE TI Role of chromium in glucose intolerance, diabetes, total parenteral nutrition, and body composition SO TRACE ELEMENTS IN MAN AND ANIMALS 10 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Symposium on Trace Elements in Man and Animals (TEMA 10) CY MAY 02-07, 1999 CL EVIAN LES BAINS, FRANCE SP Activat Lab, Albion Labs Inc, AMBI Nutr Co, Astra Calve, Banque Populaire Dauphine & Alpes Sud, Beghin Meiji Ind, Candia Cedillac SA, Co Des Salins Midi & Des Salines Est, Diepal-nsa, Estee Lauder Co, Ingen Inter Genet Techn, INRA, Labcatal SA, Lab Boiron, Lab CCD, Lab Des Granions, Lab Randox, Lab Richelet, Lab Robapharm Pierre Fabre Medicament, Lab Roche Nicholas SA, Mairie Grenoble, Micromass UK Ltd, Nestle Res Ctr, Nicomed AS SERO, Perkin Elmer SA, Pharma N, Roche Diagnost SA, Selenium Tellurium Dev Assoc Inc, Univ Joseph Fourier, Reg Rhone Alpes, SA Eaux Minerales Evian, US Borax Inc ID SUPPLEMENTAL CHROMIUM; DEFICIENCY; PICOLINATE; RESISTANCE; MELLITUS C1 USDA, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, ARS, NRFL, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Anderson, RA (reprint author), USDA, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, ARS, NRFL, Bldg 307,Rm 224,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-46378-4 PY 2000 BP 503 EP 509 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics; Physiology SC Nutrition & Dietetics; Physiology GA BR11V UT WOS:000165695000160 ER PT B AU Saari, JT Dahlen, GM AF Saari, JT Dahlen, GM BE Roussel, AM Anderson, RA Favrier, AE TI Dietary copper deficiency causes elevation of early and advanced glycation end-products SO TRACE ELEMENTS IN MAN AND ANIMALS 10 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Symposium on Trace Elements in Man and Animals (TEMA 10) CY MAY 02-07, 1999 CL EVIAN LES BAINS, FRANCE SP Activat Lab, Albion Labs Inc, AMBI Nutr Co, Astra Calve, Banque Populaire Dauphine & Alpes Sud, Beghin Meiji Ind, Candia Cedillac SA, Co Des Salins Midi & Des Salines Est, Diepal-nsa, Estee Lauder Co, Ingen Inter Genet Techn, INRA, Labcatal SA, Lab Boiron, Lab CCD, Lab Des Granions, Lab Randox, Lab Richelet, Lab Robapharm Pierre Fabre Medicament, Lab Roche Nicholas SA, Mairie Grenoble, Micromass UK Ltd, Nestle Res Ctr, Nicomed AS SERO, Perkin Elmer SA, Pharma N, Roche Diagnost SA, Selenium Tellurium Dev Assoc Inc, Univ Joseph Fourier, Reg Rhone Alpes, SA Eaux Minerales Evian, US Borax Inc ID RATS; PENTOSIDINE C1 USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Saari, JT (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-46378-4 PY 2000 BP 523 EP 526 PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics; Physiology SC Nutrition & Dietetics; Physiology GA BR11V UT WOS:000165695000164 ER PT B AU Fields, M Lewis, CG AF Fields, M Lewis, CG BE Roussel, AM Anderson, RA Favrier, AE TI The interaction between dietary copper and excess iron - Increases the risk of heart disease SO TRACE ELEMENTS IN MAN AND ANIMALS 10 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Symposium on Trace Elements in Man and Animals (TEMA 10) CY MAY 02-07, 1999 CL EVIAN LES BAINS, FRANCE SP Activat Lab, Albion Labs Inc, AMBI Nutr Co, Astra Calve, Banque Populaire Dauphine & Alpes Sud, Beghin Meiji Ind, Candia Cedillac SA, Co Des Salins Midi & Des Salines Est, Diepal-nsa, Estee Lauder Co, Ingen Inter Genet Techn, INRA, Labcatal SA, Lab Boiron, Lab CCD, Lab Des Granions, Lab Randox, Lab Richelet, Lab Robapharm Pierre Fabre Medicament, Lab Roche Nicholas SA, Mairie Grenoble, Micromass UK Ltd, Nestle Res Ctr, Nicomed AS SERO, Perkin Elmer SA, Pharma N, Roche Diagnost SA, Selenium Tellurium Dev Assoc Inc, Univ Joseph Fourier, Reg Rhone Alpes, SA Eaux Minerales Evian, US Borax Inc ID DEFICIENT RATS; OVERLOAD C1 USDA ARS, Nutr Requirements & Funct Lab, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Fields, M (reprint author), USDA ARS, Nutr Requirements & Funct Lab, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Bldg 307,Rm 330,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-46378-4 PY 2000 BP 543 EP 546 PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics; Physiology SC Nutrition & Dietetics; Physiology GA BR11V UT WOS:000165695000174 ER PT B AU Turnlund, JR Keyes, WR AF Turnlund, JR Keyes, WR BE Roussel, AM Anderson, RA Favrier, AE TI Dietary molybdenum - Effect on copper absorption, excretion, and status in young men SO TRACE ELEMENTS IN MAN AND ANIMALS 10 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Symposium on Trace Elements in Man and Animals (TEMA 10) CY MAY 02-07, 1999 CL EVIAN LES BAINS, FRANCE SP Activat Lab, Albion Labs Inc, AMBI Nutr Co, Astra Calve, Banque Populaire Dauphine & Alpes Sud, Beghin Meiji Ind, Candia Cedillac SA, Co Des Salins Midi & Des Salines Est, Diepal-nsa, Estee Lauder Co, Ingen Inter Genet Techn, INRA, Labcatal SA, Lab Boiron, Lab CCD, Lab Des Granions, Lab Randox, Lab Richelet, Lab Robapharm Pierre Fabre Medicament, Lab Roche Nicholas SA, Mairie Grenoble, Micromass UK Ltd, Nestle Res Ctr, Nicomed AS SERO, Perkin Elmer SA, Pharma N, Roche Diagnost SA, Selenium Tellurium Dev Assoc Inc, Univ Joseph Fourier, Reg Rhone Alpes, SA Eaux Minerales Evian, US Borax Inc ID STABLE ISOTOPES; RETENTION C1 USDA ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Davis, CA USA. RP Turnlund, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Davis, CA USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-46378-4 PY 2000 BP 951 EP 953 PG 3 WC Nutrition & Dietetics; Physiology SC Nutrition & Dietetics; Physiology GA BR11V UT WOS:000165695000297 ER PT B AU Kretsch, MJ Fong, AKH Penland, JG Sutherland, B King, JC AF Kretsch, MJ Fong, AKH Penland, JG Sutherland, B King, JC BE Roussel, AM Anderson, RA Favrier, AE TI Cognitive effects of adaptation to a low zinc diet in healthy men SO TRACE ELEMENTS IN MAN AND ANIMALS 10 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Symposium on Trace Elements in Man and Animals (TEMA 10) CY MAY 02-07, 1999 CL EVIAN LES BAINS, FRANCE SP Activat Lab, Albion Labs Inc, AMBI Nutr Co, Astra Calve, Banque Populaire Dauphine & Alpes Sud, Beghin Meiji Ind, Candia Cedillac SA, Co Des Salins Midi & Des Salines Est, Diepal-nsa, Estee Lauder Co, Ingen Inter Genet Techn, INRA, Labcatal SA, Lab Boiron, Lab CCD, Lab Des Granions, Lab Randox, Lab Richelet, Lab Robapharm Pierre Fabre Medicament, Lab Roche Nicholas SA, Mairie Grenoble, Micromass UK Ltd, Nestle Res Ctr, Nicomed AS SERO, Perkin Elmer SA, Pharma N, Roche Diagnost SA, Selenium Tellurium Dev Assoc Inc, Univ Joseph Fourier, Reg Rhone Alpes, SA Eaux Minerales Evian, US Borax Inc C1 Univ Calif Davis, USDA, ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Kretsch, MJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, USDA, ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-46378-4 PY 2000 BP 999 EP 1001 PG 3 WC Nutrition & Dietetics; Physiology SC Nutrition & Dietetics; Physiology GA BR11V UT WOS:000165695000308 ER PT B AU Penland, JG Milne, DB Davis, CW AF Penland, JG Milne, DB Davis, CW BE Roussel, AM Anderson, RA Favrier, AE TI Moderately high zinc intake impairs verbal memory of healthy postmenopausal women on a low copper diet SO TRACE ELEMENTS IN MAN AND ANIMALS 10 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Symposium on Trace Elements in Man and Animals (TEMA 10) CY MAY 02-07, 1999 CL EVIAN LES BAINS, FRANCE SP Activat Lab, Albion Labs Inc, AMBI Nutr Co, Astra Calve, Banque Populaire Dauphine & Alpes Sud, Beghin Meiji Ind, Candia Cedillac SA, Co Des Salins Midi & Des Salines Est, Diepal-nsa, Estee Lauder Co, Ingen Inter Genet Techn, INRA, Labcatal SA, Lab Boiron, Lab CCD, Lab Des Granions, Lab Randox, Lab Richelet, Lab Robapharm Pierre Fabre Medicament, Lab Roche Nicholas SA, Mairie Grenoble, Micromass UK Ltd, Nestle Res Ctr, Nicomed AS SERO, Perkin Elmer SA, Pharma N, Roche Diagnost SA, Selenium Tellurium Dev Assoc Inc, Univ Joseph Fourier, Reg Rhone Alpes, SA Eaux Minerales Evian, US Borax Inc ID DEFICIENCY; BEHAVIOR C1 USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Penland, JG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-46378-4 PY 2000 BP 1025 EP 1030 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics; Physiology SC Nutrition & Dietetics; Physiology GA BR11V UT WOS:000165695000314 ER PT B AU Nielsen, FH AF Nielsen, FH BE Roussel, AM Anderson, RA Favrier, AE TI The dogged path to acceptance of boron as a nutritionally important mineral element SO TRACE ELEMENTS IN MAN AND ANIMALS 10 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Symposium on Trace Elements in Man and Animals (TEMA 10) CY MAY 02-07, 1999 CL EVIAN LES BAINS, FRANCE SP Activat Lab, Albion Labs Inc, AMBI Nutr Co, Astra Calve, Banque Populaire Dauphine & Alpes Sud, Beghin Meiji Ind, Candia Cedillac SA, Co Des Salins Midi & Des Salines Est, Diepal-nsa, Estee Lauder Co, Ingen Inter Genet Techn, INRA, Labcatal SA, Lab Boiron, Lab CCD, Lab Des Granions, Lab Randox, Lab Richelet, Lab Robapharm Pierre Fabre Medicament, Lab Roche Nicholas SA, Mairie Grenoble, Micromass UK Ltd, Nestle Res Ctr, Nicomed AS SERO, Perkin Elmer SA, Pharma N, Roche Diagnost SA, Selenium Tellurium Dev Assoc Inc, Univ Joseph Fourier, Reg Rhone Alpes, SA Eaux Minerales Evian, US Borax Inc ID POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; DIETARY BORON; ESTROGEN; HUMANS C1 USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Nielsen, FH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 27 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-46378-4 PY 2000 BP 1043 EP 1047 PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics; Physiology SC Nutrition & Dietetics; Physiology GA BR11V UT WOS:000165695000321 ER PT B AU Hunt, CD AF Hunt, CD BE Roussel, AM Anderson, RA Favrier, AE TI Dietary boron is a physiological regulator of the normal inflammatory response SO TRACE ELEMENTS IN MAN AND ANIMALS 10 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Symposium on Trace Elements in Man and Animals (TEMA 10) CY MAY 02-07, 1999 CL EVIAN LES BAINS, FRANCE SP Activat Lab, Albion Labs Inc, AMBI Nutr Co, Astra Calve, Banque Populaire Dauphine & Alpes Sud, Beghin Meiji Ind, Candia Cedillac SA, Co Des Salins Midi & Des Salines Est, Diepal-nsa, Estee Lauder Co, Ingen Inter Genet Techn, INRA, Labcatal SA, Lab Boiron, Lab CCD, Lab Des Granions, Lab Randox, Lab Richelet, Lab Robapharm Pierre Fabre Medicament, Lab Roche Nicholas SA, Mairie Grenoble, Micromass UK Ltd, Nestle Res Ctr, Nicomed AS SERO, Perkin Elmer SA, Pharma N, Roche Diagnost SA, Selenium Tellurium Dev Assoc Inc, Univ Joseph Fourier, Reg Rhone Alpes, SA Eaux Minerales Evian, US Borax Inc ID INHIBITOR C1 USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Agr Res Serv 1, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Hunt, CD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Agr Res Serv 1, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-46378-4 PY 2000 BP 1071 EP 1076 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics; Physiology SC Nutrition & Dietetics; Physiology GA BR11V UT WOS:000165695000327 ER PT J AU Bakhsh, A Jaynes, DB Colvin, TS Kanwar, RS AF Bakhsh, A Jaynes, DB Colvin, TS Kanwar, RS TI Spatio-temporal analysis of yield variability for a corn-soybean field in Iowa SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE yield variability; median polishing; semivariogram; precision farming ID SOIL AB Spatio-temporal analyses of yield variability are required to delineate areas of stable yield patterns for application of precision farming techniques. Spatial structure and temporal stability patterns were studied using 1995-1997 yield data for a 25-ha field located near Story City, Iowa. Corn was grown during 1995-1996, and soybean in 1997. The yield data were collected on nine east-west transects, consisting of 25 yield blocks per transect. The two components of yield variability, i.e., large-scale variation (trend) and small-scale variation, were studied using median polishing technique and variography, respectively. The trend surface, obtained from median polishing, accounted for the large-scale deterministic structure induced by treatments and landscape effects. After removal of trend from yield data, the resulting yield residuals were used to analyze the small-scale stochastic variability using variography. The variogram analysis showed strong spatial structure for the yield residuals. The spatial correlation lengths were found to vary from about 40 m for corn to about 90 m for soybean. The range parameter of the variograms showed a significant correlation coefficient of -0.95 with the cumulative growing season rainfall. The total variance of 1995 corn yield was partitioned as 56% trend, 37% small-scale stochastic structure, and 7% as an interaction of both. Yield variance of 1996 corn was about 80% trend and 20% small-scale stochastic structure. Contrary to corn years, the total yield variance for soybean in 1997 was partitioned as about 25% trend and about 75% small-scale stochastic structure. The significant negative correlation of range with rainfall shows that small-scale variability may be controlled by factors induced directly or indirectly by rainfall. More years of data are required to substantiate these relationships. The lack of temporal stability in large-scale and small-scale variation suggest that longer duration yield data analyses are required to understand and quantify the impact of various climatic, and management factors and their interaction with soil properties on delineation of areas under consistent yield patterns before applying variable rate technology. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. ARS, USDA, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA USA. RP Bakhsh, A (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, 102 Davidson Hall, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 28 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 43 IS 1 BP 31 EP 38 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 347YU UT WOS:000088957400004 ER PT J AU Flerchinger, GN Aiken, RM Rojas, KW Ahuja, LR AF Flerchinger, GN Aiken, RM Rojas, KW Ahuja, LR TI Development of the root zone water quality model (RZWQM) for over-winter conditions SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE crop residue; RZWQM; SHAW model; snow; soil freezing; soil frost ID RESIDUE-SOIL SYSTEM; MACROPORE TRANSPORT; ATRAZINE TRANSPORT; SIMULTANEOUS HEAT; FLOW COMPONENT; SHAW MODEL; FIELD; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; DRAINAGE; MOVEMENT AB Soil temperature and water conditions through the winter and early spring drive many important physical, chemical and biological processes. Impacts of management practices on these complex processes are often difficult to predict. The primary objective of this study was to incorporate routines for snow, soil heat, and soil freezing from the Simultaneous Heat and Water (SHAW) model into the process based RZWQM to extend its applicability to winter conditions. Routines from SHAW for simulating transfer through flat and standing residue layers were also included. The RZWQM's solution of the Richards' equation was retained, making it necessary to decouple the SHAW model's simultaneous solution of the heat and water equations. The modified RZWQM was applied to varying tillage and residue conditions using data from Pullman, Washington, and Akron, Colorado, and compared to the original SHAW model. Statistical comparisons indicated that the two models simulated soil temperature similarly for most plots, showing successful implementation of the SHAW routines. Differences in simulated soil temperatures and ice contents between the two models were related to differences in computing soil water transfer and solution of Richards' equation. Model efficiency for soil temperature simulated by the modified RZWQM, defined as the fraction of variability in measured temperature accounted for by the model, ranged form 0.71 to 0.92 within the top 25-cm at the Pullman site; simulated snow and soil frost depths were similar to previous simulations from the SHAW model. Model efficiency for simulated temperature at the Akron sites ranged from 0.87 to 0.98. Dynamic response of soil water potential was simulated reasonably well, with model efficiencies ranging from 0.61 to 0.86 for the Akron site. This modified version of the RZWQM, that includes frozen soil and boundary conditions representative of varying surface conditions, makes the model more responsive to management of soil and water resources in northern latitudes. C1 ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, USDA, Boise, ID 83712 USA. ARS, Cent Great Plains Res Stn, USDA, Akron, CO USA. ARS, Great Plains Res Stn, USDA, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Flerchinger, GN (reprint author), ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, USDA, 800 Park Blvd,Ste 105, Boise, ID 83712 USA. NR 42 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 43 IS 1 BP 59 EP 68 PG 10 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 347YU UT WOS:000088957400007 ER PT J AU Bakhsh, A Kanwar, RS Jaynes, DB Colvin, TS Ahuja, LR AF Bakhsh, A Kanwar, RS Jaynes, DB Colvin, TS Ahuja, LR TI Prediction of NO3-N losses with subsurface drainage water from manured and UAN-fertilized plots using GLEAMS SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE GLEAMS; swine manure; nitrate-nitrogen; water quality ID POULTRY LITTER; SIMULATION; MODEL; TRANSPORT; NITROGEN; SUBMODEL; TILLAGE; CORN; CROP AB Excessive application of swine manure to a field over long durations can increase nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) leaching as a result of accumulation of more nutrients in the root zone than the subsequent crops may need. the objective of this study was to use the GLEAMS (V2.1) model to compare measured versus simulated effects of swine manure application with urea-ammonium-nitrate (UAN) on subsurface drain water quality from beneath long-term corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) plots. Four years (1993-1996) of field data from an Iowa site were used for model calibration and validation. The SCS curve number and effective rooting depth were adjusted to minimize the difference between simulated percolation below the root zone and measured subsurface drain flows. Model predictions of percolation water below the root zone followed the pattern of measured drain flow data, giving an average difference of 10% and -5% between predicted and measured values for manured and UAN-fertilized plots, respectively, for four years from 1993 to 1996. Model simulations for overall NO3-N losses with percolation water were comparable to measured NO3-N losses with subsurface drain water gibing an average difference of 20% for manured plots. The model overpredicted NO3-N losses, particularly for soybean on plots which received manure in the previous year. Predicted NO3-N losses with subsurface drainage from fertilized plots were much lower than measured values with an average difference of -32%. The best fit line with zero intercept showed correlation coefficients of 0.73 and 0.66 between monthly predicted and measured NO3-N losses with subsurface drain flows for manured and UAN-fertilized plots for four years from 1993 to 1996, respectively. The results of the study show that the N-transformation processes and the associated rate factors based on soil temperature and soil water levels may need to be refined for consistent simulation of NO3-N losses with subsurface drainage water when fertilized with either swine manure or UAN for corn production. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. ARS, USDA, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA USA. ARS, USDA, Great Plains Syst Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Bakhsh, A (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, 125B Davidson Hall, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 26 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 43 IS 1 BP 69 EP 77 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 347YU UT WOS:000088957400008 ER PT S AU Dombeck, M AF Dombeck, M BE McCabe, RE Loos, SE TI The forest service's roads policy: Assuring wildlife habitat quality SO TRANSCATIONS OF THE SIXTY FIFTH NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCE CONFERENCE SE TRANSACTIONS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 65th North American Wildlife and Natural Resource Conference CY MAR 24-28, 2000 CL ROSEMONT, IL C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Dombeck, M (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT INST PI WASHINGTON PA 1146 19TH ST, NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0078-1355 J9 T N AM WILDL NAT RES PY 2000 BP 34 EP 41 PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BR17U UT WOS:000165806300003 ER PT S AU Dey, DC Guyette, RP AF Dey, DC Guyette, RP BE McCabe, RE Loos, SE TI Sustaining oak ecosystems in the central hardwood region: Lessons from the past - Continuing the history of disturbance SO TRANSCATIONS OF THE SIXTY FIFTH NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCE CONFERENCE SE TRANSACTIONS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 65th North American Wildlife and Natural Resource Conference CY MAR 24-28, 2000 CL ROSEMONT, IL ID EASTERN NORTH-AMERICA; MISSOURI OZARKS; FORESTS; FIRE; REGENERATION; VEGETATION; REGIMES; STANDS C1 US Forest Serv, Columbia, MO USA. RP Dey, DC (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Columbia, MO USA. NR 50 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT INST PI WASHINGTON PA 1146 19TH ST, NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0078-1355 J9 TRANS N AM WILDL NAT JI Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Nat. Resour. Conf. PY 2000 BP 170 EP 183 PG 14 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BR17U UT WOS:000165806300015 ER PT S AU Gottschalk, KW Liebhold, AM AF Gottschalk, KW Liebhold, AM BE McCabe, RE Loos, SE TI How to reduce gypsy moth effects on central hardwood forests SO TRANSCATIONS OF THE SIXTY FIFTH NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCE CONFERENCE SE TRANSACTIONS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 65th North American Wildlife and Natural Resource Conference CY MAR 24-28, 2000 CL ROSEMONT, IL C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Morgantown, WV USA. RP Gottschalk, KW (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Morgantown, WV USA. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT INST PI WASHINGTON PA 1146 19TH ST, NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0078-1355 J9 T N AM WILDL NAT RES PY 2000 BP 200 EP 211 PG 12 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BR17U UT WOS:000165806300017 ER PT S AU Barro, SC Dwyer, JF AF Barro, SC Dwyer, JF BE McCabe, RE Loos, SE TI The challenges and opportunities of restoring ecosystems in urban-influenced areas: Insights from northeastern Illinois SO TRANSCATIONS OF THE SIXTY FIFTH NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCE CONFERENCE SE TRANSACTIONS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 65th North American Wildlife and Natural Resource Conference CY MAR 24-28, 2000 CL ROSEMONT, IL C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Evanston, IL USA. RP Barro, SC (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Evanston, IL USA. NR 22 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT INST PI WASHINGTON PA 1146 19TH ST, NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0078-1355 J9 T N AM WILDL NAT RES PY 2000 BP 225 EP 237 PG 13 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BR17U UT WOS:000165806300019 ER PT S AU Thompson, FR AF Thompson, FR BE McCabe, RE Loos, SE TI Fragmented midwestern forests and songbird populations: Where do we go from here? SO TRANSCATIONS OF THE SIXTY FIFTH NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCE CONFERENCE SE TRANSACTIONS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 65th North American Wildlife and Natural Resource Conference CY MAR 24-28, 2000 CL ROSEMONT, IL ID BROWN-HEADED COWBIRDS; MIGRATORY BIRDS; HABITAT; DYNAMICS; PATTERNS; SUCCESS; SINKS; SCALE C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Thompson, FR (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 30 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT INST PI WASHINGTON PA 1146 19TH ST, NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0078-1355 J9 T N AM WILDL NAT RES PY 2000 BP 238 EP 251 PG 14 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BR17U UT WOS:000165806300020 ER PT S AU Miller, JE AF Miller, JE BE McCabe, RE Loos, SE TI Does today's wildlife management agency know what to expect from young wildlife professionals? SO TRANSCATIONS OF THE SIXTY FIFTH NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCE CONFERENCE SE TRANSACTIONS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 65th North American Wildlife and Natural Resource Conference CY MAR 24-28, 2000 CL ROSEMONT, IL C1 USDA, Cooperat State Res Educ & Extens Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Miller, JE (reprint author), USDA, Cooperat State Res Educ & Extens Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT INST PI WASHINGTON PA 1146 19TH ST, NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0078-1355 J9 T N AM WILDL NAT RES PY 2000 BP 535 EP 546 PG 12 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BR17U UT WOS:000165806300043 ER PT S AU Janik, P Radloff, D AF Janik, P Radloff, D BE McCabe, RE Loos, SE TI The preparedness of entry-level natural resource professionals in the forest service SO TRANSCATIONS OF THE SIXTY FIFTH NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCE CONFERENCE SE TRANSACTIONS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 65th North American Wildlife and Natural Resource Conference CY MAR 24-28, 2000 CL ROSEMONT, IL C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Janik, P (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT INST PI WASHINGTON PA 1146 19TH ST, NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0078-1355 J9 T N AM WILDL NAT RES PY 2000 BP 555 EP 560 PG 6 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BR17U UT WOS:000165806300045 ER PT B AU Anderson, OD Blechl, AE AF Anderson, OD Blechl, AE BE OBrien, L Henry, RJ TI Transgenic wheat - Challenges and opportunities SO TRANSGENIC CEREALS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Transgenic Cereals CY SEP, 2000 CL GOLD COAST, AUSTRALIA SP Amer Assoc Cereal Chemists ID RIBOSOME-INACTIVATING PROTEIN; STILBENE SYNTHASE GENE; THAUMATIN-LIKE PROTEIN; TRITICUM-AESTIVUM L; MICROPROJECTILE BOMBARDMENT; SELECTABLE MARKER; ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY; TOBACCO PLANTS; RICE PLANTS; IN-VITRO AB The cereal grains account for approximately half of the calories consumed by the human race, with wheat, rice, and maize supplying the major portions of that total. While together these three cereals form the basis for most of the human diet, wheat, together with the closely related crops, can arguably be seen as paramount both for current status and for projected increases in future consumption. Barley, the sixth most produced crop worldwide, is a close relative to wheat in the Triticeae tribe. Smaller production comes from other members of the Triticeae; i.e. rye and triticale (a wheat/rye fusion). The Triticeae are genetically so similar that wheat, barley, rye, and triticale are often considered effectively the same genetic system. Considering wheat: alone, it is typically the world's major crop by criteria such as total calories, total protein consumed by humans, total acreage planted throughout the world, and vies with rice and maize for total worldwide tonnage each year. Wheat comes in a wide range of varieties classified by habitat, functional characteristics of the grain, and genetic makeup. Bread wheats are hexaploid and generally divided into winter versus spring growth requirements. Other classifications of bread wheats are hard/soft grain, and red/white seed coat color. The durum wheats are tetraploids and used typically for pastas and other specific products. Diploid wheats have also been grown as crops (i.e. Triticum monococcum) in the past, but have been superceded by the higher yielding, more vigorous tetraploid and hexaploid varieties. C1 USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Anderson, OD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 72 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS INC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2079 USA BN 1-891127-22-5 PY 2000 BP 1 EP 27 PG 27 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Food Science & Technology GA BS35C UT WOS:000169572100001 ER PT J AU Wall, B AF Wall, B TI Obituary for Henryk Lubon (1949-2000) SO TRANSGENIC RESEARCH LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Wall, B (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0962-8819 J9 TRANSGENIC RES JI Transgenic Res. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 9 IS 4-5 BP U1 EP U1 PG 1 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 370ZM UT WOS:000165153200001 ER PT J AU Leij, FJ van Genuchten, MT AF Leij, FJ van Genuchten, MT TI Analytical modeling of nonaqueous phase liquid dissolution with Green's functions SO TRANSPORT IN POROUS MEDIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Environmental Models and Experiments Envisioning Tomorrow (EnviroMEET 98) CY JUL 20-23, 1998 CL IRVINE, CALIFORNIA DE Green's functions; NAPL dissolution; nonequilibrium transport; initial value problem; boundary value problem ID NONEQUILIBRIUM SOLUTE TRANSPORT; CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT; POROUS-MEDIA; AQUIFER; DISPERSION; WATER; FLOW; POOL AB Equilibrium and bicontinuum nonequilibrium formulations of the advection-dispersion equation (ADE) have been widely used to describe subsurface solute transport. The Green's Function Method (GFM) is particularly attractive to solve the ADE because of its flexibility to deal with arbitrary initial and boundary conditions, and its relative simplicity to formulate solutions for multi-dimensional problems. The Green's functions that are presented can be used for a wide range of problems involving equilibrium and nonequilibrium transport in semi-infinite and infinite media. The GFM is applied to analytically model multi-dimensional transport from persistent solute sources typical of nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs). Specific solutions are derived for transport from a rectangular source (parallel to the flow direction) of persistent contamination using first-, second-, or third-type boundary or source input conditions. Away from the source, the first- and third-type condition cannot be expected to represent the exact surface condition. The second-type condition has the disadvantage that the diffusive flux from the source needs to be specified a priori. Near the source, the third-type condition appears most suitable to model NAPL dissolution into the medium. The solute flux from the pool, and hence the concentration in the medium, depends strongly on the mass transfer coefficient. For all conditions, the concentration profiles indicate that nonequilibrium conditions tend to reduce the maximum solute concentration and the total amount of solute that enters the porous medium from the source. On the other hand, during nonequilibrium transport the solute may spread over a larger area of the medium compared to equilibrium transport. C1 USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Leij, FJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RI van Genuchten, Martinus/K-6892-2013 OI van Genuchten, Martinus/0000-0003-1654-8858 NR 30 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-3913 J9 TRANSPORT POROUS MED JI Transp. Porous Media PD JAN PY 2000 VL 38 IS 1-2 BP 141 EP 166 DI 10.1023/A:1006611200487 PG 26 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 268YJ UT WOS:000084447600009 ER PT J AU Diener, A Hirschi, K AF Diener, A Hirschi, K TI Heterologous expression for dominant-like gene activity SO TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE LA English DT Letter ID CANDIDA-ALBICANS; HEXOKINASE; REPAIR; RAD51 C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Hirschi, K (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. FU NIGMS NIH HHS [1R01 GM 57427] NR 12 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LONDON PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 1360-1385 J9 TRENDS PLANT SCI JI Trends Plant Sci. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 5 IS 1 BP 10 EP 11 DI 10.1016/S1360-1385(99)01512-5 PG 2 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 273TP UT WOS:000084723800029 PM 10637655 ER PT J AU Merkel, RC Pond, KR Burns, JC Fisher, DS AF Merkel, RC Pond, KR Burns, JC Fisher, DS TI Rate and extent of dry matter digestibility in sacco of both oven- and freeze-dried Paraserianthes falcataria, Calliandra calothyrsus, and Gliricidia sepium SO TROPICAL AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE digestibility; Calliandra calothyrsus; Paraserianthes falcataria; Gliricidia sepium ID SOLUBLE PHENOLICS; FORAGE; QUALITY; PROTEIN; TANNINS; FIBER AB Leaves of three tree legumes, Calliandra calothyrsus (C), Paraserianthes falcataria (F), and Gliricidia sepium (G), were harvested and divided into two portions for oven drying freeze drying (FD) resulting in six experimental treatments: GOD, CFD, FOD, FFD, and GFD. The initial solubility, disappearance rate, and extent (undegraded portion) of in sacco dry matter disappearance (DMD) was calculated dy a non-linear model using DMD values from ruminal incubation times of 0, 12, 24, 48, 96 h. Initial solubility was higher (P < 0.01) in CFD than COD and lower (P < 0.07) in FFD than FOD, with G. sepium showing no difference, Disappearance rate was not affected by drying treatment. However, disappearance rates , Disappearance rate was rate (0.02 h(-1)). Freeze drying resulted in lower (P < 0.001) undegraded dry matter (DM) in both CPD and FFD than in DD material while undegraded DM for G. sepium was acted by drying method. The use of oven-dried tree legume samples for digestibility estimation may underestimate their feeding value. C1 N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. SRCRSP, IP2TP, Galang, N Sumatra, Indonesia. Texas Tech Univ, Dept Anim Sci & Food Technol, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. USDA ARS, JP Campbell Nat Resource Conservat Ctr, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. RP Merkel, RC (reprint author), Langston Univ, De La Garza Inst Goat Res, Langston, OK 73050 USA. NR 17 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU TROPICAL AGRICULTURE PI ST AUGUSTINE PA UNIV WEST INDIES, FAC OF AGRICULTURE,, ST AUGUSTINE, TRINID & TOBAGO SN 0041-3216 J9 TROP AGR JI Trop. Agric. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 77 IS 1 BP 1 EP 5 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA 370ZG UT WOS:000165152700001 ER PT S AU Walton, TE AF Walton, TE BE House, JA Kocan, KM Gibbs, EPJ TI The impact of diseases on the importation of animals and animal products SO TROPICAL VETERINARY DISEASES: CONTROL AND PREVENTION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE NEW WORLD ORDER SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Biennial Conference of the Society-for-Tropical-Veterinary-Medicine CY JUN 12-16, 1999 CL KEY WEST, FLORIDA SP Int Fdn Sci, Merial Anim Hlth, Minist Affaires Etrangres, USDA, ARS, USDA, APHIS, USDA, CSREES, USDA, FAS, USDA, T STAR, Univ Florida AB For decades the veterinary services of the United States and other nations protected their livestock and poultry industries from the ravages of introduced animal diseases by rigorous import restrictions. This policy of zero risk frequently translated to no or reduced trade in animals and animal products or dramatic trade inequities. However, GATT articles enforced by the WTO require that imported products be treated no less favorably than domestically produced goods with regard to animal health restrictions. Under authority from the WTO, the OIE establishes recommendations and guidelines for the regulation of trade in animals and products of animal origin through the OIE International Animal Health Code, sets animal health standards, and reports global animal health situations and statuses. Diseases often have a dramatic impact on the animal agricultural industries of a nation-disease outbreaks may be deleterious to the competitiveness of the products of one nation but offer opportunities for others. The potential dangers of lax vigilance, insufficient scientifically valid data, inadequate SPS measures, and errors in assessing risk can turn the heady experience of seemingly unlimited growth in international markets and demand for one's products into a catastrophic return to reality. The experience of the United Kingdom and countries of Europe with bovine spongiform encephalopathy is a case in point. It is estimated that the cost of the outbreak of this disease to the economy of the UK has been more than $3 billion. Responses of their trading partners, including the US, to this outbreak were abrupt and restrictive. Although the decision was controversial, the US stopped importation of live cattle from the UK in the late 1980's and subsequently, in 1997, importation of all products of ruminant origin was stopped from all countries of Europe. The transmission of the disease to continental Europe and the disclosure that the pathogen was associated with a fatal human illness, rocked consumer confidence in the safety of the UK beef supply, brought down the ruling political party in the UK, and forced major changes in the beef industry. C1 USDA, APHIS, Vet Serv, Ctr Epidemiol & Anim Hlth, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Walton, TE (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, Vet Serv, Ctr Epidemiol & Anim Hlth, 555 S Howes St,Suite 100, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 3 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 6 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-281-9 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 2000 VL 916 BP 36 EP 40 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences; Veterinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Veterinary Sciences GA BT09T UT WOS:000171939300005 PM 11193647 ER PT S AU Williams, JL Sheesley, D AF Williams, JL Sheesley, D BE House, JA Kocan, KM Gibbs, EPJ TI Response to bio-terrorism directed against animals SO TROPICAL VETERINARY DISEASES: CONTROL AND PREVENTION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE NEW WORLD ORDER SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Biennial Conference of the Society-for-Tropical-Veterinary-Medicine CY JUN 12-16, 1999 CL KEY WEST, FLORIDA SP Int Fdn Sci, Merial Anim Hlth, Minist Affaires Etrangres, USDA, ARS, USDA, APHIS, USDA, CSREES, USDA, FAS, USDA, T STAR, Univ Florida AB The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) has a long history of rapid direction, control, and eradication of devastating diseases. Our immediate response mechanisms to diseases such as avian influenza, Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis, and Newcastle disease, have long been recognized by the global emergency response community as models of control and eradication. APHIS and the U.S. livestock industries, in partnership with the Animal Agriculture Coalition, re-evaluated the Nation's animal health emergency preparedness and response systems. The group identified areas that negatively impact, biologically and/or economically, the Nation's animal and food production industries. To counter the increased risks including bioterrorism, APHIS plans to establish a world-class "Center of Excellence for Animal Health Emergency Management."APHIS, Intelligence agencies, other Federal departments, State governments, and industries are working together to provide accurate information on the foreign and domestic threats posed to the U.S. agricultural sector by biological weapons. Additionally, the same agencies and organizations are evaluating, updating, and improving the coordination and training mechanisms necessary to respond in the even of a widespread pest or disease outbreak. C1 USDA, APHIS, OA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Williams, JL (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, OA, 1400 Independence Ave SW,Rm 308-E, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-281-9 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 2000 VL 916 BP 117 EP 120 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences; Veterinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Veterinary Sciences GA BT09T UT WOS:000171939300015 PM 11193611 ER PT S AU Logan-Henfrey, L AF Logan-Henfrey, L BE House, JA Kocan, KM Gibbs, EPJ TI Mitigation of bioterrorist threats in the 21st century SO TROPICAL VETERINARY DISEASES: CONTROL AND PREVENTION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE NEW WORLD ORDER SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Biennial Conference of the Society-for-Tropical-Veterinary-Medicine CY JUN 12-16, 1999 CL KEY WEST, FLORIDA SP Int Fdn Sci, Merial Anim Hlth, Minist Affaires Etrangres, USDA, ARS, USDA, APHIS, USDA, CSREES, USDA, FAS, USDA, T STAR, Univ Florida AB There is a raising level of awareness and concern that agriculture and food supplies might serve as targets for bioterrorists. To minimize such threats a number of new initiates are urgently needed. 1. Greater levels of financial commitment from federal, state, and international organizations for research on highly infectious diseases and for emergency response infrastructure; 2. Well-orchestrated emergency response plans based on inter-agency, inter-departmental and stakeholder working groups; 3. Teams prepared for risk assessment and risk communication; 4. Modern systems of animal identification and accurate trace-back for animal movement; 5. Increased biosecurity in intensive production operations; 6. Accurate intelligence as to what pathogens pose the highest risks for economic and social impact; 7. Establishment of new international animal and plant disease research networks and partnerships; 8. Strengthen international disease surveillance networks for early detection and intervention; 9. New generations of rapid diagnostic tests for pathogen detection that are practical for field and diagnostic laboratories; 10. Increased level of commitment to pathogen genomics research for molecular epidemiology and vaccine development; 11. New chemical and immunological intervention strategies to prevent or control disease outbreaks; 12. Increased level of training on exotic and emerging animal diseases in basic veterinary education and through continuing education for veterinarians, state and federal field personnel and laboratory diagnosticians. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Logan-Henfrey, L (reprint author), Texas Anim Hlth Commiss, POB 1299, Austin, TX 78711 USA. NR 26 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 3 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-281-9 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 2000 VL 916 BP 121 EP 133 PG 13 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences; Veterinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Veterinary Sciences GA BT09T UT WOS:000171939300016 PM 11193612 ER PT S AU Pegram, RG Hansen, JW Wilson, DD AF Pegram, RG Hansen, JW Wilson, DD BE House, JA Kocan, KM Gibbs, EPJ TI Eradication and surveillance of the tropical bont tick in the Caribbean - An international approach SO TROPICAL VETERINARY DISEASES: CONTROL AND PREVENTION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE NEW WORLD ORDER SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Biennial Conference of the Society-for-Tropical-Veterinary-Medicine CY JUN 12-16, 1999 CL KEY WEST, FLORIDA SP Int Fdn Sci, Merial Anim Hlth, Minist Affaires Etrangres, USDA, ARS, USDA, APHIS, USDA, CSREES, USDA, FAS, USDA, T STAR, Univ Florida AB The Caribbean Amblyomma program (CAP) is a multidonor funded effort involving several technical organizations and national governments in the eradication of the tropical bout tick. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) is the lead technical agency, providing both technical and administrative support to the CAP Regional Coordination Unit (RCU) based in Barbados. All collaborating agencies, donors, and national representatives are members of the Amblyomma Program Council (APC), the overall governing body of the CAP. In addition to FAO, the other organizations involved are the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), the European Union (EU), the Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA), the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Several agencies (EU, FAO, IFAD, and USDA) are also major donors. The CAP cooperates with the complementary Plan POSEIDOM Veterinaire Program in the French West Indies. The University of the West Indies (UWI), the International Institute for Biological Control (IIBC), and the Departement d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux (EM-VT) in Guadeloupe are other collaborators. C1 Food & Agr Org, Caribbean Amblyomma Program, Bridgetown, Barbados. FAO, I-00100 Rome, Italy. USDA, APHIS, Riverdale, MD USA. RP Pegram, RG (reprint author), Food & Agr Org, Caribbean Amblyomma Program, POB 631, Bridgetown, Barbados. NR 8 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-281-9 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 2000 VL 916 BP 179 EP 185 PG 7 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences; Veterinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Veterinary Sciences GA BT09T UT WOS:000171939300022 PM 11193618 ER PT S AU Valdez, RA McGuire, TC Brown, WC Davis, WC Knowles, DP AF Valdez, RA McGuire, TC Brown, WC Davis, WC Knowles, DP BE House, JA Kocan, KM Gibbs, EPJ TI An in vivo model to investigate lymphocyte-mediated immunity during acute hemoparasitic infections - Use of a monoclonal antibody to selectively deplete CD4(+) T lymphocytes from thymectomized calves SO TROPICAL VETERINARY DISEASES: CONTROL AND PREVENTION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE NEW WORLD ORDER SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Biennial Conference of the Society-for-Tropical-Veterinary-Medicine CY JUN 12-16, 1999 CL KEY WEST, FLORIDA SP Int Fdn Sci, Merial Anim Hlth, Minist Affaires Etrangres, USDA, ARS, USDA, APHIS, USDA, CSREES, USDA, FAS, USDA, T STAR, Univ Florida ID INVIVO; SUBSETS; CATTLE AB Thymectomized calves were selectively depleted of CD4(+) T lymphocytes with a monoclonal antibody (mAb) specific for the bovine CD4 monomer (ILA-11). Calves were treated with high loading doses of ILA-11 during the first week of the study then treated with subsequent lower maintenance doses. Depletion of CD4(+) T lymphocytes was assessed weekly by flow cytometric analysis of PBMC and mononuclear cells from lymph node and spleen biopsies. Treatment with high doses of ILA-11 resulted in rapid and marked depletion of CD4(+) T lymphocytes from the peripheral blood, peripheral lymph nodes, and spleen. Although CD4(+) T lymphocytes slowly returned to the peripheral blood, peripheral lymph nodes, and spleen by day 21 posttreatment, the numbers of CD4(+) T lymphocytes in depleted calves remained below pre-depletion levels for the duration of the study. CD4(+) T lymphocytes failed to be effectively depleted from a non-thymectomized calf treated with the mAb ILA-11. Development of a T lymphocyte depletion model in thymectomized calves will permit testing of the hypothesis that CD4(+) T lymphocytes and IFN-gamma are required in cattle for control of acute anaplasmosis. In subsequent planned studies, thymectomized calves depleted of CD4(+) T lymphocytes will be experimentally infected with A. marginale and parameters of disease compared between depleted and non-depleted calves. C1 ARS, USDA, Anim Dis Res Inst, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Valdez, RA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Anim Dis Res Inst, POB 646630, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [K08 AI01447] NR 9 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-281-9 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 2000 VL 916 BP 233 EP 236 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences; Veterinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Veterinary Sciences GA BT09T UT WOS:000171939300028 PM 11193625 ER PT S AU Tabachnick, WJ AF Tabachnick, WJ BE House, JA Kocan, KM Gibbs, EPJ TI Pharmacological factors in the saliva of blood-feeding insects - Implications for vesicular stomatitis epidemiology SO TROPICAL VETERINARY DISEASES: CONTROL AND PREVENTION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE NEW WORLD ORDER SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Biennial Conference of the Society-for-Tropical-Veterinary-Medicine CY JUN 12-16, 1999 CL KEY WEST, FLORIDA SP Int Fdn Sci, Merial Anim Hlth, Minist Affaires Etrangres, USDA, ARS, USDA, APHIS, USDA, CSREES, USDA, FAS, USDA, T STAR, Univ Florida ID FLY LUTZOMYIA-LONGIPALPIS; GLOSSINA-MORSITANS-MORSITANS; CELLULAR IMMUNE-RESPONSES; MOSQUITO AEDES-AEGYPTI; NORTH-AMERICAN VECTOR; NECROSIS-FACTOR-ALPHA; COAGULATION FACTOR-XA; VIRUS NEW-JERSEY; NITRIC-OXIDE; GLAND EXTRACTS AB Vesicular stomatitis (VS) epizootics in the Western United States have caused substantial economic losses to U.S. livestock industries in 1995, 1997, and 1998. The role of arthropods in transmitting VS to U.S. livestock is unclear. In particular, the impact of arthropod salivary gland factors in VS infections in livestock needs study. Pharmacological effects of arthropod salivary gland factors on animals are reviewed. The potential effects of arthropod saliva on the transmission and spread of VS virus to livestock in the Western U.S. is presented with emphasis on the biting midge, Culicoides sonorensis. Information is discussed with attention to vector potential of C. sonorensis, and its use as a model for evaluating insect salivary gland pharmacology on livestock response to VS. C1 USDA ARS, Arthropod Borne Anim Dis Res Lab, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Tabachnick, WJ (reprint author), Univ Florida, Inst Food & Agr Sci, Florida Med Entomol Lab, 200 9th St SE, Vero Beach, FL 32968 USA. NR 62 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 2 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-281-9 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 2000 VL 916 BP 444 EP 452 PG 9 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences; Veterinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Veterinary Sciences GA BT09T UT WOS:000171939300058 PM 11193659 ER PT S AU Pegram, RG Wilson, DD Hansen, JW AF Pegram, RG Wilson, DD Hansen, JW BE House, JA Kocan, KM Gibbs, EPJ TI Past and present national tick control programs - Why they succeed or fail SO TROPICAL VETERINARY DISEASES: CONTROL AND PREVENTION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE NEW WORLD ORDER SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Biennial Conference of the Society-for-Tropical-Veterinary-Medicine CY JUN 12-16, 1999 CL KEY WEST, FLORIDA SP Int Fdn Sci, Merial Anim Hlth, Minist Affaires Etrangres, USDA, ARS, USDA, APHIS, USDA, CSREES, USDA, FAS, USDA, T STAR, Univ Florida ID PEST-MANAGEMENT; THEILERIA-PARVA; IMMUNIZATION; LIVESTOCK; ERADICATION; ECONOMICS; ZAMBIA; CATTLE; FEVER AB The historical reasons for the introduction of tick control during the nineteenth century are reviewed. Background and concepts for the choice between long-term tick control and tick eradication are compared. Case studies of large-scale tick control or eradication programs in Africa, Australia, the United States, and the Caribbean are used to highlight successes and failures. The main reasons for lack of sustainability, or failure, of programs are discussed. These include the economic constraints that were faced in several African countries, or technical shortcomings such as were perceived as a major problem in Puerto Rico. The successes are generally associated with enforcement of appropriate legislation and good management, such as occurred in Zimbabwe. These case studies are analyzed to identify features that may assist in the implementation of the ongoing tropical bout tick eradication program in the Caribbean. The paper concludes with some practical suggestions for the future, and the need to reassess the economics of control and the potential additional animal health benefits derived from tick control programs. C1 Reg Coordinat Unit, Caribbean Amblyomma Program, Bridgetown, Barbados. USDA, APHIS, Riverdale, MD USA. FAO, OGAH, I-00100 Rome, Italy. RP Pegram, RG (reprint author), POB 631-C, Bridgetown, Barbados, Barbados. NR 30 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 8 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-281-9 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 2000 VL 916 BP 546 EP 554 PG 9 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences; Veterinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Veterinary Sciences GA BT09T UT WOS:000171939300068 PM 11193670 ER PT S AU George, JE AF George, JE BE House, JA Kocan, KM Gibbs, EPJ TI Present and future technologies for tick control SO TROPICAL VETERINARY DISEASES: CONTROL AND PREVENTION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE NEW WORLD ORDER SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Biennial Conference of the Society-for-Tropical-Veterinary-Medicine CY JUN 12-16, 1999 CL KEY WEST, FLORIDA SP Int Fdn Sci, Merial Anim Hlth, Minist Affaires Etrangres, USDA, ARS, USDA, APHIS, USDA, CSREES, USDA, FAS, USDA, T STAR, Univ Florida ID BOOPHILUS-MICROPLUS; FIELD CONDITIONS; CATTLE; EFFICACY; IXODIDAE; ACARI AB Arsenic dips were the first effective method for controlling ticks and tick-borne diseases, and were used in many parts or the world for over 50 years before resistance to the chemical became a problem. Until organochlorine products became available about 1946 as alternatives to arsenic, significant losses occurred in cattle herds exposed to arsenic-resistant tick strains. Since the discovery of organochlorines, virtually every chemical group of pesticides developed for the control of arthropods is represented among the list of products employed for the control of ticks on cattle. The evolution of tick resistance to acaricides has been a major determinant of the need for new products. The variety of procedures for treating animals with acaricides ranges from dipping cattle to injecting systemic acaricides, but regardless of the treatment method used, producers need to know and follow proper application procedures to derive maximum benefits. The possibility of stocking with cattle breeds that acquire pronounced resistance to ticks or using recombinant antigen antitick vaccines are the most promising alternatives to acaricides. Most ranchers depend completely on acaricides to control ticks, but do not have access to guidelines on how to make a profit from their tick control program or how to detect and resolve problems with resistance to acaricides. Extension programs are needed to help ranchers manage animal health problems, including how to control ticks and tick-borne diseases. C1 USDA ARS, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res La, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. RP George, JE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res La, 2700 Fredericksburg Rd, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. NR 22 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 3 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-281-9 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 2000 VL 916 BP 583 EP 588 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences; Veterinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Veterinary Sciences GA BT09T UT WOS:000171939300074 PM 11193677 ER PT S AU Barton, FE Himmelsbach, DS AF Barton, FE Himmelsbach, DS BE Ozaki, Y Noda, I TI The need for 2-D correlation in NIR spectroscopy SO TWO-DIMENSIONAL CORRELATION SPECTROSCOPY SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on 2-Dimensional Correlation Spectroscopy (2DCOS) CY AUG 29-SEP 01, 1999 CL KWANSEI GAKUIN UNIV, KOBE SANDA, JAPAN SP Kwansei Gakuin Univ HO KWANSEI GAKUIN UNIV ID INFRARED REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY; 2-DIMENSIONAL CORRELATION; FORAGE QUALITY; PROTEIN; CALIBRATION; WHEAT; RAMAN; OIL; IR AB Two-dimensional (2-D) vibrational correlation spectroscopy has now advanced to the stage of realizing many of its touted advantages. Those advantages primarily are: elucidation of chemical interactions of functional groups, simplification of complex spectra, enhancement of spectral resolution by spreading over the second dimension and establishing unambiguous assignments through cross-correlation. Three basic methods have been employed to attain these advantages: dynamical correlation, statistical correlation and canonical correlation analysis. The most popular of these has been dynamical correlation which requires a perturbation due to some stimulus that results in time-dependent fluctuations of spectra. These types of correlations may be applied to almost any form of spectroscopy, yet they have mostly been applied to what may be considered to be forms of high resolution spectroscopic methods, NMR and mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy. However, their usage is even more necessary in low resolution forms of spectroscopy. Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is a good example of such a low resolution form for which 2-D correlation spectroscopy is almost required in order to understand the interactions of fundamental vibrations originating in the MIR region, Also, NIR bands often display anharmonic effects making band assignments extremely difficult. There have been limited applications of 2-D correlation to NIR spectroscopy, but there is a need for many more. The results of some applications will be discussed,along with the future potential of this technique in NIR spectroscopy. C1 USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Barton, FE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 44 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-916-5 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2000 VL 503 BP 163 EP 172 PG 10 WC Spectroscopy SC Spectroscopy GA BP86C UT WOS:000086438900018 ER PT S AU Liu, YL Chen, YR Ozaki, Y AF Liu, YL Chen, YR Ozaki, Y BE Ozaki, Y Noda, I TI 2D Vis/NIR correlation spectroscopy of cooked chicken meats SO TWO-DIMENSIONAL CORRELATION SPECTROSCOPY SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on 2-Dimensional Correlation Spectroscopy (2DCOS) CY AUG 29-SEP 01, 1999 CL KWANSEI GAKUIN UNIV, KOBE SANDA, JAPAN SP Kwansei Gakuin Univ HO KWANSEI GAKUIN UNIV ID RAMAN AB Cooking of chicken meats was investigated by the generalized two-dimensional visible/near-infrared (2D Vis/NIR) correlation spectroscopy. Synchronous and asynchronous spectra in the 400-700 nm visible region suggested that the 445 and 560 am bands be ascribed to deoxymyoglobin and oxymyoglobin, and at least one of the 475, 520, and 585 nm bands is assignable to the denatured species (metmyoglobin). The asynchronous 2D NIR correlation spectrum showed that CH bands change their spectral intensities before the OH/NH groups during the cooking process, indicating that CH fractions are easily oxidized and degraded. In addition strong correlation peaks were observed correlating the bands in the risible and NIR spectral regions. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Liu, YL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-916-5 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2000 VL 503 BP 312 EP 315 PG 4 WC Spectroscopy SC Spectroscopy GA BP86C UT WOS:000086438900045 ER PT J AU Henson, KL Alleman, AR Kelley, LC Mahaffey, EA AF Henson, KL Alleman, AR Kelley, LC Mahaffey, EA TI Immunohistochemical characterization of estrogen and progesterone receptors in lymphoma of horses SO VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE horse; lymphoma; progesterone receptors ID STEROID-HORMONE RECEPTORS; BREAST-CANCER; BINDING-SITES; NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS; CELL LINES; LEUKEMIA; ANDROGEN; PANCREAS; EQUINE; SEX AB Immunohistochemical techniques were used to examine 29 cases of equine lymphoma for estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) expression. The lymphomas examined included T-cell-rich large B-cell lymphomas, B-cell neoplasms, and T-cell lymphomas. The individual cases were also classified according to the anatomic location of the tumors. One normal equine lymph node was also examined for ER and PR expression. All of the cases of equine lymphoma and the normal lymph node were negative for ER. A total of 16/29 (55%) PR-positive lymphomas were identified. Seven of the 12 (58%) T-cell-rich large B-cell lymphomas were positive, 7/11 (64%) B-cell tumors were positive, and 2/6 (33%) T-cell neoplasms were positive. Anatomically, 6/9 (66%) subcutaneous lymphomas were PR positive, 3/5 (60%) intrathoracic lymphomas were positive, 1/4 (25%) intra-abdominal lymphomas were positive, 2/5 (40%) intra-abdominal/intrathoracic lymphomas were positive, 1/2 (50%) upper airway lymphomas were positive, and 3/3 (100%) splenic lymphomas were positive. One case involving abdominal and thoracic tumors and leukemia was negative for PR expression. The normal lymph node contained a low percentage (1.9%) of PR-positive lymphocytes. The presence of BR in neoplastic equine lymphoid tissue indicates that these tumors may be responsive to serum progesterone. Also, identification of PR-positive cells in the normal lymph node suggests that PR may be constitutively expressed in normal equine lymphocytes. Further studies are needed to quantify PR levels in normal and malignant equine lymphoid tissue and to determine the usefulness of either progestin or antiprogestin drugs in the management of equine lymphoma. C1 Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Physiol Sci, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathol, Athens, GA USA. ARS, USDA, Athens, GA USA. RP Alleman, AR (reprint author), Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Physiol Sci, POB 100103C, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. NR 39 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY PI BATON ROUGE PA LOUISIANA STATE UNIV, SCHOOL VETERINARY MED, DEPT VETERINARY PATHOLOGY, BATON ROUGE, LA 70803 USA SN 0275-6382 J9 VET CLIN PATH JI Vet. Clin. Pathol. PY 2000 VL 29 IS 2 BP 40 EP 46 DI 10.1111/j.1939-165X.2000.tb00396.x PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 323AR UT WOS:000087543100002 PM 12070809 ER PT J AU Li, H Snowder, G O'Toole, D Crawford, TB AF Li, H Snowder, G O'Toole, D Crawford, TB TI Transmission of ovine herpesvirus 2 among adult sheep SO VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ovine herpesvirus 2; herpesvirus; sheep-viruses; transmission ID MALIGNANT CATARRHAL FEVER; LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; VIRUS; INFECTION; RUMINANTS; AGENT; PCR AB Previous studies from this laboratory have defined the pattern of acquisition of ovine herpesvirus 2 (OHV-2) in lambs under natural flock conditions. This study examined the question of whether OHV-2 could be transmitted between adult sheep. Two potential routes of transmission were examined: (1) direct inoculation of either viable leukocytes or whole blood from OHV-2 positive sheep, and (2) horizontal transmission through natural contact with OHV-2 positive sheep. Two groups of OHV-2 negative adult sheep were inoculated with material from infected sheep, one with 5 x 10(8) viable peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL), and the other with 100 ml of whole peripheral blood. No PCR signals were detected in any of the three sheep inoculated with the PBL during the 20 weeks following inoculation, In the group of five sheep inoculated with whole blood, two became PCR-positive at 7 and 8 weeks post-inoculation, respectively, and the remaining three sheep maintained their negative status until termination of the experiment at 20 weeks post-inoculation. In two experiments conducted in different flocks, a total of 20 adult sheep were used to examine horizontal transmission by contact; all animals became PCR-positive within 12 months of mixing the uninfected and infected animals. The results of these experiments support two conclusions. First, the susceptibility to OHV-2 is not limited to young lambs; adult sheep remain fully susceptible. Second, the fact that whole blood, but not PBL, from infected sheep was able to transmit the infection to only two of five inoculated sheep suggests that the infection in peripheral blood cells may be largely non-productive. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS Pathol, Anim Dis Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. USDA ARS, US Sheep Expt Stn, Dubois, ID 83423 USA. Univ Wyoming, Wyoming State Vet Lab, Laramie, WY 82070 USA. RP Crawford, TB (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 20 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1135 J9 VET MICROBIOL JI Vet. Microbiol. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 71 IS 1-2 BP 27 EP 35 DI 10.1016/S0378-1135(99)00160-1 PG 9 WC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences SC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences GA 277RM UT WOS:000084947400003 PM 10665531 ER PT J AU Gidlewski, T Cheville, NF Rhyan, JC Miller, LD Gilsdorf, MJ AF Gidlewski, T Cheville, NF Rhyan, JC Miller, LD Gilsdorf, MJ TI Experimental Brucella abortus induced abortion in a llama: Pathologic effects SO VETERINARY PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE abortion; Brucella abortus; llamas; pathology ID PATHOGENESIS; PLACENTITIS AB Brucella abortus infection has not been documented in llamas. This report describes the abortion of the only pregnant animal in a group of 12. The llama was infected by inoculating 1 x 10(8) viable B. abortus organisms into the conjunctival sac. Forty-three days postinfection, the llama aborted a fetus of approximately 8 months gestational age. Brucella organisms were isolated from the placenta and all fetal specimens examined. These organisms were also isolated from the dam's mammary gland and numerous lymph nodes when the llama was necropsied 42 days later. Microscopically, there was a moderate, multifocal, lymphocytic and histiocytic, subacute placentitis with marked loss of trophoblastic epithelial cells. The superficial chorioallantoic stroma contained abundant necrotic and mineralized debris as well as numerous swollen capillaries protruding multifocally from the denuded surface. Immunohistochemistry revealed that these capillaries, as well as sloughed and intact trophoblasts, were expanded by large numbers of Brucella organisms. Brucellar antigen was also detected in occasional macrophages in the fetal kidney and lung. Ultrastructurally, bacteria labeled by an antibody-based colloidal gold procedure were located within degenerate capillaries, within necrotic leukocytes, and extracellularly in the placental stroma. C1 USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Vet Serv, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Gidlewski, T (reprint author), USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Vet Serv, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 13 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER COLL VET PATHOLOGIST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0300-9858 J9 VET PATHOL JI Vet. Pathol. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 37 IS 1 BP 77 EP 82 DI 10.1354/vp.37-1-77 PG 6 WC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences SC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences GA 273TX UT WOS:000084724600010 PM 10643984 ER PT J AU Mengeling, WL Lager, KM AF Mengeling, WL Lager, KM TI A brief review of procedures and potential problems associated with the diagnosis of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome SO VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Symposium on Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome and Aujeszkys Disease CY JUN 21-24, 1999 CL PLOUFRAGAN, FRANCE DE porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus; PRRSV; diagnosis; atypical PRRS AB Experience has shown that, for a number of reasons, a diagnosis of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is sometimes difficult. In this review we discuss: (1)field observations and laboratory tests that are useful in arriving at a definitive diagnosis; (2) the impact of so-called atypical PRRS on diagnostic procedures in North America; (3) the means by which diagnostic problems can often be circumvented by appropriate sample selection; and (4) methods used for presumptive identification of PRRS virus strains. C1 ARS, Virol Swine Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Mengeling, WL (reprint author), ARS, Virol Swine Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, 2300 Dayton Ave,POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 7 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 2 PU EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER PI PARIS CEDEX 15 PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS CEDEX 15, FRANCE SN 0928-4249 J9 VET RES JI Vet. Res. PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 BP 61 EP 69 DI 10.1051/vetres:2000057 PG 9 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 295MP UT WOS:000085971700007 PM 10726638 ER PT J AU Pogranichnyy, RM Yoon, KJ Harms, PA Swenson, SL Zimmerman, JJ Sorden, SD AF Pogranichnyy, RM Yoon, KJ Harms, PA Swenson, SL Zimmerman, JJ Sorden, SD TI Characterization of immune response of young pigs to porcine circovirus type 2 infection SO VIRAL IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MULTISYSTEMIC WASTING SYNDROME; SINGLE-STRANDED-DNA; DISEASE; EPIDEMIOLOGY; ANTIBODIES; PIGLETS; VIRUSES; LESIONS AB A longitudinal study was conducted to characterize the immune response of young swine to infection with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2). Five 8-week-old cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived pigs were inoculated intranasally and intramuscularly with a field isolate of PCV-2 at a concentration of 10(4) TCID50/mL, Along with monitoring for clinical signs and viremia, serum samples were collected from all pigs at day 0 and thereafter every 7 days postinoculation (PI) until the termination of the study on day 35 PI. No clinical signs were observed in any of the animals during the study period. In all pigs, PCV-2 was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in serum samples collected on days 7, 14, and 21 PI. Viral DNA and antigens were detected by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry in tonsil, spleen, medial iliac lymph nodes, and ileum collected from each pig at the end of the study. Collectively, naive young swine were shown to be susceptible to PCV-2 Virus-specific antibody was detected by an indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) assay on day 14 PI, but virus-neutralizing antibody was not detected until day 28 PI. As neutralizing antibodies developed, cross-reactivity with PCV type 1 (PCV-1) also developed on the PFA test. Western immunoblot analysis revealed three PCV-2 proteins with molecular masses of 28 kd, 28.5 kd, and 35 kd, The 35-kd protein was also demonstrated in PCV-1, suggesting that this protein induced the cross-reactivity between PCV types 1 and 2, Antibody to the 28-kd protein was detected on day 14 PI and later, indicating that this protein was the most immunogenic, Because of its immunogenicity and specificity to PCV-2, and 28-kd protein might provide the antigenic basis for the development of diagnostic tests for detection of PCV-2 antibody. C1 Iowa State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Diagnost & Prod Anim Med, Vet Diagnost Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA, Diagnost Virol Lab, Natl Vet Serv Labs, APHIS,VS, Ames, IA USA. RP Yoon, KJ (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Diagnost & Prod Anim Med, Vet Diagnost Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 30 TC 104 Z9 126 U1 0 U2 8 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 0882-8245 J9 VIRAL IMMUNOL JI Viral Immunol. PY 2000 VL 13 IS 2 BP 143 EP 153 DI 10.1089/vim.2000.13.143 PG 11 WC Immunology; Virology SC Immunology; Virology GA 328NP UT WOS:000087857200001 PM 10892995 ER PT S AU Jallas, E Martin, P Sequeira, R Turner, S Cretenet, M Gerardeaux, E AF Jallas, E Martin, P Sequeira, R Turner, S Cretenet, M Gerardeaux, E BE Heudin, JC TI Virtual COTONS (R), the firstborn of the next generation of simulation model SO VIRTUAL WORLDS SE LECTURE NOTES IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Virtual Worlds (VW 2000) CY JUL 05-07, 2000 CL INT INST MULTIMEDIA, PARIS, FRANCE SP IBM, CanalNumedia HO INT INST MULTIMEDIA ID COTTON AB Traditional plant architectural models or 'visualization models' propose to visually create realistic three-dimensional plants. The visualization is based on field sampling and the application of an algorithm to standardize the three-dimensional description of a plant. "L-systems" and the "Reference Axis" are two such approaches. Mechanistic or physiologically based models describe how a plant functions. They simulate physiologically realistic plants based on estimates of physiological development and growth. Their equations are derived from field experiments. In this study we integrated both modeling paradigms. We used functions and concepts obtained from mechanistic and architectural modeling theories and developed an integrated system. The resulting model allows vastly improved model output interpretation, use of the model as a surrogate experimental environment and to better integrate our knowledge about how plants grow into a unique system. The new model, named COTONS, produces "lifelike" plants, it symbolizes crop models for the next century. C1 CIRAD CA, Programme Coton, F-34032 Montpellier 1, France. ARS, USDA, CSRU, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. USDA, APHIS, CPHST, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. RP Jallas, E (reprint author), CIRAD CA, Programme Coton, BP 5035, F-34032 Montpellier 1, France. NR 19 TC 4 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-67707-0 J9 LECT NOTES ARTIF INT PY 2000 VL 1834 BP 235 EP 244 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BR08J UT WOS:000165606000022 ER PT J AU Seal, BS King, DJ Meinersmann, RJ AF Seal, BS King, DJ Meinersmann, RJ TI Molecular evolution of the Newcastle disease virus matrix protein gene and phylogenetic relationships among the paramyxoviridae SO VIRUS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE avian paramyxovirus; structural protein; veterinary virology; mononegavirales; viral evolution; emerging diseases; population genetics ID RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS; AMINO-ACID-SEQUENCES; PARAINFLUENZA TYPE-2 VIRUS; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; CLEAVAGE-ACTIVATION; FUSION GLYCOPROTEIN; MEMBRANE-PROTEIN; EXOTIC BIRDS; MUMPS-VIRUS; CLONING AB Matrix (M) gene sequences for recent field isolates and older reference Newcastle disease viruses (NDV) were examined to determine phylogenetic relationships and population trends among these viruses. Overall, the M gene has a majority of synonymous nucleotide sequence substitutions occurring among NDV isolates. However, several predicted amino acid changes in the M protein of specific NDV isolates have occurred that correlate to phylogenetic relationships. Nucleotide substitutions in these codons have a greater number of nonsynonymous base changes. The NDV isolates arising since the 1970s belong to a population of viruses that expanded worldwide at an exponential rate. These viruses may have their origins in free-living birds, are present worldwide, and continue to circulate causing disease in poultry. A specific NDV lineage composed of virulent isolates obtained in the US prior to 1970 appears to no longer exists among free-living birds or commercial poultry. However, "vaccine-like" viruses are common in the US and continue to circulate among commercial poultry. Based on M protein amino acid sequences, NDV separates as a clade most closely related to morbilliviruses and not with their current designated category, the rubulaviruses among the Paramyxoviridae. Consequently, avian paramyxoviruses should have their own taxonomic subfamily among the Paramyxovirinae. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, USDA, Athens, GA 30605 USA. ARS, Poultry Proc & Meat Qual Res Unit, USDA, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Seal, BS (reprint author), ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, USDA, 934 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 79 TC 50 Z9 57 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1702 J9 VIRUS RES JI Virus Res. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 66 IS 1 BP 1 EP 11 DI 10.1016/S0168-1702(99)00119-7 PG 11 WC Virology SC Virology GA 287VE UT WOS:000085526500001 PM 10653913 ER PT J AU Gundersen-Rindal, D Dougherty, EM AF Gundersen-Rindal, D Dougherty, EM TI Evidence for integration of Glyptapanteles indiensis polydnavirus DNA into the chromosome of Lymantria dispar in vitro SO VIRUS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE integration; transformation; polydnavirus; parasitoid; Lymantria dispar ID WASP CHELONUS-INANITUS; CAMPOLETIS-SONORENSIS; GENOME; HOST; VIRUS; TRANSMISSION; REPLICATION; BRACONIDAE; SEQUENCES; INFECTION AB Polydnaviruses replicate within calyx cells of the female ovaries of certain species of parasitic wasps and are required for the successful parasitization of lepidopteran hosts. These viruses, which have unusual double-stranded circular DNA segmented genomes, are integrated as proviruses into the genomes of their associated wasp hosts and are believed to be transmitted vertically through germline tissue. Here, by combined Southern hybridization, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays and viral sequence analyses we provide evidence that DNA originating from two distinct double-stranded circular segments of the polydnavirus genome from the braconid Glyptapanteles indiensis (GiPDV) integrates in vitro into the genome of cells derived from the natural host, Lymantria dispar. The G. indiensis polydnavirus DNA, as a result of its unique ability to be integrated in part into the chromosome of cells derived from its lepidopteran host, has potential to be developed as an in vitro cell transformation system. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Gundersen-Rindal, D (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Room 214,Bldg 011A,BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 31 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1702 J9 VIRUS RES JI Virus Res. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 66 IS 1 BP 27 EP 37 DI 10.1016/S0168-1702(99)00125-2 PG 11 WC Virology SC Virology GA 287VE UT WOS:000085526500003 PM 10653915 ER PT B AU Wood, CA AF Wood, CA BE Sedjo, RA TI The next decade of the Forest Service - Does the past hold the key to the future? SO VISION FOR THE US FOREST SERVICE: GOALS FOR ITS NEXT CENTURY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on a Vision for the Future - Where Should the Forest Service be in 2009, and How Might It Get There CY APR 29-30, 1999 CL RESOURCES FUTURE, WASHINGTON, D.C. HO RESOURCES FUTURE C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Wood, CA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU RESOURCES FOR THE FUTURE INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1616 P STREET NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA BN 1-891853-02-3 PY 2000 BP 49 EP 56 PG 4 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BR77X UT WOS:000167495200004 ER PT B AU Peterson, RM AF Peterson, RM BE Sedjo, RA TI Discussion - Does the Forest Service have a future? SO VISION FOR THE US FOREST SERVICE: GOALS FOR ITS NEXT CENTURY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on a Vision for the Future - Where Should the Forest Service be in 2009, and How Might It Get There CY APR 29-30, 1999 CL RESOURCES FUTURE, WASHINGTON, D.C. HO RESOURCES FUTURE C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU RESOURCES FOR THE FUTURE INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1616 P STREET NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA BN 1-891853-02-3 PY 2000 BP 191 EP 204 PG 4 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BR77X UT WOS:000167495200014 ER PT B AU Cole, DN AF Cole, DN GP USDA USDA TI Visitor use density and wilderness experiences: A historical review of research SO VISITOR USE DENSITY AND WILDERNESS EXPERIENCE: PROCEEDINGS SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Visitor Use Density and Wilderness Experience Workshop CY JUN, 2000 CL MISSOULA, MT SP Univ Montana, Sch Forestry, Wilderness Inst, USDA Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Aldo Leopold Wilderson Res Inst ID ENCOUNTER NORMS; CARRYING-CAPACITY; STANDARDS; RECREATION AB Considerable research on the relationship between use density and wilderness visitor experiences has been conducted over the past four decades. This paper focuses on early work on this topic, tracing the development and languishing of different research themes suggested by this early work. Research-particularly that conducted in the normative tradition-has contributed useful information to managers grappling with the imposition of use limits. However, traditional research approaches need to be supplemented with research conducted at both smaller and larger scales. Research on the opinions of communities of onsite recreation users needs to be complemented by research capable of better articulating the nature of the recreation experience, differentiating between subpopulations of users, and placing individual protected areas within larger regional contexts. C1 US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP Cole, DN (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, POB 8089, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. NR 56 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P JI USDA For. Ser. Rocky Mt. Res. Stat. Proc. PY 2000 IS 20 BP 11 EP 20 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BU32H UT WOS:000175696600002 ER PT B AU Sharratt, B Benoit, G Daniel, J AF Sharratt, B Benoit, G Daniel, J BE Kane, DL TI Groundwater recharge during spring thaw in the prairie pothole region SO WATER RESOURCES IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS, PROCEEDINGS SE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION TECHNICAL PUBLICATION SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT AWRA 2000 Spring Specialty Conference on Water Resources in Extreme Environments CY MAY 01-03, 2000 CL AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC, ALASKA STATE SECT, ANCHORAGE, AK SP Amer Water Resources Assoc, Univ Alaska Fairbanks Water & Environm Res Ctr, Alaska Power & Tel Co, BP Explorat, GW Sci, Harza Engn Co, Meridian Management Inc, Montgomery Watson, Oasis Environm Inc, Remote Utilities Syst Grp HO AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC, ALASKA STATE SECT DE macropore; snowmelt; infiltration ID SOILS AB Snowmelt is an important source for replenishing groundwater in cold regions. In the Prairie Pothole Region of North America, snowmelt collects in landscape depressions (forming temporary ponds) as a result of frozen soil impeding infiltration. These ponds drain and replenish groundwater during spring thaw. Little is known, however, about the dynamic changes in groundwater and the associated physical state of the soil that influences infiltration during snowmelt and spring thaw. The water table in a 2-ha landscape depression (prairie pothole) in west central Minnesota was monitored over three years. Tn addition, soil water content, snow cover, and soil frost depth were measured at 11 equidistant locations that traversed the major and minor axis of the pothole. Temporal changes in the water table were more apparent in the spring than at any other time of the year. In the spring, recharge occurred while the soil was frozen across the landscape depression. At locations in the bottom of the depression, an increase in water content throughout the soil profile occurred simultaneously with a rise in the water table. The rise in the water table appeared to expedite thawing from the bottom of the soil profile, but only at locations near the bottom of the depression. Recharge of groundwater within a prairie pothole during snowmelt is a seemingly localized process where surface water drains through thawed cracks or macropores located near the bottom of landscape depressions. The importance of these cracks and macropores in groundwater hydrology warrants further investigation into their abundance and formation. C1 USDA ARS, N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, Morris, MN 56267 USA. RP Sharratt, B (reprint author), USDA ARS, N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, Morris, MN 56267 USA. NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 W FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA J9 AM WAT RES PY 2000 VL 2000 IS 1 BP 115 EP 119 PG 5 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA BQ54P UT WOS:000088719600020 ER PT B AU Edwards, P Tranel, M Brease, P Sousanes, P AF Edwards, P Tranel, M Brease, P Sousanes, P BE Kane, DL TI Stream and river water quality in Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska SO WATER RESOURCES IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS, PROCEEDINGS SE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION TECHNICAL PUBLICATION SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT AWRA 2000 Spring Specialty Conference on Water Resources in Extreme Environments CY MAY 01-03, 2000 CL AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC, ALASKA STATE SECT, ANCHORAGE, AK SP Amer Water Resources Assoc, Univ Alaska Fairbanks Water & Environm Res Ctr, Alaska Power & Tel Co, BP Explorat, GW Sci, Harza Engn Co, Meridian Management Inc, Montgomery Watson, Oasis Environm Inc, Remote Utilities Syst Grp HO AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC, ALASKA STATE SECT DE geology; water quality; glacial-fed streams; clear streams; Alaska Range AB Water samples were collected from 91 sampling sites in 72 streams and rivers throughout Denali National Park and Preserve from 1994-1997. Clear and glacier-fed streams on both the north and south sides of the Alaska Range were sampled for water quality. Analyses included pH, electrical conductivity, chloride, nitrate, sulfate, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, ammonium, alkalinity, turbidity, and suspended sediment. Instantaneous now also was measured at the time of sample collection. Virtually all samples were alkaline (pH>7). North side waters had significantly higher (alpha=0.05) pH, alkalinity, conductivity, and ionic concentrations than south side waters. Only 1 north side sample had a pH<7.00. On the north side, mean ionic concentrations were relatively comparable between glacier-fed and clear water streams. Significant differences in chemical concentrations existed between glacier-fed and clear water streams on the south side. Neither suspended sediment nor turbidity differed significantly between north and south side clear water streams. However, turbidity and suspended sediment were significantly greater in north side glacier-fed streams than south side glacier-fed streams. Chemical and sediment characteristics and differences are attributed largely to geology. Streams traversing marine sedimentary rocks had higher dissolved ion concentrations than those traversing weather-resistant granitic rocks. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Parsons, WV 26287 USA. RP Edwards, P (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, POB 404, Parsons, WV 26287 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 W FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA J9 AM WAT RES PY 2000 VL 2000 IS 1 BP 203 EP 207 PG 5 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA BQ54P UT WOS:000088719600034 ER PT B AU Richardson, CW Harmel, RD AF Richardson, CW Harmel, RD BE Kane, DL TI Validation of a weather generation model for Alaska SO WATER RESOURCES IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS, PROCEEDINGS SE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION TECHNICAL PUBLICATION SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT AWRA 2000 Spring Specialty Conference on Water Resources in Extreme Environments CY MAY 01-03, 2000 CL AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC, ALASKA STATE SECT, ANCHORAGE, AK SP Amer Water Resources Assoc, Univ Alaska Fairbanks Water & Environm Res Ctr, Alaska Power & Tel Co, BP Explorat, GW Sci, Harza Engn Co, Meridian Management Inc, Montgomery Watson, Oasis Environm Inc, Remote Utilities Syst Grp HO AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC, ALASKA STATE SECT DE weather; simulation; daily; Alaska AB Weather data are essential for most water management applications. Weather records are often of short duration, obtained at locations different from the area for which weather data are needed, or do not contain all the variables required for a given application. The scarcity of weather data is particularly true in Alaska due to the extreme climate and widely spread weather observation sites. Weather generation models are capable of providing synthetic data that can be used as a surrogate for actual data if the models are properly developed. This paper describes the development and validation of a weather generation model for Alaska(WGENAL). WGENAL is based on a model that was developed for the 48 conterminous states and was adapted to describe the extreme weather of Alaska. The WGENAL model generates daily values of precipitation, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, solar radiation, and wind speed. Weather data generated with WGENAL are compared with actual data for specific sites. In general, the generated data compare very favorably with the actual data. C1 USDA ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, Temple, TX 76502 USA. RP Richardson, CW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, 808 E Blackland Rd, Temple, TX 76502 USA. RI Harmel, Daren/L-5162-2013 NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 W FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA J9 AM WAT RES PY 2000 VL 2000 IS 1 BP 237 EP 241 PG 5 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA BQ54P UT WOS:000088719600040 ER PT J AU Glahn, JF Reinhold, DS Sloan, CA AF Glahn, JF Reinhold, DS Sloan, CA TI Recent population trends of Double-crested Cormorants wintering in the delta region of Mississippi: Responses to roost dispersal and removal under a recent depredation order SO WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE channel catfish; depredation control; Double-crested Cormorant; Ictalurus punctatus; Mississippi; Phalacrocorax auritus; wintering populations ID CATFISH INDUSTRY; IMPACT AB The purpose of this study was to examine recent trends in cormorant wintering populations and their economic impact in the delta region of Mississippi and to examine the response of these populations to management efforts directed at reducing their predation on channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). We monitored Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) populations in the delta region of Mississippi through the use of midwinter ground counts and aerial surveys during the winters of 1995-96 through 1998-99 and surveyed the reported take of cormorants hv catfish farmers in the region under the recently-enacted Cormorant Depredation Order. This order issued by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in March, 1998 allowed catfish farmers in the region to kill unlimited numbers of cormorants seen causing depredations at their farms. Despite roost dispersal programs and continued harassment of birds at farms, cormorant populations have significantly increased and based on ground counts have doubled from approximately 32,000 birds to more than 64,000 birds between 1995 and 1999. Mid-winter ground counts and aerial counts were highly correlated and the best linear prediction of ground counts (Y) from aerial counts (b) took the form Y = 1.55 b, (Y-intercept = 0). Roost dispersal programs continue to have the desired effect of shifting birds away from areas of highest catfish concentration, but these effects are temporary at best. However, without such programs, the impact of cormorant depredations on the catfish industry in 1997-98 and 1999-98 probably would have more than doubled compared to previous years. Catfish farmers in the delta region of Mississippi reported taking more cormorants under the Cormorant Depredation Order than previously reported under past depredation permits issued to individual farmers. The reported take of at least 9,557 birds by Mississippi catfish Farmers had no apparent impacts on wintering populations during 1998-99, Further monitoring of cormorant wintering populations over more of their wintering range is recommended. C1 USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Mississippi Field Stn, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. US Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Glahn, JF (reprint author), USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Mississippi Field Stn, PO Drawer 6099, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 28 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 5 PU WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0738-6028 J9 WATERBIRDS JI Waterbirds PY 2000 VL 23 IS 1 BP 38 EP 44 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 308EH UT WOS:000086697200005 ER PT J AU Jennings, JC Apel-Birkhold, PC Bailey, BA Anderson, JD AF Jennings, JC Apel-Birkhold, PC Bailey, BA Anderson, JD TI Induction of ethylene biosynthesis and necrosis in weed leaves by a Fusarium oxysporum protein SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend : Fr. f. sp erythroxyli; Malva neglecta Wallr., MALNE, common mallow; Cardaria draba L., CADDR, hoary cress; Papaver somniferum L., PAPSO, opium poppy; Acroptilon repens L. CENRE, Russian knapweed; Centaurea maculosa Lam., CENMA, spotted knapweed; Sonchus oleraceus L. SONOL, annual sowthistle; Abutilon theophrasti Medicus, ABUTH, velvetleaf; Centaurea solstitialis L. CENSO, yellow starthistle; Lycopersicon esculentum L. 'Bonnie best,' tomato; bioherbicide; elicitor; ethylene; silwet L-77; hairy vetch ID TRICHODERMA-VIRIDE XYLANASE; RACE-SPECIFIC ELICITORS; SP RADICIS-LYCOPERSICI; AFFINITY BINDING-SITE; ROOT-ROT PATHOGEN; F-SP ERYTHROXYLI; COCA VAR. COCA; CLADOSPORIUM-FULVUM; NICOTIANA-TABACUM; HYPERSENSITIVE RESPONSE AB A small assortment of microbial proteins have the ability to activate defense responses and induce necrosis in plant cells through cell signaling pathways. These proteins are of interest because of their potential use as bioherbicides and inducers of plant resistance in agriculture. A 24-kDa protein (Nep1) was purified from culture filtrates of Fusarium oxysporum, and the effects of this protein on weed leaves were investigated. This protein induced necrosis in detached leaves of Papaver somniferum, Lycopersicon esculentum, Malva neglecta, and Acroptilon repens when taken up through the petiole. The pattern and level of necrosis were dependent on the plant species. Treatment with Nep1 induced the production of ethylene in isolated leaves of various species, and the level of ethylene response was shown to be correlated to the concentration of the protein. Pretreating leaves of I! somniferum, L. esculentum, M. neglecta, and Cardaria draba with 100 mu l L(-1) ethylene enhanced the protein induction of ethylene biosynthesis in those leaves. Application of Nep1 (200 nM) as a spray to intact plants of Abutilon theophrasti, P. somniferum, Centaurea solstitialis, Centaurea maculosa, and Sonchus oleraceus resulted in extensive necrosis of leaves within 48 h. The results of this research are supplemental to our understanding of the role of specific polypeptides in plant/microbe interactions and demonstrates for the first time chat a fungal protein can cause extensive necrosis when applied to weed species as a foliar spray. C1 ARS, Weed Sci Lab, USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, Biocontrol Plant Dis Lab, USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Jennings, JC (reprint author), ARS, Weed Sci Lab, USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM andersoj@ba.ars.usda.gov NR 38 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 8 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 48 IS 1 BP 7 EP 14 DI 10.1614/0043-1745(2000)048[0007:IOEBAN]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 294ZU UT WOS:000085941600003 ER PT J AU Donald, WW AF Donald, WW TI Alternative ways to control weeds between rows in weeded check plots in corn (Zea mays) and soybean (Glycine max) SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE corn, Zea mays L. ' Pioneer 3379 '; soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr. ' Pioneer 9381 '; mowing; rototilling; sustainable agriculture; tillage; SETFA ID WINTER-WHEAT; NO-TILLAGE; COMPETITION; INTERFERENCE; PANICUM AB Weeded check plots are an integral part of most weed control experiments. They provide a measure of the maximum crop yield without weed competition in a given site-year environment. The traditional way to create weeded check plots is to hoc and pull weeds by hand in the row and hoe weeds between rows. But erratic heavy rainfall can prevent timely hoeing. The objective of this experiment was to compare faster, less-laborious mechanized ways to control weeds between crop rows as alternatives to hoeing in corn and soybean. Hoeing, the traditional method for controlling weeds between crop rows, was compared with either repeated mowing using a cord-mower or a string-trimmer or shallow tilling with a rototiller between rows. Weeds growing in rows were controlled by hand-pulling and hoeing because the focus of the experiment was on speeding weed control between rows. All four methods for controlling weeds between crop rows were equally effective when measured as either corn or soybean yield, visual rating of weed control, or weed ground cover in two rears under contrasting rainfall patterns. Cord-mowing or string-trimming between rows was possible when soil was dry enough to walk upon but too wet to hoe or rototill. C1 Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Donald, WW (reprint author), Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, 269 Agr Eng Bldg, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 24 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0890-037X J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PD JAN-MAR PY 2000 VL 14 IS 1 BP 36 EP 44 DI 10.1614/0890-037X(2000)014[0036:AWTCWB]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 299WF UT WOS:000086220300006 ER PT J AU Anderson, RL AF Anderson, RL TI Ecology and interference of proso millet (Panicum miliaceum) in semi-arid corn SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE proso millet, Panicum milaceum L. #(3) PAMIL; corn, Zea mays L. ' Pioneer hybrid 3732 '; wheat, Triticum aestivum L.; critical period of interference; emergence period; transgenic corn; PAMIL ID ZEA-MAYS; WEED-CONTROL; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; GREAT-PLAINS; HERBICIDES; MANAGEMENT; SYSTEMS; YIELD; RESISTANCE; MODEL AB Producers in the semi-arid Great Plains are starting to grow corn in sequence with winter wheat and prose millet. However, volunteer prose millet (hereafter referred to as prose) is difficult to control in corn with conventional practices. This study characterized growth and interference of prose in corn to aid producers in developing control strategies. Prose seedlings began emerging May 18 with 78% of seasonal emergence occurring by June 22; initial prose emergence occurred within 2 wk of corn emergence in all years. Seed production was related to time of emergence; prose seedlings emerging in mid-May produced approximately 2,800 seeds per plant, whereas seedlings emerging 4 wk later produced 88% fewer seeds. Controlling prose in late June prevented loss of corn grain yield caused by competition. When corn was planted in early May, the height difference between corn and prose was sufficient to allow postemergence-directed applications of graminicides for prose control. Corn yield was highest when planted in early May. C1 USDA ARS, Cent Great Plains Res Stn, Akron, CO 80720 USA. RP Anderson, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Cent Great Plains Res Stn, Akron, CO 80720 USA. NR 24 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0890-037X J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PD JAN-MAR PY 2000 VL 14 IS 1 BP 45 EP 50 DI 10.1614/0890-037X(2000)014[0045:EAIOPM]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 299WF UT WOS:000086220300007 ER PT J AU Watts, DW Hall, JK AF Watts, DW Hall, JK TI Effects of conventional and mulch tillage on Dicamba transport SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Dicamba, 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid; corn, Zea mays L.; leaching; runoff; pan lysimeters ID RUNOFF LOSSES; SOIL; WATER; EXTRACTION; PESTICIDES; MOBILITY; RAINFALL; SYSTEM; CORN AB Leaching and runoff losses of the postemergence-applied herbicide dicamba were evaluated over a 3-yr period (1989 to 1991). Dicamba was applied at the recommended rate (0.56 kg ai/ha) to conventional and mulch tillage planted corn fields on Hagerstown silty clay loam (fine, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalf). Mulch tillage followed several years of no-tillage corn. Root zone leachates were collected utilizing pan lysimeters placed 1.2 m below the soil surface. Surface runoff was monitored and collected with an HS-flume and automated sampling equipment. Leaching was greatest during 1989, and runoff events were recorded only during this season. Leachate samples containing measurable levels of dicamba were obtained within 21 d of herbicide application or within slightly more than one soil half-life of this chemical. More dicamba leached under mulch tillage than conventional tillage management. Tillage rotation (no tillage to mulch tillage) did not alter the leaching loss potential of dicamba beneath the minimally tilled soil surface, as postulated, compared with the previous untilled surface. The mulch tillage surface reduced runoff water losses compared with conventional tillage, but early-season leaching activity, coupled with the minimal persistence of dicamba in soil, negated runoff transport of this herbicide from either tillage system when the first runoff event occurred 12 d after its application. C1 USDA ARS, Florence, SC 29501 USA. RP Watts, DW (reprint author), USDA ARS, 2611 W Lucas St, Florence, SC 29501 USA. NR 28 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 6 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0890-037X J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PD JAN-MAR PY 2000 VL 14 IS 1 BP 94 EP 99 DI 10.1614/0890-037X(2000)014[0094:EOCAMT]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 299WF UT WOS:000086220300014 ER PT J AU Tworkoski, TJ Welker, WV Vass, GD AF Tworkoski, TJ Welker, WV Vass, GD TI Soil residues following repeat applications of diuron, simazine, and terbacil SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE diuron, N '-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethylurea; simazine, 6-chloro-N,N '-diethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine; desethylsimazine, 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino-6-amino-s-triazine; di-desethylsimazine, 2-chloro-4,6-diamino-s-triazine; hydroxysimazine, 2-hydroxy-4,6-bis(ethyl-amino)-s-triazine; terbacil, 5-chloro-3-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-6-methyl-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione; herbicide movement ID HERBICIDE RESIDUES; GROUND-WATER; ATRAZINE; DEGRADATION; ORCHARD; MOVEMENT; PRODUCTS AB Diuron, simazine, and terbacil were applied in held plots annually from 1981 to 1995. Soil was sampled at selected times after herbicide application in 1993, 1994, and 1995 to determine herbicide residue changes with time and soil depth. Diuron residues were found mainly in the upper 20 cm of soil; residue concentration decreased exponentially with time. Less than 1% of the initial concentration after application in summer was present the following spring. Terbacil residues were found in soil below the upper 20 cm. Terbacil degraded more slowly than diuron, and residues in spring were less than 30% the level of the previous summer. Simazine plus hydroxysimazine soil residues were present in all depths to 100 cm and were higher than diuron or terbacil at these depths. Simazine plus hydroxysimazine residues in spring were nearly 40% the level of the previous summer. With all three herbicides, soil residues were greatest in the upper 20 cm of soil during 2 to 3 wk following application. Data confirmed that diuron did not leach, whereas simazine can migrate through the soil. Terbacil migrated intermediately in depth relative to diuron and simazine. After 15 annual applications, herbicide residues were present but were not accumulating. C1 ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, USDA, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Tworkoski, TJ (reprint author), ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, USDA, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 26 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 4 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0890-037X J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PD JAN-MAR PY 2000 VL 14 IS 1 BP 191 EP 196 DI 10.1614/0890-037X(2000)014[0191:SRFRAO]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 299WF UT WOS:000086220300029 ER PT J AU Tworkoski, TJ Welker, WV Vass, GD AF Tworkoski, TJ Welker, WV Vass, GD TI Weed community changes following diuron, simazine, or terbacil application SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE diuron, N '-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethylurea; simazine, 6-chloro-N,N '-diethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine; terbacil, 5-chloro-3-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-6-methyl-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione; ailanthus, Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle. #(3) AILAL; tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreb. # FESAR; fruit orchards; selection; weed shifts; cheat; poison ivy; johnsongrass; yellow foxtail ID SETARIA AB Diuron, simazine, and terbacil were applied together or separately in the field each May from 1981 through 1996. Weed control was over 90% in 1981 and 1982, but by 1984 weeds increased in plots treated with diuron and simazine. Weed abundance was relatively low from 1981 through 1996 in plots treated with terbacil. Broadleaf and grass species abundance was similar in most herbicide-treated plots from 1992 through 1996. Perennial species, particularly fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and ailanthus (Ailanthus altissima), dominated sites treated with diuron and simazine. The weed community changed within 3 yr of the implementation of the weed management program that relied solely on herbicides. A relatively stable weed community persisted from 1992 through 1996. Repeated use of the combined high rate of diuron and low rate of terbacil provided excellent weed control for 15 yr. C1 ARS, USDA, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Tworkoski, TJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 13 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 3 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0890-037X J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PD JAN-MAR PY 2000 VL 14 IS 1 BP 197 EP 203 DI 10.1614/0890-037X(2000)014[0197:WCCFDS]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 299WF UT WOS:000086220300030 ER PT J AU Reddy, KN Whiting, K AF Reddy, KN Whiting, K TI Weed control and economic comparisons of glyphosate-resistant, sulfonylurea-tolerant, and conventional soybean (Glycine max) systems SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE acifluorfen, 5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxyl-2-nitrobenzoic acid; bentazon, 3-(1-methylethyl)-(1H)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide; chlorimuron, 2-[[[[(4-chloro-6-methoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)amino]lcarbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]b enzoic acid; glyphosate, N-(phosphonomethyl); glycine; imazaquin, 2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4; (1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imadazol-2-yl]-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid; SAN 582 (proposed common name, dimethenamid), 2-chloro-N-(2,4-dimethyl-3-thienyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide ; browntop millet, Brachiaria ramosa (L.) Stapf #(3) PANRA; hemp sesbania, Sesbania exaltata (Raf.) Rydb. ex AW Hill # SEBEX; hyssop spurge, Euphorbia hyssopifolia L. # EPHHS; pitted morningglory, Ipomoea lacunos L. # IPOLA; prickly sida, Sida spinosa L. # SIDSP; sicklepod, Senna obtusifolia (L.) Irwin and Barneby # CASOB; yellow nutsedge, Cyperus esculentus L. # CYPES; soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr, 'DP 5806 RR', 'DP 3571 S', 'DP 3588'; CASOB; CYPES; EPHHS; IPOLA; PANRA; SEBEX; SIDSP ID CHLORIMURON; HERBICIDES; MIXTURES AB A field study was conducted over 2 yr to compare efficacy and economics of glyphosate-resistant, sulfonylurea-tolerant, and conventional soybean (Glycine max) weed control programs. Herbicide programs in the three soybean systems provided at least 90% control of browntop millet (Brachiaria ramosa), prickly sida (Sida spinosa), yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus), pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa), and hemp sesbania (Sesbania exaltata) in most cases and postemergence (POST)-only programs were as effective as preemergence (PRE) followed by POST programs. Control of hyssop spurge (Euphorbia hyssopifolia) ranged from 93 to 100% in glyphosate-resistant soybean and from 88 to 100% in conventional soybean, but control was 60 to 100% in sulfonylurea-tolerant soybean. Sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia) control was at least 91% in glyphosate-resistant and sulfonylurea-tolerant soybean but was 81% for the standard SAN 582 plus imazaquin PRE and acifluorfen plus bentazon early POST treatment in conventional soybean. In glyphosate-resistant soybean, glyphosate applied sequentially resulted in an average yield of 3,020 kg/ha with a net return of $407/ha. In sulfonylurea-tolerant soybean, chlorimuron applied sequentially yielded 2,500 kg/ha with a net return of $271/ha. Conventional soybean yield with the standard herbicide program was 2,770 kg/ha with a net return of $317/ha. Yields for the cultivars were equivalent when the same standard herbicide program was used. When weed control is satisfactory and herbicide costs relatively comparable, yield potential of the cultivar and seed cost, including any technology fee, would be key factors in selecting a weed management system. C1 ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, USDA, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Reddy, KN (reprint author), ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, USDA, POB 350, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 29 TC 58 Z9 65 U1 6 U2 15 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0890-037X J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PD JAN-MAR PY 2000 VL 14 IS 1 BP 204 EP 211 DI 10.1614/0890-037X(2000)014[0204:WCAECO]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 299WF UT WOS:000086220300031 ER PT J AU Olson, RA Gores, JK Booth, DT Schuman, GE AF Olson, RA Gores, JK Booth, DT Schuman, GE TI Suitability of shrub establishment on Wyoming mined lands reclaimed for wildlife habitat SO WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE disturbed land; sagebrush; fourwing saltbush; community diversity ID BIG SAGEBRUSH AB Restoring coal mined land to pie-mining shrub cover, density height, community composition, and diversity to renew wildlife habitat quality is a priority for reclamation specialists. Long-term shrub reestablishment success on reclaimed mined land in Wyoming and suitability of these lands for wildlife habitat are unknown. Fourteen reclaimed study sites, 10 yr old or older, were selected on 8 mines in Wyoming to evaluate shrub reestablishment and wildlife habitat value for antelope (Antilocapra americana) and sage grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus). Five sites were categorized as fourwing saltbush (Airplex canescens) sites and 9 as fourwing saltbush/big sagebrush (A. canescens/Artemisia tridentata spp. wyomingensis) sites. Published data describing antelope and sage grouse-preferred habitat requirements in sage-brush-grassland ecosystems were used to evaluate shrub community value of sampled sites for wildlife habitat. Mean shrub canopy cover, density, and. height for fourwing saltbush sites were 5.8%, 0.23 m(-2), and 41.6 cm, respectively compared to 5.6%. 0.61 m(-2), and 31.1 cm for fourwing saltbush/big sagebrush sites. Two fourwing saltbush and 4 fourwing saltbush/big sagebrush sites provided sufficient cover for antelope, while 2 fourwing saltbush and a fourwing saltbush/big sagebrush sites were adequate for sage grouse. Only 1 fourwing saltbush/big sagebrush site provided high enough shrub densities for sage grouse. One fourwing saltbush and 7 fourwing saltbush/big sagebrush sites provided ample shrub heights For antelope, while 1 fourwing saltbush and 8 fourwing saltbush/big sagebrush sites were sufficient for sage grouse, One fourwing saltbush and 1 fourwing saltbush/big sagebrush site provided enough grass, forb,, and shrub composition for antelope, while no site in either reclamation type was satisfactory for sage grouse. Shrub diversity was 3 times higher for fourwing saltbush/big sagebrush sites (0.984) than for fourwing saltbush sites (0.328). Individually, sites seeded with multiple shrub species had higher canopy cover, density, and diversity compared with single-species shrub seedings. Achieving pre mining shrub cover, density, height, community composition, and diversity within existing bond-release time frames is unrealistic, considering that some native shrublands require 30-60 yr to reach maturity. C1 Univ Wyoming, Dept Renewable Resources, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. USDA ARS, High Plains Grasslands Res Stn, Cheyenne, WY 82009 USA. RP Olson, RA (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, Dept Renewable Resources, Box 3354,Univ Stn, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. NR 51 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 7 PU BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV PI PROVO PA 290 LIFE SCIENCE MUSEUM, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 1527-0904 J9 WEST N AM NATURALIST JI West. North Am. Naturalist PD JAN PY 2000 VL 60 IS 1 BP 77 EP 92 PG 16 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 305AC UT WOS:000086515800007 ER PT J AU Uresk, DW Edminster, CB Severson, KE AF Uresk, DW Edminster, CB Severson, KE TI Wood and understory production under a range of ponderosa pine stocking levels, Black Hills, South Dakota SO WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE ponderosa pine; growing stock levels; stemwood production; understory production AB Stemwood and understory production (kg ha(-1)) mere estimated during 3 nonconsecutive years on 5 growing stock levels of ponderosa pine including clearcuts and unthinned stands. Stemwood production was consistently greater at mid- and higher pine stocking levels, and understory production was greater in stands with less pine; however, there were no differences in total (stemwood + understory) production. Based on loss of productivity there is no argument that small clearcuts and unthinned stands should not be included in site plans. They contribute significantly to community structure, particularly to plant and animal species richness. C1 USDA Forest Serv, Rocky Mtn Res Stn, Ctr Great Plains Ecosyst Res, Rapid City, SD 57701 USA. USDA Forest Serv, Rocky Mtn Res Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Uresk, DW (reprint author), USDA Forest Serv, Rocky Mtn Res Stn, Ctr Great Plains Ecosyst Res, S Dakota Sch Mines & Technol Campus, Rapid City, SD 57701 USA. NR 19 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV PI PROVO PA 290 LIFE SCIENCE MUSEUM, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 1527-0904 J9 WEST N AM NATURALIST JI West. North Am. Naturalist PD JAN PY 2000 VL 60 IS 1 BP 93 EP 97 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 305AC UT WOS:000086515800008 ER PT B AU Hoag, JC AF Hoag, JC BE Means, JL Hinchee, RE TI Constructed wetland systems in the arid and semi-arid west to treat irrigation wastewater SO WETLANDS & REMEDIATION: AN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Wetlands and Remediation Conference CY NOV 16-17, 1999 CL SALT LAKE CITY, UT SP Battelle Mem Inst, US Dept Def, Environm Secur Technol Certificat Program, Strateg EnvironmRes & Dev, Morrison Knudsen Corp, USN, Naval Facilities Engn Command, Parsons Engn Sci Inc AB A Constructed Wetland System (CWS) for water quality improvement of irrigation wastewater is designed to mimic a natural wetland's purification processes that remove a variety of nutrients, sediment, and other contaminants. The System is designed to include 5 components: 1) Sediment Basin, 2) Primary Filter, 3) Shallow Wetland, 4) Deep Water Pond, and 5) Final Filter. Each component is specifically sized to reduce or remove various contaminants from the wastewater as it makes its way through the system and returns to surface or ground water. The actual size of each component is based on contaminant levels (e.g. nitrogen, phosphorous, or total suspended solids) in the water, hydraulic loading rates, and water retention time. The System is not meant to replace proper on-farm management, only to supplement it, especially in situations where no other cost-effective alternatives are available. Existing Systems in warmer areas of the US have produced removal efficiencies of 66 to 95% for nitrogen, total phosphorous, and total suspended solids. However, in the Arid and Semi-arid West, few systems have been built. These ecoregions pose special problems for the operation of a year-round CWS. The first problem is that this area receives 10-25 cm (4-10 inches) total annual precipitation, most of which comes in the form of snow. This natural precipitation must be supplemented with irrigation water if crops are to be economically produced. Enough moisture to allow most wetland plants to survive and spread is only available from April through October when water is turned into the irrigation system. Temperature extremes are also a problem. Many of the wetland plants that have been used in other CWSs for water quality improvement in the eastern and southern United States do not grow in the typical weather extremes of the drier West. So, other wetland species must be used to efficiently operate a CWS during the irrigation season and yet survive with almost no water through the fall, winter, and early spring. Three Constructed Wetland Systems for water quality improvement of irrigation wastewater were built in the Magic Valley of Idaho in 1994, 1995, and 1996. The Nature Conservancy CWS is the oldest CWS. Preliminary data indicates that in it has a removal efficiency of 88% of Total Suspended Solids, 72.5% Total Phosphorous, 73.4% Ortho-phosphorous, and 65% nitrogen. Preliminary data indicates that the Cedar Draw CWS has a removal efficiency of 65.2% TSS, 43.2% TP, 16% OF, and 16% N (very limited sampling data). CSI CWS is the youngest wetland and little sampling has been completed on it. The plant communities have filled in significantly since planting with a few problems associated with water control. C1 USDA, NRCS, PMC, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. RP Hoag, JC (reprint author), USDA, NRCS, PMC, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 USA BN 1-57477-089-6 PY 2000 BP 295 EP 300 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BQ66X UT WOS:000089140400038 ER PT S AU Graybosch, RA AF Graybosch, RA BE Shewry, PR Tatham, AS TI Improved quality 1RS wheats via genetics and breeding SO WHEAT GLUTEN SE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CHEMISTRY SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Wheat Gluten Workshop CY APR 02-06, 2000 CL UNIV BRISTOL, BRISTOL, ENGLAND HO UNIV BRISTOL C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Graybosch, RA (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0260-6291 BN 0-85404-865-0 J9 ROY SOC CH PY 2000 IS 261 BP 11 EP 15 DI 10.1039/9781847552372-00011 PG 5 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA BS68G UT WOS:000170831100002 ER PT S AU Tilley, M Bean, SR Seib, PA Sears, RG Lookhart, GL AF Tilley, M Bean, SR Seib, PA Sears, RG Lookhart, GL BE Shewry, PR Tatham, AS TI PCR amplification and DNA sequencing of high molecular weight glutenin subunits 43 and 44 from Triticum tauschii accession TA2450 SO WHEAT GLUTEN SE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CHEMISTRY SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Wheat Gluten Workshop CY APR 02-06, 2000 CL UNIV BRISTOL, BRISTOL, ENGLAND HO UNIV BRISTOL ID D-GENOME; WHEAT; GENES C1 USDA ARS, GMPRC, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Tilley, M (reprint author), USDA ARS, GMPRC, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. NR 10 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0260-6291 BN 0-85404-865-0 J9 ROY SOC CH PY 2000 IS 261 BP 105 EP 108 DI 10.1039/9781847552372-00105 PG 4 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA BS68G UT WOS:000170831100023 ER PT S AU DuPont, FM Altenbach, SB Chan, R Cronin, K Lieu, D AF DuPont, FM Altenbach, SB Chan, R Cronin, K Lieu, D BE Shewry, PR Tatham, AS TI Interactions between fertilizer, temperature and drought in determining flour composition and quality for bread wheat SO WHEAT GLUTEN SE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CHEMISTRY SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Wheat Gluten Workshop CY APR 02-06, 2000 CL UNIV BRISTOL, BRISTOL, ENGLAND HO UNIV BRISTOL ID GLUTENIN; PROTEINS C1 USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP DuPont, FM (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 4 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0260-6291 BN 0-85404-865-0 J9 ROY SOC CH PY 2000 IS 261 BP 488 EP 491 DI 10.1039/9781847552372-00488 PG 4 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA BS68G UT WOS:000170831100107 ER PT B AU Cole, DN McCool, SF Parsons, DJ Brown, FJ AF Cole, DN McCool, SF Parsons, DJ Brown, FJ BE Cole, DN McCool, SF Freimund, W OLoughlin, J TI Wilderness science in a time of change: A conference SO WILDERNESS SCIENCE IN A TIME OF CHANGE CONFERENCE, VOL 1: CHANGING PERSPECTIVES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Wilderness Science in a Time of Change Conference CY MAY 23-27, 1999 CL MISSOULA, MT SP Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, Arthur Carhart Natl Wilderness Training Ctr, Bur Land Management, USDA Forest Serv Res, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Humboldt State Univ, Coll Nat Resources, Natl Outdoor Leadership Sch, Natl Pk Serv, Parks Canada, SUNY Syracuse, Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, Unin Montana, Sch Forestry, Wilderness Inst, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, US Geolog Survey, Biol Resources Div C1 US Forest Serv, Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP Cole, DN (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, POB 8089, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. NR 2 TC 80 Z9 80 U1 0 U2 1 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P PY 2000 VL 1 IS 15 BP 1 EP 4 PG 4 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BQ99V UT WOS:000165332500001 ER PT B AU Stankey, GH AF Stankey, GH BE Cole, DN McCool, SF Freimund, W OLoughlin, J TI Future trends in society and technology: Implications for wilderness research and management SO WILDERNESS SCIENCE IN A TIME OF CHANGE CONFERENCE, VOL 1: CHANGING PERSPECTIVES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Wilderness Science in a Time of Change Conference CY MAY 23-27, 1999 CL MISSOULA, MT SP Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, Arthur Carhart Natl Wilderness Training Ctr, Bur Land Management, USDA Forest Serv Res, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Humboldt State Univ, Coll Nat Resources, Natl Outdoor Leadership Sch, Natl Pk Serv, Parks Canada, SUNY Syracuse, Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, Unin Montana, Sch Forestry, Wilderness Inst, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, US Geolog Survey, Biol Resources Div AB Judging the impact of social and technological trends on the future of wilderness is complex. Declining public trust, growing demands for scrutiny, a need to recognize the link between biophysical and socioeconomic systems, and the need for criteria to select among alternative futures challenge us. A burgeoning global population will increase resource impacts, but more critically, the growing gap between haves and have-nets will aggravate equity concerns. Future technological changes are problematic; they will enhance understanding of wilderness but also make it more accessible. We lack ethical frameworks for resolving such dilemmas; what we can do will almost always outpace our ability to decide what we should do. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Stankey, GH (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 65 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P JI USDA For. Ser. Rocky Mt. Res. Stat. Proc. PY 2000 VL 1 IS 15 BP 10 EP 23 PG 14 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BQ99V UT WOS:000165332500003 ER PT B AU Cole, DN Hammitt, WE AF Cole, DN Hammitt, WE BE Cole, DN McCool, SF Freimund, W OLoughlin, J TI Wilderness management dilemmas: Fertile ground for wilderness management research SO WILDERNESS SCIENCE IN A TIME OF CHANGE CONFERENCE, VOL 1: CHANGING PERSPECTIVES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Wilderness Science in a Time of Change Conference CY MAY 23-27, 1999 CL MISSOULA, MT SP Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, Arthur Carhart Natl Wilderness Training Ctr, Bur Land Management, USDA Forest Serv Res, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Humboldt State Univ, Coll Nat Resources, Natl Outdoor Leadership Sch, Natl Pk Serv, Parks Canada, SUNY Syracuse, Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, Unin Montana, Sch Forestry, Wilderness Inst, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, US Geolog Survey, Biol Resources Div ID RESOURCE-MANAGEMENT; ENCOUNTER NORMS; NATURALNESS; STANDARDS; THREATS; IMPACTS; RIVER AB Increasingly, wilderness managers must choose between the objective of wildness ("untrammeled" wilderness) and the objectives of naturalness and solitude. This dilemma has surfaced with awareness of the pervasiveness of human influence in wilderness and that regulation is often the only way to maintain outstanding opportunities for solitude. Should we trammel wilderness to compensate for unnatural effects of human activity or, to avoid trammeling wilderness, should we allow conditions to become increasingly unnatural? Should we restrict access and behavior to preserve opportunities for solitude, knowing this will exacerbate supply/demand problems and deny visitors a sense of freedom and spontaneity? This paper discusses this dilemma and opportunities for research in support of different objectives. C1 US Forest Serv, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP Cole, DN (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, Rocky Mt Res Stn, POB 8089, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. NR 35 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P PY 2000 VL 1 IS 15 BP 58 EP 63 PG 6 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BQ99V UT WOS:000165332500010 ER PT B AU More, TA Averill, JR Stevens, TH AF More, TA Averill, JR Stevens, TH BE McCool, SF Cole, DN Borrie, WT OLoughlin, J TI How valid are future generations' arguments for preserving wilderness? SO WILDERNESS SCIENCE IN A TIME OF CHANGE CONFERENCE, VOL 2: WILDERNESS WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF LARGER SYSTEMS SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Wilderness Science in a Time of Change Conference CY MAY 23-27, 1999 CL MISSOULA, MT SP Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, Arthur Carhart Natl Wilderness Training Ctr, Bur Land Management, USDA Forest Serv Res, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Humboldt State Univ, Coll Nat Resources, Natl Outdoor Leadership Sch, Natl Pk Serv, Parks Canada, SUNY Syracuse, Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, Unin Montana, Sch Forestry, Wilderness Inst, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, US Geolog Survey, Biol Resources Div AB We are often urged to preserve wilderness for the sake of future generations. Future generations consist of potential persons who are mute stakeholders in the decisions of today. Many claims about the rights of future generations or our present obligations to them have been vigorously advanced and just as vigorously denied. Recent theorists, however, have argued for a communitarian basis for these obligations, which emphasizes the need future generations will have for clean air, water, biodiversity, and the like. Such a move denies the traditional, liberal, anthropocentric reasons for wilderness preservation and sets up particular criteria for which lands should be preserved. In this paper, we review the arguments about future generations in relation to wilderness preservation. We conclude that these arguments are overly general and lack a solid rational base, making future generations arguments susceptible to misuse. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Burlington, VT 05402 USA. RP More, TA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, POB 968, Burlington, VT 05402 USA. NR 32 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P JI USDA For. Ser. Rocky Mt. Res. Stat. Proc. PY 2000 VL 2 IS 15 BP 81 EP 85 PG 5 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BQ99W UT WOS:000165332600010 ER PT B AU Fly, JM Jones, RE Cordell, HK AF Fly, JM Jones, RE Cordell, HK BE McCool, SF Cole, DN Borrie, WT OLoughlin, J TI Knowledge of and attitudes toward wilderness in the southern Appalachian ecoregion SO WILDERNESS SCIENCE IN A TIME OF CHANGE CONFERENCE, VOL 2: WILDERNESS WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF LARGER SYSTEMS SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Wilderness Science in a Time of Change Conference CY MAY 23-27, 1999 CL MISSOULA, MT SP Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, Arthur Carhart Natl Wilderness Training Ctr, Bur Land Management, USDA Forest Serv Res, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Humboldt State Univ, Coll Nat Resources, Natl Outdoor Leadership Sch, Natl Pk Serv, Parks Canada, SUNY Syracuse, Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, Unin Montana, Sch Forestry, Wilderness Inst, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, US Geolog Survey, Biol Resources Div AB Using two measures of knowledge of wilderness management practices, the general public does not appear to be very knowledgeable about activities allowed in federally designated wilderness areas. This lack of knowledge was found across all of the basic socio-demographic groups. Although two out of three people support setting aside more public lands as wilderness, only a small percent (14%) express strong support. People with a high school education or less, those employed in a natural resource-related job, rural residents and minorities were less supportive than their respective counterparts. C1 Dept Forestry Fisheries & Wildlife, Knoxville, TN 37701 USA. Dept Sociol, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Fly, JM (reprint author), Dept Forestry Fisheries & Wildlife, POB 1071, Knoxville, TN 37701 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 3 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P PY 2000 VL 2 IS 15 BP 201 EP 204 PG 4 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BQ99W UT WOS:000165332600025 ER PT B AU Keane, RE AF Keane, RE BE McCool, SF Cole, DN Borrie, WT OLoughlin, J TI The importance of wilderness to whitebark pine research and management SO WILDERNESS SCIENCE IN A TIME OF CHANGE CONFERENCE, VOL 3: WILDERNESS AS A PLACE FOR SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Wilderness Science in a Time of Change Conference CY MAY 23-27, 1999 CL MISSOULA, MT SP Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, Arthur Carhart Natl Wilderness Training Ctr, Bur Land Management, USDA Forest Serv Res, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Humboldt State Univ, Coll Nat Resources, Natl Outdoor Leadership Sch, Natl Pk Serv, Parks Canada, SUNY Syracuse, Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, Unin Montana, Sch Forestry, Wilderness Inst, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, US Geolog Survey, Biol Resources Div ID FIRE; ALBICAULIS; REGION AB Whitebark pine is a keystone species in upper subalpine forests of the northern Rocky Mountains, Cascades, and Sierra Nevada that has been declining because of recent mountain pine beetle and exotic blister rust epidemics, coupled with advancing succession resulting from fire exclusion. Whitebark pine and Wilderness have a mutually beneficial relationship because 1) half of whitebark. pine's range is in wilderness, 2) many wildlife species depend on whitebark pine ecosystems, 3) whitebark pine forests have high recreation value, and 4) whitebark pine landscapes contain unique ecological processes. Wilderness has not escaped the ravages of beetle, rust and fire exclusion, so restoration of these ecosystems may be warranted in some areas. The best wilderness restoration tool appears to be prescribed fires, especially management-ignited burns. This paper discusses whitebark pine ecology and the importance of the species to wilderness, and presents restoration treatments and management alternatives for these remote settings. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Fire Sci Lab, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP Keane, RE (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Fire Sci Lab, POB 8089, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. EM bkeane/rmrs_missoula@fs.fed.us RI Lundquist, John/B-6433-2012 NR 63 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P JI USDA For. Ser. Rocky Mt. Res. Stat. Proc. PY 2000 VL 3 IS 15 BP 84 EP 92 PG 9 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BQ99X UT WOS:000165332700011 ER PT B AU Thurow, RF AF Thurow, RF BE McCool, SF Cole, DN Borrie, WT OLoughlin, J TI Dynamics of chinook salmon populations within Idaho's Frank Church Wilderness: Implications for persistence SO WILDERNESS SCIENCE IN A TIME OF CHANGE CONFERENCE, VOL 3: WILDERNESS AS A PLACE FOR SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Wilderness Science in a Time of Change Conference CY MAY 23-27, 1999 CL MISSOULA, MT SP Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, Arthur Carhart Natl Wilderness Training Ctr, Bur Land Management, USDA Forest Serv Res, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Humboldt State Univ, Coll Nat Resources, Natl Outdoor Leadership Sch, Natl Pk Serv, Parks Canada, SUNY Syracuse, Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, Unin Montana, Sch Forestry, Wilderness Inst, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, US Geolog Survey, Biol Resources Div ID BRITISH-COLUMBIA; COHO SALMON; STOCKS; REDDS; TROUT AB Research was begun in 1995 to describe factors influencing the spatial dynamics and persistence of federally listed chinook salmon within the Frank Church River of No Return Wilderness. Results addressed two objectives: 1) description of chinook salmon redd distributions, and 2) comparison of index and total redd counts. Annual redd counts ranged from 20 to 661, and 99% of redds were constructed in tributaries. Redds were observed at elevations between 1,140 and 2,070 m, with a majority (56%) >1,900 m. The distribution of redds deviated from a random pattern and fluctuated with adult salmon numbers. At lower adult escapements, redds were clustered in specific areas of a few watersheds. At higher escapements, fish constructed additional redds near previous clusters and also outside of clusters and in watersheds that were previously not utilized. Index area counts averaged 63% of total counts. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Boise, ID 83702 USA. RP Thurow, RF (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 316 E Myrtle, Boise, ID 83702 USA. NR 48 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P PY 2000 VL 3 IS 15 BP 143 EP 151 PG 9 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BQ99X UT WOS:000165332700018 ER PT B AU Landres, P AF Landres, P BE McCool, SF Cole, DN Borrie, WT OLoughlin, J TI A framework for evaluating proposals for scientific activities in wilderness SO WILDERNESS SCIENCE IN A TIME OF CHANGE CONFERENCE, VOL 3: WILDERNESS AS A PLACE FOR SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Wilderness Science in a Time of Change Conference CY MAY 23-27, 1999 CL MISSOULA, MT SP Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, Arthur Carhart Natl Wilderness Training Ctr, Bur Land Management, USDA Forest Serv Res, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Humboldt State Univ, Coll Nat Resources, Natl Outdoor Leadership Sch, Natl Pk Serv, Parks Canada, SUNY Syracuse, Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, Unin Montana, Sch Forestry, Wilderness Inst, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, US Geolog Survey, Biol Resources Div AB This paper presents a structured framework for evaluating proposals for scientific activities in wilderness. Wilderness managers receive proposals for scientific activities ranging from unobtrusive inventorying of plants and animals to the use of chainsaws and helicopters for collecting information. Currently, there is no consistent process for evaluating proposals, resulting in confused and frustrated scientists and managers, as well as lost opportunities for gaining valuable information about a wilderness. The framework presented here is based on two premises: that both benefits and impacts are fully considered, and that communication between scientists and managers occurs at the beginning of the evaluation process. C1 US Forest Serv, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP Landres, P (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, POB 8089, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P PY 2000 VL 3 IS 15 BP 239 EP 245 PG 7 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BQ99X UT WOS:000165332700031 ER PT B AU Parsons, DJ AF Parsons, DJ BE McCool, SF Cole, DN Borrie, WT OLoughlin, J TI The challenge of scientific activities in wilderness SO WILDERNESS SCIENCE IN A TIME OF CHANGE CONFERENCE, VOL 3: WILDERNESS AS A PLACE FOR SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Wilderness Science in a Time of Change Conference CY MAY 23-27, 1999 CL MISSOULA, MT SP Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, Arthur Carhart Natl Wilderness Training Ctr, Bur Land Management, USDA Forest Serv Res, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Humboldt State Univ, Coll Nat Resources, Natl Outdoor Leadership Sch, Natl Pk Serv, Parks Canada, SUNY Syracuse, Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, Unin Montana, Sch Forestry, Wilderness Inst, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, US Geolog Survey, Biol Resources Div ID ECOSYSTEMS AB Science is an appropriate and necessary use of wilderness. The long-term protection of wilderness, including decisions related to the planning and management of wilderness resources, use and values, requires an understanding often available only through scientific investigation. In addition, wilderness provides opportunities for scientific understanding not available in other, less protected areas. Yet the acquisition of scientific information often requires activities that affect wilderness resources and values. Decisions about what scientific activities are appropriate and necessary in wilderness require consideration of apparently conflicting mandates, as well as the balancing of the benefits and impacts of proposed actions. Improved communication and cooperation between wilderness managers and scientists is necessary to assure the best possible science with the minimum possible impact. C1 US Forest Serv, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP Parsons, DJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, POB 8089, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. NR 32 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P PY 2000 VL 3 IS 15 BP 252 EP 257 PG 6 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BQ99X UT WOS:000165332700033 ER PT B AU Christensen, NA Cole, DN AF Christensen, NA Cole, DN BE Cole, DN McCool, SF Borrie, WT OLoughlin, J TI Leave no trace practices: Behaviors and preferences of wilderness visitors regarding use of cookstoves and camping away from lakes SO WILDERNESS SCIENCE IN A TIME OF CHANGE CONFERENCE, VOL 4: WILDERNESS VISTORS, EXPERIENCES, AND VISITOR MANAGEMENT SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Wilderness Science in a Time of Change Conference CY MAY 23-27, 1999 CL MISSOULA, MT SP Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, Arthur Carhart Natl Wilderness Training Ctr, Bur Land Management, USDA Forest Serv Res, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Humboldt State Univ, Coll Nat Resources, Natl Outdoor Leadership Sch, Natl Pk Serv, Parks Canada, SUNY Syracuse, Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, Unin Montana, Sch Forestry, Wilderness Inst, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, US Geolog Survey, Biol Resources Div AB This research used descriptive information collected in visitor studies conducted between 1990 and 1992 in eight different wildernesses around the United States to evaluate behaviors and preferences of wilderness visitors regarding cookstoves and camping away from lakes. The majority of visitors used stoves for cooking. However, in all but the Desolation Wilderness, at least 50% of visitors had a wood fire on their trip. In all five areas, most visitors prefer camping within 200 feet of a lake. Appeals were successful in convincing over half of the campers to move farther away from lakeshores. Ecological appeals were more persuasive than social appeals. Progress has been made in persuading visitors to reduce fire use and camp farther from lakes. C1 USDA, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, Forest Serv, Rocky Mtn Res Stn, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP Christensen, NA (reprint author), USDA, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, Forest Serv, Rocky Mtn Res Stn, 790 E Beckwith,POB 8089, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P PY 2000 VL 4 IS 15 BP 77 EP 85 PG 9 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BQ99Y UT WOS:000165332800007 ER PT B AU Cole, DN Spildie, DR AF Cole, DN Spildie, DR BE Cole, DN McCool, SF Borrie, WT OLoughlin, J TI Soil amendments and planting techniques: Campsite restoration in the Eagle Cap Wilderness, Oregon SO WILDERNESS SCIENCE IN A TIME OF CHANGE CONFERENCE, VOL 5: WILDERNESS ECOSYSTEMS, THREATS, AND MANAGEMENT SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Wilderness Science in a Time of Change Conference CY MAY 23-27, 1999 CL MISSOULA, MT SP Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, Arthur Carhart Natl Wilderness Training Ctr, Bur Land Management, USDA Forest Serv Res, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Humboldt State Univ, Coll Nat Resources, Natl Outdoor Leadership Sch, Natl Pk Serv, Parks Canada, SUNY Syracuse, Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, Unin Montana, Sch Forestry, Wilderness Inst, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, US Geolog Survey, Biol Resources Div AB Results of the first three years of revegetation research on closed wilderness campsites are described. Experimental treatments involved soil scarification, an organic soil amendment (a mix of locally collected organic materials and peat moss and an inoculation of native undisturbed soil), an organic matter and composted sewage sludge treatment and surface application of commercial mulch (Bionet). Half of the experimental plots received native seed and transplants; the other bah did not. Seeding and transplanting were highly successful. The organic and compost soil amendment greatly increased seedling growth and increased transplant growth somewhat. Scarification increased seedling establishment of volunteer seedlings. C1 US Forest Serv, Aldo Leopold Wildnerness Res Inst, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP Cole, DN (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Aldo Leopold Wildnerness Res Inst, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, POB 8089, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. NR 6 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P PY 2000 VL 5 IS 15 BP 181 EP 187 PG 7 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BQ99Z UT WOS:000165332900019 ER PT B AU Eagan, S Newman, P Fritzke, S Johnson, L AF Eagan, S Newman, P Fritzke, S Johnson, L BE Cole, DN McCool, SF Borrie, WT OLoughlin, J TI Restoration of multiple-rut trails in the Tuolumne Meadows of Yosemite National Park SO WILDERNESS SCIENCE IN A TIME OF CHANGE CONFERENCE, VOL 5: WILDERNESS ECOSYSTEMS, THREATS, AND MANAGEMENT SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Wilderness Science in a Time of Change Conference CY MAY 23-27, 1999 CL MISSOULA, MT SP Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, Arthur Carhart Natl Wilderness Training Ctr, Bur Land Management, USDA Forest Serv Res, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Humboldt State Univ, Coll Nat Resources, Natl Outdoor Leadership Sch, Natl Pk Serv, Parks Canada, SUNY Syracuse, Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, Unin Montana, Sch Forestry, Wilderness Inst, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, US Geolog Survey, Biol Resources Div AB This study presents the techniques used in a restoration project in Tuolumne Meadows on the old Glen Aulin trail in Yosemite National Park from 1990 to 1994 and the results of follow-up monitoring in the summer of 1998. The project restored the natural hydrology and soils to a 4,200-foot section of abandoned trail which had two to six one-foot deep ruts. The project utilized hundreds of volunteer work hours and showed that restoration of subalpine meadows is possible. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Fresno, CA 93710 USA. RP Eagan, S (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Fresno, CA 93710 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 2 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P PY 2000 VL 5 IS 15 BP 188 EP 192 PG 5 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BQ99Z UT WOS:000165332900020 ER PT B AU Parsons, DJ AF Parsons, DJ BE Cole, DN McCool, SF Borrie, WT OLoughlin, J TI The challenge of restoring natural fire to wilderness SO WILDERNESS SCIENCE IN A TIME OF CHANGE CONFERENCE, VOL 5: WILDERNESS ECOSYSTEMS, THREATS, AND MANAGEMENT SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Wilderness Science in a Time of Change Conference CY MAY 23-27, 1999 CL MISSOULA, MT SP Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, Arthur Carhart Natl Wilderness Training Ctr, Bur Land Management, USDA Forest Serv Res, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Humboldt State Univ, Coll Nat Resources, Natl Outdoor Leadership Sch, Natl Pk Serv, Parks Canada, SUNY Syracuse, Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, Unin Montana, Sch Forestry, Wilderness Inst, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, US Geolog Survey, Biol Resources Div AB Despite clear legislative and policy direction to preserve natural conditions in wilderness, the maintenance of fire as a natural process has proven to be a significant challenge to federal land managers. As of 1998, only 88 of the 596 designated wilderness areas in the United States, excluding Alaska, had approved fire plans that allow some natural ignitions to burn; and even those areas with active natural fire programs continue to suppress many natural ignitions. As a result, none of the four federal wilderness management agencies have been able to restore fire to a level that even approaches pre-settlement fire regimes. Although prescribed fire has been utilized in some areas as a means to compensate for the lack of natural fire, it has been questioned as an appropriate wilderness management tool and is prohibited for most uses in Forest Service wilderness. The questions must be asked whether it is practical to expect restoration of natural fire regimes in wilderness and if they cannot be restored, what are the options and implications for wilderness resources and values?. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP Parsons, DJ (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, Rocky Mt Res Stn, POB 8089, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. EM djparsons@fs.fed.us NR 36 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P JI USDA For. Ser. Rocky Mt. Res. Stat. Proc. PY 2000 VL 5 IS 15 BP 276 EP 282 PG 7 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BQ99Z UT WOS:000165332900032 ER PT B AU Landres, PB Brunson, NW Merigliano, L Sydoriak, C Morton, S AF Landres, PB Brunson, NW Merigliano, L Sydoriak, C Morton, S BE Cole, DN McCool, SF Borrie, WT OLoughlin, J TI Naturalness and wildness: The dilemma and irony of managing wilderness SO WILDERNESS SCIENCE IN A TIME OF CHANGE CONFERENCE, VOL 5: WILDERNESS ECOSYSTEMS, THREATS, AND MANAGEMENT SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Wilderness Science in a Time of Change Conference CY MAY 23-27, 1999 CL MISSOULA, MT SP Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, Arthur Carhart Natl Wilderness Training Ctr, Bur Land Management, USDA Forest Serv Res, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Humboldt State Univ, Coll Nat Resources, Natl Outdoor Leadership Sch, Natl Pk Serv, Parks Canada, SUNY Syracuse, Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, Unin Montana, Sch Forestry, Wilderness Inst, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, US Geolog Survey, Biol Resources Div AB This paper summarizes a dialogue session that focused on two concepts that strongly influence nearly all wilderness management: wildness and naturalness. The origin and value of these concepts are discussed, as well as the dilemma and irony that arises when wilderness managers contemplate manipulating the environment to restore naturalness at the risk of reducing wildness. To illustrate this irony, a case study of a proposed large-scale manipulation to stop the loss of cultural resources in the Bandelier Wilderness is discussed. It is concluded that large scale wilderness restoration based on manipulating the environment will always cause a dilemma and entail the irony of balancing wildness against naturalness. One of the biggest hurdles facing wilderness policy-makers and managers today, as well as the concerned public, is how to reconcile these views and manage wilderness for both wildness and naturalness. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP Landres, PB (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, POB 8089, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. NR 23 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P PY 2000 VL 5 IS 15 BP 377 EP 381 PG 5 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BQ99Z UT WOS:000165332900046 ER PT J AU Engeman, RM Pipas, MJ Gruver, KS Allen, L AF Engeman, RM Pipas, MJ Gruver, KS Allen, L TI Monitoring coyote population changes with a passive activity index SO WILDLIFE RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS; SOUTHERN TEXAS AB A passive tracking index method that has been successfully applied to dingoes (Canis lupus dingo) in Australia was shown to have more general applicability to wild canids by monitoring coyote (Canis latrans) populations in southern Texas. The index was calculated simultaneously for multiple species of animals from observations on the number of intrusions onto a series of tracking plots over several days. We found that the index reflected changes in coyote activity before and after a trapping program on each of 2 ranches. We also were able to simultaneously monitor bobcat (Felis rufus) and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) populations, producing some interesting (and unexpected) insights. In our study area, we found it difficult to distinguish the number of rabbit and rodent intrusions into the plots, but these animals might be indexed in other habitats. Analyses of the data as binary responses (presence or absence of spoor on each tracking plot), as has been done in scent-post surveys, reduced the sensitivity and accuracy of inferences. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Robert Wicks Res Ctr, Toowoomba, Qld 4350, Australia. RP Engeman, RM (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 4101 Laporte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 29 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 8 PU C S I R O PUBLISHING PI COLLINGWOOD PA 150 OXFORD ST, PO BOX 1139, COLLINGWOOD, VICTORIA 3066, AUSTRALIA SN 1035-3712 J9 WILDLIFE RES JI Wildl. Res. PY 2000 VL 27 IS 5 BP 553 EP 557 DI 10.1071/WR98090 PG 5 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 349YF UT WOS:000089072600014 ER PT B AU Dietenberger, MA Grexa, O AF Dietenberger, MA Grexa, O BE Osvald, A TI Correlation of smoke development in room tests with cone calorimeter data for wood products SO WOOD & FIRE SAFETY, PT 1 PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Scientific Conference on Wood and Fire Safety CY MAY 14-19, 2000 CL STRBSKE PLESO, SLOVAKIA SP Tech Univ Zvolen, Tech Univ Zvolen, Fac Wood Sci & Technol, IUFRO AB A direct proportionality has been found between the smoke extinction area (SEA) for smoke of room linings and the SEA as measured in the cone calorimeter (IS05660). The room test scenario (IS09705) considered was the propane ignition burner at the corner with a 100/300 kW program and the specimen lined on the walls only. The mixing of smoke from propane and lining flames in the hot vitiated ceiling layer and within the exhaust system was modeled by adding contributions from heat release rates of propane and linings separately as a function of time. With overventilation and flaming generally existing in the room, the best correlation was a value of 0.3 for the ratio of lining SEA (= EHC*RSP1/RHR1) to the peak SEA measured in the cone calorimeter of a horizontal specimen exposed to the flux of 35 kW/m(2) during flaming. The test room linings in the order of increasing value of SEA were determined as plywood (including fire-retardant treated (FRT)), lumber, wood composite, and FRT polyurethane foam. C1 USDA, Forest Prod Lab, US Forest Serv, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Dietenberger, MA (reprint author), USDA, Forest Prod Lab, US Forest Serv, One Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU TECHNICKA UNIVERZITA ZVOLENE PI 960 53 ZVOLEN PA T G MASARYKA 2117/24, 960 53 ZVOLEN, SLOVAKIA BN 80-228-0774-5 PY 2000 BP 45 EP 55 PG 11 WC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science GA BR83T UT WOS:000167739400005 ER PT B AU White, RH AF White, RH BE Osvald, A TI Charring rate of composite timber products SO WOOD & FIRE SAFETY, PT 1 PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Scientific Conference on Wood and Fire Safety CY MAY 14-19, 2000 CL STRBSKE PLESO, SLOVAKIA SP Tech Univ Zvolen, Tech Univ Zvolen, Fac Wood Sci & Technol, IUFRO C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP White, RH (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU TECHNICKA UNIVERZITA ZVOLENE PI 960 53 ZVOLEN PA T G MASARYKA 2117/24, 960 53 ZVOLEN, SLOVAKIA BN 80-228-0774-5 PY 2000 BP 353 EP 363 PG 11 WC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science GA BR83T UT WOS:000167739400036 ER PT B AU McNulty, SG Moore, JA Iverson, L Prasad, A Abt, R Smith, B Sun, G Gavazzi, M Bartlett, J Murray, B Mickler, RA Aber, JD AF McNulty, SG Moore, JA Iverson, L Prasad, A Abt, R Smith, B Sun, G Gavazzi, M Bartlett, J Murray, B Mickler, RA Aber, JD BE Shen, S TI Application of linked regional scale growth, biogeography, and economic models for southeastern United States pine forests SO WORLD RESOURCE REVIEW, VOL 12, NOS 2-4: GLOBAL WARMING SCIENCE & POLICY, PTS 1-3 SE GLOBAL WARMING INTERNATIONAL CENTER MONOGRAPH SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Conference on Global Warming Science and Policy CY APR 26-28, 2000 CL BOSTON, MA DE linked dynamic model; biogeography; forest productivity; economics; climate change ID CLIMATE-CHANGE; ECONOMETRIC-ANALYSIS; DISTRIBUTIONS; FUTURE AB The southern United States produces over 50% of commercial timber harvests in the US and the demand for southern timber are likely to increase in the future. Global change is altering the physical and chemical environmental which will play a major role in determining future forest stand growth, insect and disease outbreaks, regeneration success, and distribution of species across the region. Therefore, it is necessary to better understand the relationships between soils, forest composition, growth, and economic demand to determine whether forests in the Southern US can satisfy future forest resource demands. Integrated models can be a useful tool to understand future timber supply and demand under changing environmental and social conditions. This paper linked DISTRIB, a forest biogeography model; PnET-II, a lumped parameter forest productivity model; and SRTS, a economic model of southern timber markets to attempt to understand the interactions between forest distribution, productivity and economics. As an example of model linkage, we examined the impact that the Hadley2Sul general circulation model predictions of climate change would have on southern US timber supply, harvest and geographic distribution. The results of the linked models demonstrate the inertia of the forest ecosystems and economics to changing environmental conditions. Despite a 3degreesC increase in mean annual air temperature, regional forest productivity, volume and harvest were not greatly altered. The models did predict shifts in the pine range, and inter-regional changes in forest harvest. Results of the linked models are presented and the need for expanded research on linked dynamic model development to predict future US timber supply and demand are discussed. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, So Global Change Program, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. RP McNulty, SG (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Global Change Program, 920 Main Campus Dr,Venture Ctr 2,Ste 300, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. NR 40 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU SUPCON INTERNATIONAL PI WOODRIDGE PA PO BOX 5275, WOODRIDGE, IL 60517-0275 USA J9 GLOB WARM INT CTR M PY 2000 BP 298 EP 320 PG 23 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BX57T UT WOS:000185752400007 ER PT B AU Ziska, LH Caulfield, F AF Ziska, LH Caulfield, F BE Shen, S TI The potential influence of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) on public health: Pollen production of common ragweed as a test case SO WORLD RESOURCE REVIEW, VOL 12, NOS 2-4: GLOBAL WARMING SCIENCE & POLICY, PTS 1-3 SE GLOBAL WARMING INTERNATIONAL CENTER MONOGRAPH SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Conference on Global Warming Science and Policy CY APR 26-28, 2000 CL BOSTON, MA DE allergies; carbon dioxide; ragweed; relative growth rate; glyphosate ID ENRICHMENT; SEEDLINGS AB Although the stimulation of plant growth by rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) is usually viewed as a positive aspect of climate change, the rise in CO2 is indiscriminatory with respect to the stimulation of both useful and deleterious plant species. Using common ragweed as a test case we present data showing how rising carbon dioxide since the start of the industrial revolution has influenced the potential growth and pollen production of this allergy inducing species. Data indicate that exposure to concentrations of CO, present today (370 parts per million by volume, p.p.m.v.), and that projected for the mid-20th century (600 p.p.m.v.), increased ragweed pollen productivity by 131 and 320%, respectively, compared to plants grown at pre-industrial CO2 levels (280 p.p.m.v.). The observed stimulation of pollen production form the pre-industrial carbon dioxide levels was due to an increase in both the number (370 p.p.m.v.) and size (600 p.p.m.v.) of floral spikes. We also present data showing that future CO2 concentrations may influence the efficacy of chemical weed control through herbicides such as "Round-up" which could alter the ability to control ragweed and other undesirable weedy species. Data from these studies suggest that rising atmospheric CO2 may play a key role with respect to changes in the distribution, growth and pollen production of weedy species with potential consequences for public health. C1 USDA ARS, Climate Stress Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Ziska, LH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Climate Stress Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 19 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 6 PU SUPCON INTERNATIONAL PI WOODRIDGE PA PO BOX 5275, WOODRIDGE, IL 60517-0275 USA J9 GLOB WARM INT CTR M PY 2000 BP 449 EP 457 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BX57T UT WOS:000185752400014 ER PT B AU Rango, A Martinec, J AF Rango, A Martinec, J BE Shen, S TI Hydrological effects of a changed climate in humid and arid mountain regions SO WORLD RESOURCE REVIEW, VOL 12, NOS 2-4: GLOBAL WARMING SCIENCE & POLICY, PTS 1-3 SE GLOBAL WARMING INTERNATIONAL CENTER MONOGRAPH SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Conference on Global Warming Science and Policy CY APR 26-28, 2000 CL BOSTON, MA DE climate change; glaciers; runoff; snow; water resources planning ID SNOWMELT RUNOFF MODEL AB The effect of a hypothetical temperature increase of +4degreesC on snow cover and on year-round runoff is evaluated for the very humid basin Illecillewaet (1155 km(2), 509-3150 m a.s.l., British Columbia, Canada), the semi-humid basin of Kings River (3999 km(2), 171-4341 m a.s.l., California, USA), and the semi-arid basin of Rio Grande at Del Norte (3419 km(2), 2432-4215 m a.s.l., Colorado, USA). In contrast to current methods of evaluating the climate effect, a realistic seasonal snow cover from satellite monitoring is used to represent the present climate. The non-calibrated SRM model is applied to transform this snow cover under conditions of a warmer climate and to compute the climate-affected runoff. The winter snow accumulation is particularly reduced in the Kings River basin which has the greatest elevation range. In absolute terms, the smallest snowpack reduction occurred in the semi-arid basin of Rio Grande at Del Norte. The decline of snow covered area in the snowmelt season in accelerated by about one month in all basins. The runoff in the winter half year is about doubled at the expense of the summer half year in the basins Illecillewaet and Kings River. This effect is smaller in the basin Rio Grande at Del Norte. Because the climate change was limited to a temperature increase, there is no significant change in the yearly runoff volume in the basins Kings River and Rio Grande. There is a yearly runoff increase in the Illecillewaet basin due to enhanced glacier melt. C1 USDA ARS, BARC W, Hydrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Rango, A (reprint author), USDA ARS, BARC W, Hydrol Lab, Bldg 007,Room 104, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU SUPCON INTERNATIONAL PI WOODRIDGE PA PO BOX 5275, WOODRIDGE, IL 60517-0275 USA J9 GLOB WARM INT CTR M PY 2000 BP 493 EP 508 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BX57T UT WOS:000185752400018 ER PT B AU Day-Rubenstein, K Stuart, M Frisvold, GB AF Day-Rubenstein, K Stuart, M Frisvold, GB BE Shen, S TI Agricultural land use in tropical countries: Patterns, determinants, and implications for biodiversity loss SO WORLD RESOURCE REVIEW, VOL 12, NOS 2-4: GLOBAL WARMING SCIENCE & POLICY, PTS 1-3 SE GLOBAL WARMING INTERNATIONAL CENTER MONOGRAPH SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Conference on Global Warming Science and Policy CY APR 26-28, 2000 CL BOSTON, MA DE land use; agriculture; tropical forests; conservation policy; biodiversity ID COVER CHANGE; DEFORESTATION; POPULATION; ENVIRONMENT; ECONOMICS; AMAZONIA; FORESTS; DEBT AB Despite broad economic values, tropical forest loss continues at unsustainable rates. Local inhabitants are unable to capture many benefits of preserving tropical forests and therefore face limited incentives to conserve the biodiversity they contain. The primary cause of deforestation is thought to be agricultural land expansion (direct and following timber harvest). Nonetheless, a survey of the literature finds that most studies have focused on analysis of deforestation. The most commonly cited causal factors of deforestation are population and other socioeconomic variables, international trade and debt, meat production, extensification of agricultural production, infrastructure development, and land quality. By analyzing agricultural land use, we can more accurately evaluate these factors believed to drive deforestation. Empirical results suggest that population growth has a strong and robust relationship with agricultural land expansion, as does income per capita. Pasture and cropland have different relationships with various factors. Pasture expansion is associated with meat consumption, lack of productivity, and less strongly, meat exports. Cropland change is associated with certain measures of production intensification. Population projections for tropical forested countries, combined with our findings, suggest that agricultural land expansion will endanger the biodiversity found in these areas. C1 USDA, Econ Res Serv, Resource Econ Div, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Day-Rubenstein, K (reprint author), USDA, Econ Res Serv, Resource Econ Div, 1800 M St NW,Room 4023, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 71 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 7 PU SUPCON INTERNATIONAL PI WOODRIDGE PA PO BOX 5275, WOODRIDGE, IL 60517-0275 USA J9 GLOB WARM INT CTR M PY 2000 BP 621 EP 650 PG 30 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BX57T UT WOS:000185752400021 ER PT S AU Wang, SY AF Wang, SY BE DeProft, MP TI Effect of methyl jasmonate on water stress in strawberry SO XXV INTERNATIONAL HORTICULTURAL CONGRESS, PROCEEDINGS - PT 6: CULTURE TECHNIQUES WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN PLANTS SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT XXVth International Horticultural Congress CY AUG 02-07, 1998 CL BRUSSELS, BELGIUM SP Commiss European Union, European Crop Protect Assoc, Interbrew, Int Soc Hort Sci, Kredietbank & CERA Bank, ABB Insurances, Kluwer Acad Publishers, Les Marques Natl, Luxembourg, Minist Agr, Luxembourg, Minist Agr Nat Management & Fisheries, Minist Dev Cooperat, Minist Small & Medium Size Enterprise & Agr, Minist Flemish Community, Minist Walloon Reg, Norwegian Agcy Dev Cooperat, Palm Breweries, Prod Board Hort, SABENA Belgian Airlines, Tech Ctr Agr & Rural Cooperat, Wageningen Univ & Res Ctr, Benelux Soc Hort Sci DE Fragaria vesca; membrane lipids; methyl jasmonate; oxygen scavenging enzymes; water stress ID SENSITIVE METHOD; ABSCISIC-ACID; BUD BREAK; CATALASE; PLANTS AB The effect of methyl jasmonate (MJ) on changes in membrane lipid composition and activities of oxygen scavenging enzymes under water stress was studied in strawberry (Fragaria vesca cv 'MMb') leaves. Under water stress, MJ treatment reduced transpiration, water loss, malondialdehyde (MDA) content and also lessened the reduction of membrane lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids, degree of fatty acid unsaturation and ratio of linolenic (18:3) to linoleic acid (18:2). MJ also reduced the rate of increase of peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7; POD) activity under water stress. Higher activities of catalase (EC 1.11.1.6; CAT) and superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1; SOD) as well as ascorbic acid content were detected in the MJ treated leaves compared to control leaves under water deficit conditions. These results indicate that MJ treated plants are more resistant to water stress. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Wang, SY (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-803-X J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 2000 IS 516 BP 89 EP 95 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Horticulture SC Agriculture GA BQ46H UT WOS:000088409800010 ER PT J AU Wollenweber, E Dorr, M Roitman, JN AF Wollenweber, E Dorr, M Roitman, JN TI Epicuticular flavonoids of some Scrophulariaceae SO ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NATURFORSCHUNG C-A JOURNAL OF BIOSCIENCES LA English DT Article DE Scrophulariaceae; lipophilic exudates; flavonoid aglycones; flavone isobutyrate ID AGLYCONES; EXUDATE AB Twenty-two species of Scophulariaceae have been found to accumulate flavonoid aglycones externally on their leaves and stems. They belong to the genera Anarrhinum, Anrirrhinum, Asarina, Calceolaria, Mimulus, and Odontites. Most of the flavonoids are methylated flavones and flavonols, some with 6-O and/or 8-O-substitution, One of them is the natural isobutyryl ester of a rare flavone. C1 Tech Univ Darmstadt, Inst Bot, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany. USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Wollenweber, E (reprint author), Tech Univ Darmstadt, Inst Bot, Schnittspahnstr 3, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany. NR 21 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 5 PU VERLAG Z NATURFORSCH PI TUBINGEN PA POSTFACH 2645, W-7400 TUBINGEN, GERMANY SN 0939-5075 J9 Z NATURFORSCH C JI Z.Naturforsch.(C) PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 55 IS 1-2 BP 5 EP 9 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 292CZ UT WOS:000085777700002 PM 10739092 ER PT J AU Crous, PW Palm, ME AF Crous, PW Palm, ME TI Reassessment of the anamorph genera Botryodiplodia, Dothiorella and Fusicoccum SO SYDOWIA LA English DT Article DE Botryosphaeria; Diplodia; Lasiodiplodia; systematics ID BOTRYOSPHAERIA AB The generic concepts of Botryodiplodia, Dothiorella and Fusicoccum have been unclear. The nomenclatural history of these genera is presented as well as a description of their types. The type species of Botryodiplodia is a valsoid fungus and the type of Dothiorella has conidiomata varying from pycnidial to multilocular, eustromatic, and hyaline, branched conidiophores, that produce brown, ellipsoidal, 1-euseptate conidia. Dothiorella is considered a synonym of the earlier described genus Diplodia. Fusicoccum is characterised by pycnidial to multilocular, eustromatic conidiomata, hyaline, aseptate, fusiform conidia that are produced enteroblastically on branched conidiophores with cylindrical conidiogenous cells that proliferate at the same level, resulting in periclinal thickening, or percurrently, resulting in annellations. C1 Univ Stellenbosch, Dept Plant Pathol, ZA-7602 Matieland, South Africa. USDA, APHIS, PPQ, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Crous, PW (reprint author), Univ Stellenbosch, Dept Plant Pathol, P Bag X1, ZA-7602 Matieland, South Africa. RI Crous, Pedro/H-1489-2012 OI Crous, Pedro/0000-0001-9085-8825 NR 16 TC 24 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 3 PU VERLAG FERDINAND BERGER SOHNE GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI HORN PA WIENER STRASSE 21-23, 3580 HORN, AUSTRIA SN 0082-0598 J9 SYDOWIA JI Sydowia PD DEC 31 PY 1999 VL 51 IS 2 BP 167 EP 175 PG 9 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 268HU UT WOS:000084408900003 ER EF